Water-Quality and 

Lake-Stage Data 

for Wisconsin Lakes, 

Water Year 2007 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
 

Open-File Report 2008–1182 

Prepared in cooperation with the 

State of Wisconsin and local agencies 
U.S. Department of the Interior 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Quality and Lake-Stage 

Data for Wisconsin Lakes, 

Water Year 2007 

A report by the Wisconsin Water Science Center Lake-Studies Team– 

W.J. Rose (team leader), H.S. Garn, G.L. Goddard, S.B. Marsh, D.L. Olson, and D.M. Robertson 

Open-File Report 2008–1182 

Prepared in cooperation with the 

State of Wisconsin and with other agencies 

Middleton, Wisconsin 

2008 
 

 

 

 

 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Mark D. Myers, Director 

For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: 

Center Director U.S. Geological Survey 

U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center 

8505 Research Way Open-File Reports Section 

Middleton, WI 53562 Box 25286, MS 517

 Denver Federal Center 

 Denver, CO 80225 

iii 
CONTENTS 

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 

Beulah 

Big Cedar 

Blue 

Delavan 

Geneva 

Green 

Little Cedar 

Minocqua 

Oconomowoc 

Methods of data collection ......................................................................................................................................... 4 

Explanation of physical and chemical characteristics of lakes ................................................................................ 13 

Water temperature and thermal stratification.............................................................................................. 13 

Specific conductance .................................................................................................................................. 14 

Water clarity ................................................................................................................................................ 14 

pH .............................................................................................................................................................. 14 

Dissolved oxygen........................................................................................................................................ 15 

Phosphorus ................................................................................................................................................. 16 

Nitrogen....................................................................................................................................................... 16 

Chlorophyll a ............................................................................................................................................... 17 

Classification of lakes............................................................................................................................................... 17 

References cited ...................................................................................................................................................... 20 

Lake data.................................................................................................................................................................. 22 

 Deep Hole, 424840088241600 .............................................................. ............................................ 23 

 Station #2, 424929088231300 ................................................................ ............................................ 25 

North Site, near West Bend, 432409088151600.................................................................................. 27 

South Site, near West Bend, 432224088154900................................................................................. 30
 

 East Basin, 455011089445600 ............................................................................................................ 33 

 West Basin, 455024089454400 ........................................................................................................... 35 

 near Delavan, 423706088363400 ........................................................................................................ 37 

at Center near Delavan Lake, 423556088365001 ............................................................................... 40 

at North End near Lake Lawn, 423659088354401 .............................................................................. 47 

at SW End near Delavan Lake, 423526088380101............................................................................. 47 

 Site A4, 423534088373700.................................................................................................................. 48 

 Site A5, 423642088355300.................................................................................................................. 49 

Devils near Baraboo, 05404500 ................................................................................................................. 50 

at Lake Geneva, 423525088260400 .................................................................................................... 52 

West End, near Williams Bay, 423329088323300............................................................................... 54 

at County Trunk Highway A near Green Lake (East End), 434928088553601 ................................... 60 

 Deep Hole, 434756089020500 ............................................................................................................ 62 

 East End, 434928088570000............................................................................................................... 67 

Kawaguesaga near Minocqua, 455208089435800 .................................................................................... 71 

Kegonsa, 425715089164700...................................................................................................................... 74 

Koshkonong near Newville, 05427235 ....................................................................................................... 75 

North Site, near West Bend, 432255088134700.................................................................................. 76 

South Site, near West Bend, 432249088134500................................................................................. 79
 

Mendota at Madison, 05428000 ................................................................................................................. 82 

Middle Genesee at Genesee Lake Road, near Oconomowoc, 430251088284700 ................................... 83 

Deep Hole, at Minocqua, 455214089412800....................................................................................... 84 

North Bay, at Minocqua, 455232089424100........................................................................................ 87 

Monona at Madison, 05429000 .................................................................................................................. 90 

No. 1 (Center) at Oconomowoc, 430551088273500 ........................................................................... 92 

No. 2 (off Hewitt Point) at Oconomowoc, 430609088262200.............................................................. 96 

iv 
Potter near Mukwonago, 424905088204000.............................................................................................. 99 

Powers at Powers Lake, 423246088175800 ............................................................................................ 104 

Puckaway 

West Basin, near Marquette, 434515089124000............................................................................... 107 

East Basin, near Marquette, 434542089073000................................................................................ 110
 

River Site, near Marquette, 434824089083200 ................................................................................. 113 

Waubesa, 05429485................................................................................................................................. 116 

Wind, at Outlet at Wind Lake, 424848088083100 .................................................................................... 118 

at Wind Lake, 424915088083900 ...................................................................................................... 120 

Winnebago 

 at Oshkosh, 04082500 ....................................................................................................................... 123 

 near Stockbridge, 04084255 .............................................................................................................. 125 

Introduction to National EPA Lake Survey............................................................................................................. 127 

Aldridge Lake, Deep Hole, near Eagle River, 455158089180300......................................................................... 131 

Arrowhead Lake, Above Dam, near Nekoosa, 441242089511200 ....................................................................... 132 

Atkins Lake, Deep Hole, near Grand View, 461642091021800 ............................................................................ 133 

Bashaw Lake, Deep Spot, near Hertel, 454616092082100 .................................................................................. 134 

Berry Lake, Deep Hole, near Gillett, 445325088282900....................................................................................... 135 

Big Crooked Lake, Deep Spot, near Lac du Flambeau, 460222089504600......................................................... 136 

Briggs Lake, Deep Spot, near Danbury, 460012092153700................................................................................. 137 

Buckskin Lake, Center, near Fence, 454709088215800....................................................................................... 138 

Chequamegon Flowage, Deep Hole, near Gilman, 451224090415300................................................................ 139
 

Chippewa Lake, Deep Spot, near Namekagon, 461157090591100 ..................................................................... 140 

Christie Lake, Deep Hole, near Gillett, 445326088213000 ................................................................................... 141 

Crooked Lake, Deep Hole, near Three Lakes, 454439089052000 ....................................................................... 142 

Crystal Lake, Deep Hole, near Sayner, 460007089364100 .................................................................................. 143 

Echo Lake, Deep Hole, near Gleason, 452109089282000 ................................................................................... 144 

Ellwood Lake, Deep Hole, near Spread Eagle, 455134088083400 ...................................................................... 145 

Fox Lake, Deep Spot, near Mercer, 460823090123600........................................................................................ 146 

Glen Lake, Deep Hole, near Athelstane, 452947088050600 ................................................................................ 147 

Green, East #2, near Green Lake, 434911088583000.......................................................................................... 148 

Half Moon Lake, Deep Hole, at Iron River, 463336091234600............................................................................. 149 

Half Moon Lake, Deep Hole, near Milltown, 452919092244400 ........................................................................... 150 

Lake Helane, Deep Hole, near Seeley, 460714091141400 .................................................................................. 151 

Lake Kegonsa, Deep Hole, near Stoughton, 425750089143800 .......................................................................... 152 

Lake Poygan, Deep Spot, near Winneconne, 440906088480000 ........................................................................ 153 

Lake Winnebago near Oshkosh, 435934088274300 ............................................................................................ 154 

Little Elkhart Lake, Deep Hole, near Plymouth, 434829087582700...................................................................... 155 

Little Star Lake, Deep Spot, near Sayner, 460300089290000 .............................................................................. 156 

Marl Lake, Deep Hole, near Waupaca, 441925089112800................................................................................... 157 

McLeod Lake, Deep Hole, near Conover, 455913089210100 .............................................................................. 158 

Mud Lake, Center, near Campbellsport, 433926088132500................................................................................. 159 

Mud Lake, Deep Hole, near Hazelhurst, 454755089391200................................................................................. 160 

Mud Lake, Deep Spot, near Hayward, 455948091145500.................................................................................... 161 

Murdock Lake, Deep Spot, near Luck, 453341092255700 ................................................................................... 162 

Oconomowoc Lake, Center, near Oconomowoc, 430551088273500................................................................... 163
 

Peshtigo Lake, Deep Spot, at Crandon, 453500088540000 ................................................................................. 164 

Pleasant Lake, Deep Spot, near Osceola, 451730092371300.............................................................................. 165 

Plum Lake, Deep Hole, at Sayner, 455958089314200 ......................................................................................... 166 

Price Lake, Deep Spot, near Lugerville, 454547090393300 ................................................................................. 167 

Pulaski Lake, Deep Hole, near Bruce, 452005091171000.................................................................................... 168 

Rainbow (Chain) Lake, Deep Hole, near Waupaca, 442024089090200............................................................... 169 

Riley Lake, Deep Spot, near Fifield, 455125090095400 ....................................................................................... 170 

Rolling Stone Lake, Deep Hole, near Pickerel, 452617088565800 ...................................................................... 171 

v 
 

 

 

 

 

Round Lake, Deep Hole, near Osceola, 451853092334600................................................................................. 172 

Sand Lake, Deep Spot, near Solon Springs, 462242091342400.......................................................................... 173 

Schnur Lake, Deep Hole, near Park Falls, 455828090302800 ............................................................................. 174 

Soo Lake, Deep Hole, near Rhinelander, 453918089322600............................................................................... 175 

Spring Lake, Deep Hole, near Cumberland, 453452092022600........................................................................... 177 

Swamsauger Lake, Deep Spot, near Hazelhurst, 454710089573000 .................................................................. 178 

Swan Lake, Deep Hole, near Portage, 433239089223500 ................................................................................... 179 

Tichigan Lake near Waterford, 424854088123300 ............................................................................................... 180 

Unnamed Lake, Center, near Clam Falls, 454322092100500 .............................................................................. 181 

Unnamed Lake, Deep Spot, near Minong, 460759091364200 ............................................................................. 182 

Voltz Lake, Deep Hole, near Wilmot, 423029088050000...................................................................................... 183 

Wapogasset Lake, South End Deep Hole, near Amery, 451909092253300 ........................................................ 184 

Webb Lake, North Basin Deep Hole, near Webb Lake, 460222092083100 ......................................................... 185 

West Mitchell Lake, Deep Spot, near Harshaw, 453902089423200 ..................................................................... 186 

Willow Reservoir, Deep Spot, near Hazelhurst, 454300089515900 ..................................................................... 187 

Wisconsin Water Science Center publications pertaining to lakes........................................................................ 188 

Appendix - Quality-Assurance/Quality-Control Plan .............................................................................................. 198 

FIGURE 

Figure 1. Map showing location of USGS lake water-quality and lake-stage stations in Wisconsin ....................... 2 

Figure 2. Map showing location of 2007 EPA National Lake Survey and WDNR-selected lakes ....................... 130 

TABLES 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations ....................................................................................................................... 5

 2. Parameter identification numbers and laboratory reporting levels (LRL) for chemical
 

parameters commonly measured in lakes, and analyzed at the National Water-Quality 

 Laboratory (NWQL) or the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene (WSLH)........................................ 12 

3. 2007 EPA National Lake Survey and WDNR-selected lake site ID’s and counties ............................ 128
 

vi 
 

 

CONVERSION FACTORS, VERTICAL DATUM, AND ABBREVIATED WATER-QUALITY UNITS 

Multiply By To Obtain 

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer 

pound (lb) 453.6 gram 

acre 0.4048 hectare 

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter 

meter (m) 3.281 foot 

gallon (gal) 

square mile (mi2

) 

3.785 

2.590 

liter 

square kilometer 

Temperature, in degrees Celsius (°C) can be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) by use of the following 

equation 

°F = 1.8(°C) + 32 

Sea level: In this report “sea level” refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 

1929)–a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the United 

States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929. 

Abbreviated water-quality units: Chemical concentrations and water temperature are given in metric 

units. Chemical concentration is given in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or micrograms per liter (μg/L). 

Milligrams per liter is a unit expressing the concentration of chemical constituents in solution as weight 

(milligrams) of solute per unit volume (liter) of water. One thousand micrograms per liter is equivalent to 

one milligram per liter. For water with dissolved-solids concentrations less than 7,000 mg/L, the numerical 

values for concentrations expressed as mg/L and μg/L are the same as for concentrations in parts per 

million and parts per billion, respectively. 

Specific conductance of water is expressed in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius 

(μS/cm). This unit is equivalent to micromhos per centimeter (mmho/cm) at 25 degrees Celsius, formerly 

used by the U.S. Geological Survey. 

vii 
WATER-QUALITY AND LAKE-STAGE DATA 

FOR WISCONSIN LAKES, WATER YEAR 2007 

By Wisconsin Water Science Center 

Lake-Studies Team 

INTRODUCTION 

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with local and other agencies, 

collects data at selected lakes throughout Wisconsin. These data, accumulated over many 

years, provide a data base for developing an improved understanding of the water quality of 

lakes. To make these data available to interested parties outside the USGS, the data are 

published annually in this report series. The locations of water-quality and lake-stage stations in 

Wisconsin for water year 2007 are shown in figure 1. A water year is the 12-month period from 

October 1 through September 30. It is designated by the calendar year in which it ends. Thus, 

the period October 1, 2005 through September 30, 2007 is called “water year 2007.” 

The purpose of this report is to provide information about the chemical and physical 

characteristics of Wisconsin lakes. Data that have been collected at specific lakes, and 

information to aid in the interpretation of those data, are included in this report. Data collected 

include measurements of in-lake water quality and lake stage. Time series of Secchi depths, 

surface total phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations collected during non-frozen periods 

are included for all lakes. Graphs of vertical profiles of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and 

specific conductance are included for sites where these parameters were measured. Descriptive 

information for each lake includes: location of the lake, area of the lake’s watershed, period for 

which data are available, revisions to previously published records, and pertinent remarks. 

Additional data, such as streamflow and water quality in tributary and outlet streams of some of 

the lakes, are published in another volume: “Water Resources Data-Wisconsin, 2007." 

Water-resources data, including stage and discharge data at most streamflow-gaging 

stations, are available through the World Wide Web on the Internet. The Wisconsin Water 

Science Center’s home page is at http://wi.water.usgs.gov/. Information on the Wisconsin 

Water Science Center’s Lakes Program is found at wi.water.usgs.gov/lake/index.html and 

wi.water.usgs.gov/projects/index.html. 

1 
 

91° 

45° 

Lake-stage station 

Powers Lake water-quality

and stage station
 

W I N N E - CAL U MET 

B A G O 

J UN E AU 

A D A M S 

WAU S HA R A 

M O N R O E LA CROSSE GREEN 

LAK E 

MAR -

QUETTE 

F O N D D U L A C SHEB OYGAN 

V E R N O N 

CO L UM B I A 

S A U K 

D O D G E 

OZ A U K E E 

W ASH I N G 

- T O N 

RICHLAN D 

CRAWFORD 

D A N E 

G R A N T 

MILWAUKEE 

I O W A 

WAUKESH A JEFFERSON 

R A C I N E 

G R E E N R O C K WALWORTH L A FAYET T E 

KE N O S H A 

B R O W N 

D O U G L A S 

V I L A S 

B U R N E T T 

WASHBURN 

S A W Y E R 

F O R E S T 

FL OR E NC E 

P R I C E O N E I D A 

MA RINE T T E 

P O L K 

B A R R O N R U S K 

L I N C O L N 

L A N G L A D E 

O C O N T O 

T A Y L O R 

D O O R 

C H I P P E W A S T . C R O I X 

D U N N 

MENOMINE E 

M A R A T H O N 

C L A R K 

S H A W A N O P I E R C E E A U C L A I R E 

KEWAUNEE 

P E P I N 

PO R TAG E WAUPACA B U F F A L O W O O D 

TREMPE A 

-LE AU 

J A C K S O N 

OUTAGAMI E 

MANITOWOC 

B A Y F I E L D 

A S H L A N D 

I R O N 

LittleCedar 

Delavan 

Green 

Wind 

Winnebago 

Minocqua, 

Kawaguesaga 

Puckaway 

Potter 

Middle Genesee 

Oconomowoc 

EXPLANATION 

Green Lake name Geneva 

Blue 

Devils 

Fish 

Mendota 

Monona 

Koshkonong 

0 20 40 60 MILES 

0 20 40 60 KILOMETERS 

44° 

43° 

46° 

92° 

90° 

89° 

88° 

87° 

Big Muskego 

Big Cedar 

Beulah 

Note: at some lakes more than one
 site may be monitored.
 

Figure 1. Location of USGS lake water-quality and lake-stage stations in Wisconsin. 

2 
The USGS has done cooperative lake monitoring with local and other agencies since 

1983. Cooperators in 2007 included: 

Barron County Soil and Water Conservation Department 

Big Cedar Lake Protection and Rehabilitation District 

City of Delafield 

Dane County 

Delavan Lake Sanitary District 

Geneva Lake Environmental Agency 

Green Lake Sanitary District 

Lake Beulah Management District 

Lake Puckaway Protection and Rehabilitation District 

Little Cedar Lake Protection and Rehabilitation District 

Middle Genesee Lake District 

Potter’s Lake Protection and Rehabilitation District 

Powers Lake District 

Rock County Public Works Department 

Town of Minocqua (Minocqua/Kawaguesaga Lake Protection Association) 

Town of Wascott (Whitefish Lake Conservation Organization) 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

Village of Oconomowoc Lake 

Wind Lake Management District 

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 

3 
Lake data-collection sites are identified by a unique identification number. Lake waterquality sites are identified by a 15-digit number that is a concatenation of the site’s latitude, 

longitude, and a two-digit sequence number. The sequence number is used to distinguish 

between sites located at the same latitude-longitude designation. The site identification number 

is permanently assigned to the site; actual latitude and longitude of the site are subject to 

update and are stored separately. For some lakes, which have historical records of lake stage, 

an eight-to-ten digit number is assigned according to downstream order. Gaps are left in the 

numerical series to allow for new stations; hence, the numbers are not consecutive. The first 

two digits of the complete eight-to-ten digit number, such as 04087000 or 054310157, designate 

the major river basin. For example, “04” designates the St. Lawrence River Basin and “05” 

designates the Upper Mississippi River Basin. 

The water-quality lake stations that were discontinued prior to water year 2007 are listed 

in table 1. Discontinued lake-stage stations are not included in this table. 

This report is the culmination of a concerted effort by a number of people who collected, 

compiled, analyzed, verified, and organized the data, and who typed, edited, and assembled the 

report. The authors had primary responsibility for assuring that the information contained herein 

is accurate, complete, and adheres to USGS policy and established guidelines. Technicians in 

charge of the field offices are: B.W. Olson (Merrill), and S.A. March (Middleton). The data were 

collected and processed by G.L. Goddard, D.E. Housner, S.B. Manteufel, B.W. Olson, D.L. 

Olson, P.C. Reneau, J.G. Schuler, and B.J. Siebers. S.B. Manteufel assembled, edited, and 

formatted the report. Additional assistance in preparation of the report was provided by J.L. 

Bruce, M.M. Greenwood, and D.L. Olson. 

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION 

Depth profiles of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and specific conductance 

were collected using multi-parameter meters. Prior to measurements, the meters were 

calibrated using standards for pH and conductance, and dissolved oxygen was calibrated using 

the air calibration method. Generally, field measurements in profiles were made at 0.5-m 

intervals if the maximum depth of the lake was 5 m or less and at 1.0-m intervals if the 

maximum depth was greater than 5 m. 

4 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations 

Station name Site identification number Period of record 

Alma Lake near St. Germain 455426089254700 Oct. 1984–Sept. 1990, 

May 1992–Sept.1996 

Balsam Lake, off Cedar Island, at Balsam Lake 452755092264600 Feb. 1991–Aug. 1994 

 off Little Narrows, near Balsam Lake	 452858092265300 May 1991–Aug. 1994 

 off Rock Island, near Balsam Lake 452754092234300 May 1991–Aug. 1994 

Balsam Lake near Birchwood 453907091345800 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994, 

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997, 

Mar.–Sept. 2001 

Bass Lake near Shawano 445215088300300 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992 

Bear Lake at Deep Hole near Haugen 453754091490900 Mar. 1992–Aug. 1993 

Beaver Dam Lake, South end, at Beaver Dam 432814088515000 June–Oct. 1991 

 North end, near Beaver Dam 433122088545700 June–Oct. 1991 

Benedict Lake near Powers Lake 423201088180800 May 1998–Aug. 2000 

Big Blacksmith Lake near Keshena 445401088334500 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992 

Big Hills (Hills) Lake near Wild Rose 440912089092000 June 1983–Aug. 1984, 

Feb.–Aug. 1987, 

Feb.–Aug. 1990, 

Feb.–Aug. 1993, 

Feb.–Aug. 1996, 

Feb.–Aug. 1999 

Big Muskego Lake, at North Site, near Muskego 425301088061300 Feb.–Aug. 1988

 Research Base, near Muskego 425235088075300 May–June 1994 

Big Round Lake near Milltown 453142092180100 Feb.–Sept. 2001 

Big St. Germain Lake, near St. Germain 455557089311000 Feb. 1992–Aug. 1996 

 near Lake Tomahawk 05390750 1991–2001 

Big Sand Lake, Deep Hole, near Hertel 454910092134000 Feb.–Sept. 2001 

 East Site, near Hertel	 454921092124300 Feb.–Sept. 2001 

Big Sissabagama Lake, near Stone Lake 454724091303600 Apr. 1986–Sept. 1996, 

Oct. 1997–Sept. 2002 

 North Site, near Stone Lake 454800091312900 Mar. 1998–Sept. 2001 

Booth Lake near East Troy 424800088254800 Feb. 1992–Aug. 1994, 

Feb. 2001–Aug. 2003 

Buffalo Lake, Center Site, at Packwaukee 434558089260600 May 1998–Sept. 2001 

 East End, at Montello	 434720089201600 May 1998–Sept. 2001 

West End, near Endeavor	 434414089282400 May 1998–Sept. 2001 

5 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued 

Station name Site identification number Period of record 

Butternut Lake, near Park Falls 455854090310300 Oct. 2002–Oct. 2004 

 Deep Hole, near Park Falls 455803090310800 Mar. 2003–Sept. 2004 

 North Site, near Butternut 455904090303400 Mar. 2003–Sept. 2004 

 Far South Site, near Park Falls 455651090312700 Mar. 2003–Sept. 2004 

Denoon Lake at Wind Lake 425044088100300 Feb. 1991–Aug. 1996 

Druid Lake near Hartford 431643088243300 Feb. 1991–Sept. 1996 

Eagle Lake near Kansasville 05544500 1936–64, 1975–77, 

1979, 

Feb. 1993–Sept. 1996 

Eagle Lake, at Deep Hole, near Kansasville 424207088072400 Feb. 1993–Aug. 1996 

Eagle Spring Lake at Eagleville 425103088261500 Apr. 1991–Sept. 2001 

Elizabeth Lake near Twin Lakes 423051088155300 Feb. 1995–Sept. 1997 

Fish Lake near Sauk City 05406050 Nov. 1966–Sept. 1981, 

Apr. 1985–May 1987, 

May 1988, Apr. 1989– 

Oct. 1990, Oct. 1990– 

Nov. 1996, Nov. 1996– 

Sept. 2004 

Forest Lake near Dundee 433632088100200 Mar. 1994–Aug. 1996, 

May–Aug. 2004, Feb. – 

Aug. 2005 

Fowler Lake, Center, at Oconomowoc 430653088294601 Jan.–Dec. 1984, 

Oct. 1986–Sept. 1996 

Fox Lake Deep Hole at Fox Lake 433458088560600 June 1991–Mar. 1993 

Geneva Lake, Geneva Bay, at Lake Geneva 423455088263800	 Apr. 1997–Feb. 1999

 Williams Bay, at Williams Bay 423420088320500 Apr. 1997–Feb. 1999

 Center, near Lake Geneva 423402088301400 Apr. 1997–Mar. 1999

 East End, near Lake Geneva 423421088272300 Apr. 1997–May 2000
 

Hemlock Lake near Mikana 453421091333700	 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994, 

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997, 

Mar.–Sept. 2001 

Hooker Lake at Salem 423335088060300	 Feb. 1992–Aug. 1993 

Kawaguesaga, South Site, near Minocqua 455145089442600	 May–Sept. 2003 

Kirby Lake near Cumberland 453554092042101 Nov. 1995–Oct. 1996

 (Site 1) near Cumberland 453608092035801 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

 (Site 2) near Cumberland	 453601092035301 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996 

6 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued 

Station name Site identification number Period of record

 (Site 3) near Cumberland 453612092034901	 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

 (Site 4) near Cumberland 453603092035701 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

 (Site 5) near Cumberland 453608092041201 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

 (Site 6) near Cumberland 453555092040901 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996 

Lac La Belle at Oconomowoc 430733088305900	 Feb. 1984–Aug. 1985, 

Apr. –Aug. 1991, 

Feb. 2001–Aug. 2003

 NW, at Oconomowoc 430809088313900	 Feb. 1984–Aug. 1985

 SE, at Oconomowoc 430707088301400 Feb. 1984–Aug. 1985 

Lake Blass at Lake Delton 433545089482400 Mar. 1989–Aug. 1990 

Lake Desair near Rice Lake 453446091465100 Aug. 2004 

Lake Keesus, East Bay, near Merton 430957088183400 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1995 

North Bay, near Merton 431006088191000	 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1995 

Lake Morris at Mount Morris 440654089120500	 Jun. 1983–Sept. 1989 

Lake Nebagamon, Northeast Bay, at Lake 463050091412300 May 1992–Aug. 1995

Nebagamon 

 Southeast Bay, at Lake Nebagamon 462928091413500 Mar. 1992–Sept. 1995

 West Bay, at Lake Nebagamon	 463034091425300 May 1992–Aug. 1995 

Lake Noquebay near Crivitz 451511087550900 Feb. 1987–Aug. 1988, 

Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994

 East End, near Crivitz 451540087525700 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994 

Lamotte Lake near Shawano 445305088361200	 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992 

Lauderdale Lakes at Lauderdale 424554088332700	 Oct. 1993–Oct. 1994 

Green, Auxiliary, Number 1, near Lauderdale 424640088341900	 June 1999–Sept. 2000 

Green, near Lauderdale 424652088341500 Nov. 1993–Nov. 1994, 

Aug. 2002 

Middle Lake at Lauderdale 424621088335500 Nov. 1993–Nov. 1994, 

Feb. 1999–Sept. 2005 

Mill, at Lauderdale 424555088335700 Nov. 1993–Nov. 1994, 

Aug. 2002 

Legend Lake (site 1) near Shawano 445342088312700 Feb. 1990–Feb. 1992 

Little Arbor Vitae near Woodruff 455446089370300	 Feb. 1991–Sept. 2002 

Little Green Lake, at Center, near Markesan 434412088590700	 Feb. 1991–Aug. 2003 

Little Muskego Lake at Muskego 425425088083500 Oct. 1986–Aug. 2002 

Little Rock Lake near Woodruff 455946089415702 Oct. 1983–Sept. 1996 

Little St. Germain Lake, near Eagle River 05390700 (a)

 Upper East Bay, at St. Germain 455532089253900	 Dec. 1996–Mar. 97, 

Mar. 1999, 

Mar. 2000–Aug. 2003 

7 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued 

Station name Site identification number Period of record

 Northeast Bay, near St. Germain 455545089262500	 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994, 

Aug. 1996–Aug. 1997, 

Mar. 1999–Aug. 2003

 South Bay, near St. Germain 455437089270800	 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994, 

Aug. 1996–Aug. 1997, 

Mar. 1999–Aug. 2003

 West Bay, at St. Germain 455428089282400	 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994, 

Aug. 1996–Aug. 1997, 

Mar. 1999–Aug. 2003 

Little Sand Lake - Site No. 2 - near Mole Lake 452826088544101 May1996–Sept. 2003 

Long (Kee Nong Go-Mong) Lake at Wind Lake 424937088103400 Feb. 1988–Aug. 1989, 

Feb. 1991–Aug. 1996 

Loon Lake near Shawano 445009088303700 Feb. 1991–Aug. 1993 

Lost Lake near Beaver Dam 432640088580500 June–Oct. 1991 

McKenzie Lakes 

McKenzie (Big McKenzie) 

 Deep Hole, near Spooner 455507092013500 Feb. 1987–Aug. 1998 

 Northern Site, near Spooner 455540092022000 June 1997–Aug. 1998 

 South Site, near Spooner 455437092022300 June 1997–Aug. 1998 

 Lower McKenzie, near Webb Lake 455902092011900 June 1997–Aug. 1998 

 Middle McKenzie, near Spooner 455635092021800 June 1997–Aug. 1998 

Mary (Marie) Lake at Twin Lakes 423128088151200 Feb. 1995–Aug. 1997 

Max Lake near Woodruff 460128089423501 Mar. 1988–Dec. 1996 

Mead Lake, East Bay near Willard 444720090445000 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1995 

West Bay near Willard 444733090460100 Feb. 1991–Sept. 1995 

Minocqua, South Bay, at Minocqua 455206089425200 May–Sept. 2003 

Montello Lake at Montello 434748089195800 Feb. 1995–Aug. 1998 

Moon Lake near St. Germain 455504089260500 Feb. 1992–Aug. 1996 

Morgan Lake near Fence 454622088324801 Oct. 1987–Sept. 1998. 

Moshawquit Lake near Shawano 445352088295800 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992 

Muskego (Big Muskego) 

 Auxiliary Number 1, near Muskego 425329088054000 June 1996–Aug. 2000 

 Bass Bay, near Muskego 425344008807010 Feb. 1988–Aug. 2002 

8 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued 

Station name Site identification number Period of record

 near Wind Lake 425109088075000 Oct. 1987–Sept. 1989, 

Jan. 1991–Sept. 2002 

 South Site, near Muskego 425212088072800 Feb. 1988–Aug. 2002 

Muskellunge Lake near Eagle River 455700089224900 June 2000–Aug. 2001 

Muskellunge Lake, near Lake Outlet near Eagle 455706089232400 Nov. 2000–Oct. 2001 

River 

Nagawicka Lake, at Deep Hole, at Delafield 430417088230300 Feb. 2003–Sept. 2004 

Namekagon Lakes 

 Garden, near Cable 461224091033200 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999 

 Jackson, near Cable 461457091065900 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999 

Namekagon 

 Deep Hole, near Cable 461308091065100 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999 

 East Basin, near Cable 461228091044300 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999 

 Northeast Basin, near Cable 461410091050700 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999 

Park Lake (site 1) at Pardeeville 433239089175800 Feb. 1986–Aug. 1987, 

May–Nov. 1993

 (site 2) at Pardeeville 433226089175500 May–Nov. 1993

 (site 3) at Pardeeville 433245089173000 May–Nov. 1993

 (site 4) at Pardeeville 433257089165100 May–Nov. 1993 

Pike Lake near Hartford 431916088200501 Dec. 1998–Dec. 2000 

Pike Lake-QW Site-near Hartford 431835088200600 Feb.–Aug. 2000 

Pine Lake at Chenequa 430707088230500 Apr. 2005–Sept. 2006 

Pretty Lake, at Deep Hole, near Dousman 425722088295000 Feb. 1993–Aug. 1997 

Red Cedar Lake, at Mikana 453522091360600 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994, 

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997, 

Oct. 2000–Sept. 2001 

 Deep Hole, near Mikana 453725091345100 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994, 

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997, 

Mar. –Sept. 2001 

South End, at Mikana 453519091352500 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994, 

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997, 

Mar. –Sept. 2001 

Rice Lake at Deep Hole near Whitewater 424629088415700 Apr.–Nov. 1991 

Round Lake near Shawano 445328088335000 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992 

Sand Lake (Deep Hole) near Keshena 445321088323101 June–Aug. 1992 

Shell Lake at Shell Lake 05334000 Aug. 1936–Sept. 1999 

9 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued 

Station name Site identification number Period of record 

Silver Lake near Cumberland 453420091551600 Oct. 2004–Sept. 2006 

 Deep Hole, near Cumberland 453502091551700 Oct. 2004–Sept. 2006 

At Beach 453424091551600 Oct. 2004–Sept. 2006 

 NE Bay 453535091550800 Oct. 2004–Sept. 2006 

 Southeast wetland 453441091545300 Oct. 2004–Sept. 2006 

Whitefish Lake near Gordon 461231091524900 Oct. 2004–Sept. 2006 

North Basin 461321091520900 Oct. 2004–Sept. 2006 

 South Basin (Deep Hole) 461212091523200 Oct. 2004–Sept. 2006 

Silver Lake near Oconomowoc 430436088293300 Apr. 1992–Aug. 1996 

Silver Lake near West Bend 432322088125000 Feb. 1996–Aug. 1997 

Sinissippi Lake, off Anthony Is., at Hustisford 432113088361100 Feb. 1991–Aug. 1993 

off Butternut Is., near Hustisford 432240088363900 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1993 

 off Sam Point, near Hustisford 432300088374200 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1993 

Spirit Lake near Keshena 445400088320100 Apr.–Aug. 1992 

Spooner Lake, Deep Hole, near Spooner 455034091493300 June 2002–Aug. 2004 

 Southeast Site, near Spooner 454945091483900 June 2002–Aug. 2004 

Stewart Lake at Mt. Horeb 430117089442701 May 1992–Sept. 1993 

Tichigan Lake near Waterford 424854088123300 Mar. 1994–Aug. 1996, 

Apr. 2003–Aug. 2004 

Tombeau Lake near Powers Lake 423153088184800 May 1998–Aug. 2000 

Twin Lake, East Twin, near Westfield 435430089350700 June 2002–Aug. 2004 

 West Twin, near Westfield 435438089352300 June 2002–Aug. 2004 

Upper Nemahbin, Center, near Delafield 430400088254900 June 1993–Oct. 1995, 

Feb. –Sept. 2005 

(a) Wisconsin Valley Improvement Co. currently collects stage data for this site. 

In most lakes, water samples were collected at two depths - near the surface and near 

the bottom. Chemical analyses of water samples were performed using standard analytical 

methods by either the USGS National Water Quality Laboratory (Wershaw and others, 1987; 

Fishman and Friedman, 1989; Fishman, 1993) or the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene 

(Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 1993). Analyses for dissolved constituents were 

performed on samples that were filtered in the field through a 0.45-mm (micrometer) pore-size 

filter. Total or total recoverable constituents were determined by analyzing unfiltered water 

samples. Preservation and shipment of samples followed standard protocols established by the 

10 
laboratories. Water-quality data were archived in the Water Quality Data Base (QWDATA) of 

the National Water Information System (NWIS). Additional descriptive information about waterquality data is available in the data report: "Water Resources Data – Wisconsin, 2007". NWIS 

parameter codes and minimum laboratory reporting levels for chemical constituents are given in 

table 2. The parameter code for turbidity has changed from 00076 to 63676 because the 

method of testing has changed. 

Records of lake stage are considered complete when one or more manual or automatic 

measurements were obtained per day. Partial records of lake stage result when measurements 

were less frequent than daily. A complete description of manual or automatic measurements of 

lake stage is described by Rantz and others (1982). 

