# Emission Factor for Tropical Peatlands

Drained for Oil Palm Cultivation

Peer

- Review Report

# Emission Factor for Tropical Peatlands

Drained for Oil Palm Cultivation

Peer

- Review Report

Transportation and Climate Division Office of Transportation and Air Quality U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Prepared for EPA by

RTI International

EPA Contract No. EP-C-11-045

Work Assignment No. 2-13

NOTICE

This technical report does not necessarily represent final EPA decisions or positions. It is intended to present technical analysis of issues using data that are currently available. The purpose in the release of such reports is to facilitate the exchange of technical information and to inform the public of technical developments.

EPA-420-R-14-030

December 2014CONTENTS

Section Page

1 Introduction

................................................................................................................ ... 1-1

2 Overview

.................................................................................................................... ... 2-1

3 Summary of Peer-Review Responses

........................................................................... 3-1

3.1 Overarching Charge Question

.............................................................................. 3-1

3.2 Potential Adjustment of Emission Fact or from Hooijer et al. (2012)

.................. 3-3

3.3 Directionality of Estimate

.................................................................................... 3-5

3.4 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Report

.......................................... 3-8

3.5 Additional Input

................................................................................................. 3-11

4 References

.................................................................................................................. ... 4-1

Appendixes

A Recommendation Requests

................................................................................. A-1

B Conflict of Interest Analysis and Bias Questionnaire

.......................................... B-1

C Peer Reviewer Resumes

....................................................................................... C-1

D Materials Provided to th e Peer-Review Panel

.................................................... D-1

E Peer-Review Responses

....................................................................................... E-1

iiiLIST OF TABLES

Number Page

3-1. Summary of Peer -Review Response to Charge Question #3........................................ 3-6

ivLIST OF ACRONYMS

C carbon

CO 2 carbon dioxide

DIC dissolved inorganic carbon

DOC dissolved organic carbon

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

g cm -3 grams per cubic centimeter

GHG greenhouse gas

ha -1 hectare

ha -1 yr -1 hectare per year

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

kg kilogram

Pg petagram

POC particulate organic carbon

RFS Renewable Fuel Standard

Tg teragram

vSECTION 1

INTRODUCTION

In January 2012, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published an

analysis of the life -cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with palm oil–

based biodiesel and renewable diesel. The results of the analysis indicate that, when

compared with the petroleum die sel baseline, palm oil

– based biofuels reduce GHG

emissions by 17% and 11%, respectively, and thus do not meet the statutory 20% GHG

emissions reduction threshold for the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) program (EPA,

2012).

Based on EPA’s analysis, one of the major sources of GHG emissions was

emissions resulting from drained organic peat soils preceding the development of new

palm oil plantations. The EPA used a peat soil emission factor of 95 tonnes of carbon

dioxide (CO 2 ) per hectare of drained peat soil, based on Hooijer et al. (2012), to help

estimate the total GHG emissions from the expansion of peat soil drainage.

To ensure that the EPA has taken into account the best available information on

this important emissions factor for the life

- cycle GHG analy sis of palm oil

– based

biofuels, the Agency asked RTI International to facilitate an independent peer review.

The purpose of this review was to request additional scientific input about the Agency’s

assessment of the average annual GHG emissions from tropic al peatlands resulting from

the development of the land for production of palm oil for use in EPA’s life- cycle GHG

analysis of palm oil –based biofuels. RTI selected five peer reviewers who are experts in

GHG emissions from peat soils to review the EPA’s application of the peat soil emissions

factor and to provide feedback on the use of this factor. The following sections of this

report summarize the peer-review process and the peer reviewers’ responses to five

questions that seek to address the relevance an d appropriateness of the emission factor

.

1-1SECTION 2

OV ERVIEW

In fall 2013, the EPA requested that RTI facilitate a peer review to be conducted

of the peat soil emission factor that the Agency uses for life- cycle GHG assessment of

palm oil bio fuels for the RFS program. RTI, an independent contractor, supported the

EPA by facilitating the peer review according to guidelines in the Agency’s Peer Review

Handbook (EPA, 2006).

The EPA requested recommendations for peer-review candidates from various

organizations and agencies. Then, the EPA compiled the recommendations and submitted

a list of 21 candidates to RTI. The Agency sought recommendations for qualified

candidates from t he following entities:

■ Office of the Ambassador of ■ National Wildlife Federation

Indonesia

■ Clean Air Task Force ■ National Resources Defense Council

■ Embassy of Malaysia ■ Union of Concerned Scientists

■ International Council on Clean ■ World Wildlife Fund Transportation

Copies of the recommendation requests are included in Appendix A of this

report

.

Qualified candidates were those who have a doctoral degree in soil science or a

related field and have publi shed peer

- reviewed journal articles about carbon cyc ling and

tropical peat soils. Of the 21 recommended candidates, four were excluded from

consideration because the y were involved in the development of the Hooijer et al. (2012)

publication on which EPA sought critical input, and there was considered to be an inherent conflict of interest in asking them to review the relevance and appropriateness of

their own work. RTI also conducted a literature and online resources investigation for

additional candidates and identified 10 more qualified candidates for cons ideration.

Thus, a total of 27 qualified candidates were identified and contacted to determine

their interest in and availability for the peer review. Of the 27 candidates contacted, 18 of

them said they were available, so they completed a Conflicts of In terest (COI) Disclosure

Form. The COI forms requested information on any and all real or perceived COI or bias,

including funding sources, employment, public statements, and other areas of potential

conflict in accordance with EPA’s Peer Review Handbook (E PA, 2006). A template of

the COI form completed by the candidates is included in Appendix B

. RTI staff

2-1supporting the peer review also underwent a COI investigation to corroborate the

independence and a lack of bias across all components of the peer review.

Per the instructions from the EPA, RTI set out to select four or five reviewers

from the candidate pool based on all of the following criteria:

■ expertise, knowledge, an d experience of each individual

■ a dherence to the COI guidance in the EPA Peer Review H andbook

■ panel balance with respect to the expertise required to conduct the review and the diversity of relevant scientific and technical perspectives

Based on the candidates’ availability and qualifications, the information provided

in the completed COI Disclosure Forms, and an independent COI investigation conducted

by RTI staff, RTI selected the following five candidates:

■ Scott Bridgham, Ph.D., Professor, University of Oregon

■ Kristell Hergoualc’h, Ph.D., Scientist, Center for International Forestry

Research

■ Monique Leclerc, Ph.D., Regents Professor, University of Georgia

■ Supiandi Sabiham, Ph.D., Professor, Bogor Agricultural University

■ Arina Schr ier, Ph.D., Owner

, Climate and Environmental International Consultancy

Three of the selected peer reviewers (i.e., Drs. Bridgham, Hergoualc’h, and

Leclerc) reported no COI on the disclosure form. Dr. Sabiham stated that although he

does not have any actual or potential COI or bias impeding his ability to independently

evaluate the peat soil emissions factor used by the EPA, he did note that government and

palm oil industry funding has been provided to the university where he is employed to

support ecologica l and sociological research on land

- use changes from peat swamp forest

to agricultural uses, from which Dr. Sabiham and his graduate students receive funding.

Dr. Sabiham also noted his roles as President of the Indonesian Peat Society and as an

independen t expert developing scientific reviews for entities such as the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the Indonesian Government, and the

Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil. Similarly, Dr. Schrier noted her roles as an

independent expert developing scientific reviews for the IPCC, the International Council

on Clean Transportation, and the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil.

2-2It is important to note that these five candidates were specifically selected to

develop a balanced, independent panel with various backgrounds from academia,

nongovernmental organizations, and private consulting. No more than one candidate was

selected from the recommendations provided by a single EPA- contacted entity (one each

from the Ambassador of Indonesia, the Embassy of Malaysia, and International Council

on Clean Transportation, and two independently identified by RTI).

The EPA reviewed and approved the list of candidates selected by RTI as

appropriate choices from the candidate pool to form an independent and balanced p anel.

Copies of the selected candidate resumes are included in Appendix C of this report

.

RTI staff provided the peer reviewers with the EPA- developed Technical Work

Product and Peer-Review Charge (both in Appendix D of this report), which guided the

evalu ations. RTI requested that the reviewers refrain from discussing the subject of the

review with other parties during the review period. Although RTI was available to

address any questions that reviewers had during the review, all peer reviewers were asked

to respond to the charge independently and without consult from the other peer reviewers.

The panel was not asked to reach a consensus.

RTI staff members have summarized the panel’s responses below. The peer

reviews from each panel member are included in Appendix E of this report

.

Three out of the five reviewers agreed that the emission factor used in EPA’s

analysis of palm oil –based biofuels is an appropriate coefficient to use based on current

scientific understanding, but emphasized that the emission factor should be reevaluated as

meta

- analyses of existing research are conducted and/or as additional research becomes

available. Two reviewers stated that the EPA has likely overestimated the carbon

emissions. One of those two reviewers recommended using the peat soil emission factors

published by the I PCC (Drösler et al., 2013), while the other reviewer recommended

using the peat soil emission factors published by Melling et al. (2007).

2-3SECTION 3

SUMMARY OF PEER

- REVIEW RESPONSES

All five peer reviewers examined the EPA –developed Technical Work Product

and Peer Review Charge. This section of the report provides the charge questions (in

italics) followed by summaries of the peer reviewers’ comments. Appendix E includes

the full responses from each peer reviewer.

3.1 Overarching C harge Q uestion

Given the three criteria outlined in the Technical Work Product and the estimates available in the literature, did the EPA choose the most appropriate value for the peat soil emission factor? If not, please provide a recommendation on the most appropriate peat soil emission factor to use in EPA’s analysis, with a detailed explanation.

Three out of the five peer reviewers (Drs. Bridgham, Schrier, and Leclerc) stated

that the peat soil emissions factor used by the EPA is the most appropriate emission

factor based on current available literature. Both Drs. Schrier and Lec lerc emphasized

that the emission factor should be reevaluated as meta

- analyses of existing research are

conducted and/or as additional research becomes available. Reevaluating the emission

factor will help reduce the uncertainty associated with any factors that have not been

considered, have not been based on oil palm on peat measurements, or have been based

on a small sample size (spatial, temporal, or numerical). Dr. Schrier discuss ed the

uncertainties associated with the following:

■ short- term nature of the available literature

■ s eparation between CO 2 and methane emissions related to the drainage of peat

■ assumptions required for the soil subsidence method, including bulk densit y and carbon fraction

■ initial pulse emissions versus base emissions rates

■ disso lved organic carbon (DOC) and ditch fluxes

■ fire emissions

■ water -table fluctuations and averages

Dr. Leclerc recommended that the emissions factor be considered temporary and

conditional because it likely underestimates emissions. Dr. Leclerc noted the following

areas for further investigation: the role of root respiration and differences between peat

3-1swamp forests, oil palm, and acacia ; n on- CO 2 GHG emissions; and acknowledgement

and identification of heterogeneous peat depths through additional sample locations . Dr.

Leclerc also mentioned these additional areas for further investigation: the effect of

management practices, the occurrence of peat fires following the establishment of oil

palm plantations on peat land, and the duration of carbon monoxide and CO 2 emissions

with smoldering fires.

Drs. Hergoualc’h and Sabiham disagreed with EPA’s emission fa ctor choice. Dr.

Hergoualc’h stated that EPA’s emission factor is not representative of Southeast Asia and

recommended the emission factors published by the IPCC (Drösler et al., 2013 ):

-1 ) • on- site CO 2 emissions : 40 tonnes of CO 2 per hectare per year (ha -1 yr
-1 ) • off

- site CO 2 emissions via waterborne carbon losses: 3 tonnes of CO 2 (ha -1 yr

• CO 2 from prescribed fires: 264 tonnes of CO 2 per hectare (ha -1 )

• CO 2 from wildfires: 601 tonnes CO 2 ha -1

Dr. Hergoualc’h further noted that the initial pulse emissions following drainage

are not directly included in EPA’s emissions factor, but rather indirectly added through

the carbon loss estimate.

Dr. Sabiham stated that the emissions factor is not an appropriate choice because

of Hooijer et al.’s (2012) exclusion of root respiration and the assumptions regarding peat

soil bulk density, peat organic carbon content, and groundwater table depth. Dr. Sabiham

noted that these assumptions likely overestimate the emissions and, therefore,

recommended an emissions factor consiste nt with the Melling et al. (2007) study, which

includes root respiration and a shallower groundwater level.

3-23.2 Potential A djustment of E mission F actor from Hooijer et al. (2012)

Some commenters have raised questions about particular values used in the Hooi jer et al. (2012) study (e.g., organic carbon content, peat bulk density). Would you recommend that EPA use the overall approach and data published in Hooijer et al. (2012), but use a different value for the following : (a) organic carbon content, (b) peat bulk density, (c) the

percent age of subsidence due to oxidation, or (d) another parameter (please specify)? Please explain your recommendation and provide supporting documentation.

In response to the second charge question, the panel was fairly split. Two peer reviewers (i.e., Drs. Sabiham and Bridgham) agreed with the overall approach used by

the EPA and presented by Hooijer et al. (2012). One peer reviewer (i.e., Dr. Hergoualc’h)

did not agree with the overall approach. One peer reviewer (i.e., Dr. Leclerc) stated that

there was not enough information available on the key components of the approach to

determine its appropriateness. One peer reviewer (i.e., Dr. Schrier) suggested that a metaanalysis be performed that incorporates both the soil subsidence- and chamber

- based

research. Regarding the values used in the approach, two panel members (i.e., Drs.

Schrier and Bridgham) agreed with EPA’s decision to use the Hooijer et al. (2012)

values, and one panel member (Dr. Sabiham) disagreed. Two members (Drs. Hergoualc’h

and Leclerc) asserted that not enough information was available to lessen the uncertainty

regarding the values.

Dr. Hergoualc’h recommended that the EPA not use the approach by Hooijer et

al. (2012) because it is too sensitive to parameter values that require long- term
monitoring and baseline information (e.g., organic carbon content, peat bulk density, t he

percent age of subsidence because of oxidation). Because no reference site information or

long-term data are available, the approach must, therefore, be based on assumptions,

which introduces high levels of uncertainty.

Dr. Sabiham stated that a subsidence- based technique performs better than a

closed

- chamber measurement regarding the long

- term effect of drainage on carbon stock

depletion of peat. However, Dr. Sabiham questioned the values used by the EPA for

organic carbon content, peat bulk density, and the percentage of subsidence because of

oxidation. Therefore, Dr. Sabiham made the following recommendations for emission

factor estimates d eveloped for oil palm plantation s on peat soil:

■ The value of organic carbon content should not exceed 45% .

3-3■ The value of peat bulk density should range between 0.07 and 0.1 grams per cubic centimeter ( g cm -3 ) at the start of drainage and between 0.18 and

0.22 g cm -3 once subsidence has begun.

■ An oxidation/subsidence ratio of 44%, as supported by Couwenberg et al. (2010), should be used.

Dr. Bridgham agreed with the overall approach and values used by Hooijer et al.

(2012) but noted that the values used by t he approach may be limited by the

geographically limited study area. However, Dr. Bridgham stated that it is likely that this

level of uncertainty leads to an underestimation of emissions because of higher bulk

density and soil carbon measurements, which are observed in other literature.

Dr. Schrier recommended that the EPA continue to use the current values

published in Hooijer et al. (2012) because the carbon fraction and bulk density estimates

are representative of the literature and because the study is the most robust investigation

specifically designed to determine soil subsidence due to oxidation. However, Dr. Schrier

recommended that the overall approach be amended to consider other studies through a

meta -analysis of soil subsidence and chamber- based research.

Dr. Leclerc stated that the effects of peat characteristics (including bulk density,

organic carbon content, and depth) and other variables (e.g., management techniques) on

GHG emissions must be assessed before selecting an approach. Therefore, once

additi onal studies have been conducted and more data are available for analysis, the

approach should be refined. Dr. Leclerc further asserted that the composition of peat

varies regionally; therefore, this will create large variations in the values required for the

subsidence technique. Thus, one emissions factor may not be sufficient.

3-43.3 Directionality of Estimate

The EPA recognizes that the Hooijer et al. (2012) study that forms the foundation of our estimate of peat soil emissions was conducted under specific circumstances. For example, it was conducted in a limited number of plantations on the island of Sumatra.
For the reasons listed in the Technical Work Product, we believe this is the best available estimate of peat soil emissions, but we recognize that numerous factors could cause this estimate to be higher or lower than the average emission factor for peat soils drained for oil palm across Southeast Asia. Please discuss whether the emission factor value used by the EPA (95 tCO 2 e/ha/yr) is likely to overest imate or underestimate (and if so, by how much) or provide a plausible estimate of average GHG emissions from peat soil drainage for oil palm across Southeast Asia. In particular, please discuss whether the following factors are likely to make EPA’s emissi on factor an overestimate or an underestimate:

a. Variation in the type of peat soil (e.g., mineral content, carbon content, depth, extent of degradation)

b. Precipitation regime (e.g., annual rainfall, timing of rainfall)

c. Differing water management practices at plantations

d. Different types of plantations (e.g., oil palm versus acacia)

e. The approach used by Hooijer et al. (2012) to estimate emissions during the first 5 years after drainage

f. Omission of methane and nitrous oxide emissions

g. Omis sion of emissions due to fire (as discussed in the Technical Work Product, omission of this factor will cause EPA’s emission factor to underestimate emissions, but we welcome comments about how large this underestimation may be.)

h. Omission of incidentally drained peat swamps adjoining the plantations.

Overall, two peer reviewers (Drs. Sabiham and Hergoualc’h) responded that the

previously mentioned factors are likely to overestimate the average GHG emissions from

peat soil drainage under oil palm plantati ons. Two peer reviewers (Drs. Leclerc and

Schrier) stated that the factors are likely to underestimate the average GHG emissions.

One peer reviewer responded that the GHG emissions are likely to be fairly represented.

Table 3-1 summarizes the panel members ’ responses to each of the individual factors.

3-5Table 3-1. Summary of Peer- Review Response to Charge Question #3

Topic Areas Dr. Bridgham Dr. Hergoualc’h Dr. Leclerc Dr. Sabiham Dr. Schrier

a. Variation in the type of peat soil This is a representative

estimate. Additional research is needed. Peat properties and

duration of consolidation will likely affect the carbon

loss rate after conversion. a This likely underestimates the emissions from sapric peat more than for fibric and hemic, but more research is

needed. Additional information is needed, but this is likely

overestimated because of low organic carbon in high

ash

– content soils. This is a representative estimate or a slight

overestimate because of spatial and temporal variability.

b. Precipitation regime This is a representative estimate, as long as regional water table and drainage are consistent. There is no scientific

evidence that rainfall patterns can influence peat

carbon losses in converted tropical peatlands. This is expected to affect the

emissions because it

modifies the water content in the peat. Its importance has yet to be examined. This is likely

overestimated because plantations can manage groundwater level. This is a representative estimate or a slight

overestimate because of

variations in climate.

c. Differing water management practices at plantations This is a representative

estimate because of the nitrogen fertilization

effect. Differences in laboratory

and field measurements suggest that additional

research is needed. This is underestimated. CO 2 emissions rise when

methane emissions fall and

vice versa due to microbial populations. Thus, customary water table management should b e revised to decrease the total GHGs and not just CO 2

. This is likely

overestimated because optimum groundwater

level is shallower than the Hooijer et al. (2012)

estimate. This is a representative estimate or a slight overestimate. Maintaining

water tables according to best management practices is generally not feasible with most current drainage systems. If drainage systems are optimized,

then lower emissions are possible.

d. Different types of plantations If drainage is similar, then this is a represent ative

estimate. This is likely overestimated. More research is needed on root respiration, fertilizer applications, plantation age,

and non -CO 2 GHGs to This is likely

overestimated. This is a rep resentative

estimate based on new

research. b

determine whether there are

underestimates or

overestimates.3-6

(continued)Table 3-2. Summary of Peer- Review Response to Charge Question #3

Topic Areas Dr. Bridgham Dr. Hergoualc’h Dr. Leclerc Dr. Sabiham Dr. Schrier

e. The approach during This is a representative This is likely an Additional research is This is likely an The recommendation was the first 5 years after estimate. overestimate because of the needed to accurately overestimate because of made that an annual drainage assumptions made on represent emissions. the peat bulk density, emission factor be used baseline conditions using organic carbon, and with a multiplier of 2.6 for acacia plantations with subsidence estimates used. th e first 5 years to account

different locations and for increased emissions
management. initially.

f. Omission of methane This is a slight This is an underestimate that This is an underestimate

, This is a representative This is an underestimate,

and nitrous oxide underestimate (relative to should include IPCC values. and it should be included. estimate. and it should include IPCC

emissions CO 2 emissions). values.

g. Omission of emissions This is an underestimate, This is an underestimate that This is an underestimate, This is an underestimate, This is an underestimate, due to fire and it should be included. should include IPCC values. and it should be included. but regulations prohibit and it should include IPCC The literature ranges from The literature suggests burning, so future values. Fire frequency and

86 to 387 te ragrams of average CO 2 emissions from estimates should omit fire intensity have increased carbon per year. c fires from 2000

– 2006 of 6.5 emissions. because of drainage of petagrams of carbon per

year. d peat.

h. Omission of This is an underestimate, The current scientific This is an underestimate, This is a representative This is an underestimate, incidentally drained and it should be included. knowledge on tropical and it should be quantified. estimate because but more research is peat swamps adjoining peatlands allows for regulations prohibit new needed before these the plantations integrating this impact in the plantations on peat soil and emissions can be

emission factor. forests. considered.

a Othman et al., 2011.

b Husnain et al., 201 2.

c Couwenberg et al., 2010; Hooijer et al., 20 12 ; van der Werf et al., 2008.

d Murdiyarso et al., 2010.3-73.4 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Report

The IPCC (2014) lists a Tier 1 emission factor of 40 tCO 2 /ha/yr for tropical drained oil palm plantations. This value does not include emissions for the first 6 years after drainage. However, studies have shown that a pulse of higher emissions occurs right after drainage. The IPCC report also gives a default DOC emission factor of 3

tCO 2 /ha/yr. In addition, the IPCC gives guidance on quantifying emissions from fires. The report gives a default emission factor of 1,701 gCO 2 /( kilograms [ kg ]of dry matter burned) for tropical organic soil and a default dry matter consumption value of 155 t/ha for prescribed fires in the tropics.

a. Would it be appropriate for the EPA to use the IPCC Tier 1 default emission factor of 40 tCO 2 /ha/yr, or is it scientifically justified to use a different number based on more detailed information?

Two peer reviewers (i.e., Drs. Hergoualc’h and Sabiham) stated that the IPCC

Tier 1 emission factor is appropriate to use. Dr. Sabiham indicated it would be

appropriate for the Agency to use values as high as 44 tonnes of CO 2 ha -1 yr -1 , which

accounts for groundwater levels up to 60 centimeters below the soil surface.

Three peer reviewers (i.e., Drs. Bridgham, Leclerc, and Schrier) stated that the

Hoo ij er et al. (2012) estima te is more scientifically justified. Dr. Bridgham further stated

that the Hooijer et al. (2012) estimate is inherently clearer and more scientifically

defensible because of the uncertainties associated with scaling up the chamber- based

method and estimating litter inputs. Additionally, Drs. Leclerc and Schrier noted that the

development of the IPCC emission factor is not based on more recent literature that

indicates that the emission factor is closer to the Hooijer et al. (2012) estimate

.

b. Should the emission factor that the EPA uses include the emissions pulse that occurs in the first several years immediately following drainage?

Two peer reviewers (i.e., Drs. Bridgham and Leclerc) agreed that the EPA should

include the emissions pulse. Dr. Bridgham sta ted that further data, in addition to the

Hooijer et al. (2012) emissions pulse data, would be preferable for comparison.

Dr. Sabiham stated that the EPA should exclude the emissions pulse because the

analysis may have confused oil palm and acacia subsidence results

. Similarly, Dr.

Hergoualc’h stated that the pulse demonstrated in Hooijer et al. (2012) was observed in

an acacia plantation and only demonstrates a pulse in subsidence, not emissions;

therefore, the emissions pulse is not scientifically support ed. Dr. Hergoualc’h also

proposed that consolidation may be more important than currently estimated.

3-8Dr. Schrier stated that a multiplication factor for the first 5 years of drainage

would increase the certainty and robustness of the emission factor more appropriately

than including an emissions pulse.

c. Should the EPA include DOC and fire emission factors in the overall emission factor? If so, are the IPCC emission factors appropriate to use, or are there better estimates for EPA’s purpose?

Three reviewers (i.e., Drs. Hergoualc’h, Leclerc, and Schrier) agreed that the EPA

should include the IPCC fire emission and DOC factors. Dr. Hergoualc’h stated that t he

Agency could eventually merge the IPCC emission factors for DOC, but that the

emission facto rs for prescribed fires and wildfires should be kept apart to acknowledge

site

- specific land -use history. Dr. Schrier also asserted that the EPA should include nonCO 2 emissions. Dr. Leclerc stated that DOCs are a “hot spot” of GHGs and that

advection from neighboring regions caused by land-use conversion should also be taken

into account for robust emission factors to be determined.

Dr. Bridgham stated that a fire emission factor should be included, but this will

require more investigation to suggest an appropriate factor. Dr. Bridgham further stated

that DOC fluxes may or may not need to be included separately, depending on the

method used. If the subsidence method is used, then it is not necessary to include DOC

fluxes because they are already accounted for in the loss of soil carbon and mass. If the

soil respiration method is used, then it is necessary to include DOC fluxes (IPCC, 2006).

Dr. Sabiham recommended that DOC and fire emission factors not be included in

EPA’s approach because DOC fluxes are o ff site and relatively insignificant, and best

management practices of oil palm plantation require zero burning.

d. There are also erosion losses of particulate organic carbon (POC) and waterborne transport of dissolved inorganic carbon (primarily dissolv ed CO 2 ) derived from autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration within the organic soil. The IPCC concluded that, at present, the science and available data are not sufficient to provide guidance on CO 2 emissions or removals associated with these waterborne carbon fluxes. Do you agree that the science on these factors is not sufficient for EPA to consider losses of POC and dissolved inorganic carbon in its peat soil emission factor?

Three peer reviewers (i.e., Drs. Hergoualc’h, Leclerc, and Schrier) agreed that the

s cience is not sufficient yet and should be omitted from the emission factor until further

information is available

.

3-9Dr. Bridgham stated that it is not necessary to account for POC and dissolved

inorganic carbon losses if a stock

- based app roach is used such as the subsidence method.

Dr. Bridgham also iterated the reasons why a gain –loss approach of the IPCC is

inappropriate for estimating the peat soil emission factor , such as the uncertainties

associated with scaling up and estimating litt er inputs and root respiration.

Dr. Sabiham stated that there is no need to include POC loss in the overall

emission factor for peat soil under oil palm plantation, but for different reasons. Dr.

Sabiham noted that for drained peat soil under oil palm plan tations that follow best

management practices (e.g., zero burning method during land preparation, maintaining

groundwater at a certain level to avoid drying of peat materials during dry season), POC

should generally be a negligible component.

In addition, Dr. Sabiham agreed that research on dissolved inorganic carbon is

still not sufficient to warrant inclusion in the peat soil emission factor, although he noted

that several research results (Dariah et al., 2013; Sabiham et al., 2014) indicate that the

contribution of root respiration could be considered as the correction factor for closedchamber technique evaluations.

3-103.5 Additional I nput

Please provide any additional scientific information that you believe the EPA should consider regarding the Agency’s assessment of the average annual GHG emissions from draining tropical peatlands for palm oil cultivation for use in EPA’s lifecycle GHG analysis of palm oil–based biofuels.

Two peer reviewers (i.e., Dr. Bridgham and Leclerc) stated that they had no more

in formation to provide outside of the responses and references previously provided.

Dr. Schrier added that the meta

- analysis of Carlson et al. (in preparation) should be

considered as soon as it becomes available.

Dr. Hergoualc’h stated that the literature review carried out by the EPA appeared

to be incomplete. For example, a number of soil respiration studies and the soil carbon

flux approach applied in Hergoualc’h and Verchot (2013) were not included in the

analyses. Furthermore, Dr. Hergoualc’h stated that it was not clear whether the EPA

firmly understands the approach for calculating an emission factor using peat carbon

fluxes.

Dr. Sabiham noted that Indonesian peat soils contain mostly fibric peat, in which

subsidence occurs quickly after drainage, and this is particularly important to know when

calculating carbon emissions for the first 5 years after drainage. Dr. Sabiham also noted

that fibric peat reaches an irreversible drying condition rapidly, at which point carbon

loss because of peat oxidation does not exist but is highly susceptible to fire.

3-11SECTION 4

REFERENCES

Couwenberg, J. and A. Hoosier. 2013. Towards robust subsidence based and soil carbon factors for peat soils in South- East Asia, with special reference to oil palm plantations. Mires and Peat 12 :1 –13.

Couwenberg, J., R. Dommain, and H. Joosten. 2010. Greenhouse gas fluxes from tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia. Global Change Biology 16 (6):1715–1732.

Dariah, A., S. Marwanto, and F. Agus. 2013. Root- and peat

- based CO 2 emission from oil palm plantations. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change

19 (6):831–843.

Drösler, M., L.V. Verchot, A. Freibauer, G. Pan, C.D. Evans, R.A. Bourbonniere, J.P. Alm, S. Page, F. Agus, K. Hergoualc’h, J. Couwenberg, J. Jauhiainen, S. Sabiham, C. Wang, N. Srivastava, L. Borgeau-Chavez, A. Hooijer, K. Minkkinen,

N. French, T. Strand, A. Sirin, R. Mickler, K. Tansey, and N. Larkin. 2014. Drained inland organic soils. Chapter 2 in the 2013 Supplement to the 2006

Gui delines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands . Edited by T. Hiraishi, T. Krug, K. Tanabe, N. Srivastava, B. Jamsranjav, M. Fukuda, and T.

Troxler. IPCC: Switzerland.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2014. Technical Work Product for Peer Review: Emission Factor for Tropical Peatlands Drained for Palm Oil Cultivation. May 15, 2014.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2012. Notice of Data Availability Concerning Renewable Fuels Produced from Palm Oil under the RFS Program. January 27, 2012. 77 FR 4300.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2006. Peer Review Handbook . Third

Edition. EPA/100/B-06/002 . Available at www.epa.gov/peerreview/pdfs/peer_review_handbook_2012.pdf

Hergoualc’h, K., and L.V. Verchot. 2013. Greenhouse gas emission factors for land use

and land- use change in Southeast Asian peatlands. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 19 (6) :789-807

. doi 10.1007/s11027-013-9511- x.

Hooijer, A., S. Page, J. Jauhiainen, W.A. Lee, X.X. Lu, A. Idris, and G. Anshari. 2012. Subsidence and carbon loss in drained tropical peatlands. Biogeosciences 9 :1053–

1071.

Husnain, H.F. Agus, P. Wigena, A. Maswar, Dariah, and S. Marwanto. 2012. Peat CO 2 emissions from several land

- use types in I ndonesia. To be submitted to Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change

.

4-1IPCC ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2006 . 2006 IPCC Guidelines for

National Greenhouse Gas Inventories . Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Hayama, Japan.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2014. 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands . Edited by

T. Hiraishi, T. Krug, K . Tanabe, N . Srivastava, J. Baasansuren, M . Fukuda, and

T.G. Troxler. IPCC : Switzerland

.

Jauhiainen, J., A. Hooijer, and S.E. Page. 2012. Carbon dioxide emissions from an acacia plantation on peatland in Sumatra, Indonesia. Biogeosciences 9 :617–630.

Melling, L., R. Hatano, and K.J. Goh. 2007. Nitrous oxide emissions from three ecosystems in tropical peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia. Soil Science and Plant

Nutrition 53 :792–805.

Murdiyarso, D., K. Hergoualc’h, and L.V. Verchot. 2010. Opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in trop ical peatlands

. PNAS 107 :19655–19660.

Othman, H., A.T. Mohammed, F.M. Darus, M.H. Harun, and M.P. Zambri. 2011. Best management practices for oil palm cultivation on peat: Ground water

- table maintenance in relation to peat subsidence and estimation of CO 2 emissions at Sessang, Sarawak. Journal of Oil Palm Research 23 :1078–1086.

Page, S.E., R. Morrison, C. Malins, A. Hooijer, J.O. Rieley, and J. Jauhiainen. 2011. Review of peat surface greenhouse gas emissions from oil palm plantations in Southeast Asia. International Council on Clean Transportation. White Paper Number 15, Indirect Effects of Biofuel Production Series.

Sabiham, S., S. Marwanto, T. Watanabe, S. Furukawa, U. Sudadi, and F. Agus. 2014. Estimating the r elative contributions of root r espiration an d p eat decomposition to

the t otal CO 2 Flux from p eat s oil at an o il p alm plantation in Sumatra, Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Development . (In press).

van der Werf, G.R., J.T. Randerson, G.J. Collatz, L. Giglio, P.S. Kasibhatla, A.F.

Arell ano, S.C. Olsen, and E.S. Kasischke. 2004. Continental- scale partitioning of fire emissions during the 1997 to 2001 El Nino/La Nina period. Science 303 :7 3–

76.

4-2APPENDIX A

RECOMMENDATION REQUE STS

A-1APPENDIX B

CONFLICT OF INTEREST ANALYSIS AND BIAS QUESTIONNAIRE

Instructions

The following questions have been developed to help identify any conflicts of

interest and other concerns regarding each candidate reviewer’s ab ility to independently

evaluate the peat soil emissions factor used by EPA for lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG)

assessment of palm oil biofuels for the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) program (hence

referred to as the peat soil emissions factor). Please answer Yes, No or Unsure in

response to each question to the best of your knowledge and belief. If you answer Yes or

Unsure to any of the questions, please provide a detailed explanation on a separate sheet

of paper.

Answering Yes or Unsure to any of the questi ons will not result in

disqualification. The responses to the questionnaire will only be used to help RTI

International select a balanced, unbiased group of peer reviewers. Responses will not be

publicly released without consent of the candidate and all in formation will be kept

anonymous to EPA during the selection process.

It is expected that the candidate make a reasonable effort to obtain the answers to

each question. For example, if you are unsure whether you or a relevant associated party

(e.g., spouse, dependent, significant other) has a relevant connection to the peer review

subject, a reasonable effort such as calling or emailing to obtain the necessary

information should be made.

1. Have you had previous involvement with the development of the peat s oil

emissions factor under review? Yes/No/Unsure

2. Is there any connection between the palm oil industry and any of your and/or your
spouse’s (or other relevant associated party’s):

a. Compensated or non- compensated employment, including government
service, during the past 24 months? Yes/No/Unsure

b. Sources of research support and project funding, including from any
government, during the past 24 months? Yes/No/Unsure

c. Consulting activities during the past 24 months? Yes/No/Unsure

d. Expert witness activity during the past 24 months? Yes/No/Unsure

e. Financial holdings (excluding well -diversified mutual funds and holdings, with a value less than $15,000) Yes/No/Unsure

B-13. To the best of your knowledge and belief, is there any direct or significant

financial benefit that mi ght be gained by you or your spouse (or other relevant
associated party) as a result of the outcome of EPA’s decision on the eligibility of
biofuel made from palm oil feedstock under the RFS? Yes/No/Unsure

4. Have you made any public statements ( written or o ral ) or taken positions that
would indicate to an observer that you have taken a position on the peat soil

emissions factor or a closely related topic under review? Yes/No/Unsure

5. Have you served on previous advisory panels, committees or subcommittees that

have addressed the peat soil emissions factor under review or addressed a closely
related topic? Yes/No/Unsure

6. Do you know of any reason that you might be unable to provide impartial advice

on the matter under review or any reason that your impartiality in the matter
might be questioned? Yes/No/Unsure

7. To the best of your knowledge and belief, is there any other information that
might reasonably raise a qu estion about whether you have an actual or potential
personal conflict of interest or bias regarding th e matter under review ?

Yes/No/Unsure

Please sign below to certify that:

1. You have fully and to the best of your ability completed this disclosure form,

2. You will update your disclosure form promptly by contacting the RTI
International peer review facilitato r if relevant circumstances change,

3. You are not currently arranging new professional relationships with, or obtaining
new financial holdings in, an entity (related to the peer review subject) which is
not yet reported, and

4. The certification below, based on information you have provided, and your CV
may be made public for review and comment.

Signature ______________________________________

Date__________________________________________

(Print name)____________________________________

B-2APPENDIX C

PEER REVIEWER RESUMES

C-1updated as of 7/10/2014

Curriculum Vitae

— SCOTT D

. BRIDGHAM

ADDRESS

Department of Biology 1210 University of Oregon Eugene, Oregon 97403-1210 (541 ) 346-1466 ; Fax: ( 541 ) 346-2364

E- mail: bridgham@uoregon.edu

Web pages : http://ie2.uoregon.edu/faculty_pages/Bridgham.php and https ://sites.google.com/site/bridghamlab /

EDUCATION

Ph.D. 1991, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies (now Nicholas School of the Environment), Duke University, Durham, NC Dissertation: Mechanisms Controlling Soil Carbon Cycling in North Carolina Peat lands

Advisor: Curtis Richardson

M.S. 1986, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.

Thesis: Effects of Low Levels of 2,2’-Dichlorobiphenyl on Daphnia pulicaria Advisor: Donald McNaught

B.A. 1982, Zoolog y, University of Maine, Orono, with Highest Honors

B.A. 1980, English with emphasis in creative writing, University of Maine, Orono, with Highest

Honors

RESEARCH INTERESTS

Ecosystem ecology and biogeochemistry, climate change impacts on ecosystems, c arbon and nutrient cycling, wetland ecology, trace gas production, plant community ecology, microbial and plant community structure/ecosystem function interactions

, restoration

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

Director, Environmental Science Institute, University of Oregon, 2012 – present. Acting Director , Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oregon, summer

2006. Professor, Department of Biology and Environmental Studies Program, University of Oregon,

2008 - present. Associate Professor, Department of Biology and Environmental Studies Program, University of Oregon, 2003 – 2008. Associate Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 2001

– 2002. Assistant Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dam e, 1994 –

2001.

Research Associate , Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Duluth,

1992 – 1994.Bridgham, CV, 2 of 21

Postdoctoral Research Associate , Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Duluth, 1991 – 1992. Advisors: Carol Johnston and John Pastor.

Research Assistant , School of the Environment, Duke University, 1986 – 1991. Research and Teaching Assistant , Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavioral Biology, University of Minnesota, 1983 – 1986.

Field Research Technic ian , USDA Forest Service, Orono, ME, 1978 – 1979.

HONORS AND AWARDS

Milton Ellis Award for Academic Distinction in English – 1980, University of Maine Eugene A. Jordan Memorial Scholarship for Outstanding Academic Achievement in Zoology – 1982, Universit y of Maine National Science Foundation Grant for Improving Docto ral Dissertation Research, 1988 – 1991 Department of Energy Global Change Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship, 1991 – 1993 National Science Foundation CAREER Award, 1996 – 2001

Editorial Bo ard of Soil Science Society of America Journal , 1994 – 1997

Editorial Board of Wetlands , 1997 – 2000. Chair of the Division S-10, Wetland Soils, Soil Science Society of America, 2001 – 2002

Editorial Board of Biogeochemistry , 2004 – 2008 West Eugene We tlan ds Appreciation Award, 2006

Chair , Global Change Section of the Society of Wetland Scientists, 2012 Fellow of the Society of Wetland Scientists, 2012 Two papers chosen for 30-year Commemorative Issue of journal Wetlands ( http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/ecology/journal/13157?detailsPage=press )

PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Ecological Society of America Soil Science Society of America Society of Wetland Scienti sts

GRANTS

Controls over methane cycling in tropical wetlands. Research, Innovation, and Graduate Education Office, University of Oregon, $5,000 (matched by $2,000 from Gabon-Oregon Transnational Research Center) , 5/2014- 4/2015. (Principal Investigator ) How do Temperature and Soil Organic Matter Inputs Mediate the Organic Molecular Composition of Soils? Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Department of Energy, 2013. EMSL to provide instrumentation and technical expertise . (Principal Investigator, with PhD student Lorien Reynolds) Understanding the Mechanisms Underlying Heterotrophic CO 2 and CH 4 Fluxes in a Peatland with Deep Soil Warming and Atmospheric CO 2 Enrichment , Department of Energy, $1,047,425, 8/2012 – 7/2015. (Principal Investigator, subcontracts to Chapman Univ. and Purdue Univ.) Dissertation Research: Microbial Community Structure and Ecosystem Function: Linking Methanogen Community Composition to Methane Production Rates in Wetland Soils, National Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant to Steven A.

McAllister and co -advisors. $14,967, 6/2012 – 5/2014.Bridgham, CV, 3 of 21

University of Oregon College of Arts and Sciences Program Grant to assist in the establishment

of an Environment al Scienc es Institute. $5,000, 2011. (Principal Investigator) Climate Effects on Plant Range Distrib utions and Community Structure of Pacific Northwest

Prairies , Department of Energy, $1,835,510, 1/2009 – 12/2013. (Principal Investigator)

Collaborative Research : Why Does Methane Production Vary Dramatically Among Wetlands?

, National Science Foundation, $890,000, 8/2008 – 10/2012 . (Principal Investigator) 3 Research for Experience for Undergraduates Supplements, $22,000. Collaborative Research: The Interactions of Climate Change, Land Management Policies and Forest Succession on Fire Hazard and Ecosystem Trajectories in the Wildland-Urban Interface , National Science Foundation, $1,133,152, 8/2008- 1/2013. (Co- Principal Investigator). 1 Research for Experience for Undergraduates Supplement, $15,850. Linking the FlamMap and Envision Simulation Models , Pacific Northwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, $45,000, 5/2009 – 4/2011. (Co- Principal Investigator). Beyond the Monod Equation: Developing a New Theory of Geomicrobial Kinetics, National Science Foundation, $300,000, 9/2008 – 8/2012 . (Co

- Principal Investigator) A Landscape-Level Approach to Fuels Management Through Ecological Restoration: Developing a Knowledge Base for Application to Historic Oak- Pine Savanna , Joint Fire Science Program, $393,110, 5/2004 – 7/2008 . (Co

- Principal Investigator)

The Role of Salmon-D erived N utrients in Managed U.S. F orest s. USDA National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program, $497,041, 1/2006 – 12/2008. (Collaborator, no money comes directly to Univ. of Oregon)

The E ffects of the I nvasive Grasses Phalaris arundinacea and Zostera japonica on E cosystem Processes in the South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve , Oregon, USA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, $60,000, 6/2004 – 5/2008. (Fellowship for graduate student, Lisa Turnbull) Plant and Soil Responses to Experimental Restoration Techniques in the West Eugene Wetlands

, Environmental Protection Agency (through Lane Community Council of Governments), $78,762, 1/2004 – 9/2007. (Principal Investigator) Interactive Effects of Climate Change, Wetlands, and Dissolved Organic Matter on UV Damage to Aquatic Foodwebs , Environmental Protection Agency, $937,009, 7/2002 – 6/2006. (Principal Investigator, subcontracts to Univ. of Notre Dame and South Dakota State Univ.) Collaborative Research: Interactions Among Global Change Stressors In Northern Fens: Atmospheric CO 2 , Temperature, And Hydrology , National Science Foundation, $20,454,

6/2003 – 6/2004. (C o- Principal Investigator) Hydro -B io -G eochemical Controls on the D issolved Organic M atter Content in UNDERC

Wetlands , University of Notre Dame, $11,900, 4/2001 – 3/2002. (Co- Principal Investigator) Biocomplexity —Incubation Activity on Biocomplexity in Peatland s, National Science Foundation, $99,540, 9/2000 – 8/2004. (Principal Investigator) Retention of Soluble Organic Nutrients in Ecosystems During Primary Succession and Soil Development, National Science Foundation , $224,628, 10/1999 – 9/2003. ( Co

- Princ ipal Investigator, subcontract from Univ. of Nevada -Reno) Effects of Climate Change and Plant Community Composition on Methane Cycling in Peatlands

, National Science Foundation, $11,026, 7/1998 – 6/2002. ( Co

- Principal Investigator,

subcontract from Univ. of Indiana)Bridgham, CV, 4 of 21

Carbon and Energy Flow and Plant Community Response to Climate Change in Peatlands

, National Science Foundation, $1,200,000, 8/1997 – 7/2003. Five Research for Experience for Undergraduates Supplements, $40,500. (Principal Investigator , subcontracts to Univ. of Minnesota and Univ. of Toledo) Multiple Environmental Gradients Structuring Peatland Communities , N ational Science Foundation CAREER award, $420,000, 9/1996 – 8/2003. 1 Research for Experience for Undergraduates Supplement, $6,000. (P rincipal Investigator) Environmental Stress in Ecosystems: Linking Ecology and Engineering , Graduate Research Training Program In Environmental Biology, National Science Foundation, $537,500, 8/1995 – 7/2000. (Co-Principal Investigator with 11 others)

Di rect and Indirect Effects of Climate Change on Boreal Peatlands: A Mesocosm Approach

, National Science Foundation, $800,000, 7/1993 – 12/1997. 4 Research for Experience for Undergraduates Supplements, $28,650. (Principal Investigator , subcontracts to Univ. of Minnesota and Michigan Technological Univ.) Constructed Wetlands for Treating Aquaculture Wastes , Minnesota Technology Inc./Iron Range Resources and Rehabilitation Board, $257,852, 9/1993 – 8/1995. (Co- Principal Investigator) Spatial Dynamics of Nutrient and Sediment Removal by Riverine Wetlands , USDA NationalResearch Initiative Competitive Grants Program, $200,000, 10/1992 – 9/1994. (CoPrincipal Investigator)

U.S. Department of Energy Global Change Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship , $77,000,

9/1991 – 9/1993. Mechanisms Controlling Decomposition Dynamics along a Phosphorus Availability Gradient in

Freshwater Wetlands , National Science Foundation Grant for Improving Doctoral Dissertation Research, $10,000, 1988 – 1991.

