IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

June 11, 2020 Session

SHEILA MIKEL v. TENNESSEE DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN’S 

SERVICES

Appeal from the Chancery Court for Bradley County

No. 2018-CV-340 Jerri S. Bryant, Judge

No. E2019-02112-COA-R3-CV

A foster parent appealed the removal of two foster children from her home. This appeal 

arises from a petition for judicial review of the Tennessee Department of Children’s 

Services Administrative Procedures Division’s decision to dismiss the foster parent’s 

appeal on the basis of mootness. The Chancery Court affirmed the Commissioner’s 

decision. Finding substantial and material evidence in support of the Commissioner’s 

decision, we affirm. 

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court

Affirmed; Case Remanded

JOHN W. MCCLARTY, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D. MICHAEL 

SWINEY, C.J., and THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, J., joined.

W. Neil Thomas, III and Curtis Bowe, III, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant, 

Sheila Mikel.

Herbert H. Slatery, III, Attorney General and Reporter; Andrée Sophia Blumstein, 

Solicitor General; and Jordan K. Crews, Assistant Attorney General, for the appellee, 

Tennessee Department of Children’s Services. 

OPINION

I. BACKGROUND

A.K. and S.K. (“the Children”) were born in July of 2003 and February of 2007, 

respectively. Years later, the Juvenile Court for Bradley County, Tennessee, awarded 

custody of the Children to the Tennessee Department of Children’s Services (“DCS”). 

07/21/2020
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The rights of the Children’s biological parents were terminated. DCS referred the 

Children to Omni Visions, Inc. (“Omni”), a licensed child-placing agency.

1

 Omni is not 

a state agency, but is under contract with DCS to provide foster care placement. Sheila 

Mikel (“Appellant”) was once a therapist working for Omni’s sister company, Omni 

Community Health. In that role, she was the Children’s therapist for an unspecified time. 

Omni approved and opened Appellant’s home as a pre-adoptive foster home for the 

Children. On June 30, 2016, Omni placed the Children in Appellant’s foster home. 

 

For the following year, Appellant nurtured and cared for the Children. In the 

summer of 2017, Appellant sought the advice of a psychiatrist who had been treating one 

of the Children, with DCS’s approval, after observing what Appellant considered to be 

unusual displays of behavior from that child. The psychiatrist consequently diagnosed 

one of the Children with Dissociative Identity Disorder. DCS questioned the diagnosis 

and requested an independent diagnosis, which resulted in a diagnosis of Post-Traumatic 

Stress Syndrome with Moderate Dissociation. Appellant states that at this time DCS 

began accusing her of providing “therapy” to the Children for Dissociative Identity 

Disorder, which she denies. 

On December 6, 2017, John Arias, a therapist who had been seeing the Children 

since December of 2016, sent a letter to DCS stating, in part, as follows:

[Appellant] approached this Clinician in approximately June 2017 about the 

possibility of both girls having Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). . . . 

[Appellant] reported that S. was given the diagnosis by a local psychiatrist 

because of a drawing she had provided without the psychiatrist 

interviewing the child. [Appellant] reported that she was going to meet 

with a “local expert” in the field of DID to learn more about how to treat 

her foster children. Both [the Children] participated in a battery of tests at 

the Southeast Center of Excellence on September 25, 2017 and it was 

determined that they did not have DID but they had in fact post-traumatic 

stress disorder (PTSD) from years of abuse by their biological parents. 

 

1

“Licensed child-placing agency” is defined as “any agency operating under a license to place children 

for adoption issued by [DCS], or operating under a license from any governmental authority from any 

other state or territory or the District of Columbia, or any agency that operates under the authority of 

another country with the right to make placement of children for adoption and that has, in [DCS]’s sole 

determination, been authorized to place children for adoption in this state. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-

102(32). “‘Child placing agency’ means any entity or person that places children in foster boarding 

homes or foster homes for temporary care or for adoption or any other entity or person or group of 

persons who are engaged in providing adoption studies or foster care studies or placement services as 

defined by the rules of [DCS].” Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-5-501(b)(7).
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It has come to my attention that [Appellant] continues to treat her foster 

children as if they have DID. [Appellant] also continues to provide the 

foster children with unlicensed and unsupervised DID therapy against the 

recommendation of their mental health therapist, the Southeast Center of 

Excellence, and [DCS]. Thus, it is my professional opinion that both [the 

Children] are being harmed both mentally and emotionally and can no 

longer be maintained safely by continuing to reside at their current foster 

home placement. It is my professional recommendation that both [the 

Children] be removed from their current foster home placement 

immediately and be placed in a home where they can experience both 

mental and emotional safety. 