11 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 2. Parameter identification numbers and laboratory reporting levels (LRL) for chemical parameters commonly 

measured in lakes, and analyzed at the National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) or the Wisconsin State Laboratory 

of Hygiene (WSLH) 

(NWQL) (WSLH) 

Standard Low-Level 

Analysis Analysis 

CAS Parameter Lab Lab Test 

Parameter Name Units 

Number1 Code2 LRL 

Code 

LRL 

Code 

LRL 

Code 

Calcium, diss. (Ca) mg/L 7440-70-2 00915 0.020 659 0.002 1895 0.02 I230IUD 

Magnesium, diss. (Mg) mg/L 7439-95-4 00925 0.004 663 0.001 1897 0.02 I390IUD 

Sodium, diss. (Na) mg/L 7440-23-5 00930 0.09 675 0.025 1898 0.09 I80IUD 

Potassium, diss. (K) mg/L 7440-09-7 00935 0.24 54 0.01 833 0.3 I540IUD 

Sulfate, diss. (SO4) mg/L 14808-79-8 00945 0.31 1572 0.01 1263 1.0 I600DLD 

Chloride, diss. (Cl) mg/L 16887-00-6 00940 0.29 1571 0.01 1259 0.1 I240ELD 

Fluoride, diss. (F) mg/L 16984-48-8 00950 0.100 31 0.01 1260 0.03 I330FLD 

Iron, diss. (Fe) (μg/L) 7439-89-6 01046 10 645 3 1896 10 I370IUD 

Manganese, diss. (Mn) (μg/L) 7439-96-5 01056 2.2 648 1 1793 0.4 I400IUD 

Silica, diss. (SiO2) mg/L 7631-86-9 00955 0.1 56 0.02 1899 0.008 I560LLD 

Nitrogen, NO2+NO3, 

diss. mg/L -- 00631 0.05 1975 0.005 1979 0.01 I460MLD 

Nitrogen, ammonia, 

diss. mg/L 7664-41-7 00608 0.02 1976 0.002 1980 0.013 I440NLD 

Nitrogen, amm.+org., 

total4 mg/L 17778-88-0 00625 0.100 1985 -- -- 0.2 I470BLT 

Nitrogen, 

amm.+org.,diss. mg/L -- 00623 -- -- -- -- -- I470DLD 

Nitrogen, total5 mg/L -- 00600 -- -- -- -- -- --

Nitrogen, dissolved mg/L -- 00602 -- -- -- -- -- --

Phosphorus, total mg/L 7723-14-0 00665 0.05 1984 0.004 2333 0.005 I520PLT 

Phosphorus, ortho, diss. mg/L 14265-44-2 00671 0.01 1262 0.002 1978 0.002 I530CLD 

Chlorophyll a, 

phytoplankton (μg/L) 479-61-8 70953 0.1 586 -- -- -- --

Chlorophyll a, 

phytoplankton (μg/L) 479-61-8 32210 -- -- -- -- 0.26 I250UNF 

1: CAS (Chemical Abstracting Services) number = unique identification for each constituent 

2: Parameter Code - unique number for storage of data in database 

3: Calculated as difference between total ammonia + organic nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen 

4: Also known as Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) 

5: Calculated as sum of TKN + Nitrogen as (NO2+NO3) 

12 
 

 

 

EXPLANATION OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKES 

Following are brief, generalized explanations of some of the common measurements of 

water quality and some of the physical processes occurring in lakes that influence these 

measures of water quality. More detailed explanations of water-quality data and lake processes 

are given by Wetzel (1983), Hem (1985), and Shaw and others (1993). 

Water Temperature and Thermal Stratification 

Water temperature in lakes is important because of its role in stratification and because 

of the temperature dependence of many chemical reactions and life processes of aquatic 

organisms. The extent of thermal stratification in lakes depends on the interaction between the 

lake’s shape, water clarity, solar heating, and wind-driven mixing. Complete mixing of the lake is 

usually inhibited by thermal stratification in summer and by ice cover in winter. Thermal 

stratification affects water quality and the distribution of organisms in the lake. Summer thermal 

stratification can occur in any lake, but in Wisconsin it commonly occurs in lakes deeper than 

about 6 m (Shaw and others, 1993). 

The density of water increases with decreasing temperature down to a temperature of 

4°C, then decreases with decreasing temperature between 4°C and the freezing point of water 

(0°C). For a brief period in the spring after the ice is out, water temperature is usually uniform 

through the entire water column and wind action causes the lake to mix completely. This 

process is known as “spring turnover.” As the lake absorbs the sun’s energy, the surface water 

becomes warmer and its density decreases, making it more resistant to complete mixing. The 

difference in density caused by different water temperatures can prevent warm and cold water 

from mixing. In most lakes, therefore, a density “barrier” forms between the warmer surface 

water (epilimnion) and the underlying colder water (hypolimnion). This barrier is often marked by 

a sharp temperature gradient known as the “thermocline (metalimnion).” During the stratified 

summer period, these three distinct layers of lake water are often present. As the temperature 

difference between surface and deep water increases, this “stratified” condition stabilizes and 

can persist until surface temperatures decrease in the fall, which decreases the stability of the 

stratification. The mixing of the lake water in the fall is known as “fall turnover.” 

13 
Thermal stratification may also occur under ice cover in the winter. In the winter, the 

coldest water (near 0°C) under the ice at the surface of the lake is less dense than water deeper 

in the lake with warmer temperatures. 

Specific Conductance 

Specific conductance is a measure of the ability of water to conduct an electrical current 

and is an indicator of the concentration of dissolved solids in the water. Because conductance is 

temperature related, reported values are normalized at 25°C and are termed specific 

conductance. As the concentration of dissolved minerals increases, specific conductance 

increases. During winter and summer thermal stratification, concentrations of dissolved 

constituents near the lake bottom increase due to the decomposition of materials settling from 

the epilimnion, or release of dissolved materials (such as iron, manganese, and phosphorus) 

from the bottom sediments during anoxic periods. Therefore, differences in specific 

conductance with depth indicate differences in concentrations of dissolved solids. 

Water Clarity 

Water clarity, or transparency, is commonly measured using a Secchi disc. The range of 

depths within which photosynthetic activity occurs depends largely on depth of light penetration, 

which is influenced by water clarity. A Secchi disc, most commonly an 20-cm.-diameter disc with 

alternating black-and-white quadrants, is lowered to a depth at which it is no longer visible. This 

depth is referred to as the Secchi depth. Clarity can be reduced by algae, zooplankton, water 

color, and suspended sediment. Algae are often the most dominant influence on clarity in lakes 

and, therefore, Secchi depth is usually correlated with the algal abundance. Secchi depths are 

generally the least during summer when algal populations are largest. 

pH 

The pH is a measure of the acidity of the water. It is defined as the negative logarithm of 

hydrogen-ion concentration and varies over a 14-unit log scale, with a pH of 7 being neutral. 

Values less than 7 indicate acidic conditions; the lower the value, the stronger the acidity. 

Values greater than 7 indicate alkaline conditions. The pH of water is influenced in part by 

photosynthesis and respiration of planktonic algae and aquatic plants. It is important because it 

affects the solubility of many chemical constituents, and because aquatic organisms have 

14 
limited pH tolerances. Planktonic algae and aquatic plants produce oxygen and consume 

carbon dioxide as they photosynthesize during daytime; they consume oxygen and produce 

carbon dioxide when they respire at night. Carbon dioxide combines with the water molecule to 

form carbonic acid; therefore respiration causes a decrease in pH at night and photosynthesis 

during the day causes an increase in pH. The result is a daily cycle in pH. Because 

phytoplankton are usually concentrated in the near-surface water, changes in pH in the 

epilimnion are more extreme than in the hypolimnion, where less photosynthesis usually occurs. 

Lakes having good fish populations and productivity generally have a pH between 6.7 

and 8.2. Values of pH greater than 8.5 have been shown to cause the release of phosphorus 

from lake sediments (James and Barko, 1991). 

Dissolved Oxygen 

Dissolved oxygen is one of the most critical factors affecting a lake ecosystem because 

it is essential to most aquatic organisms, and it is involved in many chemical reactions. Very 

low dissolved oxygen concentrations can control some types of chemical reactions. The 

solubility of oxygen in water is inversely related to temperature–that is, oxygen solubility 

decreases as water temperature increases. This relation is important because at warmer 

temperatures the metabolic rate of organisms increases but less oxygen is available for 

respiration. The primary sources of dissolved oxygen are from the air and from photosynthesis. 

The minimum dissolved oxygen concentration specified in national water-quality criteria for early 

life stages of warmwater aquatic life is 5.0 mg/L (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986). 

In early summer, if thermal stratification develops, the metalimnion restricts the surface 

supply of dissolved oxygen to the hypolimnion. The hypolimnion can become isolated from the 

atmosphere. Thus, as summer progresses, the dissolved oxygen concentration can decrease in 

response to decomposition of dead algae that settle from the epilimnion and in response to the 

biological and chemical oxygen demand of the sediments. The oxygen demand from these 

processes may completely deplete the oxygen (anoxia) in the water near the lake bottom. The 

oxygen depletion then progresses upward but usually is confined to the hypolimnion. 

Anoxia in the hypolimnion is common in stratified eutrophic (nutrient-rich) lakes in 

Wisconsin. Complete anoxia, however, is often not detected because of meter constraints. 

During anoxic conditions, many aquatic organisms cannot survive, but many other species 

15 
(primarily bacteria) actually function only in such conditions. Therefore, a shift from oxic to 

anoxic conditions produces a rapid and dramatic change in the biological community and 

chemical environment. Anoxia also can cause release of phosphorus from the bottom 

sediments. This phosphorus then mixes throughout the water column during spring and fall 

turnover. 

Phosphorus 

Phosphorus is one of the essential nutrients for plant growth. High phosphorus 

concentrations can cause dense algal populations (blooms) and can therefore be a major cause 

of eutrophication in lakes. When phosphorus concentrations exceed 0.025 mg/L at the time of 

spring overturn in lakes and reservoirs, these water bodies may occasionally experience excess 

or nuisance growth of algae or other aquatic plants (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

1986). In many regions of the country, including the upper Midwest, other nutrients, particularly 

nitrogen, tend to be in abundant supply. Phosphorus is often the nutrient in shortest supply, 

therefore limiting or controlling plant growth. About 90 percent of the lakes in Wisconsin are 

limited by phosphorus (Shaw and others, 1993). In water, dissolved orthophosphate is that part 

of total phosphorus that is most readily available for use by algae. 

Internal phosphorus recycling occurs in many lakes. Phosphorus used by algae, aquatic 

plants, fish, and zooplankton is stored within these organisms. As these organisms die and 

decompose, this phosphorus is returned to the lake water and sediments. Anoxia in the 

hypolimnion makes phosphorus more soluble, adding further to the release of phosphorus from 

the falling particles and the lake sediments. During spring and fall turnover the phosphorus, 

which was released from the bottom sediments into the hypolimnion during anoxia, is mixed 

throughout the lake. The phosphorus is then available for algal growth. These phenomena are 

part of the internal-recycling processes of lakes. 

Nitrogen 

Nitrogen, like phosphorus, is an essential nutrient for plant and algal growth. Usually in 

Wisconsin lakes, nitrogen is in abundant supply from the atmosphere and other sources. If 

phosphorus is abundant relative to algal needs, nitrogen can become the limiting nutrient. In 

that case, algal blooms are more likely to be triggered by increases in nitrogen than by 

increases in phosphorus. Some bluegreen algal species can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere 

16 
(Wetzel, 1983). Therefore, in situations where other types of algae are excluded because of a 

shortage of nitrogen, the nitrogen-fixing bluegreen algae have a competitive advantage and may 

be present in abundance. 

Lakes with a nitrogen to phosphorus ratio larger than 15 to 1 near the surface may 

generally be considered phosphorus limited; a ratio from 10 to 1 to 15 to 1 indicates a transition 

situation; and a ratio smaller than 10 to 1 generally indicates nitrogen limitation. Total nitrogen is 

the sum of ammonia, organic nitrogen, and nitrate-plus-nitrite nitrogen. The near-surface 

concentration is commonly used to compute the total nitrogen to phosphorus ratio because 

most algal species grow near the lake surface. 

Chlorophyll a 

Chlorophyll a is a photosynthetic pigment found in algae (Wetzel, 1983) and other green 

plants. Its concentration, therefore, is commonly used as a measure of the density of the algal 

population in a lake. Chlorophyll a concentrations are generally highest during summer when 

algal populations are highest. Moderate populations of desirable algae are important in the food 

chain; however, excessive populations or algal blooms are undesirable. Algal blooms can cause 

taste and odor problems, and limit light penetration needed to support growth of submerged 

aquatic plants. Certain species of bluegreen algae can produce toxins (Rapavich and others, 

1987). 

CLASSIFICATION OF LAKES 

Two methods are commonly used to classify and evaluate Wisconsin lakes according to 

their water quality or trophic state: Lillie and Mason’s (1983) water-quality index and Carlson’s 

(1977) trophic state index (TSI). In previous USGS data reports, a modification of Carlson’s 

trophic state index for Wisconsin lakes by Lillie and others (1993) had been used; however, this 

approach did not properly classify oligotrophic and highly euthrophic lakes and, therefore, was 

discontinued. 

17 
Lillie and Mason’s (1983) water quality indices for Wisconsin lakes were developed 

based on summer measurements of total phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations, and 

Secchi depth from a random set of lakes in Wisconsin. These data were used to classify the 

lakes’s water quality as shown below: 

Water-quality index Total phosphorus 

range (mg/L) 

Chlorophyll a range 

(μg/L) 

Water clarity range 

(Secchi depth, in 

meters) 

“Excellent” <0.001 <1.0 >6.0 

“Very good” .001-.009 1.0-4.9 3.0-6.0 

“Good” .010-.029 5.0-9.9 2.0-2.9 

“Fair” .030-.049 10.0-14.9 1.5-1.9 

“Poor” .050-.149 15.0-30.0 1.0-1.4 

“Very poor” >.150 >30.0 <1.0 

Carlson’s (1977) TSI approach to lake classification assigns numerical ranges to the 

three trophic conditions generally used to describe the wide range of lake water-quality 

conditions. Oligotrophic lakes are typically clear, algal populations and phosphorus 

concentrations are low, and the deepest water is likely to contain oxygen throughout the year. 

Mesotrophic lakes typically have a moderate supply of nutrients, experience moderate algal 

blooms, and have occasional oxygen depletions at depth. Eutrophic lakes are nutrient rich with 

relatively severe water-quality problems, such as frequent seasonal algal blooms, oxygen 

depletion in lower parts of the lakes, and poor clarity. When eutrophic conditions are very 

severe, the lake is considered hypereutrophic. 

Carlson’s (1977) TSI values are also based on near-surface total phosphorus and 

chlorophyll a concentrations, and Secchi depths. The indices were developed to place these 

three characteristics on similar scales to allow comparison of different lakes. TSI values based 

on phosphorus concentrations (TSIP), Secchi depths (TSISD), and chlorophyll a concentrations 

(TSIC) typically are computed only for measurements collected during the open-water period. 

TSI values for a lake can be calculated using the following equations (Carlson, 1977): 

18 
 

 

 

 

TSIP = 4.15 + 14.42 x (ln [total phosphorus concentration x 1,000]) 

TSISD = 60.0 – 14.41 x (ln Secchi depth) 

TSIC = 30.6 + 9.81 x (ln chlorophyll a concentration) 

where: total phosphorus is in milligrams per liter, 

Secchi depth is in meters, and 

chlorophyll a is in micrograms per liter. 

The three main trophic conditions are defined with the following boundaries for total 

phosphorus, Secchi disc, and chlorophyll a: 

Trophic level Trophic State 

Index 

Total phosphorus 

(mg/L) Secchi depth (m) Chlorophyll a (μg/L) 

Eutrophic 

----------------------- 

Mesotrophic 

----------------------- 

Oligotrophic 

---------50---------- 

---------40---------- 

-------0.024--------

-------0.012--------

---------2.0---------

---------4.0---------

---------7.2---------

---------2.6---------

19 
REFERENCES CITED 

Carlson, R.E., 1977, A trophic state index for lakes: Limnology and Oceanography, March, v. 

22, no. 2, p. 361-369. 

Fishman, M.J., ed., 1993, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water 

Quality Laboratory–Determination of inorganic and organic constituents in water and 

 fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-125, 217 p. 

Fishman, M.J., and Friedman, L.C., eds., 1989, Methods for determination of inorganic 

substances in water and fluvial sediments (3rd ed.): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques 

 of Water-Resources Investigations, book 5, chap. A1, 545 p. 

Hem, J.D., 1985, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water (3rd 

ed.): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254, 263 p. 

James, W.F., and Barko, J.W., 1991, Littoral-pelagic phosphorus dynamics during nighttime 

convective circulation: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 36, no. 5, p. 946-960. 

Lillie, R.A., Graham, S., and Rasmussen, P., 1993, Trophic-State Index equations and regional 

predictive equations for Wisconsin lakes: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 

 Research Management Findings No. 35, 4 p. 

Lillie, R.A., and Mason, J.W., 1983, Limnological characteristics of Wisconsin lakes: Wisconsin 

Department of Natural Resources Technical Bulletin No. 138, 116 p. 

Rantz, S.E., and others, 1982, Measurement and computation of streamflow: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 2175, 631 p. 

Rapavich, W.M., Sonzogni, W.C., Standridge, J.H., Vennie J.G., and Wedepohl, R.E., 1987, 

Incidence of algal toxins in Wisconsin water experiencing blue-green algae blooms: 

Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene and Wisconsin Department of Natural 

Resources, Informational Paper, 8 p. 

20 
Shaw, B., Mechenich, C., and Klessig, L., 1993, Understanding Lake Data: University of 

Wisconsin Extension, G3582: Madison, Wis., 19 p. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986, Quality Criteria for Water 1986: U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency publication, EPA 440/5-86-001 [variously paged]. 

Wershaw, R.L., Fishman, M.J., Grabbe, R.R., and Lowe, L.E., eds., 1987, Methods for the 

determination of organic substances in water and fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological 

Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 5, chap. A3, 80 p. 

Wetzel, R.G., 1983, Limnology (2nd ed.): New York, W.B. Saunders, 767 p. 

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1992, Wisconsin water quality assessment– 

Report to Congress, 1992: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Publ-WR254- 

92-REV, 220 p. 

Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Environmental Sciences Section, 1993, Manual of 

analytical methods, inorganic chemistry unit: Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 

revised November 1993 [variously paged]. 

21 
LAKE DATA 

Remarks codes and symbols used in the following tables: 

[<, less than; M, present but not quantified; --, not available; E, estimated] 

22 
424840088241600 LAKE BEULAH AT DEEP HOLE NEAR EAST TROY, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 42°48'40", long 88°24'16", in SW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.17, T.4 N., R.18 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006

SURFACE AREA.--1.30 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 2007. REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of 19 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 30, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name August 30 

00065 Lake stage (ft) --32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 4.05 00078 Secchi-depth (m) 4.65 00098 Sampling depth (m) 2.0 8.0 14.0 17.0 18.0 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 23.9 15.8 7.0 6.3 6.1 00400 pH (standard units) 8.3 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.4 00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 475 553 558 562 574 00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.4 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.018 0.032 00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) <0.002 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.005 00631 Nitrite + nitrate, dissolved (as N) <0.019 0.369 0.957 0.6 <0.019 

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) 0.019 0.259 0.038 0.239 0.817 00625 Ammonia + org-N, total, diss. (as N) 0.42 0.64 0.41 0.69 1.4 00600 Total nitrogen -- 1.0 1.4 1.3 --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) 230 260 290 280 280 

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) 41 51.6 58.7 57.7 58.3 

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) 31.2 32 33.7 33 32.6 

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) 8.5 8.6 9.1 8.9 8.8 

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 193 223 231 235 243 00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) 20.4 21.2 21.5 21.5 21.5 

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) 26.2 28.6 29.2 29 27.1 

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) 15.3 10.9 13.2 14.4 17.3 01046 Iron (μg/L) <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 01056 Manganese (μg/L) <0.5 30 50 150 490 63675 Turbidity, white light (NTU) <1.0 -- -- -- --

23 
424840088241600 LAKE BEULAH AT DEEP HOLE NEAR EAST TROY, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, AUGUST 30, 2007 

08-30-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 30 

20 15 10 

5 0 

0 10 20 

W.T. 

D.O. 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS
 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS
 

450 500 550 600 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

20 15 10 

5 0 

6 7 8 9 10 

S.C. 

pH 

24 
424929088231300 LAKE BEULAH STATION 2 NEAR EAST TROY, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 42°49'29", long 88°23'13", in SE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.8, T.4 N., R.18 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, neSURFACE AREA.--1.30 mi2 . 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 2007. REMARKS.--Lake sampled at a depth of 15 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 30, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name August 30 

00065 Lake stage (ft) --32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 4.87 00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.05 00098 Sampling depth (m) 2.0 8.0 12.0 14.0 15.0 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 24.2 15.6 7.4 6.5 6.3 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 444 493 496 505 509 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.7 0.2 1.6 0.1 0.1 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.022 0.027 

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.006 

00631 Nitrite + nitrate, dissolved (as N) <0.019 <0.019 0.133 <0.019 <0.019 

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) <0.015 0.117 0.213 0.429 0.534 

00625 Ammonia + org-N, total, diss. (as N) 0.54 0.63 0.67 0.98 1.3 

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- 0.8 -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) 220 240 240 240 250 

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) 34.4 41.9 43.7 44.7 45.2 

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) 31.7 32.5 31.9 32.2 32.2 

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) 10.1 10.4 10.1 10.1 10 

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 171 194 199 202 205 

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) 22.9 24.1 23.6 23.9 23.7 

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) 25.3 26.9 26.3 25.7 24.6 

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) 13 8.15 8.75 11 12.3 

01046 Iron (μg/L) <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 

01056 Manganese (μg/L) <0.5 20 20 170 250 

63675 Turbidity, white light (NTU) <1.0 -- -- -- --

25 
424929088231300 LAKE BEULAH STATION 2 NEAR EAST TROY, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, AUGUST 30, 2007 

08-30-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 30 

15 10 

5 0 

0 10 20 

W.T. 

D.O. 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

400 450 500 550 600
 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

15 10 

5 0 

6 7 8 9 10 

S.C. 

pH 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

26 
432409088151600 BIG CEDAR LAKE, NORTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 43°24'09", long 88°15'16", in NE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.20, T.11 N., R.19 E., Washington County, Hydrologic Unit 04040003, ne

SURFACE AREA.—1.46 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 2000 to current year. REMARKS.--Lake sampled on north side at a depth of 12 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 28 TO AUGUST 22, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name February 28 April 19 June 14 July 19 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- 4.42 8.69 00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.5 -- 1.75 1.6 

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 11.0 0.5 11.5 0.5 11.5 0.5 11.5 

00010 Water temperature, oC 1.0 2.7 8.2 5.7 25.0 10.1 24.5 11.8 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.0 7.4 8.4 8.3 8.5 7.5 8.5 7.2 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 567 727 526 527 544 573 557 627 00300 Dissolved oxygen 13.2 6.4 12.0 11.4 9.4 0.3 10.1 0.2 00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.015 0.012 0.012 0.015 0.025 0.019 0.020 0.045 

27 
432409088151600 BIG CEDAR LAKE, NORTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 28 TO AUGUST 22, 2007 

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS 

02-28-07 04-19-07 06-14-07 07-19-07 08-22-0

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 

0 0 0 0 0

2 2 2 2 24 4 4 4 4

6 6 6 6 6

8 8 8 8 8

10 10 10 10 10

12 12 12 12 12

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 

0 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 

0 0 0 0

2 2 2 2 24 4 4 4 46 6 6 6 68 8 8 8 8

10 10 10 10 10

12 

500 550 600 650 700 750 500 550 600 650 700 750 500 550 600 650 700 750 500 550 600 650 700 750 500 550 600 650 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

12 12 12 12

W.T. 

D.O. 

S.C. 

pH 

28 
 

 

 

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths, 

and TSI data for Big Cedar Lake, North Site, near West Bend, Wisconsin. 

0.00 

0.01 

0.02 

0.03 

0.04 

0.05 

0.06 

0.07

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION,

 IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION,

IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER

12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

Total Phosphorus 

Chlorophyll a 

Secchi depth 

Eutrophic

TROPHIC STATE INDEX 

Mesotrophic 

Oligotrophic 

29 
432224088154900 BIG CEDAR LAKE, SOUTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 43°22'24", long 88°15'49", in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.31, T.11 N., R.19 E., Washington County, Hydrologic Unit 04040003, nea

SURFACE AREA.--1.46 mi2 . 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 2000 to current year. REMARKS.--Lake sampled on south side at deep hole. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 28 TO AUGUST 22, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name February 28 April 19 June 14 July 19 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 1.55 4.72 8.09 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 6.7 3.0 2.0 

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 30 0.5 30 0.5 30 0.5 30 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 0.7 2.4 5.9 4.5 23.7 5.1 24.2 4.9 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.1 7.4 8.2 8 8.5 7.7 8.6 7.4 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 536 569 533 541 538 560 542 572 00300 Dissolved oxygen 13.2 0.5 12.6 12.1 9.6 2.8 10.6 0.4 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.014 0.019 0.013 0.013 0.027 0.061 0.017 0.020 

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- 0.005 -- -- -- 0.002 -- 00631 Nitrite + nitrate, dissolved (as N) -- 0.273 -- -- -- < 0.019 -- 

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- 0.053 -- -- -- <0.015 -- 

00625 Ammonia + org-N, total, diss. (as N) -- 0.57 -- -- -- -- -- 

00600 Total nitrogen -- 0.84 -- -- -- -- -- 

00076 Tubidity (NTU) -- 1.3 -- -- -- -- -- 

00081 Apparent color (PTU) -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- 00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- 230 -- -- -- -- -- 00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- 35.1 -- -- -- -- -- 

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- 33.5 -- -- -- -- -- 

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- 20.9 -- -- -- -- -- 

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- 1.7 -- -- -- -- -- 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) -- 187 -- -- -- -- -- 

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- 48.3 -- -- -- -- -- 

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- 21.3 -- -- -- -- -- 

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- 1.68 -- -- -- -- -- 

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- <100 -- -- -- -- -- 

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- <0.5 -- -- -- -- -- 

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 oC) -- 296 -- -- -- -- -- 

30 
DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS 

432224088154900 BIG CEDAR LAKE, SOUTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 28 TO AUGUST 22, 2007 

02-28-07 04-19-07 06-14-07 07-19-07 08-22-0

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 

0 0 0 0 0

5 5 5 5 5

10 10 10 10 10

15 15 15 15 15

20 20 20 20 20

25 25 25 25 25

30 30 30 30 30

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS
 

6 7 8 9 10 
 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 

0 0 0 0 0

5 5 5 5 5

10 10 10 10 10

15 15 15 15 15

20 20 20 20 20

25 25 25 25 25

30 

500 525 550 575 600 500 525 550 575 600 500 525 550 575 600 500 525 550 575 600 500 525 550 5

30 30 30 30

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

W.T. 

D.O. 

S.C. 

pH 

31 
 

 

 

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths, 

and TSI data for Big Cedar Lake, South Site, near West Bend, Wisconsin. 

0.00 

0.01 

0.02 

0.03 

0.04 

0.05 

0.06 

0.07

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION,

 IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION,

IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER

12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0

SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

Total Phosphorus 

Chlorophyll a 

Secchi depth 

Eutrophic 

TROPHIC STATE INDEX 

Mesotrophic 

Oligotrophic 

32 
455011089445600 BLUE LAKE, EAST BASIN, NEAR HAZELHURST, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°50'11", long 89°44'56", in NE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.28, T.29 N., R.6 E., Oneida County, Hydrologic Unit 07070001, near HazSURFACE AREA.--0.71 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 2007 REMARKS.--Lake sampled in the east basin at a depth of 7.0 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 18, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name July 18 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 4.0 00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 7.0 00010 Water temperature (oC) 23.9 21.3 00400 pH (standard units) 8.3 8.0 00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 81 83 00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.7 6.2 00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.012 0.013 

33 
455011089445600 BLUE LAKE, EAST BASIN, NEAR HAZELHURST, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, JULY 18, 2007 

07-18-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 30 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

0 50 100 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 

0 10 20 

W.T. 

D.O. 

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 

6 7 8 9 10 

S.C. 

pH 

34 
455024089454400 BLUE LAKE, WEST BASIN, NEAR HAZELHURST, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°50'24", long 89°45'44", in SW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.29, T.39 N., R.6 E., Oneida County, Hydrologic Unit 07070001, near HazSURFACE AREA.--0.71 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 2007 REMARKS.--Lake sampled in the west basin at a depth of 13.5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 18, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name July 18 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 8.7 00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 13.0 00010 Water temperature (oC) 23.3 10.4 00400 pH (standard units) 8.1 7.4 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 72 80 00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.4 1.2 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) <0.005 0.021 

35 
455024089454400 BLUE LAKE, WEST BASIN, NEAR HAZELHURST, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, JULY 18, 2007 

07-18-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 30 

15 12 

9 6 3 0 

0 10 20 

D.O. W.T. 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 50 100 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

15 12 

9 6 3 0 

6 7 8 9 10 

S.C. 

pH 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

36 
 

423706088363400 DELAVAN LAKE NEAR DELAVAN, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 42°36′27′′, long 88°36′19′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.28, T.2 

N., R.16 E., Walworth County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, at Delavan Lake Sanitary District Lift Station No. 2 

at Delavan Lake Yacht Club, 1.0 mi southeast of outlet, and 2.7 mi southeast of Delavan. 

SURFACE AREA.--3.24 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--41.4 mi2

, of which 2.30 mi2 probably is noncontributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1983 to current year. October 1983 to September 1985 data published in Water 

Resources Investigation series report "Water Quality and Hydrology of Delavan Lake in Southeastern Wisconsin" 

by Stephen J. Field and Marvin D. Duerk. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 922.92 ft above NGVD of 1929. Prior to Sept. 5, 1989, staff gage at 

bridge on North Shore Drive at same datum. 

REMARKS.--Lake was ice covered from Jan. 17 to Mar. 25. Lake levels controlled by Delavan Lake Sanitary District. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 6.53 ft, Aug. 27, 2007; minimum daily, 

-4.44 ft, Nov. 6, 1989 (lake drawn down for lake rehabilitation program). 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum gage height, 6.53 ft, Aug. 27; minimum, 4.87 ft, Aug. 4. 

37 
 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 


WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2006 TO SEPTEMBER 2007 


DAILY MEAN VALUES
 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

4.97 

4.99 

5.08 

5.11 

5.09 

5.00 

5.00 

4.99 

4.99 

4.99 

5.21 

5.15 

5.05 

4.95 

4.94 

4.95 

4.94 

4.93 

4.94 

4.97 

5.07 

5.07 

5.07 

5.06 

5.06 

5.04 

5.02 

5.00 

4.97 

4.96 

5.08 

5.09 

5.20 

5.28 

5.22 

5.07 

5.06 

5.03 

4.98 

4.98 

5.01 

5.06 

5.08 

5.16 

5.26 

4.96 

4.94 

4.93 

5.04 

5.03 

4.96 

4.95 

4.93 

4.91 

5.09 

5.07 

5.05 

5.03 

5.03 

5.02 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

5.06 

5.03 

5.01 

5.01 

5.01 

5.00 

5.00 

5.01 

5.02 

5.05 

4.96 

4.97 

4.98 

4.98 

4.99 

4.98 

4.99 

5.00 

5.02 

5.02 

5.06 

5.06 

5.06 

5.05 

5.05 

4.95 

4.95 

4.96 

4.96 

4.99 

5.12 

5.04 

5.04 

5.05 

5.05 

4.97 

4.96 

4.97 

4.98 

4.99 

5.20 

5.12 

5.13 

5.08 

5.04 

5.03 

5.02 

5.01 

5.02 

5.07 

5.08 

5.11 

5.07 

5.07 

5.05 

5.03 

5.04 

5.04 

5.02 

5.04 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

5.04 

5.02 

4.99 

4.98 

4.98 

5.11 

5.11 

5.11 

5.11 

5.09 

5.00 

5.04 

5.11 

5.12 

5.06 

5.02 

5.04 

5.05 

5.06 

5.10 

5.05 

5.06 

5.07 

5.07 

5.07 

5.08 

5.20 

5.34 

5.38 

5.30 

5.11 

5.17 

5.17 

5.19 

5.18 

5.00 

4.99 

4.98 

4.97 

4.98 

5.01 

5.00 

5.00 

5.00 

4.99 

5.09 

5.07 

5.04 

5.02 

5.00 

5.04 

5.06 

5.05 

5.06 

5.06 

5.11 

5.11 

5.10 

5.08 

5.06 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

4.98 

5.04 

5.06 

5.06 

5.04 

5.05 

5.00 

5.00 

5.01 

5.01 

5.02 

5.00 

5.01 

5.03 

5.04 

5.10 

5.10 

5.09 

5.08 

5.07 

5.07 

5.07 

5.07 

5.07 

5.06 

5.18 

5.09 

5.03 

5.04 

5.04 

5.15 

5.12 

5.08 

5.04 

5.00 

5.02 

5.03 

5.02 

5.01 

5.01 

4.99 

4.99 

5.02 

5.26 

5.21 

4.99 

4.99 

4.99 

5.00 

4.98 

5.05 

5.03 

5.00 

5.27 

6.00 

5.04 

5.02 

5.02 

5.02 

5.02 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

5.01 

5.03 

5.02 

5.00 

5.00 

5.01 

5.01 

5.02 

5.01 

5.00 

5.05 

5.11 

5.24 

5.19 

5.10 

5.07 

5.07 

5.06 

5.05 

5.04 

5.05 

5.04 

5.03 

5.05 

5.13 

5.09 

5.16 

5.10 

5.01 

4.94 

4.98 

4.98 

5.00 

5.01 

5.08 

5.01 

5.01 

5.01 

5.00 

4.99 

5.11 

5.08 

5.02 

5.01 

5.00 

4.96 

4.95 

4.94 

4.93 

4.92 

6.28 

6.28 

6.45 

6.48 

6.35 

5.03 

5.04 

5.03 

5.02 

5.03 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

5.01 

5.05 

5.06 

5.04 

5.02 

5.01 

4.99 

5.00 

5.06 

5.10 

5.19 

---

5.03 

5.00 

4.99 

4.97 

4.96 

4.95 

5.03 

5.03 

5.04 

5.05 

5.06 

5.06 

5.14 

5.12 

5.06 

---

---

---

4.94 

4.96 

4.98 

4.99 

5.00 

5.01 

5.15 

5.17 

5.14 

5.10 

5.09 

---

5.01 

5.01 

5.00 

4.99 

4.99 

5.00 

5.00 

5.01 

5.00 

4.99 

4.98 

---

4.93 

4.98 

4.98 

4.97 

4.97 

4.97 

6.16 

5.96 

5.76 

5.58 

5.40 

5.21 

5.04 

5.04 

5.03 

5.01 

5.00 

---

Mean 

Max 

Min 

5.03 

5.11 

4.97 

5.03 

5.19 

4.99 

5.04 

5.24 

4.94 

5.03 

5.10 

4.93 

5.07 

5.14 

5.03 

5.05 

5.38 

4.94 

5.10 

5.28 

4.98 

5.00 

5.07 

4.96 

5.06 

5.26 

4.98 

4.99 

5.09 

4.92 

5.41 

6.48 

4.91 

5.04 

5.11 

5.00 

38 
-6 

-4 -2 

0 2 4 6 8 

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET

 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

 Stage hydrograph for Delavan Lake, 1983 – 2007. 