REVIEWER FOR JOURNALS

Agricultural Systems; American Midland Naturalist; American Naturalist; Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology; Biogeochemistry; Canadian Journal of Botany; Climate Change; Earth

- Science Reviews; Ecology; Ecological Applications; Ecologica l Engineering; Écoscience; Ecosystems; Environmental Pollution; Functional Ecology; Global
Biogeochemical Cycles; Global Change Biology; Journal of Environmental Quality; Journal of Geophysical Research; Journal of Great Lakes Research; Landscape Ecology; Landscape Ecology; Nature; New Phytologist; Plant and Soil; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.; Restoration Ecology; Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research; Soil Biology and Biochemistry; Soil Science ; Soil Science Society of Americ a Journal; Water, Air, and Soil
Pollution; Wetlands ; Wetlands Ecology and Management

ASSOCIATE EDITOR FOR JOURNALS Soil Science Society of America Journal , 1994 – 1997.

Wetlands , 1997 – 2000. Biogeochemistry , 2004 – 2008.

AD HOC REVIEWER FOR GRANTING AGENCIES

Cottrell College Science Awards, Research Corporation for Science AdvancementBridgham, CV, 5 of 21

Department of Agriculture, National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program: Ecosystems, Soils and Soil Biology, Water shed Processes and Water Resources Programs Department of Defense Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program Department of Energy

– Terrestrial Carbon Processes Program , National Institute for Climatic Change Research Program Environmental Protection Agency – Wetland's Program

Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station

Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund National Aeronautics and Space Administration

– Ecosystem Dynamics and Biogeochemical Processes Program National Environment Research Council, United Kingdom

National Fish and Wildlife Foundation National Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Canada National Science Foundation – Atmospheric Chemistry, Ecosystems, Ecological Studies, Hydrologic Sciences, Environmental Geochemistr y and Biogeochemistry, Office of Polar Programs, Arctic Natural Sciences and Visiting Professorship for Women Programs, Biocomplexity Program , International Program , Integrated Research Challenges in Environmental Biology, Frontiers in Integrative Biologic al Research, Marine Geology and Geophysics, Microbial Observatories , Geobiology and Low Temperature Geochemistry

Netherlands Geosciences Foundation NSF/DOE/NASA/USDA Joint Program on Terrestrial Ecology and Global Change NSF/EPA Partnership for Environment al Research, Water and Watersheds

USDA Forest Service

– Southern Forest Experimental Station

OTHER PROFESSIONAL SER V ICE AND ACTIVITIES

Wetlands Ecologist Search Committee member, Environmental Research Laboratory – Duluth, Environmental Protection Agency, 1991. National Science Foundation Workshop on Soil-Warming Experiments in Global Change

Research , Woods Hole, MA, Sept. 27-28, 1991, participant. National Institute of Health Summer Minority High School Student Research Apprentice Program, sponsored students in 1992 – 1993. Chairperson for session, Dynamics of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems , 1993 Annual Meeting of Ecological Society of America, Madison, WI. Judge for Buell Award for best student oral presentation, 1993, 1995, 1999 Annual Meeting of

E cological Society of America. Judge for best student oral presentation, 1994 – 1995, 1998, 2000 Annual Meetings of the Society of Wetland Scientists. Review of aquatics program for Ottawa, Nicolet, and Chequamegon National Forests, Sept. 19,

1994.

Panel me mber for NSF/DOE/NASA/USDA Joint Program on Terrestrial Ecology and Global Change, June 1995. Panel member for NSF/EPA Partnership for Environmental Research, Wa ter and Watersheds, July 1996.Bridgham, CV, 6 of 21

Invited participant for the Upper Great Lakes Regional Climate Change Impacts Workshop , US Global Change Research Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, May 4-7,

1998. Steering Committee of the Indiana Grand Kankakee Marsh Restoration Project, 1998 – 2002. Invited participant at the National Science Foundation CAREER Program Principal Investigator Meeting , Washington, DC, Jan. 10-12, 1999. Invited participant at workshop titled A Cross Biome Synthesis of Ecosystem Response to Global Warming held at the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, CA, Feb. 1-5, 1999. Leader of Minnesota peatlands site in the initiative Terrestrial Ecosystem Response to Atmospheric and Climate Change (TERACC), under the auspices of the International Geosphere- Biosphere Programme (IGBP). Invited participant at workshop titled Synchotron Environmental Science held at Advance Photon Source of the Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, IL, April 19-21, 1999. Hosted sabbatical of Dr. Danilo Lopez

- Hernandez from the Universidad Central de Venezuela from 1/99 through 5/99. Chair of the Division S-10, Wetland Soils, of the Soil Science Soc ie ty of Ame ri ca, 2001 – 2002. Chairperson for session, Wetland Greenhouse Gases , in INTECOL International Wetland Conference VI and the annual meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists, Quebec, Canada, Aug. 6-12, 2000. Chairperson and organizer for session, Carbon Cycling and Sequestration in Wetlands , Seventh International Symposium on the Biogeochemistry of Wetlands, Duke University, Durham, NC, June 17-20, 2001. Invited par ticipant at workshop titled Regulation of Organic Matter in Soils and Sediments, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, July 27-28, 2001. Panel member for Soils and Soil Biology Program, National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program (NRICGP), USDA , 4/2002. Interviewed on local news, WSBT, on Jan. 14, 2002 on climate change impacts on US. Other occasional interviews with radio and newspaper media. Tenure reviews for Cornell University (2001), Indiana University (2002), University of Tennessee (2002 ).

Reviewer for Confronting Climate Change In The Great Lakes Region : Impacts on Our Communities and Ecosystems , report by the Ecological Society of America and Union of Concerned Scientists, 10/02. Invited participant at a scientific roundtable to discus s carbon sequestration as a mechanism of wetland restoration in Eastern North Carolina peatlands, US Fish and Wildlife Service and the Conservation Fund, Raleigh, NC, Nov. 18, 2002. Attended workshop on “Interactions between increasing CO 2 and temperature in terrestrial ecosystems,” Terrestrial Ecosystem Response to Atmospheric & Climate Change (TERACC), International Geosphere-Biosphere Program, Lake Tahoe, April 27-30, 2003. Assessment team for research program of Kachemak Bay National Estuarine Reserve i n Homer, AK, June 23-26, 2003. Chairperson for session “Wetland Microbial Processes,” annual meeting of the Soil Science Society of America, Nov. 2-6, 2003 Denver, CO. External examiner for Ph.D. thesis at the University Waikato, New Zealand, 2005. Request ed letter in support of chaired position for faculty member at the University of Wales,Bridgham, CV, 7 of 21

Bangor, 2005.

Lead author on w etlands chapter in The First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR): North American Carbon Budget and Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle . Synthesis and Assessment Report 2.2 (SAR 2.2) by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research , 2005-2007. Participated in panel discussion for “Advocates for the Land: Photography in the American

West” at the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art, University of Oregon, Sept. 7, 2005.

Evaluator for faculty member for promotion to full professor, University of Nevada at Reno, Sept. 2006. Panel member for EPA STAR graduate fellowship program (microbiology panel), March 2007. Reviewed 41 pre- proposals for DOE National Institute for Climatic Research (NICCR), Midwest region, 2007. Panel member of EPA STAR solicitation on Ecological Impacts from the Interaction of Climate Change, Land Use Change, and Invasive Species: Aquatic Ecosystems, Oct. 1 -3, 2007. Panel member for U.S. DOE National Institute for Climate Change Research, Midwest region, 2007, 2008.

On Oregon University System screening committee for the Director of the Oregon Climate Change Research Institute, 2008. Invited participant to PEATNET workshop on “ Why Is There Peat? ”, Villanova University,

March 27 -28, 2008. Invited participant for U.S. DOE sponsored workshop on “ Exploring Science Needs for the Next Generation of Climate Change and Elevated CO 2 Experimen ts in Terrestrial Ecosystems, ” Crystal City, VA, April 14 -18, 2008. Invited participant in Upper Willamette Watershed Climate Futures Workshop, Eugene, OR, Sept. 23, 2008. Evaluator for faculty promotion to full professor, York University, Canada, 2009.

Ch airperson for session “ Wetland Vegetation Dynamics ” in annual meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists, Madison, WI, June 22-26, 2009. Invited participant in Expert Workshop: Achieving Carbon Offsets through Mangroves and other Wetlands, IUCN/Ramsar/Da none, Gland, Switzerland, Nov. 9-11, 2009.

Board of A dvisors for SPRUCE experiment (large manipulative climate change treatment in a Minnesota peatland) of the U.S. DOE Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, 2009 - 2012.

Member of I ntegrated N etwork for T errestrial E cosystem R esearch on F eedbacks to the Atmosphere and C limat e ( INTERFACE ): Linking experimentalists, ecosystem modelers, and Earth system modelers. 2011 - present. Invited participant in workshop on How Do We Improve E arth System Models: Integrating Earth System Models, Ecosystem Models, Experiments and Long- Term Data, organized by Integrated N etwork for T errestrial E cosystem R esearch on Feedbacks to the Atmosphere

and C limat e ( INTERFACE ), Captiva Island, FL, Feb. 28-M arch 3 , 2011. Invited speaker on Challenges and Opportunity for Carbon Sequestration in the Restoration of Wetlands, Department of Interior Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Program Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, March 24, 2011

. Hosted high school student for summer research internship for Saturday Academy Apprenticeships in Science & Engineering Program, 2011, 2012. Interviewed by NPR reporter for Oregon and Washington concerning DOE-funded manipulativeBridgham, CV, 8 of 21

climate change experiment, June 10, 2011. Chair, Global Change Section of the Society of Wetland Scientists, 2012. Evaluator for faculty promotion to associate professor and tenure, Michigan Technological University, 2012.

Co -authored an invited resolution concerning wetlands and climate change at IN TECOL International Wetlands Conference, Orlando, FL June 3-8, 2012.

Co

- Moderator and organizer of session “Methane Dynamics in Peatland Ecosystems” at INTECOL International Wetlands Conference, Orlando, FL June 3-8, 2012.

Member of site visit committee fo r Industrial Research Chair and Collaborative Research and Development Grant at Université Laval, Quebec City for Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Canada, Nov. 12, 2012. Technical team for freshwater indicators of climate change as part o f the U.S. National Climate Assessment, 2013 – current. Invited panel member of workshop “Belowground Carbon Cycling Processes at the Molecular Scale,” Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Dept. of Energy, Feb. 19-21, 2013. Invited participant in De pt. of Energy Terrestrial Ecosystem/Subsurface Biogeochemical Research Joint Investigators Meeting, Potomac, MD, May 13-15, 2013.

Co

- Moderator and organizer of session “Peatlands and Global Change” at Society of Wetland Scientists meeting, Duluth, MN, June 3-7, 2013. Evaluator for faculty member for promotion to full professor, Louisiana State University, 2013.

Co -Moderator and organizer of session, “Trace Gas Emissions and Carbon Sequestration in Wetlands and Lakes” at Joint Aquatic Sciences meeting, Port land, OR, May 18-23, 2014. Quoted in news article in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment concerning the launching the Global Freshwater Biodiversity Atlas, Feb. 2014.

PEER

- REVIEWED JOURNAL PUBLICATIONS

(* = undergraduate student, # = graduate stude nt, ^ = postdoctoral associate, † = technician)

1) Bridgham, S. D. 1988. Chronic effects of 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl on reproduction, mortality, growth, and respiration of Daphnia pulicaria . Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 17: 731-740.

2) Bridgham, S. D., S. P. Faulkner#, and C. J. Richardson. 1991. Steel rod oxidation as a hydrologic indicator in wetland soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 55:856-862.

3) Bridgham, S. D., C. J. Richardson, E. Maltby, and S. P. Faulkner#. 1991. C ellulose decay in natural and disturbed peatlands in North Carolina, U.S.A. Journal of Environmental Quality

20:695-701.

4) Bridgham, S. D. and C. J. Richardson. 1992

. Mechanisms controlling soil respiration (CO 2 and CH 4 ) in southern peatlands. Soil Biol ogy and Biochemistry 24:1089 -1099.

5) Bridgham, S.D. and C. J. Richardson. 1993. Hydrology and nutrient gradients in North Carolina peatlands. Wetlands 13:207-218.

6) Bridgham, S. D., J. Pastor, C. A. McClaugherty, and C. J. Richardson. 1995. Nutrient- use

e fficiency: a litterfall index, a model, and a test along a nutrient availability gradient in North Carolina peatlands. American Naturalist 145:1 -21.Bridgham, CV, 9 of 21

7) Updegraff, K. †, J. Pastor, S. D. Bridgham, and C. A. Johnston. 1995. Environmental and substrate controls over carbon and nitrogen mineralization in northern wetlands. Ecological Applications 5:151-163.

8) Bridgham, S. D., C. A. Johnston, J. Pastor, and K. Updegraff†. 1995. Potential feedbacks of northern wetlands on climate change. BioScience 45:262-274.

9) Bridgham, S. D., J. Pastor, J. A. Janssens, C. Chapin#, and T. J. Malterer. 1996. Multiple limiting gradients in peatlands: A call for a new paradigm. Wetlands 16:45 -65. (One of 30 papers chosen for 30

- yr commemorative issue of journal:
http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/ecology/journal/13157?detailsPage=press )

10) Bridgham, S. D., K. Updegraff†, and J. Pastor. 1998. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus

mineraliza tion in northern wetlands. Ecology 79:1545-1561.

11) Updegraff, K. †, S. D. Bridgham, J. Pastor, and P. Weishampel†. 1998. Hysteresis in the temperature response of carbon dioxide and methane production in peat soils. Biogeochemistry 43:253-272.

12) Pastor, J., and S. D. Bridgham. 1999. Nutrient efficiency along nutrient availability gradients . Oecologia 118:50-58.

13) Bridgham, S. D., J. Pastor, K. Updegraff†, T. J. Malterer, K. Johnson† , C. Harth †, and J. Chen. 1999. Ecosystem control over temperature and energy flux in northern peatlands. Ecological Applications 9: 1345-1358.

14) Weltzin, J. F. ^, J. Pastor, C. Harth†, S. D. Bridgham, K. Updegraff†, and C. T. Chapin#. 2000. Response of bog and fen plant communities to warming and water- table manipulations. Ecology 81: 3464-3478.

15) Updegraff, K. †, S. D. Bridgham, J. Pastor, P. Weishampel†, and C. Harth†. 2001. Response

of CO 2 and CH 4 emissions in peatlands to warming and water- table manipulation. Ecological Applications 11: 311-326.

16) Bridgham, S. D., K. Updegraff†, and J. Pastor. 2001. A comparison of nutrient availability indices along an ombrotrophic—minerotrophic gradient in Minnesota wetlands. Soil Science Society of America 65:259-269.

17) Johnston, C. A., S. D. Bridgham, and J. P. Schubauer-Berigan. 2001. Nutrient dynamics in relation to geomorphology of riverine wetlands. Soil Science Society of America Journal

65:557-577.

18) Bridgham, S. D., C. A. Johnston, J. P. Schubauer-Berigan, and P. Weishampel†. 2001. Phosphorus sorption dynamics in soils and coupling with surface and pore water in riverine wetlands. Soil Science Society of America Journal 65: 577-588.

19) Weltzin, J. F. ^, C. Harth†, S. D. Bridgham, J. Pastor, and M. Vonderharr#

. 2001. Production and microtopography of bog bryophytes: response to warm ing and water

- table manipulations. Oecologia 128: 557-565.

20) Rustad, L. E., J. L. Campbell, G. M. Marion, R. J. Norby, M. J.Mitchell, A. E. Hartley, J. H.

C. Cornelissen, J. Gurevitch and GCTE-NEWS. 2001

. Meta

- analysis of the response of soil respiration, net nitrogen mineralization, and aboveground plant growth to experimental ecosystem warming. Oecologia 126:243-262 (I was part of the workshop, ‘GCTE- NEWS’,Bridgham, CV, 10 of 21

that formulated this paper, and am acknowledged as such on the paper.

21) Kellogg, C. H.#, and S. D. Bridgham. 2002. Colonization during early succession of restored freshwater marshes. Canadian Journal of Botany 80: 176-185.

22) Pastor, J., B. Peckham, S. Bridgham , J. Weltzin ^, and J. Chen. 2002 . Plant dynamics, nutrient cycling, and multiple stable eq uilibria in peatlands. American Naturalist 160:553-

568.

23) Bridgham, S. D. 2002. Commentary: nitrogen, translocation, and Sphagnum mosses. New Phytologist 156:140-141.

24) Weltzin, J. F. ^, S. D. Bridgham, J. Pastor, J. Chen, and C. Harth†. 2003 . Potential e ffects of warming and drying on peatland plant community composition. Global Change Biology 9:1-

11.

25) Pastor, J., J. Solin #, S. D. Bridgham , K. Updegraff†, C. Harth†, P. Weishampel†, and B. Dewey †. 2003. Global warming and the export of dissolved organic carbon from boreal peatlands. Oikos 100: 380-386.

26) Kellogg, L. E.# and S. D. Bridgham. 2003. Phosphorous retention and movement compared across an ombrotrophic-minerotrophic gradient in Michigan. Biogeochemistry 63:299-315.

27) Kellogg, C. H.#, S. D. Bridgham, and S. A. Leicht*. 2003. Effects of water level, shade and time on germination and growth of freshwater marsh plants along a simulated successional gradient. Journal of Ecology 91:274-282.

28) Vile, M. A. #, S. D. Bridgham, R. K. Wieder, and M. Novák. 2003

. Atmospheric sulfur deposition alters pathways of gaseous carbon production in peatlands. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17:1058 -1064.

29) Vile, M. A. #, S. D. Bridgham, and R. K. Wieder. 2003. Response of anaerobic carbon

mineralization rates to sulfate a mendments in a boreal peatland. Ecological Applications

13:720-734.

30) Bridgham, S. D., and C. J. Richardson. 2003. Endogenous versus exogenous nutrient control over decomposition in North Carolina peatlands. Biogeochemistry 65:151-178.

31) Xenopoulos, M. A.^, D. M. Lodge, J. Frentress#, T. A. Kreps#,S. D. Bridgham, E.

Grossman *, and C. J. Jackson*. 2003. Regional comparisons of watershed determinants of dissolved organic carbon in temperate lakes from the Upper Great Lakes region and selected regions globally. Limnology and Oceanography 48:2321-2334.

32) Chapin, C. T.#, S. D. Bridgham, J. Pastor, and K. Updegraff†. 2003. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon mineralization in response to nutrient and lime additions in peatlands. Soil

Science 168:409-420.

33) Bauer, C. R. #, C. H. Kellogg#, S. D. Bridgham, and G. A. Lamberti. 2003. Mycorrhizal colonization across hydrologic gradients in restored and reference freshwater wetlands.

Wetlands 23:961-968.

34) Lilienfein, J. ^, R. G. Qualls, S. M. Uselman#, and S. D. Bridgham. 2003. Soil formation and organic matter accretion in a young andesitic chronosequence at Mt Shasta, California.

Geoderma 116:249-264.Bridgham, CV, 11 of 21

35) Keller, J. K. #, J. R. White, S. D. Bridgham, and J. Pastor. 2004. Climate change effects on carbon and nitrogen mineralization in peatlands through changes in soil quality. Global Change Biology 10:1053-1064.

36) Lilienfein, J. ^, R. G. Qualls, S. M. Uselman#, and S. D. Bridgham. 2004. Adsorption of dissolved organic and inorganic phosphorus in soils of a weathering chronosequence. Soil Science Society of America Journal 68:620 -628.

37) Lilienfein, J. ^, R. G. Qualls, S. M. Uselman#, and S. D. Bridgham. 2004. Adsorption of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in soils of a weathering chronosequence. Soil Science Society of America Journal 68:292-305.

38) Chapin, C. T.#, S. D. Bridgham, and J. Pastor. 2004

. pH and nutrient effects on aboveground net primary production in a Minnesota, USA bog and fen. Wetlands 24:186-201.

39) Kellogg, C. H.#, and S. D. Bridgham. 2004. Effects of disturbance, seed bank, and herbivory on dominance of an invasive grass. Biological Invasions 6(3):319-329.

40) Noormets, A.^, J. Chen, S. D. Bridgham, J. F. Weltzin^ , J. Pastor, B. Dewey †, and J.

LeMoine #. 2004. The effects of infrared loading and water table on soil energy fluxes in northern peatlands. Ecosystems 7:573-582.

41) Pendall, E., S. Bridgham, P. J. Hanson, B. Hungate, D. W. Kicklighter, D. W. Johnson, B. E. Law, Y. Luo, J. P. Megonigal, M. Olsrud, M. G. Ryan, and S. Wan. 2004. Below-ground

pr ocess responses to elevated CO 2 and temperature: a discussion of observations, measurement methods, and models. New Phytologist 162:311-322.

42) Young, K. C.#, P. A. Maurice, K. M. Docherty#, and S. D. Bridgham. 2004. Bacterial degradation of dissolved organic matter from two northern Michigan streams. Geomicrobiology Journal 21:521-528.

43) Keller, J. K. #, S. D. Bridgham, C. T. Chapin#, and C. M. Iversen#. 2005. Limited effects of six years of fertilization on carbon mineralization dynamics in a Minnesota fe n. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 37(6):1197-1204.

44) Frost, P. C.^, J. H. Larson#, L. E. Kinsman*, G. A. Lamberti, and S. D. Bridgham. 2005. Attenuation of ultraviolet radiation in streams of northern Michigan. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 24(2):246-255.

45) Weltzin, J. F. ^, J. K. Keller#, S. D. Bridgham, J. Pastor, P. B. Allen#, and J. Chen. 2005. Litter controls plant community composition in a northern fen. Oikos 110:537-546.

46) Young, K. C.# , K. M. Docherty#, P. A. Maurice, and S. D. Bridgham. 2005. Degradation

of surface -water dissolved organic matter: influences of DOM chemical composition and microbial populations. Hydrobiologia 539:1-11.

47) Qualls, R. G. and S. D. Bridgham. 2005. Mineralization rate of 14 C labeled dissolved organic matter from leaf litter in soils from a weathering chronosequence. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 37:905-916.

48) Frost, P. C.^, J. H. Larson#, C. A. Johnston, K. C. Young#, P. A. Maurice, G. A. Lamberti, and S. D. Bridgham. 2006

. Landscape predictors of stream dissolved organic matter concentration and physicochemistry in a Lake Superior river watershed. Aquatic Sciences

68:40-51.Bridgham, CV, 12 of 21

49) Kellogg, L. E.#, S. D. Bridgham, and D. López-Hernández. 2006. A comparison of four methods of measuring gross phosphorus mineralization. Soil Science Society of America

Journal 70:1349-1358.

50) Keller, J. K. #, A. K. Bauers#, S. D. Bridgham, L. E. Kellogg#, and C. M. Iversen#. 2006. Nutrient control of microbial carbon cycling along an ombrotrophic-minerotrophic peatland gradient. Journal of Geophysical Research —Biogeosciences 111, G03006,

doi:10.1029/2005JG000152.

51) Frost, P. C.^, A. Mack*, J. H. Larson#, S. D. Bridgham, and G. A. Lamberti. 2006. Environmental controls of UV radiation in forested streams of northern Michigan. Photochemistry and Photobiology 82:781–786.

52) Bridgham, S. D., J. P. Megonigal, J. K. Keller^, N. B. Bliss, and C. Trettin. 2006. The

carbon balance of North American wetlands. Wetlands 26:889-916. (selected for Faculty of 1000 Biology and one of 30 papers chosen for 30- yr commemorative issue of the journal: http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/ecology/journal/13157?detailsPage=pre ss )

53) Docherty, K. M.#, K. C. Young#, P. A. Maurice, and S. D. Bridgham. 2006. Dissolved organic matter concentration and quality influences upon structure and function of freshwater microbial communities. Microbial Ecology 52:378 -388.

54) Frost, P. C.^, C. T. Cherrier †, J. H. Larson, S. Bridgham, and G. A. Lamberti. 2007 Effects of dissolved organic matter and ultraviolet radiation on the accrual, stoichiometry, and algal taxonomy of stream periphyton. Freshwater Biology 52:319-330.

55) Keller, J. K.# and S. D. Bridgham. 2007

. Pathways of anaerobic carbon cycling across an ombrotrophic-minerotrophic peatland gradient. Limnology and Oceanography 52:96-107.

56) Larson, J. H.#, P. C. Frost^, Z. Zheng, C. A. Johnston, S. D. Bridgham, D. M. Lodge, and G.

A. Lamberti. 2007. Effects of upstream lakes on dissolved organic matter in streams. Limnology and Oceanography 52:60-69.

57) Pfeifer -Meister#, L. and S. D. Bridgham. 2007. Seasonal and spatial controls over nutrient cycling in a Pacific Northwest prairie. Ecosystems 10:1250-1260.

58) Pfeifer -Meister, L.#, E. Cole*, B. A. Roy, and S. D. Bridgham. 2008. Abiotic constraints on the competitive ability of exotic and native grasses in a Pacific Northwest prairie. Oecologia

155:357-366.

59) White, J. R., R. D. Shannon, J. F. Weltzin^, J. Pastor, and S. D. Bridgham. 2008. Effects of soil warming and drying on methane cycling in a northern peatland mesocosm study. Journal of Geophysical Research

— Biogeosciences, 113, G00A06, doi:10.1029/2007JG000609.

60) Chen, J., S. Bridgham, J. Kel ler †, J. Pastor, A. Noormets^, and J. F. Weltzin^. 2008. Temperature responses to infrared -loading and water table manipulations in peatland mesocosms. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 50:1484-1496.

61) Johnston, C. A., B. A. Shmagin, P. C. Frost^, C. Ch errier †, J. H. Larson#, G. A. Lamberti, and S. D. Bridgham. 2008. Wetland types and wetland maps differ in ability to predict dissolved organic carbon in streams. Science of the Total Environment 404:326-334.

62) Bridgham, S. D., J. Pastor, B. Dewey†, J. F. Weltzin^, and K. Updegraff†. 2008. Rapid carbon response of peatlands to climate change. Ecology 89:3041-3048.Bridgham, CV, 13 of 21

63) Iversen#, C. M., S. D. Bridgham, and L. E. Kellogg#. 2010. Scaling nitrogen use and uptake efficiencies in response to nutrient additions in peatlands. Ecology 91:693-707.

64) D’Amore, D. V., N. Bonzey†, J. Berkowitz†, J. Rüegg#, and S. Bridgham. 2010. Holocene soil-geomorphic surfaces influe nce the role of salmon -derived nutrients in the coastal temperate rainforest of southeast Alaska. Ge omorphology doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.04.014.

65) Bachelet, D., B. R. Johnson, S. D. Bridgham, P. V. Dunn, H. E. Anderson, and B. M. Rogers.

2011 . Climate change impacts on Western Pacific Northwest prairies and savannas

. Northwest Science 85:411-429. ( http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3955/046.085.0224 )

66) Yospin#, G. I., S. D. Bridgham, J. Kertis, and B. R. Johnson. 2012. Ecological correlates of fuel dynamics and potential fire behavior in former upland prairie and oak savanna. Forest Ecology and Manag ement 266:54-65.

67) Ye, R.^, Q. Jin, B. Bohannan, J. K. Keller, S. A. McAllister#, and S. D. Bridgham. 2012. pH controls over anaerobic carbon mineralization, the efficiency of methane production, and methanogenic pathways in peatlands across an ombrotrophic-minerotrophic gradient. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 54:36 -47.

68) Pfeifer

- Meister ^, L., B. R. Johnson, B. A. Roy, S. Carreño #, J. L. Stuart#, and S. D. Bridgham. 2012

. Restoring wetland prairies: tradeoffs among native plant cover, community composition, and ecosystem functioning. Ecosphere 3(12): art 121 ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES12-00261.1 ).

69) Pfeifer -Meister^, L., B. A. Roy, B. R. Johnson, J. Kruger, and S. D. Bridgham. 2012. Dominance of native grasses leads to community convergence in wetla nd restoration. Plant Ecology 213:637-647.

70) Bridgham, S. D., H. Cadillo-Quiroz, J. K. Keller, and Q. Zhuang. 2013. Methane emissions from wetlands: biogeochemical, microbial, and modeling perspectives fro m local to global

scales. Global C hange Biology 19:1325-1346. (one of 20 most downloaded papers in Wiley Online Library in 2013)

71) Pfeifer -Meister^, L., S. D. Bridgham, T. Tomaszewski^, C. J. Little†, L. L. Reynolds#, M. E. Goklany#, and B. R. Johnson. 2013 . Pushing the limit: Experiment evidence of climate effects on plant range distributions. Ecology 94 (10):2131-2137.

72) Ye^, R., Q. Jin, B. Bohannan, J. K. Keller, and S. D. Bridgham. 2014. Homoacetogenesis: A potentially underappreciated carbon pathway in peatlands. Soil Biology and Biochemistry

68:385-391.

73) Ye ^, R. J. K. Keller, Q. Jin, B. J. M. Bohannan, and S. D. Bridgham. Submitted

. Mechanisms for the suppression of methane production in peatland soils by a humic substance analog. Biogeosciences Discus s 11:1739 -1771 (http://www.biogeosciencesdiscuss.net/11/1739/2014/).

74) Yospin#, G. I., S. D. Bridgham, R. P. Neilson, J. P. Bolte, D. M. Bachelet, P. J. Gould, C. A. Harrington, J. K. Kertis, C. Evers†, and B. R. Johnson. In revision . A new model to simula te climate change impacts on forest succession for local land management. Ecological Applications.Bridgham, CV, 14 of 21

PEER

- REVIEWED BOOK CHAPTERS /PROCEEDINGS

(* = undergraduate student, # = graduate student, ^ = postdoctoral associate, † = technician)

1) Bridgham, S. D., D. C. McNaught, C. Meadows†. 1988. Effects of complex effluents on photosynthesis in Lake Erie and Lake Huron. Pages 74-84 in Functional Testing of Aquatic Biota for Estimating Hazards of Chemicals, J. Cairns, Jr. and J. R. Pratt, eds. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA.

2) McNaught, D. C., S. D. Bridgham, and C. Meadows†. 1988. Effects of complex effluents from the River Raisin on zooplankton grazing in Lake Erie. Pages 128-137 in Functional Testing of Aquatic Biota for Estimati ng Hazards of Chemicals, J. Cairns, Jr. and J. R. Pratt, eds. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA.

3) Johnston, C.A., K. Updegraff†, S. Bridgham, and J. Pastor. 1992

. Influence of beaver and bogs on greenhouse gases at Voyageurs National Park. Pages 471-479 in Managing Water Resources During Global Change, American Water Resources Association Conference & Symposia, November 1-5, 1992, Reno, NV, R. Herman, ed.

4) Updegraff, K.†, S. D. Bridgham, J. Pastor, and C. A. Johnston. 1994. A method to determine long -term anaerobic carbon and nutrient mineralization in soils. Pages 209-219 in Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment, J. Doran, D. Bezdicek, and D. Coleman, eds., Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.

5) Johnston, C. A., J. P. Schubauer-Berigan and S. D. Bridgham. 1997. The potential role of riverine wetlands as buffer zones. Pages 155-170 in Buffer Zones: Their Processes and Potential in Water Protection, N. E. Haycock, T.P. Burt, K.W.T. Goulding, and G. Pinay, eds. Quest Environmental, Harpenden, UK.

6) Brid gham, S. D., C.-L. Ping , J. L. Richardson, and K. Updegraff†. 2001. Soils of Northern Peatlands: Histosols and Gelisols. Pages 343-370 in Wetland Soils: Genesis, Hydrology, Landscapes, and Classificati on, J. L. Richardson and M. J. Vepraskas, eds., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.

7) Wu, K.^, C. Johnston, C. Cherrier†, S. Bridgham, and B. Shmagin. 2006. Hydrologic calibration of the SWAT model in a Great Lakes coastal watershed. Pages 15 -28 in Coastal Hydrology and Processes, V.P. Singh and Y. Jun Xu, eds., Proceedings of the American Institute of Hydrology 25 th Anniversary Meeting & International Conference, “Challenges in Coastal Hydrolo gy and Water Management.” Water Resources Publications, Highlands Ranch, CO.

8) Ogram, A., S. Bridgham, R. Corstanje, H. Drake, K. Küsel, A. Mills, S. Newman, K. Portier, and R. Wetzel. 2006. Linkages between microbial community composition and biogeochemical processes across scales. Pages 239 -270 in Wetlands and Natura l Resource Management, J. T. A. Verhoeven, B. Beltman, R. Bobbink, and D. F. Whigham, eds., Springer, New York.

9) Bridgham, S. D., J. P. Megonigal, J. K. Keller^, C. Trettin, and N. B. Bliss. 2007. Wetlands. The North America carbon budget past and present. Pages 139 – 148 in The First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR): North American Carbon Budget and Implications for theBridgham, CV, 15 of 21

Global Carbon Cycle. A report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research, A. W. King, L. Dilling. G. P. Zimmerman, D. M. Fairman, R. A. Houghton, G. H. Marland, A. Z. Rose, and T. J. Wilbanks, eds., National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 242 pp.

10) Pacala, S., R. Birdsey, S. Bridgham, R. T. Conant, K. Davis, B. Hales, R. Houghton, J. C. Jenkins, M. Johnston, G. Marland, K. Paustian, and S. C. Wofsy. 2007. The North America carbon budget past and present. Pages 29 – 36 in The First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR): North American Carbon Budget and Implications for the Glo bal Carbon Cycle. A report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research, A. W. King, L. Dilling. G. P. Zimmerman, D. M. Fairman, R. A. Houghton, G. H. Marland, A. Z. Rose, and T. J. Wilbanks, eds., National Cli matic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 242 pp.

11) Bridgham, S. D. and G. A. Lamberti. 2009. Decomposition in wetlands. Pages 326

-- 345

in The Wetlands Handbook, E. Maltby and T. Barker, eds., Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, United Kingdom.

12) Dise, N., N. J. Shurpali, P. Weishampel, S. Verma, S. Verry, E. Gorham, P. Crill, R. Harriss,

C. Kelly, J. Yavitt, K. Smemo, R. Kolka, K. Smith, J. Kim, R. Clement, T. Arkebauer, K. Bartlett, D. Billesbach, S. Bridgham, A. Elling, P. Flebbe, J. King, C. Martens, D. Sebacher,

C. Williams, K. Wieder. 2011

. Carbon emissions in peatlands. In Peatland Biogeochemistry and Watershed Hydrology at the Marcel Experimental Forest, eds. R. Kolka, S. Sebestyen, S. Verry, and K. Brooks. Taylor and Francis Group, LLC, Oxford,

United Kingdom.

13) Kerns, B. K., M. A. Hemstrom, D. Conklin, G. I. Yospin#, B. Johnson,, D. Bachelet, and S. Bridgham. 2012

. Approaches to incorporating climate change effects in state and transition models of vegetation. Pages 161-172 in Proceedings of the First Landscape State

- and

Transition Simulation Modeling Conference, eds. B. K. Kerns, A. J. Shlisky, and C. J. Daniels, June 14-16, 2011, Portland, OR, Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW- GTR -869, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Stat ion, Portland, OR.

14) Bridgham, S. D. and R. Ye^. 2013 . Organic matter mineralization and decomposition. Pages 253 -274 in Methods in Biogeochemistry of Wetlands, eds. R. D. DeLaune, K. R. Reddy , C. J. Richardson, and J. P. Megonigal . Soil Science Society of America, Madison,

WI.

15) Bridgham, S. D. 2014. Carbon dynamics and ecosystem processes. In Ecology of Freshwater and Estuarine Wetlands (edited texbook), eds. D. P. Batzer and R. R. Sharitz, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

16) Kolka, R., S. D. Bridgham, and C.-L. Ping. In press . Soils peatlands: Histosols and Gelisols.

In Wetland Soils: Genesis, Hydrology, Landscapes, and Classification, 2 nd Edition, M. J. Vepraskas and C. Craft, eds., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.

OTHER PUBLICATIONSBridgham, CV, 16 of 21

1) Bridg ham, S. D. 1986. The Effects of PCBs on the Physiology of Daphnia pulicaria. M.S. thesis, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul,

MN.

2) Bridgham, S. D. 1991. Mechanisms Controlling Soil Carbon Cycling in North Carolina

Peatlands. Ph.D. dissertation, Nicholas School of the Environment & Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC.

3) Bridgham, S. D. and C. J. Richardson. 1991. Freshwater peatlands on the southeastern Coastal Plain of the USA: Community descriptio n, nutrient dynamics, and disturbance. Pages 1 - 15 in Proceedings of the International Peat Symposium, August 19-23, Duluth, MN, D.N. Grubich and T.J. Malterer, eds.

4) Bridgham, S. D. 1994

. Review of Wetlands: Guide to Science, Law, and Technology, M.

S. Dennison and J. F. Berry, eds., Noyes Publications. Journal of Environmental Quality

23:1119-1120.

5) Axler, R. P., J. Henneck†, S. Bridgham, C. Tikkanen†, D. Nordman†, A. Bamford†, and M.

McDonald. 1996. Constructed wetlands in northern Minnesota for t reatment of aquacultural

wastes. In Proceedings from the Constructed Wetlands in Cold Climates, June 4-5, 1996, Niagara -on-the- Lake, Ontario, Canada.

6) Bridgham, S. D. 1998

. The role of agriculture in phosphorus eutrophication of surface water.

Review of Phosphorus Loss from Soil to Water, H. Tunney, O. T. Carton, P. C. Brookes, and A. E. Johnston, eds., CAB International. Ecology 79:2215-2216.

7) Bridgham, S. D. 1999. Meeting review of “How nutrient cycles constrain carbon balances in boreal forests and arctic tundra.” A conference organized on behalf of the GCTE (Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems) core project of the IGBP (International Geosphere Biosphere Programme) in Abisko, Sweden on June 15-19, 1999. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of Ame rica 80:244-245.

8) Bridgham, S. D. 1999. How nutrient cycles constrain carbon balances in boreal forests and arctic tundra. GCTE (Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems) Newsletter.

9) Pfeifer -Meister, L. S. Bridgham, B. Roy, and B. Johnson. 2007. Testing the effectiveness of site preparation techniques for wetland prairie restoration. Final report to West Eugene Wetland Partnership ( http://www.lcog.org/Site%20Prep%20Presentation_May%202007.pdf ).

INVITED SEMINARS (last 4 years)

1) Climate change effects on plant range distribution in (and the restoration of) prairies. Web seminar to The Nature Conservancy personnel in Washington and Oregon. March 12, 2010.

2) Experimental determination of climate change effects on native prairies in the Pacific Northwest. Public talk at Deer Creek Center, Selma, OR, April 8, 2010.

3) Climate change effects on t errestrial e cosystems. Public talk at Eugene Natural History Society, March 18, 2011.

4) Challenges and opportunity for carbon sequestration in the restoration of we tlands. Department of Interior Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration ProgramBridgham, CV, 17 of 21

Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, March 24, 2011

. 5) Climate effects on plant Range distributions and ecosystem function in Mediterranean grasslands: A manipulative experiment embedded in a natural climate gradient in the Pacific Northwest. Center on Global Change, Duke University, Oct. 25, 2012.

INVITED SYMPOSIA (last 4 years)

1) Bridgham, S., J. Keller, J. White, and M. Vile. 2010. Biogeochemical controls over methane production and emissions from peatlands. Society of Wetland Scientists, Salt Lake City, June 27 – July 2.

2) Megonigal, P., S. Bridgham, V. Gauci, M. Finlayson, C. Lloyd, S. Luchessa, M. McCartney,

N. Pettorelli, S. Page. 2010. Misconceptions about wetland manage ment for carb on sequestration . Society of Wetland Scientists, Salt Lake City, June 27 – July 2.

3) Bridgham, S. D., R. Ye, J. K. Keller, S. McAllister, Q. Jin, and B. Bohannan. 2012. Controls over Anaerobic carbon cycling and methane production in peatlands. INTECOL Wetlands, Orlando, FL, June 3-8.

4) McAllister, S. A., S. D. Bridgham, Q. Jin , and B. Bohannan. 2012. Linking methane production rate to methanogen community structure in peatland soils. INTECOL Wetlands, Orlando, FL, June 3-8.

5) Bridgham, S. D. 2013. Rhizos phere p rocesses and the role of h umic substances in driving

p eatland carbon d ynamics . Workshop on Belowground Carbon Cycling Processes at the Molecular Scale, Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, Feb. 19-21.

6) Pfeifer -Meister, L., S. D. Bridgham, T. Tomaszewski, L. Reynolds, M. E. Goklany, C. J. Little, H. E. Wilson. 2013. Climate change impacts on biodiversity in Pacific Northwest prairies: Shifts in plant range distributions and functional group composition. Cascadia

Prairie -Oak Partnership and Northwest Scientific Association, Portland, OR, Mar. 20-23.

OTHER PRESENTATIONS AND POSTERS (last 4 years)

1) White, J. R., R. D. Shannon, J. F. Weltzin, J. Pastor, and S. D. Bridgham. 2010. Stable isotopic evidence of climate -driven changes in methane cycling in northern peatlands. Goldschmidt Conference on Earth, Energy and the Environment, Knoxville, TN, June.

2) Bridgham S., B. Johnson., L. Pfeifer-Meister, T. Tomaszewski, L. Reynolds, and M. Goklany. 201 0. How will climate change affect the range distributions of native prairie plants and the viability of restored prairies in the Pacific Northwest? Pacific NW Climate Science Conference, June 15-16, Portland, OR

. 3) Johnson, B. R., R. G. Ribe, D. W. Hulse, J. P. Bolte, S. D. Bridgham, T. Sheehan, M.

Nielson -Pincus, G. I. Yospin 1 , A. A. Ager, J. A. Kertis, D. Bachelet, R. P. Neilson, D. Conklin, C. A. Harrington, and P. J. Gould. 2010. Modeling the potential for surprise in coupled human and natural systems under future climate change, population growth andBridgham, CV, 18 of 21

wildfire hazard in the Willamette Valley Ecoregion. Pacific NW Climate Science Conference, June 15-16, Portland, OR

. 4) McAllister, S., B. Bohannan, S. Bridgham, and Q. Jin. 2010. Microbial community

str ucture and ecosystem function: linking methane production rate to methanogen community structure in wetland soils. International Symposium on Microbial Ecology, Aug. 23-27, Seattle, WA

. 5) Bridgham, S. D., B. Johnson, T. Tomaszewski , L. Pfeifer

- Meister, M. Goklan y, L. Reynolds, and H. Wilson. 2011. Poster: Temperature and Precipitation Effects on Plant Range Distributions, Community Structure, and Ecosystem Function across a Natural Climate Gradient in Prairie Ecosystems. Invited participant in workshop on How Do We Improve Earth System Models: Integrating Earth System Models, Ecosystem Models, Experiments and Long- Term Data, organized by I ntegrated N etwork for T errestrial

E cosystem R esearch on F eedbacks to the Atmosphere and C limat e ( INTERFACE ), Feb. 28-Mar. 3, Captiva Island, FL.

