United States

Department of

Agriculture

Natural

Resources

Conservation

Service

In cooperation with

United States

Forest Service

Vermont Agency of

Natural Resources

Vermont Agricultural

Experiment Station

Vermont Center for

Geographic Information

Soil Survey of

Bennington

County, Vermont

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is a color map, shows the survey area divided into

groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning

the use and management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify

the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the

section General Soil Map Units for a general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small

areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to Map

Sheets. Note the number of the map sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map unit symbols that are in

that area. Turn to the Contents, which lists the map units by symbol and name and

shows the page where each map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed

soil map unit. Also see the Contents for sections of this publication that may address

your specific needs.

i

How To Use This Soil Survey
Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available online

from the Natural Resources Conservation Service at http://www.nrcs.usda.gov.

ii

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort

of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State

agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural

Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has

leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey.

Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1986. Soil names and

descriptions were approved in 1992. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this

publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1992. This survey was made

cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the United States

Forest Service, Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, Vermont Agricultural Experiment

Station, and the Vermont Center for Geographic Information. The survey is part of the

technical assistance furnished to the Bennington Natural Resources Conservation

District.

Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these

maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged,

maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a

larger scale.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its

programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age,

disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all

prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative

means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.)

should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD).

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs

and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where

applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual

orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of an

individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited

bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for

communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should

contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights,

1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272

(voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Cover: Alfalfa and young Christmas trees on Stockbridge loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes.

Woodland consists of Galway-Farmington complex, 25 to 50 percent slopes, very rocky, and

Macomber-Taconic complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, rocky.
iii

Contents

How To Use This Soil Survey.......................................................................................i

Contents ..................................................................................................................... iii

Foreword ..................................................................................................................... ix

General Nature of the County ...................................................................................... 1

General Nature of the Survey Area ............................................................................. 1

How This Survey Was Made ........................................................................................ 5

Survey Procedures .................................................................................................. 6

General Soil Map Units .............................................................................................. 9

1. Glebe-Stratton ................................................................................................... 9

2. Houghtonville-Rawsonville-Mundal ................................................................. 10

3. Berkshire-Peru-Tunbridge ............................................................................... 11

4. Copake-Groton................................................................................................ 12

5. Nellis-Stockbridge-Georgia ............................................................................. 13

6. Dutchess-Macomber-Taconic ......................................................................... 14

Detailed Soil Map Units ........................................................................................... 17

3A—Copake gravelly fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ............................... 18

3B—Copake gravelly fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes ............................... 19

3C—Copake gravelly fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ............................. 20

3D—Copake gravelly fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes ........................... 21

3E—Copake gravelly fine sandy loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes ........................... 23

9—Pits-Dumps complex ........................................................................................ 23

10D—Glebe-Stratton-Londonderry complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes,

very rocky ........................................................................................................ 24

10E—Glebe-Stratton-Londonderry complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes,

very rocky ........................................................................................................ 26

11F—Taconic-Hubbardton-Rock outcrop complex, 25 to 70 percent slopes,

very stony ........................................................................................................ 27

18B—Windsor loamy fine sand, 0 to 8 percent slopes.......................................... 29

18C—Windsor loamy fine sand, 8 to 15 percent slopes ....................................... 30

18E—Windsor loamy fine sand, 15 to 60 percent slopes...................................... 31

21A—Limerick silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ..................................................... 32

23A—Adrian and Saco soils, 0 to 2 percent slopes .............................................. 33

24A—Carlisle mucky peat, 0 to 2 percent slopes.................................................. 35

25B—Belgrade silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes .................................................... 36

26A—Raynham silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes.................................................... 37

27B—Udipsamments and Udorthents, gently sloping ........................................... 38

28A—Udifluvents, loamy-skeletal .......................................................................... 38

29A—Occum fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ........................................... 38

34A—Pootatuck fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ....................................... 39

35B—Hartland silt loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes ..................................................... 40

40B—Galway-Nellis-Farmington complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes, rocky ............... 41