39 
423556088365001 DELAVAN LAKE AT CENTER NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 42°35'56", long 88°36'50", in SE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.28, T.2 N., R.16 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, 2.6 mi SURFACE AREA.--3.24 mi2. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--41.4 mi2, of which 2.3 mi2 is non-contributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1983 to current year. REMARKS.--Lake ice-covered during February measurements. Water-quality analyses done by the U.S. Geological Survey National 

Samples for determination of chlorophyll a concentration are collected from the top 0.5 m of the lake and analyzed by the Wisc

Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, OCTOBER 3, 2006 TO DECEMBER 28, 2006 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Oct 3 Oct 9 Oct 18 Oct 24 Oct 30 Nov 6 Nov 14 Nov 2

00065 Lake stage (ft) 5.08 5.01 5.06 5.00 5.02 5.00 5.11 5.01 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6.64 00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.7 1.8 2.4 2.7 2.7 4.0 4.3 3.8 00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 00010 Water temperature (oC) 16.0 15.0 12.0 10.0 9.0 7.5 7.0 6.4 00400 pH (standard units) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 8.3 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 538 00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 11.2 00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.102 0.101 0.088 0.091 0.091 0.078 0.076 0.079 00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.038 00631 Nitrite + nitrate, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.056 

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.046 00625 Ammonia + org-N, total, diss. (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.72 00600 Total nitrogen -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.78 

40 
423556088365001 DELAVAN LAKE AT CENTER NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JANUARY 5 TO MAY 8, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Jan 5 Feb 22 Mar 27 Apr 16 May 3 

00065 Lake stage (ft) 4.97 5.04 4.96 5.15 5.03 32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 3.63 -- 3.26 -- 00078 Secchi-depth (m) 5.9 4.6 2.4 4.3 5.8 

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 16.0 0.5 0.5 16.0 0.5 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 2.5 1.6 3.0 5.0 6.7 5.3 11.0 00400 pH (standard units) -- 8.3 7.5 -- 8.6 8.5 -- 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- 565 844 -- 593 597 -- 

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- 13.8 4.2 -- 13.4 12.5 -- 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.076 0.069 0.234 0.069 0.038 0.044 0.038 

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- 0.043 0.183 -- 0.014 0.015 -- 

00631 Nitrite + nitrate, dissolved (as N) -- 0.426 -- -- 0.417 0.397 -- 

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- 0.049 -- -- E 0.019 0.031 -- 

00625 Ammonia + org-N, total, diss. (as N) -- 0.61 -- -- 0.53 0.55 -- 

00600 Total nitrogen -- 1 -- -- 0.95 0.94 -- 

63676 Tubidity, white light (NTRU) -- -- -- -- <2.0 <2.0 -- 00080 Color, filtered (PTU) -- -- -- -- 8 8 -- 00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- -- -- 230 230 -- 00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- -- -- 39.6 40 -- 

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- -- -- 32.3 32.4 -- 

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- -- -- 30.3 30.7 -- 

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- -- -- 2.8 2.79 -- 

90410 ANC, lab (as CaCO3) -- -- -- -- 186 186 -- 

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- -- -- 62.4 62.2 -- 

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- -- -- 24.5 24.4 -- 

00950 Fluoride, dissolved (F) -- -- -- -- 0.17 0.17 -- 00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- -- -- <0.2 E 0.1 -- 

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- -- -- E 4 < 6 -- 

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- -- -- 0.9 2.5 -- 

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 oC) -- -- -- -- 319 321 -- 

41 
423556088365001 DELAVAN LAKE AT CENTER NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, MAY 16 TO JULY 30, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name May 16 May 30 Jun 6 Jun 12 

00065 Lake stage (ft) 5.02 4.99 5.20 5.00 32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 1.04 -- -- 13.6 00078 Secchi-depth (m) 6.6 4.6 4.0 2.5 00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 6.0 12.0 16.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 4.0 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 16.1 15.9 13.0 10.7 19.0 20.0 23.1 20.9 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.7 8.7 8.4 7.9 -- -- 8.8 8.7 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 606 606 612 622 -- -- 577 581 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 11.3 11.2 10.4 5.8 -- -- 11.9 10.4 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.029 0.028 0.040 0.109 0.034 0.034 0.046 0.039 

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) E 0.003 E 0.003 E 0.005 0.056 -- -- E 0.004 <0.006 

00631 Nitrite + nitrate, dissolved (as N) 0.186 -- -- -- -- -- 0.113 -- 

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) E 0.018 -- -- -- -- -- 0.025 -- 

00625 Ammonia + org-N, total, diss. (as N) 0.6 -- -- -- -- -- 0.72 -- 

00600 Total nitrogen 0.79 -- -- -- -- -- 0.83 -- 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Jul 5 Jul 18 Jul 3

00065 Lake stage (ft) 5.03 4.99 4.97 32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 10.8 --

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.9 2.3 2.5 

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 6.0 10.0 16.0 0.5 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 25.0 24.6 24.4 17.6 14.2 27.0 

00400 pH (standard units) -- 8.6 8.6 7.6 7.3 --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- 565 566 598 624 --00300 Dissolved oxygen -- 9.9 9.7 0.1 0.1 --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.028 0.027 0.031 0.149 0.500 0.02

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- <0.006 <0.006 0.051 0.355 --

00631 Nitrite + nitrate, dissolved (as N) -- E 0.008 -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- 0.033 -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia + org-N, total, diss. (as N) -- 0.66 -- -- -- --

42 
423556088365001 DELAVAN LAKE AT CENTER NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 13 TO SEPTEMBER 26, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Aug 13 

00065 Lake stage (ft) 5.05 32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 9.81 00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.0 

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 5.0 7.0 9.0 12.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 26.7 26.4 24.2 22.0 16.0 14.7 14.4 14.1 00400 pH (standard units) 8.6 8.5 7.8 7.7 7.4 7.3 7.2 7.2 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 549 551 569 580 610 621 630 638 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.9 7.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.030 0.027 0.028 0.041 0.267 0.450 0.530 0.590 

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) E 0.003 E 0.005 -- -- 0.188 -- -- 0.538 

00631 Nitrite + nitrate, dissolved (as N) <0.016 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) E 0.019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00625 Ammonia + org-N, total, diss. (as N) 0.68 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Aug 30 Sept 5 Sept 12 Sept 19 

00065 Lake stage (ft) 5.40 5.02 5.11 5.02 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- -- 22.8 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.5 1.2 1.2 1.7 

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 9.5 16.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 11.0 14.0 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 24.4 20.9 14.2 25.0 21.0 20.4 19.1 14.9 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.7 7.6 7.2 -- -- 8.5 8.0 7.1 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 523 520 644 -- -- 523 546 634 00300 Dissolved oxygen 11.3 0.4 0.1 -- -- 9.8 4.4 0.3 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.041 0.079 0.610 0.046 0.040 0.056 0.146 0.510 

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- -- -- -- E 0.003 0.046 0.468 

00631 Nitrite + nitrate, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- <0.016 -- -- 

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- <0.020 -- -- 

00625 Ammonia + org-N, total, diss. (as N) -- -- -- -- -- 0.68 -- -- 

43 
DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS 

423556088365001 DELAVAN LAKE AT CENTER NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, NOVEMBER 20, 2006 TO JUNE 12, 2007 

11-20-06 02-22-07 04-16-07 05-16-07 06-12-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER
 

0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20 
 0 10 

0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 

6 6 6 6 6 

8 8 8 8 8 

10 10 10 10 10 

12 12 12 12 12 

14 14 14 14 14 

16 

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 

16 16 16 16 

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 

0 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 

0 0 0 0

2 2 2 2 2

4 4 4 4 4

6 6 6 6 6

8 8 8 8 8

10 10 10 10 1012 12 12 12 1214 14 14 14 14

16 

400 500 600 700 800 900 400 500 600 700 800 900 400 500 600 700 800 900 400 500 600 700 800 900 400 500 600 700 

16 16 16 16

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

W.T. 

D.O. 

S.C. pH 

44 
DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS 

423556088365001 DELAVAN LAKE AT CENTER NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, JULY 18 TO SEPTEMBER 19, 2007 

0 10 

07-18-07 

20 0 10 20 

08-13-07 

0 10 20 

08-22-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 

08-30-07 

20 0 10 

09-19-07 

0 0 0
 2
 

0 0 

2 2
 

4
 

2 2 

4 4
 

6
 

4 4 

6 6
 

8
 

6 6 

8 8 

10 

8 8 

10 10 

12 

10 10 

12 12 

14 

12 12 

14 14 

16 

14 14 

16 16 16 16

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 

0 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 

0
 

2
 

0 0 0

2
 

4
 

2 2 2

4
 

6
 

4 4 4

6
 

8
 

6 6 6

8 

10 

8 8 8

10 

12 

10 10 10

12 

14 

12 12 12

14 

16 

14 14 14

16 

400 500 600 700 800 900 400 500 600 700 800 900 400 500 600 700 800 900 400 500 600 700 800 900 400 500 600 700 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

16 16 16

W.T. 

D.O. 

S.C. pH 

45 
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION,

 IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER TROPHIC STATE INDEX SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER 0.25 

0.20 

0.15 

0.10 

0.05 

0.00 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

120 

100 329

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

0

1
 

2
 

3
 

4
 

5
 

6
 

7
 

8
 

9
 

10
 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

90
 

80
 Mesotrophic Eutrophic

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 Total Phosphorus
 

Chlorophyll a
 Oligotrophic 10 Secchi depth 

0 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Delavan Lake, at Center, near Delavan, Wisconsin. 

46 
 

 

423659088354401 DELAVAN LAKE, AT NORTH END, NEAR LAKE LAWN, WI
 

LOCATION.--Lat 42°36'59", long 88°35'44", in NW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.22, T.2 N., R.16 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic 

Unit 07090001, 2.6 mi southeast of Delavan. 

SURFACE AREA--3.24 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--41.4 mi2, of which 2.3 mi2 is non-contributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1983 to current year. 

Parameter Code Parameter Name June 12 July 18 August 13 September 19
 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.3 2.5 1.8 1.9 

423526088380101 DELAVAN LAKE, AT SW END, NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 42°35'26", long 88°38'01", in SE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.32, T.2 N., R.16 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic 

Unit 07090001, 2.6 mi southeast of Delavan. 

SURFACE AREA--3.24 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--41.4 mi2

, of which 2.3 mi2 is non-contributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1983 to current year. 

Parameter Code Parameter Name June 12 July 18 August 13 September 19
 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.7 

47 
423534088373700 DELAVAN LAKE (SITE A4) NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI
 

LOCATION.--Lat 42°35'34", long 88°37'37", referenced to North American Datum, in SW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.32, T.2 N., R.16 E., Walworth 

County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, near southwest end of lake. 

SURFACE AREA--3.24 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--41.4 mi2

, of which 2.3 mi2 is non-contributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 2007. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 22 AND 30, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name August 22 August 30 

00065 Gage height (ft) 6.28 5.40 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.0 2.6 

08-22-07 08-30-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 0 10 20 0 

W.T. 

D.O. 

0 

2 2
 

4
 4
 

6
 6
 

8
 8 

10 10 

12 12 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 
 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS
 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS
 

6 7 8 9 10 
 6 7 8 9 10 
 

0
 

S.C. 

pH 

0 

2 2

4 4

6 6

8 8

10 10

12 

400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

12 

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS 

48 
423642088355300 DELAVAN LAKE (SITE A5) NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI
 

LOCATION.--Lat 42°36'42", long 88°35'53", referenced to North American Datum, in SW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.22, T.2 N., R.16 E., Walworth 

County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, near northeast end of lake. 

SURFACE AREA--3.24 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--41.4 mi2

, of which 2.3 mi2 is non-contributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 2007. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 22 AND 30, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name August 22 August 30 

00065 Gage height (ft) 6.28 5.40 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.7 2.3 

08-22-07 08-30-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 0 10 20 0 

W.T. 

D.O. 

0 

2 2
 

4
 4
 

6
 6
 

8
 8 

10 10 

12 12 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 
 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS
 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS
 

6 7 8 9 10 
 6 7 8 9 10 
 

0
 

S.C. 

pH 

0 

2 2

4 4

6 6

8 8

10 10

12 

400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

12 

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS 

49 
 

 

05404500 DEVILS LAKE NEAR BARABOO, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 43°25′35′′, long 89°43′40′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.13, T.11 N., R.6 E., Sauk 

County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07070004, in Devils Lake State Park, 3.5 mi south of Baraboo. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.56 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--4.79 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--June 1922 to August 1930, June to August 1932, June 1934 to September 1981 (fragmentary). October 1981 

to September 1984, data unpublished in district files. October 1984 to current year. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WDR WI-78-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder installed July 17, 1991. Datum of gage is 955.00 ft, above NGVD of 1929. 

REMARKS.--Lake has no surface outlet. Water removed from lake by siphon October 1-16 and September 6-22, 24-30. Water was 

diverted into lake (during runoff events) during the year. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 14.13 ft, July 18, 1993; minimum observed, 1.49 ft Feb. 8, 

1965. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 9.89 ft, May 3 and 5; minimum recorded, 6.93 ft, Nov. 25-27. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 


WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2006 TO SEPTEMBER 2007 


DAILY MEAN VALUES
 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

7.56 

7.54 

7.51 

7.52 

7.50 

7.11 

7.09 

7.08 

7.07 

7.06 

7.13 

7.13 

7.12 

7.12 

7.12 

7.36 

7.37 

7.38 

7.38 

7.38 

7.39 

7.39 

7.39 

7.39 

7.38 

7.52 

7.55 

7.55 

7.55 

7.55 

9.21 

9.25 

9.38 

9.44 

9.45 

9.86 

9.85 

9.85 

9.84 

9.83 

9.37 

9.37 

9.36 

9.35 

9.32 

8.64 

8.60 

8.58 

8.59 

8.57 

7.94 

7.91 

7.88 

7.88 

8.05 

9.50 

9.47 

9.45 

9.43 

9.39 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

7.46 

7.43 

7.39 

7.35 

7.33 

7.06 

7.05 

7.05 

7.04 

7.04 

7.10 

7.09 

7.09 

7.08 

7.08 

7.39 

7.39 

7.39 

7.38 

7.38 

7.38 

7.38 

7.37 

7.37 

7.37 

7.55 

7.55 

7.55 

7.55 

7.56 

9.46 

9.46 

9.46 

9.46 

9.46 

9.81 

9.79 

9.77 

9.76 

9.75 

9.30 

9.28 

9.25 

9.22 

9.20 

8.55 

8.53 

8.50 

8.48 

8.46 

8.06 

8.18 

8.17 

8.15 

8.13 

9.35 

9.38 

9.36 

9.32 

9.31 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

7.32 

7.29 

7.26 

7.23 

7.22 

7.05 

7.05 

7.04 

7.04 

7.03 

7.08 

7.09 

7.10 

7.10 

7.10 

7.38 

7.38 

7.37 

7.37 

7.39 

7.37 

7.37 

7.36 

7.36 

7.35 

7.56 

7.57 

7.63 

7.76 

7.86 

9.53 

9.56 

9.56 

9.57 

9.59 

9.72 

9.70 

9.71 

9.70 

9.70 

9.17 

9.15 

9.12 

9.09 

9.06 

8.42 

8.37 

8.34 

8.31 

8.27 

8.12 

8.13 

8.12 

8.13 

8.13 

9.30 

9.26 

9.22 

9.16 

9.11 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

7.20 

7.21 

7.21 

7.20 

7.19 

7.02 

7.01 

7.00 

6.99 

6.99 

7.10 

7.09 

7.09 

7.09 

7.09 

7.39 

7.39 

7.38 

7.38 

7.38 

7.35 

7.35 

7.34 

7.34 

7.34 

7.93 

7.97 

8.01 

8.05 

8.11 

9.61 

9.61 

9.62 

9.62 

9.62 

9.70 

9.68 

9.66 

9.63 

9.61 

9.04 

9.01 

9.00 

8.98 

8.95 

8.25 

8.23 

8.21 

8.19 

8.15 

8.12 

8.09 

8.12 

8.86 

9.17 

9.07 

9.03 

9.00 

8.97 

8.94 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

7.19 

7.23 

7.22 

7.20 

7.20 

6.98 

6.97 

6.96 

6.95 

6.95 

7.13 

7.19 

7.25 

7.26 

7.27 

7.40 

7.40 

7.40 

7.40 

7.40 

7.33 

7.33 

7.33 

7.41 

7.48 

8.18 

8.38 

8.49 

8.56 

8.76 

9.63 

9.63 

9.65 

9.67 

9.73 

9.58 

9.56 

9.54 

9.53 

9.51 

8.92 

8.91 

8.87 

8.85 

8.82 

8.13 

8.10 

8.07 

8.05 

8.03 

9.35 

9.45 

9.50 

9.52 

9.53 

8.92 

8.91 

8.88 

8.85 

8.83 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

7.19 

7.18 

7.16 

7.15 

7.15 

7.12 

6.94 

6.97 

7.05 

7.11 

7.13 

---

7.28 

7.28 

7.29 

7.29 

7.30 

7.34 

7.40 

7.39 

7.40 

7.40 

7.40 

7.40 

7.50 

7.51 

7.50 

---

---

---

8.87 

8.93 

8.98 

9.01 

9.03 

9.07 

9.76 

9.81 

9.82 

9.83 

9.84 

---

9.49 

9.47 

9.45 

9.43 

9.40 

9.38 

8.80 

8.77 

8.74 

8.70 

8.67 

---

8.01 

8.05 

8.02 

8.00 

7.98 

7.96 

9.52 

9.53 

9.55 

9.55 

9.54 

9.52 

8.81 

8.77 

8.73 

8.70 

8.67 

---

Mean 

Max 

Min 

7.29 

7.56 

7.12 

7.03 

7.13 

6.94 

7.16 

7.34 

7.08 

7.39 

7.40 

7.36 

7.38 

7.51 

7.33 

8.07 

9.07 

7.52 

9.58 

9.84 

9.21 

9.65 

9.86 

9.38 

9.05 

9.37 

8.67 

8.28 

8.64 

7.96 

8.64 

9.55 

7.88 

9.10 

9.50 

8.67 

50 
15 

10 

5 0 

 Annual minimum and maximum water levels for Devils Lake, 1936-2007. 

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET

1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 

51 
 

423525088260400 GENEVA LAKE AT LAKE GENEVA, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 42°35′25′′, long 88°26′04′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.36, T.2 N., R.17 E., 

Walworth County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, at Geneva Lake dam at Center Street at Lake Geneva. 

SURFACE AREA.--8.22 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--28.7 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1997 to August 2002, December 2002 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 862.08 ft above NGVD of 1929. Intermittent staff-gage readings January to March. 

REMARKS.--Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height, 3.35 ft, Aug. 20, 2007; minimum gage height, 1.44 ft, Nov. 5, 2005 

(affected by wind). 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum gage height observed, 3.35 ft, Aug. 20; minimum gage height, 1.82 ft, Feb. 22, but 

may have been lower during period of missing record. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 


WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2006 TO SEPTEMBER 2007 


DAILY MEAN VALUES
 

[e, estimated] 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

2.34 

2.34 

2.39 

2.40 

2.39 

2.39 

2.37 

2.36 

2.34 

2.33 

2.66 

2.68 

2.65 

2.62 

e2.57 

2.58 

2.56 

2.56 

2.54 

2.51 

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

2.62 

2.60 

2.67 

2.68 

2.65 

2.66 

2.65 

2.63 

2.62 

2.60 

2.52 

2.56 

2.57 

2.65 

2.71 

2.50 

2.49 

2.49 

2.58 

2.57 

2.47 

2.47 

2.45 

2.43 

2.70 

2.81 

2.79 

2.77 

2.75 

2.73 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

2.39 

2.38 

2.38 

2.36 

2.35 

2.34 

2.34 

2.35 

2.35 

2.35 

---

---

---

---

---

2.49 

2.47 

2.46 

2.43 

2.40 

---

---

---

---

---

---

e2.12 

---

---

---

2.63 

2.61 

2.59 

2.59 

2.57 

2.58 

2.58 

2.57 

2.58 

2.57 

2.69 

2.70 

2.67 

2.65 

2.63 

2.56 

2.56 

2.56 

2.55 

2.58 

2.74 

2.87 

2.87 

2.85 

2.82 

2.71 

2.72 

2.68 

2.66 

2.65 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

2.40 

2.40 

2.36 

2.30 

2.28 

2.40 

2.40 

2.40 

2.39 

2.39 

e2.51 

2.53 

2.54 

2.53 

2.52 

2.39 

2.37 

2.35 

2.34 

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

e2.23 

---

---

2.59 

2.67 

2.66 

2.65 

2.64 

2.55 

2.54 

2.53 

2.55 

2.54 

2.61 

2.59 

2.58 

2.57 

2.56 

2.55 

2.52 

2.49 

2.48 

2.45 

2.79 

2.79 

2.76 

2.77 

2.75 

2.69 

2.64 

2.62 

2.59 

2.56 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

2.27 

2.33 

2.34 

2.35 

2.35 

2.39 

2.38 

2.38 

2.38 

2.37 

2.51 

2.50 

2.50 

2.49 

2.48 

---

e2.30 

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

2.37 

2.37 

2.64 

2.62 

2.62 

2.61 

2.61 

2.55 

2.54 

2.54 

2.54 

2.51 

2.56 

2.55 

2.58 

2.73 

2.69 

2.44 

2.43 

2.44 

2.43 

2.41 

2.74 

2.71 

2.68 

2.89 

3.28 

2.54 

2.52 

2.52 

2.52 

2.51 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

2.34 

2.40 

2.39 

2.38 

2.37 

2.37 

2.37 

2.37 

2.37 

2.38 

2.51 

2.59 

2.65 

2.62 

2.61 

---

---

---

---

---

---

e1.82 

---

---

---

2.42 

2.48 

2.49 

2.50 

2.51 

2.60 

2.60 

2.61 

2.59 

2.64 

2.51 

2.51 

2.52 

2.52 

2.49 

2.65 

2.64 

2.62 

2.60 

2.60 

2.39 

2.39 

2.38 

2.38 

2.38 

3.26 

3.25 

3.25 

3.20 

3.14 

2.52 

2.50 

2.49 

2.50 

2.51 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

2.38 

2.41 

2.42 

2.40 

2.41 

2.41 

2.38 

2.39 

2.46 

2.53 

2.60 

---

2.60 

2.58 

2.57 

2.56 

2.55 

2.56 

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

2.52 

2.52 

2.52 

2.54 

2.54 

2.54 

2.70 

2.72 

2.71 

2.70 

2.67 

---

2.51 

2.53 

2.50 

2.50 

2.51 

2.51 

2.60 

2.61 

2.57 

2.55 

2.53 

---

2.42 

2.49 

2.48 

2.48 

2.47 

2.47 

3.07 

3.01 

2.97 

2.91 

2.88 

2.85 

2.52 

2.51 

2.50 

2.49 

2.48 

---

Mean 

Max 

Min 

2.37 

2.42 

2.27 

2.39 

2.60 

2.33 

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

2.64 

2.72 

2.57 

2.55 

2.66 

2.49 

2.61 

2.73 

2.52 

2.48 

2.58 

2.38 

2.86 

3.28 

2.43 

2.60 

2.81 

2.48 

52 
1.5 

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET 

STAFF GAGE READING 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 

Stage hydrograph for Geneva Lake, 1997-2007. 

53 
423329088323300 GENEVA LAKE AT WEST END NEAR WILLIAMS BAY, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 42°33'29", long 88°32'33", in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.12, T.1 N., R.16 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, 1.3 mi 

SURFACE AREA.--8.22 mi2. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--28.7 mi2. PERIOD OF RECORD.--April 1997 to current year. REMARKS.--Lake sampled at deep hole at a depth of about 43 m. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygie

 determination of chlorophyll a concentration are collected from the top 0.5 m of the lake. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, NOVEMBER 20, 2006 TO JUNE 12, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter 

Code Parameter Name November 20 April 16 June 12 

00065 Lake stage (ft) 2.35 2.64 2.59 32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 1.75 3.49 1.00 00078 Secchi-depth (m) 8.4 6.6 6.9 00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 42.0 0.5 43.0 0.5 8.0 20.0 32.0 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 7.9 7.8 3.9 3.8 21.6 18.6 8.7 7.2 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.2 8.2 8.5 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.4 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 507 507 536 540 522 525 534 540 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 10.0 9.6 14.6 14.0 9.4 9.9 11.1 9.8 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.014 0.014 0.008 0.009 <0.005 0.008 0.008 0.008 00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) 0.006 -- 0.003 0.005 <0.002 -- -- -- 

00631 Nitrite + nitrate, dissolved (as N) 0.059 -- 0.038 0.038 <0.019 -- -- -- 

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) <0.015 -- <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 -- -- -- 

00625 Ammonia + org-N, total, diss. (as N) 0.32 -- 0.29 0.35 0.95 -- -- -- 

00600 Total nitrogen 0.38 -- 0.33 0.39 -- -- -- -- 

00076 Turbidity (NTU) -- -- 0.9 1.5 -- -- -- -- 

00081 Apparent color (PTU) -- -- 5 < 5 -- -- -- -- 

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- 220 230 -- -- -- -- 

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- 33.5 34.6 -- -- -- -- 

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- 34 34.8 -- -- -- -- 

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- 18.8 19.5 -- -- -- -- 

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- 1.9 1.9 -- -- -- -- 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) -- -- 185 184 -- -- -- -- 

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- 41.3 41.1 -- -- -- -- 

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- 30.3 30.1 -- -- -- -- 

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- 1.66 1.71 -- -- -- -- 

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- < 100 < 100 -- -- -- -- 

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- < 0.5 < 0.5 -- -- -- -- 

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 oC) -- -- 282 288 -- -- -- -- 

54 
423329088323300 GENEVA LAKE AT WEST END NEAR WILLIAMS BAY, WI 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 18 TO AUGUST 22, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name July 18 

00065 Lake stage (ft) 2.44 32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 1.38 00078 Secchi-depth (m) 4.6 00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 8.0 18.0 32.0 37.0 41.0 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 23.8 23.1 9.7 7.2 6.7 6.6 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.5 8.5 8.2 8.0 7.9 7.8 00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 522 522 522 525 527 530 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.1 9.0 10.5 8.8 8.5 6.3 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.009 0.010 0.009 0.016 0.009 0.013 

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) <0.002 -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrite + nitrate, dissolved (as N) <0.019 -- -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) <0.015 -- -- -- -- --00625 Ammonia + org-N, total, diss. (as N) 0.56 -- -- -- -- --

Parameter Code Parameter Name August 22 

00065 Lake stage (ft) 3.25 32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 2.16 00078 Secchi-depth (m) 4.9 00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 10.0 18.0 34.0 39.0 42.5 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 23.6 23.3 10.0 7.1 6.7 6.6 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.6 8.5 8.0 7.8 7.6 7.6 00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 506 507 524 527 533 535 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.7 8.3 7.9 6.4 2.4 1.2 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.008 0.011 0.009 0.008 0.021 0.040 

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) <0.002 -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrite + nitrate, dissolved (as N) <0.019 -- -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) 0.044 -- -- -- -- --00625 Ammonia + org-N, total, diss. (as N) 0.48 -- -- -- -- --

55 
423329088323300 GENEVA LAKE AT WEST END NEAR WILLIAMS BAY, WI 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, SEPTEMBER 19, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name September 19 

00065 Lake stage (ft) 2.52 32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 3.29 00078 Secchi-depth (m) 5.2 00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 11.0 15.0 33.0 38.0 42.0 00010 Water temperature (oC) 20.2 20.0 11.7 7.2 6.8 6.7 00400 pH (standard units) 8.4 8.4 7.7 7.6 7.4 7.4 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 506 506 523 526 529 530 00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.9 8.7 4.8 3.6 1.2 0.2 00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.008 0.008 0.010 0.019 0.036 0.053 

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 0.014 0.032 0.045 00631 Nitrite + nitrate, dissolved (as N) <0.019 <0.019 <0.019 0.265 0.273 0.090 

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 0.059 0.169 

00625 Ammonia + org-N, total, diss. (as N) 0.59 0.5 0.41 0.42 0.4 0.58 

56 
423329088323300 GENEVA LAKE AT WEST END NEAR WILLIAMS BAY, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, NOVEMBER 20, 2006 TO JUNE 12, 2007 

11-20-06 04-16-07 06-12-07 

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 

0 0 0 

5 5 5 

10 10 10 15 15 15 20 20 20 25 25 25 30 30 30 35 35 35 40 40 40 45 45 45

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 

0 0 0

5 5 5

10 10 1015 15 1520 20 2025 25 2530 30 3035 35 3540 40 4045 45 45

450 475 500 525 550 450 475 500 525 550 450 475 500 5

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

W.T. D.O. 

S.C. 

pH 

57 
423329088323300 GENEVA LAKE AT WEST END NEAR WILLIAMS BAY, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, JULY 18 TO SEPTEMBER 19, 2007 

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS 

07-18-07 08-22-07 09-19-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 

0 0 0 

5 5 5 

10 10 10 15 15 15 20 20 20 25 25 25 30 30 30 35 35 35 40 40 40 45 45 45

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 

0 0 0

5 5 5

10 10 10

15 15 1520 20 2025 25 2530 30 3035 35 3540 40 4045 45 45

450 475 500 525 550 450 475 500 525 550 450 475 500 5

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

W.T. 

D.O. 

S.C. pH 

58 
 

 

 

 

0.02

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION,

 IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER TROPHIC STATE INDEX SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER 0.01 

0.00 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

15

10 

5 

0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

0

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

60 

Eutrophic 

50 

Mesotrophic 

40 

30 

Total Phosphorus 

20 Oligotrophic Chlorophyll a 

Secchi depth

10 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths, 

and TSI data for Geneva Lake, West End, near Williams Bay, Wisconsin. 

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.) 

59 
 

434928088553601 GREEN LAKE AT COUNTY TRUNK HIGHWAY A NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 43°49′28′′, long 88°55′36′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 

sec.27, T.16 N., R.13 E., Green Lake County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 04030201, on left bank at downstream side of 

County Trunk Highway A, 2.3 mi southeast of Green Lake. 

SURFACE AREA.--11.48 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--103 mi2; Area of Green Lake, 7,346 acres. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1993 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 790.00 ft above sea level.
 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by dam at outlet at Green Lake. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum recorded gage height, 7.64 ft, Jun 17, 2004; minimum 

recorded, 5.27 ft, Nov. 5, 2005. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 6.82 ft, Apr. 4; minimum recorded gage 

height, 5.69 ft, Oct. 13. 

60 
 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 


WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2006 TO SEPTEMBER 2007 


DAILY MEAN VALUES
 

[e, estimated] 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

5.93 

5.94 

5.95 

5.96 

5.98 

5.94 

5.92 

5.90 

5.89 

5.89 

6.08 

6.10 

6.09 

6.07 

6.05 

6.21 

6.21 

6.21 

6.21 

6.22 

6.15 

6.14 

6.13 

6.12 

6.11 

6.18 

6.22 

6.25 

6.24 

6.24 

6.75 

6.75 

6.75 

6.77 

6.74 

6.64 

6.64 

6.63 

6.63 

6.63 

6.52 

6.53 

6.54 

6.58 

6.57 

6.27 

6.27 

6.30 

6.36 

6.36 

6.14 

6.13 

6.11 

6.09 

6.13 

6.42 

6.40 

6.40 

6.40 

6.39 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

5.98 

5.97 

5.96 

5.94 

5.93 

5.89 

5.89 

5.89 

5.89 

5.88 

6.05 

6.04 

6.02 

6.01 

6.01 

6.23 

6.22 

6.23 

6.24 

6.21 

6.11 

6.11 

6.10 

6.10 

6.09 

6.24 

6.25 

6.25 

6.25 

6.26 

6.73 

6.72 

6.70 

6.69 

6.68 

6.63 

6.62 

6.61 

e6.60 

6.59 

6.56 

6.56 

6.54 

6.54 

6.53 

6.35 

6.35 

6.34 

6.34 

6.34 

6.14 

6.16 

6.15 

6.14 

6.13 

6.39 

6.43 

6.45 

6.43 

6.42 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

5.99 

5.99 

5.98 

5.91 

5.89 

5.90 

5.89 

5.90 

5.89 

5.89 

6.01 

6.01 

6.03 

6.03 

6.02 

6.20 

6.19 

6.19 

6.19 

6.21 

6.08 

6.07 

6.07 

6.07 

6.07 

6.26 

6.28 

6.36 

6.44 

6.49 

6.68 

6.69 

6.68 

6.68 

6.67 

6.58 

6.57 

6.59 

6.59 

e6.59 

6.51 

6.49 

6.48 

6.48 

6.47 

6.31 

6.27 

6.26 

6.23 

6.22 

6.12 

6.15 

6.14 

6.14 

6.14 

6.41 

6.41 

6.38 

6.33 

6.32 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

5.88 

5.92 

5.94 

5.95 

5.94 

5.89 

5.89 

5.89 

5.89 

5.88 

6.02 

6.02 

6.03 

6.02 

6.02 

6.21 

6.21 

6.20 

6.20 

6.17 

6.06 

6.06 

6.05 

6.05 

6.05 

6.52 

6.55 

6.56 

6.58 

6.59 

6.66 

6.66 

6.65 

6.65 

6.64 

e6.58 

e6.58 

6.58 

6.57 

6.55 

6.46 

6.46 

6.47 

6.48 

6.47 

6.22 

6.21 

6.21 

6.19 

6.17 

6.13 

6.10 

6.09 

6.21 

6.29 

6.30 

6.29 

6.28 

6.27 

6.27 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

5.94 

5.99 

5.99 

5.97 

5.97 

5.88 

5.88 

5.87 

5.87 

5.87 

6.03 

6.09 

6.16 

6.15 

6.15 

6.18 

6.19 

6.19 

6.18 

6.17 

6.05 

6.05 

6.04 

6.09 

6.14 

6.60 

6.62 

6.62 

6.63 

6.65 

6.64 

6.63 

6.63 

6.63 

6.63 

6.55 

6.55 

e6.55 

e6.55 

e6.55 

6.46 

6.43 

6.41 

6.40 

6.40 

6.15 

6.14 

6.13 

6.12 

6.11 

e6.32 

e6.36 

e6.40 

e6.40 

e6.42 

6.26 

6.28 

6.28 

6.27 

6.30 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

5.96 

5.96 

5.97 

5.95 

5.94 

5.97 

5.88 

5.92 

6.03 

6.07 

6.08 

---

6.16 

6.16 

6.16 

6.16 

6.17 

6.19 

6.17 

6.17 

6.17 

6.16 

6.16 

6.15 

6.16 

6.17 

6.16 

---

---

---

6.66 

6.65 

6.68 

6.68 

6.68 

6.68 

6.63 

6.63 

6.63 

6.62 

6.61 

---

e6.55 

e6.55 

e6.55 

e6.54 

e6.54 

6.53 

6.40 

6.39 

6.34 

6.33 

6.31 

---

6.11 

6.18 

6.16 

6.16 

6.15 

6.15 

e6.41 

e6.40 

6.44 

6.46 

6.45 

6.44 

6.31 

6.29 

6.29 

6.27 

6.25 

---

Mean 

Max 

Min 

5.95 

5.99 

5.88 

5.91 

6.08 

5.87 

6.07 

6.19 

6.01 

6.20 

6.24 

6.15 

6.09 

6.17 

6.04 

6.46 

6.68 

6.18 

6.67 

6.77 

6.61 

6.58 

6.64 

6.53 

6.47 

6.58 

6.31 

6.23 

6.36 

6.11 

6.24 

6.46 

6.09 

6.34 

6.45 

6.25 

61 
434756089020500 GREEN LAKE AT DEEP HOLE NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 43°47'56", long 89°02'05", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.2, T.15 N., R.12 E., Green Lake County, Hydrologic Unit 04030201, abo

City of Green Lake. 

