*

The Honorable Thomas W. Phillips, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Tennessee, sitting

by designation.

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206

File Name: 07a0076p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT _________________

JAMES NICK HARRISON,

Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

JOHN MOTLEY, Warden, Eastern Kentucky

Correctional Complex,

Respondent-Appellee.

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No. 04-6157

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Kentucky at Lexington.

No. 03-00497—Jennifer B. Coffman, District Judge.

Argued: December 8, 2006

Decided and Filed: February 23, 2007 

Before: BATCHELDER and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges; PHILLIPS, District Judge.*

_________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Salim A. Kafiti, JONES DAY, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. Susan Roncarti Lenz,

OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Frankfort, Kentucky, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Eric

C. Chaffee, JONES DAY, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. Susan Roncarti Lenz, OFFICE OF THE

ATTORNEY GENERAL, Frankfort, Kentucky, for Appellee.

_________________

OPINION _________________

GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge. Appellant James Harrison, a Kentucky state prisoner convicted

of Murder With Aggravating Circumstances, appeals a district court judgment dismissing his

petition for habeas corpus filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Harrison was represented by two

attorneys at his criminal trial, and argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial

due to conflicts that arose between his attorneys, due to his attorneys’ alleged failure to call certain

witnesses to testify at trial, and due to his attorneys’ alleged failure to fulfill promises made to the

1
No. 04-6157 Harrison v. Motley Page 2

1

Smith denied the allegation of bribery and was neither investigated nor charged in connection with the

allegation. In denying Harrison’s post-trial motion for a new trial, the trial court described this allegation as “palpably

false,” noting that Smith did not even represent Harrison at the time the recanted statement was made. 

In addition, a third allegation of attempted bribery by the defense arose before trial. On August 25, 1986, the

Commonwealth filed a motion for protective order that alleged that Thurman Misenheimer, a private investigator hired

by Harrison’s attorneys, harassed a prospective witness and attempted to bribe her. Misenheimer was later indicted for

attempting to induce prosecution witness Mildred Schuler not to testify at trial. 

2

On September 18, after Misenheimer was indicted for attempted bribery, Smith again sought to withdraw from

representing Harrison, claiming that he would not permit certain defense witnesses to testify for Harrison and that there

would be conflict between defense counsel in conducting cross-examination of prosecution witnesses. On September

29, Smith renewed his motion to withdraw based on witness Dino Townsend’s allegations that Smith had attempted to

bribe him. The trial court denied Smith’s motion to withdraw and ordered the trial to go on. During an in-chambers

hearing on September 30, both Smith and Cantrill moved for a mistrial based on the trial court’s failure to grant their

request to withdraw. These motions were denied. 

jury during opening statements. For the reasons below, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of

Harrison’s habeas petition.

I.

On October 1, 1986, Harrison was convicted by a Madison (KY) Circuit Court jury of

Murder With Aggravating Circumstances following the shooting death of Robert Walker, Police

Chief of Irvine, Kentucky. Although charged with a capital offense, Harrison was sentenced to a

term of life imprisonment, without the privilege of parole for twenty-five years. The Kentucky

Supreme Court affirmed Harrison’s conviction on November 25, 1987. Harrison then moved the

trial court to vacate his conviction and sentence, alleging that he was provided ineffective assistance

of counsel due to his attorneys’ conflict. The court denied Harrison’s motion.

Before his trial, Harrison’s attorneys, Max Smith and J. Campbell Cantrill III, gathered

statements from alibi witnesses in preparation for a defense that he was not the shooter. As trial

approached, witness Becky Johnson recanted her proposed testimony, claiming that Harrison’s wife

had attempted to bribe her in order to provide an alibi for Harrison. Despite Johnson’s recantation,

Harrison’s attorneys decided to continue with their alibi defense. During his opening statement,

Cantrill told the jury that another man was operating Harrison’s car at the time of the murder and

that Harrison was not present at the crime scene. 