6) Eisenhut, N., R. Ye, B. Bohannan, Q. Jin, and S. Bridgham. 2011. pH effects on carbon

mineralization to CO 2 and CH 4 in peatlands across an ombrotrophic-minerotrophic gradient. Annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Aug. 7 -12, Austin, TX.

7) Goklanay, M., B. Johnson, L. Pfeifer-Mesiter, T. Tomaszewski, and S. Bridgham. 2011. How climate change affect the physiology and productivity of perennial grasses in Pacific Northwest prairies? Annual meeting of the Ecologica l Society of America, Aug. 7 -12, Austin, TX.

8) McAllister, S. A., S. D. Bridgham, Q. Jin, and B. J. M. Bohannon. 2011. Linking methane production rate to methanogen community structure in wetland soils. Annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Aug. 7-12, Austin, TX.

9) Bridgham, S. D., L. Pfeifer-Meister, T. Tomaszewski, L. Reynolds, M. Goklany, H. Wilson, and B. R. Johnson. 2011. Climate impacts on terrestrial ecosystems and managed resources. Pacific Northwest Climate Science Conference, Sept . 13-14, Seattle, WA.

10) Pfeifer

- Meister, L., B. R. Johnson, T. Tomaszewski, M. Goklany, L. Reynolds, H. Wilson, and S. D. Bridgham. 2011. Natural and experimental climatic effects on native plant range

distributions in the Pacific Northwest. Pacific Nort hwest Climate Science Conference, Sept. 13-14, Seattle, WA.

11) Wilson, H., B. Johnson, and S. Bridgham. 2011. Increased experimental heating decreases arbuscular mycorrhizal abundance across a latitudinal gradient in annual prairie forbs. Pacific Northwest Climate Science Conference, Sept. 13 -14, Seattle, WA.

12) Reynolds, L., B. Johnson, L. Pfeifer -Meister, T. Tomaszewski, and S. Bridgham. 2011. The response of soil respiration to simulated climate change along a latitudinal climate gradient in Pacific North west prairies. Pacific Northwest Climate Science Conference, Sept. 13-14, Seattle, WA.

13) Ye, R., S.D. Bridgham, Q. Jin, and B. Bohannan. 2011. pH controls over anaerobic carbon

mineralization to CO 2 and CH 4 in peatlands across an ombrotrophic-minerotrophi c gradient. Annual meeting of the Soil Science Society of America, Oct. 16 -19, San Antonio, TX.Bridgham, CV, 19 of 21

14) Ye, R., Q. Jin, B. Bohannan, J. Keller, and S.D. Bridgham. 2011. pH controls over carbon

mineralization to CO 2 and CH 4 in peatlands across an ombrotrophic-minerotrophic gradient. Annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union, Dec. 5-9, San Francisco,

CA.

15) Cadillo -Quiroz, H., S. Maguffin, S. Bridgham, B. Bohannan, and Q. Jin. 2012. Methanogenic community and kinetics of methane production from acetate in c ontrasting
ecosystems. Annual meeting of the American Society of Microbiology, June 16-19, San Francisco, CA.

16) Bridgham, S. D., L. Pfeifer-Meister, T. Tomaszewski, M. E. Goklany, L. L. Reynolds, C. J. Little, and Bart R. Johnson. 2012. Pushing limits: Alt ered temperature and precipitation differentially affect plant species inside and beyond their current ranges. Poster presented at the U.S. DOE Terrestrial Ecosystem Science Principal Investigators Meeting, Washington, DC, Apr. 23-24.

17) Reynolds, L. L., B. R . Johnson, L. Pfeifer-Meister, T. Tomaszewski, and S. D. Bridgham. 2012. Response of soil respiration to experimental warming and increased precipitation intensity depends upon a latitudinal climate gradient in Pacific Northwest grasslands. Poster presented at the U.S. DOE Terrestrial Ecosystem Science Principal Investigators Meeting, Washington, DC, Apr. 23-24.

18) Bridgham, S. D., R. Ye, J. K. Keller, S. McAllister, Q. Jin, and B. Bohannan. 2012. Controls over anaerobic carbon cycling and methane production in peatlands. Biogeomon International Symposium on Ecosystem Behavior, Northport, ME, July 15-20.

19) Vandegrift, A. W. B. A. Roy, L. E. Pfeifer-Meister, T. E. Tomaszewski, B. R. Johnson, and

S. D. Bridgham. 2012. Climate change and Epichloë endophyte infection influences arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization rates in grasses. Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Portland, OR, Aug. 5-10.

20) Bridgham, S. D., R. Ye, J. K. Keller, S. McAllister, Q. Jin, and B. Bohannan. 2012. Why

does the effici ency of methane production vary so much among peatlands? Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Portland, OR, Aug. 5-10.

21) Wilson, H. E. B. R. Johnson, R. C. Mueller, L. Pfeifer-Meister, T. Tomaszewski, B. J. M. Bohannan, and S. D. Bridgham. 2012. Experimental warming across a natural climate gradient reverses soil nutrient effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal abundance in prairie plants. Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Portland, OR, Aug. 5-10.

22) Yospin, G. I., S. D. Bridgham, R. P. Neilson, J. P. Bolte, D. M. Bachelet, P. J. Gould, C. A. Harrington, J. A. Kertis, J. Merzenich, C. Evers, and B. R. Johnson. 2012. Projections of climate change impacts on forest succession for local land management using a new vegetation model, CV- STM. Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Portland, OR, Aug. 5-10.

23) Johnson. B. R., J. P. Bolte, S. D. Bridgham, D. W. Hulse, R. P. Neilson, R. G. Ribe, , A. A. Ager, M. Nielsen -Pincus, T. Sheehan, G. I. Yospin, J. A. Kertis, C. A. Harrington, and P. J. Gould. 2012. Addressing uncertainties in climate change adaptation planning by using an integrated suite of mechanistic simulation models within an alternative futures planning

framework . Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Portland, OR, Aug. 5-

10.Bridgham, CV, 20 of 21

24) McAllister, S. A., S. D. Bridgham, Q. Jin, and B. J. M. Bohannan. 2012. Microbial community structure and ecosystem function: Linking methane production rate to methanogen community structure in peatland soils. Annual Me eting of the Ecological Society of America, Portland, OR, Aug. 5-10.

25) Pfiefer -Meister, L., S. D. Bridgham, T. Tomaszewski, M. E. Goklany, L. L. Reynolds, C. J. Little, and B. R. Johnson. Pushing Limits: Altered temperature and precipitation differentially affect plant species inside and outside their current ranges.. Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Portland, OR, Aug. 5-10.

26) Reynolds, L. L., B. R. Johnson, L. Pfeifer -Meister, T. E. Tomaszewski, and S. D. Bridgham. 2012. Response of soi l efflux to experimental warming and increased precipitation intensity depends upon latitudinal climate gradient in Pacific Northwest grasslands. Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Portland, OR, Aug. 5-

10.

27) Tomaszewski, T., B. R. Johnson, L. Pfeifer -Meister, M. E. Goklany, L. L. Reynolds, H. E. Wilson, and S. D. Bridgham. 2012. Site-dependent versus regionally consistent effects of increased temperature and precipitation on plant community composition, productivity, and

soil nutrient ava ilability in restore d Pacific Northwest prairies. Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Portland, OR, Aug. 5-10.

28) Re ynolds, L. L., K. Lajtha, R. D. Bowden, B. Johson, and S. Bridgham. 2012. The DIRT on Q 10 : Differential temperature respons e of soils depleted of labile inputs. Poster at Long

Term Ecological Research (LTER) All Scientists Meeting, Estes Park, CO, Sept. 10 -13.

29) Pfeifer -Meister, L., S. D. Bridgham, T. Tomaszewski, L. Reynolds, M. E. Goklany, C. J. Little, H. E. Wilson. 2013. Climate change impacts on biodiversity in Pacific Northwest prairies: Shifts in plant range distributions and functional group composition. Annual meeting of the Northwest Science Association and Cascadia Prairie -Oak Partnership, Portland, OR, March 20-23.

30) Bridgham, S. 2013. Rhizospheric processes and the role of humic substances in driving peatland carbon dynamics. Workshop on “Belowground Carbon Cycling Processes at the Molecular Scale,” Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Dept. of Energy, Feb. 1 9- 21, 2013.

31) Pfeifer -Meister, L., S. D. Bridgham, T. Tomaszewski, M. E. Goklany, L L. Reynolds, C. J. Little, and B. R. Johnson. 2013. Pushing the limit: Experimental evidence of climate effects on plant range distributions. Dept. of Energy Terrestrial Ec osystem/Subsurface Biogeochemical Research Joint Investigators Meeting, Potomac, MD, May 13-15, 2013.

32) Pfeifer -Meister, L., S. D. Bridgham, T. Tomaszewski, L L. Reynolds, M. E. Goklany, C. J. Little, H. E. Wilson, and B. R. Johnson. 2013. Consistent shifts in the community composition and diversity in response to experimental climate manipulations across a latitudinal gradient in Pacific Northwest prairies. Dept. of Energy Terrestrial Ecosystem/Subsurface Biogeochemical Research Joint Investigators Meetin g, Potomac, MD, May 13-15, 2013.

33) Reynolds, L. L., B. R. Johnson, L. Pfeifer -Meister, T. Tomaszewski, and S.D. Bridgham. 2013. Response of soil respiration to experimental warming and increased precipitation intensity depends upon a latitudinal climate gr adient in Pacific Northwest grasslands.Bridgham, CV, 21 of 21

Dept. of Energy Terrestrial Ecosystem/Subsurface Biogeochemical Research Joint Investigators Meeting, Potomac, MD, May 13-15, 2013.

34) Bridgham, S.D., J. Pastor, J. Keller, J. White, and R. D. Shannon. 2013. A retros pective analysis of a Minnesota peatland manipulative climate change study. Annual Meeting of

th e Society of Wetland Scientists, Duluth, MN, June 2-6.

35) Keller, S. D. and S. D. Bridgham. 2013. Rethinking the role of soil organic matter in peatland decompo sition . Annual Meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists, Duluth, MN, June 2-6.

36) Pfeifer -Meister, L., L. G. Gayton, S. D. Bridgham. 2013. Controls of trace gas emissions in natural, restored, and agricultural seasonal wetlands. Annual Meeting of th e Society of Wetland Scientists, Duluth, MN, June 2-6.

37) Reynolds, L. L., K. Lajtha, R. D. Bowden, B. Johnson, and S. Bridgham. 2013. Depletion

of labile -inputs does not increase temperature sensitivity in a laboratory incubation but does this imply no chang e in the molecular nature of the decomposed organic carbon? Users Meeting for Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Department of Energy, Richland, WA, July 30-31.

38) Reynolds, L. L., K. Lajtha, R. D. Bowden, B. Johnson, and S. Bridgham. 2013. The DIRT on Q 10 : Depletion of labile -inputs does not increase temperature sensitivity in a laboratory incubation. Annual Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA, Dec.

9-13.

39) Kostka, J. E., X. Lin, M. M. Tfaily, J. P. Chanton, W. Cooper, S. Bridgham, and J. Keller. 2014. The abundance and expression of genes for methanogenesis and methanotrophy in northern peatlands. Annual Meeting of American Society of Microbiology, Boston, MA, May 17 -20.

### Biographical sketch: MONIQUE Y. LECLERC Regents Professor and D. W. Brooks Distinguished Research Professor Atmospheric BioGeosciences Group ( www.biogeosciences.uga.edu ), The University of Georgia

Educat ion

1980 B.Sc. Sciences McGill University, Canada

1982 M.Sc. Land Resource Science University of Guelph, Canada

1987 Ph.D. Land Resource Science University of Guelph, Canada

Professional Experience

2009- Present Regents’ Professor, University of Georgia

2000- Present Pr ofessor, Lab for Environmental Physics, Univ. of Georgia

2007- Present Honorary Professor, Peking Univ., State Key Laboratory, Beijing , China

2003- Present Honorary Professor, Chiang Mai Univ., Chiang Mai, Thailand 1995-2000 Associate Professor, Laboratory for Environ. Physics, Univ. Georgia

1990-1995 Associate Profes sor, Department of Physics, U niv

. Quebec at Montreal 1991- Adjunct Professor, Dept. Atmos. and Ocean. Sci

., McGi ll U niv. 1991-1995 Adjunct Professor, Dep t. of Environ. Sci.

, Univ

. Quebec at Montreal

1987-1990 Assistant Professor, Dept . of Soils and Biometeorology, Utah State University

1987-1991 Associate Faculty, Center for Theoretical Hydrology, Utah State University

1987-1992 Associate Facult y, Ecology Center, Utah St ate University

Recent Selected Recognitions

• Distinguished Professor. King Mongkut University. Bangkok.

Thailand 2013

• Scientific Advisory Committee. Oil Palm Board. Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia 2014

-

• D. W. Brooks Award of Excellence in Global Programs. 2012;

• Advisory Board.Integrated Carbon Observation System ( ICOS )

Sweden 2012-2015

• The American Meteorological Society ‘The Award for Outstanding Achievement in Biometeorology’ for ‘ Pioneering Research that has advanced our understanding of temporal and spatial patterns of local and regional

### carbon exchanges, and for global leadership in advancement of biometeorology .’ 2008. Nota Bene: THIS AWARD WAS GIVEN TO THE

YOUNGEST SCIENTIST AND THE FIRST FEMALE;

• National Advisory Board. CAST, Wash. DC 2007-2010;

• Advisory Board to the President of the University of Georgia 2014-

• M ember of evaluation panels at USDA, DOE, NSF, NSERC, Italian Research Council, etc.

• D. W. Brooks Distinguished Professor Award for Excellence in Research 2009;

• Advisor to the Government of Bhutan on Climate Change. Thimphu, Bhutan. 2009;

• Guest Professor. State Key Laboratory. Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences. Peking University. 2008-

• University of Oxford, 20 th 

### Anniv., Oxford Annual Round Table. StAnne’s College. England. 2008;

• Marquis Who’s Who in America. Global Marquis Who’s Who. 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011. 2012; 2013; 2014

• Advisory Board and Full Member of the Centre for Climate and Global Change Research , McGill University 1990 – 1995 ;

• Visiting Fellow, National Center of Atmospheric Research, Boulder,

CO 1988 1988;

Examples of Synergistic Activities

• Advisory Panel . Malaysian Oil Palm Board. Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia. 2014-

2017.

• Advisory Panel

. Peat Panel Review. Malaysian Oil Palm Board. Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia. 2014.

• Malaysian Palm Oil Board International Palm Oil Congress ( PIPOC ). October 2013. Keynote Speaker ‘Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Peat Lands’.



### • International Society of Oil Palm Congress. ISOP). Keynote Speaker. November 2013. Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia.

• Journal of Oil Palm Research (JOPR) Editorial Board 2014-

• Associate Editor . Journal of Ag. and Forest. Meteorology, Elsevier Publ., Dordrecht, The Netherlands. (No. 1 in Forestry and no. 3 in Agr. In terms of impact factor) 2005- Present

.

• Editorial Board . Advances in Meteorology, Hindawi Publ. Mumbai. 2010-

Present

### • Associate Editor . American J. Climate Change. 2011- present.

• Editor . Earth Perspectives 2012- (new)

• International Scientific Committee. Atmospheric Chemistry in Vegetation Canopies. EGER. Castle Thurnau, Germany. 2009-2010

.

• Advisor to the Ministry of Energy, Bangkok, Thailand on Impact Assessment of Climate Change.2009.

• Advisor to the Government of Bhutan, Prime Minister’s Office. On Rapid Climate Change Adaptation and Preparedness. 2009.

• Guest Lecturer . Oxford Annual Round Table on Climate Change. 20 th


### Anniversary. Univ. of Oxford, England –2008.

• Past President. International Society of Biometeorology. 2002-2005

.

• International Scientific Committee. International Association for the promotion of c-operation with scientists from the New Independent States of the Soviet Union (INTAS). Member International Symposium on Footprints. . Bruxels, Belgium. 2001-2002/ 2002-2003

.

• Visiting Fellow . National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). 1988.

Selected Publication s Zhang G., M.Y. Leclerc , A. Karipot, H. Duarte, E. Mursch-Radlgruber, H.L. Gholz. 2011. The impact of logging on the surrounding flow in a managed plantation. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, Vol. 106, No. 3 pp. 511-

521

. Pingintha N., M. Y. Leclerc , J. P. Beasley Jr., G. Zhang, C. Senthong. 2010

. Hysteresis Response of Daytime Net Ecosystem CO2 Exchange during a Drought. Biogeosciences. Vol. 7, No.3 pp. 1159-1170. van Gorsel E., N. Delpierre, R. Leuning, J. M. Munger, S. Wofsy, M. Aubinet, C. Heigenwinter, J. Beringer, D. Bonal, B. Chen, J. Chen, R. Clement, K. J. Davis, A. Desai, D. Dragoni, S. Etzold, T. Grunwald, L. Gu, B. Heinesch, L.

R. Hutyra, W. W. P. Jans, W. Kutsch, B. E. Law, M. Y. Leclerc

, I. Mammarrella, L. Montagnani, A. Noormets, C. Rebmann, S. Wharton. 2009. Estimating nocturnal ecosystem respiration from the vertical turbulent flux and change in storage of CO 2



### . Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 149, No. 11. pp. 1919-1930. Pingintha N., M.Y. Leclerc , J.P. Beasley Jr., G. Zhang, and C. Senthong. 2009. Assessment of the soil CO 2 

### gradient method for soil CO 2 

### efflux measurements: comparison of six models in the calculation of the relative gas diffusion coefficient . Tellu s B, Vol. 62B, pp. 47-58. Sogachev, A., M. Y. Leclerc , G. Zhang, U. Rannik, and T. Vesala. 2008. CO2 fluxes near a forest edge: a numerical study. Ecological Applications, 18(6), 1454

-

### 1469. Kim, J., Q. Guo, D.D. Baldocchi, M.Y. Leclerc , L. Xu and H.P. Schmid. 2006

. Upscaling Fluxes from Tower to Landscape: Overlaying Flux Footprints on High Resolution (IKONOS) Images of Vegetation Cover , Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 136 (3-4): 132-146. Baldocchi, D., T. Krebs and M.Y. Leclerc . 2005. 'Wet/Dry Daisyworld': A Conceptual Tool for Quantifying the Spatial Scaling of Heterogeneous Landscapes and its Impact on the Subgrid Variability of Energy Fluxes. Tellus, 57B: 1-14. Hollinger, D.Y., J. Aber, B. Dail, E. A. Davidson, S. M. Goltz, H. Hughes, M.Y.

L eclerc , J. T. Lee, A. D. Richardson, C. Rodrigues, N.A. Scott, D. Varier,

and J. Walsh. 2004 . Spatial and Temporal Variability in Forest-Atmosphere CO2 Exchange. Global Change Biology, 10: 1-18.

EXPERTISE RELEVANT TO THIS PROJECT: Monique Y. Leclerc: Reg ents Professor, D.W. Brooks Distinguished Research Professor, and Head of the Laboratory for Environmental Physics at the University of Georgia. Dr. Leclerc has over 20 years of experience in field campaigns throughout the Americas, Europe, and Asia focusing on

surface

- atmosphere interactions . She has led field campaigns using a combination of eddy- covariance to measure greenhouse gas emissions.

### Kristell HERGOUALC’H Researcher in Ecosystem F unctioning

Nationality French

Date of birth 30 th of March, 1974

Contact Address: CIFOR c/o Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP) Av. La Molina 1895, La Molina Apartado postal 1558 Lima 12, Perú

Voice: +51 ( 1) 349 6017 ext 1015

Electronic: k. hergoual ch @c giar.org

Current position Scientist in climate change mitigation

With CIFOR ( Center for International Forestry Research )

, Forest s and Environment. Research topics Forestry, a groforestry, agriculture, land

- use change

, climate change, environmental services, peatlands, REDD +

Soil fluxes of greenhouse gases (N 2 O, CH 4 , and CO 2 ). Microbial processes and biophysical mode li ng of soil fluxes of N 2 O (NGAS, NOE, DNDC) and C sequestration (CO2Fix). N and C cycles

. Carbon dynamics in soil and biomass.

Education 2008 : Ph D in Ecosystem F unctioning ( SIBAGHE, SupAgro

, Montpellier , France). Area:

Soil sciences

2004: M Sc. i n Agronomy (Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine

, ENSAIA, Nancy, France)
1997: Engineer in Energy and Environment ( Ecole Polytechnique Féminine , Paris, France). Areas: Renewable energies and environmental pollution (air, water , soil)

Employment S ince November 2008: CIFOR

. Bogor

, Indonesia until July 2013; currently in Lima, history Peru . Researcher in Ecosystem Functioning

Carbon stocks

, stock changes and greenhouse gas fluxes (N 2 O

, CH 4 , CO 2 ) associated with

land

- use change in the tropic s , with a special focus on peatlands . Implications for climate change.

September 2004

- January 2008: CIRAD ( French center of coop era tion specialized in development

- oriented a gr icultural r esearch for the tropics and subtropics )

- CATIE ( Latin

American center of research and education in tropical agronomy )

- CEH (English c enter of

research in e cology and h ydrology) . Costa Rica, France & UK. Collaboration with INRA (French national institute of research in agronomy) and IRD

- SeqBio (French institute of research for Development

- Carbon Sequestration unity). Ph. D student in Ecosystems

F unctioning

.

Soil greenhouse gases (N 2 O

, CH 4 and CO 2 ) emissions and carbon storage in a coffee monoculture and a coffee plantation shaded by the N 2 fixing legume species Inga densiflora

on Andosols in Costa Rica

. Characterization of the nitrification-denitrification processes and m odeling of soil N 2 O fluxes with the process

- oriented models NOE and NGAS.

April 2007: Rainforest Alliance (NGO working on biodiversity conservation and sustainable livelihoods) . Costa Rica. Freelance consultant on climate change mitigation

.

Revision of a method for estimating carbon sequestration in coffee agroforestry systems.

September 2003

- August 2004: CIRAD

- CATIE

- CEH . Costa Rica, France & UK

. M Sc. student in Agronomy

Nitrous oxide production by nitrification and denitrification in a volcanic soil under different coffee systems in Costa Rica.

Dr. Kristell Hergoualc’h 1/7January 200 2

- August 2003: CIRAD

- CATIE . Costa Rica , Nicaragua, Guatemala

. Carbon sequestration d atabase and modeling ( CO2Fix) in coffee plantations.

Delegate of CATIE in the Costarican agroforestry national committee (CNAF). Design of the CNAF website. Contribution to the writing of the proposal of payment
for environmental services to lands dedicated to agroforestry

. Proposal approved by

the Environment and Energy Minist ry , co me into effect in 2003.

June 1998

- December 2001: SupAgro (International center of education in advanced agronomic sciences)

. France. Engineer.

Organization of computing software trainings applied to agronomy.

March

- October 1997: Lyonnaise des Eaux (private French company specialized in energy and environment) . Argentina. Engineer.

Environmental study on cyanide and chrome contamination in rivers

, water network (water supply, sewage and wastewater treatment plant) and soils (sewage sludge applica t ion).

S tudents advisory

committee Aini F, C arbon stock s and soil greenhouse flux changes in a forest transition into oil palm and rubber plantations of Indonesia . Ph D, University of Aberdeen, UK.

Comeau L

- P, Soil or ganic carbon dynamics after land

- use change in tropical peatlands , Jambi,

Indonesia . Ph D, University of Aberdeen, UK.

F armer J (2014) Measuring and modeling soil carbon and carbon dioxide emissions from

Indonesian peatlands under land

- use change. Ph D, University of Aberdeen , UK

. Hartill J, Changes in soil nitrous oxide and methane fluxes following the conversion of tropic al peat swamps in Jambi, Indonesia

. Ph D, University of Aberdeen, UK.

Hendry Dede, Partitioning of soil respiration into auto

- and heterotrophic components as affected by peat swamp forest conversion to oil palm plantation . MSc., IPB, Indonesia

.

Novita N

, Changes in g reenhouse g ases (CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O) fluxes and carbon stocks from

t ropical p eat swamp f orest conversion to oil palm plantation

. Ph D, Oregon state university, US.

Oktarita S (2014) The e ffect of nitrogen fertilization on soil CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O and NO

emissions in an oil palm plantation cultivated on peat in Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia

. MSc., IPB, Indonesia.

Persch S, Fine root dynamics in different land

- use s on tropical peat in Jambi, Sumatra

. Ph D, University of Gö ttingen , Germany.

Persch S (2011) Carbon stock in aboveground and coarse root biomass in different land use treatments on tropical peat

. MSc. , University of G ö ttingen, Germany.

Swails E, Linking GRACE with optical satellite data and field measures to determine the effect

of climate variabi lity on greenhouse gas emissions from tropical peatlands . Ph D, University of Virginia, US.

Van Lent , The effect of peat forest degradation in the Peruvian Amazon basin on soil fluxes of greenhouse gases. Ph D, University of Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Geographical Countries worked in: Argentina

, Costa Rica

, France, Guatemala

, Indonesia

, experience Nicaragua, Peru, UK

. Other visited countries: almost all countries of America, Africa (Morocco, Tunisia, Madagascar , Kenya ), Middle East (Turkey) and Asia (the Philippines, India , Korea , Vietnam ).

L anguages Mother tongue: French Working languages: English

, Spanish

Medium knowledge: Bahasa Indonesia , Italian

Computer Languages: P rogramming in C, Pascal, Fortran

. Software : Modeling with CO2Fix, DNDC. Database development with Access

.

Dr. Kristell Hergoualc’h 2/7A rticles Implementing REDD+: Case study evidence on governance, eva luation and impacts

Matthews R, van Noordwijk M, Lambin E, Meyfroid t P, Gupta J, Veldkamp E, Verchot L, Hergoualc'h K (201 4) Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change

. Submitted.

Mud, muddle and models in the knowledge value chain to action on tropical peatland

issues
van Noordwijk M, Matthews R, Agus F, Farmer J, Verchot L, Hergoualc ’h K

, P ersch S, Tata HL, Khasanah N, Widayati A, Dewi S (201 4 ) Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change

. Su bmitted.

S o i l N 2 O and NO emissions from land use and land

- use change in the tr opics and subtropics: A meta

- analysis

V an Lent J, Hergoualc ’h K , Verchot L V (201 4) Global change biology. Su bmitted.

Comparison of methods for quantifying soil carbon in tropical peats

. Farmer J, Matthews R, Hergoualc’h K , Verchot L, Langan C, Smith P, Smith JU (201 4)

Geoderma 214

- 215: 177

- 183

Greenhouse gas emission factor s f o r land use and la nd

- use change in Southeast Asia n peatlands

. Hergoualc'h K

, Verchot LV (20 13 ) Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change. DOI 10.1007/s11027

- 013

- 9511 -x.

Generic allometric models including height best estimate forest biomass and carbon

stocks in Indonesia

. Rutishauser E , Noor’an F , Laumonier Y , Halperin J, Rufi’ie

, Hergoualc ’ h K

, Verchot L (2013) Forest Ecology and Management 307 : 219

– 225

Conversion of intact peat swamp forest to oil palm plantation: Effects on soil CO 2 fluxes in Jambi, Sumatra.

Comeau L

- P, Hergoualc'h K

, Smith JU, Verchot L (20 13 ) Working pap e r 110. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia.

A cost

- efficient method to assess carbon stocks in tropical peat soil

. Warren MW, Kauffman JB, Murdiyarso D, Anshari G, Hergoualc'h K

, Kurnianto S, Purbopuspito J, Gusmayanti E, Afifudin M, Rahajoe J, Alhamd L, Limin S, Iswandi A (20 12 ) Biogeosciences 9:7049

- 7071.

Changes in soil CH 4 fluxes from the conversion of tropical peat swamp forests: a meta

analysis

. Hergoualc'h K

, Verchot LV (20 12 ) Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences 9:93

- 101

Changes in carbon stocks and greenhouse gas balance in a coffee ( Co ff

ea arabica ) monoculture versus an agroforestry system with Inga densiflora in Costa Rica

. Hergoualc'h K , Harmand J

- M, Blan chard E, Skiba U, Hénault C (20 12 ) Agriculture, Ecosyst ems and Environ ment 148:102

- 110

Stocks and fluxes of carbon associated with land

- use change in Southeast Asian tropical peatlands: a review Hergoualc'h K

, Verchot LV (2011) Global Biochemical Cycles, 25 doi:10.1029/2009GB003718

Opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions tropical peatlands. Murdiyarso D, Hergoualc'h K

, Verchot LV (2010) PNAS 107 : 19655

- 19660

The utility of p rocess

- based model for simulating of N 2 O emissions from soils: a case study based on Costa Rica n coffee plantations

. Hergoualc'h K , Harmand J

- M, Cannavo P, Skiba U, Hénault C (200 9) Soil Biol ogy and

Biochem istry 41:2343

- 2355

Fluxes of greenhouse gases from Andosols under coffee in monoculture o r shaded by Inga densiflora in Costa Rica.
Hergoualc'h K , Skiba U, Harmand J- M, Hénault C (2008) Biogeochem istry 89:329

- 345

Dr. Kristell Hergoualc’h 3/7Processes responsible for the nitrous oxide emission from a Costa Rican Andosol under a coffee agroforestry plantation.
Hergoualc'h K , Skiba U, Harmand J

- M, Oliver R (2007) Biol ogy and Fert ility of Soils

43:787

- 795

Cuantificación del carbono almacenado en la biomasa aérea y el mantillo en sistemas agroforestales de café en el Sur Oeste de Costa Rica.
De Miguel S, Harmand J- M, Hergoualc'h K (2004) Agroforestería en las Américas 41

­ 42:98

- 104

Book chapters Chapter 2: D rained inland organic soils

. Drösler M, Verchot LV, Freibauer A, Pan G, Evans CD, Bourbonniere RA, Alm JP, Page S, Agus F, Hergoualc'h K

, Couwenberg J, Jauhiainen J, Sabiham S, Wang C, Srivastava N, Borgeau

- Chavez L, H ooijer A, Minkkinen K, French N, Strand T, Sirin A, Mickler R, Tansey K, Larkin N (20 14 ) In: Hiraishi T , Krug T , Tanabe K , Srivastava N , Baas ansuren J , Fukuda M, Troxler TG (eds) 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories: Wetlands

. IPCC

, Switzerland

Emissions factors, converting land use change to CO 2 estimates

. Verchot LV, Kamalakumari A, Romijn E, Herold M

, Hergoualc’h K (20 12) In: Angelsen A, Brockhaus M, Sunderlin WD

, Verchot LV (eds) Analysing REDD+: Challenges and choices. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia , pp. 261

- 278

Ecosystem modeling of tropical wetlands

. Hergoualc’h K

, Frolking S, Canadell P, Crooks S, Harrison M, Joosten H, Kurnianto S, Yeager C (20 12) In: Murdiyarso D

, Kauffman B, Warren M , Pramova E, Hergoualc’h K (eds) Tropical wetlands for climate change adaptation and mitigation: Science and policy imperatives with a special reference to Indonesia. CIFOR working paper 91 , Bogor,

Indonesia , pp. 15

- 17

. Principles and methods for assessing climate change mitigation as an ecosystem service in agroecosystems

. Hergoualc’h K (2011) In: Rapidel B, DeClerck F, Le Coq J

- F, Beer J (eds) E cosystem services from agriculture and agroforestry. Measurement and payment. Earthscan, London, UK, pp.

19

- 36

Books Tropical wetlands for climate change adaptation and mitigation: Science and policy imperatives with a special reference to Indonesia

. Murdiyarso D

, Kauffman B, Warren M , Pramova E, Hergoualc’h K (2012) CIFOR working

paper 91 , Bogor, Indonesia , 54 pp.

Communications Soil GHG emissions from forest conversion and oil palm cultivation: An update on

emission factors

. Hergoualc’h K , Aini F , Comeau L-P , Hartill J , Hendry D , Oktarita S , Novita N , Kauffman

B , Verchot L (201 4 ) 4 th International Conference on Oil Palm and Environ ment (ICOPE), Bali, Indonesia, 12

- 14 February 2014

IPCC emission factors for greenhouse gas inventories in tropical peatlands

. Verchot LV

, Hergoualc’h K (201 4 ) International Indonesia Peatland Conversation

, Jakarta, 11

- 12 February 2014

Tropical peat swamp forests: Current knowledge, gaps and science needs

. Murdiyarso D , Kauffman B , Verchot LV , Purbopuspito J , Warren M , Hergoualc’h K (2013) UNFCCC Workshop on technical and scientific aspects of ecosystems with high

ca rbon reservoirs not covered by other agenda items under the Convention

, Bonn, Germany, 24

- 25 October 2013

Carbon dioxide fluxes and soil organic matter characteristics associated with land

- use change in tropical peatlands of Jambi, Indonesia

. Comeau L

- P, Hergoualc’h K, Smith J, Verchot LV, Hartill J (2013) 11 th meeting of

Southeast Asia soil science

, Bogor

, Indonesia

, 24 September 2013

The effect of nitrogen fertilization on soil N2O emissions from oil palm cultivation on deep peat

.

Dr. Kristell Hergoualc’h 4/7Oktarita S, Hergoualc’h K, Verchot LV (2013) 11 th meeting of Southeast Asia soil science

, Bogor

, Indonesia

, 24 September 2013

The effect of nitrogen fertilization on soil N2O emissions from oil palm cultivation on deep peat

. Oktarita S, Hergoualc’h K, Ve rchot LV (2013) Tropical Peat 2013 workshop, Sarawak, Malaysia, 7 September 2013

Modeling carbon accumulation dynamics in tropical peat swamp forests

. Kurnianto S, Frolking S

, Warren M , Hergoualc’h K , Talbot J , Kauffman JB, Varner R, Murdiyarso D (2013) ATBC 2013 conference, San Jos é , Costa Rica, 23

- 27 June 2013

CO 2 Flux Associated with Land Use Change in Tanjung Puting National Park,

Central Borneo

. Novita N, Hergoualc’h K

, Kauffman B (2013) IUSS Global Soil Carbon Conference

, Madison WI

, USA , 3- 6, June 2013

Methane emissions following land

- use change o n tropical peat in Jambi, Sumatra

. Hartill J, Hergoualc’h K

, Verchot LV

, Smith J (2013) IUSS Global Soil Carbon

Conference

, Madison WI

, USA , 3- 6, June 2013

Soil CO 2 emission and soil organic matter characteristics associated with land

- use change in tropical peatlands of Sumatra, Indonesia

. Comeau L

- P, Hergoualc’h K

, Verchot LV

, Smith J

, Hartill JA (201 3 ) IUSS Global Soil

Carbon Conference

, Madison WI

, USA , 3- 6 June 2013

SEA tropical peatlands: GHG emissions in the LULU CF s ector

. Hergoualc’h K

, Verchot LV (201 3 ) F AO workshop Towards sustainable land management practices for peatlands

, Rome , Italy, 7-9 Ma y 2013 Modeling long term carbon accumulation in tropical peat swamp forests: preliminary

results

. Kurnianto S, Frolking S

, Warren M , Hergoualc’h K , Talbot J , Kauffman JB, Varner R, Murdiyarso D (201 3 ) Mer Bleue carbon meeting 2013, McGill university, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

, 4-5 March 2013

CI FOR biophysical researc h on tropical peatlands

. Hergoualc’h K, Verchot L V , Warren M (201 3 ) International Indonesia p eatland

c onversations

, Bandung, Indonesia

, 25

- 27 February 2013

Carbon loss associated with land

- use change and wildfires in tropical peat swamp

forests

. Hergoualc’h K, Verchot L V (2012) 14 th International Peat Congress, Stockholm, Sweden,

3- 8 June 2012

Land

- use change effects on soil emissions of N 2 O in the tropics: a 3

- continent comparative analysis

. Hergoualc’h K, Verchot LV

, Aini FK, Brienza Júnior S, Cattânio JH, Costa de Oliveira V, Davidson E, Hairiah K, Neufeldt H, Thiongo M, van Noordwijk M (201 2 ) Planet Under Pressure conference, London, UK, 25

- 29 March 2012

Land

- use change effects on soil respiration in the tropics: a 3

- continent comparative analysis

. Verchot LV

, Hergoualc’h K, Aini FK, Brienza Júnior S, Cattânio JH, Costa de Oliveira V, Davidson E, Hairiah K, Neufeldt H, Thiongo M, van Noordwijk M (2012) Planet Under Pressure conference, London, UK, 25

- 29 March 2012

The forgotten D: challenges of addressing forest degradation in REDD+

. Rutishauser E, Bech Bruun T

, de Neergaard A, Berry N, Hergoualc’h K, Verchot LV

, Mertz O (2012) ATBC – Asia Pacific Chapter Annual Meeting, Xishuangbanna

, China , 2 4­

27 March 2012

Phytomass c arbon stock changes following peat swamp forest conversion to oil palm plantation in Jambi, Sumatra.

Dr. Kristell Hergoualc’h 5/7Persch S, Hergoualc’h K, Verchot LV (2012) ATBC

– Asia Pacific Chapter Annual Meeting, Xishuangbanna

, China , 2 4-27 March 2012

Carbon stock in coarse root biomass in a primary forest, secondary logged forest and

an oil palm plantation on tropical peat in Jambi, Sumatra

. Persch S, Hergoualc’h K, Verchot LV (2012) 3 rd International Conference on Oil Palm and Environment (ICOPE), Bali, Indonesia, 22

- 24 February 2012

Soil CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from an oil palm plantation on deep peat as affected by nitrogen fertilization

. Hergoualc'h K

, , Handayani EP, Indrasuara K, van Noordwijk M, Bonneau X, Verchot L V (2012) 3 rd International Conference on Oil Palm and Environment (ICOPE), Bali, Indonesia, 22

- 24 February 2012

Changes in soil CH 4 fluxes from the conversion of tropical peat swamp forests: a

meta

- analysis

. Hergoualc’h K, Verchot L V (2011) 6 th International Symposium on non -CO 2 Greenhouse Gases (NCGG

- 6)

, Amsterdam, the Netherlands , 2-4 November 2011

CH 4 and N 2 O flux changes from forest conversion to rubber and oil palm plantation in Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia

. Aini FK, Hergoualc’h K, Verchot LV, Smith J (2011) 6 th International Symposium on non

CO 2 Greenhouse Gases (NCGG

- 6)

, Amsterdam, the Netherlands , 2- 4 November 2011

Carbon stock in coarse root biomass in different land

- use systems on tropical peat. Persch S, Hergoualc’h K, Laumonier Y, Verchot LV (2011) Workshop on tropical wetland ecosystems of Indonesia: Science needs to address climate change adaptation and mitigation, Bali, Indonesia, 11

- 14 April 2011

Assessing GHG emissions from peat lands: methodological challenges.
Murdiyarso D, Hergoualc’h K, V erchot L (2010) Workshop on options for carbon financing to support peatland management, Pekanbaru, Indonesia, 4 -6 October 2010

Coffee production, nitrate leaching and N 2 O emissions in Co ff

ea arabica systems in Costa Rica according to fertilization and shade management

. Harmand JM, Chaves V, Cannavo P, Dionisio L, Zeller B, Hergoualc’h K, Siles P, Vaast P, Oliver R, Beer J

, Dambrine E (20 10 ) A GRO2010, The Scientific International Week around Agronomy

, Montpellier, France, 29 August- 3 September 2010

Carbon loss associated with land

- use change in tropical peat forests: Methods and quantification

. Hergoualc'h K, Verchot L (2010) In: Parrotta, J.A., Carr, M.A. (Eds.), The international forestry review. Forests for the future: Sustaining society and the environment. XXIII

IUFRO Wo rld Congress, 23

- 28 August 2010 . Commonwealth forestry association, Seoul, Republic of Korea, p. 244

C loss associated with land

- use change in tropical peatlands: Methods and k nowledge

gaps

. Hergoualc’h K (20 10 ) USINDO ( United States

– Indonesia Society ) conference, The

Indonesia

- United States comprehensive partnership, Jakarta, Indonesia

, 2 March 2010

Carbon loss associated with the conversion of tropical peat forests to oil palm plantations. Hergoualc’h K, Verchot L (2010) 2 nd International Conference on Oil Palm and

Environment , Bali, Indonesia, 23

- 25 February 2010

Balance between soil N 2 O emissions and aboveground CO 2 uptakes in coffee monocultures and agroforestry plantations in Costa Rica.

Hergoualc’h K, Harmand J

- M, Skiba U (2009) Second World Congress of Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya, 23

- 28 August 2009

Nitr ate leaching and N 2 O emissions in Co ff

ea arabica systems in Costa Rica according to fertilization and shade management

.

Dr. Kristell Hergoualc’h 6/7Harmand J

- M, Chaves V, Cannavo P, Avila H, Dioniso L, Zeller B, Hergoualc’h K, Vaast P, Oliver R, Beer J, Dambrine E (200 9) 2 nd World Congress of Agroforestry, Nairobi

, Kenya

, 23

- 28 August 200 9

Large variability in the p artitioning of net primary productivity ( NPP ) between growth

and litter production in major tropical plantations: C onsequences for ecosystem carbon pools, respiration partitioning and stakes for carbon sequestration methodologies
Roupsard O, Nouvellon Y, Laclau J

- P, Epron D, Harmand J

- M, Vaast P, Hergoualc’h K, Jourdan C, Saint

- André L, Thaler P, Lamade E, Gay F, Hamel O, Bouillet J

- P (2008) IUFRO International conference on Processes Controlling Productivity in Tropical

Plantations , IPEF, Porto Seguro, Bahia State, Brazil, 10

- 14 November 2008

Soil N 2 O emissions and carbon balance in coffee monocultures and agroforestry plantations on Andosols in Costa Rica

Hergoualc’h K, Harmand J

- M, Skiba U (2007) 2 nd international symposium on Multi -Strata Agroforestry Systems with Perennial Crops, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 17

- 21 September 2007

Carbon sequestration in aerial biomass and derived products from coffee agroforestry plantations in Central America

Harmand J- M, Hergoualc’h K, De Miguel S, Dzib B, Siles P, Vaast P, Locatelli B (2007)

2 nd international symposium on Multi

- Strata Agroforestry Systems with Perennial Crops, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 17

- 21 September 2007

Nitrogen dynamics (coffee productivity, nitrate leaching and N 2 O emissions) in

Co ff

ea arabica systems in Costa Rica according to edaphic conditions, fertilization and shade management

Harmand J- M, Chaves V, Cannavo P, Avila H, Dioniso L, Zeller B, Hergoualc’h K, Vaast P, Oliver R, Beer J, Dambrine E (2007) 2 nd international symposium on Multi

- Strata Agroforestry Systems with Perennial Crops, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 17

- 21 September 2007

Carbon sequestration in c offee a groforestry p lantations of Central America
Harmand JM, Hergoualc'h K, De Miguel, Dzib B, Siles P, Vaast P (2006) 21st i nternational

c onference on coffee s cience (ASIC)

, CIRAD, Montpellier, France, 11

- 15 September 2006

Dr. Kristell Hergoualc’h 7/7P hotograph 

### Curriculum Vitae

Name: 

### Supiandi SABIHAM [Male]

Institution: Department of Soil Science and Land Resource Faculty of Agriculture Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

Position : Professor of Land Resource Management

Address of Institution: IPB Campus, Darmaga

- Bogor 16680, INDONESIA

Email: ssupiandi@yahoo.com

Place & Date of Birth : Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia; January 5 th , 1949 Citizenship : Indonesia

Home Address : Jln. Raya Pondok Rumput No. 3, Bogor 16162 INDONESIA. Phone; +62-251-833-8102

I. Highlights of His Careers

Supiandi SABIHAM obtained a PhD Degree in Agricultural Sciences from Kyoto University, Japan in 1988 with the specialization in “Tropical Soil Sciences”. He has been working as Professor of Land Resource Management at the Department of Soil Science and Land Resource, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia. As a senior staff at his institution, he has more than 40 years of experience in teaching and researches focusing on the main topic of Ecology-Based Peatland Management. He has also conducted more than 10 titles of multiyear-researches supported by national and international research funds where each of the research was conducted in two to four years. He received the first international research-fund from Japanese Government ( Monbusho ) for his study in Kyoto University titled: Studies of Peats in the Coastal Plains of Sumatra and Borneo which are conducted in the period of 1983-1988. He received the second international research-fund from The Toyota Foundation for the three-year research (1991-1993) titled: Wetland Development in Sumatra, Indonesia in collaboration with the Japanese Scholars of Kyoto University. In the period of 1993-1994 he then conducted research in the Center for Southeast Asian Studies (CSEAS), Kyoto University as a Visiting Researcher to study peatland development in Japan compared with that in Indonesia. In the period of 1995-2005 he carried out research titled: Stability and Destabilization of the Indonesian Peats which is funded by Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Culture, the Republic of Indonesia (RI). Since 2006 he has then been working closely with Agricultural Research and Development Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, RI to evaluate peatland utilization for annual and perennial (plantation) crops. In the period of February-August in 2009, again he was invited by the CSEAS, Kyoto University as Visiting Scholar to carry out research titled: Indonesian Peatland Management Based on Ecosystem Unique

. In November 2009, he received the two-year research grant from The Toyota Foundation in order to carry out research titled: An Adaptive Socio

entropy System: Balancing the Economic Endeavors and Socio Ecological Dynamics2

at a Palm Oil Plantation in Indonesia, which is conducted together with the Japanese Scholars of Kyoto University. Throughout all of his careers, more than 30 scientific papers have been written and published in the national and international journals, either written alone or with other scholars. In the period of 2011-2013 he worked as one of Lead Authors of 2013 Supplement to the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC ) Guidelines for the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands. He was invited by the Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, Georg-August-University of Gottingen, Germany as Visiting Research Scholar during the period of January- Fe bruary 2013 to study History of Peat Deposits in Indonesia

. During the period of April 2013 to March 2014 he worked as Visiting Professor at Graduate School / Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University to conduct teaching and research titled: Carbon Management in the Tropical Peatlands.