SURFACE AREA.--11.48 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--May 2004 to current year. Lake sampled by Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources prior to 2004. REMARKS.--Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. A “*” indicates data that were collected by Ma

Volunteer. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, OCTOBER 1, 2006 TO JUNE 10, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Oct 1* Apr 24 May 10* May 21 May 3

00065 Lake stage (ft) 5.93 6.63 6.59 6.55 6.54 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 7.83 -- -- -- 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 5.8 3.5 2.3 1.8 1.7 00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.1 0.5 66.0 -- 0.1 0.1 00010 Water temperature (oC) 15.6 4.4 3.9 -- 12.2 16.7 

00020 Air temperature (oC) 15.6 -- -- -- 18.9 25.6 

00400 pH (standard units) -- 8.5 8.3 -- -- -- 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- 506 510 -- -- -- 

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- 14.2 14.2 -- -- -- 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) -- 0.115 0.047 -- -- -- 

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- 1.16 -- -- -- -- 

00631 Nitrite + nitrate, dissolved (as N) -- 0.196 -- -- -- -- 

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- <0.015 -- -- -- -- 

00625 Ammonia + org-N, total, diss. (as N) -- 0.37 -- -- -- -- 

00600 Total nitrogen -- 0.57 -- -- -- -- 

00076 Turbidity (NTU) -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- 

00081 Apparent color (PTU) -- 5 -- -- -- -- 

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- 230 -- -- -- -- 

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- 34.2 -- -- -- -- 

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- 36 -- -- -- -- 

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- 20.1 -- -- -- -- 

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- 3.3 -- -- -- -- 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) -- 181 -- -- -- -- 

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- 37.3 -- -- -- -- 

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- 0.363 -- -- -- -- 

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- <100 -- -- -- -- 

01049 Lead, dissolved (μg/L) -- <1 -- -- -- -- 

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- <0.5 -- -- -- -- 

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 oC) -- 280 -- -- -- -- 

62 
434756089020500 GREEN LAKE AT DEEP HOLE NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JUNE 11 TO AUGUST 30, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Jun 11 Jun 28* Jul 5* Jul 11 Jul 13* 

00065 Lake stage (ft) 6.51 6.34 6.36 6.31 6.31 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 1.55 -- -- 3.04 -- 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 2.6 3.7 3.4 4.1 

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 67.0 -- 0.1 0.5 67.0 -- 00010 Water temperature (oC) 18.7 4.4 -- 23.3 24.0 4.6 -- 

00020 Air temperature (oC) -- -- -- 29.4 -- -- -- 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.7 7.9 -- -- 8.8 7.6 -- 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 497 501 -- -- 498 531 -- 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 10.5 8.3 -- -- 10.4 6.5 -- 00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.021 0.087 -- -- 0.016 0.153 -- 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Aug 3* Aug 6* Aug 10* Aug 16* Aug 21 

00065 Lake stage (ft) 6.11 6.14 6.13 6.13 6.32 32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- -- -- 12.8 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.0 2.9 4.3 4.3 -- 

00098 Sampling depth (m) -- -- -- -- 0.5 15.0 67.0 

00010 Water temperature (oC) -- -- -- -- 22.0 11.5 4.6 

00400 pH (standard units) -- -- -- -- 8.8 7.8 7.3 00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- -- -- 471 509 537 00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- -- -- 8.6 3.4 0.1 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) -- -- -- -- 0.018 0.011 0.235 

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- -- -- <0.002 -- -- 

00631 Nitrite + nitrate, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- <0.019 -- -- 00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- <0.015 -- -- 00625 Ammonia + org-N, total, diss. (as N) -- -- -- -- 0.53 -- -- 

63 
434756089020500 GREEN LAKE AT DEEP HOLE NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, SEPTEMBER 5 to 26, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Sept 5* Sept 8* Sept. 26 

00065 Lake stage (ft) 6.39 6.45 6.31 32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- 8.01 00078 Secchi-depth (m) 4.7 4.9 5.1 

00098 Sampling depth (m) -- -- 0.5 20.0 67.0 

00010 Water temperature (oC) -- -- 18.9 8.8 4.7 

00400 pH (standard units) -- -- 8.8 7.7 7.3 00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- 480 512 558 

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- 9.6 4.0 0.2 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) -- -- 0.016 0.011 0.239 

64 
DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS 

434756089020500 GREEN LAKE AT DEEP HOLE NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 24 TO SEPTEMBER 26, 2007 

0 10 

04-24-07 

20 0 10 20 

06-11-07 

0 10 20 

07-11-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 

08-21-07 

20 0 10 

09-26-07 

0 0 0 0 0

10 10 10 10 10

20 20 20 20 2030 30 30 30 3040 40 40 40 4050 50 50 50 5060 60 60 60 6070 70 70 70 70

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 

0 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 

0 0 0 0

10 10 10 10 1020 20 20 20 2030 30 30 30 3040 40 40 40 4050 50 50 50 5060 60 60 60 60

70 

400 450 500 550 600 400 450 500 550 600 400 450 500 550 600 400 450 500 550 600 400 450 500 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

70 70 70 70

W.T. 

D.O. 

S.C. 

pH 

65 
 

 

 

 2004 2005 2006 2007
 

 2004 2005 2006 2007
 

 2004 2005 2006 2007
 

2004 2005 2006 2007
 

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths, 

and TSI data for Green Lake, Deep Hole, near Green Lake, Wisconsin. 

0.00 

0.02 

0.04 

0.06 

0.08 

0.10 

0.12 

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION,

 IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION,

 IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER

8 

7 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

USGS 

SELF HELP

SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

Total Phosphorus 

Chlorophyll a 

Secchi depth 

Eutrophic

TROPHIC STATE INDEX 

Mesotrophic 

Oligotrophic 

66 
434928088570000 GREEN LAKE AT EAST END NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI
 

LOCATION.--Lat 43°49'28", long 88°57'00", in SE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.28, T.16 N., R.13 E., Green Lake County, Hydrologic Unit 04030201, a

the City of Green Lake. 

SURFACE AREA.--11.48 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--May 2004 current year. Lake sampled by Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources prior to 2004. 

REMARKS.--Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. A “*” indicates data that were collected by Ma

Volunteer. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, OCTOBER 1, 2006 TO JULY 28, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Oct 1* Apr 24 May 10* May 21* May 30* 

00065 Lake stage (ft) 5.93 6.63 6.59 6.55 6.54 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 10.3 -- -- -- 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 5.3 2.7 2.0 2.1 1.8 00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.1 0.5 33 -- 0.1 0.1 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 15.6 6.3 4.6 -- 11.7 17.8 00020 Air temperature (oC) 15.6 -- -- -- 18.9 25.6 00400 pH (standard units) -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- 505 509 -- -- -- 00300 Dissolved oxygen -- 15.7 15 -- -- -- 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) -- 0.041 0.046 -- -- -- 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Jun 11 Jun 13* Jun 24* Jun 28* Jul 5 Jul 13

00065 Lake stage (ft) 6.51 6.48 6.40 6.34 6.35 6.31 32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 1.74 -- -- -- -- -- 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 5.3 7.9 6.1 3.5 3.8 00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 32 -- -- -- 0.1 -- 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 19.4 5.4 -- -- -- 23.9 -- 00020 Air temperature (oC) -- -- -- -- -- 29.4 -- 00400 pH (standard units) 8.6 8.2 -- -- -- -- -- 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 495 497 -- -- -- -- -- 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 10.4 10.8 -- -- -- -- -- 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.024 0.05 -- -- -- -- -- 

67 
434928088570000 GREEN LAKE AT EAST END NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 3 TO SEPTEMBER 26, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Aug 3* Aug 6* Aug 10* Aug 16* Aug. 21 

00065 Lake stage (ft) 6.11 6.14 6.13 6.13 6.32 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- -- -- 17.5 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.1 2.9 3.7 4.3 3.7 

00098 Sampling depth (m) -- -- -- -- 0.5 15 33 

00010 Water temperature (oC) -- -- -- -- 21.6 10.6 5.6 

00020 Air temperature (oC) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00400 pH (standard units) -- -- -- -- 8.7 7.8 7.8 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- -- -- 474 510 513 00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- -- -- 8.8 3.4 7.7 00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) -- -- -- -- 0.02 0.013 0.081 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Sept 5* Sept 8* Sept. 26 

00065 Lake stage (ft) 6.39 6.45 6.31 32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- 3.86 00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.7 3.7 3.1 

00098 Sampling depth (m) -- -- 0.5 16 33 00010 Water temperature (oC) -- -- 19.9 10.1 5.7 

00020 Air temperature (oC) -- -- -- -- --

00400 pH (standard units) -- -- 8.8 7.7 7.6 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- 479 511 516 00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- 9.8 2.2 4.9 00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) -- -- 0.014 0.012 0.084 

68 
DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS 

434928088570000 GREEN LAKE AT EAST END NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 24 TO SEPTEMBER 26, 2007 

0 10 

04-24-07 

20 0 

06-11-07 

0 10 20 

07-11-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 

08-21-07 

10 20 20 0 10 

09-26-07 

0 0 0 0 0

5 5 5 5 5

10 10 10 10 1015 15 15 15 1520 20 20 20 2025 25 25 25 2530 30 30 30 3035 35 35 35 35

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 

0 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 

S.C. 

pH 

0 0 0 0

5 5 5 5 5

10 10 10 10 10

15 15 15 15 15

20 20 20 20 20

25 25 25 25 25

30 30 30 30 30

35 

400 450 500 550 600 400 450 500 550 600 400 450 500 550 600 400 450 500 550 600 400 450 500 5

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

35 35 35 35

W.T. 

D.O. 

69 
 

 

 

 2004 2005 2006 2007
 

 2004 2005 2006 2007
 

 2004 2005 2006 2007
 

 2004 2005 2006 2007
 

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths, 

and TSI data for Green Lake, East End, near Green Lake, Wisconsin. 

0.00 

0.02 

0.04 

0.06 

0.08 

0.10 

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION,

 IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

60

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION,

IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

USGS 

SELF HELP

SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

Total Phosphorus 

Chlorophyll a 

Secchi depth 

Eutrophic

TROPHIC STATE INDEX 

Mesotrophic 

Oligotrophic 

70 
455208089435800 KAWAGUESAGA LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR MINOCQUA, WI
 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°52'08", long 89°43'58", in NE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.15, T.39 N., R.6 E., Oneida County, Hydrologic Unit 07070001, at SURFACE AREA.--1.05 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--May to September 2003, April 2006 to September 2007 (discontinued). REMARKS.--Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 18 TO SEPTEMBER 20, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Apr. 18 Jun. 18 Jul. 18 Aug. 22 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 1.91 2.91 10.5 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.7 4.6 2.8 2.1 00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 10.0 0.5 10.0 0.5 10.0 0.5 10.0 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 5.5 5.1 23.5 12.0 23.5 12.6 20.2 13.3 00400 pH (standard units) 6.7 6.9 7.5 7.1 6.8 7.0 7.8 7.0 00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 141 136 148 163 134 211 154 267 00300 Dissolved oxygen 12.2 11.6 9.7 0.5 8.9 0.4 7.8 0.3 00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.017 0.017 0.017 <0.005 0.027 0.100 0.019 0.075 

71 
DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS 

455208089435800 KAWAGUESAGA LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR MINOCQUA, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 18 TO SEPTEMBER 20, 2007 

04-18-07 06-18-07 07-18-07 08-22-07 09-20-0

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER
 

0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20 
 0 10 

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 

3 3 3 3 3 

4 4 4 4 4 

5 5 5 5 5 

6 6 6 6 6 

7 7 7 7 7 

8 8 8 8 8 

9 9 9 9 9 

10 

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 

10 10 10 10 

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 

0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 12 2 2 2 23 3 3 3 34 4 4 4 45 5 5 5 56 6 6 6 67 7 7 7 78 8 8 8 89 9 9 9 9

10 

100 150 200 250 100 150 200 250 100 150 200 250 100 150 200 250 100 150 200 

10 10 10 10

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

W.T. 

D.O. 

S.C. 

pH 

72 
 

 

 

 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths, 

and TSI data for Kawaguesaga Lake, Deep Hole, Near Minocqua, Wisconsin. 

0.00 

0.01 

0.02 

0.03 

0.04 

0.05 

0.06 

0.07 

0.08 

0.09 

0.10

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION,

 IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION,

IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

Total Phosphorus 

Chlorophyll a 

Secchi depth 

Eutrophic 

Oligotrophic 

TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Mesotrophic 

73 
 

 

425715089164700 LAKE KEGONSA AT BARBER DRIVE NEAR STOUGHTON, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 42°57′15′′, long 89°16′47′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.26, T.6 N., R.10 E., 

Dane County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, on downstream side of bridge on Barber Drive, 3.5 mi northwest of Stoughton. 

SURFACE AREA.--1.05 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--386 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 2003 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 840.00 ft above sea level (levels from Wisconsin Department of Transportation 

benchmark). 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 4.71 ft, May 23, 2004; minimum observed, 2.07 ft, Jan.27, 

2006. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum gage height observed, 4.14 ft, Aug. 27; minimum observed, 2.14 ft, Feb. 20. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 


WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2006 TO SEPTEMBER 2007 


DAILY MEAN VALUES
 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

3.23 

3.21 

3.22 

3.25 

3.22 

2.99 

2.96 

2.95 

2.93 

2.92 

3.28 

3.28 

3.28 

3.33 

3.34 

2.64 

2.63 

2.60 

2.58 

2.58 

2.30 

2.29 

2.28 

2.27 

2.27 

2.48 

2.53 

2.55 

2.56 

2.58 

3.43 

3.47 

3.66 

3.69 

3.70 

3.49 

3.46 

3.41 

3.35 

3.30 

3.50 

3.51 

3.49 

3.53 

3.52 

3.29 

3.25 

3.24 

3.35 

3.34 

3.02 

3.01 

3.00 

2.99 

3.14 

4.01 

3.97 

3.94 

3.90 

3.86 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

3.21 

3.19 

3.17 

3.18 

3.17 

2.92 

2.92 

2.92 

2.92 

2.99 

3.34 

3.26 

3.18 

3.12 

3.06 

2.55 

2.53 

2.50 

2.46 

2.44 

2.26 

2.26 

2.25 

2.23 

2.22 

2.59 

2.59 

2.60 

2.61 

2.63 

3.69 

3.64 

3.58 

3.53 

3.49 

3.23 

3.16 

3.12 

3.09 

3.08 

3.49 

3.47 

3.46 

3.45 

3.43 

3.33 

3.31 

3.29 

3.29 

3.27 

3.17 

3.22 

3.23 

3.25 

3.27 

3.82 

3.79 

3.77 

3.74 

3.74 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

3.18 

3.16 

3.13 

3.13 

3.13 

3.07 

3.10 

3.13 

3.15 

3.16 

3.02 

3.00 

2.99 

2.97 

2.93 

2.42 

2.42 

2.42 

2.41 

2.42 

2.20 

2.20 

2.20 

2.20 

2.20 

2.65 

2.69 

2.82 

2.99 

3.13 

3.52 

3.48 

3.46 

3.46 

3.45 

3.08 

3.05 

3.04 

3.03 

3.09 

3.41 

3.41 

3.39 

3.38 

3.38 

3.24 

3.20 

3.19 

3.15 

3.14 

3.26 

3.30 

3.29 

3.33 

3.30 

3.75 

3.73 

3.72 

3.70 

3.67 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

3.14 

3.22 

3.27 

3.29 

3.30 

3.16 

3.15 

3.15 

3.13 

3.12 

2.90 

2.86 

2.82 

2.78 

2.73 

2.40 

2.37 

2.34 

2.33 

2.31 

2.20 

2.20 

2.19 

2.17 

2.16 

3.21 

3.25 

3.26 

3.25 

3.23 

3.43 

3.41 

3.40 

3.38 

3.37 

3.17 

3.24 

3.27 

3.31 

3.36 

3.36 

3.36 

3.34 

3.35 

3.33 

3.13 

3.12 

3.12 

3.12 

3.09 

3.25 

3.19 

3.17 

3.45 

3.55 

3.65 

3.63 

3.61 

3.60 

3.60 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

3.33 

3.39 

3.40 

3.40 

3.39 

3.10 

3.08 

3.07 

3.05 

3.04 

2.74 

2.75 

2.77 

2.76 

2.75 

2.32 

2.32 

2.32 

2.32 

2.32 

2.17 

2.18 

2.21 

2.28 

2.35 

3.24 

3.35 

3.42 

3.47 

3.49 

3.37 

3.35 

3.41 

3.44 

3.51 

3.38 

3.40 

3.41 

3.41 

3.44 

3.34 

3.38 

3.36 

3.36 

3.35 

3.07 

3.04 

3.02 

3.01 

3.00 

3.50 

3.52 

3.63 

3.83 

3.94 

3.58 

3.59 

3.58 

3.57 

3.56 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

3.32 

3.25 

3.17 

3.12 

3.07 

3.02 

3.03 

3.08 

3.14 

3.21 

3.26 

---

2.73 

2.71 

2.69 

2.66 

2.64 

2.65 

2.32 

2.32 

2.31 

2.31 

2.31 

2.31 

2.38 

2.40 

2.43 

---

---

---

3.51 

3.49 

3.47 

3.43 

3.39 

3.38 

3.55 

3.56 

3.57 

3.55 

3.54 

---

3.46 

3.46 

3.46 

3.47 

3.48 

3.48 

3.35 

3.35 

3.34 

3.32 

3.30 

---

2.99 

3.05 

3.06 

3.04 

3.04 

3.03 

4.00 

4.04 

4.07 

4.08 

4.07 

4.04 

3.56 

3.54 

3.52 

3.50 

3.47 

---

Mean 

Max 

Min 

3.22 

3.40 

3.02 

3.06 

3.26 

2.92 

2.95 

3.34 

2.64 

2.41 

2.64 

2.31 

2.25 

2.43 

2.16 

3.03 

3.51 

2.48 

3.50 

3.70 

3.35 

3.30 

3.49 

3.03 

3.40 

3.53 

3.30 

3.16 

3.35 

2.99 

3.46 

4.08 

2.99 

3.69 

4.01 

3.47 

74 
 

 

05427235 LAKE KOSHKONONG NEAR NEWVILLE, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 42°51′27′′, long 88°56′27′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.34, T.5 N., R.13 E., 

Jefferson County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, 80 ft east of Pottawatomi Trail Bridge at Bingham Point Estates, and 4.5 mi 

northeast of Newville. 

SURFACE AREA.—16.34 mi2. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--2,560 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 1987 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 770.00 ft above NGVD of 1929 (Wisconsin Department of Transportation bench mark). 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by dam at Indianford. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum recorded gage height, 12.23 ft, Apr. 25, 1993; minimum recorded, 5.06 ft, Feb. 

22, 2007. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 10.58 ft, Apr. 7; minimum recorded gage height, 5.06 ft, Feb. 

22. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 


WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2006 TO SEPTEMBER 2007 


DAILY MEAN VALUES
 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6.18 

6.18 

6.34 

6.58 

6.73 

7.43 

7.38 

7.29 

7.22 

7.13 

7.09 

7.18 

7.25 

7.27 

7.26 

7.52 

7.47 

7.43 

7.42 

7.41 

5.69 

5.67 

5.65 

5.63 

5.61 

5.37 

5.52 

5.71 

5.89 

6.04 

9.59 

9.63 

9.85 

10.14 

10.32 

8.72 

8.66 

8.58 

8.50 

8.42 

6.31 

6.34 

6.35 

6.44 

6.42 

6.14 

6.11 

6.14 

6.36 

6.37 

6.12 

6.15 

6.17 

6.17 

6.34 

10.42 

10.35 

10.26 

10.15 

10.02 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

6.86 

6.96 

7.04 

7.10 

7.08 

7.05 

6.95 

6.85 

6.79 

6.78 

7.24 

7.21 

7.15 

7.11 

7.06 

7.38 

7.33 

7.30 

7.27 

7.14 

5.58 

5.54 

5.51 

5.47 

5.43 

6.06 

6.00 

5.94 

5.90 

5.89 

10.47 

10.54 

10.56 

10.55 

10.51 

8.31 

8.24 

8.18 

8.10 

8.00 

6.38 

6.42 

6.50 

6.48 

6.47 

6.32 

6.26 

6.25 

6.27 

6.25 

6.35 

6.38 

6.33 

6.29 

6.29 

9.87 

9.72 

9.56 

9.38 

9.23 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

7.13 

7.11 

7.08 

7.06 

7.01 

6.80 

6.78 

6.84 

6.90 

6.94 

7.00 

6.96 

6.96 

6.99 

7.02 

7.04 

6.99 

6.94 

6.88 

6.86 

5.39 

5.37 

5.33 

5.30 

5.27 

5.91 

6.00 

6.29 

6.80 

7.36 

10.49 

10.46 

10.38 

10.31 

10.22 

7.90 

7.76 

7.63 

7.52 

7.45 

6.45 

6.41 

6.34 

6.33 

6.33 

6.23 

6.19 

6.14 

6.18 

6.20 

6.26 

6.30 

6.26 

6.26 

6.25 

9.10 

8.89 

8.68 

8.52 

8.31 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

6.97 

7.05 

7.10 

7.19 

7.24 

6.99 

6.99 

7.02 

7.03 

7.01 

7.03 

7.03 

7.00 

6.95 

6.89 

6.83 

6.80 

6.73 

6.66 

6.59 

5.24 

5.20 

5.18 

5.15 

5.12 

7.84 

8.21 

8.47 

8.66 

8.81 

10.11 

10.01 

9.89 

9.76 

9.63 

7.38 

7.29 

7.18 

7.09 

6.98 

6.31 

6.28 

6.26 

6.34 

6.27 

6.21 

6.19 

6.17 

6.17 

6.12 

6.24 

6.21 

6.20 

6.77 

7.21 

8.13 

7.95 

7.76 

7.60 

7.43 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

7.29 

7.40 

7.43 

7.49 

7.54 

6.96 

6.93 

6.90 

6.86 

6.79 

6.86 

6.86 

6.96 

7.06 

7.19 

6.52 

6.43 

6.33 

6.22 

6.11 

5.08 

5.08 

5.15 

5.27 

5.41 

8.94 

9.16 

9.31 

9.43 

9.52 

9.48 

9.32 

9.22 

9.10 

9.00 

6.86 

6.70 

6.56 

6.45 

6.38 

6.26 

6.27 

6.25 

6.25 

6.24 

6.12 

6.12 

6.13 

6.13 

6.13 

7.50 

7.86 

8.36 

8.84 

9.32 

7.27 

7.15 

7.01 

6.88 

6.82 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

7.56 

7.59 

7.62 

7.58 

7.52 

7.49 

6.73 

6.72 

6.71 

6.80 

6.94 

---

7.30 

7.38 

7.44 

7.48 

7.49 

7.49 

6.01 

5.91 

5.83 

5.76 

5.73 

5.71 

5.40 

5.37 

5.35 

---

---

---

9.61 

9.65 

9.64 

9.61 

9.58 

9.55 

8.92 

8.87 

8.84 

8.81 

8.77 

---

6.37 

6.39 

6.34 

6.33 

6.33 

6.31 

6.24 

6.29 

6.26 

6.22 

6.18 

---

6.16 

6.25 

6.21 

6.18 

6.15 

6.13 

9.72 

10.00 

10.23 

10.38 

10.45 

10.45 

6.78 

6.70 

6.63 

6.56 

6.50 

---

Mean 

Max 

Min 

7.11 

7.62 

6.18 

6.95 

7.43 

6.71 

7.13 

7.49 

6.86 

6.73 

7.52 

5.71 

5.37 

5.69 

5.08 

7.63 

9.65 

5.37 

9.79 

10.56 

8.77 

7.38 

8.72 

6.31 

6.33 

6.50 

6.18 

6.19 

6.37 

6.11 

7.41 

10.45 

6.12 

8.32 

10.42 

6.50 

75 
432255088134700 LITTLE CEDAR LAKE, NORTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI
 

LOCATION.--Lat 43°22'55", long 88°13'47", in NW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.33, T.11 N., R.19 E., Washington County, Hydrologic Unit 04040003, 2.6 

Bend. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.38 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 1997 to August 1999, February 2003 to current year. REMARKS.--Lake sampled at center of northern basin at deep hole. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyse

State Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 28 TO AUGUST 22, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Feb. 28 April 19 June 14 July 19 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- 4.18 13 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 3.1 3.4 2.3 00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 6.5 0.5 7.0 0.5 7.0 0.5 7.0 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 1.0 3.1 8.3 6.8 25.8 12.6 25.0 14.8 00400 pH (standard units) 7.9 7.6 8.4 8.3 8.7 7.7 8.8 7.4 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 556 592 507 519 515 576 528 604 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 11.8 7.1 13.2 12.1 10.8 0.4 10.0 0.3 00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.013 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.028 0.046 0.021 0.045 

76 
DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS 

432255088134700 LITTLE CEDAR LAKE, NORTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 28 TO AUGUST 22, 2007 

02-28-07 04-19-07 06-14-07 07-19-07 08-22-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 

0 0 0 0 0

2 2 2 2 2

4 4 4 4 4

6 6 6 6 6

8 8 8 8 8

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 

0 0 0 0 0

2 2 2 2 24 4 4 4 46 6 6 6 6

8 

450 500 550 600 650 450 500 550 600 650 450 500 550 600 650 450 500 550 600 650 450 500 550 60

8 8 8 8

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

W.T. 

D.O. 

S.C. 

pH 

77 
 

 

 

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths, 

and TSI data for Little Cedar Lake, North Site, near West Bend, Wisconsin. 

0.00 

0.01 

0.02 

0.03 

0.04 

0.05 

0.06 

0.07 

0.08 

0.09

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION,

 IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION,

IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

Total Phosphorus 

Chlorophyll a 

Secchi depth 

Eutrophic 

TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Mesotrophic 

Oligotrophic 

78 
432249088134500 LITTLE CEDAR LAKE, SOUTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI
 

LOCATION.--Lat 43°22'49", long 88°13'45", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.33, T.11 N., R.19 E., Washington County, Hydrologic Unit 04040003, 2.8 

Bend. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.38 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 1997 to August 1999, February 2003 to current year. REMARKS.--Lake sampled in southern basin at deep hole. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses done b

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 23 TO AUGUST 30, 2006 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Feb. 28 April 19 June 14 July 19 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 6.65 2.00 6.76 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 3.7 4.0 2.9 00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 16.5 0.5 17.0 0.5 16.5 0.5 16.5 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 1.1 2.8 7.7 4.8 25.7 6.2 24.7 6.2 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.1 7.2 8.2 8.1 8.7 7.0 8.8 7.4 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 537 647 510 530 514 546 525 556 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 12.5 0.3 13.0 11.6 10.4 0.7 10.5 0.3 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.019 0.015 0.019 0.018 0.023 0.051 0.019 0.122 

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- 0.004 -- -- -- 0.002 -- 

00631 Nitrite + nitrate, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.154 -- -- -- <0.019 -- 

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.09 -- -- -- <0.015 -- 

00625 Ammonia + org-N, total, diss. (as N) -- -- 0.6 -- -- -- -- -- 

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- 0.75 -- -- -- -- -- 

00076 Turbidity (NTU) -- -- 1.1 -- -- -- -- -- 

00081 Apparent color (PTU) -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- 220 -- -- -- -- -- 00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- 35.7 -- -- -- -- -- 00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- 32.6 -- -- -- -- -- 00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- 22 -- -- -- -- -- 

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- 1.7 -- -- -- -- -- 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) -- -- 179 -- -- -- -- -- 00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- 48.5 -- -- -- -- -- 00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- 18.3 -- -- -- -- -- 

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- 0.554 -- -- -- -- -- 

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- <100 -- -- -- -- -- 

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- <0.5 -- -- -- -- -- 

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 oC) -- -- 286 -- -- -- -- -- 

79 
DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS 

432249088134500 LITTLE CEDAR LAKE, SOUTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 28 TO AUGUST 22, 2007 

0 10 

02-28-07 

20 0 10 20 

04-19-07 

0 10 20 

06-14-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 

07-19-07 

20 0 10 

08-22-

0 0 0 0 0

3 3 3 3 3

6 6 6 6 6

9 9 9 9 9

12 12 12 12 12

15 15 15 15 15

18 18 18 

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

18 18 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 

0 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 

0 0 0 0

3 3 3 3 36 6 6 6 69 9 9 9 9

12 12 12 12 1215 15 15 15 15

18 

450 500 550 600 650 450 500 550 600 650 450 500 550 600 650 450 500 550 600 650 450 500 550 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

18 18 18 18

W.T. 

D.O. 

S.C. 

pH 

80 
 

 

 

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths, 

and TSI data for Little Cedar Lake, South Site, near West Bend, Wisconsin. 

0.00 

0.01 

0.02 

0.03 

0.04 

0.05 

0.06 

0.07 

0.08 

0.09

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION,

 IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

60

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION,

IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

Total Phosphorus 

Chlorophyll a 

Secchi depth Eutrophic

TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Mesotrophic 

Oligotrophic 

81 
 

 

 

05428000 LAKE MENDOTA AT MADISON, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 43°05′42′′, long 89°22′12′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.12, T.7 N., R.9 E., Dane 

County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, in county boat house at dam at outlet, in Madison. 

SURFACE AREA.—15.2 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--233 mi2 of which 36.6 mi2 probably is noncontributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--January 1916 to January 1985 (incomplete), February 1985 to current year. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WDR WI-73-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 840.00 ft above NGVD of 1929, or 5.60 ft below City of Madison datum. Prior to Oct. 1,
 

1979, at datum 7.82 ft higher; prior to Nov. 15, 1971, nonrecording gage at same site at the higher datum. 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by concrete dam with two 12-foot gates and 20-foot lock at outlet. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 12.75 ft, June 5, 2000; minimum observed, 8.02 ft, Feb. 24 

to Mar. 10, 1920, current datum. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 11.89 ft, Aug. 27; minimum recorded, 8.30 ft, Dec. 5. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 


WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2006 TO SEPTEMBER 2007 


DAILY MEAN VALUES
 

[e, estimated] 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

10.33 

10.32 

10.33 

10.37 

10.37 

9.89 

9.84 

9.77 

9.72 

9.68 

9.05 

9.00 

8.95 

8.82 

8.68 

9.08 

9.05 

9.04 

9.04 

9.06 

9.04 

9.03 

9.03 

9.03 

e9.02 

9.06 

9.07 

9.09 

9.10 

9.10 

10.08 

10.10 

10.29 

10.41 

10.38 

10.08 

10.06 

10.03 

10.00 

9.99 

9.57 

9.61 

9.67 

9.91 

9.95 

9.74 

9.72 

9.72 

9.79 

9.82 

9.60 

9.59 

9.57 

9.55 

9.69 

11.64 

11.59 

11.55 

11.50 

11.45 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

10.36 

10.34 

10.33 

10.33 

10.31 

9.65 

9.62 

9.59 

9.55 

9.54 

8.82 

8.82 

8.80 

8.80 

8.80 

9.06 

9.06 

9.06 

9.08 

9.03 

e9.02 

e9.01 

e9.01 

e9.01 

e8.99 

9.10 

9.10 

9.10 

9.11 

9.11 

10.36 

10.33 

10.28 

10.25 

10.22 

9.95 

9.93 

9.92 

9.90 

9.89 

9.93 

9.93 

9.95 

9.92 

9.91 

9.82 

9.81 

9.80 

9.80 

9.81 

9.74 

9.81 

9.82 

9.88 

9.90 

11.41 

11.41 

11.36 

11.31 

11.28 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

10.35 

10.30 

10.26 

10.23 

10.19 

9.54 

9.49 

9.46 

9.42 

9.39 

8.81 

8.83 

8.85 

8.86 

8.86 

9.03 

9.04 

9.03 

9.03 

9.05 

e8.99 

e8.99 

e8.99 

e8.99 

e8.98 

9.11 

9.12 

9.16 

9.30 

9.51 

10.24 

10.25 

10.21 

10.19 

10.16 

9.87 

9.83 

9.81 

9.81 

9.83 

9.90 

9.90 

9.89 

9.88 

9.87 

9.78 

9.75 

9.71 

9.70 

9.68 

9.89 

9.94 

9.93 

10.0 

10.05 

11.29 

11.21 

11.14 

11.10 

11.01 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

10.17 

10.24 

10.26 

10.26 

10.23 

9.36 

9.31 

9.27 

9.23 

9.18 

8.86 

8.86 

8.86 

8.85 

8.85 

9.04 

9.04 

9.04 

9.03 

9.02 

e8.98 

e8.97 

e8.96 

e8.96 

e8.95 

9.61 

9.66 

9.70 

9.74 

9.77 

10.13 

10.09 

10.06 

10.02 

9.98 

9.84 

9.81 

9.79 

9.75 

9.72 

9.87 

9.85 

9.85 

9.88 

9.84 

9.67 

9.67 

9.67 

9.67 

9.64 

10.08 

10.06 

10.05 

10.45 

10.84 

10.95 

10.89 

10.85 

10.82 

10.77 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

10.24 

10.30 

10.28 

10.26 

10.21 

9.13 

9.09 

9.06 

9.02 

8.99 

8.90 

8.98 

9.02 

9.01 

9.03 

9.03 

9.04 

9.04 

9.04 

9.04 

e8.95 

e8.96 

e8.96 

e9.00 

9.03 

9.79 

9.91 

9.98 

10.0 

10.01 

9.95 

9.92 

9.97 

9.98 

10.03 

9.69 

9.67 

9.64 

9.64 

9.65 

9.83 

9.84 

9.83 

9.83 

9.83 

9.62 

9.60 

9.58 

9.57 

9.56 

11.07 

11.20 

11.43 

11.70 

11.80 

10.74 

10.74 

10.70 

10.66 

10.64 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

10.17 

10.14 

10.11 

10.04 

9.99 

9.96 

8.95 

8.95 

9.01 

9.06 

9.07 

---

9.02 

9.01 

9.01 

9.01 

9.01 

9.03 

9.04 

9.03 

9.03 

9.03 

9.03 

9.03 

9.03 

9.04 

9.04 

---

---

---

10.02 

10.01 

9.99 

9.98 

9.96 

9.97 

10.07 

10.11 

10.11 

10.09 

10.07 

---

9.63 

9.63 

9.60 

9.60 

9.59 

9.58 

9.82 

9.83 

9.80 

9.78 

9.77 

---

9.56 

9.63 

9.62 

9.61 

9.61 

9.61 

11.79 

11.78 

11.78 

11.78 

11.73 

11.69 

10.60 

10.56 

10.51 

10.47 

10.44 

---

Mean 

Max 

Min 

10.24 

10.37 

9.96 

9.36 

9.89 

8.95 

8.91 

9.05 

8.68 

9.04 

9.08 

9.02 

9.00 

9.04 

8.95 

9.52 

10.02 

9.06 

10.14 

10.41 

9.92 

9.80 

10.08 

9.58 

9.84 

9.95 

9.57 

9.69 

9.82 

9.56 

10.52 

11.80 

9.55 

11.02 

11.64 

10.44 

82 
430251088284700 MIDDLE GENESEE LAKE, AT GENESEE LAKE ROAD, NEAR OCONOMOWOC, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 43°02'51", long 88°28'47", in SW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.22, T. 7 N., R.17 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 

07090001, at the southwest side of the lake about 2 miles south of Oconomowoc. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.17 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--Unknown. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--April 1996 to current year. 

GAGE.--Staff gage. Local observer, Tom Schubring provided most readings of gage. Datum of gage is about 0.0 ft above NGVD of 

1929. 

EXTREMES FOR THE PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum observed gage height, 867.21 ft, Apr. 16, 2007; minimum observed, 863.88 

ft, Oct. 31, 2005. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum observed gage height, 867.21 ft, Apr. 16; minimum observed, 865.93 ft, Oct. 17. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2006 TO SEPTEMBER 2007 

Date Gage Height, ft Date Gage Height, ft 

October 3 865.95 July 8 866.48 

8 865.95 11 866.40 

17 865.93 15 866.34 

23 866.01 21 866.20 

29 865.99 25 866.10 

April 16 867.21 27 866.20 

20 867.20 August 5 866.14 

May 6 867.20 11 866.24 

18 867.14 19 866.40 

23 867.04 21 866.50 

25 867.00 25 866.94 

June 5 867.00 September 4 866.92 

7 866.96 11 866.94 

13 866.84 16 866.82 

27 866.66 26 866.82 

July 2 866.54 

83 
455214089412800 MINOCQUA LAKE, DEEP HOLE, AT MINOCQUA, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°52'14", long 89°41'28", in SE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.13, T.39 N., R.6 E., Oneida County, Hydrologic Unit 07070001, at SURFACE AREA.--2.12 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--May to September 2003, April 2006 to September 2007 (discontinued). REMARKS.--Lake sampled near center at the deep hole. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 25 TO SEPTEMBER 14, 2006 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Apr. 25 Jun. 18 Jul. 18 Aug. 22 

00065 Lake stage (ft) 1584.67 1584.61 1584.59 1584.23 32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 5.60 1.77 3.51 5.55 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.7 4.9 3.4 -- 

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 15.0 0.5 15.0 0.5 14.0 0.5 10.0 15.0 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 8.3 5.4 23.1 7.8 23.9 8.2 20.2 12.6 8.1 

00400 pH (standard units) 7.8 7.3 8.3 7.2 8.2 7.1 7.7 7.1 6.9 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 125 134 131 154 128 160 134 134 195 00300 Dissolved oxygen 12.2 7.5 10.0 0.4 8.9 0.4 7.9 0.4 0.1 00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.021 0.024 0.010 0.178 0.012 0.200 0.013 0.023 0.417 

84 
 DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS 

455214089412800 MINOCQUA LAKE, DEEP HOLE, AT MINOCQUA, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 25 TO SEPTEMBER 20, 2007 

04-25-07 06-18-07 07-18-07 08-22-07 09-20-0

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 

0 0 0 0 0

3 3 3 3 3

6 6 6 6 69 9 9 9 9

12 12 12 12 12

15 15 15 15 15

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 

0 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 

0 0 0 0

3 3 3 3 3

6 6 6 6 6

9 9 9 9 9

12 12 12 12 12

15 

100 150 200 250 100 150 200 250 100 150 200 250 100 150 200 250 100 150 20

15 15 15 15

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

W.T. 