After trial commenced, the second proposed alibi witness also recanted, claiming that

attorney Smith had attempted to bribe him for his testimony.1

 As the Commonwealth’s case closed,

Cantrill worked with Harrison and his wife to prepare them to testify at trial. He found their

testimony troublesome, however, as it became inconsistent and often changing. These cumulative

witness problems created a rift between Smith and Cantrill, as they disagreed over whether to call

the remaining witnesses to testify at trial. On September 15, Smith filed a motion to withdraw as

counsel, claiming that he could not represent Harrison and comply with the ethical codes of the

Kentucky Bar Association. Cantrill also orally moved to withdraw, claiming the same grounds. The

trial court denied both motions to withdraw.2

 

After these alibi witnesses recanted, other potential witnesses remained available to testify,

but none provided an alibi for Harrison at the time of Chief Walker’s murder. The attorneys

presented Harrison with their differing opinions regarding the witnesses, and Harrison ultimately

decided not to call any witnesses on his behalf. Harrison was subsequently convicted of Murder

With Aggravating Circumstances and sentenced to a term of life imprisonment, without the privilege

of parole for twenty-five years. 
No. 04-6157 Harrison v. Motley Page 3

On appeal of the trial court’s denial of Harrison’s motion to vacate, the Kentucky Court of

Appeals remanded Harrison’s motion to the Madison Circuit Court to conduct an evidentiary

hearing. The Madison Circuit Court held an evidentiary hearing on April 28-29, 1999, receiving

testimony from fourteen witnesses. On August 24, 1999, the court issued a twenty-three page order

denying Harrison’s motion to vacate judgment. In its order, the Madison Circuit Court summarized

the evidence admitted against Harrison at trial as follows:

At the trial, the Commonwealth presented evidence of a shooting incident in 1985

at the defendant’s home where both Chief Walker and the defendant were seriously

injured. The defendant was charged with the assault of Chief Walker.

Delores Gail Jones testified that prior to the Chief’s death, the defendant told her that

he was going to kill the Chief. Kenny Plowman testified that on February 16, 1986,

shortly before the murder, the defendant told him that he would like to get a chance

to follow Chief Walker and “blow his head off.”

Hazel Roberts testified at trial that she saw the shooting by a person driving a little

white colored car.

Witnesses testified that on the day of the murder, they saw the defendant alone

driving his small white or beige car before, during and after the murder.

Mildred Schuler identified the defendant as the person she saw commit the murder

and that he alone was in the vehicle at the time, and that she recognized him, but

didn’t know his name at the time. During the investigation, she identified the

defendant from a photographic line-up and then affirmed the identification at trial.

Ms. Schuler testified that at the time of the Chief’s murder, her ex-husband Hubert

Chaney’s truck was at the scene and sped off. She also testified that Chaney had

been [harassing] her.

However, the undisputed testimony of Hazel Roberts was that the person driving the

little white colored car shot Chief Walker. The evidence adduced at trial is

overwhelming – the individual driving the small, light-colored vehicle (identified

later by Schuler as the defendant) murdered Chief Walker; and the broken tail lights

found at the scene fit the broken tail lights on the defendant’s small, light-colored

vehicle.

Robert Lee Dixon testified that the defendant told him, “I shot Bob Walker” at

approximately 1:30 p.m. on the day of the Chief’s murder. Kenneth Jones observed

the two holding a conversation that afternoon.

Billy Norton testified that the defendant told him, “I shot ole Bob” with a .38 five

times, and then threw the gun off of the Irvine bridge. Neddie Powers heard the

defendant tell Norton that he killed the Chief with a .38 and threw the gun in the

river.

Physical evidence was produced at trial that proved the defendant’s vehicle was the

vehicle that collided with Chief Walker’s vehicle during the shooting that resulted

in the Chief’s death. Kentucky State Laboratory personnel identified the bullets

taken from the Chief’s body as those that can be fired with a .38 Smith and Wesson

revolver and a photograph was produced showing the defendant in possession of

such a handgun.
No. 04-6157 Harrison v. Motley Page 4

In summary, the Commonwealth’s presentation provided overwhelming evidence of

the defendant’s guilt.

On March 29, 2002, the Kentucky Court of Appeals affirmed the denial of Harrison’s motion to

vacate. On November 13, 2002, the Kentucky Supreme Court denied Harrison’s request for

discretionary review concerning his motion to vacate. 