II. His Careers / Experiences in Detail

Education Background [1] PhD

, Tropical Agriculture/ Soil Science (Kyoto Univ., Japan) 1988 [2] Master

, Tropical Agriculture/Soil Science (Kyoto Univ., Japan) 1985 [3] Sarjana 1 ) in the field of Soil Science (IPB, Indonesia) 1974

Careers in Academic-Work
[1] Visiting Professor at Graduate School of Agriculture/Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan (one year ) ............. 2013-2014 [2] Visiting Research Scholar at the Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, Georg-August-University of Gottingen, Germany ............................................................... Jan-Feb 2013 [3 ] Visiting Research Scholar at the Center for Southeast Asian

St udies, Kyoto University, Japan ................................. Mar-Aug 2009 [4 ] Dean of the Faculty of Agriculture, IPB ......................... 2003-2007 [5 ] Professor at the Dept. of Soil Science & Land Resource, IPB 2000-present [6 ] Vice Rector of IPB .................................................. 1999-2003 [7 ] Chairman of the Dept. of Soil Science, IPB ........................... 1996-1999 [8 ] Head of the Laboratory o f Soil Chemistry and Soil Fertility, Dept. of Soil Science, IPB ..................................................... 1994-2002 [9 ] Visiting Research Scholar at the Center for Southeast Asian

St udies, Kyoto University, Japan (one year) .................. 1993-1994 [10 ] Vice Dean of the Faculty of Agriculture, IPB ................... 1990-1993 [11 ] Faculty Member of the Dept. of Soil Science and Land Resource, IPB ......................................................... 1975-2000

Research Experiences
[1 ] Improving the productivity of lands on sustainable development of Telang’s Integrated Autonomous-Region (KTM). Sponsored by Ministry of Man Power and Transmigration, RI in collabor

ation with IPB ............................................................ 2012 [2] Low carbon development strategies of Bengkalis District, Riau Province that reduces pressure on peatland ecosystems ............ 2011 [3 ] Management model for improving the productivity of lands on sustainable development of freshwater swamp areas based on local resources. Sponsored by Ministry of Agriculture, RI in

1 ) Education program for “ Sarjana degree” in IPB, in the period of 1968-1972

, was six years.

CV -Supiandi SABIHAM – Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia3

collaboration with IPB ( KPP3T ) .................................................. 2010-2011 [4 ] An adaptive socio-entropy system: Balancing economic endea

vors and socio-ecological dynamics at a Palm Oil Plantation in Indonesian peatlands. Sponsored by the Toyota Foundation..... 2009-2010 [5 ] Increasing the synergetic role of Brachiaria ’s root exudates, mycorrhiza, and compost of rice straw that was enriched by K for reducing Al content in soil and increasing cassava starch. Sponsored by Ministry of Agriculture, RI in collaboration with IPB ( KPP3T ) .............................................................................. 2009-2010 [6] Study on the ecological and technological aspects of peat lands for sustainable agriculture. Sponsored by Agricultural Research & Development Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, the Republic of Indonesia (RI).......................................................................... 2008-2012 [7 ] An Ecofarming model for sustainable farming on upland agri

cultural landuse areas. Sponsored by Ministry of Agriculture, RI in collaboration with IPB ( KPP3T ) ........................................ 2008-2009 [8 ] An alysis of food-crop-based integrated farming system in the upland and lowland areas of South Cianjur. Sponsored by Ministry of Agriculture, R .................................................. 2004-2007 [9] Improving peat productivity for paddy field by using mineral soil which has high content of Fe 3+ . Sponsored by Ministry of Agriculture, RI ............................................................................ 2001-2004 [10 ] Stability condition and the processes of destabilization of the Indonesian tropical peat. Sponsored by URGE Project, DGHE Ministry of Education and Culture, RI................................ 1999-2001 [11] Controlling toxic organic-acid reactivity for increasing the peat productivity. Sponsored by Ministry of Agriculture, RI............. 1995-1998
[12] Controlling methane emission from 

### the Indonesian paddy soil. Sponsored by Osaka Gas Foundation, Japan. ...................... 1994-1997 [13] Ecological changes and landuse transformation in tidal swamp

lands of Sumatra. Sponsored by Toyota Foundation, Japan. .... 1989-1992 [14] Studies on peat in the coastal plains of Sumatra and Borneo (PhD Dissertation, Kyoto University). Sponsored by Ministry of Education and Culture, Japan...................................... 1985-1988

Work Experience in Extension
[1] Member of the Lead Authors of 2013 Supplement to the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines

For National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands ................. 2011-2013 [2] Assessment of the Merauke Integrated Farming for Food and Energy (MIFFE) in Papua; sponsored by WWF ...................... 2010 [3] Assessment of tidal swamp lands in Sumatra for new settlements of transmigration; sponsored by Ministry of Public Works ......... 1975-1982 [4] Site Manager in order to assist the farmers in new settlements of transmigration of the Berbak Delta, Jambi in conducting soil cultivation for food and plantation crops; sponsored by Ministry

of Public Works .......................................................... 1973-1974

Society/Organization Activities [1] President of the Indonesian Peat Society.......................... 2012-present [2] President of the Kyoto Un iv . Alumni (HAKU) in Indonesia... 2007-2009 [3] Secretary General of Agricultural Higher Education Forum in

CV -Supiandi SABIHAM – Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia4

Indonesia................................................................. 2005-2007 [4] Vice President of Int’l Society for Southeast-Asia Agricultural Sciences (ISSAAS).................................................... 2004-2007 [5 ] President of the Indonesian Soil Science Society .................. 2003-2007 [6 ] Vice President of the Indonesian Peat Socie ty ..................... 2001-2005 [7 ] Secretary General of the Indonesian Soil Science Society......... 1999-2003 [8 ] Member of the Indonesian Peat Society.............................. 1988-present [9] Member of the Indonesian Soil Science Society................... 1975-present

Selected publication

[1] Supiandi, S ., M. Setiari, T. Watanabe, S. Funakawa, U. Sudadi, and F. Agus. 2014. Estimating the relative contribution of root respiration and peat decom

position to the total CO 2 flux from peat soils at an oil palm plantation in Sumatra, Indonesia. J. Trop. Agri. (in press) [2] Supiandi, S ., S.D. Tarigan, Hariyadi, I. Las, F. Agus, Sukarman, P. Setyanto and Wahyunto. 2012 . Organic Carbon Storage and Management Strategies for reducing carbon emission from peatlands: Case study in oil palm plantation in West and Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Pedologist 55(3):426-434. [3 ] Hafif, B., S . Supiandi , I. Anas, A. Sutandi and Suyamto. 2012 . Impact of brachiaria, arbuscular mycorrhiza, and potassium enriched rice-straw-compost on aluminum, potassium and stability of acid soil aggregates. J. Agric. Sci. 13(1):27-34. [4] Maswar, O. Haridjaja. S. Supiandi , and M. van Noordwijk. 2011 . Carbon loss from several landuse types on tropical peatland drainage (in Indonesia). J.

Tanah dan Iklim 34:13-25. [5 ] Supiandi, S and U. Sudadi. 2010 . Indonesian peatlands and their ecosystem unique: A science case for conservation and sound management. Proceedings the International Conference on Soil Fertility and Productivity – Differences of Efficiency of Soils for Land Uses, Expenditures and Returns held at Humboldt

Un iversity, Berlin-Germany, March 17-20, 2010. [6] Handayani, E.P., K. Idris., S Supiandi , S. Djuniwati, and M. v an Noorwijk.

2010 .. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emission of oil palm plantation on West Aceh Peat: The effects of various water table depths on CO 2 emission. J. Tanah Trop . Vol.15 No.3. [7] Sudadi, U. S. Supiandi , A.Sutandi, and S. Saeni. 2008 . In situ inactivation of cadmium (Cd) pollution in arable soils using ameliorants snf fertilizers at rational dosage for crop cultivation (in Indonesian) J. Tanah Trop. 13(3):171

- 178.. [8 ] Nu rsyamsi, D., K. Idris, S. Supiandi , D.A. Rachim, and A. Sofyan. 2007

. Dominant soil characteristics that effect on available K at smectitic soils (i n Indonesian) J. Tanah dan Iklim 26:13-28. [9] Indriyati, L.T., S. Supiandi , L.K. Darusman, R. Situmorang, Sudarsono, and

W.H. Sisworo. 2007 . Nitrogen transformation in flooded soil: Application of rice straw and rice straw composts and its effect on nitrogen uptake and acetylene reduction activity in rice plant rhizosphere (in Indonesian) J.

Tanah dan Iklim 26:63-70. [10 ] Subiksa, I.G.M., S. Supiandi , Sudarsono, and J.S. Adiningsih. 2006 . The relationship between the Q-I value of potassium with nutrient absorption and growth of maize (in Indonesian) J. Penel. Pert. Terapan 5(2):197-204.

CV -Supiandi SABIHAM – Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia5

[11] Muhammad, H. S. Supiandi , A. Rachim, and H. Adijuwana. 2005 . Trans

formation rate of sulfur to sulfate at three kinds of soil with the treatment of without and with organic matter (in Indonesian) J. Tanah dan Lingkungan 7(1):15-21. [12] Supiandi, S

. 2004 . Ecological issues of the Mega Rice Project: Case study of swampland development in Central Kalimantan. pp. 73-87. In Furukawa, H.

et al . (eds.), Destruction, Health, Development: Advancing Asian Paradigms

. Kyoto Univ. Press and Trans Pacific Press. 638p. [13] Hartatik, W., K. Idris, S. Supiandi , S. Djuniwati, and J.S. Adiningsih. 2004

. Increasing the bounded-P in peat added by mineral materials and rock phosphate (in Indonesian) J. Tanah dan Lingkungan. 6(1):22-30. [14 ] Pujiyanto, Sudarsono, A. Rachim, S. Supiandi , A. Sastiono, and J.B. Baon.

2003 . Influence of organic matter and kind of cover crops on the form of soil organic matter, the distribution of soil aggregate, and growth of cacao (in Indonesian). J. Tanah Trop. 17:75-87. [15] Mario, M.D., and S. Supiandi

. 2002 . The use of mineral soil enriched by materials containing higher of Fe 3+ as ameliorant in order to increase the rice production and peat stability (in Indonesian ). J. Agroteksos 2(1):35-45. [16] Supiandi, S

. 2001 . Increasing the productivity of the Indonesian tropical peat through controlling several toxic phenolic acids J. Agrivita . 22:170-176. [1 7] Supiandi, S

. 2000 . Critical water content of the Center Kalimantan’s peat in relation with irreversible drying (in Indonesian) J. Tanah Trop . 11:21-30. [18 ] Supiandi, S ., and N.B.E. Sulistyono. 2000 . Studies on several inherent pro

perties and behavior of peat: Losses of CO 2 and CH 4 through the processes of reduction-oxidation (in Indonesian ). J. Tanah Trop . 10:127-135. [19] Supiandi, S ., and Riwandi. 2000. The relationship between total iron with humification degree and derivative phenolic acids in peat of Jambi and Center Kalimantan (in Indonesian). J. Agrista . 4(1):10-16. [20] Supiandi, S . 1998. Several toxic phenolic acids in peat of Sumatra and Kalimantan (in Indonesian). In

, Prosiding Seminar Nasional IV Kimia dalam Industri dan Lingkungan. [21] Supiandi, S . 1997. The use of selected cations for controlling toxic phenolic acids in peat (in Indonesian) J. Ilmu Pert . 7(1):1-7. [22] Supiandi, S ., S. Dohong, and T. Prasetyo. 1997. Phenolic acids in Indonesian peat. pp. 289-292. In, Riley, J.O., and S.E. Page (eds.), Biodiversity and Sustainability of Tropical Peatlands . Smith Settle, UK. [23] Husin, Y., D. Murdiyarso, M.A.K. Khalil, R.A. Rasmusen, M.J. Shearer S. Supiandi , A. Sunar, and H. Adijuwana. 1995. Methane flux from Indonesian wetland rice: The effect of water management and rice variety. Chemosphere 31(4):3153-3180. [24] Kusmana, C., and S. Supiandi . 1992. An estimation of above ground tree biomass of mangrove forest in East Sumatra, Indonesia. Tropics 1(4):234-257. [25] Kusmana, C., and S. Supiandi . 1991. Soil as a factor influencing mangrove forest community occurrence in Talidendang Besar, Riau. Media Komunikasi 3(3):49-56. [26] Supiandi, S . 1990. Studies on the Holocene peat deposits in the coastal plains of Jambi, South Kalimantan, and Brunei: Research based on fossil pollen analysis (in Indonesian). Geol. Indon . 13(1):37-61. [27] Muhadiono, I., S. Supiandi , I. Mansjoer, and M.U. Garcia. 1990. Agroforestry technology: Rhizobium and endomycorrhizal infections in the root of Albazia

procera (Roxb.) Benth., as biofertilizer for the future. Agroforestry and Tech

. 39:107-114 (Biotrop Spec. Publ.)

CV -Supiandi SABIHAM – Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia6

[28] Supiandi, S . 1990. Studies on peat in the coastal plains of Sumatra and Borneo: IV. A study of the floral composition of peat in the coastal plains of

Brunei. Southeast Asian Studies 27(4): 461-484. [29] Supiandi, S . 1989. Studies on peat in the coastal plains of Sumatra and Borneo: III. Micro-morphological study of peat in the coastal plains of Jambi, South Kalimantan, and Brunei. Southeast Asian Studies 27(3): 339-351. [30] Supiandi, S ., and B. Sumawinata. 1989. Studies on peat in the coastal plains of Sumatra and Borneo: II. The clay mineralogical composition of sediments in the coastal plains of Jambi and South Kalimantan. Southeast Asian Studies 27(1): 35-54. [31] Supiandi, S . 1988. Studies on peat in the coastal plains of Sumatra and Borneo: I. Physiography and geomorphology of the coastal plains. South

east Asian Studies 26(3): 308-335. [32] Supiandi, S ., and H. Furukawa. 1987. Stratigraphy and geomorphology of the coastal swampy lands in the lower Batang Hari river basin of Jambi, Sumatra, pp. 65-74. In , Thiramongkol, N (ed.), Proceedings of the Int’l Workshop on Economic Geology, Tectonic, Sedimentary Processes and Environment of the Quaternary in Southeast Asia . Department of Geology, Chulalongkorn Univ. [33] Supiandi, S ., and H. Furukawa 1986. A study of floral composition of peat in the lower Batang Hari river basin of Jambi, Sumatra. Southeast Asian Studies 24(2):113-132. [34] H. Furukawa, and S. Supiandi . 1985. Agricultural landscape in the lower Batang Hari: I. Stratigraphy and geomorphology of coastal swampy lands (written in Japanese). Tonan Ajia Kenkyu 23(1): 3-37.

Bogor, May 23, 2014

Supiandi SABIHAM

CV -Supiandi SABIHAM – Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

# CV Arina Schrier

**Arina Schrier**

Personal data

Name: Adriana Pia Schrier -Uijl

Gender: Female Nationality: Dutch Country of Birth: the Netherlands

Date of Birth: November 4th 1974
Address: Bovenbuurtweg 66
6721 MN, Bennekom, The Netherlands
Company name: CEIC (Climate and Environment International Consultancy)
Email: Arina.schrier@ ceic. org Telephone: +31 614470780

Work experience

2010

- currently Owner of CEIC (Climate and Environmental International Consult ancy), Bennekom

2010

- currently Associate Expert Climate and Environment, Wetlands International, Ede

2005

- 2010 Ph.D. Wageningen University, Wageningen

2003

- 2005 Junior soil specialist, Environmental Services Zuidoost Utrecht, Zeist

1999

- 2001 X- ray technician, Gelderse Vallei hospital, Ede, Netherlands

1993

- 1997 X- ray technician, Hospital Lievensberg, Bergen op Zoom, Netherlands

Education

2005

- 2010 Ph.D., Wageningen University, Wageningen Working on 1) spatial and temporal variability of greenhouse gas emissions in peatland ecosystems in the Netherlands, 2) the upscaling of fluxes based on regression models 3) improvement of measurement and upscaling techniques 4) estimates of total carbon balances in managed and unmanaged peat areas 5) Implementation of results in policy.

1997

- 2003 M.Sc. soil science, hydrology and meteorology, Wageningen University, Netherlands and
Univ. of Saskatchewan, Canada
Thesis 1 and practical period: Carbon distribution and sediment redistribution in a Canadian pothole
landscape
Thesis 2 : Management, Soil Structure and Organic Matter Dynamics in Dutch agricultural landscapes

1993

- 1997 Medical visual Techniques, Fontys Hogescholen, Eindhoven, Degree fo r X

- ray technician

Relevant experiences in past 2 years

CEIC

2014

- current: Exploring possibilities for peatland rewetting schemes under Goldstandard

2012

- current: Asso ciate expert Climate and Environment at Wetlands International, tasks include involvement as independent expert (reviewer) in the EU, UNFCCC, IPCC, EPA, RSB, RSPO and work related to REDD(+) activities and implementation.2012

- current. Expert reviewer of t he IPCC Wetlands Supplement

2012

- current. Various tasks related to life cycle analysis.

2013

- current. Involvement in RSPO, including various tasks related to GHG emissions reporting,
peatland conservation and rehabilitation, carbon sequestration options and carbon accounting, carbon and GHg emission monitoring, reviewer and (past) working group membership (peatland working group and emissions reduction working group).

Wetlands In ternational Indonesia Programme, IND

2012

- current. O n behalf of Wetlands International part of a multi

- disciplinary, scientific team of 12
people developing GHG emission and carbon sequestration methodologies (u nder VCS) for peatland conservation and restoration projects (for avoiding deforestation, forest degradation and peat soil degradation in tropical regions).

For RSPO/ Wetlands International Head Quarters, MAL/NL

2011

- 2013. Preparation of a scientific review on environmental and social impacts of oil palm cultivation on tropical peat. This report is commissioned by the Peatland Working Group (PLWG) of the RSPO and
provides an independent review of available scientific information on impacts of the use of tropical
peatlands for oil palm cultivation in Southeast Asia. The report provides recommendations for reducing
negative impacts.

For RSPO/ Wetlands International Head Quarters, MAL/NL

2012

- 2013. Preparing a document on currently available methods for determining greenhouse gas
emissions and carbon stocks from oil palm plantations and their surroundings in tropical peatlands. This
report was commissioned by the peatland workgroup of the RSPO and provides insight in measuring, reporting and verifying carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions in tropical peatlands. The report
presents gaps in knowledge, uncertainties and recommendations.

For Brinkmann Consultancy, NL

2011. Reviewing and helping to improve a (excel based) CIPO (Carbon Impact of Palm Oil)

- tool that can be used to calculate the carbon footprint of palm oil production in a specific situation (e.g. on the level of an estate, a company, a region or a country), and can support the decision making processes. The tool

focusses on the oil

- palm

- production

- system. It includes the growing of palms, the processing of FFB’s

a nd potential land use change. It excludes transport, processing and use of CPO outside the the estate.

For Shelll , NL

2011. Assisting in preparing a document on wetlands and biofuels

- impact of the global increase in
biofuel use on the biodiversity, water and carbon resources of wetlands’. The purpose of this fact book
is to support the development of criteria and standards for biofuels an d their production, in order to produce fuels that are truly a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. The focus of the document is on
palm oil, rape seed and soya.

For Quantis/Epagma, FRA

2011

- 2012. Act as external reviewer of a Comparative life cycle assessment of peat and major growing

media constituents.

Publications in scientific journals

Schrier

- Uijl, A.P. et al (Biogeosciences Discussion, 2014, in preparation ): Agricultural peatlands; towards
a greenhouse gas sink.Schrier

- Uijl, A.P., Veraart, A.J., Leffelaar, P.A., Berendse, F., Veenendaal, E.M (20 11 ). Release of CO2 and
CH4 from lakes and drainage ditches in temperate wetlands. Biogeochemistry, doi:10.1007/s10533

- 010

­ 9440

- 7.

Kroon, P.S., Schrier

- Uijl, A.P., Hensen, A., Veenendaal., E.M., Jonker, H.J.J., (2010). Annual balances of
CH4 and N2O from a managed fen meadow using eddy covariance flux measurements. Eur. J. Soil Sci.

Schrier

- Uijl, A.P. , Kroon, P.S., Hensen, A., Leffelaar, P.A., Berendse, F. & Veenendaal, E.M. (20 09 ).
Comparison of chamber and eddy covariance based CO2 and CH4 emission estimates in a
heterogeneous grass ecosystem on peat, Agric. For. Meteorol., doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.20 09.11.007.

Schrier

- Uijl, A.P., Veenendaal, E.M., Leffelaar, P.A., van Huissteden, J.C., Berendse, F. (2010). Methane
emissions in two drained peat agro

- ecosystems with high and low agricultural intensity. Plant Soil, doi:10.1007/s11104

- 009

- 0180

- 1.

Jacobs , C.M.J., Jacobs, F.C., Bosveld, F.C., Hendriks, D.M.D., Hensen, A., Kroon, P.S., Moors, E.M., Nol, L.,

Schrier

- Uijl, A.P. et al. (2007). Variability of annual CO2 exchange from Dutch grasslands. Biogeosciences,

4, pp. 803

– 816.

Veenendaal, E.M., Kolle, O. , Leffelaar, P.S. Schrier

- Uijl, A.P., Van Huissteden, J., Van Walsem, J., Möller,

F. & Berends, F., (2007). CO2 exchange and carbon balance in two grassland sites on eutrophic drained
peat soils. Biogeosciences, 4, pp. 1027

- 1040.

Bedard

- Haughn, A., Jongb loed, F., Akkerman, J., Uijl, A., et al. (2006). The effects of erosional and management history on soil organic carbon stores in ephemeral wetlands of hummocky agricultural
landscapes. Geoderma 135, pp. 296

- 306.

Pulleman, M.M., Six, J., Uijl, A, et al. (2005). Earthworms and management affect organic matter
incorporation and microaggregate formation in agricultural soils. Applied Soil Ecology 29, 1, pp. 1

- 15.

Uijl, A., Didden, W., Marinissen, J. (2002). Earthworm activity and decomposition of C

- 14

- label led grass root systems. Biology and Fertility of Soil, 36, pp. 447

- 455.

Other publications

A.P. Schrier

- Uijl et al, on behalf of the PLWG

- RSPO and Wetlands International: Environmental and social impacts of oil palm cultivation on tropical peat in SE As ia – a scientific review (201 3 ).

A.P. Schrier -Uijl et al, on behalf of the PLWG

- RSPO and Wetlands International : Available methods for
determining greenhouse gas emissions and carbon stocks from oil palm plantations and their surroundings in tropical peatlands (201 3 ).

A.P. Schrier

- Uijl, P.S. Kroon, D.M.D. Hendriks, P. A. Leffelaar, F. Berendse and E.M. Veenendaal (2009):
How the methane balance changes if agricultural peatlands are transformed into wetland nature and

how this transformation influences the total carbon balance – contribution to Cost Action ES0804. In: Water in a Changing Climate, 6th international Scientific Conference on the Global Energy and Water
Cycle and 2nd Integrated Land Ecocystem – Atmosphere Processes Study (iLEAPS) Science Con ference.
Australia, Melbourne.APPENDIX D

MATERIALS PROVIDED T O THE PEER

- REVIEW PANEL

D-1Technical Work Product for Peer Review : Emission Factor for Tropical Peatlands Drained for Palm O il Cultivation

May 15, 2014

Introduction:

In January 2012, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released a Notice of Data Availability

Concerning Renewable Fuels Produced from Palm Oil under the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) Program

( the “January 2012 NODA ” ). 1 As part of the January 2012 NODA, the EPA sought comment on its

analysis of the lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with palm oil-based biodiesel and

renewable diesel, which estimated that these biofuels reduce GHG emissions by 17% and 11%,

respectively, compared to the petroleum diesel baseline. Based on the !gency’s analysis , these biofuels

would not meet the statutory 20% GHG emissions reduction threshold and thus would not qualify for

the RFS program, with limited exceptions. 2 One of the major sources of GHG emissions in the EP!’s

analysis for the January 2012 NODA was emissions from development of palm oil plantations on tropical

peat soils, which requires the peatlands to be drained in advance of plantation establishment. In this

peer review EPA is requesting scientific input about the !gency’s assessment of the average annual GHG

emissions from tropical peatlands over the first thirty years resulting from the draining of the land for

production of palm oil (the “peat soil emission factor ”) for use in EP!’s lifecycle GHG analysis of palm oilbased biofuels.

Background:

EP!’s analysis of palm oil-based biofuels for the January 2012 NODA estimated significant indirect

emissions from land use changes, such as emissions resulting from drained organic peat soils preceding

the development of new palm oil plantations. To estimate such emissions, the Agency projected the

extent (area in hectares) by which peat soil drainage increased in a scenario with more palm oil biofuel

production compared to a baseline scenario. This estimated area was multiplied by a peat soil emission

factor, a coefficient quantifying the emissions in tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) per hectare (ha) of

drained peat soil, to obtain the total GHG emissions from the expansion of peat soil drainage.

For the January 2012 NODA, EPA used a peat soil emission factor of 95 tonnes of carbon dioxideequivalent 3 per hectare per year (tCO 2 e/ha/yr) over thirty years. 4 EPA chose this emission factor after a

thorough survey of the literature. We are conducting further review of the scientific literature to

determine whether new information warrants revisiting our choice of emission factor. Considering the

1 U.S. EPA. 2012. Notice of Data Availability Concerning Renewable Fuels Produced from Palm Oil under the RFS
Program. January 27, 2012. 77 FR 4300.

2 A baseline volume of fuel produced from facilities that commenced construction prior to December 20, 2007 may qualify as renewable fuel even if it fails to achieve 20% greenhouse gas reduction (40 CFR 80.1403).

3 EP!’s emission factor for drained tropical peat soil only includes heterotrophic respiration of O 2 . Carbon stock
changes from clearing standing vegetation such as trees, roots and stumps were considered separately.

4 Based on extensive public comment and peer review, in the March 26, 2010, RFS final rule (75 FR 14669) EPA
decided to annualize land use change GHG emissions over 30 years for purposes of biofuel lifecycle GHG

assessment.
Page 1 of 10comments received on the NODA and new articles published or provided to EPA, our objective is to use

a peat soil emission factor that meets the following criteria:

1. Estimates the impacts of tropical peat soil drainage on CO 2 emissions from heterotrophic

respiration of drained peat soils, excluding such emissions from root respiration.

2. Includes all significant GHG emissions impacts resulting from drainage over a 30 -year period

following the drainage event, including any initial pulse of GHGs following drainage and loss of

dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in drainage waters.

3. Represents average emissions from the development of palm oil plantations on tropical peat soil

across Southeast Asia.

The first criterion is important because several studies that EPA has reviewed did not attempt to exclude

CO 2 emissions from root respiration. Respiration from roots must be excluded from the peat soil

emission factor because they are not the result of peat soil drainage, i.e., they likely would have

occurred anyway. The second criterion is important because EP!’s analysis seeks to estimate all

significant emissions, including significant indirect emissions from land use changes. Many of the

studies reviewed, particularly studies using a flux-chamber measurement technique, did not estimate

the initial pulse of emissions immediately following drainage or the impacts of DOC. The literature

suggests that such emissions sources are significant, and therefore they should be included in the

emission factor used in EP!’s assessment. The third criterion is based on the fact that EPA seeks to use

one peat soil emission factor to estimate average emissions from peat soil drainage across Southeast

Asia, particularly Indonesia and Malaysia. Based on our review of the literature, we believe that the

present science and data available are not sufficient to justify, for the purposes of EP!’s analysis, the use

of different peat soil emission factors for different regions or peat soil types. Thus, we are working to

develop an emission factor that represents average emissions impacts considering the average climatic,

geophysical and other conditions found in tropical peatlands.

Technical Analysis:

Table 1, below, outlines the major studies EPA considered in choosing an emission factor for the January

2012 NODA, as well as studies that were referenced by commenters. The table indicates how well each

study meets some of EP!’s criteria and provides summary information about the spatial and temporal

extent of measurements for the studies.

Based on EP!’s review of the public comments 5 and relevant literature, the Agency believes that the

peat soil emission factor of 95 tCO 2 e/ha/yr, based on Hooijer et al. (2012), best meets our three criteria

and is thus the most appropriate emission factor for EP!’s purposes , for the following reasons.

Criterion #1 : Estimates the impacts of tropical peat soil drainage on CO 2 emissions from heterotrophic

respiration of drained peat soils, excluding such emissions from root respiration.

The subsidence-based approach used in Hooijer et al. (2012) excludes respiration from roots,

which is difficult to do in flux-based studies.

5 Public comments on the January 2012 NODA are available at: http://www.regulations.gov/#!docketDetail;D=EPAHQ -OAR-2011-0542

Page 2 of 10Criterion #2 : Includes all significant GHG emissions impacts resulting from drainage over a 30 -year period following the drainage event, including any initial pulse of GHGs following drainage and loss of

dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in drainage waters.

Hooijer et al. (2012) was the only study to integrate carbon losses from the period of time

immediately following drainage. The authors did so by measuring the impacts from the first

years following drainage, when emissions are known to be highest. In contrast, flux chamberbased measurements can only measure emissions at the moment of measurement. The fluxbased studies that EPA reviewed took measurements over a relatively short period of time

(generally weeks or months) many years after the initial drainage.

The subsidence-based approach includes emissions from respiration of peat-derived DOC, which

may be significant. 6 In contrast, the flux approach does not capture loss of DOC because it only

measures gases respired into the flux chamber, whereas DOC losses lead to offsite CO 2

emissions.

Criterion #3 : Represents average emissions from the development of palm oil plantations on drained

tropical peat soil across Southeast Asia.

Hooijer et al. (2012) evaluated the largest number of sampling locations of any study (>200

total, with 167 under palm oil or acacia), with the exception of one newer study that has other

limitations. 7

The study provided good temporal coverage of emissions, and its measurement of subsidence

under acacia (2 years for most locations, 8 years for some) was among the longest-term studie s published. (Three other studies evaluated longer sets of data, but these studies are less

appropriate based on the EP!’s criteria

. 8 ) The measurements on palm oil were conducted over

one year, similar to many other studies, but measurements were made more frequently (every

two weeks).

The study was conducted on deep, organic-rich peat with very low mineral content that is

typical of peatlands in Southeast Asia that have been converted to palm oil

. The study was carried out in a region of central Sumatra that receives intermediate amounts of

rainfall compared to other places in Southeast Asia, suggesting that these locations should have

6 See, for example, Moore, S., C.D. Evans, S.E. Page, M.H. Garnett, T.G. Jon es, C. Freeman, A. Hooijer, A.J. Wiltshire,

S.H. Limin, and V. Gauci (2013) Deep instability of deforested tropical peatlands revealed by fluvial organic carbon
fluxes. Nature 493, 660-664.

7 Couwenberg and Hooijer (2013) studied nine more locations than did Hooijer et al. (2012), but this study did not consider the original emissions pulse (see criterion #2 above) following drainage and thus is not as appropriate for EP!’s purposes.

8 Couwenberg and Hooijer (2013) extended the measurements included in Hooijer et al. (2012) out to three years
for both palm oil and acacia and found similar emissions but did not constrain the initial emissions pulse. Wösten et al. (1997) measured subsidence over several decades; however, this study did not measure bulk density or carbon content and thus their emissions estimates are based on many assumptions. Othman et al. (2011) measured subsidence over 8 years; however, they used a relationship from Hooijer et al. (2010) to estimate

emissions from subsidence.

Page 3 of 10intermediate levels of soil moisture and thus emissions representative of the average in the

region. 9

Other support for the use of the emission factor value from Hooijer et al. (2012):

The emissions determined by the study agreed very well with flux chamber-based

measurements made on one of the same locations published in Jauhiainen et al. (2012). As

such, the emission factor was supported by two distinct measurement techniques. Additionally,

a new paper by Couwenberg and Hooijer (2013) also confirms the long-term (>5 years after

drainage) emissions estimates by extending measurement of subsidence in these locations out

to three years. This last study avoided the use of estimates of the percent of subsidence due to

oxidation (versus physical processes) and thus removed one source of uncertainty in the Hooijer

et al. (2012) emission factor.

The emission factor of 95 tCO 2 e/ha/yr was recommended for a 30-year time period by Page et

al. (2011) in the ir review of the literature on peat surface GHG emissions from palm oil

plantations in Southeast Asia.

The study was peer reviewed and published in a respected scientific journal.

EPA recognizes that the emission factor based on Hooijer et al. (2012) is among the highest published,

but we believe this study is still the most appropriate for use in our lifecycle analysis of palm oil biofuels.

There are legitimate reasons for this emission factor to be among the highest published because Hooijer

et al. (2012) was the only study to consider two factors that we believe should be included as part of

EP!’s analysis. Specifically, as stated ab ove, th is study was the only one to include the pulse of emissions

during the first years following drainage and was one of the only studies to include GHGs emitted via a

DOC pathway.

Furthermore, we believe that although this emission factor is among the highest published, it is still

likely a conservative representation of the net effect on GHG emissions from draining peat soils since it

does not include emissions due to burning of drained peat during land clearing or via accidental fires.

While such emissions are episodic and thus difficult to estimate, peat fires have been estimated to emit

around 1000 tCO 2 /ha per event, with very large variability (Couwenberg et al., 2010). The emission

factor based on Hooijer et al. (2012) also does not consider emissions that may occur on inadvertently

drained peatlands adjacent to drained palm oil plantations. Taken altogether, our qualitative

assessment of areas of uncertainty suggests that, even though this estimate falls at the high end of

published values, it is more likely an underestimate than an overestimate of the total GHG emissions

impact associated with draining tropical peatlands for palm oil development.

Because this emission factor is an important piece of our lifecycle GHG emissions analysis, we are seeking additional input from the scientific community about whether the emission factor used by the

EPA in the January 2012 NODA is the most appropriate for our final assessment.

9 ased on data from N!S!’s Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Satellite, http://pmm.nasa.gov/TRMM/TRMM-based-climatology

Page 4 of 10Literature consulted:

Agus, F., Handayani, E., van Noordwijk, M., Idris, K., & Sabiham, S. (2010). Root respiration interferes

with peat CO

2 emission measurement. In Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil

Solutions for a Changing World . Brisbane, Australia.
http://www.iuss.org/19th%20WCSS/Symposium/pdf/0739.pdf

Agus, F., Wahyunto, Dariah, A., Runtunuwu, E., Susanti, E. & Supriatna, W. (2012) Emission reduction

options for peatlands in the Kubu Raya and Pontianak Districts, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Journal of

Palm oil Research , 24, 1378-1387.

Agus, F., Henson, I.E., Sahardjo, B.H., Harris, N., van Noordwijk, M. & Killeen, T.J. (2013). Review of

emission factors for assessment of CO2 emission from land use change to oil palm in Southeast Asia . In

T.J. Killeen & J. Goon (eds.) Reports from the Technical Panels of the Second RSPO GHG Working Group

, Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil – RSPO, Kuala Lumpur.

Ali, M., Taylor, D., & Inubushi, K. (2006) Effects of environmental variations on CO 2 efflux from a tropical

peatland in eastern Sumatra. Wetlands , 26,612-618.

Couwenberg, J., Dommain, R. & Joosten, H. (2010). Greenhouse gas fluxes from tropical peatlands in

south-east Asia. Global Change Biology, 16, 1715-1732.

Couwenberg, J. & Hooijer, A. (2013) Towards robust subsidence-based soil carbon emission factors for

peat soils in south-east Asia, with special reference to palm oil plantations. Mires and Peat , 12, 1-13.

Dariah, A., Marwanto, S. & Agus, F. (2013 ) Root- and peat-based CO2 emissions from oil palm

plantations, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change , doi: 10.1007/s11027-013-9515-6

Furukawa, Y., Inubushi, K., Ali, M., Itang, A.M. and Tsuruta, H. (2005) Effect of changing groundwater

levels caused by land-use changes on greenhouse gas fluxes from tropical peat lands. Nutrient Cycling in

Agroecosystems , 71, 81- 91.

Hirano, T., Segah, H., Kusin, K., Limin, S., Takahashi, H., and Osaki, M. (2012) Effects of disturbances on

the carbon balance of tropical peat swamp forests. Global Change Biology , doi: 10.1111/j.1365­

2486.2012.02793.x

Hooijer, A., Page, S., Canadell, J.G., Silvius, M., Kwadijk, J., Wösten, H. & Jauhiainen, J. (2010) Current

and future CO 2 emissions from drained peatlands in Southeast Asia. Biogeosciences , 7, 1505-1514.

Hooijer, A., Page, S. E., Jauhiainen, J., Lee, W. A., Idris, A., & Anshari, G. (2012) Subsidence and carbon

loss in drained tropical peatlands. Biogeosciences, 9, 1053-1071

.

Husnain, Agus, F., Wigena, I.P., Dariah, A. & Marwanto, S. (in preparation) Peat CO 2 emissions from

several land use types in Indonesia. Manuscript provided to EPA by the Government of Indonesia.

Page 5 of 10Inubushi, K., Furukawa, Y., Hadi, A., Purnomo, E. & Tsuruta, H. (2003) Seasonal changes of CO 2 , CH 4 , and

N 2 O fluxes in relation to land-use change in tropical peatlands located in coastal areas of South

Kalimantan. Chemosphere , 52, 603-608.

IPCC (2014) 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

Wetlands, Hiraishi, T., Krug, T., Tanabe, K., Srivastava, N., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M. and Troxler, T.G.

(eds). Published: IPCC, Switzerland

Jauhiainen, J., Heikkinen, J., Martikainen, P., & Vasander, H. (2001) CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes in pristine peat

swamp forest and peatland converted to agriculture in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. International Peat

Journal , 11, 43-49.

Jauhiainen, J., Hooijer, A., & Page, S. E. (2012). Carbon dioxide emissions from an Acacia plantation on

peatland in Sumatra, Indonesia. Biogeosciences , 9, 617-630.

Kool, D.M., Buurman, P. & Hoekman, D.H. (2006) Oxidation and compaction of a collapsed peat dome in

Central Kalimantan. Geoderma , 137, 217-225.

Marwanto, S. & Agus, F. (2013) Is CO 2 flux from palm oil plantations on peatland controlled by water
table, soil moisture, day/night rhythm and/or temperature. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for

Global Change , doi: 10.1007/s11027-013-9518-3

Melling, L., Hatano, R. & Goh, K.J. (2005). Soil CO 2 flux from three ecosystems in tropical peatland of

Sarawak, Malaysia. Tellus , 57B, 1- 11.

Melling, L., Goh, K.J., Beauvais, C. & Hatano, R. (2007). Carbon flow and budget in a young mature palm

oil agroecosystem on deep tropical peat. Proceedings of the International Symposium and Workshop on

Tropical Peatland , Yogyakarta, 27-29 August 2007.

Murayama, S. & Bakar, Z.A. (1996). Decomposition of Tropical Peat Soils. Japan Agricultural Research

Quarterly , 30, 153-158.

Othman, H., Mohammed, A.T., Darus, F.M., Harun, M.H. & Zambri, M.P. (2011) Best management

practices for palm oil cultivation on peat: Ground water-table maintenance in relation to peat

subsidence and estimateion of CO 2 emissions at Sessang, Sarawak. Journal of Palm oil Research , 23,

1078-1086.

Page, S.E., Morrison, R., Malins, C., Hooijer, A., Rieley, J.O., & Jauhiainen, J. (2011) Review of peat

surface greenhouse gas emissions from palm oil plantations in Southeast Asia. International Council o n Clean Transportation (ICCT) White Paper Number 15, Indirect Effects of Biofuel Production Series.

Setiawan, B.I. (unpublished) Study by Bogor Agricultural University. Study is preliminary so a manuscript

was unavailable, but the study was cited in comments by Bogor Agricultural University.

Page 6 of 10Setyanto, P., Susilawati, H.L., Rahutomo, S. & Erningpraja, D.L. (2010) CO 2 emission from peat under

palm oil plantation. International Palm oil Conference , 1-3 June 2010, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

U.S. EPA. 2012. Notice of Data Availability Concerning Renewable Fuels Produced from Palm Oil under

the RFS Program. Federal Register, Vol. 77, No. 18, p. 4300, January 27, 2012.

Wösten, J.M.H., Ismail, A.B. & van Wijk, A.L.M. (1997). Peat subsidence and its practical implications: A

case study in Malaysia. Geoderma , 78, 25-36.

Page 7 of 10Table 1. Outline of studies consulted. The study used by EPA is in bold, and the studies most frequently recommended by commenters are

italicized. 10

Study Method Peer

Reviewed? Land

Use? Info on
Drainage Depth? Info on
Drainage

Time? Heterotrophic
Respiration? Loss

to

DOC? Initial

Pulse? # of

L ocations Years

Measured Measurement
Frequency

Murayama & Bakar (1996) Flux Yes OP+ <10 <1 Once

Jauhiainen et al. (2001) Flux Yes Ag Yes Yes 20

- 49 Periodic a
(>Monthly)

Inubushi et al.
(2003) Flux Yes Ag/F Yes <10 1 ~Monthly

Furukawa et al.
(2005) Flux Yes Ag/F Yes Yes <10 1 Monthly

Melling et al. (2005) Flux Yes OP/F+ Yes Yes b <10 1 Monthly

Ali et al. (2006) Flux Yes Ag/F Yes 10

- 19 <1 >Monthly
Melling et al.
(2007) Flux OP Yes b Yes <10 1 Monthly

Agus et al. (2010) Flux ? OP Yes b <10 <1 <Monthly

Setyanto et al.
(2010) Flux ? OP/F Yes Yes b Yes 10

- 19 1 <Monthly

Jauhiainen et
al. (2012) Flux Yes Ac Yes Yes Yes ~100 c 2 Monthly

Marwanto & Agus ( 2013 ) Flux Yes OP Yes Yes b Yes 20

- 49 1 Periodic a
(>Monthly)

Dariah et al.
( 2013 ) Flux Yes OP Yes Yes b Yes ~50 c 1 Periodic a

(>Monthly)

Husnain et al. Flux OP Yes Yes b Yes 20

- 49 c,d 1 Periodic a

10 The studies listed in Table 1 include new and previously considered studies mentioned in comments to EPA, discussed in revi ew papers on this topic or provided toEPA by stakeholders. The table only includes studies that focused on estimating an emission factor based on experimental data via primary research or metaanalysis of primary studies. The table excludes a preliminary study mentioned in a comment by Bogar Agricultural University (Setiawan et al., unpublished) because a manuscript describing the study was not yet available, and several papers provided to EPA that did not derive a new peat so il emission factor (e.g., Agus et al., 2012; Hirano et al., 2012). EPA also considered Kool et al. (2006), but because this study focused on the rapid collapse of a peat dome (i.e., over several months), rather than the long-term subsidence of peats (i.e., over many decades), we do n ot consider these results relevant to EP!’s purposes.