D.O. 

S.C. 

pH 

85 
 

 

 

 

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION,

 IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 0.10 

0.09 

0.08 

0.07 

0.06 

0.05 

0.04 

0.03 

0.02 

0.01 

0.00 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths, 

and TSI data for Minocqua Lake, Deep Hole, at Minocqua, Wisconsin. 

0 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION,

IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

Total Phosphorus 

Chlorophyll a 

Secchi depth 

Eutrophic 

Oligotrophic 

TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Mesotrophic 

86 
455232089424100 MINOCQUA LAKE, NORTH BAY, AT MINOCQUA, WI
 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°52'32", long 89°42'41", in NE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.14, T.39 N., R.6 E., Oneida County, Hydrologic Unit 07070001, aSURFACE AREA.--2.12 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.—May to September 2003, April 2006 to September 2007 (discontinued). REMARKS.--Lake sampled in the north bay. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 18 TO SEPTEMBER 20, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Apr. 18 Jun. 18 Jul. 18 Aug. 22 

00065 Lake stage (ft) 1584.67 1584.61 1584.59 1584.23 32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 1.73 4.31 15.1 00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.4 4.7 2.7 2.2 

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 8.0 0.5 9.0 0.5 8.0 0.5 8.0 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 5.8 5.4 23.4 11.7 24.5 15.7 20.0 18.9 00400 pH (standard units) 7.6 7.6 7.9 7.3 8.2 7.5 7.7 7.3 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 147 145 143 190 139 174 150 159 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 12.3 12.1 10.8 1.2 8.8 0.5 7.5 2.8 00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.029 0.026 0.013 0.076 0.013 0.098 0.025 0.216 

87 
DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS 

455232089424100 MINOCQUA LAKE, NORTH BAY, AT MINOCQUA, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 18 TO SEPTEMBER 20, 2007 

04-18-07 06-18-07 07-18-07 08-22-07 09-20-0

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 

0 0 0
 2
 

0 0 

2 2
 

4
 

2 2 

4 4
 

6
 

4 4 

6 6
 

8
 

6 6 

8 8 

10 

8 8 

10 10 10 10

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 

0 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 

0 0 0 0

2 2 2 2 2

4 4 4 4 4

6 6 6 6 6

8 8 8 8 8

10 

100 125 150 175 200 100 125 150 175 200 100 125 150 175 200 100 125 150 175 200 100 125 150 1

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

10 10 10 10

W.T. 

D.O. 

S.C. 

pH 

88 
 

 

 

 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths, 

and TSI data for Minocqua Lake, North Bay, at Minocqua, Wisconsin. 

0.00 

0.01 

0.02 

0.03 

0.04 

0.05 

0.06 

0.07 

0.08 

0.09 

0.10

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION,

 IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION,

IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

Total Phosphorus 

Chlorophyll a 

Secchi depth 

Eutrophic 

Oligotrophic 

TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Mesotrophic 

89 
 

05429000 LAKE MONONA AT MADISON, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 43°03′48′′, long 89°23′49′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.23, T.7 N., R.9 E., Dane 

County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, in Brittingham Park, in Madison. 

SURFACE AREA.--5.3 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--279 mi2 of which 36.6 mi2 probably is noncontributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--September 1915 to current year (fragmentary) in reports of the Geological Survey. For 1856 to March 1917 in 

reports of Wisconsin Railroad Commission, volume 19. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WSP 1338: Lake area. WDR WI-73-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 840.00 ft above NGVD of 1929, or 5.60 ft below City of Madison datum. Prior to Oct. 1, 

1979, datum 3.61 ft higher; prior to Nov. 15, 1971, nonrecording gage at same site at the higher datum. 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by concrete dam with four 12-foot stop-log sections and 12-foot lock at outlet of Lake Waubesa. 

Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 7.48 ft, June 14, 15, 2000; minimum observed, 3.22 ft, 

Jan. 20, 1965, current datum. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 7.43 ft, Aug. 27; minimum recorded, 4.04 ft, Feb. 22 and 23. 

90 
 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 


WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2006 TO SEPTEMBER 2007 


DAILY MEAN VALUES
 

[e, estimated] 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

5.33 

5.31 

5.29 

5.29 

5.26 

5.16 

5.14 

5.14 

5.15 

5.16 

5.31 

5.29 

5.26 

5.23 

5.20 

4.34 

4.32 

4.30 

4.29 

4.28 

e4.07 

e4.07 

e4.06 

e4.07 

e4.07 

4.21 

4.24 

4.22 

4.20 

4.19 

5.05 

5.07 

5.33 

5.37 

5.34 

5.29 

5.25 

5.21 

5.16 

5.13 

4.90 

4.93 

4.97 

5.19 

5.25 

4.88 

4.86 

4.85 

4.97 

4.97 

4.90 

4.89 

4.88 

4.89 

5.09 

7.26 

7.23 

7.20 

7.16 

7.13 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

5.22 

5.18 

5.14 

5.11 

5.06 

5.16 

5.16 

5.17 

5.17 

5.21 

5.16 

5.04 

4.99 

4.93 

4.86 

4.25 

4.23 

4.21 

4.17 

4.16 

e4.08 

e4.07 

e4.08 

e4.09 

e4.07 

4.17 

4.16 

4.15 

4.15 

4.18 

5.30 

5.27 

5.26 

5.25 

5.24 

5.09 

5.04 

5.01 

4.99 

4.96 

5.22 

5.20 

5.16 

5.12 

5.09 

4.95 

4.96 

4.96 

4.97 

4.94 

5.12 

5.21 

5.23 

5.30 

5.30 

7.09 

7.06 

7.03 

6.99 

6.99 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

5.07 

5.02 

4.97 

4.95 

4.93 

5.27 

5.27 

5.28 

5.28 

5.27 

4.80 

4.74 

4.67 

4.62 

4.57 

4.16 

4.15 

4.13 

4.12 

4.13 

e4.07 

e4.06 

e4.06 

e4.06 

e4.06 

4.19 

4.21 

4.26 

4.36 

4.45 

5.29 

5.26 

5.26 

5.28 

5.28 

4.96 

4.94 

4.96 

4.95 

4.99 

5.06 

5.04 

5.02 

5.01 

5.00 

4.89 

4.86 

4.85 

4.82 

4.82 

5.28 

5.31 

5.30 

5.36 

5.40 

6.98 

6.93 

6.89 

6.82 

6.77 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

4.93 

5.01 

5.02 

5.01 

5.00 

5.24 

5.22 

5.21 

5.19 

5.18 

4.54 

4.50 

4.46 

4.43 

4.40 

4.13 

4.13 

4.14 

4.14 

4.14 

e4.06 

e4.05 

e4.05 

e4.05 

e4.05 

4.47 

4.47 

4.46 

4.45 

4.43 

5.27 

5.27 

5.25 

5.25 

5.24 

5.03 

5.03 

5.03 

5.02 

5.04 

4.98 

4.97 

4.97 

4.96 

4.94 

4.82 

4.82 

4.82 

4.82 

4.81 

5.41 

5.40 

5.45 

5.92 

6.23 

6.74 

6.71 

6.67 

6.63 

6.60 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

5.00 

5.02 

5.00 

4.99 

5.04 

5.17 

5.16 

5.15 

5.14 

5.13 

4.45 

4.49 

4.49 

4.49 

4.47 

4.14 

4.14 

4.14 

4.13 

4.12 

e4.05 

4.04 

4.04 

4.10 

4.18 

4.44 

4.59 

4.67 

4.72 

4.75 

5.22 

5.21 

5.25 

5.26 

5.33 

5.03 

5.02 

5.01 

5.00 

5.00 

4.94 

4.99 

4.98 

4.97 

4.96 

4.82 

4.82 

4.82 

4.82 

4.82 

6.38 

6.55 

6.84 

7.12 

7.30 

6.56 

6.57 

6.54 

6.50 

6.48 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

5.10 

5.13 

5.13 

5.15 

5.17 

5.16 

5.12 

5.16 

5.28 

5.33 

5.33 

---

4.44 

4.42 

4.40 

4.37 

4.35 

4.36 

4.12 

4.11 

4.10 

4.10 

4.09 

e4.07 

4.19 

4.19 

4.19 

---

---

---

4.79 

4.84 

4.87 

4.88 

4.89 

4.93 

5.37 

5.39 

5.37 

5.33 

5.33 

---

4.99 

4.95 

4.95 

4.93 

4.92 

4.90 

4.96 

4.95 

4.93 

4.90 

4.89 

---

4.83 

4.92 

4.93 

4.92 

4.92 

4.91 

7.33 

7.38 

7.40 

7.37 

7.34 

7.30 

6.46 

6.42 

6.38 

6.32 

6.23 

---

Mean 

Max 

Min 

5.10 

5.33 

4.93 

5.20 

5.33 

5.12 

4.70 

5.31 

4.35 

4.17 

4.34 

4.07 

4.08 

4.19 

4.04 

4.45 

4.93 

4.15 

5.27 

5.39 

5.05 

5.03 

5.29 

4.90 

5.01 

5.25 

4.89 

4.88 

4.97 

4.81 

5.94 

7.40 

4.88 

6.78 

7.26 

6.23 

91 
430551088273500 OCONOMOWOC LAKE NO. 1 (CENTER) AT OCONOMOWOC, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 43°05'51", long 88°27'35", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.2, T.7 N., R.17 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, at OcoSURFACE AREA.--1.20 mi2 . 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--March 1986 to current year. REMARKS.--Lake sampled near center at the deep hole. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 27 TO SEPTEMBER 5, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name February 27 April 18 June 13 July 3 July 18 

00065 Lake stage (ft) -- -- 8.21 -- -- 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 1.13 2.03 3.36 3.39 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 7.0 5.8 2.0 1.6 

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 18.0 0.5 18.0 0.5 18.0 0.5 0.5 18.

00010 Water temperature (oC) 0.9 2.8 6.5 6.0 24.9 6.9 23.8 24.8 6.8 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.2 7.6 -- -- 8.7 7.8 8.6 8.6 7.5 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 569 638 582 588 571 605 578 561 598 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 13.4 7.3 12.5 12.2 10.8 6.3 9.3 9.9 0.4 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.010 0.007 0.014 0.014 0.026 0.019 0.012 0.016 0.02

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- 0.005 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00631 Nitrite + nitrate, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.274 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.019 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00625 Ammonia + org-N, total, diss. (as N) -- -- 0.45 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- 0.72 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00076 Turbidity (NTU) -- -- 0.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00080 Color, filtered (PTU) -- -- -- -- -- -- 8 -- -- 

00081 Apparent color (PTU) -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- 250 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- 45.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- 33.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- 19.4 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- 2.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) -- -- 204 -- -- -- 189 -- -- 

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- 47.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- 5.18 -- -- -- 4.2 -- -- 

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- <100 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- <0 .5 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 oC) -- -- 318 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

92 
DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS 

430551088273500 OCONOMOWOC LAKE NO. 1 (CENTER) AT OCONOMOWOC, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 27 TO JUNE 13, 2007 

02-27-07 04-18-07
 06-13-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 
 0 10 20 0 10 

0 0 0
 4
 4
 4
 

8
 8
 8
 

12
 12
 12
 16
 16
 16
 20
 20
 20 0 10 20 30 
 0 10 20 30 
 0 10 20 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS
 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS
 

6 7 8 9 10 
 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 

0 0
 4
 

0 

4
 

8
 

4
 

8
 

12
 

8
 

12
 

16
 

12
 

16
 

20
 

16
 20
 20 500 550 600 650
 500 550 600 650 500 550 60

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

W.T. 

D.O. 

S.C. 

pH 

93 
430551088273500 OCONOMOWOC LAKE NO. 1 (CENTER) AT OCONOMOWOC, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, JULY 3 TO AUGUST 23, 2007 

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS 

07-03-07
 

0 10 20 
 

0
 4
 8
 

12
 16
 20
 

0 10 20 30 
 

W.T. 

D.O. 

6 7 8 9 10 
 

0
 4
 8
 

12
 16
 20
 

500 550 600 650
 

S.C. pH 

07-18-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20

0
 4
 8
 

12
 16
 20
 

0 10 20 30 
 WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS
 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS
 

6 7 8 9 10 
 

0
 4
 8
 

12
 16
 20
 

500 550 600 650
 

08-23-07

0 10 

0
 4
 8
 

12
 16
 20
 

0 10 20 

6 7 8 

0
 4
 8
 

12
 16
 20
 

500 550 60

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

94 
 

 

 

 

 

TROPHIC STATE INDEX SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION,

 IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER 0.04 

0.03 

0.02 

0.01 

0.00 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
 

10
 

9
 

8
 

7
 

6
 

5
 

4
 

3
 

2
 

1
 

0
 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
 

0
 

1
 

2
 

3
 

4
 

5
 

6
 

7
 

8
 

9
 

10
 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
 

70
 

Total Phosphorus 

Chlorophyll a Eutrophic 60
 Secchi depth 

Mesotrophic 

50
 

40
 

30
 Oligotrophic 

20
 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
 

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,
 

and TSI data for Oconomowoc Lake, Center Site, at Oconomowoc, Wisconsin.
 (Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.) 

95 
430609088262200 OCONOMOWOC LAKE NO. 2 (OFF HEWITT POINT) AT OCONOMOWOC, W

LOCATION.--Lat 43°06'09", long 88°26'22", in NW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.1, T.7 N., R.17 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, at OcSURFACE AREA.—1.20 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--March 1986 to current year. REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deepest point in northeast bay near Hewitt Point. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Wate

Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 27 TO AUGUST 23, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name February 27 April 18 June 13 July 18 

00065 Lake stage (ft) -- -- 8.21 -- 32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- 0.47 3.18 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 6.0 5.4 2.2 00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 14.0 0.5 14.0 0.5 14.5 0.5 14.5 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 1.1 3.2 7.0 5.5 24.6 7.1 25.4 7.5 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.1 7.5 -- -- 8.4 8.0 8.4 7.5 00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 618 659 625 624 608 647 613 642 00300 Dissolved oxygen 13.2 5.8 12.5 12.2 9.3 6.2 9.5 1.4 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.021 0.020 0.010 0.014 

96 
430609088262200 OCONOMOWOC LAKE NO. 2 (OFF HEWITT POINT) AT OCONOMOWOC, W

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 27 TO AUGUST 23, 2007 

0 10 

02-27-07 

20 0 0 10 20 

06-13-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

10 20 

04-18-07 

0 10 

07-18-07 

20 0 10 

08-23-0

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS 

0 0 0 0 0

4 4 4 4 48 8 8 8 8

12 12 12 12 12

16 16 16 

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 

16 16 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS 

W.T. 

D.O. 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 6 7 8 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 0 0 0 0 0

4 4 4 4 48 8 8 8 8

12 12 12 12 1216 16 16 16 16

500 550 600 6

500 550 600 650 700 500 550 600 650 700 500 550 600 650 700 500 550 600 650 700 

S.C. 

pH 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

97 
 

 

 

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,
 

and TSI data for Oconomowoc Lake, Hewitt Point, at Oconomowoc, Wisconsin.
 

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.) 

0.00 

0.01 

0.02 

0.03 

0.04

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION,

 IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION,

 IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER

10 

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

Total Phosphorus 

Chlorophyll a 

Secchi depth 

TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Eutrophic 

Mesotrophic 

Oligotrophic 

98 
424905088204000 POTTER LAKE NEAR MUKWONAGO, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 42°49'05", long 88°20'40", in NW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.11, T.4 N., R.18 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, 3.3 mSURFACE AREA.--0.25 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 1993 to current year. REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses done by Wisc

Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 27 TO AUGUST 13, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name February 27 April 16 June 13 July 18 J

00065 Lake stage (ft) -- -- 8.34 -- 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 13.7 3.17 10.8 00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 1.4 1.8 0.8 

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 7.0 0.5 7.0 0.5 7.0 0.5 7.0 0.5 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 1.8 4.0 7.2 6.4 25.9 19.8 25.5 19.2 26.6 

00400 pH (standard units) 7.7 7.2 8.2 8.0 8.8 7.4 8.6 6.7 8.7 00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 489 608 458 470 456 516 475 612 447 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 12.0 4.7 13.4 12.2 11.1 0.2 9.1 0.1 9.2 00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.038 0.025 0.024 0.032 0.039 0.089 0.036 0.086 0.029 

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- 0.012 -- -- -- 0.009 -- -- 

00631 Nitrite + nitrate, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.137 -- -- -- <0.019 -- -- 

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- <0.015 -- -- -- <0.015 -- -- 

00623 Ammonia + org-N, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.70 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00625 Ammonia + org-N, total, diss. (as N) -- -- 0.72 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- 0.86 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00076 Turbidity (NTU) -- -- 5.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00081 Apparent color (PTU) -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- 180 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- 39 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- 20.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- 21.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- 2.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) -- -- 156 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- 49.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- 6.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- 3.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- <100 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- M -- -- -- -- -- -- 

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 oC) -- -- 262 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

99 
424905088204000 POTTER LAKE NEAR MUKWONAGO, WI 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 27 TO SEPTEMBER 14, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name August 27 September 14 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 9.94 6.67 00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.2 1.2 

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 7.0 0.5 6.5 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 23.7 20.9 19.9 19.5 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.7 7.0 8.6 8.5 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 434 518 461 461 00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.8 0.3 9.2 9.0 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) -- 0.084 0.029 0.027 

100 
DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS

424905088204000 POTTER LAKE NEAR MUKWONAGO, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 27 TO JULY 18, 2007 

02-27-07 04-16-07 06-13-07 07-18-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 

0 0 0 0

2 2 2 2

4 4 4 4

6 6 6 6

8 

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS
 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 

8 8 8 

0 0 0 0 

2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 

400 450 500 550 600 650 400 450 500 550 600 650 400 450 500 550 600 650 400 450 500 550 6

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

W.T. D.O. 

pH S.C. 

101 
DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS

424905088204000 POTTER LAKE NEAR MUKWONAGO, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, JULY 30 TO SEPTEMBER 14, 2007 

07-30-07 08-13-07 08-27-07 09-14-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 

0 0 0 0

2 2 2 24 4 4 4

6 6 6 6

8 8
 

0 10 20 30 
 

8 8 

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 

0 0 0 0

2 2 2 2

4 4 4 4

6 6 6 6

8 8 8 

400 450 500 550 600 650 400 450 500 550 600 650 400 450 500 550 600 650 400 450 500 550 6

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

8 

W.T. 

D.O. 

S.C. pH 

102 
 

 

 

 

 

0.10 

0.08 

0.06 

0.04 

0.02 

0.00
 

30

25
 

20
 

15
 

10
 

5
 

0
 

0

1
 

2
 

3
 

4
 

5
 

70
 

Eutrophic

60
 

50
 

Mesotrophic 

40
 

Total Phosphorus 30
 Chlorophyll a Oligotrophic Secchi depth
 

20
 

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Potter Lake, near Mukwonago, Wisconsin. 

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
 

 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
 

 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
 

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
 

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION,

 IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER TROPHIC STATE INDEX SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER

103 
423246088175800 POWERS LAKE AT POWERS LAKE, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 42°32'46", long 88°17'58", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.13, T.1 N., R.18 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, at PowSURFACE AREA.—0.72 mi2. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--3.42 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--March 1986 to August 1996, and April 1998 to current year. REMARKS.--Lake sampled near center at the deep hole. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JUNE 13 TO AUGUST 21, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name June 13 July 18 August 21 

00065 Lake stage (ft) 10.46 -- --32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 2.02 3.58 6.59 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 4.8 3.1 2.6 

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 9.5 0.5 9.5 0.5 10.0 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 23.7 16.1 24.9 24.7 23.3 17.6 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.5 7.6 8.8 8.6 8.3 7.2 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 526 544 529 530 500 560 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.7 0.6 8.5 8.5 7.3 0.2 00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.022 0.022 0.026 0.028 0.019 0.038 00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- <0.002 -- -- --

00631 Nitrite + nitrate, dissolved (as N) -- -- <0.019 -- -- --00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- <0.015 -- -- --

00623 Ammonia + org-N, total, diss. (as N) 0.65 

104 
06-13-07 

423246088175800 POWERS LAKE AT POWERS LAKE, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, JUNE 13 TO AUGUST 21, 2007 

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS 

0 10 20 
 0 2
 

4
 6
 8
 

10
 

0 10 20 30 
 

W.T. 

D.O. 

6 7 8 9 10 
 0
 

2
 4
 6
 8
 

10
 

450 500 550 600
 

S.C. pH 

07-18-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20

0
 2
 4
 6
 8
 

10
 

0 10 20 30 
 WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 
 0
 

2
 4
 6
 8
 

10
 

450 500 550 600
 

08-21-07 

0 10 

0
 2
 4
 6
 8
 

10
 

0 10 20 

6 7 8 

0
 2
 4
 6
 8
 

10
 

450 500 55

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

105 
 

 

 

 

 

0.07 

0.05 

0.04 

0.03 

0.02 

0.01 

0.00 

15 

10 

5 

0 

0
 

1
 

2
 

3
 

4
 

5
 

6
 

7
 

8
 

70 

Total Phosphorus 60 Chlorophyll a Eutrophic Mesotrophic 

Secchi depth 

50 

40 

30 

Oligotrophic 

20 

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths, 

and TSI data for Powers Lake, at Powers Lake, Wisconsin. 

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.) 

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION,

 IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER TROPHIC STATE INDEX SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER

106 
434515089124000 PUCKAWAY LAKE, WEST BASIN, NEAR MARQUETTE, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 43°45'15", long 89°12'40", in SE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.31, T.15 N., R.11 E., Green Lake County, Hydrologic Unit 040302

SURFACE AREA.--7.87 mi2. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--748 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--April 2005 to current year. REMARKS.--Lake sampled in West Basin. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 24 TO SEPTEMBER 13, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name April 24 June 13 July 24 September 1

00065 Lake stage (ft) -- 4.01 -- --

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 54.9 63.8 51.6 30.8 00078 Secchi-depth (m) 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.8 

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 1.2 0.5 0.5 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 16.2 23.8 23.8 25.0 16.7 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.7 8.5 8.4 8.8 8.5 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 393 376 372 350 417 00300 Dissolved oxygen 11.4 8.2 8.0 9.3 8.9 00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.085 0.140 0.155 0.121 0.104 

107 
DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS

434515089124000 PUCKAWAY LAKE, WEST BASIN, NEAR MARQUETTE, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 24 TO SEPTEMBER 13, 2007 

04-24-07 06-21-07 07-24-07 09-13-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 

0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 

0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 

1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 

1.50 

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS
 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 

1.50 1.50 1.50 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 

1.50 1.50 

300 350 400 450 300 350 400 450 300 350 400 450 300 350 400 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

1.50 1.50 

W.T. 

D.O. 

S.C. 

pH 

108 
 

 

 

 2005 2006 2007
 

 2005 2006 2007
 

2005 2006 2007
 

2005 2006
 2007
 

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths, 

and TSI data for Puckaway Lake, West Basin, Near Marquette, Wisconsin. 

0.00 

0.10 

0.20 

0.30 

0.40 

0.50

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION,

 IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 

50 

100 

150 

200 

250 

300

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION,

IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER

1.0 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.0

SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

Total Phosphorus 

Chlorophyll a 

Secchi depth 

Eutrophic 

TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Mesotrophic 

109 
43454208907300 PUCKAWAY LAKE, EAST BASIN, NEAR MARQUETTE, WI
 

LOCATION.--Lat 43°45'42", long 89°07'30", in NW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.19, T.15 N., R.12 E., Green Lake County, Hydrologic Unit 04030

SURFACE AREA.--7.87 mi2. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--748 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--April 2005 to current year. REMARKS.--Lake sampled in the east basin. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 18 TO SEPTEMBER 7, 2006 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name April 24 June 21 July 24 September 1

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 51.3 57.2 70.3 47.9 00078 Secchi-depth (m) 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 0.75 0.5 0.5 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 17.0 23.2 23.2 25.2 16.0 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.8 8.3 8.3 8.8 8.8 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 380 402 403 345 377 00300 Dissolved oxygen 11.2 8.0 8.0 8.8 9.9 00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.101 0.108 0.115 0.143 0.119 

110 
DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS

43454208907300 PUCKAWAY LAKE, EAST BASIN, NEAR MARQUETTE, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 24 TO SEPTEMBER 13, 2007 

04-24-07 06-21-07 07-24-07 09-13-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER
 

0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 

1.0 

0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS
 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 

1.0 1.0 1.0 

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 

1.0 1.0 

300 350 400 450 300 350 400 450 300 350 400 

1.0 1.0 

300 350 400 450 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

W.T. D.O. 

S.C. 

pH 

111 
 

 

 

 2005 2006 2007
 

2005 2006 2007
 

2005 2006 2007
 

2005 2006 2007
 

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths, 

and TSI data for Puckaway Lake, East Basin, Near Marquette, Wisconsin. 

0.00 

0.10 

0.20 

0.30 

0.40 

0.50

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION,

 IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 

50 

100 

150 

200 

250 

300

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION,

IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER 1.0 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.0 

SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

Total Phosphorus 

Chlorophyll a 

Secchi depth 

Eutrophic

TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Mesotrophic 

112 
434824089083200 PUCKAWAY LAKE, RIVER SITE, NEAR MARQUETTE, WI
 

LOCATION.--Lat 43°48'24", long 89°08'32", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.1, T.15 N., R.11 E., Green Lake County, Hydrologic Unit 0403020

SURFACE AREA.--7.87 mi2. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--748 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--April 2005 to current year. REMARKS.-- Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 18 TO SEPTEMBER 7, 2006 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name February 24 June 21 July 24 September 1

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 54.0 45.3 57.3 42.3 00078 Secchi-depth (m) 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.55 

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 2.0 0.5 1.5 0.5 1.5 0.5 

00010 Water temperature (oC) 16.0 16.0 24.0 24.0 26.9 25.0 16.0 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.8 8.8 8.2 8.2 8.6 8.1 8.8 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 372 372 405 405 347 358 380 00300 Dissolved oxygen 10.0 9.8 7.7 7.4 8.6 3.1 9.9 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.099 0.106 0.103 0.123 0.146 0.164 0.116 

113 
DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS

434824089083200 PUCKAWAY LAKE, RIVER SITE, NEAR MARQUETTE, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 24 TO SEPTEMBER 13, 2007 

04-24-07 06-21-07 07-24-07 09-13-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 

2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 

2.5 

0 10 20 30 

2.5 2.5 2.5 

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS
 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS
 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 

2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 

2.5 2.5 

300 350 400 450 300 350 400 450 300 350 400 450 300 350 400 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

2.5 2.5 

W.T. 

D.O. 

S.C. pH 

114 
 

 

 

 

 2005 2006 2007
 

2005 2006 2007
 

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths, 

and TSI data for Puckaway Lake, River Site, Near Marquette, Wisconsin. 

 2005 2006 2007 0 

50 

100 

150 

200 

250 

300

 2005 2006 2007 0.00 

0.10 

0.20 

0.30 

0.40 

0.50 

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION,

IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION,

 IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

1.0 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.0

SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS 40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

Total Phosphorus 

Chlorophyll a 

Secchi depth 

Eutrophic

TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Mesotrophic 

115 
 

05429485 LAKE WAUBESA AT MCFARLAND, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 43°00′32′′, long 89°18′19′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.3, T.6 

N., R.10 E., Dane County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, on left bank just upstream from bridge on U.S. Highway 

51, downstream of dam at outlet of Lake Waubesa and 1.0 mi southwest of McFarland. 

SURFACE AREA.--3.25 mi2. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--327 mi2 of which 36.6 mi2 probably is noncontributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 2003 to current year. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WSP 805, WDR WI-73-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 840.00 ft above NGVD of 1929 (levels by Wisconsin Department of 

Natural Resources). 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by dams at outlets of Lake Mendota and Lake Waubesa. Gage-height telemeter at 

station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 6.30 ft, June 12, 2004; minimum 

observed, 3.50 ft, Feb.14, 2006, current datum. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 6.95 ft, Aug. 28-29; minimum recorded, 3.80 

ft, Feb.22 and 23. 

116 
 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 


WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2006 TO SEPTEMBER 2007 


DAILY MEAN VALUES
 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

5.10 

5.06 

5.04 

5.04 

5.01 

4.72 

4.72 

4.71 

4.71 

4.70 

4.97 

4.94 

4.91 

4.87 

4.82 

4.14 

4.12 

4.09 

4.06 

4.06 

3.84 

3.83 

3.84 

3.85 

3.85 

3.99 

4.01 

4.01 

4.00 

3.98 

4.73 

4.79 

4.97 

5.08 

5.06 

4.96 

4.92 

4.87 

4.83 

4.79 

4.71 

4.78 

4.83 

4.97 

5.00 

4.83 

4.82 

4.82 

4.91 

4.94 

4.88 

4.88 

4.87 

4.86 

5.03 

6.83 

6.78 

6.74 

6.70 

6.65 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

4.97 

4.91 

4.87 

4.83 

4.79 

4.70 

4.71 

4.71 

4.72 

4.76 

4.79 

4.80 

4.71 

4.65 

4.60 

4.06 

4.03 

4.03 

4.02 

3.99 

3.84 

3.84 

3.84 

3.84 

3.84 

3.97 

3.95 

3.94 

3.94 

3.96 

5.01 

4.96 

4.91 

4.89 

4.84 

4.73 

4.70 

4.69 

4.68 

4.68 

4.96 

4.91 

4.92 

4.90 

4.88 

4.93 

4.92 

4.91 

4.90 

4.90 

5.06 

5.15 

5.12 

5.15 

5.18 

6.60 

6.57 

6.53 

6.48 

6.46 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

4.80 

4.77 

4.72 

4.67 

4.63 

4.86 

4.86 

4.85 

4.85 

4.85 

4.55 

4.51 

4.46 

4.41 

4.37 

3.95 

3.95 

3.94 

3.93 

3.89 

3.83 

3.83 

3.83 

3.84 

3.84 

3.97 

4.04 

4.18 

4.28 

4.32 

4.86 

4.90 

4.90 

4.92 

4.91 

4.70 

4.71 

4.71 

4.72 

4.76 

4.86 

4.86 

4.85 

4.85 

4.85 

4.90 

4.87 

4.83 

4.82 

4.80 

5.15 

5.17 

5.16 

5.25 

5.28 

6.47 

6.40 

6.34 

6.29 

6.23 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

4.59 

4.67 

4.70 

4.70 

4.67 

4.85 

4.84 

4.82 

4.81 

4.79 

4.32 

4.28 

4.25 

4.21 

4.18 

3.97 

3.96 

3.94 

3.94 

3.93 

3.84 

3.83 

3.83 

3.83 

3.83 

4.31 

4.29 

4.27 

4.25 

4.24 

4.91 

4.93 

4.93 

4.93 

4.92 

4.82 

4.84 

4.82 

4.81 

4.81 

4.86 

4.87 

4.86 

4.88 

4.86 

4.78 

4.78 

4.79 

4.80 

4.79 

5.29 

5.27 

5.27 

5.63 

5.89 

6.17 

6.13 

6.09 

6.06 

6.03 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

4.65 

4.71 

4.69 

4.66 

4.65 

4.77 

4.75 

4.75 

4.74 

4.73 

4.19 

4.24 

4.29 

4.27 

4.25 

3.93 

3.93 

3.93 

3.89 

3.86 

3.83 

3.81 

3.80 

3.87 

3.95 

4.24 

4.43 

4.49 

4.50 

4.51 

4.92 

4.89 

4.95 

4.97 

5.02 

4.80 

4.78 

4.76 

4.75 

4.79 

4.85 

4.87 

4.86 

4.86 

4.85 

4.78 

4.78 

4.78 

4.79 

4.79 

6.00 

6.16 

6.41 

6.70 

6.85 

5.99 

5.98 

5.95 

5.92 

5.90 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

4.65 

4.68 

4.70 

4.70 

4.70 

4.72 

4.73 

4.77 

4.89 

4.94 

4.97 

---

4.23 

4.20 

4.17 

4.15 

4.13 

4.12 

3.86 

3.85 

3.86 

3.85 

3.85 

3.85 

3.98 

3.98 

3.99 

---

---

---

4.53 

4.55 

4.57 

4.59 

4.60 

4.62 

5.06 

5.09 

5.07 

5.03 

4.99 

---

4.78 

4.79 

4.76 

4.74 

4.72 

4.70 

4.85 

4.85 

4.84 

4.85 

4.85 

---

4.79 

4.88 

4.90 

4.89 

4.89 

4.89 

6.89 

6.92 

6.94 

6.94 

6.92 

6.87 

5.89 

5.85 

5.82 

5.77 

5.72 

---

Mean 

Max 

Min 

4.78 

5.10 

4.59 

4.79 

4.97 

4.70 

4.45 

4.97 

4.12 

3.96 

4.14 

3.85 

3.86 

3.99 

3.80 

4.24 

4.62 

3.94 

4.94 

5.09 

4.73 

4.77 

4.96 

4.68 

4.87 

5.00 

4.71 

4.85 

4.94 

4.78 

5.71 

6.94 

4.86 

6.24 

6.83 

5.72 

117 
 

 

 

424848088083100 WIND LAKE AT OUTLET AT WIND LAKE, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 42°48′48′′, long 88°08′31′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.16, T.4 N., R.20 E., 

Racine County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, at Wind Lake. 

SURFACE AREA.--1.46 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--39.6 mi2.
 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--March 1985 to current year. Prior to October 2000, published as "Wind Lake Outlet". 