Harrison filed this federal habeas petition in the Eastern District of Kentucky on

November 10, 2003. The United States Magistrate Judge adopted the findings made by the Madison

Circuit Court following the April 1999 evidentiary hearing and recommended that Harrison’s habeas

petition be dismissed. On September 1, 2004, the district court adopted the magistrate’s findings

of fact and dismissed Harrison’s petition. The district court granted a Certificate of Appealability

on the issues of whether Harrison was denied his rights to testify and to effective assistance of

counsel. Upon Harrison’s motion, we expanded the Certificate of Appealability to include

Harrison’s claim that his attorneys were ineffective for failing to call defense witnesses and for

failing to fulfill promises made to the jury in opening statements. We also appointed Harrison

counsel to represent him in this appeal. 

II.

In evaluating a petition for habeas corpus, we review the district court’s legal conclusions

de novo and its factual findings for clear error. Stallings v. Bobby, 464 F.3d 576, 580 (6th Cir.

2006); Hill v. Hofbauer, 337 F.3d 706, 710 (6th Cir. 2003). Because Harrison filed his petition in

2003, the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), Pub. L. No. 104-132,

110 Stat. 1214 (1996), applies. Stallings, 464 F.3d at 580. Under the AEDPA, a federal court may

grant a writ of habeas corpus only if the state court’s decision: 

(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable

application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court

of the United States; or

(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the

facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.

28 U.S.C. §§ 2254(d)(1)-(2). The Supreme Court has explained that a state court decision is

“contrary to” federal law under the AEDPA standard “if the state court arrives at a conclusion

opposite to that reached by [the Supreme] Court on a question of law or if the state court decides a

case differently than [the Supreme] Court has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts.”

Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 413 (2000). The Court has explained further that a decision is an

“unreasonable application” of federal law if the state court “identifies the correct governing legal

principle from [the Supreme] Court’s decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts

of the prisoner’s case.” Id. 

Harrison first contends that, due to the conflict that arose between Smith and Cantrill, he was

de facto denied his right to counsel to offer a defense at trial. Harrison relies on United States v.

Cronic, 466 U.S. 648 (1984), to argue that prejudice to Harrison’s defense should be presumed and

that Harrison need not show how specific errors made by his counsel undermined the reliability of

the jury’s finding of guilt. 

In Cronic, the Court considered whether a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel

was denied where the defendant was appointed a young real estate lawyer to represent him, allowing

the lawyer only twenty-five days for pretrial preparation. Cronic, 466 U.S. at 649. In discussing

the necessity for adequate representation to ensure the adversarial process that the Sixth Amendment

envisions, the Court noted that, although a defendant generally bears the burden of showing that the
No. 04-6157 Harrison v. Motley Page 5

3

The findings of fact were made by the Madison Circuit Court following the April 1999 evidentiary hearing.

The Kentucky Court of Appeals adopted the Madison Circuit Court’s findings of fact.

challenged conduct actually prejudiced the defendant, there are “circumstances that are so likely to

prejudice the accused that the cost of litigating their effect in a particular case is unjustified.” Id.

at 658. The Court identified at least two instances where “surrounding circumstances justify a

presumption of ineffectiveness” – (1) where “the accused is denied counsel at a critical stage of his

trial,” and (2) where “counsel entirely fails to subject the prosecution’s case to meaningful

adversarial testing . . . .” Id. at 659, 662. Harrison’s claim is focused on the first instance; he

contends that prejudice should be presumed because the conflict that arose between Smith and

Cantrill effectively left Harrison without the aid of counsel as he prepared his defense at trial. 

Harrison’s argument is without merit. First, although Harrison claims that his attorneys

refused to put on a defense at trial, the Kentucky state courts found that “Harrison was faced with

conflicting advice by his attorneys concerning whether he should take the stand to testify in his own

behalf and whether witnesses should be called” and that Harrison ultimately “elected not to testify

or have other witnesses called.”3 The Madison Circuit Court found that Smith and Cantrill

presented differing concerns and strategies regarding potential defense witnesses and stated that “the

trial record is clear that ultimately, [Harrison] made an informed and considered decision not to

present a defense at the guilt or innocence stage.” Harrison has not offered any evidence that

suggests this finding was clear error.

