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Filed 4/12/21 P. v. Lynch CA3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(Butte)

----

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

DANIEL JORDANALLEN LYNCH,

Defendant and Appellant.

C091922

(Super. Ct. No. 19CF07688)

Defendant Daniel Jordanallen Lynch timely appeals his judgment of conviction, 

arguing that the trial court’s imposition of certain fines and fees without a determination 

of his ability to pay them violates People v. Dueñas (2019) 30 Cal.App.5th 1157 

(Dueñas), the Eighth Amendment, and equal protection. We conclude that defendant has 

forfeited these claims by failing to assert his inability to pay in the trial court. We further 

find that defendant has not established that his counsel was ineffective in failing to raise 

this argument. Accordingly, we affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The underlying facts of this case are not relevant to this appeal. It suffices to say 

that defendant broke into a home where his former girlfriend was staying, found a man in 
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the residence, and punched the man in the face, knocking him unconscious. When his 

former girlfriend tried to intervene, defendant punched her in the face as well. These 

events occurred in the presence of a minor child. Defendant pleaded no contest to battery 

with serious bodily injury (Pen. Code, § 243, subd. (d))

1 and misdemeanor battery of a 

spouse or cohabitant (§ 243, subd. (e)(1)). 

The trial court sentenced defendant to the upper term of four years in state prison 

for battery with serious bodily injury, and one year concurrent for misdemeanor battery. 

The trial court further ordered defendant to pay a $300 restitution fine (§ 1202.4, subd. 

(b)), a (suspended) $300 parole revocation restitution fine (§ 1202.45), an $80 court 

operations assessment (§ 1465.8), and a $60 criminal conviction assessment (Gov. Code,

§ 70373). The trial court declined to impose the presentence investigation report fee or

the public defender fee, finding no ability to pay under section 987.8, subdivision 

(g)(2)(B). Defense counsel did not object to the imposition of the fines or fees. 

After filing this appeal, defendant wrote a letter to the trial court, asking it to stay 

the fines and assessments pursuant to section 1237.2. Defendant’s argument relied on 

Dueñas, which held that “due process of law requires the trial court to conduct an ability 

to pay hearing and ascertain a defendant’s present ability to pay before it imposes court 

facilities and court operations assessments under [ ] section 1465.8 and Government 

Code section 70373.” (Dueñas, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th at p. 1164.) The Dueñas court 

also held that “although [ ] section 1202.4 bars consideration of a defendant’s ability to 

pay unless the judge is considering increasing the fee over the statutory minimum, the 

execution of any restitution fine imposed under this statute must be stayed unless and 

until the trial court holds an ability to pay hearing and concludes that the defendant has 

1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
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the present ability to pay the restitution fine.” (Dueñas, at p. 1164.) The trial court 

denied the request. 

DISCUSSION

Defendant argues that under Dueñas, the $80 court operations assessment 

(§ 1465.8) and a $60 criminal conviction assessment (Gov. Code, § 70373) must be 

stayed pending an ability to pay hearing. He further contends that the imposition of his 

$300 restitution fine (§ 1202.4) violated the Eighth Amendment and equal protection. To 

the extent defendant forfeited these arguments by failing to raise them in the trial court, 

defendant contends his counsel was constitutionally ineffective. We agree with the 

People that defendant forfeited his claims on appeal and that he has failed to establish 

ineffective assistance of counsel. 

That a defendant must first object and demonstrate his inability to pay amounts 

imposed at sentencing is a longstanding and well-recognized rule. (See, e.g., People v. 

Nelson (2011) 51 Cal.4th 198, 227 [defendant’s claim that the court erroneously failed to 

consider ability to pay a $10,000 restitution fine is forfeited by the failure to object]; 

People v. Gamache (2010) 48 Cal.4th 347, 409 [challenge to $10,000 restitution fine 

forfeited by failure to object to alleged inadequate consideration of defendant’s ability to 

pay].) This is true regardless of whether defendant’s ability to pay claims are 

constitutional in nature. (See People v. Trujillo (2015) 60 Cal.4th 850, 859

[constitutional exception to forfeiture rule did not apply to claim concerning failure to 

obtain express waiver of an ability to pay hearing]; In re Sheena K. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 

875, 880-881 [noting longstanding rule that a constitutional right may be forfeited in 

criminal proceedings by “ ‘ “failure to make timely assertion of the right before a tribunal 

having jurisdiction to determine it” ’ ”].)

Further, the fact the trial court imposed the minimum mandatory fines and fees 

does not forgive defendant’s forfeiture. Here, defendant was sentenced on April 16, 

2020, over a year after issuance of the Dueñas decision. (Dueñas, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th 
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1157 [decided Jan. 8, 2019].) Therefore, his failure to raise Dueñas at sentencing forfeits 

his Dueñas arguments by operation of normal rules of appellate review. (People v. Scott

(1994) 9 Cal.4th 331, 351-354 [to preserve a sentencing issue for appellate review, the 

defendant must raise it in the trial court].)

Nor has defendant established that his counsel was ineffective for failing to object. 

To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show 

(1) counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under 

prevailing professional norms, and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced defendant. 

(Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 687-688, 693-694 [80 L.Ed.2d 674, 693-

694, 697-698]; People v. Ledesma (1987) 43 Cal.3d 171, 216-218.) To show prejudice, 

defendant must show a reasonable probability that he would have received a more 

favorable result had counsel’s performance not been deficient. (Strickland, supra, at pp.

693-694; Ledesma, supra, at pp. 217-218.) “A reasonable probability is a probability 

sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” (Strickland, at p. 694; accord, 

Ledesma, at p. 218.)

Defendant cannot show his counsel was ineffective because we find his arguments 

to be without merit. (People v. Kipp (1998) 18 Cal.4th 349, 377 [failure to assert a 

meritless position does not demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel].) Defendant’s 

appeal hinges on the analysis in Dueñas finding an ability to pay hearing is required 

before imposing fines and fees, and we are not persuaded that this analysis is correct. 

Our Supreme Court is now poised to resolve this issue, having granted review in People 

v. Kopp (2019) 38 Cal.App.5th 47, review granted November 13, 2019, S257844, which 

agreed with the court’s conclusion in Dueñas that due process requires the trial court to 

conduct an ability to pay hearing and ascertain a defendant’s ability to pay before it 

imposes court operations and court facilities assessments under section 1465.8 and 

Government Code section 70373, but not restitution fines under section 1202.4. (Kopp, 

supra, at pp. 95-96, review granted Nov. 13, 2019, S257844.)
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In the meantime, we join several other courts in concluding that the principles of 

due process do not require determination of a defendant’s present ability to pay before 

imposing the fines and assessments at issue in Dueñas and in this proceeding. (People v. 

Cota (2020) 45 Cal.App.5th 786, 794-795; People v. Kingston (2019) 41 Cal.App.5th 

272, 279; People v. Hicks (2019) 40 Cal.App.5th 320, 329, review granted Nov. 26, 

2019, S258946; People v. Aviles (2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 1055, 1069; People v. Caceres

(2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 917, 928.)

We also find no merit in defendant’s Eighth Amendment claim that the $300 

restitution fee was unconstitutionally excessive (People v. Aviles, supra, 39 Cal.App.5th 

at pp. 1069-1072) or his claim that equal protection was violated. (Id. at p. 1069 

[“ ‘[There is] no general due process and equal protection authority which requires a 

court to conduct a preassessment present ability-to-pay hearing before imposing any fine 

or fee on a defendant, as Dueñas seems to conclude,’ ” italics omitted].)

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

 KRAUSE , J.

We concur:

 MURRAY , Acting P. J.

 DUARTE , J.