(Emphasis in original).

According to Appellant, Mr. Arias’s therapy license was suspended in June of 

2016 and he was placed on probation for three years. Appellant does not know whether 

Mr. Arias’s license was reinstated by the time of his December 6, 2017, letter. That same 

day, Omni removed the Children from school without advance notice to Appellant. 

Appellant alleges that Omni lied to the school about the reason for taking the Children. 

The day after the Children’s removal, December 7, 2017, Appellant received a form titled 

Tennessee Department of Children’s Services Notice of Removal of a Child From a 

Foster Home. The notice was dated “12/7/17” and was issued and signed by Steve Dunn, 

Omni’s associate regional director. The notice read:

This is to advise you of plans to remove [the Children] from your foster 

home on 12/6/17. . . . We have determined that there is an imminent threat 

to the health, safety or well being of [the Children] if [they] are not 

removed from your home immediately because [of] Mental & Emotional 

Abuse. The fourteen (14) day notice does not apply in cases of imminent 

risk. . . . You may appeal the decision as explained below; however, an 

appeal will not stay the removal of the child[ren] from your home pending 

its outcome. 

By letter dated December 13, 2017, Omni informed Appellant, “at this time, your 

home has been closed. You have been closed in good standing which allows you the 

option of re-opening with Omni in the future.” 

Appellant appealed the removal of the Children from her home to DCS’s 

Administrative Procedures Division (“the agency”). On January 12, 2018, DCS filed a 

motion seeking dismissal of the appeal, arguing that there was no home to which the 
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Children could be returned because Appellant’s foster home had been closed by Omni on 

December 13, 2017, and the “State Rules do not provide a foster parent the right to 

appeal the closure of their home.” Appellant responded that her home had been closed in 

good standing with a chance of reopening. The Administrative Judge denied DCS’s 

motion. 

Following preliminary motions, a hearing took place before the Administrative 

Judge on April 11, 2018. DCS renewed its motion seeking dismissal of the appeal. Mr. 

Dunn testified that Omni provided foster care for the Children through a contract it held 

with DCS. Mr. Dunn explained that the Children were classified as Level 2 children, that 

is, children with enhanced behavioral issues. By contrast, Level 1 children are those with 

minimal behavioral issues, those who do not “have significant mental health issues,” and 

who typically function as “normal” children, said Mr. Dunn. DCS requested the 

Administrative Judge to take judicial notice that DCS foster homes care for Level 1 

children only; Level 2 children are “contracted out to different fostering agencies.” DCS 

stated that it “wouldn’t likely be willing to work with Appellant,” but that even if DCS 

wanted to breach the contract with Omni and open Appellant’s home as a DCS foster 

home, these Children could not be placed there because they are classified as Level 2. 

Mr. Dunn further testified that although Omni’s closure letter to Appellant stated that her 

home had been closed in good standing, Omni, in fact, had no intention of reopening 

Appellant’s home due to her “demeanor and unwillingness to listen to the professionals 

involved and to follow their direction.” Mr. Dunn testified that Appellant’s home “is not 

a home that we want representative of Omni Visions.” He explained that Omni does not 

close foster homes in bad standing “due to lawsuits and defamation issues.” The 

Administrative Judge noted that she lacked the authority to open an Omni foster home. 

Appellant’s counsel suggested that DCS may have the authority to “direct Omni Visions 

to reopen [Appellant’s] home.” Accordingly, the Administrative Judge held DCS’s 

motion in abeyance. 