Moreover, neither Cronic nor the cases it cites provide support for Harrison’s argument that

he was left without counsel due to his attorneys’ conflicting advice. In support of its assertion that

prejudice is presumed where the accused is denied counsel at a “critical stage” of his trial, the

Cronic court cited the following cases: Geders v. United States, 425 U.S. 80 (1976); Herring v. New

York, 422 U.S. 853 (1975); Brooks v. Tennessee, 406 U.S. 605, 612-13 (1972); Hamilton v.

Alabama, 368 U.S. 52, 55 (1961); White v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 59, 60 (1963) (per curiam);

Ferguson v. Georgia, 365 U.S. 570 (1961); Williams v. Kaiser, 323 U.S. 471, 475-76 (1945).

Cronic, 466 U.S. at 659 n.25. As the Court acknowledged in its citation to the above opinions, these

cases involve claims that “counsel was either totally absent, or prevented from assisting the accused

during a critical stage of the proceeding.” Id. In Geders, for example, the Court found a trial court

ruling that sequestered the testifying defendant and prevented the defendant from conferring with

his attorney during an overnight recess denied the accused the “guiding hand of counsel.” Geders, 425 U.S. at 89 (quoting Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 68-69 (1932)). Likewise, in Herring, the

Court found that a procedural rule which allowed the trial court to deny the defendant’s counsel the

opportunity to make a final argument to the jury denied the defendant his right to the assistance of

counsel. Herring, 422 U.S. at 863. Similarly, the Court found in Brooks that a procedural rule

which required testifying criminal defendants to testify before any other defense witnesses infringed

on an accused’s right to confer with counsel. Brooks, 406 U.S. at 612-13. In Hamilton and White, the Court held that a defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights are violated where he is denied access to

counsel during arraignment. Hamilton, 368 U.S. at 55; White, 373 U.S. at 60.

These cases do not apply to the present situation. Harrison was never denied access to his

attorneys, neither during trial preparations nor after trial had commenced. Harrison argues that

because he had to consider conflicting advice from his attorneys and decide whether to testify

himself and present any other witnesses, he was effectively left without counsel. As the Court has

noted, however, defense counsel has an obligation to discuss potential strategies with his client and

a criminal defendant is often called upon to consult with his attorney and decide whether to present

a defense and whether to testify himself. Florida v. Nixon, 543 U.S. 175, 178 (2004); Godinez v.

Moran, 509 U.S. 389, 398-99 (1993) (noting that “all criminal defendants . . . may be required to

make important decisions once criminal proceedings have been initiated,” including whether to take
No. 04-6157 Harrison v. Motley Page 6

the stand himself, whether – and how – to present a defense, and whether to raise affirmative

defenses). That Harrison was ultimately responsible for deciding whether to testify himself or to

call certain defense witnesses did not render him without the aid of counsel. 

Harrison also cites the Supreme Court’s decisions in Holloway v. Arkansas, 435 U.S. 475

(1978), and Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335 (1980), to support his contention that he is entitled to

a presumption of prejudice. Both Holloway and Cuyler, however, involve an attorney’s concurrent

representation of multiple criminal co-defendants whose interests were in conflict at trial. See

Holloway, 435 U.S. at 488-89 (holding that presumption of prejudice applies where trial court, over

timely objection, improperly requires joint representation of co-defendants with conflicting

interests); Cuyler, 446 U.S. at 349-50 (holding that no presumption of prejudice arises unless

defendant “shows that his counsel actively represented conflicting interests”). This case does not

involve any such joint representation of co-defendants with conflicting interests, and so we find that

neither Holloway nor Cuyler are applicable.

Because Harrison was advised by counsel throughout the proceedings and neither Cronic, Cuyler, nor Holloway suggest that a presumption of prejudice is appropriate here, Harrison must

show both that his attorneys’ representation was objectively unreasonable and that their allegedly

deficient performance prejudiced Harrison’s defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687

(1984). To show prejudice, Harrison must demonstrate that “there is a reasonable probability that,

but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id.

at 694. We conclude that Harrison cannot satisfy either prong of the Strickland test.