Page 8 of 10Study Method Peer

Reviewed? Land

Use? Info on
Drainage
Depth? Info on
Drainage

Time? Heterotrophic
Respiration? Loss

to

DOC? Initial

Pulse? # of

L ocations Years

Measured Measurement
Frequency

(in prep) (>Monthly)

Wösten et al.
(1997) Subsid. Yes ? Yes Yes Yes 10

- 19 e 21 <Monthly

Othman et al.
(2011) Subsid. Yes OP Yes Yes Yes Yes 20

- 49 8 <Monthly

Hooijer et al. (2012) Subsid. Yes OP/Ac Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes >100 2

- 8 (Ac), 1 (OP) ? Monthly (Ac) > Monthly (OP)
Couwenberg & Hooijer (2013) Subsid. Yes OP/Ac Yes Yes Yes Yes >100 3 Monthly (Ac), >Monthly (OP)

Hooijer et al.
(2010) Meta Yes Many Yes Yes? 20

- 49 Variable

Couwenberg et
al. (2010) Meta Yes Many Yes Yes Yes Yes 20

- 49 Variable

Agus et al.
( 2013 ) Meta Yes Many Yes? Yes? Yes 20

- 49 Variable

IPCC (2014) Meta Yes OP Yes Yes Yes Yes No >100 f Variable

Notes:

Method. Flux = flux chamber method used, Subsid. = subsidence method used, Meta = meta -analysis of other studies.
Peer Reviewed. Yes = published in peer reviewed journal, Blank = not published in peer reviewed journal, ? = uncertainty rega rding peer review status.
Land Use. Land use at site during study period. OP = palm oil, Ag = agricultural, Ac = acacia, F = forest, + = additional land uses.
Info on Drainage Depth. Indicates whether the study discussed drainage depth at the site.
Info on Drainage Time. Indicates whether the study discussed when drainage occurred relative to the study period.
Heterotrophic Respiration. Indicates whether the study attempted to isolate heterotrophic respiration from peat soil, e.g., b y excluding root respiration.
Loss to DOC. Indicates whether the study captured emissions related to losses via DOC.
Initial Pulse. Indicates whether the study captured the initial pulse of respiration following drainage.
# of Locations. Number of sites sampled, including replicates at the same location. Grouped into bins for comparison.
Years Measured. Length of study period. Grouped into bins for comparison.
Measurement Frequency. Indicates how often measurements were taken. Grouped into bins for comparison.

a Emissions were measured intensively for several periods of time per year, e.g. weekly for one month, every third month. Overall, the number of samplin g times
per year is greater than 12.

b The paper provided information on plantation age but not explicitly on time since drainage.

c Only includes chambers used to estimate heterotrophic respiration.

d Only includes that part of the study that was not published in other papers. Number of locations was not clear from manuscri pt; number is an estimate.

Page 9 of 10e This study appears to have measured more locations, but only 17 were mentioned in the publication.

f Number of locations is an estimate based on references cited by this study.

Page 10 of 10Charge Questions for Peer Review:

Emission Factor for Tropical Peatlands Drained for Oil Palm Cultivation

May 15, 2014

Instructions:

Please review the attached Technical Work Product (TWP) and respond to the charge questions

provided below. We ask that you organize your responses based on the structure of the charge

questions provided. Please provide detailed explanations for all responses and provide citations as

appropriate.

Charge Questions:

1. Overarching charge question : Given the three criteria outlined in the TWP and the estimates

available in the literature, did the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) choose the most

appropriate value for the peat soil emission factor? If not, please provide a recommendation on the

most appropriate peat soil emission factor to use in EP!’s analysis, with a detailed explanation

.

2. Potential adjustment of emission factor from Hooijer et al. (2012): Some commenters have raised

questions about particular values used in the Hooijer et al. (2012) study (e.g., organic carbon

content and peat bulk density). Would you recommend that EPA use the overall approach and data

published in Hooijer et al. (2012) but use a different value for: (a) organic carbon content, (b) peat

bulk density, (c) the percent of subsidence due to oxidation, or (d) another parameter (please

specify)? Please explain your recommendation and provide supporting documentation.

3. Directionality of estimate: EPA recognizes that the Hooijer et al. (2012) study that forms the

foundation of our estimate of peat soil emissions was conducted under specific circumstances. For

example, it was conducted in a limited number of plantations on the island of Sumatra. For the

reasons listed in the TWP, we believe this is the best available estimate of peat soil emissions, but

we recognize that numerous factors could cause this estimate to be higher or lower than the

average emission factor for peat soils drained for oil palm across Southeast Asia. Please discuss

whether the emission factor value used by EPA (95 tCO 2 e/ha/yr) is likely to overestimate,

underestimate (and if so by how much) or provide a plausible estimate of average greenhouse gas

(GHG) emissions from peat soil drainage for oil palm across Southeast Asia. In particular, please

discuss whether the following factors are likely to make EP!’s emission factor an overestimate or an

underestimate:

a. Variation in the type of peat soil (mineral content, carbon content, depth, extent of

degradation, etc).

b. Precipitation regime (annual rainfall, timing of rainfall, etc).

c. Differing water management practices at plantations.

d. Different types of plantations (e.g., oil palm versus acacia).e. The approach used by Hooijer et al. (2012) to estimate emissions during the first five years

after drainage.

f. Omission of methane and nitrous oxide emissions.

g. Omission of emissions due to fire. (As discussed in the TWP, omission of this factor will

cause EP!’s emission factor to un derestimate emissions, but we welcome comments about

how large this underestimation may be.)

h. Omission of incidentally drained peat swamps adjoining the plantations.

4. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report: IPCC (2014) lists a Tier 1 emission factor

of 40 tCO 2 /ha/year for tropical drained oil palm plantations. This value does not include emissions

for the first 6 years after drainage. However, studies have shown that a pulse of higher emissions

occurs right after drainage. The IPCC report also gives a default DOC emission factor of 3

tC O 2 /ha/yr. In addition, the IPCC gives guidance on quantifying emissions from fires. The report

gives a default emission factor of 1701 gCO 2 /(kg dry matter burned) for tropical organic soil and a

default dry matter consumption value of 155 t/ha for prescribed fires in the tropics. 1

a. Would it be appropriate for EPA to use the IPCC Tier 1 default emission factor of 40

tCO 2 /ha/year, or is it scientifically justified to use a different number based on more

detailed information?

b. Should the emission factor that EPA uses include the emissions pulse that occurs in the first

several years immediately following drainage?

c. Should EPA include DOC and fire emission factors in the overall emission factor? If so, ar e the IPCC emission factors appropriate to use, or are there better estimates for EP!’s

purpose?

d. There are also erosion losses of particulate organic carbon (POC) and waterborne transport

of dissolved inorganic carbon (primarily dissolved CO 2 ) derived from autotrophic and

heterotrophic respiration within the organic soil. The IPCC concluded that at present the

science and available data are not sufficient to provide guidance on CO 2 emissions or

removals associated with these waterborne carbon fluxes. Do you agree that the science on

these factors is not sufficient for EPA to consider losses of POC and dissolved inorganic

carbon in its peat soil emission factor?

5. Additional input: Please provide any additional scientific information that you believe the EPA

should consider regarding the !gency’s assessment of the average annual GHG emissions from

draining tropical peatlands for palm oil cultivation for use in EP!’s lifecycle GHG analysis of palm oil

based biofuels.

1 Putting these factors together yields 264 tCO2 per ha of prescribed burning.APPENDIX E

PEER

- REVIEW RESPONSES

Peer Review Response from Dr. Scott Bridgham, University of Oregon

Emission Factor for Tropical Peatlands Drained for Oil Palm Cultivation

1. Overarching charge question

The EPA used the soil emission factor for conversion of tropical peatlands to oil palm

(OP) cultivation from Hooijer et al. (2012). I thoroughly reviewed this paper, as well as a

number of other estimates of soil CO 2 emissions from drainage of peatlands in SE Asia. I am

also quite familiar with the methods described in these pape rs for estimating soil CO 2 emissions.

Based upon my best professional judgment, the Hooijer et al. (2012) paper is the best estimate of

soil CO 2 emissions from tropical peatlands converted to OP cultivation, so I concur with the

EPA’s decision on this matt er.

My assessment is based upon the following reasons. Hooijer et al. (2012) included 218

locations monitored over multiple time points from one to three years, which more than doubled

the extant dataset in Southeast Asia. The analysis was done very caref ully, separating out the

biological oxidation component of subsidence from the physical components, with the latter not

producing CO 2 emissions. They also captured the initial rapid flush of soil respiration after

conversion to OP, which is rare in these types of studies. Bulk density was measured very

carefully in this study using excavated soil pits (although a literature value for soil carbon

content was used). The subsidence methodology is based upon minimal assumptions and only

requires estimation of subsidence, consolidation and compaction, and soil carbon content within

a peatland. A carefully done soil respiration study that separated the autotrophic and

heterotrophic components of soil respiration at the same sites (Jauhiainen et al. 2012) gave

essentially the same values as the subsidence method over the time period of measurement.

A number of studies have been published using chamber- based methods that estimate

substantially lower soil CO 2 emissions from OP plantations (reviewed in Page et al. 2011a).

Chamber

- based estimates of soil respiration are inherently difficult to scale up to multi

- year estimates of a soil emission factor at a landscape scale. Maybe most importantly, most estimates

include respiration of live roots, and this is an unknown or poorly constrained portion of total

soil respiration. Methods of isolating heterotrophic soil respiration such as trenching likely lead

to large artifacts in the data that are difficult

- to -impossible to quantify. Additionally, most soil

respiration estim ates in tropical OP plantations occurred only during a limited period of the day,

were infrequent over the year, and were done for no more than one year (and often less). Also,

E-1typically only a few locations were measured. So essentially a few dozens of heterogeneous (and

potentially biased) hourly flux measurements were upscaled to years and large landscapes, with

all of the inherent limitations in such an exercise. Consequently, I have little faith in such

estimates.

Other studies give similar rates of s ubsidence after the rapid consolidation phase early

after drainage, supporting the results in this study (see review in Page et al. 2013). Couwenberg

and Hooijer (2013) supplemented the sampling locations in Hooijer et al. (2012), added

additional years of observation, and used a different subsidence- based technique to estimate the

soil emission factor. The CO 2 emission estimates more than five years after drainage are very

similar (68 vs. 66 CO 2eq ha -1 yr -1 ) between the two studies, adding further confiden ce in the

results of Hooijer et al. (2012).

2. Potential adjustment of emission factor from Hooijer et al. (2012)

The largest limitation to the Hooijer et al. (2012) study was that it was geographically

limited, if intensively sampled within that area. As noted above, their long- term subsidence

values appear to be very reasonable compared to other studies. Having taken many bulk density

measurements in peat myself, I am impressed by the care they took in sampling bulk density

with their deep soil pits. Hooijer et al. (2012) do a reasonable job of estimating the effect of bulk

density and soil C estimates from the literature, and show that the effect on their estimates is

small. If anything, their bulk density estimates are lower than many published values ( e.g., Page

et al. 2011b), and using higher initial bulk density measurements would only increase their soil

CO 2 emission factor.

Given the straight-forwardness of the approach used in Hooijer et al. (2012) and the high

quality of their data, there is no re ason to believe that their calculated percent of subsidence due

to oxidation is not correct.

3. Directionality of e stimate

Overall, it is my impression from reading the appropriate scientific literature that the sites

used by Hooijer et al. (2012) are relatively representative of SE Asian peatlands, and also of

those areas that are converted into OP. Sumatra originally had 45% of all peatland swamp forest

area in SE Asia (Schrier -Uijl et al. 2013), and it is an area of intensive conversion of those

peatland s to OP (Page et al. 2011a).

E-2a. Variation in the type of peat soil (mineral content, carbon content, depth, extent of degradation, etc. ).

It is likely that mineral content of peatlands will affect soil oxidation rates upon drainage,

although I am uncertain of the directionality of that effect. The carbon content is a direct part of

the estimate of soil CO 2 emissions using the subsidence technique, so the effect of variation in

that parameter is straight forward to estimate (they do so in Hooijer et al. 2012). The major effect

of peat depth (unless very shallow) will likely be in the absolute amount of peat that is available

for oxidation before water-table control is no longer effective (conceptually illustrated in Fig. 6

of Page et al. 2011a). The extent of peat degradation will affect both bulk density and the amount

of labile carbon available for oxidation, as illustrated by the decrease in oxidation over time after

drainage. Increases in soil pH will also increase decomposition rates of soil orga nic matter (Ye et

al. 2012). However, most SE Asian peatlands have deep, acidic, woody peats and are

ombrotrophic (Page et al. 2011a; Schrier- Uijl et al. 2013), and thus they will likely resemble

reasonably closely those studied by Hooijer et al. (2012).

b. Precipitation regime (annual rainfall, timing of rainfall, etc. ).

Increasing precipitation and the evenness of that precipitation will be important controls

over the regional water table level, and thus the effectiveness of drainage. This should affect soil

CO 2 emissions rate from OP plantations. However to my knowledge, the climate of Sumatra is

not substantially different than other areas of high density of OP plantations on peat.

c. Differing water management practices at plantations.

A number of studies (e.g., Wösten et al. 1997; Couwenberg et al. 2010; Hooijer et al.

2010) demonstrate a substantial effect of drainage level on soil subsidence and soil CO 2

emissions. Interestingly, this water table effect was not observed in Hooijer et al. (2013) i n OP

plantations, which they ascribed to a nitrogen fertilization effect. To my knowledge, the average

water table depth in the sites studied by Hooijer et al. (2012) is quite representative of OP

plantations.

d. Different types of plantations (e.g., oil palm versus acacia).

Soil CO 2 emissions do not appear to be very different between these two land- use types if

drainage is similar.

E-3e. The approach used by Hooijer et al. (2012) to estimate emissions during the first five years after drainage.

I have conf idence in the approach used by Hooijer et al. (2012) to estimate emissions

during the first five years after drainage. In fact, it is based upon a very minimal set of

assumptions that seem quite reasonable.

f. Omission of methane and nitrous oxide emissions.

The published data strongly indicate that tropical peatlands have relatively low emissions

of both methane and nitrous oxide. Conversion of natural peatlands into OP plantations will

reduce the methane emissions and likely increase nitrous oxide emissi ons. However, the limited

data on these emissions in OP plantations suggest that the effect is small relative to soil CO 2 emissions (Page et al. 2011a).

g. Omission of emissions due to fire. (As discussed in the TWP, omission of this factor will

cause EPA’ s emission factor to underestimate emissions, but we welcome comments about how large this underestimation may be.)

While highly episodic in nature, emissions due to fire are massive in SE Asian peatlands

(range 86 to 387 Tg C yr -1 in Couwenberg et al. 2010, Hooijer et al. 2006, van der Werf et al.

2008). Since drainage of peatlands directly leads to increased incidence of fires, it is my opinion

that the EPA should consider them in the soil emission factor.

h. Omission of incidentally drained peat swamps adjoining the plantations.

Hooijer et al. (2012) suggest that incidental drainage of adjacent forests can cause large

emissions of CO 2 , an d thus they should be included in the soil emission factor in my opinion.

4. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chang e (IPCC) report:

a. Would it be appropriate for EPA to use the IPCC Tier 1 default emission factor of 40 tCO2/ha/year, or is it scientifically justified to use a different number based on more detailed information?

The recent IPCC Wetlands Supplement (2014) used a Tier 1 emission factor that was

based on the average of chamber-based and subsidence- based estimates. Furthermore, they used

a carbon gain -loss mass budget approach that subtracted autotrophic soil respiration and aboveand belowground litter inputs into the soil. While this is a conceptually correct mass balance

approach, it has the same uncertainties as described above in my discussion of chamber- based

measurements, and includes further uncertainties associated with estimating litter inputs (w hich,

in my opinion, is an almost insurmountable difficulty for belowground inputs). It is clear from

the text of the IPCC document (Annex 2A.1) that the authors were challenged by the difficulty of

E-4deriving the corrections necessary to calculate soil oxidation from flux measurements and were

divided about the best approach to take. It is my professional opinion that the emission factor

from Hooijer et al. (2012) is more accurate than that derived from the IPCC (2014). The

approach of Hooijer et al. (2012) is imminently clearer and more defensible that an averaging of

studies without regard to the quality of their data. Also, including the initial flush of carbon

emissions after drainage would increase the IPCC estimate, although it would still be

substantially lower than the one given in Hooijer et al. (2012).

b. Should the emission factor that EPA uses include the emissions pulse that occurs in the first several years immediately following drainage?

The answer to this questions seems to be obviously yes. The only reason to not do this

would be if the data were not available, but that is not the case with the publication of the

Hooijer et al. (2012) study. It would be better if more of this type of data were available for

comparison, but to not include it wo uld clearly underestimate soil CO 2 emissions.

c. Should EPA include DOC and fire emission factors in the overall emission factor? If so, are the IPCC emission factors appropriate to use, or are there better estimates for EPA’s purpose?

If the subsidence method is used, then it is not necessary to include DOC fluxes because

they are already accounted for in the loss of soil carbon and mass. However if the soil respiration

method is used, then it is necessary to include DOC fluxes. This somewhat nuanced dist inction is

described more clearly in 2006 IPCC Guidelines (IPCC 2006, p. 2.9) than in the 2013 Wetlands

Supplement (IPCC 2014).

As stated above, it is my opinion that a fire emission factor should be included. While the

highly episodic nature of these fir es makes including them in emission estimates to be

controversial, numerous studies have shown that ignoring their massive emissions is even more

problematic. I am unsure of the correct emission factor to use for this without substantial more

reading of the underlying literature.

E-5d. There are also erosion losses of particulate organic carbon (POC) and waterborne transport of dissolved inorganic carbon (primarily dissolved CO2) derived from autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration within the organic soil. The IPCC concluded that at present the science and available data are not sufficient to provide guidance on CO2 emissions or removals associated with these waterborne carbon fluxes. Do you agree that the science on these factors is not sufficient for EPA to consider losses of POC and dissolved inorganic carbon in its peat soil emission factor?

As in item 4c for DOC, it is not necessary to account for POC and DIC losses if a stockbased approach is used (i.e., the subsidence method). To the extent that the se losses are

important (DIC losses may be particularly large, see Aufdemkampe et al. 2011), this is another

reason that emission estimates based upon soil respiration would be lower than those based upon

the subsidence method. I have not done an extensive literature search on the availability of POC

and DIC losses from peatlands, or even more specifically in SE Asian peatlands converted to OP,

but I doubt that much, if any, of such data exists. This is yet another reason that the gain- loss

approach of the IPCC (of which soil respiration is but one component) is inappropriate for

estimating emission factors in this particular case.

5. Additional I nput

I have no further information to add beyond what I state above.

E-6References Cited

Aufdenkampe, A. K., E. Mayorga, P. A. Raymond, J. M. Melack, S. C. Doney, S. R. Alin, R. E. Aalto, and K. Yoo. 2011. Riverine coupling of biogeochemical cycles between land, oceans, and atmosphere. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9 :53-60.

Couwenberg, J., R. Dommain, and H. Joosten. 2010. Greenhouse gas fluxes from tropical peatlands in south-east Asia. Glob Chang Biol 16 :1715-1732.

Couwenberg, J. and A. Hooijer. 2013. Towards robust subsidence-based soil carbon emission factors for peat soils in so uth- east Asia, with special reference to oil palm plantations.

Mires and Peat 12 :1 -13.

Hooijer, A., M. Silvius, H. Wösten, and S. Page. 2006. PEAT-CO2, Assessment of CO2 emissions from drained peatlands in SE Asia. Delft Hydraulics report Q3943.

Hooijer, A., S. Page, J. G. Canadell, M. Silvius, J. Kwadijk, H. Wosten, and J. Jauhiainen. 2010. Current and future CO2 emissions from drained peatlands in Southeast Asia. Biogeosciences 7 :1505-1514.

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K. (eds). IGES, Japan.

IPCC. 2014. 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands. Hiraishi, T., Krug, T., Tanabe, K., Srivastava, N., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M. and Troxler, T.G. (eds. ). IPCC, Switzerland

Jauhiainen, J., A. Hooijer, and S. E. Page. 2012. Carbon dioxide emissions from an Acacia plantation on peatland in Sumatra, Indonesia. Biogeosciences 9 :617-630.

Page, S. E., R. Morrison, C. Malins, A. Hooijer, J. O. Rieley, and J. Jauhiainen. 2011a. Review

of Peat Surface Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Oil Palm Plantations in Southeast Asia. White Paper 15, The International Council on Clean Transportation, Washington, DC.

Page, S. E., J. O. Rieley, and C. J. Banks. 2011b. Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool. Global Change Biology 17 :798-818.

Schrier -Uijl, A. P., M. Silvius, F. Parish, K. H. Lim, S. Rosediana, and G. Anshari. 2013. Environmental and Societal Impacts of Oil Palm Cultivation on Tropical Peat: A Scientific Review. Reports from the Technical Panels of the 2nd Greenhouse Gas Working Group of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

E-7van der Werf, G. R., J. T. Randerson, G. J. Collatz, L. Giglio, P. S. Kasibhatla, A. F. Arellano, S.

C. Olsen, and E. S. Kasischke. 2004. Continental- scale partitioning of fire emissions during the 1997 to 2001 El Nino/La Nina period. Science 303 :73-76.

Wösten, J. H. M., A. B. Ismail, and A. L. M. van Wijk. 1997. Peat subsidence and its practical implications: a case study in Malaysia. Geoderma 78 :25-36.

Ye, R., Q. Jin, B. Bohannan, J. K. Keller, S. A. McAllister, and S. D. Bridgham. 2012. pH controls over anaerobic carbon mineralization, the efficiency of methane production, and methanogenic pathways in peatlands across an ombrotrophic-minerotrophic gradient. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 54 :36-47.

E-8Peer Review Response from Dr. Kristell Hergoualc’h, Center for Int ernational Forestry Research (CIFOR)

Emiss ion Fac tor for Tropica l P ea tlands Drained f or Oil Pa lm Cult ivation

1. Overarching c ha rge que sti on

The 3 crit er ia ou tli n ed by th e EP A are that th e e mission fa c to r:

1. Estima t es the imp acts of tropi ca l peat soil d rai nage on CO 2 emi s sio ns from

het erotrophi c r esp ira tion of drain ed p eat soil s, excl uding su ch e mi ssions from root

r espiration

2. Includ es a ll si gn if ic an t GHG emis sio ns imp acts r esulti ng from drai nage ov er a 30-

ye ar perio d fo llo wing th e d rai nag e ev en t, including an y i n iti a l p u lse of G H Gs

fol l owi ng drainag e a nd loss of dissolved or gan ic carbon (D OC) in d rai nag e wate rs

3. Repre s ents aver ag e emi ssions from th e d e vel op ment of pa lm oi l p lan tati on s on tropi ca l peat soil a cross Southea st Asi a.

Fir st of al l, it is not cle ar which r ef er en c e is u sed by the EP A f or its em ission fa ctor. P ag e

2 of th e tec hni ca l wo rk produ ct men tio ns a “peat soil emi ssion fa ctor of 95 tC O 2e ha -1 yr -1 , ba sed

on Hooi jer et al. (2012)”. But the re sults for the oil pa lm pl an tati on on p eat stud ied b y H ooijer et

a l. (2 012) are: 109 to nn es CO 2 ha -1 yr -1 for a 25-yea r time period o r 94 to nn es CO 2 ha -1 yr -1 for a

50-yea r ti m e p eriod. P ag e 4 of the techni ca l w ork produ ct says th at the emi ssion fa ct or of 95

tCO 2e ha 1 yr -1 was r ec om men d ed f or a 30- ye ar ti me period by P age et al. (2 011) in th eir review.

But the r eview by P ag e et al. ( 20 11 ) was pub lished bef ore the H ooijer et al. (2012) study an d

refers to bo th oil p alm an d pu lp wood pl an tati on s.

Wh a tev er the refer en ce us ed (P ag e et al. (2 01 1) or Hooi jer et a l. (20 12 ) ), the em is sion

fa ctor th at the EP A prop oses to adopt is based on a sing le stud y a nd th us d efi n itely do es not

me et t he ‘r epr esentativeness acro ss Southeast As ia ’ c ri te rion . I f the r ef er en c e used is P ag e et

al. (2011), it do es not me et the ‘ r epr esentativeness from th e development of palm oil

p la ntations’ cri terion as pu lp wood pl an tati ons are merg ed w it h oil p a lm pl an tati on s.

I r ec om mend the EP A to u s e th e e mi ssion fa c to rs recen tly p ub lished by the IP CC.

C hapter 2 ( Dr ö sler et al ., 2014) of the 2013 Supp le ment to th e 2006 IP CC Gu id elin es for

Na tio na l G re en hou se Gas Inv ent orie s ( 2014) r evie w ed e xtensivel y the ex istin g lit eratu re ,

sc ru tin iz ed the q ua lity of the da ta an d prop oses emi ssion fa ctors th at r ep re sent carbon lo s ses in

oi l p alm pl an tati ons on pe at acro ss Southea st A sia. The emi ssion fa ctors are:

E-9■ On- site CO 2 emi s sio n s: 11 tonn es CO 2 -C ha -1 yr -1 or 40 tonn es CO 2 ha -1 yr -1

■ Of f- site CO 2 emi s sio ns via wa te rborne carbon lo s ses: 0.82 CO 2 -C ha -1 yr -1 or 3 tonn es CO 2 ha -1 yr -1

■ CO 2 from pre sc rib ed fires: 71.9 to nnes CO 2 -C ha -1 or 264 tonn es CO 2 ha -1 CO 2 from

w il d fi res: 163.8 tonn es CO 2 -C ha -1 or 601 tonn es CO 2 ha -1

The on- site emission fa ctor in teg ra tes da ta from 10 sit es, 9 dif fe r ent a g es aft er drai nage, 2

co untries, an d in cl ud es both in du s tr ia l a nd s mall hold er pl an tati on s. The 10 sites i nc lu de the oi l

pa lm pl an tati on stud ied by Hoo ijer et al. (20 12 ). H en c e if the EP A j udges th at th e s tu d y of

Hooi jer et a l. ( 20 12) me ets the ‘i n iti a l p u lse of G HGs fo llowing drai nag e’ crit erion; imp lic i tly t h e

on- site emission fa ct or of the IP CC also does. This in iti a l p uls e of e mi s sio ns was in fa ct not

mea su r ed b y Hoo ij er et a l. (2012 ) but ar tifi cia lly introdu ced in the C loss cal cu la tio n.

2. Potential adjustment of emission factor from Hooijer et al. (2012)

The subsiden ce me thod is an alte rna tive to th e co nven tio na l C s to ck chang e a nd C fl ux chang e app roach es for es ti mati ng p eat C loss es fo llo wing drai nage a nd co nver sio n . It a ss u mes

that mo st i ndu ced ch emic a l a nd ph ysi ca l c hang es (c o mp a cti on, sh rinkag e, or gan ic matt e r/ carbon

loss) occur above the wat er ta b le a nd that so lely c on sol ida tion -indu ced sub side n ce takes pla ce

b el ow the wat er t able. The me thod hy poth esiz es th at th e r el a ti v e co ntribu tion of th e di f fe r ent

fa c to rs le ad ing to p eat su bsiden ce ab ove the wa ter ta b le (c o mp a cti on, shrinkage, or ga n ic

matte r/ carbon loss) is de tecta b le by observin g c hang es or absen c e of chang es in peat bulk

d ensity. It as sumes th at in a given volu me of sub sid in g peat if no chang e in bulk den sity h appens

th en a ll the volu me is lost in the f orm of org an ic matte r/ carbon. This hyp ot h esis is erron eo us as

a ll proc es ses le ad ing to or gan ic matter/carbon lo ss also indu ce bulk d ensity c hang es. The me thod

r eq uires p eat b ul k densi ty da ta at th e st art an d end of t h e subsiden ce mon i to ring period of

several years ; at th e sa me si te or using a nearby r efer en ce site th at wou ld r epr e sent the i n iti a l

cond it ions (H ooi jer et al ., 2 01 2).

The s tu d y of Hoo ijer et a l. (2012) was imple mented in a ma tu re oil p a lm pl an tati on in

Ja mbi th at was drained on ave r ag e 18 ye ars prior to the s ta rt of the e xp er iment. Th e a u th ors

spec ify that fi r e was u sed for l an d cle aring bef or e est ab lishi ng th e plan tati on . Subsiden ce

meas ure ments took p la ce over a yea r at 42 moni to ring points an d bulk den sity meas ur em en ts

we re underta ken at 10 lo ca tio n s. All measu r em ents wer e do ne on ave r ag e 18 y ears aft er drai nage.

The r e was no referen ce si te representing the init ia l si te condition . Th e a u th ors assu med that

the b ul k den sity below the wa ter table d ep th was r epr e sentati v e of the initial b ul k den sity

b ef or e drai nage. This as su mption is not corr ect as bu lk den sity v ar ies with de p th in und rain ed

E-10p eat s wamp f or es ts (M atth ew Wa rren, persona l c ommu ni ca tio n). This varia tion is apparent on

th e b ulk den sity profi le of the pr im ar y fo r est in F igu re D-1 of Hoo ijer et a l. (2012 ) an d is

r ec ogn iz ed b y the au th ors them s elves in section 4.5 of their pub lic a tio n . The au th ors
hypothe si z ed th at subsiden ce du rin g the fir st 5 years a fter dra in age wa s mor e inten se than

a fte r wa rds an d as si gne d to th e oil p alm pl an tati on an in i tial (0-5 ye ar s) su b sid en ce ra te whi ch

was mea su r ed in an A ca cia (N 2 fixi ng tr e e which N i npu ts may pr o mote p eat minerali za tio n)

pl an tati on w ith d if fer ent h istory ( e. g. no fir e) an d pra cti c es ( e. g. no fer tili za tion and high soi l

dis tu r bance du e to short ro ta tion period s) th an th e o i l p a lm pl an tati on and loca ted sev era l

hundr ed kilom ete rs to the nor th in Su ma tra. The as sig n ed subsiden ce rat e d uring the fir st 5 ye ars
was 28.4 cm y -1 . P eat c on so li da tion was assu med to take pla ce over th e fir st 3 year s a fter

dra in ag e an d was cal cu lat ed as 25% o f th e subsidenc e (75 c m) during th e fir st y ear in the

A ca cia pl an tati on . These 25% an d 3 year s fa ct ors are ar bi trary an d not ba sed o n

measur emen ts . A f ter removing th e pe at volu me lost du e to consolida tio n, the org an ic matter

volu me l o st was cal cu lated using th e eq ua tio ns provid ed in sec tion 2.5 of th e ar tic l e. The s e

cal cu la tio ns u sed, as alr ea d y menti on ed, hypoth eti cal initial bulk densi ty value s from b el ow

the water t able. Or gan ic matt er l oss es wer e co nver ted using a d ef ault peat C content value of

55% whi ch s ee ms high wh en compar ed to valu es me a su r ed in In done sian peat s wamp f or es ts
( War r en et al ., 2012). Th e f ina l r esul ts indi cated C l oss es of 119, 109 and 94 tonn es CO2 ha -1 y -1

for 18-, 25- an d 50- ye ar tim e pe riod s, r espe c tively.

Fig ure D-1. Va r ia tion of Hoo ij er et a l. (2012) ’s resu lts of carbon loss ra te 0-25 ye ars after

dra in ag e as a ff ec ted by th e cho sen va lue of bu lk den s ity before dra in ag e (l ef t), contr ib u ti on of conso lid a ti on to s ub s id enc e 3 y ea rs afte r dra in age (m id d le) and pe at C cont en t (r ig h t).

Blue li ne s i nd i ca te th e va lu es a ss ig ne d in t he st ud y, le ad ing to C los ses o f 109 tonne s CO 2 ha -1 y - 1 0 -25 y ea rs after dra in age.

Th o se r esul t s, whi ch are based on a se ri es of hypothes es and as su mptions

, eval ua te

p eat t o tal C lo s ses i nc lud ing losses from pr es cribed f ir e( s) and par tic ula te losses. Th e re su l ts

E-11h in ge on the accu racy of the valu es c ho sen for key pa ra mete r s such a s bul k dens it y b efore

d ra i na g e, cont rib ut io n o f conso li da tio n to s ub s id en ce or p eat C content . A sen si tivity

analy si s shows th at an incr ease of 0.01 in the bul k densi ty value b efore d ra inage i ndu ces an

incr ea se in the 0-25 year C lo ss ra te of 23 tonn es CO 2 ha -1 y -1 (Fi g. 1 lef t ); an increa se of 0.1

(10 %) in the contribution of consolidation to s ub s id en ce ov er the f ir st 3 ye ars aft er drai nag e

induces a decr ease in the 0-25 year C lo ss ra te of 14 t on n es CO 2 ha -1 y -1 (Fi g. 1 midd le); an d

an incr ease of 0.05 (5 %) in the peat C con te nt indu ces an incr ease in the 0-25 year C lo ss ra te

of 10 to nn es CO 2 ha -1 y -1 (Fi g. 1 ri gh t).Non e of th ese thr ee p arame te rs was measu r ed b y the

au th ors ther ef or e i t ’s not surpr isi ng that com ment ers hav e rais ed qu es tions ab out the valu es

ad opted. Using an i n iti a l b ulk den sity value of 0.9 g cm - 3 (av er age val u e c i ted by th e a u th ors in

th eir d isc ussion s ecti on 4.5), a c onsolida tion co ntribu ti on to subsiden ce of 75% inst ead of 25 %,

an d a p eat C con tent of 50% inst ead of 55% le ad s to C los ses ov er 0-25 yea rs of 50 tonn es CO 2

ha -1 -1 y -1 rath er tha n 109 to nn es CO 2 ha -1 y

.

I wou ld not r ec om mend th e EP A to us e th e o ve ra ll a pproa ch proposed by Hoo ij er et al.

(2012) and chang e the va lu es of some para me ter s. This app roa ch is too s ensitive to th e c hosen

para me t er valu es. I also would not r ec om mend th e EP A to ba se its e mi s si on fa ctor e xcl usivel y on

the Hoo ijer et al. (201 2) ’ s s tudy for the sa me r easo n s.

3. D ir ectionali ty o f es ti ma te

The em ission fa ctor of 95 tonn es CO 2 ha -1 y -1 (which sh ou ld ac tu a lly be 109 to nn es CO 2

ha -1 y -1 if tru ly based on the r ef er en ce men tio n ed) b ased on th e sin gl e s tu dy of Hoo ij er et a l.

(20 12 ) whi ch cal cu la ted the hi gh est C loss ra te in oil p alm pl an tati on on peat in the scie n tific

lit eratur e w ill lik ely overest im a te the a ct ua l l o ss ra te. Al l oth er s tud ies ca rr i ed o ut in oil p alm

pl an tati ons on peat show lower C loss rate s.

a. Va riation in the ty pe of p eat so il (min eral conten t, carbon conten t, depth, ex te nt of

d egr adation, etc. ).

P eat proper ties li kely af f

ect th e C lo ss ra te af ter co nver sio n. The s tu d y of Ot h man et a l.

( 20 11), for i nst ance, me a su r ed l ower p eat subsiden ce rates in shallow p eats cu ltiv a ted with o i l

pa lm th an in d eep e r p eats. Th e di ffer en ces be tw een the stud ied sha llow and de ep p eat soils su ch

as nitrog en con ten t, C/ N ratio, phosphorous, exc ha ng ea b le b a se s, e tc. are prob ab ly at the orig in

of th e di ffer en c es in subsiden ce ra te. It co u ld also b e that th e i mport ance of c onsol ida tion is

gr eat er than pr evi ou sly t ho ugh t an d deep profi les experi en c e on go in g co nsolida tion for lo ng periods of ti m e.

b. Pre ci p itat ion regime (an nual ra in fa l l, ti ming of rai nfall, etc. ).

E-12To da te there is no scie n tif ic evi d en ce th at rainfa ll patterns can in fl u ence p eat C loss es in

co nvert ed t ropi ca l pea tla nd s.

c. D if f

eri ng wat er managem ent practic es at plantation s.

The s tu dies of Ot h man et al. ( 2011) an d Wöst en et a l. (1997) (b ased on D ID and

L AW OO (199 6) ) fo und r el a tio nships betwe en su bsid en c e ra te and ground wa ter l evel in oil

pl an tati on on pea t. The se s tu d ies i ndi ca te in creasi ng sub sid en ce when the ground wat er level

decr eas e s. Field m ea sur em en ts of soil r esp ira tion in oi l p a lm plan tati on on pea t, on the other

h and , do not co rr el a te we ll w ith ground wate r level (F igu re D-2 ). L ab oratory incubations of p eat

from an oi l p a lm pl an tati on indi ca te th at pea t d ec o mpositi on ra te is r el ated to wa ter co n tent via

an op timum curve (H u sn a in et al ., 2 01 2) . P eat r esp ira tion in cr ea ses sh arpl y f rom wet (100 %

wa ter- fi l led pore sp a ce (W FPS)) to moist soil (80 to 40 % WF PS ), an d de cr eases wh en soi l dri es (20 % WF PS ).T h e pe at WFPS in oi l p lantat ions is usu a lly be t ween 60 and 80 %.

Fig ure D-2. An nua l soil respiration ra te in o il pa lm planta ti ons on pea t as a fu nc ti on of th e

a nnua l average groun d water lev e l. So il respira ti on rates are from th e st ud ies of Me lli ng et al. (2005); C omea u et a l. (2013); Dariah et al . (2013 ); M ar wan to and Agus (2013); Me lli ng et al. (2013). Th e slo pe of th e re gre ss ion is no t signifi can t (P = 0.34).

3 0 y = -0.064x + 12.673 R2 = 0.0244 25

20

15

10

5

-100 -90 -80 -70 -60

G roun d wa t er level -50 0

-40

( cm )

d. D if fer ent typ es o f p lanta ti on s ( e. g., o il palm ve rs us acacia).Soilrespiration(MgCha-1y-1)

A ca cia pl an tati on s on peat ar e co n fi n ed in 2 r eg ions of Su ma tra ( Ri au and Ja mbi) whe reas

oi l p a lm pl an tati ons on pe at are spr ead over P en in sular Malaysia, Su ma tra , B orn eo a nd Papua.

A ca cia on p eat is gr own b y industria l gro ups on ly wh ile oil p a lm is cu lti va ted h a lf in an

in dus tr ial wa y a nd ha lf b y small ho ld er s. S mall holders u su a lly drain their pl an tati ons le ss th an

E-13in dustria l gro ups. For a ll the se r easo n s mu ch more vari ab ility in C loss ra te can be expe c ted in oi l

pa lm th an in Acacia pl an tati ons on pea t.

The r ec omm en d ed drai nage de pth for gro wing A ca cia is hi gh er than the o ne

r ec omm en d ed for gr owi n g o i l p a lm; whi ch ma y le ad to hi gh er C loss es in A ca cia than in oi l p a lm
pl an tati ons on peat. In add iti on A ca cia is an N 2 fixi ng tr ee whi ch N i npu ts to the soil may

stimula te p eat decomp ositi on. Fina lly an d ver y imp or ta n tly th e short rotati on t ime (5-6 yea r s) in

Acacia pl an tati on s i ndu ce fr eq uent ex tre me soil d istu r bance th at may a l so enhance the

decompo sition of the pea t. Soil r esp ira ti on ra te in A ca ci a pl an tati on s (29 to nn es C ha -1 y -1 ) is

si gn if ic an tly h igh er than that in oil p a lm pl an ta tio ns on peat (17 tonn es C ha -1 y -1 ) with, at th e

sa me t im e , a h igh er co ntribu tion of h e te rotroph ic r espiration to tota l r esp iration (Hergoualc ’h a nd

Ve rchot, 2013).

The r ef ore the use of an emission fa ctor devel op ed f or both pl an tati on typ es will li kely

overes timate th e C l o ss ra te in oil p alm pl an ta ti on s on pea t.

e. The appro ach used by Hooij er et al. (2 01 2) to es timate em iss ion s du ri ng the fi r st fi ve

y ears after d ra in ag e.

As a lr ea d y noted, th is approa ch is hi gh ly hy poth etic al:

■ Subsiden ce ra te over the 1 st 5 ye ars is fr om an A ca cia pl an tati on w ith d if fer ent

ma nagem ent an d h isto r y a nd lo cated else whe r e in Su ma tra,

■ Co nsolida tion is es timated to take pla ce over 3 yea rs and as su med to amo unt to 25%

of th e subsiden ce rat e d uring the 1 st ye ar in the A ca cia pl an ta tio n.

■ Bulk den sity de ep in the soi l profi l e is as sum ed to repr esent pre-drai nage b u lk den sity

over th e who l e p rofi le.

■ No shrink sw ell effec ts of p eat fi bers a ffe c ting th e short term m eas ur em ents of p eat
elevatio n.

f. Omi ssi on of methane and nitr ous o xi de em iss ion s.

M ethane e mi s sio ns in oil pa lm pl an tati ons on peat se em n eg ligib le (H ergo ua lc ’h an d

Ve rchot, 20 13 ) and cou ld in d eed b e omitted. Nitrous oxid e e mi s sio ns were bar ely me a su r ed. The

on ly stud y av a il able ( M elli ng et al ., 2007) asses sed an emission ra te of 1.2 kg N ha -1 y -1 but d id

not mea su r e th e hi g h emi s sio ns exp ec t ed f o llow ing nitrog en f er tili za tio n. Given th e hi gh gl oba l

war mi ng po tenti a l of nitrous oxid e I wou ld r ec om mend to take these emi s sio ns in to account an d

use the IP CC e mi ssion fa ctors:

E-141.2 kg N ha -1 y -1 ( Dr ösl er et al., 2014) + 1% N a pp lied kg N ha -1 y -1 (I P CC, 20 06 )

g. Omis si on of emi ssi on s due to fire. (A s disc uss ed in the TWP, om iss ion of th is f a ct or will

ca us e E P

A’s em ission facto r to und erest imate em iss ions, but we welcome comm en t s about how la rg e th i s u nd ere stimation may b e.)

Fire-indu ced emis sio ns ar e ex tr em e ly high and shou ld be a ccounted for whe n ev er a fi re

eith er pr esc ribed or wild h app en s. The 2013 IP CC g uid eli n es prov id e em ission fa c to rs for both

ty

pes of fi re s.

h. Omis si on o f i n ci den tally d ra in ed peat swamps adjoining the p la ntation s.

The spa tial ext ent of the im pa ct of the drai nag e in the oi l p a lm pl an tati on on adja ce nt

l and s is dif fi cu lt to es t ima t e a n d will d epe nd on th e g round co ver (f ores t, sh rubl and , cropl and

, etc.) o f th e a dja ce nt l and . I don ’t think the curr ent scien tific kno wled g e on tropical pea tla nds

a llows in teg rating th is i mpa ct in the emi ssion fa ctor.

4. In ter govern me ntal Pa ne l on C li mate Change (IPCC) r epo r t:

a. Wou ld it be approp ri ate fo r EP A to use the IPC C Tier 1 defa ult em iss ion fa ctor o f 40

tCO2 /ha/y ear, or is it scie nt if i cally justif i ed to use a d if f

erent numb er based on mo re detail ed i nforma ti on?

The I P CC on- site CO 2 emi ssion fa ctor for oil p a lm cu lti va tion on peat of 40 tonn es CO 2

ha -1 y -1 in teg rat es 10 sites (D ID an d L AW O O, 1996; M elli ng et al ., 2005; Hoo ijer et al ., 2012;

Comeau et al ., 2013; Dariah et al., 2013; M ar wa nto and A gu s, 2013; M elli ng et al., 2013), 7 for

which a soil fl ux bal ance app roa ch (exc luding root r esp ira tio n ) was app lied an d 3 for which th e

subsiden ce me thod was imp lem ente d. The ages of the plan tati ons ar e 1 year (n =1 ), 4 y ears (n =

1 ), 5 y ears (n = 1 ), 6 ye ar s (n = 1 ), 7 ye ar s (n = 2 ), 1 5 ye ars (n = 1 ), 18 ye ar s (n = 1) . F or 2 of the

subsiden ce sites the a ge of th e p alms is unkno wn b ut the s tu d y spe c if i es th at drai nage s ta r ted 12

and 24 ye ar s, respec tively, pr evi ous to the moni to ring period. The si tes ar e lo cated b o th in

In dones ia (n = 4) an d Mala ysia (n = 6 ), in in dus tr ial (n = 6) an d sma ll h old er (n = 4 ) pl an tati ons

an d thus sp an th e cl i mate, p eat proper ti es an d m anagem ent vari ab il it y exi s ting in the r eg ion. The

r evi ew don e by the a u th or team of th e IPC C i s, up to da te, the mo st compl ete one and all

ava il able r esul ts in the lit e ra tu r e were th oro ugh ly sc ru tiniz ed. There is no sou nd sci enti f ic

just if ica tion for the EP A to excl ud e 9 of the 10 sites co nsider ed b y the IP CC. Su ch an emission

fa ctor wou ld cer tai n ly n o t me et cr it erion 3 set b y the EP A.