The administrative proceedings continued on April 19, 2018. Appellant’s counsel 

argued that “it’s an obligation of [DCS] to figure out a way” to return the Children to 

Appellant. DCS again countered that the Children’s classification as Level 2 meant that 

DCS could not open Appellant’s home as a DCS foster home, and that “there is no 

mechanism for [DCS] to force Omni to open her home.” Appellant’s counsel affirmed 

that Appellant had not applied to reopen her foster home through another child placing 

agency, but noted that Omni’s intention not to reopen Appellant’s home had only been 

revealed during the April 11 hearing. The Administrative Judge reasoned that 

Appellant’s foster home had been closed for several months; that she had not applied to 

reopen the home; and that the matter of the Children’s removal had become moot because 

there was no method whereby the Children could be placed in Appellant’s home or care. 

By Order of Dismissal entered May 9, 2018, the Administrative Judge found that “during 
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the pendency of the appeal, Appellant’s foster home was closed by Omni Visions. 

Consequently, as [Appellant’s] home is no longer an approved foster home, 

circumstances have changed and the remedy sought through this appeal cannot be 

granted.” The Administrative Judge concluded that the appeal of the removal of the 

Children was moot and dismissed the appeal. 

Appellant appealed to the Commissioner. By order entered September 21, 2018, 

the Commissioner’s Designee affirmed the Administrative Judge’s decision. On October 

16, 2018, Appellant petitioned for judicial review in the Chancery Court, pursuant to the 

Uniform Administrative Procedures Act, Tennessee Code Annotated section 4-5-322. 

Appellant’s petition challenged the dismissal of the administrative appeal and alleged that 

the Children’s removal from her foster home violated DCS regulations and denied her

substantive and procedural due process. As before, DCS moved for dismissal of the 

petition on the basis of mootness. By order entered July 10, 2019, the Chancery Court 

found “[Appellant] is no longer certified as a foster home. There is nothing to show she 

has asked to become one and has been denied. This Court, therefore, does not have any 

specific authority to order the children returned to her. Additionally, the Court does not 

have specific authority to order children into a specific home.” The court further found 

that “there ha[ve] been no specific allegations of irregularity in the procedure before the 

agency that are not shown in the record and proof does not need to be taken.” The 

Chancery Court found that the case was moot, affirmed the Administrative Judge’s 

ruling, and dismissed the petition.2

 Due to delay in the parties’ receipt of the Chancery Court’s order, the court set 

aside its order for the sole purpose of reentering it on November 25, 2019. This appeal 

followed. 

II. ISSUE

The dispositive issue on appeal is whether substantial and material evidence 

supports the agency’s decision to dismiss the appeal from the Notice of Removal on the 

basis of mootness. 

 

2 The Chancery Court also denied the motion for summary judgment that Appellant filed regarding her

due process argument. The court found that “Rule 56 ha[d] not been properly followed,” noting that 

“[t]here is no citation to the record and no facts can be added to the record in the affidavit of [Appellant].”
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III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Courts defer to the decisions of administrative agencies when they are acting 

within their area of specialized knowledge, experience, and expertise. Accordingly, 

judicial review of an agency’s action follows the narrow, statutorily defined standard of 

review contained in the Uniform Administrative Procedures Act (“UAPA”), Tennessee

Code Annotated section 4-5-322(h), rather than the broad standard of review used in 

other civil appeals. Wayne County v. Tenn. Solid Waste Disposal Control Bd., 756 

S.W.2d 274, 279 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988). Section 4-5-322 provides for judicial review of 

an agency’s decision as follows:

(h) The court may affirm the decision of the agency or remand the case for 

further proceedings. The court may reverse or modify the decision if the 

rights of the petitioner have been prejudiced because the administrative 

findings, inferences, conclusions or decisions are:

(1) In violation of constitutional or statutory provisions;

(2) In excess of the statutory authority of the agency;

(3) Made upon unlawful procedure;

(4) Arbitrary or capricious or characterized by abuse of discretion or clearly 

unwarranted exercise of discretion; or

(5)(A) Unsupported by evidence that is both substantial and material in the 

light of the entire record.

(B) In determining the substantiality of evidence, the court shall take into

account whatever in the record fairly detracts from its weight, but the court 

shall not substitute its judgment for that of the agency as to the weight of 

the evidence on questions of fact.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 4-5-322(h).