REVISED RECORDS.--WDR WI-91-1: 1988(m). 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by dam with two 10-foot gates at outlet. Lake ice-covered Dec. 3 to Mar. 14. Prior to October 1987, 

published as Wind Lake at Wind Lake, Wis. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height, 9.04 ft, Aug. 25, 2007; minimum recorded, 5.95 ft, Jan. 2, 1996. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 9.04 ft, Aug. 25; minimum recorded, 7.79 ft, Aug. 4. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 


WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2006 TO SEPTEMBER 2007 


DAILY MEAN VALUES
 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

8.30 

8.29 

8.27 

8.14 

8.14 

8.27 

8.24 

8.22 

8.26 

8.28 

8.30 

8.25 

8.18 

8.14 

8.22 

8.08 

8.07 

8.22 

8.33 

8.28 

8.26 

8.29 

8.31 

8.32 

8.33 

8.16 

8.16 

8.16 

8.14 

8.12 

8.07 

8.11 

8.23 

8.19 

8.09 

8.31 

8.18 

8.25 

8.28 

8.28 

8.27 

8.30 

8.26 

8.29 

8.25 

8.12 

8.10 

8.08 

8.11 

8.10 

7.86 

7.84 

7.82 

7.80 

7.95 

8.20 

8.08 

8.15 

8.33 

8.39 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

8.19 

8.22 

8.24 

8.27 

8.25 

8.24 

8.22 

8.23 

8.27 

8.31 

8.34 

8.33 

8.22 

8.10 

8.10 

8.15 

8.10 

8.14 

8.25 

8.29 

8.34 

8.32 

8.21 

8.14 

8.13 

8.10 

8.09 

8.11 

8.16 

8.20 

8.07 

8.11 

8.17 

8.23 

8.25 

8.24 

8.24 

8.27 

8.30 

8.27 

8.20 

8.20 

8.27 

8.27 

8.30 

8.08 

8.06 

8.04 

8.05 

8.06 

7.96 

8.00 

8.01 

8.00 

7.99 

8.26 

8.18 

8.21 

8.24 

8.28 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

8.24 

8.19 

8.18 

8.20 

8.21 

8.29 

8.19 

8.22 

8.26 

8.27 

8.18 

8.26 

8.26 

8.22 

8.22 

8.31 

8.24 

8.18 

8.19 

8.27 

8.14 

8.16 

8.17 

8.18 

8.19 

8.21 

8.23 

8.25 

8.19 

8.14 

8.25 

8.27 

8.22 

8.22 

8.23 

8.22 

8.20 

8.20 

8.19 

8.22 

8.30 

8.28 

8.24 

8.25 

8.24 

8.05 

8.01 

7.98 

7.96 

7.94 

7.97 

7.98 

7.97 

7.97 

7.97 

8.29 

8.21 

8.17 

8.19 

8.18 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

8.23 

8.30 

8.29 

8.26 

8.22 

8.27 

8.20 

8.24 

8.28 

8.28 

8.22 

8.29 

8.28 

8.19 

8.19 

8.31 

8.34 

8.33 

8.22 

8.16 

8.20 

8.21 

8.22 

8.23 

8.23 

8.10 

8.11 

8.16 

8.21 

8.21 

8.22 

8.19 

8.17 

8.24 

8.29 

8.29 

8.24 

8.20 

8.21 

8.23 

8.24 

8.24 

8.23 

8.30 

8.19 

7.93 

7.97 

7.97 

7.96 

7.94 

7.97 

7.95 

7.95 

8.30 

8.40 

8.18 

8.18 

8.18 

8.19 

8.19 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

8.25 

8.31 

8.18 

8.11 

8.15 

8.22 

8.21 

8.23 

8.25 

8.28 

8.28 

8.31 

8.31 

8.21 

8.19 

8.16 

8.20 

8.24 

8.27 

8.26 

8.20 

8.16 

8.13 

8.16 

8.26 

8.25 

8.34 

8.20 

8.06 

7.94 

8.29 

8.24 

8.19 

8.22 

8.31 

8.24 

8.25 

8.25 

8.24 

8.25 

8.15 

8.16 

8.16 

8.16 

8.16 

7.91 

7.89 

7.88 

7.86 

7.85 

8.43 

8.51 

8.76 

8.92 

9.01 

8.18 

8.19 

8.18 

8.17 

8.17 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

8.29 

8.31 

8.18 

8.08 

8.10 

8.23 

8.28 

8.27 

8.26 

8.23 

8.28 

---

8.21 

8.25 

8.26 

8.20 

8.14 

8.10 

8.21 

8.18 

8.18 

8.18 

8.21 

8.23 

8.25 

8.20 

8.16 

---

---

---

7.98 

8.17 

8.29 

8.24 

8.16 

8.08 

8.29 

8.23 

8.17 

8.16 

8.25 

---

8.26 

8.27 

8.26 

8.25 

8.25 

8.25 

8.15 

8.16 

8.18 

8.16 

8.14 

---

7.85 

7.93 

7.92 

7.90 

7.89 

7.87 

9.02 

8.95 

8.85 

8.73 

8.56 

8.37 

8.18 

8.17 

8.15 

8.14 

8.13 

---

Mean 

Max 

Min 

8.22 

8.31 

8.08 

8.25 

8.31 

8.19 

8.22 

8.34 

8.10 

8.22 

8.34 

8.07 

8.22 

8.34 

8.13 

8.16 

8.34 

7.94 

8.21 

8.31 

8.07 

8.24 

8.31 

8.18 

8.22 

8.30 

8.14 

7.98 

8.12 

7.85 

8.25 

9.02 

7.80 

8.20 

8.39 

8.08 

118 
GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET

10 

9 

8 7 6 D

M

5 1985 1991 1992 1986 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 

 1987 1988 1989 1990 1996 2001 

 Stage hydrograph for Wind Lake, 1985-2007. 

119 
424915088083900 WIND LAKE AT WIND LAKE, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 42°49'15", long 88°08'39", in NW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.9, T.4 N., R.20 E., Racine County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, at Wind LSURFACE AREA.--1.46 mi2 . 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 1985 to current year. REMARKS.--Lake sampled near center at the deep hole. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 5 TO OCTOBER 5, 2006 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name February 27 April 16 June 13 July 18 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 8.35 2.35 9.1 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 2.8 3.8 1.9 

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 15.0 0.5 15.0 0.5 15.5 0.5 1

00010 Water temperature (oC) 1.1 2.5 5.6 5.2 24.8 11.1 2.3 1

00400 pH (standard units) 7.8 7.3 8.0 7.9 8.8 7.4 8.4 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 723 852 666 670 668 715 688 7

00300 Dissolved oxygen 12.5 5.6 12.0 11.5 10.1 0.2 9.0 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.043 0.046 0.029 0.029 0.035 0.409 0.027 0

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- 0.006 -- -- -- 0.002 

00631 Nitrite + nitrate, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.333 -- -- -- <0.019 

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.026 -- -- -- < 0.015 

00625 Ammonia + org-N, total, diss. (as N) -- -- 0.87 -- -- -- -- 

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- 1.2 -- -- -- -- 

00076 Turbidity (NTU) -- -- 2.7 -- -- -- -- 

00081 Apparent color (PTU) -- -- 40 -- -- -- -- 

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- 230 -- -- -- -- 

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- 49.1 -- -- -- -- 

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- 25.9 -- -- -- -- 00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- 46.3 -- -- -- -- 

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- 2.9 -- -- -- -- 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) -- -- 162 -- -- -- -- 

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- 92.8 -- -- -- -- 

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- 41.7 -- -- -- -- 

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- 0.3 -- -- -- -- 

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- <100 -- -- -- -- 01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- M -- -- -- -- 

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 oC) -- -- 382 -- -- -- -- 

120 
DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS 

424915088083900 WIND LAKE AT WIND LAKE, WI 

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 27 TO AUGUST 21, 2007 

0 10 

02-27-07 

20 0 0 10 20 

06-13-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

10 20 

04-16-07 

0 10 

07-18-07 

20 0 10 

08-21-07 

0 0 0 0 0

4 4 4 4 48 8 8 8 8

12 12 12 12 12

16 16 16 

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 

16 16 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 

0 

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 

0 0 0 0

4 4 4 4 48 8 8 8 8

12 12 12 12 12

16 

600 700 800 900 600 700 800 900 600 700 800 900 600 700 800 900 600 700 80

16 16 16 16

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

W.T. 

D.O. 

S.C. pH 

121 
 

 

 

 

 

0.15 

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER TROPHIC STATE INDEX SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER 0.12 

0.09 

0.06 

0.03 

0.00 

150 

100 

50 

0 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

80 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

Total Phosphorus 

Chlorophyll a 

Secchi depth Eutrophic 

Mesotrophic 

Oligotrophic 

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths, 

and TSI data for Wind Lake, Deep Hole, at Wind Lake, Wisconsin. 

122 
 

 

 

04082500 LAKE WINNEBAGO AT OSHKOSH, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 44°00′35′′, long 88°31′38′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.25, T.18 

 N., R.16 E., Winnebago County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 04030203, 800 ft east of mouth of the upper Fox River. 

SURFACE AREA.--215 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--5,880 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1938 to current year in reports of Geological Survey. Records from July 1882 to 

 September 1938 in files of Geological Survey and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. A report on Fox River by U.S. 

 Army Corps of Engineers, published as House Document No. 146, 67th Congress, 2nd session, contains semi- 

 monthly records of inflow of Lake Winnebago for the period 1896-1917. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WDR WI-83-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Nonrecording gage read once daily October 1938 to October 1978. Datum of gage is 

745.05 ft above mean tide at New York City (levels by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). Datum of Deuchman gage is 

745.00 ft above mean tide at New York City. 

REMARKS.--Lake elevations controlled by dams at Menasha and Neenah, which are operated in the interest of 

 navigation. Crests of both dams are at elevation 746.73 ft. Present limits of regulation are from 21 1⁄4 in. above the 

 crest of Menasha to crest during navigation season, plus additional 18 in. below crest during winter. Oshkosh staff 

 gage gives true level of lake, while Deuchman gage readings are affected by loss of head in the channel between 

 lake and dam. Data-collection platform and gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 5.33 ft (Deuchman gage) Nov. 8, 1881;

 Minimum observed, -2.00 ft (Deuchman gage) Nov. 28, 1891. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum daily mean gage height, 2.98 ft, June 5, 14; Minimum recorded, 1.63 

ft, Feb. 23, 24. 

123 
 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 


WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2006 TO SEPTEMBER 2007 


DAILY MEAN VALUES
 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

2.62 

2.65 

2.70 

2.75 

2.68 

2.49 

2.50 

2.49 

2.48 

2.48 

2.63 

2.57 

2.49 

2.49 

2.49 

2.44 

2.45 

2.43 

2.42 

2.41 

1.82 

1.82 

1.81 

1.80 

1.80 

1.71 

1.75 

1.78 

1.78 

1.78 

2.01 

2.04 

2.15 

2.00 

2.19 

2.77 

2.82 

2.82 

2.78 

2.78 

2.78 

2.81 

2.89 

2.95 

2.98 

2.81 

2.78 

2.73 

2.79 

2.80 

2.58 

2.56 

2.56 

2.54 

2.53 

2.88 

2.86 

2.88 

2.87 

2.88 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

2.63 

2.58 

2.57 

2.59 

2.57 

2.49 

2.50 

2.49 

2.50 

2.55 

2.45 

2.43 

2.42 

2.39 

2.37 

2.38 

2.35 

2.30 

2.23 

2.29 

1.79 

1.78 

1.77 

1.76 

1.75 

1.76 

1.76 

1.75 

1.74 

1.73 

2.21 

2.20 

2.23 

2.23 

2.24 

2.76 

2.68 

2.72 

2.74 

2.75 

2.94 

2.91 

2.92 

2.97 

2.96 

2.80 

2.78 

2.75 

2.79 

2.74 

2.52 

2.53 

2.55 

2.52 

2.52 

2.87 

2.88 

2.95 

2.94 

2.94 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

2.50 

2.48 

2.43 

2.49 

2.45 

2.54 

2.52 

2.49 

2.53 

2.54 

2.35 

2.35 

2.35 

2.35 

2.34 

2.23 

2.21 

2.19 

2.16 

2.15 

1.73 

1.72 

1.71 

1.70 

1.70 

1.72 

1.72 

1.75 

1.77 

1.78 

2.35 

2.22 

2.25 

2.32 

2.36 

2.79 

2.74 

2.70 

2.64 

2.69 

2.97 

2.97 

2.97 

2.98 

2.97 

2.74 

2.72 

2.71 

2.66 

2.67 

2.50 

2.54 

2.53 

2.48 

2.50 

2.88 

2.93 

2.85 

2.83 

2.87 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

2.44 

2.47 

2.48 

2.49 

2.49 

2.55 

2.54 

2.54 

2.53 

2.53 

2.36 

2.35 

2.35 

2.36 

2.36 

2.12 

2.08 

2.05 

2.01 

1.98 

1.69 

1.68 

1.67 

1.66 

1.66 

1.77 

1.75 

1.74 

1.75 

1.79 

2.38 

2.42 

2.45 

2.45 

2.48 

2.73 

2.70 

2.66 

2.66 

2.68 

2.96 

2.97 

2.93 

2.92 

2.95 

2.67 

2.66 

2.65 

2.68 

2.66 

2.48 

2.48 

2.49 

2.53 

2.65 

2.83 

2.83 

2.83 

2.83 

2.86 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

2.50 

2.51 

2.52 

2.52 

2.52 

2.50 

2.51 

2.52 

2.52 

2.53 

2.37 

2.43 

2.52 

2.54 

2.52 

1.95 

1.93 

1.90 

1.88 

1.86 

1.65 

1.65 

1.64 

1.66 

1.68 

1.78 

1.83 

1.84 

1.84 

1.89 

2.50 

2.51 

2.54 

2.59 

2.62 

2.64 

2.62 

2.64 

2.62 

2.68 

2.97 

2.94 

2.91 

2.88 

2.88 

2.62 

2.59 

2.58 

2.57 

2.58 

2.69 

2.71 

2.75 

2.80 

2.82 

2.83 

2.87 

2.88 

2.86 

2.88 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

2.52 

2.52 

2.47 

2.53 

2.52 

2.45 

2.53 

2.55 

2.63 

2.63 

2.66 

---

2.51 

2.51 

2.51 

2.48 

2.47 

2.46 

1.84 

1.84 

1.84 

1.84 

1.83 

1.83 

1.71 

1.72 

1.72 

---

---

---

1.90 

1.93 

1.99 

1.97 

1.98 

2.01 

2.64 

2.61 

2.64 

2.65 

2.68 

---

2.70 

2.67 

2.72 

2.71 

2.73 

2.75 

2.88 

2.88 

2.89 

2.85 

2.83 

---

2.58 

2.61 

2.61 

2.60 

2.58 

2.59 

2.82 

2.83 

2.83 

2.88 

2.90 

2.88 

2.92 

2.88 

2.90 

2.88 

2.85 

---

Mean 

Max 

Min 

2.54 

2.75 

2.43 

2.53 

2.66 

2.48 

2.44 

2.63 

2.34 

2.11 

2.45 

1.83 

1.72 

1.82 

1.64 

1.81 

2.01 

1.71 

2.37 

2.68 

2.00 

2.71 

2.82 

2.62 

2.92 

2.98 

2.78 

2.68 

2.81 

2.57 

2.63 

2.90 

2.48 

2.87 

2.95 

2.83 

124 
 

04084255 LAKE WINNEBAGO NEAR STOCKBRIDGE, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 44°04′14′′, long 88°19′44′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1983, Calumet County, WI, 

Hydrologic Unit 04030203, Stockbridge Indian Reservation, on east shore of Lake Winnebago, 300 ft south of 

County Highway E and 1.6 mi west of Stockbridge. 

SURFACE AREA.--215 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--5,880 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--November 1982 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 745.05 ft above mean tide of New York City (levels by U. S. Army 

Corps of Engineers). 

REMARKS.--Lake elevations controlled by dams at Menasha and Neenah, which are operated in the interest of 

navigation. Crests of both dams are at elevation 746.73 ft. Present limits of regulation are from 21 1⁄4 in. above the 

crest of Menasha dam to crest during navigation season, plus additional 18 in. below crest during winter. Datacollection platform and gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum daily mean gage height, 3.85 ft, July 9, 11, 1993; minimum 

observed, 0.30 ft, Mar. 1, 1986. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum daily mean gage height, 2.98 ft, June 19; minimum recorded, 1.56 ft, 

Feb. 23. 

125 
 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 


WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2006 TO SEPTEMBER 2007 


DAILY MEAN VALUES
 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

2.56 

2.63 

2.63 

2.56 

2.59 

2.58 

2.57 

2.50 

2.44 

2.44 

2.58 

2.65 

2.62 

2.54 

2.45 

2.45 

2.45 

2.44 

2.41 

2.37 

1.78 

1.79 

1.78 

1.78 

1.76 

1.68 

1.72 

1.76 

1.75 

1.75 

1.98 

2.06 

2.06 

2.22 

2.21 

2.64 

2.66 

2.62 

2.59 

2.58 

2.67 

2.71 

2.78 

2.82 

2.84 

2.64 

2.64 

2.68 

2.70 

2.71 

2.51 

2.52 

2.48 

2.44 

2.42 

2.80 

2.81 

2.79 

2.79 

2.80 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

2.58 

2.57 

2.56 

2.49 

2.50 

2.45 

2.45 

2.46 

2.46 

2.39 

2.42 

2.41 

2.36 

2.33 

2.31 

2.38 

2.34 

2.35 

2.33 

2.26 

1.75 

1.74 

1.73 

1.72 

1.71 

1.73 

1.73 

1.71 

1.70 

1.69 

2.16 

2.20 

2.15 

2.12 

2.09 

2.55 

2.58 

2.61 

2.63 

2.64 

2.89 

2.88 

2.92 

2.89 

2.87 

2.69 

2.70 

2.72 

2.68 

2.73 

2.44 

2.46 

2.43 

2.42 

2.44 

2.81 

2.88 

2.85 

2.81 

2.80 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

2.60 

2.75 

2.76 

2.58 

2.44 

2.46 

2.46 

2.48 

2.48 

2.46 

2.30 

2.30 

2.30 

2.29 

2.32 

2.21 

2.13 

2.12 

2.11 

2.11 

1.69 

1.68 

1.67 

1.67 

1.66 

1.67 

1.67 

1.71 

1.74 

1.75 

1.95 

2.09 

2.21 

2.23 

2.25 

2.56 

2.57 

2.57 

2.63 

2.60 

2.86 

2.86 

2.86 

2.87 

2.86 

2.74 

2.70 

2.62 

2.65 

2.58 

2.45 

2.45 

2.40 

2.46 

2.42 

2.92 

2.83 

2.81 

2.85 

2.79 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

2.38 

2.42 

2.49 

2.49 

2.45 

2.45 

2.50 

2.48 

2.49 

2.50 

2.30 

2.31 

2.31 

2.31 

2.30 

2.08 

2.03 

2.00 

1.97 

1.93 

1.64 

1.64 

1.64 

1.63 

1.62 

1.74 

1.72 

1.70 

1.69 

1.68 

2.28 

2.27 

2.29 

2.34 

2.36 

2.61 

2.59 

2.61 

2.57 

2.48 

2.88 

2.86 

2.91 

2.98 

2.91 

2.55 

2.54 

2.55 

2.52 

2.52 

2.41 

2.39 

2.32 

2.34 

2.45 

2.76 

2.73 

2.75 

2.78 

2.74 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

2.43 

2.50 

2.55 

2.50 

2.47 

2.49 

2.47 

2.47 

2.47 

2.48 

2.31 

2.42 

2.54 

2.50 

2.47 

1.90 

1.88 

1.85 

1.83 

1.81 

1.62 

1.62 

1.61 

1.62 

1.66 

1.68 

1.74 

1.75 

1.76 

1.79 

2.39 

2.41 

2.46 

2.46 

2.41 

2.50 

2.51 

2.54 

2.59 

2.60 

2.85 

2.79 

2.79 

2.79 

2.80 

2.50 

2.49 

2.49 

2.49 

2.49 

2.56 

2.62 

2.66 

2.69 

2.73 

2.79 

2.82 

2.78 

2.77 

2.83 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

2.43 

2.46 

2.56 

2.55 

2.47 

2.61 

2.48 

2.47 

2.58 

2.62 

2.63 

---

2.49 

2.46 

2.44 

2.43 

2.41 

2.40 

1.79 

1.80 

1.80 

1.79 

1.80 

1.78 

1.68 

1.68 

1.68 

---

---

---

1.81 

1.80 

1.80 

1.83 

1.84 

1.86 

2.41 

2.51 

2.55 

2.56 

2.54 

---

2.57 

2.68 

2.61 

2.60 

2.62 

2.65 

2.81 

2.81 

2.74 

2.73 

2.70 

---

2.50 

2.50 

2.48 

2.49 

2.50 

2.50 

2.73 

2.73 

2.76 

2.78 

2.79 

2.79 

2.83 

2.83 

2.81 

2.77 

2.77 

---

Mean 

Max 

Min 

2.53 

2.76 

2.38 

2.49 

2.63 

2.39 

2.41 

2.65 

2.29 

2.08 

2.45 

1.78 

1.69 

1.79 

1.61 

1.74 

1.86 

1.67 

2.27 

2.56 

1.95 

2.59 

2.68 

2.48 

2.83 

2.98 

2.67 

2.59 

2.74 

2.48 

2.53 

2.79 

2.32 

2.80 

2.92 

2.73 

126 
 

USGS participation in the National Lake Survey for Wisconsin 

The Survey of the Nation’s Lakes is a statistical survey of the condition of the Nation’s 

lakes, ponds, and reservoirs undertaken by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

(USEPA), states, tribes, and other partners. The purpose of the survey is to generate a 

statistically-valid report by USEPA on the condition of the Nation’s lakes, to be 

completed in 2009. 

A total of 909 lakes were included in the National Lakes Survey across the lower 48 

states. The sample set is comprised of natural and man-made freshwater lakes, ponds, 

and reservoirs greater than 10 acres and greater than one meter in depth located in the 

conterminous United States. The characteristics measured in the Lakes Survey will be 

used to evaluate the ecological condition, trophic state, and recreational potential of 

lakes. Consistent sampling procedures were used to ensure that the results can be 

compared across the country. All sampling was completed during the summer of 2007. 

For more information see: www.epa.gov/owow/lakes/lakessurvey/ 

Key indicators measured included: 

Water Quality Indicators 

• In situ temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles 

• Water chemical quality and nutrient concentrations 

• Chlorophyll a, Secchi disk depth, turbidity, and color 

Ecological Indicators 

• Sediment diatoms 

• Phytoplankton 

• Zooplankton 

• Shoreline physical habitat conditions 

• Macroinvertebrates 

Recreational Indicators 

• Enterococci bacteria 

• Algal toxin (microcystins) 

• Sediment mercury 

EPA Region 5 also developed a webpage on National Lake Survey activities, including 

information on Region activities as well as links to state pages at: 

http://www.epa.gov/region5/water/wqb/wqb_r5surveys.htm 

Within Wisconsin the USEPA randomly selected 29 lakes for sampling, including 2 that 

were located on Tribal lands (sampled by the respective Tribes). The Wisconsin 

Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) selected an additional 30 lakes to add to the 

data set to help characterize lakes within the state. The USGS Wisconsin Water 

Science Center conducted the in-lake water and sediment sampling for 56 lakes (listed 

in table 3; and locations shown in fig.2), while the WDNR collected the habitat and 

bacteria data. In-lake water data collected by USGS from these lakes are presented in 

this section. 

127 
 

 

 

 

Table 3. 2007 EPA National Lake Survey and WDNR-selected lake station ID's and 

counties 

EPA SiteID Name Station ID County 

NLA06608-3470 Aldridge Lake 455158089180300 Vilas 

NLA06608-0547 Arrowhead Lake (Manchester)* 441242089511200 Adams 

NLA06608-0926 Atkins Lake* 461642091021800 Bayfield 

NLA06608-1619 Bashaw Lake 454616092082100 Burnett 

NLA06608-0627 Berry Lake* 445325088282900 Oconto 

NLA06608-4927 Big Crooked Lake 460222089504600 Vilas 

NLA06608-3411 Briggs Lake 460012092153700 Burnett 

NLA06608-0542 Buckskin Lake* 454709088215800 Florence 

NLA06608-0435 Chequamegon Flowage* 451224090415300 Taylor 

NLA06608-2654 Chippewa Lake 461157090591100 Bayfield 

NLA06608-1395 Christie Lake 445326088213000 Oconto 

NLA06608-1422 Crooked Lake 454439089052000 Oneida 

NLA06608-1166 Crystal Lake* 460007089364100 Vilas 

NLA06608-1075 Echo Lake* 452109089282000 Lincoln 

NLA06608-1566 Elwood Lake 455134088083400 Florence 

NLA06608-0862 Fox Lake* 460823090123600 Iron 

WI-4 Glen Lake 452947088050600 Marinette 

NLA06608-0291 Green Lake* 434911088583000 Green Lake 

NLA06608-1822 Half Moon Lake 463336091234600 Bayfield 

NLA06608-0823 Half Moon Lake* 452919092244400 Polk 

NLA06608-1950 Lake Helane 460714091141400 Sawyer 

NLA06608-0611 Lake Kegonsa* 425750089143800 Dane 

NLA06608-4728 Lake Poygan 440906088480000 Winnebago 

NLA06608-1059 Lake Winnebago* 435934088274300 Winnebago 

NLA06608-1242 Little Elkhart Lake* 434829087582700 Sheboygan 

NLA06608-2510 Little Star Lake 460300089290000 Vilas 

NLA06608-0115 Marl Lake* 441925089112800 Waupaca 

NLA06608-0654 McLeod Lake* 455913089210100 Vilas 

WI-1 Mud Lake 433926088132500 Fond du Lac 

WI-2 Mud Lake 454755089391200 Oneida 

WI-3 Mud Lake 455948091145500 Sawyer 

NLA06608-1847 Murdock Lake 453341092255700 Polk 

NLA06608-0099 Oconomowoc Lake* 430551088273500 Waukesha 

NLA06608-1443 Peshtigo Lake 453500088540000 Forest 

NLA06608-1399 Pleasant Lake 451730092371300 Polk 

NLA06608-0142 Plum Lake* 455958089314200 Vilas 

NLA06608-0350 Price Lake* 454547090393300 Price 

NLA06608-2035 Pulaski Lake 452005091171000 Rusk 

128 
 

 

 

Table 3. 2007 EPA National Lake Survey and WDNR-selected lake station ID's and 

counties--continued 

EPA SiteID Name Station ID County 

NLA06608-4120 Rainbow Lake (chain) 442024089090200 Waupaca 

NLA06608-2398 Riley Lake 455125090095400 Price 

WI-5 Rolling Stone Lake 452617088565800 Langlade 

NLA06608-1207 Round Lake* 451853092334600 Polk 

NLA06608-3230 Sand Lake 462242091342400 Douglas 

NLA06608-0606 Schnur Lake* 455828090302800 Price 

NLA06608-3043 Soo Lake 453918089322600 Oneida 

NLA06608-0007 Spring Lake* 453452092022600 Barron 

WI-6 Swamsauger Lake 454710089573000 Oneida 

NLA06608-0467 Swan Lake* 433239089223500 Columbia 

NLA06608-0859 Tichigan Lake* 424854088123300 Racine 

NLA06608-0414 Unnamed Lake* 460759091364200 Washburn 

NLA06608-1143 Unnamed Lake* 454322092100500 Burnett 

NLA06608-1627 Voltz Lake 423029088050000 Kenosha 

NLA06608-0183 Wapogasset Lake* 451909092253300 Polk 

NLA06608-1363 Webb Lake 460222092083100 Burnett 

NLA06608-3811 West Mitchell Lake 453902089423200 Oneida 

NLA06608-0846 Willow Reservoir* 454300089515900 Oneida 

* EPA National Lake Survey sites 

129 
45° 

PRICE 

CLARK 

DANE 

POLK 

GRANT 

VILAS 

IRON 

BAYFIELD 

RUSK 

SAWYER 

ONEIDA 

MARATHON 

SAUK 

FOREST 

TAYLOR 

DOUGLAS 

IOWA 

DUNN 

MARINETTE 

ROCK 

WOOD 

MONROE 

VERNON 

JUNEAU 

PORTAGE 

CHIPPEWA 

BUFFALO 

EAU CLAIRE 

DODGE 

BARRON 

LINCOLN 

BURNETT 

JACKSON 

ASHLAND 

SHAWANO 

LANGLADE 

GREEN 

PIERCE 

COLUMBIA 

LAFAYETTE 

DOOR 

ST. CROIX 

BROWN 

WAUSHARA 

FOND DU LAC 

CALUMET 

FLORENCE 

RACINE 

RICHLAND 

OCONTO 

ADAMS 

WASHBURN 0606 3470 1566 

WAUPACA 

CRAWFORD INGTON 

Green Bay 

JEFFERSON 

WALWORTH 

OUTAGAMIE 

TREMPEALEAU MANITOWOC 

WAUKESHA 

WINNEBAGO LA CROSSE GREEN 

Appleton 

MARQUETTE 

LAKE 

SHEBOYGAN 

PEPIN 

WASHKEWAUNEE 

KENOSHA 

MENOMINEE 

Monroe 

OZAUKEE 

MILWAUKEE 

88°30 

90° 

91°30' 

46°30' 

43°30' 

Beloit 

Racine 

Madison 

Oshkosh 

Waukesha Milwaukee 

Onalaska 

Superior 

Oak Creek 

West Bend 

Manitowoc 

Menomonie 

Marinette 

Whitewater 

Oconomowoc 

Beaver Dam 

Wausau 

Kenosha 

La Crosse Sheboygan 

Janesville 

Marshfield 

Eau Claire 

Fond du Lac 

River Falls 

Stevens Point 

Falls 

Wisconsin 

3411 WI-3 

0627 Chippewa 

Rapids 

WI-2 

0846 

WI-1 

4927 

4120 

3811 

3230 

3043 

2654 

1950 

1847 

1822 

1619 

1443 

1422 

1399 

1395 

1242 

1207 

0350 

1363 

1059 

1166 

1143 

1075 

0926 

0859 

0823 

0654 

0435 

0414 

0291 

0183 

0862 

0611 

0547 

0542 

0467 

0142 

2510 

0115 

0099 

0007 

EXPLANATION Base from U.S Geological Survey 1:24,000 digital data 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
 

(USEPA) lake sites
 

0 20 40 60 MILES U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
 

lake sites
 

0 20 40 60 KILOMETERS 

Cities 

Figure 2. Map showing location of 2007 EPA National Lake Survey and WDNR-selected lakes 

130 

1627 
455158089180300 ALDRIDGE LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR EAGLE RIVER, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°52'05", long 89°18'14", in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.13, T.39 N., R.9 E., Vilas County, Hydrologic Unit 

07070001, near Eagle River. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.22 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 14, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at deep hole at a depth of 4.5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory 

of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 14, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.6 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 24.2 

00400 pH (standard units) 6.1 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 90 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 7.2 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.029 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 3.54 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 55 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 11 

00955 Dissolved silica 7.95 

08-14-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 W.T. 

D.O. 

2 

3 

4 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

5 6 7 8 9 

0 

1 pH 

2 

S.C. 

3 

4 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

50 75 100 125 150 

131 
441242089511200 ARROWHEAD LAKE, ABOVE DAM, NEAR NEKOOSA, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 44°12'42", long 89°51'12", in NW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.13, T.20 N., R.5 E., Adams County, Hydrologic Unit 

07070003, near Nekoosa. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.48 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 31, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at west end at a depth of 5.7 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of 

Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 31, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.6 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 27.3 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.6 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 316 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.7 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.014 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 2.74 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 5.0 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 103 

00955 Dissolved silica 3.87 

07-31-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 

W.T. 

2 

D.O. 3 

4 

5 

6 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

1 

2 pH 

S.C. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

250 300 350 400 450 500 

132 
 

461642091021800 ATKINS LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR GRAND VIEW, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 46°16'42", long 91°02'18", in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.19, T.44 N., R.5 W., Bayfield County, Hydrologic Unit 

07030002, near Grand View. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.27 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 6, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of 22 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 6, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 6.7 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 24.2 

00400 pH (standard units) 7.2 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 30 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.5 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) <0.005 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 0.88 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 5.0 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 12 

00955 Dissolved silica 0.185 

08-06-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

D.O. 

5 

W.T. 

10 

15 

20 

25 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

0 

5 6 7 8 9 

5 pH 

15 

10 

S.C. 

20 

25 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

0 10 20 30 40 50 

133 
454616092082100 BASHAW LAKE, DEEP SPOT, NEAR HERTEL, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°46'16", long 92°08'21", in SE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.18, T.38 N., R.14 W., Burnett County, Hydrologic Unit 

07030001, near Hertel. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.30 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 27, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of 5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory 

of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 27, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 0.5 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 1.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 27.7 

00400 pH (standard units) 9.4 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 187 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 11.2 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.121 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 116 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 15 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 89 

00955 Dissolved silica 17.2 

07-27-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

D.O. 1 

2 W.T. 

3 

4 

5 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

1 

pH 

2 S.C. 

3 

4 

5 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

150 200 250 300 

134 
 

445325088282900 BERRY LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR GILLETT, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 44°53'25", long 88°28'29", in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.19, T.28 N., R.17 E., Oconto County, Hydrologic Unit 

04030104, near Gillett. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.32 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 19, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of 6.5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 19, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.3 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 23.7 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.5 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 166 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.8 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.015 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 2.88 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 5.0 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 64 

00955 Dissolved silica 0.328 

07-19-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 

2 W.T. 

3 D.O. 

4 

5 

6 

7 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

0 

6 7 8 9 10 

1 

3 

2 

S.C. 

pH 

4 

5 

6 

7 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

100 150 200 250 

135 
 

460222089504600 BIG CROOKED LAKE, DEEP SPOT, NEAR LAC DU FLAMBEAU, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 46°02'22", long 89°50'46", in NE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.15, T.41 N., R.5 E., Vilas County, Hydrologic Unit 

07050002, near Lac du Flambeau. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.61 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 15, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of 26 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 15, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 5.0 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 24.0 

00400 pH (standard units) 7.3 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 24 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.5 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) <0.005 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 2.00 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 2.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 10 

00955 Dissolved silica 0.115 

08-15-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

5 

W.T. 10 

D.O. 

15 

20 

25 

30 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

5 6 7 8 9 

0 

5 

S.C. pH 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

0 25 50 75 100 

136 
 

460012092153700 BRIGGS LAKE, DEEP SPOT, NEAR DANBURY, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 46°00'12", long 92°15'37", in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.29, T.41 N., R.15 W., Burnett County, Hydrologic Unit 

07030001, near Danbury. 

SURFACE AREA.—0.08 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 28, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of 3.5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 28, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.9 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 25.1 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.4 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 136 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.5 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.052 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 22.7 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 17.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 63 

00955 Dissolved silica 14.2 

07-28-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 W.T. 

D.O. 

2 

3 

4 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

0 

6 7 8 9 10 

2 

1 

pH 

S.C. 

3 

4 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

100 125 150 175 200 

137 
 

454709088215800 BUCKSKIN LAKE, CENTER, NEAR FENCE, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°47'09", long 88°21'58", in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.9, T.38 N., R.17 E., Florence County, Hydrologic Unit 

04030108, near Fence. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.02 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 30, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of 1.3 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 30, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) >1.3 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 1.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 21.3 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.7 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 127 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.7 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.015 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 1.80 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 5.0 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 57.8 

00955 Dissolved silica 0.778 

08-30-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0.0 

W.T. 0.5 

D.O. 

1.0 

1.5 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

0.0 

6 7 8 9 10 

0.5 

S.C. 

pH 

1.0 

1.5 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

50 100 150 200 

138 
451224090415300 CHEQUAMEGON FLOWAGE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR GILMAN, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°12'24", long 90°41'53", in SW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.36, T.32 N., R.3 W., Taylor County, Hydrologic Unit 

07050005, near Gilman. 

SURFACE AREA.--1.42 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 23, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of 5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory 

of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 23, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 0.8 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 1.6 

00010 Water temperature, oC 22.9 

00400 pH (standard units) 6.8 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 216 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 5.6 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.096 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 28.9 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 75 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 29 

00955 Dissolved silica 6.02 

07-23-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 

W.T. 

2 

3 

D.O. 

4 

5 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

1 

pH 

2 

3 S.C. 

4 

5 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

150 175 200 225 250 

139 
461157090591100 CHIPPEWA LAKE, DEEP SPOT, NEAR NAMEKAGON, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 46°11'57", long 90°59'11", in SW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.15, T.43 N., R.5 W., Bayfield County, Hydrologic Unit 

07050001, near Namekagon. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.44 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 6, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of 3.25 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 6, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.8 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 24.8 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.7 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 93 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.9 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.019 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 4.31 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 15 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 44 

00955 Dissolved silica 9.3 

08-06-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0.0 

0.5 

D.O. 1.0 

1.5 

2.0 W.T. 

2.5 

3.0 

3.5 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0.0 

0.5 

1.0 S.C. pH 

1.5 

2.0 

2.5 

3.0 

3.5 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

50 100 150 

140 
455326088213000 CHRISTIE LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR GILLETT, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 44°53'26", long 88°21'30", in SW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.19, T.28 N., R.18 E., Oconto County, Hydrologic Unit 

04030104, near Gillett. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.65 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 19, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled on the west side near the boat landing at a depth of about 0.5 m. Water-quality analyses 

by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 19, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) >0.5 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 0.3 

00010 Water temperature, oC 24.5 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.1 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 308 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.0 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.022 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 3.34 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 10 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 116 

00955 Dissolved silica 10.7 

No profile plots because just one reading was taken. 