The high emissions during th e first ye ar s fo llo wing drai nag e ar e in s o me sense in tu itiv e; it

is a lso imp or ta nt to no te that ther e is a sig n if ic an t ph ysi ca l res tr u ct urin g of the peat profil e as p eat

E-15“ matur e s” fo llo wing drai nage. In ta ct wood br ea ks down, peat co mp a cts as bu o yan cy is lost, et c.

Th er e are no good da ta on CO 2 fl u xes to the atmospher e d uring this phas e.

b. Shou ld the emi ssi on facto r t hat EP A u ses include the em iss ion s p u lse that o cc u rs in the fi rs t se v eral y ears imm ed iat ely fo ll o wing dra in ag e?

The o n ly s tu d y c a rr ied out in tr opi ca l p ea tla nds meas uring subsiden ce a f ew y ears after

drai nage is the o n e of H ooi jer et a l. (2 01 2 ). Th e subsiden ce rat e was ob se r ved to decr ease from

y ear 1 t o ye ar 6 aft e r drai nag e in an Acacia p lan tation ; not in an oil palm plantat io n . The

corr espo nding C lo ss ra te cal cu la ted b y the a u th ors h ea v ily de pends on a n u mber of ass ump tio ns

not ab ly on the c ontribu tion of c onsol ida tion to s ub siden ce in the fi r st ye ars a ft er drai nag e ( http://www.biog eosc i en ces-d isc uss.n et /8/C4429/2 01 1/bgd-8-C44 29 -2011.pdf

, see p. C4434;

and se e sensitivity analy sis ab ove). The s tu d y d emonstrates ind eed the pu lse in subsidenc e after

drai nag e but no t the pu lse in e mi s sio ns. The s tu d y of Jauh iain en et al. (2 012) whi ch took pla ce at

th e sa me A ca ci a pl an tati on m eas ur ed h et erotroph ic soil r esp ira tion rat es in the fi rst rota tion

tr an s ects (i.e. l ess th an 5 ye ars aft er drai nage) of about 83 to nn es CO 2 ha -1 y -1 , which is ab out

ha lf the val u e of 178 tonn es CO 2 ha -1 y -1 cal cu la ted b y Hoo ijer et a l. (20 12 ) for y ears 0-5 aft er

drai nage. He n ce the co nsolida tion in the fir st y ears ma y h ave been mo re impor ta nt th an estima ted

by th e au th ors. The “e mission pu lse in the firs t seve ral yea rs im medi a tely follo wing drai nage”

still re mai ns hypoth etic a l a nd not based on soun d scie n tific eviden ce.

c. Shou ld EP A i n cl ude D OC and fire em iss ion facto rs in the ov erall em iss ion fa ct or? If so, are th e IPCC em iss ion fa cto rs approp ri a te to use, or are there bet te r e s ti mates for EPA’s

purpo se?

The EP A cou ld eventu a lly merg e th e O n- an d Off - si te e mi ssion fa ctors of th e IP CC but

the e mi ssion fa ct ors for pr esc rib ed fi res an d w il d fires shou ld be k ept a part to ackno wled ge s ite

sp ec i fic la nd use history.

d. There are also er o si on lo sses of parti cu late organ ic car bon (P OC) and waterborne

tra nsport o f d iss olv ed inorgan ic car bon (p rimari ly disso lv ed CO 2 ) d eri v ed fr om autotroph ic a nd het erotroph ic resp iration w it h in the organ ic s o il. T he IP CC con cl uded

that at present the scie nce and availabl e data are not su f ficient to provide guidan ce on CO 2 emi ssi ons o r re mo vals asso ci at ed with these wa t er borne car bon fl ux es. Do you agree that the sci en ce on these facto rs is not su f ficient for EP A to con si d er los ses of P OC

and disso lv ed inorgan ic car bon in its peat so il emis si on fa ctor?

Ye s , I a gr ee.

E-1651 5. Ad diti ona l i npu t:

The lit era tu r e r eview c ar ried out b y the EPA se e ms incompl ete. A n u mber of soil

r espiration s tu d ies wer e i gn ored. Hergoualc ’h a nd Verchot (2013) ma de th e li st of pub lic a tio ns

th at me et the IPCC qua lity cr it er ia ava il able a t:
http:/ /the da ta .ha rvard.edu/dvn/d v/CIF OR /f

a ce s /s t ud y/S tu dyP ag e.x html?gl oba l Id =h d l: 1902.1/223

Some senten ces in the t ec hni ca l wo rk produ ct (e.g. “ In co ntrast, th e fl ux app roa ch do es

not c ap tur e lo s s of D OC be cau se it on ly me a su r es ga ses respired in to th e fl ux cha mb e r” ) s ugg est

that the a pproa ch fo r c al cu la ting an em ission fa ctor using p eat C fl ux es is not fu lly u nderstood by

the EP A. The C fl ux app roa ch c al cu la tes at d if ferent poin ts in ti me the b al an ce be tw een the ra te

of C d ep osi ti on and th e rat e of C d ec o mpositi on and other loss es. C arbon ent ers th e pe at th rough

above an d bel owground litt er in puts; it exits via decompo sition of th e pe at an d litter, fire if a n y and dissolved and par tic ula te C. In pristin e pe a t s wamp fores ts the ra te of C dep ositi on exce eds

the rat e of de composi tion and oth er lo s ses so the pea t ac cu mula tes C. In drain ed co nver ted land s,

it is the o pp osite. It has been d emonstrated that peat an d lit t er decompo sition rates e xceed by f ar

C d ep o sition as well as par tic ula te C lo sses in oil p a lm pl an tati on s on peat (H ergoualc ’h a nd

Ve rchot, 2013). H oweve r, assu ming that C l osses eq ua l soil h ete rotroph ic r espiration - as the

EPA see ms to

- is e rr on eo us an d i gn oring C inpu ts to an d o ther C o u tp u ts from the peat is

incorr ect. The i mp a ct on the atmospher e is th e n et effe ct of i npu ts and ou tp u ts an d th is co n ce pt is

ancho re d in the ga in -lo ss approa ch of the IP CC. F a ili ng to account for inpu ts is th e eq u iv a le nt of

ca l cu la ting a ban k bal an ce b y lo oking on ly at with dra wals a nd not taking dep osits into acco un t.

Usi ng the soil C fl ux app roa ch Hergoualc ’h a nd Verchot (2 01 3) cal cu la ted emission fa c to rs of

CO 2 , CH 4 an d N 2 O for d if fer ent lan d-u se typ es h owe v er th e s tu dy is not even ment ion ed in the

tec hni ca l wo rk produ ct.

Refe ren ces

Comea u, L.-P., Hergoual c'h , K., S mith, J

. U., Ve rchot, L.V., 2013. Co nversion of i n ta ct p eat

s wamp f orest to oi l p a lm pl an tati on: Ef f ects on soi l CO 2 fl u xes in Ja mbi, Su ma tra. Working P ap er 1 10 . CIF OR, Bo g or, I ndon esia.

Dari ah , A., M ar wa nto, S., A gu s, F., 2013. Root- an d peat-ba sed CO 2 emi s sio ns from oi l p a lm pl an tati ons. M itig A dap t Stra teg Gl ob Chang e D OI 10.1007/s11027-013-9515- 6.

D ID, L AW O O, 1996. D ep art ment of I rr i ga tion and Drai nage a nd L an d and Water Re s earch Group. Western J ah ore inte gra ted Agri cu ltural D evel opm ent Projec t. P eat Soil

M anag em ent S tu d y. Fi nal r ep ort, Wag en ing en, The N etherland s. In.

E-17Dr ösler, M., Verchot, L.V., Fr eibau er, A., P an , G., Ev an s, C.D., Bourbonn ie r e, R.A., Al m, J .P.,

P age, S., A gu s, F

. , He rgoual c'h , K., Cou we nberg , J

. , J auh iainen, J., S ab iha m, S., Wa ng, C., Sr iv astava, N. , Bo rg ea u-Chavez, L., Hoo ije r, A., Minkkin en, K., Fren ch , N., Str and

, T., Sirin, A., Mickler, R., Ta n se y, K., L ar kin, N., 2014. C hapter 2 Drain ed i nl an d or gan ic

soi ls. I n: Hira ish i, T., Krug, T., T anabe, K., Sr iv astava, N., Jam sr an jav, B., F ukuda, M., Troxler, T. ( Ed s.), 2013 Supple ment to the 2006 guid eli nes for na tio na l green hou se ga s inven to r ie s: We tl and s. IPCC, Swi tze rl and

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Hergoualc’h, K., Verchot, L.V., 20 13 . Gre en hou se ga s em ission fa ctors for la nd use and la nd-u se chang e in Southea st Asi an pea tla nds. M itig A dap t Stra teg Gl ob Ch ange D OI

10. 10 07/s11027-0 13 -95 11

- x.

Hoo ije r, A., P age, S., Jauh iainen, J., L ee, W.A., Lu, X. X., Idris, A., An sh ari, G., 2012.

Subsiden ce an d carbon loss in drain ed tropi ca l pea tla nd s. Bio g eosc i en c es 9, 1053-1071.

Hu sn ain, A gu s, F., Wig en a, P., Maswar, Dari ah , A., Mar wa nto, S., 2012. Peat CO 2 emi s sio ns from s eve ra l l and -u se types in I ndon esi a. To be sub mitted to Mi tig ation and a dap tati on

stra teg i es for gl oba l c hang e.

IPCC, 2006. 2006 IPC C Gu id eli n es for Na tio na l G r een hou se Gas In ve n to rie s. Instit u te for

Glo bal Env iron mental Stra tegi es (I GE S ), Hayama, J apan

.

Jauh iainen, J., Hoo ije r, A., Page, S.E., 20 12

. Ca rbon dio xi d e e missi on s from an A ca cia pl an tati on

on p eatlan d in Su ma tra , In don esia. Bio g eosc i en c es 9, 617-630.

M ar wa nto, S., A gu s, F., 2 01 3 . Is CO 2 fl ux from oi l p a lm pl an tati on s on pea tla nd co ntrol led by

soil moistu r e a nd/or soi l a nd air te mp era tu re s? M itig Adapt Stra teg Gl ob Ch ange DOI

10. 10 07/s11 02 7-013-9518-3.

M elli ng, L., Ch add y, A

. , Go h, K.J., Ha ta n o, R., 2013. Soil CO 2 fl ux es from different ag es of o i l

pa lm in tropi ca l pea tla nd of Sarawak, Mala ysia as in fl u en c ed b y env iron me n tal an d soil properti es. A c ta H ort. (ISHS) 982, 25-35.

M elli ng, L., Ha ta no, R., Goh, K.J., 2005. Soil CO 2 fl ux from t hr ee eco syst e ms in tr opi ca l

pea tla nd of Sarawak, Mala ysi a . Tell us 57 B, 1–11.

M elli ng, L., Ha ta no, R., Goh, K.J., 2007. Nitrous oxide e mi s sio ns from thr ee eco sy s te ms in tropi ca l p eatlan d of Sara wak, Mala ysi a. Soil S cien c e a nd Pl an t Nu tr iti on 53, 792–805.

Ot h ma n, H., Mohamm ed, A.T., Daru s, F.M., Har un , M.H., Za mb r i, M.P., 2011 . B e st

m anag e ment pra cti c es for oil p a lm cu lti va tion on pea t: ground water- ta b le m aint enance in

r el a tion to p eat subsiden ce an d es timation of CO 2 em is sio ns at Ses sa ng, Sara wak. Journa l

of O i l Palm Re sea rch 23 , 1078-1086.

P age, S.E., Morr iso n, R., Ma li n s, C., Hoo ije r, A., Riel ey, J.O. , J auh iainen, J., 2011. R eview of peat surfa ce gr een hou se ga s emissions fr om oil p alm pl an tati ons in Southea st Asi a. Interna tio na l Co un cil on Clean T r an spor tati on . Wh i te Pap er Nu mb er 15, In dir ect Eff e cts
of Bi ofu el Produ cti on Ser ies.

E-18War r en, M.W., Kauff ma n, J.B., Murdiyarso, D ., A n sh ari, G., Hergoualc’h, K., Kurni an to, S., Purbopuspito, J., Gusmay an ti, E., Af ifudin, M., R ahajoe, J. , Al hamd, L., L imi n, S.,

Isw and i, A., 2 01 2 . A cost-e ff ici ent me thod to asse ss carbon stocks in tropi ca l peat soil. Biog eosc i en c es D isc uss. 9, 7049-7071.

Wösten, J.M.H., Isma il, A. B., van W ijk, A.L.M., 1997. Peat subsiden ce an d its pra ct ica l imp lica tio n s: a c as e s tud y in Mala ysi a. G eo der ma 78, 25-36.

E-19Peer Review Response from Dr. Monique Leclerc, University of Georgia

Emission Factor for Tropical Peatlands Drained for Oil Palm Cultivation

1. Overarching charge question

This reviewer/commenter praises the EPA team for recognizing the importance of the

work by Hooi jer et al. (2012) to be used as an average value of peat emission factor (95t

C/ha/hr). The Hooijer et al. (2012) study has the advantage of including drainage data from the

first year onward and this is a welcome contrast with many other studies. Its second significant

advantage is to also include the emissions from waterways, something few, if any, studies

consider at the present time in the published literature (although as we speak, there are ongoing

efforts to remedy this lack of data). Given the above, this emission factor value, on a first

examination, appears to be a reasonable and sensible choice. However, there is insufficient

information to determine and constrain the range of information to derive an estimate. There is

also insufficient informati on on whether the proposed emission factor is biased primarily at the

low or high end of the spectrum and the degree to which this can translate into a lower and

higher revised emission factor. There are reservations regarding the estimated current value:

1. This reviewer agrees with the suggestion that data on root respiration is important and should be excluded from all GHG estimates related to peat emissions; this information is likely to play a significant modulating influence in reducing the

uncertain ties associated with the current estimate. That is one of the three main criteria and that one is not currently met to derive the emission factor. At this point in time, this reviewer believes there are no such studies yet that identifies the component

of heterotrophic respiration from the assessment leading to the characterization of the proposed emission factor. As this time, it is thus not possible to come up with a modification related to root respiration to the proposed emission factor that would

take that variable into account. Assuming more published literature becomes available at the time the emission factor comes into effect, the role of root respiration should be examined to quantify the differences between peat swamp forests, oil palm

and acacia.

Thus, the aspect of quantifying and removing autotrophic respiration needs to be assessed to refine the current proposed factor. Depending on which method of calculation is used to arrive at this estimate, the results can vary significantly. If the

stock -difference approach is used, the root- to

- shoot ratio for mature dense peat forests hovers between 0.01-0.06 ( Brady, VA (1997). Organic matter dynamics of coastal peat deposits in Sumatra, Indonesia. PhD thesis. University, University of British Columbia, Vancouver ). The difference between these forests and tree cropping systems is still unknown. Assuming it were the same for both the managed oil palm/acacia plantation and the mature dense forest, the results are less likely to be

sensitive to the fact that root respiration is unknown at this time. This hypothesis

E-20however is unlikely because of the intensive management practices associated with oil palm.

The alternate approach, the accounting approach, requires the information that the study

by Hooijer et a l. (2012) suggests as needed. It is highly likely to yield a more robust,

scientifically credible estimate than the stock

- difference approach as it uses measurements of the

various carbon pools. At present, there is an urgent need to characterize all the carbon sources

and sinks within oil palm grown on peat plantations and to do so in contrasting peat

characteristics of peat characteristics and management practices.

2. The Hooijer et al. (2012) is based on an approach that has large uncertainties and is

fr aught with numerous assumptions which we do not understand the implications. The change away from the proposed average emission factor should be predicated on accessing or creating a larger database on the interrelashionship between GHG emissions and spati ally and temporally varying peat characteristics and peat management practices and, to a lesser degree, climate characteristics of precipitation and temperature. So, on that basis alone, no the current emission factor needs revision which should be higher. The magnitude of this factor is in direct relation to other factors such as peat characteristics, root respiration, peat depth, land-use history and management practices. The second criterion used by EPA which is important and not currently met in the pre sent TWP document is that the peat soil emission factor should include ALL the significant GHG emissions impacts resulting from drainage over a 30-yr period following the drainage event and loss of carbon to the drainage

canals. This criterion is critical and should be met. Non

- CO 2 GHG emissions in oil

palm grown on peat is extremely important to be investigated as this likely will sway the emission factor out of the average zone into the higher CO 2 - equivalent emissions zone. Given the global warming potential of nitrous oxide (238 times that of CO 2 ) and given the intensive fertilization and water table practices used by the OP industry, quantitative information on the latter is necessary before a robust, scientifically

credible value for CO 2 - equivalent emis sion factor.

3. The emission factor does not represent the average emission from the development of OP plantations on tropical peat land. The Hooijer et al. (2012) study has an extremely narrow range of sample locations in a region which, unlike in tempera te latitudes, is characterized with extremely heterogeneous peat depth, composition and decomposition rates. It is also subjected to rapid transformation through LUCLCC which leads to a variety of ‘signatures’ on the peat. The role of management practices and how these values vary is also absent. That is likely a reflection of the fact that there are few if any quantitative studies that pertain to their importance.

Another addition which might be considered as a potential fourth criterion lies in the

emiss ions caused by logging at the time of land conversion, opening canals, and land clearing

with resulting large forest fires. The TWP has limited its task to post

- clearing CO 2 emissions and

focuses its attention to the period from the first pulse of CO 2 foll owing the initial drainage

E-21onward over a thirty-year period. Furthermore, the occurrence of peat fires following the

establishment of oil -palm plantations on peat land is also ignored. Fires emissions of carbon

monoxide and carbon dioxide are significant w ith smoldering fires that can linger for months

after their onset.

In summary, there is such a paucity of information on important questions (nitrous oxide

and methane emissions from peat) and simplifications regarding peat types and other variables

detrac t from the otherwise very careful work of Hooijer et al. (2012). The emissions factor could

be used TEMPORARILY as this will have already an effect on emissions, but should be made

conditional to the urgent need of further studies as we may still undere stimate the emissions.

2. Potential adjustment of emission factor from Hooijer et al. (2012)

The approach used to arrive at a suitable average emission factor should be refined. At

present, we do not know the importance of several key variables. It is thus possible that the

current proposed emission factor overestimates or underestimates the current emissions by an

order of magnitude. Having sufficient baseline information on many of these variables can harm

the economy of emerging countries or, conversely , can have an even more deleterious impact on

the climate than suspected. Organic carbon content and peat bulk density are good variables but

the broad variability in the number of estimates of the Hooijer et al. study for different (and

limited) sample lo cations suggest that the authors have left out other variables. A key factor lies

in the recognition that characteristics of peat lands are highly heterogeneous geographically and

over short distances from the coast (Paramanthan 2014 article published in G eoderma). The peat

varies both in composition and in depth, both of which are likely to impact the results of the

study by Hooijer et al. (2012). While it is recognized that EPA seeks an ‘average’ value for an

emission factor, there are still important fac ts that have been left out of the Hooijer et al. (2012)

study which should be taken into account before an emission factor value is formally arrived at.

The degree to which peat characteristics modulates the emissions of GHGs is unknown and

temporal change s in peat characteristics and carbon loss over decades, should be assessed and

incorporated into the emission factor. That, together with the fact that proposed emission factor

is based on CO 2 gas alone, is perhaps the single, most significant variation to the current

emission factor. It is not possible at this time to provide a solid, credible revised emission factor.

Another significant factor that limits the robustness of the emission factor used is the relationship

of subsidence rate versus CO 2 emission s which remains to be verified for different peat

classifications (hemic sapric, fibric). Since most current classifications were developed for the

most part for temperate latitude peat, a more meaningful classification should include peat depth

and peat c omposition and management other than the water table level. At present, only the peat

E-22classification of Paramanthan published in Geoderma focuses on the mapping of the

characteristics of Southeast Asian lands. The Hooijer et al. (2012) study does not appea r to
recognize the important regional differences in peat composition and the variables of bulk

density and organic carbon content leave out related variables.

Always discussing why the third criterion does not represent the emissions as well as

hoped, is the issue of management practices and land -use history. Another limitation of the

Hooijer et al. (2012) study is management practices information is not considered outside water

table management. Management in this context should thus include more than wa ter table

management: it should also include ground cover which acts both to reduce CO 2 emissions and

acts to partially offset the emissions. We cannot make an informed recommendation on the level

of importance of the ground cover in reducing the carbon dioxide emissions since there is no data

at present. This addition of ground cover is increasingly being used as part of Best Management

Practices in Southeast Asian oil palm plantations.

More such factors pertaining to management practices include fertilizer application on

peat. The timing of the applications, the fact that in oil palm the applications are continuous

throughout the year and the currently standard fertilizer application rate have to be examined for

contrasting peat types. This is also left o ut and should be added to the two main variables. As the

amount of fertilizer in the peat changes, the amount of CO 2 emissions will also changes in ways

that have not been quantified. That is interrelated to the second criterion which encompasses the

non-CO 2 GHGs. We cannot make a revision to the proposed factor even though this is very

important as there is a lack of relevant data.

In the study by Hooijer et al. (2012), the importance of emission factor for global

warming potential should be examined and n ot just limited to CO 2 . The nitrogen and the carbon

cycles are intertwined and modulate one another through the activity of the methanogenesis and

other bacterial action mechanisms. It is highly possible that methane and nitrous oxides can

exceed the true GWP of CO 2 in terms of GHG emissions. This is because of the extremely

important nitrous oxide has the global warming potential of 238 that of carbon dioxide and 25

times that of CO 2 in the case of methane. With fertilization as a standard management practice,

this aspect of emissions remains unknown and urgently needs quantification. (The two existing

related studies were discussed in a different section).

3. Directionality of estimate

There is such an unprecedented paucity of data available in quality pe er

- review literature

that it is challenging to adequately address this question directly. The Achilles’ heel of the study

E-23is as follow: the main limitation of the study is the fact that only CO 2 emissions are considered

when in peat, methane emissions and nitrous oxides resulting from fertilization practices are

certain. It is thus likely that the neglect of these radiatively important greenhouse gases

underestimate the proposed emission factor. It is highly recommended to include all three GHGs

and to not oversimplify this variable in the determination of a reasonable emission factor.

a. Variation in the type of peat soil (mineral content, carbon content, depth, extent of degradation, etc. ).

A key factor beside the non-inclusion of two powerful GHGs lies in the fact that the

widely varying peat characteristics (as discussed earlier). The rate of peat decomposition is

intricately intertwined with the release of carbon dioxide and we can expect the proposed factor

to underestimate the emissions more for sapric peat than for fibric and hemic. There is no

literature either that documents this. Different peat types (hemic, sapric or fibric) will have

different emission rates, a fact that is ignored from the average emission factor. We do not know

at time the sig nificance of leaving this variable out (high and low ends of the range of values and

what fraction of the total OP grown on peat is on one type of peat rather than on the other).

In addition, the Hooijer et al. study does not consider that peat changes composition over

time, that fibric material, over a 30 -yr period for instance, may turn hemic and sapric. The

variation between emissions from these different peat needs to be quantified before sensible

average emission factors can be derived with more certainty.

b. Precipitation regime (annual rainfall, timing of rainfall, etc. ).

The precipitation regime is the main climatic driver in the tropics, unlike in temperate

latitudes where temperature is an impor tant limiting variable. The local microclimate with its

concommittant spatial and temporal characteristics of heavy precipitation near the coast, rain

clouds at high altitudes, interseasonal monsoonal variation in total precipitation and timing of the

prec ipitation in relation to the years following LUCLCC, are expected to impact the emissions as

it modifies the water content in the peat and its importance has yet to be examined.

c. Differing water management practices at plantations.

Current water table management practice with the suggestion of keeping it as high as

possible results in the emission of methane, due to the action of anaerobic microbial activity

(methanogenesis). That means that CO 2 emissions rise when CH 4 emissions fall and vice versa

due to the preponderance of one microbial population over the other. Thus, customary water

table management, as is currently practiced to keep the water level high, should be revised to

E-24decrease the total GHGs (calculated in terms of CO 2 -equivalent) emissions and not just CO 2 . It

can thus been concluded that organic content and peat density as the main variables are

insufficient predictors of carbon dioxide emissions. The resulting emissions, framed in terms of

CO 2 -equivalent, is thus likely to be higher than e stimated by the emission factor.

Given that the emission factor is so closely intertwined with the cycles of nitrous oxide

and methane and carbon dioxide, studies related to nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized peat

are scant and contradictory: One such study suggests that N20 emissions from highly fertilized

crop fields and peat forests to be extremely elevated (with emissions as high as 52Mg of CO 2 ( Takakai, F. et al. 2006. Effects of agricultural and- use change and forest fire on N 2 O

emission from tropical peatlands., Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Soil Sci. Plant Nutri

. (Tokyo) 52: 662-674). In that study, the authors conclude that nitrous oxide emissions are

comparable and even larger than total C loss resulting from conversion of peat swap forests into

oil palm. Since these emissions are peat

- depth dependent, there are likely to be a wide variability

in these estimates. However, another study finds contrasting results and concluded that nitrous

oxide emissions are likely to play a minor role in the generation of nitrous oxide emissions from

oil palm grown on peat. The process of nitrification and denitrification are the main processes

that produce nitrous oxide emissions and these effluxes peak when the water content is around

field capacity (often 60% of pore- filled space filled with water). Thus, drainage is likely to

increase emissions, particularly in fertilized systems or in systems with nitrogen

- fixing trees

( Murdiyarso, D., K. Hergoualc’ and L. V. Verchot. Opportunities for re ducing greenhouse

gas emissions in tropical peatlands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science DOI

10.1073/pnas.091: 1966-107 ). The study by Hooijer et al. was conducted in an acacia plantation

( Melling, L., Hatano, Fl., Goh K) 2005. Methane fluxes from three ecosystems in tropical

peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia. Soil Biol. Biochem 37:1445-145). T he cycles of methane,

CO 2 and nitrous oxide are closely interrelated and there needs to be a greater body of studies in

this regard as well as intercompariso n/validation experiments.

The frequency of the measurements used to arrive at this average value is too low. The

use of monthly data can be hazardous given the temporal variability and intermittency of

precipitation. There is a large diurnal and a seasona l variability in these estimates. The timing of

the precipitation in relation to CO 2 emission measurements needs to be addressed. The data

should be collected continuously and makes a spatial integration (with the eddy flux method)

using different instrume ntation.

The impact that different plantations types have on CO 2 emissions when grown in peat:

As alluded earlier, the lack of information on the role of root respiration is a limitation of the

E-25study by Hooijer et al. (2012). This information (see earlier discussion) may help revise slightly

downward the emission factor and it is unlikely to modify the two other greenhouse gases.

However, given that any difference between the root respiration of a natural peat swamp forest

and oil palm is unknown, no inform ation can be used at the present time.

d. Different types of plantations (e.g., oil palm versus acacia).

The impact of different types of plantations on emissions is likely to be concentrated

across plantations differences between root respiration and whe ther the crop is one that fixes

nitrogen or not (i.e. reduced fertilizer application). Plantation age is also a factor that the TWP

does not address as this is relevant in terms of GHG emissions across different plantations (not

just plantation types but also plantation age since the degree of variability across plantation types

may be of the same order of variability seen across plantation ages for the same species of trees).

Murdiyarso et al. (2010) suggest that the differences in emissions of nitrous oxides could be

larger following the conversion of swamp forests in Acacia sp. plantations than on oil-palm. No

supporting data is provided however for this statement.

e. The approach used by Hooijer et al. (2012) to estimate emissions during the first five years after drainage.

Given that the method itself is seen as a good first try, that may be ok but this is not an

approach that is likely to represent the mean or median of the emissions for the

Malaysian/Indonesian peninsula.

f. Omission of methane and nitrous oxide emissions.

Always related to the second criterion outlined in the TWP document, the contribution of

methane production is also not considered and converted into CO 2 -equivalent in the current

calculations of the present emission factor. Methane production is a function of moisture,

compaction and temperature; it is also linked to NH4 + NO3 - contents in the case of fertilized

systems. Oil palm plantation s on peat are subjected to frequent fertilizer applications and how

the combined result of altered soil organic content, soil porosity and water table impact these

GHG emissions should be quantified.

g. Omission of emissions due to fire. (As discussed in the TWP, omission of this factor will cause EPA’s emission factor to underestimate emissions, bu t we welcome comments about how large this underestimation may be.)

Emissions from fires arising from land -use conversion are by far the most considerable

source of emissions. In most cases, vegetation and forest fires are lit intentionally to remove

E-26vegetation residues or debris before introducing new plantations. With the detectable drying

signature of changes to the climate, droughts

- induced fires are also increasingly significant.

Although peat fires are intermittent, the CO 2 flux from smoldering p eat fires can be at least as

large as the decomposition flux from peatlands ( Rein, G., Cohen S., Simeon A. 2009. Carbon

emissions from smoldering peat in shallow and strong fronts. Proc. Combustion Ins.

32:2489-2496) . Quoting Mu rdiyarso et al. (2010), rece nt data using a Moderate Resolution

Imaging Spectroradiometer and Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere sensors suggest

an average CO 2 emissions from fires from 2000-2006 of 6.5 Pg/yr (van der Werf G. R. et al.

2008. Climate regulation of fire emissions and deforestation in equatorial Asia. Agr.

Ecosyst. Environ. 104: 47-56).

h. Omission of incidentally drained peat swamps adjoining the plantations.

Horizontal carbon content advected from the neighboring swamps is unknown and should

be quantified. A migration of DOC from regions of highly concentrated DOC to the lower DOC

regions within the water table is expected.

Charge Question # 4:

a. Would it be appropriate for EPA to use the IPCC Tier 1 default emission factor of 40

tCO 2 /ha/year, or is it scientifically justified to use a different number based on more detailed information?

With regards to EPA using the IPCC Tier 1 default of 40t CO 2 /ha/yr, this estimate is

likely to be too low. It is based on earlier, older literature data and also does not rec ognize the

many factors outlined in the present review. In this regard, the EPA value appears closer to a

genuine average emission factor.

b. Should the emission factor that EPA uses include the emissions pulse that occurs in the first several years immedi ately following drainage?

The emission factor that EPA uses should definitely include as much as possible all the

sources and sinks modifications that result from land- use change and the first five years

following drainage are very important.

c. Should EPA include DOC and fire emission factors in the overall emission factor? If so, are the IPCC emission factors appropriate to use, or are there better estimates for EPA’s purpose?

EPA should include DOC and fire emission factors. DOCs are a ‘hot spot’ of GHGs and

are now being documented. Advection from neighboring regions is caused by land- use

E-27conversion and this is also should be taken into account for robust emission factors to be

determined.

d. There are also erosion losses of particulate organic carbon (POC) and waterborne transport of dissolved inorganic carbon (primarily dissolved CO 2 ) derived from autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration within the organic soil. The IPCC concluded that at present the science and available data are not sufficient to provide guidance on

CO 2 emissions or removals associated with these waterborne carbon fluxes. Do you agree that the science on these factors is not sufficient for EPA to consider losses of POC and dissolved inorganic carbon in its peat soil emission factor?

The level of POC arising from erosion should be quantified and I agree with the assertion

that the current level of science is insufficient to decide whether these factors should be included

in the determination of the emission factor or neglected.

5. Additional input

I have no further information to add beyond what I state above.

E-28Peer Review Response from Dr. Su p ia nd i Sabih am, D epa rtme nt of Soil Science a nd La nd

Resou rce, Bogor Agr icultur a l Uni ve rsi ty I ndo ne sia

Emiss ion Fac tor for Tropica l P ea tlands Drained f or Oil Pa lm Cult ivation

I. Intro du c tion

As an independent reviewe r, I have r ea d the Technica l Work P ro duc t (T WP ): Emiss ion

fac tor fo r T ropical Pe atlands Drained for Oil Pa lm Cult ivation reported b y US Environme ntal

P rot ec tion Agency (EP A) and the Ch arge Que st ions provided by RTI Internationa l. I a lso have

read severa l l i te ra tures in re lation to the top i c in orde r to make comments on the EPA’s re port
concerning the lifecyc le gr ee nhouse gas (GHG ) emi ss ions a sso c iat ed with pa lm oil-based

biodiese l, whi ch is e st i mat ed b y EPA that th is biofu el should reduce the GHG emi ss ions by 17%

compa re d to the p e trol eum diesel ba sel ine. In January 2012, EPA re le ased a Notice of Da ta

Av ailability (NODA ) c on ce rni n g the renewable fu e ls produced from pa lm oil under Renewable

Fuel S tand a rd (R FS ) P ro gram. F or th is January 2012 NODA, the Agenc y a ssu med that ave rage

emi ss ion factor from d ra ined tropi ca l-p ea tlands, refer ring to the subsidence studies of Hooijer et

al . [2012] and re view paper of Pa ge et al . [2011], was of 95 t CO 2 (eq) ha -1 yr -1 over a 30-year

ti me period. Based on th is emi ss ion fac to r, EPA then analyzed that the biofuel was not meeti ng

the statuto ry 20% G HG emi ss ions reduction. Ag us et al . [2013] has ca lc ulat ed the CO 2

emi ss ion from p ea t oxidation under oil pa lm plantation, wh e re the result was of 43 t CO 2 (eq)

ha -1 yr -1 ; th is emi ss ion factor wa s then used by them as a default value based on their eva luation

of various publi shed studies wi th an a ssu mption that g ro undwa ter le vel of p ea t so il under such

pla ntation is at approxima te ly 60 c m b elow the soil surface.

II. R e view of TWP

The pape r of Hooijer e t al . [2012] is the developed paper of Hooi je r e t a l . [2011], f rom which the Agency has adopted the emi ss ion factor of p ea ts under oil pa lm plantation, i.e.: 95 t

CO 2 ha -1 yr - 1 over a 30-year ti me pe ri od as me an high-emi ss ion ra te from p ea ts covered b y oil

pa lm plantation for 25 and 50 y ea rs of the plantation cyc les (Table D-1) . I obse rved that the

paper of Hooijer et al . [2012] has two str eng th and several weakne sses in re lation to the

metho dology th ey used. T h e str eng th inclu de s: (i) the use of subsidence method that s ee ms to
be free from root respiration confusion, which could inf luen ce the emi ss i on me asurement usin g

c losed cha mber technique, (ii) la rge numbe r of subsidence observation points with a to tal of 21 8,

na me ly: 42 points in oil pa lm plant ations, 125 point s in Acac ia plan tation, and 51 points in p ea t

swam p fore st adjacent to the plantations of Acac ia , an d (iii) a high measurement interva ls that

vary from 1 to 3 months.

E-29Ta ble D-1. A nnu al iz e d v alue s for pea t c a rbon losses fr om p lantations ove r va rious time

s cales, acc or di ng for highe r ra tes of emi ss i ons in the yea rs im mediately

fol lowing dra in ag e [Pa ge e t a l ., 2011]

-1 Numb e r of yea rs C a rbon loss (t CO 2 ( e q) ha -1 y r

5 178

10 121

20 106

25 100

30 95

40 90

50 86

The w ea knesse s, whi ch ca n disqualif y a validit y of the emi ss ion facto r, ar e desc rib ed as

follow. The acc u ra c y of carbon stock me asurement using the subsidence te chnique depends on

the comple te measure ments of peat soil bulk densit y ( BD) and carbon content thro ughout the

p ro fil e of p ea t soil. I obse rve th at no re view was conducted on the chan ge of p ea t BD profile.

Hooijer et al . [2011] only used p ea t BD da ta f rom the soil sur fa ce to the depth of 1.2 m in

Acac ia plantation and 2 to 2.5 m in oil palm plantation; th ey a ssu med that p ea t BD da ta below

these depths we re the sa me value wi th th at at above. They a lso esti mat ed the change of p ea t
BD only from the dif fe rent lo cations and the dif fe rent land uses, i.e.: unde r: Acac ia plantations

of 2 yea rs, Acacia plantations of 5-7 yea rs, and oil pa lm plan tations of 18 yea rs after dra in a ge

was sta rted. It was not done to review peat BD at the same si te, at le a st at the beginnin g and the

end of their thr ee - y ea r-da ta coll ec tion . I unde rs tand that their res ea rch app ro ach is the be st for

the ir research purposes since th ey had diff icult ies to me et da ta of p ea t BD at the same si te for a

pe riod of ma n y y ea rs of obse rv ations . Howe ve r, to use such data as da tab a se for ca lc ulation of

ca rbon stock and henc e carbon emi ss ion from p ea t unde r oil pa lm plantation, howeve r, it would

give info rmation which is not sc ientifi ca ll y jus t ifiable. In a re ality, p ea t th ickne ss of even at

1000 ha ( for exa mp l e at the MP OB Research S tation at Se ssa ng, Sarawak) va ri ed from 100 to
400 cm consisting of the na ture of p ea t BD that va ri ed from 0.09 to 0.14 [O th man et al ., 2011] ;

a ft er the use of p ea t for oil p a lm cult ivation in sev eral years, p ea t B D sh a rp ly changed (Ta ble D2).

E-30Ta ble D-2. Me a n p ea t B D (g cm -3 ) f rom s evera l p lanti ng block (b e fo re a nd a ft e r p eat developme nt for pa lm oil c ul tivation) [ Othman e t a l ., 2011]

Peat Nat ur e Af ter peat dev el opment for palm o il cultivation

dev el. of peat

Th ick p ea t 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 M ea n

2-9 yr 0.09 0.08 (2) 0.10 (3) 0.11 (4) 0.12 (5) 0.14 (6) 0.15 (7) 0.16 (8) 0.17 (9) 0.13

6-13 yr 0.11 (6) 0.12 (7) 0.14 (8) 0.15 (9) 0.16 ( 10 ) 0.17 ( 11 ) 0.18 ( 12 ) 0.19 ( 13 ) 0.15

Sh al lo w p ea t

9-16 yr 0.14 0.17 (9) 0.18 ( 10 ) 0.19 ( 11 ) 0.20 ( 12 ) 0.21 ( 13 ) 0.22 ( 14 ) 0.23 ( 15 ) 0.24 ( 16 ) 0.21

No te s : N umbers in bla nk et sh ow year af ter dev el opment. Th ick pea t: > 15 0 cm; Sh all ow pea t: 10 0- 15 0 cm.

The other w ea knesses ar e in p ea t subsidence and orga nic carbon ( or g- C) content

me asurements. P ea t subsidence monitoring ca r ri ed out under oil pa lm plantation was only

conduc ted for one y ea r (July 2009 to June 2010), whi ch is too short a ti me pe riod for a

sub siden ce research. The result of the cumulative subsidence from 14 subsidence poles

includin g in A cac ia plantation was then reca lcul ated to annua l m ea n va lues that allowed

comparison betw ee n a ll locations.

In re lation to org-C content analy si s, Hooijer et al . [2011] and Hooijer et al. [2012]

adopted the analy sis re sult of org-C content of 55% in p ea t based on Suhardjo and W id jaja-Adhi

[1977]. Kanapathy [1976] in his research on peat in Ma la ys ia re po rt ed the va lues ra ng ed from

58% a t th e pea t surface to 25% in the subsoi l, and studies b y Tie [1982] in Sarawak showed a

ran ge of 20% to 38%; these ind ic a tes that p ea t soil has la r ge va ri ations of org-C v alues both

horizontall y and ve rtic ally. Sedime ntation during flooding gave a possibility to decrease the

content of peat org- C. F rom our expe ri ence s, o rg -C contents in p ea t sa mp les from S umat r a and

Kali mant an mostl y l ay around 30% to 55%. It should a lso be noted that Hooijer et al . [2011]

and Hooijer et al. [2012] de te rmined that contribution of p ea t ox idation to subsidence was 92%

for plantations on the d ra ined tropical peat, whi ch is not based on the direct measure ment o f the

chan ge of carbon stock acc ording to the change of BD and o rg -C content. Th e y then applied

such constant as a b a sis of the ra tes o f carbon loss which is equivalent CO 2 emi ss ions from p ea t.

Rega rdi n g these problems, EPA has b ee n conduc ted fu r ther review to the sc ientific

li te ra tures in order to revisiting the Agency ’s choice of emi ss ion factor. To revisit su ch emi ss ion

fac tor, EPA considerati on has b ee n foc used on three c rite r ia mentioned in T WP . Howe ve r, for

the s ec ond c rite rion, to me it s ee ms to have a diff icul t y to include indirect emi ss ions from land

E-31use change s since the pri ma ry pea t s w am p- fore st was mostly not conve rt ed directl y to o il pa lm

plantation, but it has followed the long- te rm processe s a s Pa g io la [2000] s tat ed (Ta ble 3 ).

Ta ble D-3. Long-te rm Processe s of Fore st Conv e rsion in I ndo ne sia [ mod i fi e d f r om Pag io la, 2000]

T ra nsm ig ra ti on P rojec t Logging Estate Crops

Transmigration project that started in 1969 became the primary engine for

new settlements of the Outer Islands, reaching its peak in the mid

- 1980s. In addition to its direct impact on the forests, the project had substantial secondary impact through mechanical

land

- clearing. During the period of 1969 to 2000, number of population

who resettled at several locations in

the main Outer Islands (Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Papua) was of 3.05 M [Tjondronegoro, 2004]; for which the lands of 8.94 M ha, provided by government, are mostly derived from primary forests. As an indirect impact of the project, there has been substantial amount of spontaneous

settlement into the forest areas both by local population and by migrants from the more heavily populated islands. In line with the transmigration project, systematic logging in the Outer Islands was developed, which

is started from 1970s. Logging also provided the access that facilitated spontaneous settlement into the

forest areas. From a review of the

available evidence indicates that

estimated deforestation rate was of

0.6 M ha year

- 1, much of it due to

the programs sponsored by the Indonesian government, including the transmigration program and forest concessions (HPH). The loss

of natural forest that reaching its peak during the period of 1985 to

1997 was of about 6.7 M ha in

Sumatra and about 8.5 M ha in

K alimantan; this amounts to an average annual rate in such two islands of about 1.26 M ha year

- 1 [Holmes, 2000]. The mid

- 1980s saw the government commence its policy of promoting the diversification of product with a
strong focus on the development of degra ded forests for tree crop and oil palm plantations. From around

0.5 M ha in 1984, the gross area of degraded forest under oil palm had

increased to over 1.3 M ha by 1990, and nearly 2.4 M ha in 1997. Expansion of oil palm into degraded peat swamp forest,

r eaching its peak in the mid

- 1990s,

was due to lack of available

mineral

- soil lands, particularly in the regions that having areas dominated by peat swamp forest. From around 8.02 M ha of oil palm plantation in 2010, the area of most degraded peat swamp for est under

oil palm was about 1.71 M ha [Agus et al, 2011].

A reca lcul ation from data availabilit y [ Gun a rso et al , 2013], it ca n be summa ri zed that

oil pal m expansion in to p ea tland be tw ee n 1990 and 2010 used only around 6% primar y fo re st,
28% deg ra ded fore st, 26% shrubland, and 40% other land uses inclu ding rubber plantation,

timber plantation and othe r low ca rbon bioma ss agr iculture and gra ss lands. Fo r 2000 to 2010,

based on the sa me da tab a se mentioned above, the expansion of oil pa lm in to pea t swamp fo re st

in S umat r a a nd K ali mant an was only 28%, whic h most ly repla ce d the degrade d fo re st

[Table D-4].

E-32Ta ble D-4. Expa nsion of Oil Palm Pl a ntation I nto Lan d Use Type s Duri ng the Pe riod of

1990 to 2010 Base d on Ag us e t a l . [2011] e st i mate (in %)

Land Use Type Historical 1990

– 2010 for the Three

Main Islands in Indonesia Historical 2000

– 2010 for

Sumatra and Kalimantan

Peat swamp forest:

• Primary forest

• Degraded forest 6

28 28

Mixed (agroforestry)* 34 26

Shrubland 26 23

Grassland and cropland 6 23

*) Rubb e r a nd t i mber pl a ntation – agro fo re st ry.