Harrison argues that Smith and Cantrill had a conflict of interest in representing him, alleging

that each attorney was “subject to a conflict of interest based on their fears of criminal prosecution

and malpractice for witness tampering.” Although a conflict of interest may arise where defense

counsel is subject to a criminal investigation, see Taylor v. United States, 985 F.2d 844, 846 (6th

Cir. 1993), we have noted previously that “[t]here lacks any controlling authority to support the

proposition that an attorney’s fear of investigation may give rise to a conflict of interest.” Moss v.

United States, 323 F.3d 445, 473 (6th Cir. 2003) (emphasis added). There is no evidence in the

record to suggest that either Smith or Cantrill were ever criminally investigated for their

representation of Harrison, nor did Harrison ever inform the trial court that he had a conflict of

interest with either Smith or Cantrill. Smith’s and Cantrill’s concerns over being indicted or sued

as a result of their representation of Harrison did not, therefore, give rise to a conflict of interest.

Rather, we agree with the Kentucky Court of Appeals that Harrison’s case “was not one involving

a conflict of interest but was one involving a personal conflict between [his] attorneys.” 

Harrison has also failed to show that his attorneys’ alleged conflict of interest resulted in

prejudice. As the Madison Circuit Court concluded, the evidence admitted against Harrison at trial

was “overwhelming.” Moreover, as discussed infra, the evidence that Harrison argues should have

been offered at trial was far from convincing and was not likely to lead to a different result. We

conclude, therefore, that the Kentucky Court of Appeals’ opinion was not contrary to, nor involved

an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law as interpreted by the Supreme Court.

III.

Harrison next argues that his attorneys provided ineffective assistance of counsel in failing

to call him and other potential defense witnesses to testify on his behalf. This argument also lacks

merit. As discussed supra, the Madison Circuit Court found that, while Cantrill was preparing

Harrison and his wife to testify, Harrison offered inconsistent accounts of the day of the murder.

Cantrill subsequently advised Harrison not to testify; Smith recommended otherwise. The court

found that Harrison was provided with advice from both Cantrill and Smith and that he made the

decision himself not to testify. The magistrate judge and district court adopted this finding, and
No. 04-6157 Harrison v. Motley Page 7

4

Because it is unnecessary to decide the issue to resolve this case, we express no opinion as to whether the

failure to fulfill promises made during opening statement, by itself, is a “clearly established” basis for a claim of

ineffective assistance of counsel.

Harrison has not offered any argument or evidence on appeal to suggest that the Madison Circuit

Court’s finding was clear error. Harrison, therefore, cannot claim that he was deprived of the

opportunity to testify.

Likewise, Harrison cannot argue that his attorneys provided ineffective assistance of counsel

by failing to call any witnesses to testify on Harrison’s behalf. The Madison Circuit Court found

that Harrison’s attorneys presented him with conflicting advice as to whether he should call any

other witnesses to testify, and Harrison “made an informed and considered decision not to present

a defense at the guilt or innocence stage.” On appeal, Harrison has not presented any evidence, or

made any argument, to demonstrate that this finding was clear error.

Moreover, the evidence that Harrison now argues should have been offered at trial was

problematic. Witnesses Becky Johnson and Dino Townsend would not have supported Harrison’s

defense, as they had each recanted their proposed alibi testimony. Harrison contends that his

attorneys should have called Robert Norton to authenticate a letter from Harrison’s uncle, Billy

Norton, in which Billy Norton confessed to the murder of Chief Walker. The letter was

inadmissible, however, as the trial court found the letter to be patently fraudulent and stated that the

letter was an insult to the court system. Furthermore, Robert Norton did not testify at the evidentiary

hearing, so any conclusion as to the substance or effect of his testimony would be speculation.

Harrison also argues that his wife, Delphine Harrison, could have presented evidence that Billy

Norton killed Chief Walker. Delphine Harrison had been accused of bribing another witness for

favorable testimony, and Cantrill testified at the evidentiary hearing that she had subsequently

become scared to testify. Thus, even had Delphine Harrison testified, her reliability may have been

called into question due to the allegations of bribery.