Under the UAPA, this Court must apply the substantial and material evidence 

standard to the agency’s factual findings. City of Memphis v. Civil Serv. Comm’n, 239 

S.W.3d 202, 207 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007). Substantial and material evidence is “‘such 

relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept to support a rational conclusion and 

such as to furnish a reasonably sound basis for the action under consideration.’” Macon 

v. Shelby Cnty. Gov’t Civil Serv. Merit Bd., 309 S.W.3d 504, 508 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009) 
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(quoting Pruitt v. City of Memphis, No. W2004-01771-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 2043542, 

at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 24, 2005)). “The substantial and material evidence standard 

has also been described as requiring something less than a preponderance of the evidence 

but more than a scintilla or glimmer.” Beard v. Bd. of Professional Responsibility, 288 

S.W.3d 838, 855 (Tenn. 2009) (internal quotation omitted). “The narrower scope of 

review used to review an agency’s factual determinations suggests that, unlike other civil 

appeals, the courts should be less confident that their judgment is preferable to that of the 

agency.” Wayne County, 756 S.W.2d at 279 (citing 2 C. Koch, Administrative Law & 

Practice § 9.4 (1985)).

IV. DISCUSSION

In her brief, Appellant declares that “[t]he relief which has always been sought in 

this case is the reversal of the dismissal of the Appeal from the Notice of Removal and 

the return of the [Children] to their foster mother.” Appellant asks this court to determine 

that the removal of the Children was illegal because she was not given advance notice 

and because the removal was not stayed once she appealed. The following statutes and 

regulations are instructive:

The department shall provide timely, written notification of changes in the 

case plan or termination of the placement and the reasons for the changes or 

termination of placement to the foster parent or parents, except in the 

instances of immediate response for child protective services[.]. 

Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-2-415(16). 

Advance notice of the intent to remove a child from a foster home shall not 

be required when the Department determines that there is an imminent 

threat of harm to the child’s health or safety if he is not removed from the 

foster family home immediately. In such cases the foster parent(s) shall be 

given as much advance notice as possible without endangering the child’s 

health or safety and shall be advised of their right to appeal the decision, 

although an appeal in such cases will not stay the removal of the child 

pending the outcome of the appeal. 

Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 0250-05-13-.02(2) (emphasis added). 

The final decision as to whether to remove the child from the foster family 

home will be made in accordance with what is found to be in the best 
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interest of the child. When the interests of an adult and those of the child 

are in conflict, the interest of the child will be controlling. 

Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 0250-05-13-.08(1). Here, the Notice of Removal issued to 

Appellant clearly states that DCS determined that an imminent threat to the health, safety, 

or well being of the Children necessitated their removal without advance notice. 

Still, the main thrust of Appellant’s grievance is whether the licensed child placing 

agency itself lacked the authority to remove the Children from school and to issue the 

Notice of Removal on DCS’s behalf. The parties have not cited, nor have we found, 

authority directly addressing these inquiries. More importantly, an opinion resolving the 

overarching issue of the propriety of the Children’s removal would amount to an advisory 

opinion.3 The court’s role is to adjudicate legal rights, “not to give abstract or advisory 

opinions.” Thomas v. Shelby Cnty., 416 S.W.3d 389, 393 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2011) (citing 

Norma Faye Pyles Lynch Family Purpose LLC v. Putnam Cnty., 301 S.W.3d 196, 203 

(Tenn. 2009)). As explained below, we conclude that this case is moot. 

Courts limit their role to deciding “‘legal controversies.’” Norma Faye Pyles 

Lynch Family Purpose LLC, 301 S.W.3d at 203 (quoting White v. Kelton, 232 S.W. 668, 

670 (Tenn. 1921)). A proceeding is deemed a legal controversy “when the disputed issue 

is real and existing, and not theoretical or abstract, and when the dispute is between 

parties with real and adverse interests.” Id. (citations omitted). “A case must remain 

justiciable through the entire course of litigation, including any appeal,” and “[a] case is 

not justiciable if it does not involve a genuine, continuing controversy requiring the 

adjudication of presently existing rights.” Alliance for Native Am. Indian Rights in Tenn., 

Inc. v. Nicely, 182 S.W.3d 333, 338 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). “A moot case is one that has 

lost its justiciability either by court decision, acts of the parties, or some other reason 

occurring after commencement of the case.” Norma Faye Pyles Lynch Family Purpose

LLC, 301 S.W.3d at 204. 