40C—Galway-Nellis-Farmington complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, rocky ............. 43

40D—Galway-Nellis-Farmington complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, rocky........... 45

41C—Galway-Farmington complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky ............... 48

41D—Galway-Farmington complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very rocky ............. 50
iv Soil Survey

41E—Galway-Farmington complex, 25 to 50 percent slopes, very rocky ............. 51

42C—Macomber-Taconic complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, rocky ....................... 53

42D—Macomber-Taconic complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, rocky ..................... 55

42E—Macomber-Taconic complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, rocky ...................... 57

43C—Taconic-Macomber complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky................ 58

43D—Taconic-Macomber complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very rocky ............. 60

43E—Taconic-Macomber complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, very rocky .............. 62

44B—Dutchess channery loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes ......................................... 64

44C—Dutchess channery loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ....................................... 65

44D—Dutchess channery loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes ..................................... 66

47C—Dutchess channery loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony .................... 67

47D—Dutchess channery loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony .................. 68

47E—Dutchess channery loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes, very stony ................... 69

48B—Pittstown loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes .......................................................... 70

48C—Pittstown loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes........................................................ 71

48D—Pittstown loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes ..................................................... 72

49C—Pittstown loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony ..................................... 73

49D—Pittstown loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony ................................... 74

50B—Brayton loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes ............................................................ 76

51B—Brayton loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes, very stony.......................................... 77

52A—Mansfield mucky silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, very stony...................... 78

64B—Stockbridge loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes ..................................................... 79

64C—Stockbridge loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ................................................... 80

64D—Stockbridge loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes ................................................. 81

65C—Stockbridge loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony................................. 82

65D—Stockbridge loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony............................... 83

66A—Georgia loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ........................................................... 84

66B—Georgia loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes ........................................................... 85

66C—Georgia loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ......................................................... 86

66D—Georgia loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes ....................................................... 87

67B—Georgia loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony ......................................... 89

67C—Georgia loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony ....................................... 90

68A—Massena silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes .................................................... 91

68B—Massena silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes .................................................... 92

69A—Massena silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, very stony .................................. 93

69B—Massena silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony .................................. 94

70A—Groton gravelly fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes .............................. 95

70B—Groton gravelly fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes .............................. 96

70C—Groton gravelly fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ............................ 98

70D—Groton gravelly fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes .......................... 99

70E—Groton gravelly fine sandy loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes. ........................ 100

71A—Hero gravelly fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ................................ 101

71B—Hero gravelly fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes ................................ 102

72A—Fredon fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ......................................... 104

84B—Nellis silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes ........................................................ 105

84C—Nellis silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...................................................... 106

84D—Nellis silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes .................................................... 107

85B—Nellis silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony...................................... 108

85C—Nellis silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony ................................... 109

85D—Nellis silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony ................................. 110

85E—Nellis silt loam, 25 to 50 percent slopes, very stony.................................. 111

86A—Amenia silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ..................................................... 112

86B—Amenia silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes— ................................................. 113

86C—Amenia silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes .................................................. 114
Bennington County, Vermont v

87B—Amenia silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony .................................. 115

87C—Amenia silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony ................................ 116

90C—Berkshire fine sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony ........ 117

90E—Berkshire fine sandy loam, 15 to 50 percent slopes, extremely stony ...... 118

93B—Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes ....................................... 119

93C—Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ..................................... 120

93D—Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes ................................... 122

94B—Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony ..................... 123

94C—Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony .................. 124

94D—Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony ................ 125

94E—Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 25 to 50 percent slopes, very stony ................. 126

95C—Houghtonville fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony .......... 127

95D—Houghtonville fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony ........ 128

95E—Houghtonville fine sandy loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes, very stony ........ 129

96D—Hogback-Rawsonville-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes,

very stony ...................................................................................................... 130