Harrison also argues that his attorneys should have called Wes Farley and Ruby Lynch to

provide evidence that the ex-husband of prosecution witness Mildred Schuler had killed Chief

Walker. In the summer of 1988, both Farley and Lynch signed affidavits in which they claim that

Mildred Schuler told them that her ex-husband, Hubert Chaney, had killed Chief Walker. Farley

testified at the evidentiary hearing, however, that Schuler did not make any comments to him about

Hubert Chaney. Moreover, any testimony offered by Farley or Lynch as to what Schuler told them

would be inadmissible hearsay and would therefore not affect the jury’s determination of guilt.

Finally, Harrison argues that his attorneys should have called his father and brother, James B.

Harrison and Wayne Harrison, to provide a partial alibi for the day of the murder. The Madison

Circuit Court heard testimony from these witnesses at the evidentiary hearing and concluded that

“they do not provide an alibi for the defendant at the time of Chief Walker’s murder.” Harrison has

not satisfied either prong of the Strickland test; he has not shown that his attorneys provided

ineffective assistance of counsel by giving him conflicting advice about calling defense witnesses,

and he has not demonstrated that the failure to call these witnesses prejudiced his defense. 

IV.

Finally, Harrison argues that he was denied effective assistance of counsel due to his

attorneys’ failure to fulfill a promise made to the jury at opening statements that he would provide

an alibi defense. This argument, too, lacks merit.

Harrison cites Harris v. Reed, 894 F.2d 871 (7th Cir. 1990), to support his argument that the

failure to fulfill promises made during opening statements constitutes deficient representation.4
No. 04-6157 Harrison v. Motley Page 8

Harris is factually inapposite to this case. In Harris, the defendant Harris was arrested and charged

with the shooting of Ernest Howard on the south side of Chicago. Harris, 894 F.2d at 872. Harris’s

public defender assured the jury during opening statements that they would hear evidence that

another person, not charged, was the initial suspect of the police and the likely shooter. Id. at 873.

After the prosecution rested, however, the defendant’s counsel – believing that he had successfully

impeached the prosecution’s witness and that the case against Harris was weak – declined the

opportunity to call two unbiased witnesses who had each independently identified the other suspect

during the police’s initial investigation into the shooting. Id. at 874, 878. The Seventh Circuit found

the public defender’s failure to present a defense to be constitutionally deficient representation. Id.

at 878. The court noted that, although the public defender may have believed the prosecution’s

evidence against Harris was slight, his decision not to offer these witnesses was unreasonable:

In the opening, counsel showed an understanding that the [second suspect] theory,

if believed, would account for the strange investigative turn taken in this case. If the

jury was willing to credit the testimony of [the defense witnesses], it would have

further discredited [the prosecution witness’s] account, augmented the crossexamination of [the prosecution witness], and provided the jury with a viable basis

for clinging to the presumption that Harris was innocent. There is little objective

reason to believe that the jury would not credit the testimony of [the defense

witnesses]. They were contacted by the police soon after the incident. They were

unbiased witnesses whose account of what they saw largely corroborated each

others’. Finally, both witnesses positively identified [the second suspect] as the man

(or one of the men) they saw fleeing from the scene.

Id. 

In contrast, the recantations, allegations of bribery, and inconsistent testimony by Harrison’s

proposed witnesses provided a reasonable justification for declining to present them as witnesses.

At the evidentiary hearing, attorney Smith testified that because Harrison faced the possibility of

receiving the death penalty, Harrison’s attorneys were concerned that recanting witnesses and

allegations of misconduct would be viewed unfavorably by the jury and make it more likely that

Harrison would receive the death penalty if Harrison was convicted. Under these circumstances,

the failure to present these witnesses, despite the allusion to an alibi defense during opening

statements, was objectively reasonable. Moreover, as discussed supra, the failure to put on defense

witnesses was not due to inattentiveness by Harrison’s attorneys, but rather the result of recanting

and inconsistent witnesses and the product of an informed, deliberate decision made by Harrison

himself.

V.

The district court’s denial of Harrison’s habeas petition is affirmed.