III. Charge Que stio ns

1. Overa rc hing charge qu e stion

As I h ave mentioned above, the Ag enc y chose the value of p ea t soil emi ss ion factor

based on Hooijer et al . [2012] and Hooijer et al . [2011] that ha ving several w ea kne sses,

pa rticul arly in re lation to da tab a se of p ea t BD and p ea t org-C content, n ee ds to r ec onsider aga in

for revisiti ng n ew choice of emi ss ion f ac tor. I convinced that ave ra ge emi ss ions from p ea t soil

d ra inage of 95 t CO 2 (eq) ha -1 yr -1 over a 30-year ti me pe riod under oil pa lm plantation is

ca tegorized as a high emi ss ion rate. Table D-5 s hows p ea t emi ss ion fa ctor groupings unde r oil

pa lm plantation based on closed cha mb e r m ea su rement.

It should be noted that groundwa ter table of p eat soil unde r oil pa lm p lant ations as d ee p

as 60 cm is considered most rep re se ntative and r ec ommended as the b e st man age ment practice

for maintaining the low emi ss ion, wh e re the production of oil pa lm (F FB, f re sh fruit bunch) is

a lso st i ll in high lev el (Figu re D-3). Based on da ta availabilit y of the emi ss ion that me asured by

usin g c losed chamber method (T able D -5) and groundwa ter lev el of 50 to 60 cm below soil

sur fa ce , I h ave then calcula ted the ave ra ge of emi ss ion rate under oil pa lm plantation as

high as 43.6 t CO 2 (eq) ha - 1 yr -1 . Th ere fore , I re commend that th is value is the most

approp ri a te peat soil emi ss ion fac tor; such val ue has comparable with that of Melling’s re port
[ Melling et al . 2007] of 41 t CO 2 (eq) ha -1 yr -1 with root respiration included.

E-33Ta ble D -5. Pe a t Emissio n-Fac tor G roupi ng s Und e r Oil P a lm Plant ation Based o n Dif fe re nt So urces, Whic h A re M ea su re d by Using C losed Cha mber an d P ea t
Sub s iden ce Me thod s

C a r bon e m i s si on f r om peat

( t C O 2 h a -1 y r -1 ) R e m a r k s R e f e r en c es
B a s ed on c l o s ed ch a m b e r 20

– 5 6 .5 D ep e nd on age of o i l pa l m ; a nd ha v i ng t he A gus et a l

. [ 2010] F a r g i one lim it ati ons of sho rt -term mea su rem en t s and et al

. [ 2008] Jauhiai nen et al

. mixtur e of r oot resp ir ati on [20 11] M elli ng et al

. [ 2005]

M elli ng et al

. [ 2007]

Mu rayam a & Bakar [ 1996]

Mu rdiyar so et al

. [ 2010]

Re ij nde r s & Hu iji br eg t s [ 20 0 8]

W i cke et a l

. [ 2 0 08]

33.3 Im m a t u r e o i l pa l m 8 9 y ea r s o ld matur e o il pa lm I ndone si an Oil Palm Res ea rch

38.5 15 y ea r s o ld matur e o il pa lm I nst it u t e ( I O P R I ) [ 2009]

2 21 y ea r s o ld matur e o i l pa lm

43.0 All t he s e val ues ha ve t he limit a ti ons of sho rt0 term m ea surem en t s a nd mixtur e of r oot
45.4 resp ir a ti on

5

63.0 M e an e m i s si on ca l cu l a t ed fr om t he Sab i ham et a l

. [ 2014]

4 emissi ons t hat m ea sur ed at t he 8- pos i ti on be tw een ne ar est ( 1.0 m ) and fu rt her ( 4.5 m)

fr om t he 15 -y ear ol d o il palm tr ee s , whe r e

gr ound wat er level s wer e ≥ 100 cm be l ow so il

su rf ace; ha vi ng t he limit a ti ons and mixtur e of

r oot r e s p ir a t i on.

B a s ed on p e a t su b s i d ence 8 N one i n v o l v es d ir ec t s m ea s u r e m ent of t he Cou w e n be r g et a l

. [ 2 0 10]

5 change in carbon s toc k; gro u nd wat er lev el w as De lf t Hydr au li cs [ 2006] (St d Dev: 21) as su m ed at 85 cm be l ow so il su rf ace H oo ij er et al

. [20 11]

H oo ij er et al

. [20 10]

Wö st en et a l

. [ 1 9 97]

Figu re D-3. G roun dwater lev e l i n p ea t i n r elation to carbon flux (a ) a nd oil pa lm

pro duction (b)

( a) D a t a fr om M a s w ar [ 2011] ( b) S ou r ce: O t h m an [ 2010]

E-34The emi ss ions from p ea t soil under oil pa lm plan tations shown in Table 5 exclude the

important of oil pa lm roots on the t otal CO 2 emi ss ion. Jauhiainen et al . [2012] have b ee n reported that th e Acac ia roots have impor tant contribution to CO 2 flux in p ea t soils of Kampar,

Riau. Ho we ver, there a re few re ports con ce rni ng the contribution of root respiration to the

to tal CO 2 emi ss ion from p ea t soil under oil pa lm plant ation due to several dif f icult ies in

measuring respiration fr om oil pa lm roots dir ec tl y in flu x-based studies. Relative contribution of

root respiration in minera l soil to the to tal CO 2 fl ux was obtained succ e ssful ly by We rth and

Ku zyakov [2008], wh e re the contributing propo rtion was found using iso t op es 13 C and 14 C; the

result showed that the re lative contribution of root resp ir ation to the to tal flux ranged from 69 to

94%. In humid temp era te re gion, the contribution of root respiration in peat soil rang e f rom 55%

to 65% of the total soil r espiration.

The re lative contribution of root respiration to the to tal CO 2 fl uxes of root respiration

and p ea t o x idation fr om pe a t so il of Muaro Ja mb i, S umat ra (1 o 43’ 0.7” S; 103 o 52’ 56.7” E)

unde r the 1 5- y ea r-old oil pa lm plantation was reported by Sabiham et a l. [2014] ; th is re lative

contribution of root re spir ation was of 74%. The ave ra ge CO 2 flux based on it s me asure ment p e r
oil p a lm tree a t the 8-position observation points be tw ee n the neare st (1.0 m) and the fu rther (4.5

m) f rom oil p a lm tr ee was of 63.04 t CO 2 ha -1 yr -1 . Da ri ah et al . [2013] have b ee n repor ted that

contribution of oil pa lm root to the to tal CO 2 fl ux from p ea t soil at dis tan c es of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0,

and 2.5 m from the 6-year-old oil pa lm tr ee s was of 49%, 42%, 3 1%, and 17%, resp ec tively.

Th es e ind i ca te that the age of oil palm has c le arly influ en ce d the roo t-re lat ed contribution to the

to ta l CO 2 flu xe s.

2. Poten tial a d just me n t of em is sion fac tor fr om Hooijer e t a l. [2012]

It should be noted that t he p roce ss of peat subsidence is not si mple to b e ca lcul a ted

because it d epends on several fa c to rs such as p ea t compaction, p ea t consolidation, p ea t

d ec omposition (p ea t o x idatio n), and the loss of p ea t mat e ri a ls due to erosion. P ea t consolidation

ca n be e st i mat ed b y usi n g the method based on the d ec r ea se of g rou n dw a ter level of p ea t, and

p ea t ox idation ca n be p re dict ed b y flu x-based studies . Howe ve r, the re is la ck of info r mation

about how much the ra te of p ea t subsidence due to re sp ective compaction and erosion

proce sses. Th e refo re , e st i mating the most approp ri a te value for the p ea t soil emi ss ion factor

based on sub siden ce res ea rch has to be re considered aga in. I ag ree that subsidence based

technique see ms to have bet te r lo ng-te rm effect of d ra inag e on carbon stock de pletion o f p ea t as
opposed to the te chnique of closed cha mber measure ment whi ch re fl ec ts insta ntan eous CO 2

efflux and based on the majo rit y of r esearch de si gn. Ho we ve r, subsidence te chnique is st i ll

que st ionable wh e ther the acc uracy of ca rbo n- stock de pletion me asureme nt is valid or n o t, since

E-35the comple te me asurement of p ea t B D and org- C content throughout p ea t pro file s w a s n o t

conduc ted.

As I h ave alr ea dy mentioned be fo re that o rg -C content in the upper layer of p ea t soil

depends on spec ific locations that va ri es from 20% to 58%, and ve rtic ally (at p ea t profile) it

va ri es from 60% at the p ea t surface and 2 5% in the subsoil [Kanaphaty, 1979; Tie, 1982]. Our

expe ri en ce s, based on p ea t soil survey in Su matra and Kali mant an, org-C content mostly ranged

from 30% to 55%.

Th erefore, I recommend that the value of the most approp ri a te peat org-C content that

ca n be used by US- EPA is not more than 45%, and it has comparable with that of our

finding in the Indonesian pea ts whi ch had the ma jori ty o f l e ss than 48%.

In re lation to p ea t B D, Agus and Wahdini [2008] showed that p ea t BD in oil pa lm

plantation va ri es from more than 0.25 g cm - 3 at the depth of 0-50 cm to 0.20-0.25 g cm - 3 at
the depth of 150-200 c m. Th ey a lso reported that under s ec ondar y f ore st, peat BD var ies from

about 0.05 g cm -3 at the depth of 0 to 100 cm up to about 0.1 g cm -3 at the depth of 450 to 500

cm. Marwanto [2012] reported that p ea t BD in oil pa lm plantation of Muaro Ja mb i, Su matra

va ri es from 0.09 to 0.22 g cm -3 at the depth of 0-50 c m; the high peat BD was mostly at the

depth of 0-30 cm that va ri es from 0.14 to 0.22 g cm -3 . In the ca se of peat BD in oil pa lm

plantation, I b elieve that th e hi gh BD at the upper layer of p ea t is ca used by p ea t consolidation

due to d ra in age and b y p ea t compaction due to in tensive cultivation. Th e se data clearl y sho w: (i)

a high range of BD for p ea t b e fo re and a ft e r d ra ined p ea t deve lo ped, and (ii) higher BD at the

uppe r laye r of the d ra ined p ea t compa re d with those repor ted by Hooijer et al. [2011] and

Hooijer et al. [2012]. Th is exp lains that general iz ed a ssu mption of p ea t BD is not appli cable.

Th e refore

, I recommend that the value of p ea t BD that can be used by US- EPA should be in

the range betw ee n 0.07 to 0.1 g cm - 3 for p ea t soil at the st a rt of dra in age, and be tw ee n 0.18 to

0.22 g cm -3 for peat soil a ft er d ra ined pea t d eveloped, i.e. fo r cult iv a ted p ea t for oil pa lm

plan tatio n, which means after subsidence sta r ted.

Rega rdi n g the per ce nt of subsidence due to oxidation, it should be noted that pape rs

reviewed b y Page et al . [2011] whi ch is shown c ontr a st ingl y dif fe rent e st i mation of p ea t

ox idation /subs iden c e r atio. Couwenberg et al . [2010] revie we d the pape rs to e st i mate

oxidation/subsidence ratio, whe re th e y ca me to c on clude it at 40%, W östen et al . [1997]

e st i mat ed it at 60%, and Hooijer et al . [2011] gave with a fi gure of 92%. Ho we ve r, Kool et al

. [2006], based on their me asurement of the changes of peat ash-content and peat subsidenc e in

Central Kali mant an whi ch was not revie we d by Pa ge et al . [2011], concluded that ox idation was

E-36onl y a small portion of the subsidence while consolidation and compaction is the major one.

As I have mentioned befo re that contribution of oil p a lm root respiration, whi ch depends on age

of cult ivat ed crops, and sp ec ific location, ranged from 17% to 74% [Da ri ah et al . 2013;

Sabiham et al . 2014] . Th e se v a lues could be used as another para met er for cor rec tin g the high

ratio of ox idation /subsidenc e p roposed by Hooijer et al . [2011]. Based on th is info r mation, I

re commend that the most approp ri a te ox idation /subsidence ratio of p ea t soil under oil pa lm

plan tation is 44% whi ch compa ra ble with r e view result of Couwenb er g et al . [2010].

3. Di rec tionally of e sti mate

Rega rdi ng the p ea t emission factor of 95 t CO 2 (e q) ha -1 yr -1 used by US- EPA whi ch has

referred to Hooijer et al . [2012], Hooijer et al . [ 201 1], and Page et al . [2011], it is likely to

overe st i mate of the ave rage g ree nhouse gas (GH G) emission from p ea t soil d ra inage under oil

pa lm plantation in Southea st Asi a, pa rt icularly in Indone sia. Several re asons a re discussed here.

The discussion is based on Research Triangle Insti tu te (RTI) inst ru ction.

a. Variation in the type of peat soil

One of the important para met er that ca uses variation in the type of peat soil is mineral

content or a sh content. In the upper layer of th ick peat (>3 m th ick), a sh content is mostl y low to

ver y low ( <5% of oven dr ied p ea t) compared to that in the bottom layer due to the influ ence

of minera l soil underlyin g the peat . Howe ve r, in some locations, a sh content in the upper layer at

the depth of 0-50 cm is of ten fou nd in high level (5- 6% of oven dr ied p ea t). Sedi mentation

during flooding is the ca use of the increa sing a sh content in p ea t. Based on our expe ri ence, such

condition could d ec re a se the emi ss ion [ Sa biham e t a l ., 2012] (F igure D-4 ).

Figu re D-4. The Re lationsh i p B e tw ee n A sh C o ntent of P ea t Soil Und e r Oil P a lm Plant ation

a t Sev era l Lo ca tions in We st and Ka li mant a n Provin ce s

E-37Rega rdi n g o rg -C content, it c le arl y influ ences the to tal carbon st ock of p ea t soil, me aning

that o rg-C stock is one of the main para met ers that should in tensively be measu re d in order to

me e t an accu ra te e st i mation of the ca rbon loss thro ugh subsidenc e r es ea rch te chnique. Org-C

content of p ea t soil a lso depends on the ty pe of p ea t soil. P ea t soil with high content of m ineral

mat eria l ( a sh content) showed org-C content in low lev el [Kanaphaty, 1979; Tie, 1982].

Th erefore, th e a ssu mption of p ea t o rg-C of 5 5 % is to be overe st i mat e.

Not much info rm ation I found that th ickne ss of peat soil under oil pa lm pla ntation is

ca tego ri zed as one of the main pa ramet e rs whi ch could infl uence the emi ss ion me asured b y using the closed cha mber te chnique. Sabiham et al . [2012] reported that p ea t th ickne ss had no

cor re lation with CO 2 emi ss ion me asured by using such te chnique; th ey conclude that although

peat soil has the th ickne ss of >3 m, ga s CO 2 wa s emitted on ly from ox id ized laye rs at a ce rt a in

groundwa ter level. This me ans that wa ter content at surf ac e layer wh ich has re lationship with

groundwa ter lev el and p rec ip i tation is a lso the important fa ctor in re lati on to CO 2 production.

Hooijer et al . [2012] a lso r eported that no stati st i ca lly si gnifi ca nt re lation be tw ee n sub siden ce rate and p ea t th ickne ss (R 2 =

0.002), with being a ro u nd 5 cm yr -1 . Inst ea d, Hooijer et al . [2010] used the change of the

groundwa ter le vel depth, ra ther than the th ickne ss of p ea t, for e st i mating the chan ge of CO 2

emi ss ion. They then drew a linear relationship wh ereby the ra te of the emi ss ion inc rea ses a s

much as 0.91 t CO 2 ha -1 yr -1 with ev ery 1.0 c m d ecreas e in groundwa ter level depth.

Rega rdi n g ex tent of p ea t swamp fore st degradation, it has close re lationship with aboveground bioma ss. In a peat area, si g nifi ca nt amount of carbon stock is depending on av ailable

above- ground bioma ss. D e fault va lues of the ca rbon stock used as emis si on fa ctor for o il pa lm

plantation ranged from 23 to 60 t C ha -1 , lower than that for undisturbed and disturbed swamp

fore st whi ch has the range from 90 to 200 t C ha -1 and 42 to 82 t C ha -1 , respectively [Agus et al

., 2013] . Howe ve r, for de te rmining the p ea t-ox idatio n-based emi ss ion in oil pa lm plantation, the

ex tent of degradation is not the main fa ctor. The ex tent of degradation is mostly not ca used b y expansion of plantation s [se e Pag io la, 2000], and it ca n only be u se d for d e te rminin g the

emi ss ion factor due to la nd use change s.

b. Pr ec ip i ta tion reg ime

Rega rdi ng annual rainfall patte rn, it c le arl y influ en ce s groundwa ter le vel in the d ra ined

p ea t soil . Nu rzakiah [2014], based on her res ea rch during 2013 at peat soil unde r r ubber ga rd en

in Centra l K ali mant an (2 o 30’30” S; 114 o 09’30” E), has been reported that during dry season

E-38groundwa ter lev el rapidly depleted in p ea t profile (Figure D-5). This g roun dwa ter le vel pat te rn

was de riv ed from piez omet r ic time se ri es da ta col le c ted at the same yea r. Because the

dep letion of groundwa ter lev els, the emi ss ion me a su red using the c losed cha mber technique

was higher compared to that in rain y s eason (Figu re D-5 ), but it was st i ll much lower than the

emi ss ion factor whi ch has b ee n used by US- EPA.

Figu re D-5. CO 2 Flux (mi ddle ), G roun dwater Lev e l Flu c tuation (b e lo w ), a nd A nnu a l

Ra inf a ll (a bo ve ) Based on Obse rvation Re sul t s D u ring 2013

Based on Figure D-5, the refore , water man age ment in d ra ined p ea t soil is i mportant to be

done for maintaining g roundwater lev el and conservin g as much wa ter as possible for the

incoming dr y s ea son thro ugh wa ter control stru ctures such as wa ter ga te s /s top lo gs in order to

reach a lev el of groundwa ter as sa me hi gh as the lev el during rain y s eason. Be ca use the

pla ntation man age ment could man age in maintaining groundwater at ce rta in lev el following the

R SP O Guid eline, whi ch could be able to d ec rease the emi ss ion, so the emi ss ion f ac tor used by

EP A, i.e. 95 t CO 2 (eq) ha - 1 yr -1 , see ms to be overe st i mat e.

c. Dif fe ri ng wate r management pract ic es at plan ta t io ns

P ea t development appro ac h for p la ntatio ns is a lw ays based on high production of the

planted c rop (s). In o rd er to meet the production in a hi gh le ve l, the man agement of plantations

then developed the p ea t soil to change its ecosy stem from anaerobic condition (s wa mpy condition) into ae robic condition (an ox id ized p ea t condition at the uppe r l aye rs of <50 cm and

E-39>50 cm during rainy a nd dry seasons, resp ec tively) as d ra ined p ea t soil thro u gh the

construction o f ca nals. A cc ording to R SP O Guid el ine, howeve r, the drained p ea t soil under oil

pa lm plantation is a condition of p ea t so il in whi ch groundwa ter lev el should be maintain ed

as d ee p as 60 c m b elow soil sur face

. This groundwa ter le vel has b ee n considered b y t he

man age ment of oil pa lm plant ation as the most rep re sentatives and r ec ommended as the be st

manage ment pr ac t ic e not only for ma in ta in i ng the high production, but also for k ee ping the

emi ss ion in l ow l eve l.

d. Dif fe ren t type of plantations

Dif fe rent type of plantations, such as Acac ia and oil pa lm plantations, ha s a dif fe rent

sy stem in wa ter management and c rop cult ivatio n. Hooijer et al . [2012], based on the ir

ca lcul ation of to ta l cumulati ve carbon loss f rom Acac ia and oil pa lm plantations, found that

b eca use both the v er y hi gh loss in the fi r st of 5 yea rs, th ey then a cc ou nted the lower loss in

the subsequent period. F rom their ca lculation, over 25 yea rs pe riod th ey found the high

ave ra ge ca rbon loss of 90 t CO 2 (eq) ha -1 yr -1 for the Acac ia plantation and 109 CO 2 (e q) ha -1

yr -1 for the oil pa lm plant ation, and for over 50 yea rs pe riod the va lues b ec o me 79 and 94

CO 2 (eq) ha - 1 yr -1 , re sp ectively.

Howe ver, to ca lcul ate the ave rage carbon loss over 25 and 50 yea rs pe riod for Acac ia

and oil p a lm plant ati on whi ch a re r e sp ectivel y b ecomes 100 and 86 CO 2 (e q) h a - 1 yr -1 , is no t

sc ient i fi ca lly just ifiabl e.

e. The approach used by Hoo i jer et al. [2012] to e st ima te em is sion during the first fi ve

ye ars a fter drainage

Est i mating emi ss ion during the fi r st 5-yea rs a ft er d ra in age for oil pa lm plantation that

based on an a ssu mption of the sa me subsidence in Acac ia plantation proposed by Hooijer et al.

[2012] ha s s everal w ea kne sses pa rticul arl y in using the da ta of p ea t BD a nd org-C as the main

facto rs for calcul ation. As I h ave mentioned be fo re , peat soil has high va ri ation in te rms of p ea t

prope rties f rom one location to the other s; therefore, usin g a ssu mption on the subsidence of p ea t

under oil p a lm plantation based on that under Acac ia plan tation is not cor re ct. The other

w ea kne ss is in de te rmining a to tal of 0.86 m of the to tal subsidenc e of 1.42 m at the Acac ia

plantation over the fi r st 5-yea rs that was caused b y a combination of compaction and ox idatio n; the que st ion is how to dif fe r ex ac tly the subsidence due to compaction a nd ox idation in order

to me et ave ra ge peat ox idative CO 2 emiss io n ? Th e se a re the main pro blems in e st i mating the

emi ss ion from p ea t soil under oil pa lm plantation at the fi r st five y ea rs cult ivation a ft er

E-40draina ge that proposed by Hooijer et al. [2012] , b eca use some da ta fo r c a lcu lation were tak en by them from different type of plantation.

f. Om is sion of methane and nit ro us ox ide em is s io ns

Although, re ce nt evidence shows that some meth a ne (C H 4 ) emi ss ions o cc urred f rom the

surfac e of d ra ined p ea t soil and from the ditch ne tw orks construc ted during d rainage

[Minkkinen and Laine, 2006; Schrier- Uijl e t a l ., 2011; Hyvönen et al ., 2013], but Melling et al

. [2005] shows tha t CH 4 emi ss ion from d ra ined p ea t soil under oil palm plantation was zero.

Th erefore, I agree with Hooijer et al . [2012] assumption that no ca rbon is lost as CH 4 from

d ra ined p ea t soil under oil p a lm plantation.

Rega rdi ng the nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emi ss ion from p ea t soil under oil plantation,

Hooijer et al . [2012] a lso a ssu med th at no CO 2 (eq) in their calcul ation is lost as N 2 O. Melling

et al . [2007 ] r eported that N 2 O emi ss ion from d ra ined p ea t soil under oil pa lm p lant ation was of

only 0.0012 t N 2 O-N ha - 1 yr - 1 whi ch could be ca tegorized as very low even a ft er conve rt ed to

CO 2 emi ss ion. Therefore, I convinced tha t the a ssu mption of Hooijer e t a l . [2012] wa s val id.

g. Om is sion of emi ss ion due to fire

It is true that omi ss ion of th is factor ca used EPA’s emi ss ion to underesti mate emi ss ion, if

the man age ment of oil pa lm plantation cult ivat ed the p ea t by burning method. Instead, the

emi ss ion due to fi re (wildf ir e) was p re viously repo rt ed, but it mostl y ex is ted outside the

plantations and it h ad very high un ce rt a in ty. So fa r, no burning method has b ee n used by t he

man agement of oil p a lm plantation . On the Permen tan (the Min i ster of Agriculture

Regulation) No. 14, 2009 c le arly inst ru c ted that cult ivating p ea t soil for oil pa lm should be

conduc ted by ze ro burning . Th erefore, the emi ss ion due to fire should be neglected in the

ca lcu lation to e st i mate the emi ss ion fac tor f rom pea t so il under oil pa lm plantation.

h. Om is sion of in c iden tally drained peat swamps ad join ing the plantations

EPA’s report stat ed that the p re vious de ca de over 50% of oil pa lm expansion gr own

on area s c lassifi ed as the fore st. Ta ble 4 showed the result of Agus et al . [2011] analy sis whi ch

is substantia ted by the repo rt of Pa g io la [2000] that the expansion of oil palm plantation

be tw een 1990 and 2010 used only around 34%, in whi ch about 28% was degraded fore st.

R ece ntly, on the In pres (the Presidential I nstru ction) No. 10, 2011 c le arly sta ted the

moratorium of ne w p e rmit for using pri ma ry fo re st and peat soil for an y kinds of alternative

uses including oil pa lm plant ation should be imp lem ented. There fo re, EPA’s analy sis in

e st i mating sig nifi cant indi re c t emissions from land use s ch ange s is sugge sted to be exclusion.

E-414. Intergov er n me n tal Panel on Cli mate Cha nge (IPC C) report

It should be noted, why does the value of emi ss ion fa ctor of 40 t CO (e q) ha -1 yr -1 for

the Tier 1 not include the emi ss ion fo r the fi r st 6 yea rs after d ra in age ? F irst ly , it was not
captured by Ti er 1 methodology due to lack of da ta for de rivi ng d ef ault emi ss ion factor

me asured b y using closed cha mber t echnique. Se condly, although there a re studies based on the

subsidence ra te me asure ment that have b ee n re port ed a pulse of higher emi ss ions whi ch o cc u rs right afte r dra in age, but the ca lcul ation in order to me et the ave rage peat ox idative CO 2

emi ss ion was onl y b ased on p ea t consolidation and p ea t compaction. In f ac t, befo re d ra in age, the upper layer of p ea t under the fo re st vege tation was mostly fi b ric (imm ature) whi ch having

high porosity. So, the subsidence at the fi r st 5-6 yea rs a ft er dra in age would be very rapid due

to the decrease of groundwa ter le vel. This me ans that ca rbon lo ss due to p ea t ox idation wou ld

not be ea s y to calcul a te usi ng subsidence re search

, pa rticul arly at sev eral yea rs im me diat ely a ft e r

dra in age.

a. Wo uld th e em is sion factor of 40 t CO 2 ha -1 yr -1 proposed by IPCC [2014] be appropri ate for EPA?

It would be approp ri ate for EPA to use the IP CC Tier 1 default emi ss ion f ac tor of 40 t

CO 2 ha - 1 yr -1 f rom p ea t soil under oil pa lm plantation, for whi ch groundwater le vel of p ea t soil

should be maintain ed at the depth of ≤60 cm be low soil sur face . The value as high as 44 t CO 2

ha -1 yr -1 , a s I have a lr ead y mentioned with de tailed info r matio n, a re proposed as the most

approp ri a te for the Ag ency ’s consideration to d ec ide the appropria te emi ss ion fac tor, whi ch

is compa ra ble with IP CC [2014].

b. Shou ld the emi ss ion factor that EPA uses include the em is sion pu lse that o cc u rs in

th e first se veral ye ars immediate ly follow in g drainage?

Hooijer et al . [2012] applied the method for de te rmining ca rbon st ocks through

subsidenc e stud ies at both p ea t soils under oil pa lm and Acac ia plantations using the assu mption

that total subsidence of p ea t under oil pa lm plantation is the sa me subsidence with that under

Acacia plantation, i.e. 1.42 m over the fi r st 5 yea rs a ft er d ra in age. By th is met hod, they then

result a subsidence ra te of 5 cm yr -1 in the subsequent 13 y ea rs, an equivale nt av e ra ge p ea t

ox idative C O 2 emi ss ion of 119 t ha - 1 yr -1

. Howe ve r, th is analyses may have confused different

lo ca tion based plantation, oil pa lm and Acac ia plantations. Because of th is w ea kne ss, w hich

has consequenc e to the qu ality of the result of ca rbon loss, I suggest that EPA should be

considered to exclude the emi ss ion pulse that o cc urs in the fi r st several y ea rs a ft er dra in a ge (s ee

also m y argume ntation in the points 4 and 5).

E-42c. Shou ld EPA in clu de DO C an d fire em is sion fact ors in the o ve rall em is sion factor?

Rega rdi ng DOC (dissolved organic ca rbo n ), it is commonl y the la rge st component of

wa te rborn e ca rbon loss or carbon export from the are a of peat soil, whi ch is ca te gorized as one

of off- si t e C emi ss ions [Da wson et al ., 2004; Jonsson et al ., 2007; Dinsmo re et al ., 2010]. F rom the tropi ca l P ea t swamp fore sts (Indone sia and Mal aysia), carbon exports with me asured flu xes

we re of the r ange 0.47 to 0.63 t C ha -1 yr -1 [IP CC, 2014] ; whi le from d ra ined p ea t soil (f rom

sa me countries), they we re of the range 0.63 to 0.97 t C ha -1 yr -1 [Inubushi et al ., 1998; Moore

et al ., 2013]. This means that DOC flu xe s f rom both natural fore st and d ra ined p ea t soils is not

much dif fe rent. Because DOC flu xes belongs to the off- si te C emi ss ion, wh ere the flu xes from both different p ea t ar ea s is very lo w, therefore, I sugge st that EPA is no n ee d to

incl ude DOC flu xes in the overa ll emi ss i on f ac tor f or p ea t so il under oil pal m p la ntatio n.

Rega rdi ng fi re emi ss ion fac to r, as I have a lr eady stat ed be fore

, it had very high

un ce rta in ty. I f the fi re ex is ts it is mostly outsi de the plantations; no man age ment of the

plantations recomme nds to using fire during p ea t soil cultivation for oil palm. The Mi n is ter of

Agriculture Regulation ha s b ee n inst ru cted to a ll manage men ts of oil pa lm pla ntation thro ugh the

Permentan No. 14, 2009 that cult ivating p ea t so il should be carr ied out b y ze ro burning.

There fo re, I a lso sugge st excludi ng fi r e emi ss ion factor in the overa ll emi ss ion fac tor for p ea t

soil under oil p a lm plant ation.

d. Do you agree that th e s c ience on particulate organ ic carbon (P OC) and the dissolved inorgan ic carbon (pr ima ri l y dis solved CO 2 ) is not suff ici ent for EPA to inclu de in th e peat soil emi ss ion factor?

P OC is generall y a neglig ib le component of the carbon ba la nce of the natural p ea t soil;

however, disturbanc e o f p ea t soil through land use change s, including d ra inage, burning

(m anaged burnin g and wildfir e, conve rsion to arabl e land and p ea t ex tr ac tion, y ields a h igh ra te

of POC-loss via th e w a te rborne and wind erosions [IPCC, 2014]. Howeve r, for dra ined peat soil

unde r oil pa lm plant ation that ha s b ee n cult ivat ed ca re ful ly by the man age men t, whi ch should

follow re g ulatio ns through the be st man age ment p rac ti ce s, such as ze ro burning method during

land p re paration and maintaining groundwa ter at certa in lev el in o rd er to avoid over dr y of p ea t

mat e ri a ls during dr y s ea son, P OC should be at low lev e l. Th erefore, EPA is no need to

include P OC loss in the overa ll emi ss ion factor for p ea t so il under oil pal m p lantation.

Rega rdi ng the dissolved inorganic carbon (p rima ri ly dissolved CO 2 ) de riv ed from

autotrophic and hete rot rophic respirations, I agree tha t i t s till not suff ici ent for EPA to include in

the p ea t soil emi ss ion factor. Res ea rc h on these top ics for tropi ca l d ra ined peat-soil under oil

E-43pa lm plantation is st ill rare, although from several research results [Da ri ah et al ., 2013;

Sabiham et al ., 2014 ] ind i cate that the contribution of root respiration could be considered as

the v a lue for corr ec tion factor of the carbon emi ss ion, pa rticul arly for such emi ss ion me asured

b y c losed cha mb e r te chnique.

5. Add itio nal I npu t

P ea t soil in the tropical regions, such as in Indone sia, is ra th e r si mila r in peat
composition, bein g v er y ri ch in wood, i.e. more or less d ec omposed trunks and branches de riv ed

f rom the forme r v ege tation cove rs [S abiham, 1988]. In re lation to th is p ea t composition, the

Indone sian peat soils under the fore st vege tat ion contain mostly fib r ic p ea t with have high to tal

porosity that sh owed in the r ange of 88 to 93% based on the to tal volume [S abiham, 2010 ] with

the ave ra ge to tal porosit y of about 90%. This para met er is very important for calcul ation of the

ca rbon loss using subsidence me asure ment te chnique, pa rticul arly for the fi r st 5-y ea rs a ft er

d ra in age. Beca use fib r ic p ea t has ver y h igh to tal porosity, it causes that subs idence of p ea t in the

fi r st several yea rs i m medi a te ly a ft er d ra in age is very rapid, so it would give confusion in the

calcul ating subsidenc e r ate due to pea t o x idatio n.

The other important fa ctor that influ en ce d the sub siden ce ra te of peat is a c ritic al water

content (CWC). The value of the CWC could be resulted by calcu lation method based on the

relationship be tw ee n water content at ce rt a in lev e ls and the proportion of ir re ve rs ible

drying of orga nic matter [Bisdom et al ., 1993]. The ir re ve rsible drying is a condition of

o rg anic matter in whi ch the organic mat e ri a ls could not be able to adsorbing wa ter again.

Based on our observation on the upper layer of peat soil in the fi r st year im medi a te ly after

dra in age, fib r ic peat has hig her ave rage value of the CWC (364.9% w/w based on dr ied

oven) compared to hemic and sapr ic pea ts whi ch have the ave ra ge values of 263.9% and

253.6% w/w, respe ctively. Fibric peat n ee ded a shorter pe riod to re ac h an ir re ve rsible dryin g condition compa re d with hemic and sapr ic pea ts. P ea ts at the condition of ir re ve rsible dryi ng

a re ca lled as pseudo-sand, at whi ch carbon loss (emi ss ion) due to pea t o x idation could not

exist, but i t very easy to be f ir e.

IV. Closi ng Remarks

a. Emiss ion factor of 95 t CO 2 ha - 1 yr - 1 de riv ed from the results of su b si dence

me asure ment te chnique, not from CO 2 flux me asure ment (c arbon stock change s), had

several w ea knesses, alt hou gh subsidence measure ment at a long term period a ft er d ra in age is the be st metho d ; some diff icult ies in getting da ta from the sa me si tes under

the sa me plantation c rops we re the main problem for subsidence measurement t ec hnique.

E-44b. I sugge st that US- EPA choose the emi ss ion factor as high as 44 t CO 2 ha -1 yr -1 that represents dir ec t me asurements of CO 2 fl ux using closed cha mber te chnique fro m the location of Southea st As ia countries and thus a t pr ese nt it most approp ri a te p ea t so i l

emission.

c. Although there are st i ll lacks of info rmation re garding diss olved inorganic ca rbon (C O 2 ), I p ropose that US- EPA should consider to use root respiration va lue f rom p ea t
soil unde r oil p a lm plantation as a co rr ec tion facto r for ca rbon emi ss ion.

d. Omission of CH 4 and N 2 O emi ss ion and om is sion of the emi ss ion due to fi re (wildf ir e) f

rom p ea t soil under oil pa lm plantation a re valid. B ec ause DOC and P OC losses a re

ver y few, so US- EPA is no n ee d to include them in the overa ll emi ss ion factor for p ea t soil under oil palm plantation.

e. Subsidence res ea rch for the future should addre ss the unce rt a in t y emi ss ion factor;

the refo re , the m ea sure ment of subs iden c e ra te in orde r to de te rmi ne the change of

carbon stock should include the dir ec t me a su rement of BD, org- C content

, and the to tal

po rosi ty and c ritic al wate r content of p ea t a t the sa me site for the lo ng- te rm mu ltilocation subsidence re search.

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E-49Peer Review Response from Dr. Arina Schrier, CEIC (Climate & Environment International Consultancy)

Emiss ion Fac tor for Tropica l P ea tlands Drained f or Oil Pa lm Cult ivation

1. Overarching charge question

For now, EPA chose the most appropriate value for the peat emission factor for oil palm

on peat. Given the literature that is currently available (annex 1) for drained peat soils in tropical

regions, the CO 2 EF for oil palm on peat given by Hooijer et al. 2012 (calculated for the first 30

years) is within the uncertainty range at the high end of published EF’s. Hooijer et al. 2012

included the emissions in the first years of development. Emissions directly after and during

plantation development are higher compared to the emissions of later years (Page et al., 2011;

Hooijer et al., 2012). These elevated emissions are potentially driven by rapid consumption of a

limited labile (readily decomposable) carbon pool, leaving behind a greater fraction of

recalcitrant carbon in later years (Hooijer et al. 2012). By using the soil subsidence method for

carbon loss estimates, Hooijer (2012) automatically included the losses of carbon transported by

rivers, ditches and streams.

However, it is recommended to evaluate this value each year since more research

becomes available and EF’s for CH 4 and DOC emissions as well as initial pulse emissions are

currently very uncertain although EF’s are provided by IPCC. In fact, Hooijer et al. 2012 did not

discuss in detail the separation between CO 2 - C and CH 4 - C emissions related to drainage of peat

(ditch emissions) and given the assumptions made for the oxidation, compaction and

consolidation components of soil subsidence (including the uncertainties and discussions around

bulk density and carbon fraction of the peat) the following is recommended for the near future:

1. Consider a separation between ‘base emissions’ (the continues, long term emissions
following land use change, and resulting from the continues drainage of peat soil for
agriculture) from ‘initial pulse emissions’. The reason is that the ‘base EF’ can be
established with a small uncertainty range, while initial emissi ons, including CO 2 and

CH 4 are much more uncertain and make the EF less strong in terms of uncertainty. It is
recommended to add the initial pulse emissions as a ‘multiplication factor’ for the first
five years based on the literature available. Hooijer et al. (2012) found that for the first 1-
4 years after draining, average rate of carbon loss from Acacia plantation sites was 178

tons CO 2 ha -1 yr -1 at an average water depth of 70 cm, 262% greater than carbon loss 5-8
years after drainage. Until more studie s are able to contribute information about the
magnitude of these initial emissions within oil palm and similar plantation ecosystems,
multiplying the base emissions rate (based on water table depth) by 2.6 offers a potential
emissions estimate during the first five years after peat draining. It has to be noted that

E-50this modification is highly uncertain. These results are strictly applicable only to peat
with low mineral content and low bulk density (Hooijer et al. 2012).

2. Consider a cross- check with a meta

- analysis of all available literature that fulfills strict
(quality and method) criteria, and includes chamber- based research. The soil subsidence
methods has advantages, but nonetheless it is an ‘indirect’ measure, or ‘proxy’ for the

actual emissions and includes certain assumptions in the calculations (e.g. carbon fraction
and bulk density) and besides, it cannot separate between carbon losses released as CO 2 and CH 4 . Since CH 4 emissions are important in the consideration of the total warming
potential (it is a 24 times stronger GHG) it is important to consider the height of these
emissions. The chamber based method is used to measure the gas exchange between the
soil and atmosphere ‘directly’. By using this method the different GHG’s (CO 2 , CH 4 and

N 2 O) ca n be measured separately if done properly on land and on water (e.g. Jauhiainen

et al. 2012). For fulfilling the criteria set by EPA for chamber based research, the total
carbon cycle shall be considered and therefore also losses through water should be added
(DOC losses, CH 4 from ditches, CO 2 from ditches (with no double counting)) as well as
the initial pulse emissions directly after drainage. In all cases fire based emissions
resulting from drainage should be added (either by using the new IPCC EF’s provided or
by using numbers that are and will be published for specific areas). In summary the metaanalysis should include:

■ Soil subsidence research: CH 4 and CO 2 should be separated and it is recommended to establish a separate multiplication factor for the first five years after drainage.

■ Chamber based research: DOC should be considered as well as ditch fluxes (avoiding overlap between DOC transported to the oceans and carbon released from drainage ditches and rivers) as well as the initial pulse emissions.

■ Research on fire emissions

a. IPCC provides DOC TIER 1 values for drained tropical peat (Baum et al.
2008; Alkhatib et al. 2007; Yule et al. 2009; Moore et al. 2003)

b. IPCC provides TIER 1 values for CH 4 released from ditches in tropical
regions (0.449 t CH 4 -C ha- 1 yr -1 for drained abandoned tropical peat and

2.939 t CH 4 -C for drained tropical pulp wood plantations on peat).

c. IPCC provides default values for the initial pulse emissions following
drainage, as well as Hooijer et al. 2012.

Note that currently Carlson et al. (Union of Concerned Scientists and University of Minnesota) prepare a manuscript that involves a meta

- analysis of current available peer reviewed and grey literature for the EF for oil palm on peat. This manuscript is in the second round of review and will be published approximately mid- 2014.

E-513. Recommended is to update the EF based on the crosschecks with available literature and
based on the most recent publications and new knowledge on the different components of

the tot al balance. A large part of the currently available research is too short term, or is
concept research. Although the research of Hooijer et al. 2012 is robust, large scale and
long term and perhaps currently the best study to base the EF on, there are stil l
uncertainties around this study (initial pulse, the contribution of CH 4 , DOC) that need to
be updated by recent and new studies and it is better to have a broader spatial coverage of
different peats and climate zones. The main issue with soil subsidence studies is that the
different components of the t otal GHG and carbon balance can not be separated and

therefore also chamber based studies shall be considered in the establishment of a robust

EF.

4. It is recommended for EPA to establish, besides a fixed EF for drained peat, also a water
table dependent EF. Previous work suggests that the relationship between drainage depth
and C loss is non-linear, especially at high (>80 cm) or low (<20 cm) water table depths
(Jauhiainen et al. 2008, Verwer et al. 2008 , Couwenberg et al. 2009, Hirano et al. 2009,
Jauhiainen et al. 2012a). Note that currently, in many plantations in SE Asia the water
table is varying between 100 cm and 50 cm (average around 75 cm) below field level.
Therefore a linear least squares model relating emissions (CO 2OP>4yr s , tons CO 2 ha -1 yr -1 )
to water table level (WT, cm) could be established at least for the range 20

- 80 cm. Like a
few previous models (Wosten et al. 1997, Couwenberg et al. 2009, Hooijer et al. 2010).

Given the relation between water table and CO 2 emissions, lower emission can be
expected at higher water tables. The main question will be if a zer o intercept can be
assumed and besides if drains are not spaced properly and dams have not been built in the
right way, and also because of the large seasonal variation of rainfall in Indonesia, overor under-drainage is a common problem.

a. Note that RSPO has launched its Best Management Practices in 2012, and the
Malaysian Palm Oil Board has launched its Best Management Practices in
2011. RSPO advises to keep the water table between 40 and 60 cm below
field level, or 50 – 70 cm in collection drains. MPOB advices in their
management practices a water table of 30

- 50 cm below the peat surface in the

field or 40 and 50 cm in the collection drain. Given the water table – emission
relation of Hooijer and Couwenberg, reducing the average drainage depth to

50 cm co mpared to the current 75 cm could potentially lead to a future

reduction of over 20 t CO 2 ha -1 yr -1 or even almost 30 tons CO 2 ha -1 yr -1 if a
water table of 45 cm could be maintained. The reality is that maintaining the

water table at 40

- 50 cm in a large p lantation is generally not feasible with
most current drainage lay outs. Therefore, RSPO and MPOB encourage
plantation owners to optimize their drainage systems.

E-522. Potential adjustment of emission factor from Hooijer et al. (2012)

My recommendation would be to NOT use different values for organic carbon content

and peat bulk density and oxidation percentage in the study of Hooijer et al. (2012), unless the

authors of the publication agree on this.

Related to oxidation: The value of 92% oxidative contribution as proposed by Hooijer et

al. (2012) is on the high end of published values, but until now it is the most robust study that

was specifically designed to determine the contribution of oxidation to soil subsidence since

drainage started. Note that in t he method set out by Couwenberg & Hooijer (2013) an estimate of

the oxidative component is not needed to determine emissions. Only subsidence rate, bulk

density and carbon content of the peat below the water table have to be known. Nevertheless, the

authors did calculate an oxidative contribution to subsidence of 80%. Jauhianen et al. (2012)

calculated that around 80% of subsidence was a result of oxidation in a stabilized situation.