96F—Hogback-Rawsonville-Rock outcrop complex, 25 to 70 percent slopes,

very stony ...................................................................................................... 132

100B—Wilmington fine sandy loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, very stony .............. 133

102B—Mundal fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes ....................................... 135

102C—Mundal fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ..................................... 136

104B—Colton gravelly loamy sand, 3 to 8 percent slopes, extremely stony ....... 137

104C—Colton gravelly loamy sand, 8 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony..... 138

104E—Colton gravelly loamy sand, 15 to 50 percent slopes, extremely stony ... 140

105B—Monadnock fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony .............. 141

105C—Monadnock fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony ........... 142

105D—Monadnock fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony ......... 143

105E—Monadnock fine sandy loam, 25 to 50 percent slopes, very stony.......... 144

106B—Berkshire fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony ................. 145

106C—Berkshire fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony ............... 146

106D—Berkshire fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony ............. 147

106E—Berkshire fine sandy loam, 25 to 50 percent slopes, very stony ............. 148

108B—Peru fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony ......................... 149

108C—Peru fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony....................... 150

108D—Peru fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony..................... 151

109C—Tunbridge-Berkshire complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, rocky ................. 153

109D—Tunbridge-Berkshire complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, rocky ............... 154

109E—Tunbridge-Berkshire complex, 25 to 50 percent slopes, rocky ................ 156

111C—Rawsonville-Houghtonville complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, rocky ........ 158

111D—Rawsonville-Houghtonville complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, rocky ...... 160

111E—Rawsonville-Houghtonville complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, rocky ...... 162

112C—Rawsonville-Hogback complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky ....... 163

112D—Rawsonville-Hogback complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very rocky ..... 165

112E—Rawsonville-Hogback complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, very rocky...... 167

113B—Cabot silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony ................................... 169

114B—Mundal fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony .................... 170

114C—Mundal fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony .................. 171

114D—Mundal fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony ................ 172

115B—Peru fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes ........................................... 174

115C—Peru fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ......................................... 175

115D—Peru fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes ....................................... 176

116D—Lyman-Tunbridge-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes,

very stony ...................................................................................................... 178

116F—Lyman-Tunbridge-Rock outcrop complex, 25 to 70 percent slopes,

very stony ...................................................................................................... 179
vi Soil Survey

117B—Berkshire fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes ................................... 181

117C—Berkshire fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ................................. 182

117D—Berkshire fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes ............................... 183

118C—Tunbridge-Lyman complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky .............. 184

118D—Tunbridge-Lyman complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very rocky ............ 186

118E—Tunbridge-Lyman complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, very rocky ............ 187

221F—Tunbridge-Berkshire association, very steep, rocky ................................ 189

403B—Cabot-Carlisle association, undulating, very stony ................................. 191

405D—Berkshire-Tunbridge association, hilly, very stony................................... 193

413D—Peru-Berkshire-Cabot association, hilly, very stony ................................ 195

702E—Rawsonville-Hogback association, very hilly, very rocky ......................... 197

703C—Mundal-Houghtonville association, rolling, very stony ............................ 199

705D—Rawsonville-Houghtonville-Mundal association, hilly, rocky.................... 201

715D—Houghtonville-Rawsonville association, hilly, rocky................................. 204

902F—Hogback-Rawsonville-Rock outcrop association, very steep,

very stony ...................................................................................................... 206

903C—Mundal-Wilmington association, rolling, very stony ................................ 208

905D—Houghtonville-Monadnock association, hilly, very stony ......................... 210

913E—Glebe-Stratton association, very hilly, very rocky .................................... 212

923B—Wilmington-Mundal association, undulating, very stony ......................... 214

Prime Farmland ...................................................................................................... 217

Use and Management of the Soils........................................................................ 219

Crops and Pasture ............................................................................................... 219

Woodland Management and Productivity ............................................................ 223

Recreation ........................................................................................................... 226

Wildlife Habitat ..................................................................................................... 227

Engineering ......................................................................................................... 229