141 
454439089052000 CROOKED LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR THREE LAKES, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°54'39", long 89°05'20", in NW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.26, T.38 N., R.11 E., Oneida County, Hydrologic Unit 

07070001, near Three Lakes. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.27 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 16, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 3.0 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 16, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.0 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 22.9 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.2 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 119 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.3 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.019 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 11.6 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 10 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 47 

00955 Dissolved silica 11.9 

08-16-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

W.T. 

1 

D.O. 

2 

3 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

0 

6 7 8 9 10 

1 

pH 

S.C. 

2 

3 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

50 75 100 125 150 

142 
460007089364100 CRYSTAL LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR SAYNER, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 46°00'07", long 89°36'41", in NW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.27, T.41 N., R.7 E., Vilas County, Hydrologic Unit 

07050002, near Sayner. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.12 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 14, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 17.5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 14, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 7.2 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 23.9 

00400 pH (standard units) 6.2 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 10 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.3 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) <0.005 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 0.92 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 0.0 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 4 

00955 Dissolved silica <0.022 

08-14-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

W.T. 

D.O. 5 

10 

15 

20 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

5 

0 

5 6 

pH 

7 8 9 

10 

15 S.C. 

20 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

0 10 20 30 

143 
 

 

452109089282000 ECHO LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR GLEASON, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°21'09", long 89°28'20", in SW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.10, T.33 N., R.8 E., Lincoln County, Hydrologic Unit 

07070002, near Gleason. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.09 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 27, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 2.6 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 27, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) >2.6 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 20.6 

00400 pH (standard units) 5.4 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 19.3 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.2 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.010 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 2.72 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 7.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 2.9 

00955 Dissolved silica ND 

ND = Not detected 

08-27-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0.0 

0.5 

W.T. 

1.0 

D.O. 

1.5 

2.0 

2.5 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

0.0 

4 5 6 7 8 

0.5 

1.5 

1.0 pH 

S.C. 

2.0 

2.5 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

0 10 20 30 

144 
455134088083400 ELLWOOD LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR SPREAD EAGLE, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°51'34", long 88°08'34", in NE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.17, T.39 N., R.19 E., Florence County, Hydrologic 

Unit 04030108, near Spread Eagle. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.20 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 29, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 7.0 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 29, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.0 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 22.5 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.6 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 221 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.0 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.012 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 2.48 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 2.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 101 

00955 Dissolved silica 2.71 

08-29-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 

W.T. 2 

3 

4 D.O. 

5 

6 

7 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

1 pH 

2 

3 

4 S.C. 

5 

6 

7 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

200 250 300 

145 
460823090123600 FOX LAKE, DEEP SPOT, NEAR MERCER, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 46°08'23", long 90°12'36", in NE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.11, T.42 N., R.2 E., Iron County, Hydrologic Unit 

07050002, near Mercer. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.06 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 8, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 7.0 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 8, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.8 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 23.6 

00400 pH (standard units) 7.7 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 54 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.2 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.012 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 3.23 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 20 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 20 

00955 Dissolved silica 0.602 

08-08-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 

W.T. 

2 D.O. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

5 6 7 8 9 

0 

1 S.C. 

pH 2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

0 25 50 75 100 

146 
 

452947088050600 GLEN LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR ATHELSTANE, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°29'51", long 88°04'48", in NE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.23, T.35 N., R.19 E., Marinette County, Hydrologic 

Unit 04030108, near Athelstane. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.08 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.—August 29, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 5.5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 29, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.6 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 22.6 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.4 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 207 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.8 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.013 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 2.28 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 7.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 98 

00955 Dissolved silica 10.9 

08-29-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 

2 D.O. 

3 

4 W.T. 

5 

6 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

S.C. 

pH 1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

100 200 300 

147 
434911088583000 GREEN LAKE, EAST #2, NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 43°49'11", long 88°58'30", in NW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.32, T.16 N., R.13 E., Green Lake County, Hydrologic 

Unit 04030201, near Green Lake. 

SURFACE AREA.--11.48 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 11, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at a depth of about 49.0 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of 

Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 11, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.6 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 24.4 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.8 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 496 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 10.3 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.016 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 5.53 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 2.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 169 

00955 Dissolved silica 0.457 

07-11-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

D.O. 

10 W.T. 

20 

30 

40 

50 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

0 

6 7 8 9 10 

20 

10 

S.C. pH 

30 

40 

50 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

450 500 550 600 

148 
463336091234600 HALF MOON LAKE, DEEP HOLE, AT IRON RIVER, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 46°33'36", long 91°23'46", in NW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.17, T.47 N., R.08 W., Bayfield County, Hydrologic 

Unit 04010301, at Iron River. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.17 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 30, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 2.5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 30, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) >2.5 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 27.4 

00400 pH (standard units) 9.4 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 102 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.4 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.024 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 2.36 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 12.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 46 

00955 Dissolved silica 0.322 

07-30-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0.0 

0.5 

W.T. 

1.0 D.O. 

1.5 

2.0 

2.5 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0.0 

0.5 

pH 

1.0 S.C. 

1.5 

2.0 

2.5 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

100 125 150 

149 
452919092244400 HALF MOON LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR MILLTOWN, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°29'19", long 92°24'44", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.25, T.35 N., R.17 W., Polk County, Hydrologic Unit 

07030005, near Milltown. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.19 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 26, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 18.5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 26, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 4.0 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 26.8 

00400 pH (standard units) 9.0 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 194 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.6 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.01 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 2.19 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 7.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 65 

00955 Dissolved silica 4.44 

07-26-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

5 D.O. 

10 W.T. 

15 

20 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

0 

6 7 8 9 10 

5 

15 

10 

pH 

S.C. 

20 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

150 200 250 300 350 400 

150 
460714091141400 LAKE HELANE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR SEELEY, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 46°07'14", long 91°14'14", in NW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.15, T.42 N., R.7 W., Sawyer County, Hydrologic Unit 

07050001, near Seeley. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.08 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 7, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 7.5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 7, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.2 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 24.7 

00400 pH (standard units) 5.9 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 7 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 7.7 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.016 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 5.49 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 7.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 4 

00955 Dissolved silica <0.022 

08-07-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 

W.T. 2 D.O. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

4 5 6 7 8 

0 

1 pH 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 S.C. 

7 

8 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

0 10 20 30 40 

151 
425750089143800 LAKE KEGONSA, DEEP HOLE, NEAR STOUGHTON, WI
 

LOCATION.--Lat 42°57'50", long 89°14'38", in SE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.19, T.6 N., R.11 E., Dane County, Hydrologic Unit 

07090001, near Stoughton. 

SURFACE AREA.--4.99 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 2, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 9.1 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 2, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.4 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 24.7 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.7 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 552 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 10.0 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.056 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 23.6 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 7.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 181 

00955 Dissolved silica 8.65 

07-02-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

2 

W.T. 

4 

D.O. 

6 

8 

10 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

2 S.C. pH 

4 

6 

8 

10 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

550 575 600 625 650 

152 
440906088480000 LAKE POYGAN, DEEP SPOT, NEAR WINNECONNE, WI
 

LOCATION.--Lat 44°09'06", long 88°48'00", in SE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.2, T.19 N., R.14 E., Winnebago County, Hydrologic 

Unit 04030202, near Winneconne. 

SURFACE AREA.--22.03 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--September 6, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 3.0 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, SEPTEMBER 6, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 0.7 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.5 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 1.4 

00010 Water temperature, oC 25.3 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.6 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 354 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 7.5 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.074 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 27.6 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 15 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 155 

00955 Dissolved silica 10.1 

09-06-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

W.T. 

1 D.O. 

2 

3 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

1 S.C. pH 

2 

3 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

300 325 350 375 400 

153 
435934088274300 LAKE WINNEBAGO NEAR OSHKOSH, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°59'34", long 88°27'43", in NW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.34, T.18 N., R.17 E., Winnebago County, Hydrologic 

Unit 04030203, near Oshkosh. 

SURFACE AREA.--215 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 12 and 30, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at a depth of about 5.5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of 

Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 30, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.0 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.5 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 26.5 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.8 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 382 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 11.2 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.175 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 50.4 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 10 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 157 

00955 Dissolved silica 18 

07-30-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 

W.T. 

2 D.O. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

0 

6 7 8 9 10 

1 pH 

2 

3 

5 

4 

S.C. 

6 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

300 325 350 375 400 

154 
434829087582700 LITTLE ELKHART LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR PLYMOUTH, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 43°48'29", long 87°58'27", in NW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.34, T.16 N., R.21 E., Sheboygan County, Hydrologic 

Unit 04030101, near Plymouth. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.08 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 10, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 7.0 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 10, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 4.4 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 27.2 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.6 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 365 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.3 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.018 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 2.71 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 7.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 123 

00955 Dissolved silica 1.22 

07-10-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 W.T. 

2 

D.O. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

1 

2 S.C. pH 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

350 375 400 425 450 

155 
460300089290000 LITTLE STAR LAKE, DEEP SPOT, NEAR SAYNER, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 46°03'00", long 89°29'00", in SE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.10, T.41 N., R.8 E., Vilas County, Hydrologic Unit 

07070001, near Sayner. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.14 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 15, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 2.75 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 15, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 0.4 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 0.8 

00010 Water temperature, oC 23.5 

00400 pH (standard units) 7.7 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 101 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 7.3 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.084 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 27.8 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 50 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 45 

00955 Dissolved silica 19.1 

08-15-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 W.T. 

D.O. 

2 

3 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

1 pH 

S.C. 

2 

3 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

50 100 150 

156 
441925089112800 MARL LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR WAUPACA, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 44°19'25", long 89°11'28", in SW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.5, T.21 N., R.11 E., Waupaca County, Hydrologic 

Unit 04030202, near Waupaca. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.03 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 18, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 17.0 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 18, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.6 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 24.2 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.5 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 313 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.7 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.009 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) --

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 2.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 153 

00955 Dissolved silica 12.1 

07-18-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

D.O. 2 

4 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 W.T. 

16 

18 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

2 

4 

6 S.C. 

pH 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

300 350 400 450 

157 
455913089210100 MCLEOD LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR CONOVER, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°59'13", long 89°21'01", in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.34, T.41 N., R.9 E., Vilas County, Hydrologic Unit 

07070001, near Conover. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.08 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 14, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 1.5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 14, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.2 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 23.2 

00400 pH (standard units) 5.9 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 19 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 7.5 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.019 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 7.91 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 90 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 9 

00955 Dissolved silica 3.08 

08-14-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0.0 

0.5 

D.O. W.T. 

1.0 

1.5 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

0.0 

5 6 7 8 9 

1.0 

0.5 

pH S.C. 

1.5 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

0 10 20 30 

158 
433926088132500 MUD LAKE, CENTER, NEAR CAMPBELLSPORT, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 43°39'26", long 88°13'25", in NE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.28, T.14 N., R.19 E., Fond du Lac County, Hydrologic 

Unit 04040003, near Campbellsport. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.07 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 17, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 4.2 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 17, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 0.4 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 0.8 

00010 Water temperature, oC 22.4 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.6 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 443 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.5 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.164 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 85.7 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 55 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 209 

00955 Dissolved silica 18.6 

07-17-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 D.O. 

W.T. 

2 

3 

4 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

1 S.C. 

pH 

2 

3 

4 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

400 425 450 475 500 

159 
454755089391200 MUD LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR HAZELHURST, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°47'55", long 89°39'12", in SE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.7, T.38 N., R.7 E., Oneida County, Hydrologic Unit 

07070001, near Hazelhurst. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.06 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.—September 5, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 7.5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, SEPTEMBER 5, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.4 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 23.2 

00400 pH (standard units) 7.5 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 88 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.6 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.012 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 1.26 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 7.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 41 

00955 Dissolved silica 10.8 

09-05-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 

W.T. 

2 

D.O. 3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

1 

S.C. pH 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

50 100 150 200 

160 
455948091145500 MUD LAKE, DEEP SPOT, NEAR HAYWARD, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°59'48", long 91°14'55", in NW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.33, T.41 N., R.7 W., Sawyer County, Hydrologic Unit 

07050001, near Hayward. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.75 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 7, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 4.0 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 7, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.0 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 24.1 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.2 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 95 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 7.6 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.015 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 2.6 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 12.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 43 

00955 Dissolved silica 3.01 

08-07-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 W.T. 

D.O. 

2 

3 

4 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

0 

6 7 8 9 10 

1 

pH 

S.C. 

2 

3 

4 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

50 60 70 80 90 100 

161 
453341092255700 MURDOCK LAKE, DEEP SPOT, NEAR LUCK, WI
 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°33'41", long 92°25'57", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.35, T.36 N., R.17 W., Polk County, Hydrologic Unit 

07030005, near Luck. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.03 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 29, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 2.5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 29, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.0 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 28.1 

00400 pH (standard units) 7.6 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 45 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.7 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.047 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 25.7 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 22 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 7 

00955 Dissolved silica 0.613 

07-29-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0.0 

0.5 

W.T. 

1.0 D.O. 

1.5 

2.0 

2.5 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

5 6 7 8 9 

0.0 

0.5 

pH 

1.0 S.C. 

1.5 

2.0 

2.5 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

40 45 50 55 60 

162 
430551088273500 OCONOMOWOC LAKE, CENTER, AT OCONOMOWOC, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 43°05'51", long 88°27'35", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.2, T.7 N., R.17 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic 

Unit 07090001, at Oconomowoc. 

SURFACE AREA.--1.20 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 3 and September 5, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 18.5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. The multi-parameter meter malfunctioned on Sept. 5, so no profile data is available for 

that day. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 3 and SEPTEMBER 5, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name July 3, 2007 September 5, 2007 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.0 3.8 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 23.8 25.2 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.6 8.4 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 578 533 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.3 8.4 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.012 0.014 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 3.36 2.79 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 7.5 5.0 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 189 173 

00955 Dissolved silica 4.20 8.04 

07-03-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

D.O. 

5 

W.T. 

10 

15 

20 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

pH

5 

S.C. 

10 

15 

20 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

550 575 600 625 650 

163 
453500088540000 PESHTIGO LAKE, DEEP SPOT, AT CRANDON, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°35'00", long 88°54'00", in NW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.20, T.36 N., R.13 E., Forest County, Hydrologic Unit 

04030105, at Crandon. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.22 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 30, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 0.75 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 30, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) >0.8 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 0.6 

00010 Water temperature, oC 23.1 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.3 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 405 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 11.1 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.026 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 11.6 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 7.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 135 

00955 Dissolved silica 3.54 

No profile plots because just one reading was taken. 

164 
451730092371300 PLEASANT LAKE, DEEP SPOT, NEAR OSCEOLA, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°17'30", long 92°37'13", in SW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.5, T.32 N., R.18 W., Polk County, Hydrologic Unit 

07030005, near Osceola. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.06 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 25, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 5.5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 25, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.5 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 27.9 

00400 pH (standard units) 9.3 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 250 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.5 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.013 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 2.27 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 7.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 66 

00955 Dissolved silica 8 

07-25-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 W.T. 

2 D.O. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

1 S.C. pH 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

200 225 250 275 300 

165 
455958089314200 PLUM LAKE, DEEP HOLE, AT SAYNER, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°59'58", long 89°31'42", in SW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.29, T.41 N., R.8 E., Vilas County, Hydrologic Unit 

07070001, at Sayner. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.51 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 13, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 16.5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 25, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 4.7 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00400 pH (standard units) 7.7 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 100 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 7.8 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.008 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 1.67 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 2.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 44 

00955 Dissolved silica 13.5 

08-13-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

2 

D.O. 4 W.T. 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

2 

pH 4 

6 

8 S.C. 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

50 100 150 

166 
454547090393300 PRICE LAKE, DEEP SPOT, NEAR LUGERVILLE, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°45'47", long 90°39'33", in SE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.19, T.38 N., R.2 W., Price County, Hydrologic Unit 

07050003, near Lugerville. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.14 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 9, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 7.5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 9, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.2 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 25.0 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.3 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 83 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.1 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.024 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 20 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 55 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 38 

00955 Dissolved silica 2.91 

08-09-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 D.O. W.T. 2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

1 pH 

2 

3 

4 

5 S.C. 

6 

7 

8 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

50 100 150 

167 
452005091171000 PULASKI LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR BRUCE, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°20'05", long 91°17'10", in NW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.19, T.33 N., R.7 W., Rusk County, Hydrologic Unit 

07050001, near Bruce. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.20 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 24, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 12 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 24, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.4 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 24.5 

00400 pH (standard units) 7.5 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 48 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.1 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.012 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 2.42 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 7.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 14 

00955 Dissolved silica 0.206 

07-24-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

2 D.O. W.T. 

4 

6 

8 

10 

12 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

0 

5 6 7 8 9 

2 

6 

4 

S.C. 

8 pH 

10 

12 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

0 50 100 150 

168 
442024089090200 RAINBOW (CHAIN) LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR WAUPACA, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 44°20'44", long 89°09'02", in SW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.34, T.22 N., R.11 E., Waupaca County, Hydrologic 

Unit 04030202, near Bruce. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.18 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 18, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 25 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 18, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.7 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 25.8 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.4 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 353 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 10 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.013 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 7.94 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 2.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 140 

00955 Dissolved silica 3.47 

07-18-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

5 

W.T. 

D.O. 

10 

15 

20 

25 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

5 

0 

6 7 

S.C. 

8 9 

pH 

10 

10 

15 

20 

25 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

300 350 400 450 500 

169 
 

455125090095400 RILEY LAKE, DEEP SPOT, NEAR FIFIELD, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°51'25", long 90°09'54", in NW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.19, T.39 N., R.2 E., Price County, Hydrologic Unit 

07050003, near Fifield. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.30 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 9, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 2.0 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

 Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 9, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 0.6 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 1.2 

00010 Water temperature, oC 24.9 

00400 pH (standard units) 7.8 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 41 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.9 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.026 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 16.4 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 35 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 17 

00955 Dissolved silica 5.25 

08-09-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0.0 

0.5 

W.T. D.O. 

1.0 

1.5 

2.0 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0.0 

0.5 

pH S.C. 

1.0 

1.5 

2.0 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

0 10 20 30 40 50 

170 
 

452617088565800 ROLLING STONE LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR PICKEREL, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°26'17", long 88°56'58", in SE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.11, T.34 N., R.12 E., Langlade County, Hydrologic 

Unit 04030202, near Pickerel. 

SURFACE AREA.--1.05 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 29, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 3.8 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

 Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 29, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 0.6 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 20.0 

00400 pH (standard units) 9.4 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 160 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.2 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.039 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 27.7 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 12.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 79 

00955 Dissolved silica 6.48 

08-29-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

W.T. 1 D.O. 

2 

3 

4 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

1 pH 

S.C. 

2 

3 

4 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

150 200 250 

171 
 

451853092334600 ROUND LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR OSCEOLA, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°18'53", long 92°33'46", in NE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.26, T.33 N., R.18, Polk County, Hydrologic Unit 

07030005, near Osceola. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.10 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 26, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 7 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory 

 of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 26, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 4.0 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 26.3 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.7 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 230 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.7 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.013 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 3.06 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 2.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 97 

00955 Dissolved silica 5.5 

07-26-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 

W.T. 

2 

D.O. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

1 pH 

2 

3 S.C. 

4 

5 

6 

7 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

200 250 300 350 400 450 

172 
 

462242091342400 SAND LAKE, DEEP SPOT, NEAR SOLON SPRINGS, WI
 

LOCATION.--Lat 46°22'42", long 91°34'24", in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.14, T.45 N., R.10 W., Douglas County, Hydrologic 

Unit 07030001, near Solon Springs. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.15 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 30, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 4 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory 

 of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 30, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.8 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 26.2 

00400 pH (standard units) 9.0 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 79 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.5 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.012 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 2.54 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 5.0 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 33 

00955 Dissolved silica 8.52 

07-30-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 D.O. W.T. 

2 

3 

4 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

1 pH 

S.C. 

2 

3 

4 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

50 100 150 

173 
 

455828090302800 SCHNUR LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR PARK FALLS, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°58'28", long 90°30'28", in SW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.4, T.40 N., R.1 W., Price County, Hydrologic Unit 

07050002, near Park Falls. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.24 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 8, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 7.5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

 Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 8, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.6 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 25.6 

00400 pH (standard units) 9.2 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 146 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.9 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.015 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 13.1 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 7.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 52 

00955 Dissolved silica 1.31 

08-08-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

D.O. W.T. 2 

4 

6 

8 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

2 pH 

S.C. 

4 

6 

8 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

100 150 200 250 

174 
 

453918089322600 SOO LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR RHINELANDER, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°39'18", long 89°32'26", in SW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.31, T.37 N., R.8 E., Oneida County, Hydrologic Unit 

07070001, near Rhinelander. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.20 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 31, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 4 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory 

 of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 31, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name 

00078 

82047 

82048 

00010 

00400 

00095 

00300 

00665 

32210 

00080 

00417 

00955 

Secchi-depth (m)
 

Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 

Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 

Water temperature, oC 

pH (standard units) 

Specific conductance (μS/cm) 

Dissolved oxygen 

Phosphorus, total (as P) 

Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 

Color (platinum cobalt units) 

ANC (as CaCO3)
 

Dissolved silica 

Value 

2.3 

0.0 

2.0 

21.2 

6.9 

13.5 

8.3 

0.016 

4.07 

5.0 

5.2 

0.272 

175 
08-31-07
 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER
 

0 10 20 
 

0 10 20 30 
 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS
 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

0 5 10 15 20
 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS
 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

W.T. 

D.O. 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

6 7 8 9 10 

S.C. 

pH 

176 
453452092022600 SPRING LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR CUMBERLAND, WI
 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°34'52", long 92°02'26", in NW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.25, T.36 N., R.14 W., Barron County, Hydrologic Unit 

07050007, near Cumberland. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.10 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 24 and September 6, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 19 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory 

 of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 24 AND SEPTEMBER 6, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name July 24 September 6 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.2 3.4 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 0.0 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 2.0 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 26.7 23.5 23.5 

00400 pH (standard units) 7.2 6.7 6.7 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 33 21 21 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.2 8.3 8.3 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.008 0.008 0.007 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 4.23 2.47 2.79 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 12.5 7.5 7.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 6 7 6 

00955 Dissolved silica 0.072 0.105 0.111 

07-24-07 09-06-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 0 10 20 0 

W.T. 

D.O. 

0 

5 5 

10 10 

15 15 

20 20 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS
 

5 6 7 8 9
 5 6 7 8 9
 

0
 

S.C. 

pH 

0 

5 5

10 10

15 15

20 

0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

20 

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS 

177 
 

454710089573000 SWAMSAUGER LAKE, DEEP SPOT, NEAR HAZELHURST, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°47'10", long 89°57'30", in NW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.14, T.38 N., R.4 E., Oneida County, Hydrologic Unit 

07070001, near Hazelhurst. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.21 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 13, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 4.5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

 Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 13, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.0 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 24.8 

00400 pH (standard units) 7.0 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 83 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 6.8 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.034 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 12.0 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 110 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 37 

00955 Dissolved silica 13.1 

08-13-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 D.O. W.T. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

0 

6 7 8 9 10 

2 

1 

pH 

4 

3 

S.C. 

5 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

50 100 150 200 

178 
 

433239089223500 SWAN LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR PORTAGE, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 43°32'39", long 89°22'35", in SE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.1, T.12 N., R.9 E., Columbia County, Hydrologic Unit 

04030201, near Portage. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.71 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 9, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 24.5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

 Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 9, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.1 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 26.7 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.6 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 400 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.6 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.024 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 10.9 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 15 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 167 

00955 Dissolved silica 2.24 

07-09-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

D.O. 

5 

W.T. 

10 

15 

20 

25 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

5 

0 

6 7 

S.C. 

8 9 

pH 

10 

10 

15 

20 

25 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

350 400 450 500 550 

179 
424854088123300 TICHIGAN LAKE NEAR WATERFORD, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 42°48'54", long 88°12'33", in SE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.11, T.4 N., R.19 E., Racine County, Hydrologic Unit 

07120006, near Waterford. 

SURFACE AREA.--1.89 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 5, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 19 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory 

 of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 5, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.2 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 25.9 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.2 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 875 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.0 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.036 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 17.3 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 15 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 188 

00955 Dissolved silica 3.73 

07-05-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

D.O. 

W.T. 

5 

10 

15 

20 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

5 

0 

6 7 

S.C. 

8 9 

pH 

10 

10 

15 

20 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

850 900 950 1000 

180 
 

454322092100500 UNNAMED LAKE, CENTER, NEAR CLAM FALLS, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°43'22", long 92°10'05", in NE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.1, T.37 N., R.15 W., Burnett County, Hydrologic Unit 

07030001, near Clam Falls. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.02 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 31, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 1.8 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

 Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 31, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.8 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 28.1 

00400 pH (standard units) --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 204 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 10.8 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.08 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 9.91 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 7.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 115 

00955 Dissolved silica 28.9 

07-31-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0.0 

0.5 

D.O. 

1.0 

W.T. 

1.5 

2.0 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

0.0 

6 7 8 9 10 

1.0 

0.5 

S.C. 

1.5 

2.0 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

150 200 250 300 

181 
 

460759091364200 UNNAMED LAKE, DEEP SPOT, NEAR MINONG, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 46°07'59", long 91°36'42", in NW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.10, T.42 N., R.10 W., Washburn County, Hydrologic 

Unit 07030002, near Minong. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.08 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 31, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 1.0 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

 Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 31, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 0.9 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 1.8 

00010 Water temperature, oC 26.4 

00400 pH (standard units) 6.4 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 70 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 4.1 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.049 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 6.64 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 180 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 23 

00955 Dissolved silica 3.41 

No profile data due to just one line of data. 

182 
 

423029088050000 VOLTZ LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR WILMOT, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 42°30'29", long 88°05'00", in NE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.36, T.1 N., R.20 E., Kenosha County, Hydrologic Unit 

07120006, near Wilmot. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.10 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 5, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 6.7 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

 Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 5, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.1 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 27.4 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.2 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 520 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.1 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.038 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 5.93 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 15 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 154 

00955 Dissolved silica 2.44 

07-05-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 

W.T. D.O. 2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 S.C. 

5 pH 

6 

7 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

450 500 550 600 

183 
 

451909092253300 WAPOGASSET LAKE, SOUTH END DEEP HOLE, NEAR AMERY, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°19'09", long 92°25'33", in SW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.25, T.33 N., R.17 W., Polk County, Hydrologic Unit 

07030005, near Amery. 

SURFACE AREA.--2.23 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 25, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 9.5 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

 Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 25, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.1 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 25.7 

00400 pH (standard units) 9.2 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 232 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 12.6 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.064 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 37.4 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 10 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 98 

00955 Dissolved silica 17.6 

07-25-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 D.O. 

2 

3 W.T. 4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

1 

2 S.C. pH 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

200 250 300 350 400 450 

184 
 

460222092083100 WEBB LAKE, NORTH BASIN DEEP HOLE, NEAR WEBB LAKE, WI
 

LOCATION.--Lat 46°02'22", long 92°08'31", in NW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.17, T.41 N., R.14 W., Burnett County, Hydrologic Unit 

07030002, near Webb Lake. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.68 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 28, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 9.0 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

 Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 28, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.6 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 26.9 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.8 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 143 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.2 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.021 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 6.69 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 5.0 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 62 

00955 Dissolved silica 15.1 

07-28-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 

D.O. W.T. 2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

1 S.C. pH 2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

100 150 200 250 

185 
 

453902089423200 WEST MITCHELL LAKE, DEEP SPOT, NEAR HARSHAW, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°39'02", long 89°42'32", in NW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.35, T.37 N., R.6 E., Oneida County, Hydrologic Unit 

07070001, near Harshaw. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.09 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--September 5, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 2.2 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

 Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, SEPTEMBER 5, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) --

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 2.0 

00010 Water temperature, oC 23.6 

00400 pH (standard units) 4.9 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 144 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 7.1 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.013 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 0.95 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 25 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 3.7 

00955 Dissolved silica 0.553 

09-05-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0.0 

0.5 

D.O. W.T. 

1.0 

1.5 

2.0 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

0.0 

4 5 6 7 8 

1.0 

0.5 pH 

S.C. 

1.5 

2.0 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

100 150 200 

186 
 

454300089515900 WILLOW RESERVOIR, DEEP SPOT, NEAR HAZELHURST, WI 

LOCATION.--Lat 45°43'00", long 89°51'59", in NW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.9, T.37 N., R.5 E., Oneida County, Hydrologic Unit 

07070001, near Hazelhurst. 

SURFACE AREA.--6.87 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 28, 2007. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of about 4.6 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State 

 Laboratory of Hygiene. 

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 28, 2007 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Value 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 0.8 

82047 Depth to top of sampling interval (m) 0.0 

82048 Depth to bottom of sampling interval (m) 1.6 

00010 Water temperature, oC 20.9 

00400 pH (standard units) 8.4 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 96 

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.0 

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.048 

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 26.2 

00080 Color (platinum cobalt units) 22.5 

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 39.2 

00955 Dissolved silica 6.44 

08-28-07 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

0 10 20 

0 

1 D.O. W.T. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS 

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS 

6 7 8 9 10 

0 

1 pH 

2 S.C. 

3 

4 

5 

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS 

0 10 20 30 

50 60 70 80 90 100 

187 
WISCONSIN WATER SCIENCE CENTER PUBLICATIONS PERTAINING TO LAKES 

The reports published in a U.S. Geological Survey series are for sale by the U.S. 

Geological Survey, Box 25425, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225. Prepayment is 

required. Remittance should be sent by check or money order payable to the U.S. 

Geological Survey. Prices can be obtained by writing to the above address or by calling 

(303) 236-7476. Reprints of journal articles may be obtained by writing directly to the 

author at U.S. Geological Survey, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562. 

2007 

Robertson, D.M., Garn, H.S., and Rose, W.J., 2007, Response of calcareous

 Nagawicka Lake, Wisconsin, to changes in phosphorus loading. Lake and Reservoir 

 Management, Vol. 23, p. 298-312. 

Walker, J.F., Saad, D.A., and Hunt, R.J., 2007, Dynamics of CFCs in northern 

temperate lakes and adjacent groundwater. Water Resources. Research 43(4) 

W04423, http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2005WR004647.shtml 

2006 

Garn, H.S., Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., Goddard, G.L., and Horwatich, J.A., 2006, 

 Water quality, hydrology, and response to changes in phosphorus loading of 

 Nagawicka Lake, a calcareous lake in Waukesha County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological 

 Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5273, 41p. 

Hunt, R.J., Greb, S.R,, Graczyk, D.J., 2006, Evaluating the effects of nearshore 

development on Wisconsin lakes. USGS Fact Sheet FS-2006-3033, 4 p. 

Magnuson, J.J., Benson, B.J., Lenters, J.D, and Robertson, D.M., 2006, Climate driven 

variability and change, Chapter 7, In Magnuson, J.J., Kratz, T.K, and Benson, B.J 

eds. Long-term dynamics of lakes in the landscape, Oxford University Press, p 123– 

150. 

Saad, D.A., 2005, Pesticides in surface water, bed sediment, and ground water 

adjacent to commercial cranberry bogs, Lac du Flambeau Reservation, Vilas 

County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005­

5262, 29 p. 

2005 

Marzolf, G.R., and Robertson, D.M., 2005, Reservoirs, In Encyclopedia of Hydrological 

Sciences: Anderson, M.G., and McDonnell, J.J., eds., v. 4, part 9, John Wiley & 

Sons, p. 1675-1680. 

Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., and Saad, D.A., 2005, Water quality, hydrology, and 

phosphorus loading to Little St. Germain Lake, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on 

the effects of winter aeration and ground-water inputs: U.S. Geological Survey 

Scientific Investigations Report 2005–5071, 36 p. 

2004 

Dupre, D.H., and Robertson, D.M., 2004, Water quality of Nippersink Creek and 

Wonder Lake, McHenry County, Illinois, 1994–2001: U.S. Geological Survey 

Scientific Investigations Report 2004–5085. 

188 
Rose, W.J., Robertson, D.M., and Mergener, E.A., 2004, Water quality, hydrology, and 

the effects of changes in phosphorus loading to Pike Lake, Washington County, 

Wisconsin, with special emphasis on inlet-to-outlet short-circuiting: U.S. Geological 

Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004–5141, 32 p. 

2003 

Dunning, C.P., Thomas, J.C., and Lin, Y.F., 2003, Simulation of the shallow aquifer in 

the vicinity of Silver Lake, Washington County, Wisconsin, using analytic elements: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–4204, 29 p. 

Fitzpatrick, F.A., Garrison, P.J., Fitzgerald, S.A., and Elder, J.F., 2003, Nutrient, traceelement, and ecological history of Musky Bay, Lac Courte Oreilles, Wisconsin, as 

inferred from sediment cores: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 02–4225, 141 p. 

Fitzpatrick, F.A., and Peppler, M.C., 2003, Sedimentation and sediment chemistry, 

Neopit Mill Pond, Menominee Indian Reservation, Wisconsin, 2001: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 03–23, 58 p. 

Garn, H.S., Elder, J.F., and Robertson, D.M., 2003, Why study lakes? An overview of 

U.S. Geological Survey lake studies in Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact 

Sheet FS–063–03, 8 p. 

Graczyk, D.G., Hunt, R.J., Greb, S.R., Buchwald, C.A., and Krohelski, J.T., 2003, 

Hydrology, water quality, and yields, from near-shore flows to four lakes in northern 

Wisconsin, 1999–2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 

Report 03–4144. 64 p. 

Hunt, R.J., 2003, Ground water-lake interaction modeling using the LAK3 Package for 

MODFLOW2000: Ground Water, vol. 41, no. 2, p. 114–118. 

Hunt, R.J., Haitjema, H.M., Krohelski, J.T., and Feinstein, D.T., 2003, Simulating ground 

water-lake interactions: approaches and insights: Ground Water, vol. 41, no. 22, p. 

227–237. 

Hunt, R.J., Pint, C.D., and Anderson, M.P., 2003, Using diverse data types to calibrate a 

watershed model of the Trout Lake Basin, northern Wisconsin, In MODFLOW and 

More 2003—Understanding through modeling: Proceedings of the 5th International 

Conference of the International Ground Water Modeling Center. Golden, CO: 

Colorado School of Mines, p. 600–604. 

Hunt, R.J., Saad, D.A., and Chapel, D.M., 2003, Numerical simulation of ground water 

flow in La Crosse County, Wisconsin and into nearby pools of the Mississippi River: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03–4154. 36 p. 

John, R., Pint, C.D., Anderson, M.P., and Hunt, R.J., 2003, The effects of potential 

climate change on lake levels and lake capture zones, In MODFLOW and More 

2003—Understanding through modeling: Proceedings of the 5th International 

Conference of the International Ground Water Modeling Center. Golden, CO: 

Colorado School of Mines, p. 212–216. 

189 
Magnuson, J.J., Krohelski, J.T., Kunkel, K.E., and Robertson, D.M., 2003, Wisconsin's 

waters and climate—historical changes and possible futures, In Wisconsin's waters: 

a confluence of perspectives: Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy, p. 23–36. 

Pint, C.D., Hunt, R.J., and Anderson, M.P., 2003, Flow path delineation and ground 

water age, Allequash Basin, Wisconsin: Ground Water, vol. 41, no. 7, p. 895–902. 

Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., and Garn, H.S., 2003, Water quality and the effects of 

changes in phosphorus loading, Red Cedar Lakes, Barron and Washburn Counties, 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03– 

4238, 42 p. 

Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., and Saad, D.A., 2003, Water quality and the effects of 

changes in phosphorus loading to Muskellunge Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03–4011, 18 p. 

2002 

Anderson, M.P., Hunt, R.J., Krohelski, J.T., and Chung, K., 2002, Using high hydraulic 

conductivity nodes to simulate seepage lakes: Ground Water 40(2), p. 119–124. 

Garn, H. S., 2002, Effects of lawn fertilizer on nutrient concentration in runoff from 

lakeshore lawns, Lauderdale Lakes, Wisconsin: USGS Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 02–4130, 6 p. 

Kelson, V.A., Hunt, R.J., and Haitjema, H.M., 2002, Improving a regional model using 

reduced complexity and parameter estimation: Ground Water, vol. 40, no. 2, p. 138– 

149. 

Krohelski, J.T., Lin, Y., Rose, W.J., and Hunt, R.J., 2002, Simulation of Fish, Mud and 

Crystal Lakes and the shallow ground-water system, Dane County, Wisconsin: 

USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–20. 

Krohelski, J.T., Rose, W.J., and Hunt, R.J., 2002, Hydrologic investigation of Powell 

Marsh and its relationship to Dead Pike Lake Vilas County, Wisconsin: USGS 

Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–4034. 

Madenjian, C.P., Fahenstiel, G.L., Johengen, T.H., Nalepa, T.F., Venderploeg, H.A., 

Fleischer, G.W., Schneeberger, P.J., Benjamin, D.M., Smith, E.B., Bence, J.R., 

Rutherford, E.S., Lavis, D.S., Robertson, D.M., Jude, D.J., and Ebener, M.P., 2002, 

Dynamics of the Lake Michigan food web, 1970–2000: Canadian Journal of 

Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 59, p. 736–753. 

Robertson, D.M., Goddard, G.L, Mergerer, E.A., Rose, W.J., and Garrison, P.J., 2002, 

Hydrology and water quality of Geneva Lake, Walworth County, Wisconsin: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 02–4039, 73 p. 

Robertson, D.M., and Lenz, B.N., 2002, Response of the St. Croix River Pools, 

Wisconsin and Minnesota, to various phosphorus-loading scenarios: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–4181, 36 p. 

2001 

Hunt, R.J., Bradbury, K.R., and Krohelski, J.T., 2001, The effects of large-scale 

pumping and diversion on the water resources in Dane County, Wisconsin: USGS 

Fact Sheet FS–127–01, 4 p. 

190 
Hunt, R.J., Haitjema, H.M., Krohelski, J.T., and Feinstein, D.T., 2001, Simulating 

groundwater-lake interactions with models: MODFLOW and analytic element 

approaches, In MODFLOW 2001 and Other Modeling Odysseys: Proceedings of 

the 4th International Conference of the International Ground Water Modeling Center. 

Golden, CO: Colorado School of Mines, p. 328–334. 

Lin, Y., Krohelski, J.T., and Hunt, R.J., 2001, Simulation of lake stage in two seepage 

lakes in southcentral Wisconsin using the LAK3 package for MODFLOW, In 

MODFLOW 2001 and Other Modeling Odysseys: Proceedings of the 4th 

International Conference of the International Ground Water Modeling Center. 

Golden, CO: Colorado School of Mines, p. 411–417. 

2000 

Elder, J.F., Robertson, D.M., and Garrison, P.J., 2000, Chemical composition of surficial 

deposits in Geneva Lake, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS–121– 

00. 

Elder J.F., Rybicki, N.B., Carter, V.P., and Weintraub, V., 2000, Sources and yields of 

dissolved carbon in northern Wisconsin stream catchments with differing amounts of 

peatland: Wetlands, vol. 20, no. 1, p.113–125. 

Hunt, R.J., Graczyk, D.J., and Rose, W.J., 2000, Water flows in the Necedah National 

Wildlife Refuge: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS–068–00, 4 p. 

Hunt, R.J., Lin, J., Krohelski, J.T., and Juckem, P.F., 2000, Simulation of the shallow 

hydrologic system in the vicinity of Middle Genesee Lake, Wisconsin, using analytic 

elements and parameter estimation: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources 

Investigations Report 00–4136, 16 p. 

Lathrop, R.C., Carpenter, S.R., and Robertson, D.M., 2000, Interacting factors causing 

exceptional water clarity in Lakes Mendota and Monona, Wisconsin: Proc. of the 

International Limnological Society, SIL, Dublin, Ireland, August, 1998. 

Magnuson, J.J., Robertson, D.M. Wynne, R.H., Benson, B.J., Livigstone, D.M., Arai, T., 

Assel, R.A., Barry, R.G., Card, V., Kuusisto, E., Granin, N.G., Prowse, T.D., Stewart, 

K.M., and Vuglinski, V.S., 2000, Historical trends in lake and river ice cover in the 

northern hemisphere: Science, Vol. 289, No. 5485, p. 1743–1746. 

Magnuson, J.J., Wynne, R.H., Benson, B.J., and Robertson, D.M., 2000, Lake and river 

ice as a powerful indicator of past and present climates: Proc. of the International 

Limnological Society, SIL, Dublin, Ireland, August, 1998. 

Robertson, D.M., 2000, One-dimensional simulation of stratification and dissolved 

oxygen in McCook Reservoir, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources 

Investigations Report 00–4258, 17 p. 

Robertson, D.M., Goddard, G.L., Helsel, D.R., and MacKinnon, K.L., 2000, 

Rehabilitation of Delavan Lake, Wisconsin: Lake and Reservoir Management, vol. 

20, vo. 3, p. 155–176. 

Robertson, D.M., and Rose, W.J., 2000, Hydrology, water quality, and phosphorus 

loading of Little St. Germain Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water Resources Investigations Report 00–4209, 8 p. 

191 
Robertson, D.M., Wynne, R.H., and Chang, W.Y.B., 2000, Variability in ice cover across 

the northern hemisphere during the 1900's associated with El Nino events: 

Proceedings of the International Limnological Society, SIL, Dublin, Ireland, August, 

1998. 

Saad, D.A., and Robertson, D.M., 2000, Water-resources-related information for the St. 

Croix Reservation and vicinity, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources 

Investigations Report 00–4133, 65 p. 

Johnson, G.P., Hornewer, N.J., Robertson, D.M., and Olson, D.T., 2000, Methodology, 

data collection, and data analysis for determination of water-mixing patterns induced 

by aerators and mixers: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations 

Report 00–4101, 72 p. 

Grannemann, N.G., Hunt, R.J., Nicholas, J.R. Reilly, T.E., and Winter, T.C., 2000, The 

importance of ground water to the Great Lakes Region: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water Resources Investigations Report 00–4008, 12 p. 

1999 

Lathrop, R.C., Carpenter, S.R., and Robertson, D.M., 1999, Summer water clarity 

responses to phosphorus, Daphnia grazing, and internal mixing in Lake Mendota: 

Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 44, no. 1, p. 137–146. 

Krohelski, J.T., Feinstein, D.T., and Lenz, B.N., 1999, Simulation of stage and 

hydrologic budget for Shell Lake, Washburn County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99–4209, 23 p. 

Panuska, J.C., and Robertson, D.M., 1999, Estimating phosphorus concentrations 

following alum treatment using apparent settling velocities: Lakes and Reservoir 

Management, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 28–38. 

1998 

Hunt, R.J, Anderson, M.P., and Kelson, V.A., 1998, Improving a complex finitedifference ground water flow model through the use of an analytic element screening 

model: Ground Water, vol. 36, no. 6, p. 1011–1017. 

Hunt, R.J, Anderson, M.P., and Kelson, V.A., 1998, Linking an analytic element flow 

code to MODFLOW— Implementation and benefits, In MODFLOW’98: Proceedings 

of the 3rd International Conference of the International Ground Water Center. 

Golden, CO: Colorado School of Mines, p 477–504. 

Krabbenhoft, D.P., Gilmour, C.C., Benoit, J.M., Babiarz, C.L., Andren, A.W., and Hurley, 

J.P., 1998, Methyl mercury dynamics in littoral sediments of a temperate lake: 

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 55, p. 835–844. 

Robertson, D.M., Elder, J.F., Goddard, G.L., and James, W.F., 1998, Dynamics in 

phosphorus retention in wetlands upstream of Delavan Lake, Wisconsin: Lakes and 

Reservoir Management, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 466–477. 

Rose, W.J., and Robertson, D.M., 1998, Hydrology, water quality, and phosphorus 

loading of Kirby Lake, Barron County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 

FS–066–98, 4 p. 

192 
Walker, J.F. and Krabbenhoft, D.P., 1998, Groundwater and surface-water interactions 

in riparian and lake-dominated systems, In Kendall, C. and McDonnell, J.J. eds., 

Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology, Elsevier Publishing, New York, 839 p. 

1997 

Elder, J.F., Manion, B.J., and Goddard, G.L., 1997, Mesocosm experiments to assess 

factors affecting phosphorus retention and release in an extended Wisconsin 

wetland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97–4272, 

14 p. 

Goddard, G.L., and Elder, J.F., 1997, Retention of sediments and nutrients in Jackson 

Creek Wetland near Delavan Lake, Wisconsin, 1993–95: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Resources Investigations Report 97–4014, 22 p. 

Hornewer, N.J., Johnson, G.P., Robertson, D.M. and Hondzo, M., 1997, Field-scale 

tests for determining mixing patterns associated with coarse-bubble air diffuser 

configurations, Egan Quarry, Illinois, In Environmental and Coastal Hydraulics: 

Protecting the Aquatic Habitat, Proceedings of the International Association of 

Hydraulic Research, San Francisco, CA, USA, p. 57–63. 

Robertson, D.M., 1997, Regionalized loads of sediment and phosphorus to Lakes 

Michigan and Superior—High flow and long-term average: Journal of Great Lakes 

Research, vol. 23, p. 416–439. 

1996 

Anderson, W.L., Robertson, D.M., and Magnuson, J.J., 1996, Evidence of recent 

warming and El Nino-related variation in ice breakup of Wisconsin lakes: Limnology 

and Oceanography, vol. 41, p. 815–821. 

Elder, J.F. and Goddard, G.L., 1996, Sediment and nutrient trapping efficiency of a 

constructed wetland near Delavan Lake, Wisconsin, 1993–1995: U.S. Geological 

Survey Fact Sheet FS–232–96. 

Garn, H.S., Olson, D.L., Seidel, T.L., and Rose, W.J., 1996, Hydrology and water quality 

of Lauderdale Lakes, Walworth County, Wisconsin, 1993–94: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96–4235, 29 p. 

Hunt, R.J. and Krohelski, J.T., 1996, The application of an analytical element model to 

investigate groundwater-lake interactions at Pretty Lake, Wisconsin: Lake and 

Reservoir Management, vol. 12, p. 487–495. 

Imberger, J., Robertson, D.M., and Boland, K., 1996, Lake Number—A quantitative 

indicator of mixing to be used in water quality management: Scientific Impeller, 

Solna, Sweden, no. 4, p. 9–15. 

Kammerer, P.A., Jr., 1996, Hydrology and water quality of Park Lake, South-central 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS–197–96. 

Robertson, D.M., Field, S.J, Elder, J.F., Goddard, G.L., and James, W.F., 1996, 

Phosphorus dynamics of Delavan Lake Inlet in southeastern Wisconsin: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96–4160, 18 p. 

1995 

193 
Assel, R.A. and Robertson, D.M. 1995, Changes in winter air temperatures near Lake 

Michigan during 1851–1993, as determined from regional lake-ice records: 

Limnology and Oceanography, v. 40, p 165–176. 

Assel, R.A., Robertson, D.M., Hoff, M.H., and Selgeby, J.H., 1995, Climatic-change 

implications from long-term (1823–1994) ice records near the Laurentian Great 

Lakes: Annals of Glaciology, vol. 21, p. 383–386. 

Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Webster, K.E., 1995, Transient hydrogeological controls on the 

chemistry of a seepage lake: Water Resources Research, vol. 31, no. 9, p. 2295– 

2305. 

Krohelski, J.T. and Batten, W.G., 1995, Simulation of stage and the hydrologic budget 

of Devils Lake, Sauk County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

94–348, 22 p. 

Wentz, D.A., Rose, W.J., and Webster, K.E., 1995, Long-term hydrologic and 

biogeochemical responses of a soft water seepage lake in north central Wisconsin: 

Water Resources Research, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 199–212. 

1994 

Elder, J.F., 1994, Distribution and grain-size partitioning of metals in bottom sediments 

of an experimentally acidified lake: Water Resources Bulletin, vol. 30, no. 2, p. 251– 

259. 

Goddard, G.L., and Field, S.J., 1994, Hydrology and water quality of Whitewater and 

Rice Lakes in southeastern Wisconsin, 1990–91: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 94–4101, 36 p. 

Greb, S.R., and Wentz, D.A., 1994, Chemical budgets, In Klepinger, K.E., ed., RILWAS 

1983–86: Wisconsin Regional Integrated Lake Watershed Acidification Study, 

Volume 1: Madison, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBL–RS–909– 

94, Chapter 7, 20 p. 

Hurley, J.P., Krabbenhoft, D.P., Babiarz, C.L., and Andren, A.W., 1994, Cycling 

processes of mercury across sediment/water interfaces in seepage lakes, In Baker, 

L.A. ed., Environmental Chemistry of Lakes and Reservoirs: Advances in Chemistry 

Series, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., p. 426–449. 

Krabbenhoft, D.P., Bowser, C.J., Kendall, C., and Gat, J.R., 1994, Use of oxygen-19 

and deuterium to assess the hydrology of ground-water/lake systems, In Baker, L.A. 

ed., Environmental Chemistry of Lakes and Reservoirs: Advances in Chemistry 

Series, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., p. 67–90. 

Robertson, D.M., Anderson, W., and Magnuson, J.J., 1994, Relations between El 

Nino/Southern Oscillation events and the climate and ice cover of lakes in 

Wisconsin, In Greenland, D. ed., El Nino and Long-Term Ecological Research 

(LTER) Sites: Publication No. 18. LTER Network Office: University of Washington, 

Seattle, WA, USA., p. 48–57. 

Robertson, D.M. and Imberger, J. 1994, Lake Number, a quantitative indicator of mixing 

used to estimate changes in dissolved oxygen, Internationale Revue der gesamten 

Hydrobiologie, v. 79, p. 159–176. 

Watras, C.J., Bloom, N.S., Hurley, J.P., Fitzgerald, W.F., Andren, A.W., Krabbenhoft, 

D.P., and Porcella, D.B., 1994, Sources and fates of mercury and methylmercury in 

194 
 

Wisconsin lakes, In Watras and Huckabee eds., Mercury as a Global Pollutant: 

Intergration and Synthesis, Lewis Pub., Chelsea, MI., p 153–177. 

Wentz, D.A., 1994, Chemistry of snowpack and ground water, In Klepinger, K.E., ed., 

RILWAS 1983–86: Wisconsin regional integrated lake watershed acidification study, 

volume 1: Madison, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBL–RS–909– 

94, chapter 6, 45 p. 

Wentz, D.A., Krohelski, J.T., and Rose, W.J., 1994, Hydrology, In Klepinger, K.E., ed., 

RILWAS 1983–86: Wisconsin regional integrated lake watershed acidification study, 

volume 1: Madison, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBL–RS–909– 

94, chapter 7, 74 p. 

1993 

Field, S.J., 1993, Hydrology and water quality of Powers Lake, southeastern Wisconsin: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90–4126, 36 p. 

Field, S.J., 1993, Hydrology and water quality of Wind Lake in southeastern Wisconsin: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91–4107, 61 p. 

House, L.B., 1993, Simulation of the effects of hypothetical residential development on 

water levels in Graber Pond, Middleton, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 92–4029, 10 p. 

House, L.B., Waschbusch, R.J., and Hughes, P.E., 1993, Water quality of an urban wet 

detention pond in Madison, Wisconsin, 1987–88: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 93–172, 57 p. 

Hughes, P.E., 1993, Hydrology, water quality, trophic status, and aquatic plants of 

Fowler Lake, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 

Report 91–4076, 44 p. 

Rose, W.J., 1993, Hydrology of Little Rock Lake in Vilas County, north-central 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93– 

4139, 22 p. 

Rose, W.J., 1993, Water and phosphorus budgets and trophic state, Balsam Lake, 

northwestern Wisconsin, 1987–1989: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 91–4125, 28 p. 

1992 

Elder, J.F., Krabbenhoft, D.P, and Walker, J.F., 1992, Water, energy, and 

biogeochemical budgets (WEBB) program: Data availability and research at the 

northern temperate lakes site, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

92–48, 15 p. 

Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Babiarz, C.L., 1992, Role of groundwater transport in aquatic 

mercury cycling: Water Resources Research, vol. 28, no. 12, p. 3119–3128. 

Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Krohelski, J.T., 1992, Data on water quality, lake sediment, and 

lake-level fluctuation, St. Croix Indian Reservation, Wisconsin, 1981–87: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 92–26, 53 p. 

Robertson, D.M., Ragotzkie, R.A., and Magnuson, J.J. 1992, Lake ice records used to 

detect historical and future climatic changes: Climatic Change, v. 21, p. 407–427. 

195 
 

1991 

Wentz, D.A., and Rose, W.J., 1991, Hydrology of Lakes Clara and Vandercook in northcentral Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 

89–4204, 24 p. 

Watras, C.J., Andre, A.W., Bloom, N.S., Fitzgerald, W.F., Hurley, J.P., Krabbenhoft, 

D.P., Rada, R.G., Wiener, J.G., 1991, Mercury in temperate lakes: a mechanistic 

field study: Verhandlungen Internat. Verein. Limnologie, 24, p. 2199–2202. 

Pre-1990 

Walker, J.F., Pickard, S.A., and Sonzogni, W.C., 1989 Spreadsheet watershed 

modeling for nonpoint-source pollution management in a Wisconsin basin: Water 

Resources Bulletin, vol. 25, no. 1, p. 139–147. 

Wentz, D.A., Garrison, P.J., and Bockheim, J.G., 1989, Section 7—Chemical inputoutput budgets, In Knauer, D., and Brouwer, S.A., eds., The Wisconsin regional 

integrated lake watershed acidification study (RILWAS)—1981–1983: Palo Alto, 

California, Electric Power Research Institute Report EA–6214, p. 7–1 to 7–30. 

Wentz, D.A., and Rose, W.J., 1989, Interrelationships among hydrologic-budget 

components of a northern Wisconsin seepage lake and implications for aciddeposition modeling: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 

18, p. 147–155. 

Wentz, D.A., Rose, W.J., and Krohelski, J.T., 1989, Section 5—Hydrologic component, 

in Knauer, D., and Brouwer, S.A., eds., The Wisconsin regional integrated lake 

watershed acidification study (RILWAS)—1981–1983: Palo Alto, California, Electric 

Power Research Institute Report EA–6214, p. 5–1 to 5–77. 

Field, S.J., and Duerk, M.D., 1988, Hydrology and water quality of Delavan Lake in 

southeastern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 

Report 87–4168, 61 p. 

Krug, W.R., Ostenso, N.A., and Krohelski, J.T., 1988, Prediction of the effects of mine 

dewatering on four lakes near Crandon, Wisconsin, by use of a water-budget model: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87–471, 63 p. 

Wentz, D.A., Krohelski, J.T., Rose, W.J., Bockheim, J.G., Garrison, P.J., Knauer, D.R., 

and Goldstein, R.A., 1987, Hydrologic and chemical budgets of Wisconsin lakes, In 

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and Technical Advances, Selper Ltd., London, p. 309–316. 

House, L.B., 1986, Stage fluctuations of Wisconsin Lakes: Wisconsin Geological and 

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practices in the Rock River basin, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 83–4186, 21 p. 

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construction on impoundment on Bridge Creek at Augusta, Wisconsin: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Open-File Report 81–1192, 25 p. 

196 
Krug, W.R., 1981, Hydrologic effects of proposed changes in management practices, 

Winnebago Pool, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations 80–107, 19 p. 

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Reservoir, northwestern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 

2069, 30 p. 

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Investigations 79–100, 31 p. 

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Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 77–18, 35 p. 

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basin, Dane County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations 17–75, 31 p. 

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Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Administrative Report, 9 p. 

197 
------------------------------------------------------------- 

APPENDIX 

Wisconsin Lakes Team 

Quality-Assurance Plan 

Most lake studies and monitoring programs that are conducted by the USGS Wisconsin 

Water Science Center entail water sampling and analysis to determine water quality and 

biological productivity. Because all sampling and analysis is subject to error and random 

variablility, a certain proportion of the sampling effort should include quality-assurance 

samples. These samples are collected and/or prepared solely for the purpose of 

assessing the magnitude of error and random variability so that the accuracy and 

precision of all data can be evaluated. The plan for this quality-assurance sampling is 

described below. 

Three types of QA/QC samples are collected: 

blanks 

Provide information about accuracy and errors due to treatment or reagents 

replicates 

provide information about precision (variability) 

standard additions (spikes) 

provide information about accuracy and matrix interferences 

Blank Sampling 

B1. A preservation blank is prepared for each month of lake sampling. This consists 

of deionized water or inorganic blank water, to which is added any reagents or 

preservatives that are normally added to natural water samples. The blank is not taken 

to the field, but is shipped to the laboratory for analysis along with the natural water 

samples. 

This blank sample is analyzed for the Nutrient Group1

 and chlorophyll-a. 

B2. At one randomly-chosen lake each month, a field blank is prepared. This consists 

of deionized water or inorganic blank water treated exactly the same as regular 

samples. During winter, the field blank is analyzed for total phosphorus (TP) only; during 

summer, it is analyzed for TP and chlorophyll-a, and in the spring it is analyzed for the 

Nutrient Group and chlorophyll-a. 

1

Nutrient Group = all phosphorus and nitrogen species that are commonly determined in 

lakes (total phosphorus, nitrate + nitrite, ammonia, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total nitrogen) 

198 
Replicate Sampling 

R1. At all lakes in the program, triplicate samples are taken near water surface in summer for 

analysis of total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a. At two of these lakes, a set of triplicate samples is 

also taken from near-bottom water, for analysis of total phosphorus. 

R2. At three selected lakes in the spring (different lakes each year), triplicate samples are taken 

near water surface for analysis of Nutrient Group. 

R3. At one lake each year, 5 replicate samples are taken near water surface for analysis of total 

phosphorus and chlorophyll-a. 

Standard Addition Testing 

S1. At Delavan Lake and one other lake (to be determined each year), 5 replicate samples are 

taken in August for a standard addition (spike) test. The spike consists of addition of a prepared 

phosphorus solution (standard) of known volume and concentration, such that the expected result of 

analysis is the natural water TP concentration plus the known addition. One sample from each set will 

receive no spike (the mean of these gives the natural water TP concentration). 

Data and results of replicate sampling and field blank testing in water year 2007 are shown in Table 

A1. 

199 
Table A1. Analyses of replicate samples from Wisconsin lakes in water years 2001-2006. See text for procedures used. Phosphorus 

data in milligrams per liter; chlorophyll data in micrograms per liter. Symbol "<" indicates less than given detection limit (DL); mean and 

stabdard deviation not calculated for datasets containing values less than DL. 

Percent 

Standard Standard 

Parameter Lake Date Replicate Data Mean Deviation Deviation 

Buffalo 7/23/01 0.276 0.275 0.277 0.276 0.001 0.4 

Delavan 7/15/01 0.027 0.027 0.031 0.028 0.002 8.2

Delavan 8/19/01 0.031 0.027 0.035 0.031 0.004 12.9

Geneva 7/15/01 0.005 <0.005 <0.005 

Little Green 7/23/01 0.069 0.074 0.072 0.072 0.003 3.5 

Middle 6/17/01 0.012 0.012 0.017 0.016 0.014 0.003 18.5

Muskego 4/18/01 0.039 0.044 0.047 0.043 0.004 9.3

Muskego 7/25/01 0.030 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.001 1.9

Oconomowoc 7/17/01 0.010 0.011 0.010 0.010 0.001 5.6

Oconomowoc 8/23/01 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.001 10.0

Okauchee 8/20/01 0.013 0.015 0.015 0.014 0.001 8.1

Red Cedar 7/9/01 0.021 0.022 0.022 0.001 3.3

Delavan 7/15/02 0.026 0.026 0.027 0.031 0.028 0.002 8.7

Geneva 7/16/02 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.000 0.0

Little Muskego 7/1/02 0.016 0.016 0.017 0.016 0.001 3.5 

Potter 8/5/02 0.041 0.036 0.042 0.043 0.041 0.041 0.003 6.7

Little St. Germain 7/22/02 0.061 0.060 0.059 0.060 0.001 1.7 

 Total Phosphorus Delavan 4/14/03 0.057 0.057 0.057 0.057 0.000 0.0

Delavan 8/12/03 0.044 0.043 0.041 0.043 0.002 3.6

Lac La Belle 8/19/03 0.015 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.002 13.3

Butternut 8/13/03 0.040 0.042 0.041 0.001 3.4 

Delavan 7/20/04 0.031 0.020 0.041 0.031 0.011 34.3* 

Big Cedar 8/18/04 0.012 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.001 4.9

Big Cedar, South 7/19/05 0.015 0.015 0.009 0.013 0.003 26.6 

Delavan 8/16/05 0.032 0.029 0.027 0.029 0.003 8.6 

Middle 8/25/05 0.014 0.012 0.013 0.017 0.013 0.014 0.002 13.9

Puckaway, West 7/18/05 0.309 0.310 0.313 0.311 0.002 0.7 

Upper Nemahbin 8/24/05 0.015 0.017 0.018 0.039 0.023 0.022 0.010 43.5 

Big Cedar 8/30/06 0.035 0.034 0.032 0.034 0.002 4.5

Delavan 6/13/06 0.062 0.045 0.054 0.012 22.5 

Delavan 8/15/06 0.030 0.028 0.029 0.026 0.028 0.002 6.0 

Beulah 8/30/07 0.017 0.015 0.016 0.001 8.8

Delavan 4/16/07 0.040 0.038 0.039 0.001 3.6 

Spring 9/6/07 0.008 0.007 0.008 0.001 9.4 

Geneva 7/15/01 0.017 0.020 0.021 0.019 0.002 10.8

Red Cedar 7/9/01 0.187 0.228 0.262 0.226 0.038 16.6 

Total Phosphorus, Wind 7/8/02 0.084 0.089 0.092 0.088 0.004 4.6

near bottom Wind 8/19/03 0.194 0.192 0.165 0.184 0.016 8.8

Wind 7/11/05 0.380 0.378 0.394 0.384 0.009 2.3 

Wind 7/10/06 0.380 0.378 0.394 0.384 0.009 2.3 

Delavan 7/15/01 0.010 <0.002 <0.007 

Geneva 4/17/01 <0.002 <0.002 

 Dissolved 

Oconomowoc 8/23/01 0.002 <0.002 <0.002 Phosphorus 

Delavan 4/14/03 0.022 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.001 2.5 

Beulah 8/30/07 <0.002 <0.002 

200 
Percent 

Standard Standard 

Parameter Lake Date Replicate Data Mean Deviation Deviation 

Delavan 7/15/01 0.026 0.013 0.021 0.020 0.007 32.8 

Geneva 4/17/01 0.014 0.022 0.018 0.006 31.4 

Dissolved Ammonia Muskego 4/18/01 0.086 0.083 0.084 0.084 0.002 1.8 

Oconomowoc 8/23/01 0.027 0.028 0.022 0.026 0.003 12.5 

Delavan 4/14/03 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 

Beulah 8/30/07 0.170 0.190 0.180 0.014 7.9 

Delavan 7/15/01 0.560 0.580 0.560 0.567 0.012 2.0 

Geneva 4/17/01 0.390 0.390 0.390 0.000 0.0 

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Muskego 

Oconomowoc 

4/18/01 

8/23/01 

1.200 

0.490 

1.100 

0.500 

1.200 

0.520 

1.167 

0.503 

0.058 

0.015 

4.9 

3.0 

Delavan 4/14/03 0.640 0.640 0.620 0.633 0.012 1.8 

Beulah 8/30/07 0.510 0.420 0.465 0.064 13.7 

Delavan 7/15/01 0.014 0.008 0.007 0.010 0.004 39.2 

Geneva 4/17/01 0.113 0.115 0.114 0.001 1.2 

Dissolved Nitrate plus Muskego 4/18/01 0.102 0.103 0.104 0.103 0.001 1.0 

Nitrite Oconomowoc 8/23/01 0.370 0.371 0.369 0.370 0.001 0.3 

Delavan 4/14/04 <0.022 <0.022 <0.022 

Beulah 8/30/07 <0.019 <0.019 

Buffalo 7/23/01 14.0 16.0 17.0 15.7 1.5 9.8 

Delavan 7/15/01 4.9 4.0 4.8 4.6 0.5 10.8 

Geneva 7/15/01 <1.0 <1.0 1.1 

Little Green 7/23/01 23.0 24.0 24.0 23.7 0.6 2.4 

Middle 6/17/01 1.6 4.7 3.2 2.2 69.6 

Muskego 7/25/01 6.6 3.2 3.2 4.3 2.0 45.3 

Oconomowoc 7/17/01 2.6 2.8 2.3 2.6 0.3 9.8 

Okauchee 8/20/01 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 

Powers 7/25/01 4.8 5.0 5.5 5.1 0.4 7.1 

Red Cedar 7/9/01 5.2 3.7 4.5 1.1 23.8 

Delavan 7/15/02 9.7 6.9 8.0 8.1 8.2 1.2 14.1 

Chlorophyll-a 

(micrograms per liter) 

Geneva 

Little Muskego 

7/16/02 

7/1/02 

0.74 

1.74 

1.00 

1.50 

0.96 

1.34 

0.9 

1.5 

0.1 

0.2 

15.6 

13.2 

Potter 8/5/02 10.8 10.3 11.9 9.77 11.0 10.8 0.8 7.4 

Little St. Germain 7/22/02 63.8 62.2 69.7 65.2 4.0 6.1 

Lac La Belle 8/19/03 3.3 3.7 3.5 3.5 0.2 5.3 

Butternut 8/13/03 44.00 46.10 45.20 45.1 1.1 2.3 

Delavan 7/20/04 10.4 11.6 10.5 10.8 0.7 6.1 

Big Cedar 8/18/04 8.36 8.56 8.61 8.51 0.13 1.6 

Big Cedar, South 7/19/05 3.13 3.10 2.63 2.95 0.28 9.49 

Middle 8/25/05 4.45 4.48 4.82 4.70 4.40 4.58 0.21 4.48 

Puckaway, West 7/18/05 174.00 178.00 168.00 173.33 5.03 2.90 

Big Cedar, South 8/29/06 8.02 7.56 8.20 7.93 0.33 4.16 

Beulah 8/30/07 4.05 3.78 3.92 0.19 4.88 

Spring 9/6/07 2.47 2.79 2.63 0.23 8.60 

Turbidity, NTU Beulah 8/30/07 <1.0 <1.0 

Dissolved Calcium Beulah 8/30/07 42.8 41 41.9 1.273 3.0 

Diss. Magnesium Beulah 8/30/07 32.7 31.2 31.95 1.061 3.3 

Diss. Potassium Beulah 8/30/07 1.5 1.4 1.45 0.071 4.9 

Dissolved Sodium Beulah 8/30/07 8.8 8.5 8.65 0.212 2.5 

ANC as CaCO3 Beulah 8/30/07 192 193 192.5 0.707 0.4 

Spring 9/6/07 6.6 6.4 6.5 0.141 2.2 

Diss. Chloride Beulah 8/30/07 20.3 20.4 20.35 0.071 0.3 

Dissolved Silica Beulah 8/30/07 15.2 15.3 15.25 0.071 0.5 

Spring 9/6/07 0.105 0.111 0.108 0.004 3.9 

Dissolved Sulfate Beulah 8/30/07 26.1 26.2 26.15 0.071 0.3 

Dissolved Iron Beulah 8/30/07 <100 <100 

Diss. Manganese Beulah 8/30/07 <0.5 <0.5 

*Algal bloom on lake. 

201 
 

 

Table A2. Data from tests of blanks, 2001-2007. All data in milligrams per liter, unless otherwise indicated. 

< = less than given detection limit; E = estimated value. 

Delavan Lake. Analyses at USGS National Water Quality Laboratory, Lakewood, CO. 

Parameter 2/19/01 4/17/01 7/15/01 2/21/02 4/17/02 7/14/02 2/20/03 4/16/03 4/7/06 6/13/06 8/14/06 4/16/07
 

Total P E 0.003 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 0.006 E 0.002 < 0.004 < 0.004 E 0.002 < 0.004 <0.004
 

Dissolved orthophosphate < 0.007 < 0.007 < 0.007 < 0.007 <0.006 <0.006 E0.003 <0.004
 

Chlorophyll a < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.0260 < 0.0260 < 0.0260 <0.260
 

Chlorophyll b < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1
 

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as N) < 0.08 < 0.10 E 0.05 E 0.05 < 0.10
 

Ammonia (as N) < 0.02 0.037 0.034 < 0.015 

Nitrate + Nitrite (as N) < 0.05 E 0.011 0.008 < 0.022 

Big Cedar Lake, south site, near West Bend, WI. Analyses at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI 

Parameter 4/22/02 8/8/02 

Total P < 0.005 < 0.005 

Dissolved orthophosphate < 0.002 

Chlorophyll a < 1.00 < 0.26 

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as N) < 0.14 

Ammonia (as N) < 0.013 

Nitrate + Nitrite (as N) < 0.010 

Calcium, dissolved < 0.20 

Magnesium, dissolved < 0.20 

Potassium, dissolved < 1.0 

Sodium, dissolved < 0.10 

Iron, dissolved (micrograms per liter) < 100 

per liter) < 1 

Lake Beulah at Deep Hole near East Troy, WI. Analysis at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI 

Parameter 4/16/07 

Total P <0.005 

Dissolved orthophosphate 0.005 

Total Kjeldahl <0.14 

Dissolved Ammonia <0.15 

Dissolved Nitrate plus Nitrite <0.019 

Chlorophyll a (ug/L) <0.260 

Dissolved Calcium <0.10 

Dissolved Magnesium <0.10 

Dissolved Potassium <0.10 

Dissolved Sodium 0.200 

ANC as CaCO3 <2 

Dissolved Chloride <1.0 

Dissolved Silica <0.22 

Dissolved Sulfate <4.5 

Dissolved Iron <100 

Dissolved Manganese <0.5 

Little Cedar Lake, south site, near West Bend, WI. Analyses at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI 

Parameter 4/29/03 

Total P < 0.005 

Dissolved orthophosphate < 0.002 

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as N) < 0.14 

Ammonia (as N) < 0.013 

Nitrate + Nitrite (as N) 0.016 

Little Cedar Lake, North site, near West Bend, WI. Analyses at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI 

Parameter 2/21/03 

Total P < 0.005 

202 
Table A2. -- continued 

Rolling Stone Lake near Pickerel, WI. Analysis at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI 

Parameter 8/29/07 

Total P <0.005 

Chlorophyll a (ug/L) <0.260 

ANC as CaCO3 2 

Dissolved Silica <0.022 

Wind Lake at Wind Lake, WI. Analyses at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI 

Parameter 6/13/06 

Total P < 0.005 

Chlorophyll a (ug/L) <0.260 

203 
 

Table A3. Data (for 2003-2007) from standard addition tests using stock solution containing 5.00 mg/L phosphorus. 

See text for detail of procedures. All concentration data in milligrams per liter. 

Original Stock Solution Final Actual 

Sample Volume Added Expected Detected Percent 

Lake, Date Concentration (milliliters) Concentration Concentration Recovery 

Delavan, August 12, 2003 0.043 0.310 0.056 0.058 116% 

0.043 1.250 0.094 0.099 108% 

Delavan, August 16, 2005 0.029 0.188 0.036 0.037 103% 

0.029 0.75 0.059 0.063 107% 

No Spike data in 2006 

No Spike data in 2007 

204