Other, more short term studies calculated between 40 and 80% oxidative los s. It is clear that

more research is needed to establish (if needed) a correction factor. Future research should focus

on disentangling these different processes that result in soil subsidence and under what

conditions they are different (rain fall, length of dry/wet period, peat type, mineral content).

Related to Carbon fraction: Page et al, 2011 (white paper) quotes carbon densities of

0.068 and 0.138 g C cm -3 . Couwenberg et al. (2010) gives a value of 0.068, who later corrected

this value to 0.061 for C-Kalimantan and 0.044 for coastal peat swamp forests (Dommain et al.

2011). Note that this value would be applicable to the peat below the water table only and is

(very) conservative when applied to the upper peat layer. The value of 0.138 g C cm -3 is take n from Ywih et al. (2009); this value is caused by very high peat bulk densities of ~0.300 g cm -3

. In summary, carbon concentration values on a dry weight basis of around 55% were found

representative for hemic and fibric tropical peat in SE Asia. Similar values were reported by

Couwenberg et al. (2010), Wösten et al. (1997), Warren et al. (2012), Hooijer et al. (2012),

Dommain et al. (2011), Page et al. (2004) and Yulianto et al. (2007). Hergoualch and Verchot

(2011) used a value of 50% (IPCC, 2003) if no C concentration was provided in a publication.

Overall, carbon content of tropical peat ranges between 40% and 60% depending on the nature,

mineral content and location of the peat. Lower values of 40% (Sajarwan et al., 2002), 23.8%

(Jaya, 2007) and 26.0% (Sajarwan et al., 2002) are associated with samples taken near to the

underlying mineral substrate or for peaty soils with a large proportion of inorganic material.

Lower values that have been found in the past can be attributed to the method that was used to

determine the carbon fraction. The basic principle for the quantification of soil organic carbon

relies on the destruction of organic matter, which can be performed chemically (which was often

E-53used in the past) or via heat (which is currently used). In studies where chemical destruction was

used the carbon fraction was underestimated with reported values of 20-30% in tropical peat.

Currently, the method with elevated temperatures (loss-on ignition) is most common to

determine the C fraction. Warren et a l. (2012) suggest using values established by element

elemental analysers only.

Related to peat bulk density: Page et al., 2011 (white paper) presented a comprehensive

overview of bulk density (BD) values of tropical peat. In the given overview, only the study of

Melling et al. (2007) provides values for BD in oil palm plantations (mean 0.20 g cm -3 , SD 0,007

g cm -3 ). The lowest average bulk density values below the water table reported for large

plantation areas are those in Hooijer et al. (2012) and Couwenberg & Hooijer (2013) which vary

from 0.073 to 0.078 g cm -3 and are well within the range suggested by Page et al. (2011).

Overall, in many studies a BD of around 0.1 g cm -3 is being assumed the most comprehensive

value for the BD of tropical, drained peat. Note that plantation development on peat requires

compaction before planting of trees to create optimal conditions to anchor the roots of palm

trees. The compaction by heavy machinery starts after removing the vegetation and is in many

cases practi ced over a period of years before planting starts. Therefore, the density of the upper

soil is higher in plantations compared to undisturbed peat soils. Othman et al. (2011) reported

BD values before and after land development for oil palm of 0.14 - 0.09 g cm -3 and 0.26 -

0.16 g cm 3 , respectively.

It is recommended to EPA to not amend or correct the study of Hooijer et al. (2012) with

other numbers and/or defaults and/or multiplication factors for oxidation fraction, Bd or C

fraction of the peat. Instead, the recommendations described under Charge Question 1 should be

considered. It is recommended in the near future to not base the EF for oil palm on peat on 1

study, but to do a meta- analyses including soil subsidence based research and chamber based

researc h added with values for the ‘missing’ components of the total C- and GHG balance.

3. Directionality of estimate

In summary: the EF for drained tropical peat provided by EPA (based on Hooijer et al.

2012) is an underestimation of the reality. The number provided by EPA excludes non- CO 2 emissions, it excludes emissions related to fire and off

- site impacts.

a. Va riation in the ty pe of p eat so il (min eral conten t, carbon conten t, depth, ex te nt of

d egr adation, et c.).

b. Pre ci p itat ion regime (an nual ra in fa ll, ti ming o f rai nfall, et c. ).

E-54Add a+b . See earlier suggestion for performing a meta analyses to capture the spatial and

temporal variability. The results of the meta analysis (including variations in peat soil and

variations in climate) will result in a simil ar or slight overestimation of the EF provided by EPA

(Hooijer et al ., 2012).

c. D if f

eri ng wat er managem ent practic es at plantation s.

Add c . See earlier comments and discussion on the water table dependency of CO 2 and

CH 4 emissions for tropical peats.

d. D if fer ent typ es o f p lanta ti on s ( e. g., o il palm ve rs us acacia).

Add d . The Wetlands Supplement of IPCC provides in its current and first version EF’s

for both oil palm and Acacia . However, the cited references do not support the numbers provided

(see also discussion under Question 4).

The significant difference between the established EFs for oil palm and Acacia on peat
provided by IPCC in the new Wetlands Supplement (11 vs 20 t C ha- 1 yr -1) is in sharp contrast

with the EFs given in available (scientific) literature. Available information suggests an almost

similar EF for oil palm and Acacia. Hooijer et al. 2012 was the only study available in December

2013 that reported on EF’s for oil palm and Acacia in the same study site:

Oil palm: 21.2 t C ha- 1 yr -1

Acacia : 18.5 t C ha- 1 yr -1

Husnain et al. (2014) is the second study that reports on the difference between oil palm

and Acacia in the same area, which was not published at the time of writing of Chapter 2 of the

Wetlands Supplement, but is now available:

Oil palm: 18 t C ha

- 1 yr -1

Acacia : 16.1 t C ha- 1 yr -1

In conclusion: the only studies that measured in the same area on both oil palm and

Acacia do not report a major difference b etween the EFs for oil palm and Acacia plantations on

peat, but the slight difference reported indicates actually a higher EF for oil palm than for Acacia

on peat. Tropical peat experts and government reviewers have expressed disagreement with

IPCC on the large difference in IPCC report for oil palm and Acacia on peat. However, no

explanation or scientific justification has been provided for the discrepancy yet. If the TIER 1

E-55numbers of IPCC are going to be used, the Hooijer et al. numbers and thus EPA EF f or oil palm

is overestimated. However, I argue that the IPCC number is a wrong interpretation of the

available literature (see discussion under Charge Question 4).

e. The appro ach used by Hooij er et al. (2 01 2) to es timate em iss ion s d u ri ng the fi r st fi ve

y ears after d ra in ag e.

f. Omi ssi on of methane and nitr ous o xi de em iss ion s.

Add e+f . See discussion earlier. The recommendation to EPA is to include IPCC TIER 1

default values for

■ N 2 O (from drained peatlands): IPCC Wetlands Supplement, Table 2.5: summary of TIER 1 EF’s for drained tropical peat

■ CH 4 (from drained peatlands): IPCC Wetlands Supplement, Table 2.3: summary of TIER 1 EF’s for drained tropical peat

■ CH 4 (from drainage ditches in plantations): IPCC Wetlands Supplement, Table 2.4: summary of EF’s for d rainage ditches in drained tropical peats

■ DOC (in plantation peat areas): IPCC Wetlands Supplement, Table 2.2: Default DOC emission factors for drained organic soils in tropical peatlands.

g. Omis si on of emi ssi on s due to fire.

Add g . Emissions due to fire

IPCC provides TIER 1 information for the EF directly to drainage related peat- and forest

fires.

Although it is known that ‘wet’ peats do not burn, it is uncertain what part of the peat

fires are directly related to drainage for oil palm and/or Acacia and what part is a direct result of

the severe droughts that are a result of climate change. Give n the fact that a main part of the peat

and forest fires is a direct result of drainage, the EF used by EPA is underestimated in this

respect. EPA could indeed use the IPCC value provided in the Wetlands Supplement which later

could be updated by more recent and more focused research.

The increased human interventions such as drainage of peat and the changes in climate

(increase in temperature and droughts) ar e two main reasons that in many areas peat starts drying

and becomes very susceptible to fire. Peat drainage is expected to continue at a high rate in the

future since more and more peatland is developed for agricultural or excavation purposes. The

E-56high gr eenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that result from peat drainage and peat fires might entail

positive feedbacks such as accelerating climate changes because of the increase in radiative

forcing. In other words, negative impacts that arise from peat fires are expected to increase in the

future since future climate change scenarios predict drought events of greater severity and

frequency in many areas, including those with the potential for peat fires to occur. Emissions

from peat fires currently have been estimat ed at roughly 15% of human induced emissions

(Poulter et al., 2006; Hadden et al., 2013).

Since the 1980s, large scale fires in the peatlands of Indonesia have increased in

frequency and intensity and have caused serious damage (Page et al., 2002). The lar gest peat
fires registered took place in Indonesia during the El Niño dry season of 1997-1998 (previous

severe fire events occurred in 1982, 1991, and 1994, and later in 1998, 2002, 2004, 2006 and

2010) and lasted for several months, destroyed over 10 4 km 2 of peat swamp with a loss of peat

layers between 0.2 and 1.5 m in depth (Reins et al., 2009). Studies have shown that there is a

direct link between the peat and forest fires and the peat drainage needed for the development of

oil palm and timber plantati ons. Although burning for land clearing is forbidden by law in

Indonesia, fire is commonly used in oil palm and timber plantations because it is cheap and

effective (Tomich et al., 1998). By removing or disturbing the peat swamp forest, the risk of

large -s cale fires increases because such disturbances dry peat and leave much plant debris, which

is flammable (Page et al., 2002). Also in Brunei, peat soils make up 18% of the land area and fire

has been identified as a major threat. Studies show that fires in the dry El Niňo years started

easily in accessible degraded peat areas, especially those close to roads and other infrastructure

developments in peat swamp forest areas.

Estimates of carbon losses during peat fires differ, but are within a certain range pe r climate zone. It has been estimated that for example the 1997 -1998 fires in Indonesia released

between 0.8 to 2.6 Gton of carbon into the atmosphere in total, equivalent to 13–40% of the

global fossil fuel emissions of that year (Page et al., 2002). Spec ified per square meter area of

burn, Couwenberg (2010) estimated a release of 26 kg C m -2 yr -1 during the 1997 peat fires in

Southeast Asia. Heil (2007) estimated that the mean burn depth and rate of fire related peat loss

amounted to 34 cm per fire event and 26,1 kg C m -2 yr -1 averaged for the years 1997, 2001 and

2002 in an abandoned, degraded peat area in tropical SE Asia.

Some sources report that fire is not a dominant source of methane (CH 4 ) (e.g., Forster et

al., 2007; Dlugokencky et al., 2011). Others report that CH 4 represents a significant contributor

to the seasonal variability of atmospheric methane (e.g., Bousquet et al., 2006) and vd Werf et al.

(2004) concluded in their study that over the period 1997-2001, Central America, South

E-57America, Sout hern Africa, Southeast Asia, Canada and the Russian Far East where substantial

contributors to the emissions of both CO 2 and CH 4 . Van de Werf et al. (2004) concluded also

that although previous studies have identified wetlands as the primary source of meth ane during

the 1997-1998 anomaly in the tropics, all of the CH 4 anomalies observed in this period in SE

Asia can be attributed to fires. This finding is confirmed by Worden et al. (2013) for the year

2006 based on methane observations over Indonesia.

Knowl edge of peat fires and their huge impacts has increased in recent years, however,

available scientific research is scattered and for the purpose of understanding and tackling the

main problems related to peat fires, there is a need for a summary of this in formation. The just

launched Wetlands Supplement of IPCC for the first time reports on the carbon impacts of fire

for tropical peat:

Lfire = A * Mb * Cf * Gef * 10-3

Lfire = amount of CO 2 or non- CO 2 emissions, e.g., CH 4 from fire, tonnes

A = total area burned annually, ha

MB = mass of fuel available for combustion, tonnes ha -1 (i.e. mass of dry organic soil fuel) ( default values in Table 2.6)

Cf = combustion factor, dimensionless Gef = emission factor for each gas, g kg -1 dry matter burnt

Wi th Gef for Tropical peat (Christian et al., 2003):

464 g per kg dry matter (CO 2 - C) 210 g per kg dry matter (CO- C) 21 g per kg dry matter (CH 4 - C)

and MB for tropical peat Tropical Wildfire (undrained peat): No literature found Wildfire (drained peat): 353 (mean in t dry matter per ha peatland burnt) Prescribed fire (agricultural land management): 155 (mean in t dry matter per ha peatland burnt)

h. Omis si on o f i n ci den tally d ra in ed peat swamps adjoining the p la ntation s.

Add h . Off

- site impacts of drainage (e.g. hydrological leakage impacts) are not yet

included in EPA’s EF. This is conservative (underestimation of emissions). The recommendation

to EPA is to wait with amending the EF with off

- site impacts until research becomes available.

However, the conservativeness of omitting these emissions should be clearly mentioned.

E-584. IPCC report (Wetlands Supplement).

a. Wou ld it be approp ri ate fo r EP A to use the IPC C Tier 1 defa ult em iss ion fa ctor o f 40

tCO 2 /ha/y ear, or is it scie nt if i cally justif i ed to use a d if f

erent numb er bas ed on mo re detail ed i nforma ti on?

Add a . NO. There are major concerns regarding the IPCC emissions factor for oil palm

on peat.

1. The emissions factor (EF) for oil palm on peat is not consistent with the emissions
reported in literature for the drainage depths that are required for oil palm plantations on
peat. No scientific or other justification is provided for the established EF.

2. This low EF for oil palm on peat also results in a large difference between the EFs for oil
palm and Acacia on tropical peatland, which is not supported by literature and which is
very unlikely. No scientific justification is provided for the large discre pancy.

It is not possible to track down how the final EF for oil palm on peat was established, or

to follow the logic/rationale behind the chosen EF. The EF options for oil palm reported in the

first order draft and the second order draft and the EF published in the final draft (resp. FOD,

SOD and FD) of Chapter 2 all differed substantially: the EF for Oil palm shifted from 5.24 in the

FOD, to 11 OR 14 with ‘no consensus’ in the second order draft (in the Annex of this SOD), to

11 t C ha -1 yr -1 in the FD wit h no specification of water table /drainage depth (see Annex 2 for an

overview of the process) and lacking a scientific justification or substantiated explanation.

Detailed concerns:

The significant difference between the established EFs for oil palm and Acacia on peat

(11 vs 20 t C ha -1 yr -1 ) is in sharp contrast with the EFs given in available (scientific) literature

(see earlier comments and discussion on this issue)

Many (tropical ) peat experts raised concerns on the first order and second order draft, and

have independently expressed their deep concerns on the robustness of the EF for oil palm on

peat.

Many expert reviewers raised the concern that recent literature was not considered and

some (tropical) peat experts have responded that the EF for oil palm on peat shall be in the range

16-25 t C ha -1 yr -1 given the available literature. Many reviewers have provided useful

comments, suggestions and references. The selection of liter ature used in the analyses is not clear

E-59In the second order draft, experts expressed their deep concerns, because the ‘options’

given for the EF for oil palm on peat were not supported by scientific literature, nor explained;

and moreover, it was stated in the SOD that there was no consensus between the authors.

Process:

The writing process of the IPCC Wetlands Supplement was carried out in 2011-2013

over four Lead Author meetings and two rounds of expert review followed by a round of written

comments by go vernments.

The IPCC Government and Expert Review of the First Order Draft (FOD) started 17-4-

2012 and of the Second Order Draft (SOD) 11-2-2013. The final round of submission of written

comments by Governments on the Final Draft of the Wetlands Supplement was 12 August - 8

September 2013.

Below a description is provided for how the EF’s for oil palm and Acacia on peat
changed in a very intransparent way during the various writing and review stages.

1. First Order Draft of Chapter 2 of the Wetlands Supplement.

Reported EFs in table 2.1 in the 1st order draft, establishment unclear.

o Cropland 9.11 t C ha -1 yr -1

o Oil palm Plantation 5.24 t C ha -1 yr -1

o Plantation, e.g. Acacia 11.67 t C ha -1 yr -1

 First Round of expert review on the FOD

2. Second Order Draft , EF’s for oil palm and Acacia reported in Chapter 2 of the Wetlands
Supplement, with NO CONSENSUS.

Emissions factors ‘under discussion’ reported by IPCC in the 2nd order draft in the Appendix 2a.2 (CO 2 emission factors for drained tropical peatlands: Basis for future methodological development)

o Acacia Plantation Alternative 1: 22 or Alternative 2: 19 t C ha -1 yr -1

o Oil palm Plantation Alternative 1: 11 or Alternative 2: 14 t C ha -1 yr -1

o Cropland, Drained Alternative 1: 21 or Alternative 2: 16 t C ha -1 yr -1

 Second Round of expert review on the SOD

3. Final Draft , EF’s for oil palm and Acacia in Chapter 2 of the Wetlands Suppl e ment.

E-60Emissions factors reported by IPCC in final draft in Table 2.1, establishment unclear

o Forest plantation 20 t C ha -1 yr -1

o Oil palm Plantation 11 t C ha -1 yr -1

o Cropland, Drained 14 t C ha -1 yr -1

 Round of governments review

Batumi meeting for acceptance by governments of the final draft of the Wetlands Supplement.

b. Shou ld the emi ssi on facto r t hat EP A u ses include the em iss ion s p u lse that o cc u rs in the fi rs t se v eral y ears imm ed iat ely fo ll o wing dra in ag e?

Add b . No. Its more robust to have an additional multiplication factor for the first 5 years

after drainage and is increased the certainty of EF for the continues emissions related to

cultivation of peat.

c. Shou ld EP A i n cl ude D OC and fire em iss ion facto rs in the ov erall em iss ion fa ct or? If so, are th e IPCC em iss ion fa cto rs approp ri a te to use, or are there bet te r e s ti mates for EPA’s

purpo se?

Add c . Yes, as well as non

- CO 2 emissions (expressed in warming potential impacts

(CO 2 -equivalents)). It is recommended to use IPCC defaults and EF’s until more research

becomes available.

d. There are also er o si on lo sses of parti cu late organ ic car bon (P OC) and waterborne

tra nsport o f d iss olv ed inorgan ic car bon (p rimari ly disso lv ed CO 2 ) d eri v ed fr om autotroph ic a nd het erotroph ic resp iration w it h in the organ ic s o il. T he IP CC con cl uded

that at present the scie nce and availabl e data are not su f ficient to provide guidan ce on CO 2 emi ssi ons o r re mo vals asso ci at ed with these wa t er borne car bon fl ux es. Do you agree that the sci en ce on these facto rs is not su f ficient fo r E P

A to con si d er los ses of P OC

and disso lv ed inorgan ic car bon in its peat so il emis si on fa ctor?

Add d . Yes. Science related to this issue is not sufficient yet. It should be omitted from

the EF.

5. Ad diti ona l i npu t:

All additional scientific information that I believe EPA should consider is mentioned in

the former text. The meta analysis of Carlson et al. (in prep) should be considered as soon as it

becomes available.

E-61Annex 1. Availab le literature related to the EF s of oil palm and Acacia

Citation Pub Type LU Loc (s) Measures

CO 2 Autotrophic respiration

correction Period of

Measurement Frequency of

Measurement Couwenberg, J. and A. Hoosier. 2013.

Towards robust subsidence based and soil carbon factors for peat soils in South

- East Asia, with special reference to oil palm plantations. Mires and Peat 12:1

- 13. Peer Review oil palm, Acacia Jambi, Riau Subsidence not applicable 2007

- 2012 every 2

- 4 weeks Dariah, A., S. Marwanto and F. Agus. 2013.

Root

- and peat

- based CO 2 emissions from oil palm plantations. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 18. Peer Review oil palm Jambi Closed

Chamber yes 2011

- 2012 8 times Hooijer, A., S. Page, J. Jauhianen, W. A. Lee, X. X. Lu, A. Idris, and G. Anshari. 2012. Subsidence and carbon loss in drained tropical peatlands. Biogeosciences 9:1053

- 1071. Peer Review Acacia and oil palm Riau and

Jambi Subsidence not applicable 2007

- 2010 variable Othman, H., A. T. Mohammed, F. M. Darus, M.H. Harun, and M.P. Zambri. 2011. Best management practices for oil palm cultivation on peat: ground water

- table maintenance in relation to peat subsidence and estimation of

CO 2 emissions at Sessang, Sarawak. Journal of Oil Palm Research 23: 1078

- 1086. Peer Review oil palm Sarawak Subsidence not applicable 2001

- 2008 Comeau, L. P., K. Hergoualc'h, J. U. Smith

and L. Verchot. 2013. Conversion of intact peat swamp forest to oil palm plantation

- effects on soil CO 2 fluxes in Jambi, Sumatra. Working Paper 110, CIFOR. White Paper primary forest, logged forest, oil palm Jambi Closed

Chamber yes Jan

- Sept 2012 monthly, 9:00

- 14:00 Jauhiainen, J., A. Hooijer , and S.E. Page.

2012. Carbon dioxide emissions from an

Acacia plantation on peatland in Sumatra,

Indonesia. Biogeosciences 9: 617

- 630. Peer Review Acacia plantation Riau Closed

Chamber yes Apr 1997 to Apr

2009 2- weekly to monthly Agus, F., E. Handayani, M. van Noordwijk, K. Idris, and S. Sabiham. 2010. Root respiration interferes with peat C02 emission measurement. 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World.

1

- 6 Aug 2010. Brisbane. Conference

Proceedi ngs oil palm Aceh Closed

Chamber yes Nov

- Oct 2008E-62Citation Pub Type LU Loc (s) Measures

CO 2 Autotrophic respiration

correction Period of

Measurement Frequency of

Measurement

Ali, M., D. Taylor, and K. Inubushi. 2006.

Effects of environmental variations on CO 2 efflux from a tropical peatland in Eastern

Sumatra. Wetlands 26: 612

- 618. Peer Review logged forest, cleared forest, agriculture (banana,

cassava, coconut, rice) Jambi Closed

Chamber no Mar

- Aug 2001 5- 7 am, 11

- 2 pm,

4

- 6 pm Chimner, R. 2004. Soil respiration rates of tropical peatlands in Micronesia and Hawaii.

Wetlands 24: 51

- 56. Peer Review forest, shrub,

taro Micronesia,

Hawaii Closed

Chamber no 2001

- 2002 2

- 4 times Chimner, R. and K. Ewel. 2004. Differences in

carbon fluxes between forested and cultivated Mironesian tropical peatlands. Wetlands Ecology and Management 12: 419

- 427. Peer Review secondary forest, taro Micronesia Closed

Chamber no May 2001

- June

2002 4 times Dariah, A., F. Agus, E. Susanti and Jubaedah. 2012. Relationship between sampling distance and carbon dioxide emission under oil palm plantation. Journal of Tropical Soils 18: 125

- 130. Peer Review oil palm Jambi Closed

Chamber no 2011 7 times, before

and after

fertilizer Darung. 2005. The effect of forest fire and agriculture on CO 2 emission from tropical peatlands, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Human Dimension of Tropical Peatland Under Global Environmental Change. 8

- 9 Dec 2004. Bogor, Indonesia. Conference Proceedings annual crops, natural forest,

burnt forest Central

Kalimantan Closed

Chamber no Mar 2002

- 2004 monthly Furukawa, Y., K. Inubushi, M. Ali, A.M. Itang and H. Tsuruta. 2005. Effect of changing groundwater levels caused by land

- use changes on greenhouse gas fluxes from
trop ical peat lands. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 71: 81

- 91. Peer Review drained forest, cassava, paddy Jambi Closed

Chamber no Oct 2000

- Mar

2002 monthly

Hadi, A., K. Inubushi, E. Purnomo, F. Razie,

K. Yamakawa and H. Tsuruta. 2000. Effect of

land

- use change on nitrous oxide emission from tropical peatlands. Chemosphere

- Global Change Science 2: 347

- 358. Peer Review secondary forest, converted paddy, upland

cassava,

co n verted uplands South

Kalimantan not applicable 1998

- 1999 DecemberE-63Citation Pub Type LU Loc (s) Measures

CO 2 Autotrophic respiration

correction Period of

Measurement Frequency of

Measurement Hadi, A., K. Inubushi, Y. Furukawa, E. Purnomo, M. Rasmadi and H. Tsuruta. Greenhouse gas emissions from tropical peatlands in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Nutrient Cycling i n Agroecosystems 71:73

- 80. Peer Review secondary forest, paddy, upland crop, fallow, rice

- soy South

Kalimantan Closed

Chamber no Dec 1998, Dec 1999, Nov 2000 Hadi, A., L. Fatah, Syaiffudin, Abdullah, D. N. Affandi, R. A. Bakar and K. Inubushi. 2012 greenhouse gas emissions from peat soils cultivated to rice field, oil palm, and vegetable. Journal of Tropical Soils 17: 105

- 114. Peer Review oil palm, vegetable field,

rice field South

Kalimantan Closed

Chamber no July

- Nov 2009 weekly Hadi, A., M. Haridi, K. Inubushi, E. Purnomo, F. Razie, H. Tsuruta. 2001. Effects of land

- use change in tropical peat soil on the microbial population and emission of greenhouse gases.

Microbes and Environments 16: 79

- 86. Peer Review secondary forest, paddy field, paddy

- soy South

Kalimantan Closed

Chamber no Nov

- 99 once Hirano, T., H. Segah, K. Kusin, S. Limin, H.

Takahashi and M. Osaki. 2012. Effects of disturbances on the carbon balance of tropical peat swamp forests. Global Change Biology

18: 3410

- 3422. Peer Review intact forest, drained forest,

drained burnt

forest Central

Kalimantan C02 no 2004

- 2008 half hour Hirano, T., H. Segah, S. Limin, H. Takahashi and M. Osaki. 2007. Comparison of CO 2 balance among three disturbed ecosystems in tropical peatlands. Proceedings of International Workshop on Advanced Flux Network and Flux Evaluation, 19

- 22 Oct 2007. Conference Proceedings swamp forest

and drained cut

area Central

Kalimantan C02 not applicable 2004

- 2005 unknown Hirano, T., H. Segah, T. Harada, S. Limin, T. June, R. Hirata and M. Osaki. 2007. Carbon dioxide balance of a tropical peat swamp forest in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Global Change Biology 13: 412

- 425. Peer Review forest Central

Kalimantan C02 no Nov 2001

- Jan

2005 1 min Hirano, T., J. Jauianen, T. Inoue and H.

Takahashi. 2009. Controls on the carbon balance of tropical peatlands. Ecosystems 12:

873

- 887. Peer Review forest, drained forest, agricultural land Central

Kalimantan Closed

Chamber no 2002

- 2005 Hirano, T., K. Kusin, S. Limin and M. Osaki. 2014. Carbon dioxide emissions through oxidative peat decomposition on a burnt tropical peatland. Global Change Biology 20:

555

- 565. Peer Review burned peat Central

Kalimantan Closed

Chamber no 2004

- 2009 half hourE-64Citation Pub Type LU Loc (s) Measures

CO 2 Autotrophic respiration

correction Period of

Measurement Frequency of

Measurement Inubushi, K. and A. Hadi. 2007. Effect of

land

- use management on greenhouse gas emission from tropical peatlands

- carbon

climate

- human intera c tion on tropical peatland. Proceedings of the Inter n ational Symposium and Workshop on Tropical Peatland, 27

- 29 Aug 2007. Yogyakarta,

Indonesia. Conference Proceedings secondary forest, paddy field, rice

soybean rotation South Kalimantan;

Jambi Closed

Chamber no Inubushi, K., Y. Furukawa, A. Hadi, E. Purnomo, and H. Tsurata. 2005. Factors influencing methane emission from peat soils: comparison of tropical and temperate

wetlands. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 71:93

- 99. Peer Review crop, abandoned paddy,

abando ned crop,

drained forest South Kalimantan;

Jambi not applicable Nov 2001 once Inubushi, Kazuyuki et al. 2003. Seasonal changes of CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes in

relation to land

- use change in tropical peatlands located in coastal area of South

Kalimantan. Chemosphere 52: 603

- 608. Peer Review secondary forest, paddy field, upland

field South

Kalimantan Closed

Chamber no November 1999;

Jan 2001 monthly Ishida, T., S. Suzuki, T. Nagano, K. Osawa, K. Yoshino, K. Fukumara and T. Nuyim. 2001.

CO 2 emission rate from a primary peat swamp forest ecosy s tem in Thailand. Environ Control

Biol 39: 305

- 312. Peer Review primary forest Southern

Thailand Closed

Chamber yes unknown unknown Ismail, A.B., M. Zulkefli, I. Salma, J.

Jamaludin and M.J. Hanif. 2008. Selection of land clearing technique and crop type as preliminary steps in restoring carbon reserve in tropical peatland under agriculture. Proceedings of the 13th International Peat

C ongress, June 2008, Tullamore, Ireland. Conference Proceedings oil palm, jackfruit, pineapple Sarawak Closed

Chamber no June 2002

- Sept

2004 unknown Jauhiainen, J. 2002. Carbon fluxes in pristine and developed Central Kalimantan peatlands. Peatlands for people: natural resource functions and sustainable management

. Proceedings of the international symposium on tropical peatlands, 22

- 23 August 2001, Jakarta. Conference Proceedings peat swamp forest, clear cut peat drained for agriculture Central

Kalimantan Closed

Chamber no 1999

- 2001 four month

- long

measurementsE-65Citation Pub Type LU Loc (s) Measures

CO 2 Autotrophic respiration

correction Period of

Measurement Frequency of

Measurement

Jauhiainen, J., H. Silvennoinen, R. Hamalainen, K. Kusin, R.J. Raison and H.

Vasandres. 2012. Nitrous oxide fluxes from tropical peat with different disturbance history and management. Biogeosciences 9: 1337

- 1350. Peer Review undrained forest, drained forest,

drained recovering forest, drained burned, drained for ag Central

Kalimantan no 2001

- 2007 variable Jauhiainen, J., H. Takahashi, J. E. P. Heikken,

P. J. Martikainen and H.Vasandres. 2005. Carbon fluxes from a tropical peat swamp

forest floor. Global Change Biology 11: 1788

- 1797. Peer Review mixed

- type peat swamp forest Central

Kalimantan Closed

Chamber no wet and dry season, 1999, 2000, 2001 3

- 5 weeks Jauhiainen, J., S. Limin, H. Silvennoinen and

H. Vasander. 2008. Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in drained tropical peat before and after hydrological restoration. Ecology 89:

3503

- 3514. Peer Review peat swamp
forest and

deforested

burned area Central

Kalimantan Closed

Chamber no April 2004 to April 2006 frequent Kwon, M. J., A. Haraguchi and H. Kang.

2013. Long

- term water regime differentiates changes in decomposition and microbial properties in tropical peat soils exposed to

short

- term drought. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 60: 33

- 44. Peer Review intact and degraded peat

forest Central

Kalimantan Other no ?? 28 day incubation Kyuma, K. 2003. Soil degradation in the coastal lowlands of Southeast Asia. Taipei City, Taiwan: Asian and Pacific Council. Peer Review degraded swamp forest, agriculture Johore, Malaysia Closed

Chamber yes Kyuma, K., N. Kaneko, A.B. Zahari and K. Ambak. 1992. Swamp forest and tropical peat in Johore, Malaysia. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical

Peatland. 6

- 10 May 1991. Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. Conference Proceedings forest, reclaimed

field Johore, Malaysia Other yes Sep 1988

- Aug

1989 every 2 weeks Lovelock, C., R. Ruess and I. C. Feller. 2011.

CO 2 efflux from cleared mangrove peat.

PLOSone 6. Peer Review cleared

mangrove Belize Closed

Chamber no Feb 2004 and Jan

2007 once Marwanto, S. and F. Agus. 2013. Is CO 2 flux from oil palm plantations controlled by soil moisture and or soil and air temperatures? Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Chang. DOI: 10.1007/s11027

- 013

- 9518

- 3. Peer Review oil palm plantation Jambi Closed

Chamber no, but

minimizes root
interference 2010E-66Citation Pub Type LU Loc (s) Measures

CO 2 Autotrophic respiration

correction Period of

Measurement Frequency of

Measurement Melling, L., A. Chaddy, K. J. Goh and R.

Hatano. 2013. Soil CO 2 fluxes from different ages of oil palm in tropical peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia as influenced by environmental and soil properties. Act

Horticult 982. Peer Review oil palm Sarawak Closed

Chamber no July 2006

- June

2008 monthly Melling, L., K. J. Goh, C. Beauvais and R. Hatano. 2008. Carbon flow and budget in young mature oil palm agroecosystem on deep tropical peat. The Planter. Peer Review oil palm Sarawak Closed

Chamber yes one year monthly Melling, L., R. Hatano and K. J. Goh. 2005.

Soil CO 2 flux from three ecosystems in tropical peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia. Tellus

57:1

- 11. Peer Review mixed forest, oil palm plantation, sago plantation Sarawak Closed

Chamber no August 2002 to July 2003 monthly Melling, L., R. Hatano, K.J. Goh. 2005. Global warming potential from soils in tropical peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia. Phyton (Austria) 45: 275

- 284. Peer Review mixed forest, oil palm plantation, sago plantation Sarawak Closed

Chamber no August 2002 to July 2003 monthly Mezbahuddin, M., R.F. Grant and T. Hirano. 2013. Modelling effects of seasonal variation in water table depth on net ecosystem CO 2 exchange of a tropical peatland. Biogeosciences Discussions 10: 13353

- 13398) Peer Review (undergoing) degraded peat

forest Central

Kalimantan Murayama, S. and Z.A. Bakar. 1996. Decomposition of tropical peat soils 2. estimation of in situ decomposition by

measurement of CO 2 flux. Agricultural Research Quarterly 30: 153

- 158. Peer Review forest, oil palm, maize, okra,

fallow Peninsular Malaysia Closed

Chamber no 1991

- 1992 unknown Sumiwinata, B. 2012. Emission of C O 2 and

CH 4 from plantation forest of Acacia crassicarpa on peatlands in Indonesia. Proceedings of the 14th International Peat

Conference. 3

- 8 June 2012. Stockholm,

Sweden. Conference Proceedings Acacia Riau, Jambi Closed

Chamber no one year every 1

- 2 weeks Sundari, S., T. Hirano, H. Yamahada, M. Kamiya, and S. H. Limin. 2012 effect of groundwater level on soil respiration in tropical peat swamp forests. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 68: 121

- 134. Peer Review undrained and drained peat

forests Central

Kalimantan Closed

Chamber no July 2004

- April

2006 dailyE-67Citation Pub Type LU Loc (s) Measures

CO 2 Autotrophic respiration

correction Period of

Measurement Frequency of

Measurement Suzuki, S, T. Ishida, T. Nagano and S.

Wahharoen. 1999. Influences of defores t ation on carbon balance in a natural tropical peat swamp forest in Thailand. Environmental Control in Biology 37: 115

- 128. Peer Review peat swamp forest, secondary forest Thailand C02 not applicable 1995

- 1996 unknown Takakai, F., T. Morishita, Y. Hashidoko, U. Darung, K. Kuramochi, S. Dohong, S. Limin and R Hatano. 2006. Effects of agricultural

land

- use change and forest fire on N 2 O emission from tropical peatlands, Central

Kalimantan. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

52:662

- 674. Peer Review grassland, cropland, forest, burned forest, regenerated

forest Central

Kalimantan not applicable March 2002 to

March 2004 1 to 3 monthly

Takakai. 2005. The effect of forest fire and agriculture on CH 4 and N 2 O emission from tropical peatlands, Central Kalimantan,

Indonesia

- Proceedings of the International Workshop on Human Dimension of Tropical

Peatland Under Global Environme ntal Change. 8

- 9 Dec 2004. Bogor, Indonesia. Conference Proceedings arable, natural forest, burnt

forest Central

Kalimantan Toma, Y., F. Takakai, U. Darung, K. Kuramochi, S. Limin, S. Dohong and R.

Hatano. 2011. Nitrous oxide emission derived from soil organic matter decomposition from tropical agricultural peat soil in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Soil Science and Plant

Nutrition 57: 436

- 451. Peer Review cropland, bare, grassland Central

Kalimantan Closed

Chamber no April 2004 to

March 2007 1 to 2 x per

month Ueda, S., C. S. U. Go, T. Yoshioko, N. Yoshida, E. Wada, T. Miyajama, A. Sugimoto, N. Boontanon, P. Vijarnsorn, S. Boonprakub. 2000. Dynamics of dissolved O 2 , CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O in a tropical coastal swamp in

southern Thailand. Biogeochemistry 49: 191

- 215. Peer Review swamp forest, reclaimed, paddy, tidal gate, arable land, Thailand 1990 to 1993 dry and wet

seasonE-68Citation Pub Type LU Loc (s) Measures

CO 2 Autotrophic respiration

correction Period of

Measurement Frequency of

Measurement Vien, D.M., N.M. Phoung, J. Jauhianen and V.T. Guong. 2008. Carbon dioxide emissions from peatland in relation to hydrology, peat moisture, humidification at the Vodoi National Park, Vietnam. Carbon

- climate

- human

intera c tion on tropical peatland . Proceedings

of the Inter n ational Symposium and Workshop on Tropical P eatland. 7

- 29 August 2007. Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Conference Proceedings secondary peat swamp forest Vodoi Nat

Park Vietnam Closed

Chamber yes Oct 2006 to July

2007 once Wantanabe, A., B. H. Purwanto, H. Ando, K. Kakuda and F. Jong. 2009. Methane and CO 2 fluxes from an Indonesian peatland used for sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.)

cultivation: effects of fertilizer and groundwater level management. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 134: 14

- 18. Peer Review sago Riau Closed

Chamber no 2004 to 2007 various
Warren, M.W. 2012. A cost

- efficient method to assess carbon stocks in tropical peat soil. Biogeosciences 9:4477

- 4485. Peer Review Wosten, J.H.M., A.B. Ismail and A.L.M. van Wijk. 1997. Peat subsidence and its practical implications: A case study in Malaysia.

Geoderma 78: 25

- 36. Peer Review drained peat (agriculture) Western

Jorhore Malaysia Subsidence not applicable 21 years various Wright, E., C. R. Black, B. L. Turner and S. Sjogersten. 2013. Environmental controls of
tempor al and spatial variability in CO 2 and

CH 4 fluxes in a neotropical peatland. Global Change Biology 19: 3775

- 3789. Peer Review intact peat Panama Closed

Chamber no 2007 each month Chin, K. K. and H.L. Poo. 1992. The Malaysian experience of water management in tropical peat. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Peatland, 6

- 10 May 1991, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. Conference Proceedings oil palm, pineapple, rice, agriculture Peninsular Malaysia,

Sarawak Subsidence 1980s n/a Husen, E., S. Salma and F. Agus. 2013. Peat emission control by groundwater management

and soil amendments: evidence from laboratory experiments. Mitigation and Adaptation St rategies for Global Change 18

. Peer Review oil palm Riau Other noE-69Citation Pub Type LU Loc (s) Measures

CO 2 Autotrophic respiration

correction Period of

Measurement Frequency of

Measurement

Jauhiainen, J., H. Silvennoinen, R. Hamalainen, K. Kusin, R.J. Raison and H.

Vasandres. 2012. Nitrous oxide fluxes from tropical peat with different disturbance history and management. Biogeosciences 9: 1337

- 1350. Peer Review undrained forest, drained forest,

drained recovering forest, drained burned, drained for ag Central

Kalimantan no 2001

- 2008 Lamade, E. and J.P. Bouillet. 2005. Carbon storage and global change: the role of oil palm. Oléagineux, Corps Gras, Lipides 12: 154

- 160. Peer Review oil palm multiple Lamade, E., N. Djegui and P. Leterme. 1996.

Estimation of carbon allocation to the roots from soil respiration measurements of oil palm. Plant and Soil 181: 329

- 339. Peer Review oil palm Benin Lim, C.H. 1992. Reclamation of peatland for agricultural development in West Johor

- Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Peatland, 6

- 10 May 1991, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia Conference Proceedings oil palm, pineapple,

others Peninsular Malaysia Subsidence not applicable 12 years of

measurement unknown Melling, L., R. Hatano and K. J. Goo. 2005. Methane fluxes from three ecosy s tems in tropical peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 37: 1445

- 1454 Peer Review mixed forest, oil palm plantation, sago plantation Sarawak not applicable August 2002 to July 2003 monthly Melling, L., R. Hatano and K. J. Goo. 2007.

Nitrous oxide emissions from three ecosystems in tropical peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 53:

792

- 805. Peer Review mixed forest, oil palm plantation, sago plantation Sarawak not applicable August 2002 to July 2003 monthly Melling, L., R. Hatano, K. J. Goo. 2006.

Short

- term effect of urea on CH 4 flux under the oil palm (elaeis guineensis) on tropical peatland in Sarawak, Malaysia. Soil Science

and Plant Nutrition 52: 788

- 792. Peer Review oil palm Sarawak not applicable August 2002 to July 2003 monthly Mutalib, A.A, J.S. Lim, M.H. Wong and L. Koonvai. 1992. Characterization, distribution, and utilization of peat in Malaysia

- Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Peatland. 6

- 10 May 1991. Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia Conference Proceedings oil palm, others Peninsular Malaysia Subsidence not applicable unknown unknownE-70Citation Pub Type LU Loc (s) Measures

CO 2 Autotrophic respiration

correction Period of

Measurement Frequency of

Measurement Wosten, J.H.M. and H.P. Ritzema. 2001. Land and water management options for peatland development in Sarawak, Malaysia.

International Peat Journal. Peer Review Sarawak Dradjad, M. 2003. Subsidence of peat soils the tidal swamplands of Barambai, South

Kalimantan. Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan 4: 32

- 40. Peer Review Hadi, A., I. Kazuyuki, P. Erry, F. Yuchiro and

T. Haruo. 2002. Emission of CH 4 and CO 2 from tropical peatland and factors affecting them. Proceedings of the 17th World Congress on Soil Sciences, Bangkok. Conference Proceedings Hooijer, A. 2008. Master plan for the conservation and developm e nt of the ex

- mega rice project area in Central Kalimantan, cluster

3

- hydrology and peatland water management.

Euroconsult MottMacDonald/Deltares. White Paper Jauhiainen, J. 2012. Greenhouse gas emissions from a plantation on thick tropical peat. 14th International Peat Congress. 3– 8 June 2012. Stockholm, Sweden. Conference Proceedings Jauhiainen, J., H. Silvennoinen, S.H. Limin

and H. Vasander. 2008. Effect of hydrological

rest o ration on degraded tropical peat carbon flux. Proceedings 13th International Peat Congress. Dec 2008. Tullamore, Ireland. Conference Proceedings Jauhiainen, J., H. Vasander, J. Heikkinen and

P. J. Martikainen. 2004. Carbon balance in managed tropical peat in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proceedings of the 12th

In t ernational Peat Congress. Tampere. Conference Proceedings 4 three week periods Jauhiainen, J., J. Heikkinen, P. J. Martikainen

and H. Vasander. 2001. CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes in pristine peat swamp forest and peatland converted to agricu l ture in Central

Kalimantan. International Peat Journal 11. Peer Review 4 month

- long periods with

measurements 1

- 5 times a weekE-71Citation Pub Type LU Loc (s) Measures

CO 2 Autotrophic respiration

correction Period of

Measurement Frequency of

Measurement Maswar, M. 2010. Kajian cadangan karbon pada lahan gambut tropika yang didrainase untuk tanaman tahunan. Bogor, Indonesia. Sekolah Pasca Sarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor. Dissertation Melling, L. 2008. Characteristics of natural tropical peatland and their influence on C flux on Loaan Bunut National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. Proceedings of 13th International Peat Congress. Dec 2008. Tullamore, Ireland. Conference Proceedings Rumbang, N. 2008. Emission of CO 2 from tropical peat soil under different land use types. Proceedings 13th International Peat Congress. Dec 2008. Tullamore, Ireland Conference Proceedings Taylor, D. and M. Ali. 2001. Biogeochemical responses to land cover changes in coastal peatland catchments: spatial and temporal fluxes in greenhouse gas emissions and peat subsidence, Jambi Province, Sumatra. SARCS/UNOP Final Report: GLO/92/G31 -CENV

- PS609. White Paper Western Johore Integrated Agricultural Development Project. 1996. Peat soil management study. Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Kuala Lumpur and Land and Water Research Group, Wageningen. White PaperE-72