After the commencement of this case, Appellant’s foster home was closed with no 

option to reopen through Omni. Omni is not a party to this action. Omni’s decision to 

close Appellant’s foster home is not appealable, and the record contains no authority to 

the contrary.4 Appellant has not applied to open her foster home through any other 

licensed child placing agency. DCS itself is unwilling to designate Appellant’s home as a 

DCS foster home (one that potentially could care for Level 1 children), and Appellant 

 

3 An “advisory opinion” is “[a] nonbinding statement by a court of its interpretation of the law on a matter 

submitted for that purpose.” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (11th ed. 2019). 

4 We note, too, that the closure of Appellant’s foster home was not the subject of the administrative 

appeal. 
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does not seek this relief. DCS itself cannot place Level 2 children, such as these 

Children, into Appellant’s foster home which is the relief she seeks. Thus, this litigation

no longer serves as a means of providing judicial relief to Appellant. Based on these 

facts, the Children cannot in any event be returned to her home, so we consider the case 

moot. See id. (“A case will be considered moot if it no longer serves as a means to 

provide some sort of judicial relief to the prevailing party.”).

“[A]s a general rule, Tennessee’s appellate courts should dismiss appeals that have 

become moot regardless of how appealing it may be to do otherwise.” Id. at 210. 

Appellant further argues that this case falls within two of the recognized exceptions to the 

mootness doctrine, namely, that “the issue is of great public importance or affects the 

administration of justice” and “the challenged conduct is capable of repetition and of 

such short duration that it will evade judicial review.” Id. at 204. We will briefly address 

these arguments. 

First, Appellant contends “because DCS engages in extensive public advertising to 

extoll the benefits of its foster parent program, a decision is necessary to send a message 

to DCS that children may not be arbitrarily taken from their foster parents without 

judicial intervention.” We disagree and find that this case is about the rights and claims 

of an individual: Appellant. See id. at 210 (“the public interest exception should not be 

invoked in cases affecting only private rights and claims personal to the parties[.]”). 

Second, as to the “capable of repetition yet evading review” exception, Appellant 

maintains that the “mere fact that for over two years DCS has successfully avoided 

review of its conduct should be enough to conclude that this issue will likely arise in the 

future.” It is not enough, for the reasons we have previously explained: 

The courts invoke the “capable of repetition yet evading review” exception 

to the mootness doctrine only in exceptional cases. Parties requesting a 

court to invoke the exception must demonstrate (1) a reasonable 

expectation that the official acts that provoked the litigation will occur 

again, (2) a risk that effective judicial remedies cannot be provided in the 

event that the official acts reoccur, and (3) that the same complaining party 

will be prejudiced by the official act when it reoccurs. A mere theoretical 

possibility that an act might reoccur is not sufficient to invoke the “capable 

of repetition yet evading review” exception. Rather, “there must be a 

‘reasonable expectation’ or a ‘demonstrated probability’ that the same 

controversy will recur involving the same complaining party.” Murphy v. 

Hunt, 455 U.S. 478, 482, 102 S.Ct. 1181, 1184, 71 L.Ed.2d 353 (1982); 1 

RONALD D. ROTUNDA & JOHN E. NOWAK, TREATISE ON CONSTITUTIONAL 

LAW § 2.13, at 37 (3d ed. Supp. 2005).
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Alliance for Native Am. Indian Rights in Tenn., Inc., 182 S.W.3d at 339-40 (footnotes 

omitted). Appellant has not shown that the three requirements for application of this 

exception apply. 

The Administrative Judge’s decision to dismiss Appellant’s appeal of the 

Children’s removal from her foster home on the basis of mootness is not arbitrary and 

capricious and is supported by material evidence. Furthermore, we find that no exception 

to the mootness doctrine applies to the facts in the record. Accordingly, we affirm the 

dismissal of this action. 

V. CONCLUSION

We affirm the decision of the Chancery Court affirming the agency’s decision. 

The case is remanded for such further proceedings as may be necessary and consistent 

with this opinion. Costs of the appeal are taxed to the appellant, Sheila Mikel. 

_________________________________ 

JOHN W. McCLARTY, JUDGE