Hydric Soils .......................................................................................................... 234

Soil Properties ........................................................................................................ 239

Engineering Index Properties .............................................................................. 239

Physical and Chemical Properties ....................................................................... 240

Soil Features ........................................................................................................ 242

Water Features .................................................................................................... 243

Classification of the Soils ..................................................................................... 245

Adrian Series ....................................................................................................... 246

Amenia Series ..................................................................................................... 246

Belgrade Series ................................................................................................... 247

Berkshire Series .................................................................................................. 248

Brayton Series ..................................................................................................... 249

Cabot Series ........................................................................................................ 250

Carlisle Series ..................................................................................................... 251

Colton Series ....................................................................................................... 252

Copake Series ..................................................................................................... 253

Dutchess Series .................................................................................................. 253

Farmington Series ............................................................................................... 254

Fredon Series ...................................................................................................... 255

Galway Series...................................................................................................... 256

Georgia Series ..................................................................................................... 257

Glebe Series ........................................................................................................ 257

Groton Series ...................................................................................................... 258

Hartland Series .................................................................................................... 259

Hero Series .......................................................................................................... 260

Hogback Series ................................................................................................... 261

Houghtonville Series ............................................................................................ 262
Bennington County, Vermont vii

Hubbardton Series ............................................................................................... 263

Limerick Series .................................................................................................... 263

Londonderry Series ............................................................................................. 264

Lyman Series ....................................................................................................... 265

Macomber Series ................................................................................................ 266

Mansfield Series .................................................................................................. 267

Massena Series ................................................................................................... 268

Monadnock Series ............................................................................................... 268

Mundal Series ...................................................................................................... 269

Nellis Series ......................................................................................................... 271

Occum Series ...................................................................................................... 271

Peru Series .......................................................................................................... 272

Pittsfield Series .................................................................................................... 273

Pittstown Series ................................................................................................... 274

Pootatuck Series .................................................................................................. 275

Rawsonville Series .............................................................................................. 276

Raynham Series .................................................................................................. 277

Saco Series ......................................................................................................... 278

Stockbridge Series .............................................................................................. 279

Stratton Series ..................................................................................................... 280

Taconic Series ..................................................................................................... 281

Tunbridge Series.................................................................................................. 281

Udifluvents ........................................................................................................... 282

Udipsamments ..................................................................................................... 283

Udorthents ........................................................................................................... 283

Wilmington Series ................................................................................................ 283

Windsor Series .................................................................................................... 284

Formation of the Soils ........................................................................................... 287

Factors of Soil Formation ..................................................................................... 287

Processes of Soil Formation ................................................................................ 289

References .............................................................................................................. 291

Glossary .................................................................................................................. 293

Tables ...................................................................................................................... 307

Table 1—Temperature and Precipitation ............................................................. 308

Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall .......................................................... 309

Table 3.—Growing Season .................................................................................. 309

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils ................................... 310

Table 5.—Important Farmland ............................................................................. 313

Table 6.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture ................ 314

Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity ............................................ 323

Table 8.—Recreational Development .................................................................. 367

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat ..................................................................................... 385

Table 10.—Building Site Development ................................................................ 398

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities .............................................................................. 421

Table 12.—Construction Materials....................................................................... 441

Table 13.—Water Management ........................................................................... 457

Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties ............................................................ 483

Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils.................................. 505

Table 16.—Soil Features ..................................................................................... 519

Table 17.—Water Features .................................................................................. 532

Table 18.—Classification of the Soils .................................................................. 548

Issued April 2006

ix

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in this survey

area. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also

highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the

impact of selected land uses on the environment.

This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, foresters, and

agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management

needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials,

engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land

use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure

proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in

recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the

survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment.

Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose

special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is

intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land

treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land

users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations that affect various land uses.

The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws

and regulations.

Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils

are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too

unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Wet soils are unsuited to

use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil unsuited to

basements or underground installations.

These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil

survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each

soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described.

Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and

additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

Judith M. Doerner

State Conservationist

Natural Resources Conservation Service

Foreword

1

By Carl Britt, Roderick Douglas, and Thomas Villars

Natural Resources Conservation Service

Fieldwork by Carl Britt, Louis Dondero, Roderick Douglas, and Thomas Villars,

Natural Resources Conservation Service and

Donna Duffy, Fred Putnam Jr., and Martha Mitchell, United States Forest Service

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,

in cooperation with

the United States Forest Service, Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, Vermont

Agricultural Experiment Station, and Vermont Center for Geographic Information

This soil survey updates the reconnaissance soil survey of Vermont published in

1930. It provides additional information and has larger maps, which show the soils in

greater detail.

General Nature of the County

BENNINGTON COUNTY is in the southwestern part of Vermont (fig. 1). The area

of the county is about 673 square miles, or 433,500 acres. There are two county

seats; Bennington in the South Shire and Manchester in the North Shire.

About 86 percent of the land area in the county is in woodland, about 10 percent is

used for dairying and other farm enterprises, and about 4 percent is urban or built-up

land.

This soil survey updates the Soil Survey (Reconnaissance) of Vermont, published

in 1930, which contained information about the soils of Bennington County (Bureau of

Chemistry and Soils, 1930). This new survey provides additional information and

larger scale maps that show the distribution and extent of the soils in greater detail.

General Nature of the Survey Area

Gregory Burke, Executive Director of the Bennington County Regional Commission, provided

assistance in the preparation of this section.

This section provides general information about Bennington County. It discusses

climate, history and development, farming, industry, and transportation. This section

also describes the physiography, geology, and drainage of the survey area.

Climate

Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation for the survey area as

recorded at Dorset, VT in the period 1961 to 1986. Table 2 shows probable dates of

the first freeze in fall and the last freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on length of

the growing season.

In winter, the average temperature is 22 degrees F and the average daily minimum

Soil Survey of

Bennington County, Vermont
2 Soil Survey

temperature is 11 degrees. The lowest temperature on record is -30 degrees. In

summer, the average temperature is 65 degrees and the average daily maximum

temperature is 78 degrees.

Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They are equivalent to “heat units.”

During the month, growing degree days accumulate by the amount that the average

temperature each day exceeds a base temperature (40 degrees F). The normal

monthly accumulation is used to schedule single or successive plantings of a crop

between the last freeze in spring and the first freeze in fall.

The total annual precipitation is about 46 inches. Of this, 27 inches, or 57 percent,

usually falls in April through September. The growing season for most crops falls

within this period. In 2 years out of 10, the rainfall in April through September is less

than 17 inches. The heaviest 1-day rainfall during the period of record was 4.40

inches on August 26, 1961. Thunderstorms occur on about 27 days each year, and

most occur in the summer.

The average seasonal snowfall is about 72 inches. The greatest snow depth at any

one time during the period of record was 38 inches. On the average, 51 days of the

year have at least 1 inch of snow on the ground. The number of such days varies

greatly from year to year.

The average relative humidity in mid-afternoon is about 55 percent. Humidity is

higher at night, and the average at dawn is about 80 percent. The sun shines 60

percent of the time possible in summer and 45 percent in winter. The prevailing wind

is from the south. Average windspeed is highest, 11 miles per hour, in spring.

History and Development

The first township granted in what is now known as the State of Vermont was

Bennington in 1749, named in honor of Gov. Benning Wentworth of New Hampshire.

The first party of settlers arrived in Bennington around 1761. Before settlement, the

area was known as “The Wilderness”, and was used as hunting grounds by the

Iroquois and Algonquin Indians.

Figure 1.—Location of Bennington County in Vermont.
Bennington County, Vermont 3

In 1980, the population of Bennington County was 33,345. This represents a 33

percent increase from the 1960 population of 25,088. There are 17 towns in the

county. In 1980, the population of Glastenbury, the smallest town in terms of

population, was 3, while that of Bennington, the largest town, was approximately

16,000.

Most of the population in the county is centered in Bennington and Manchester

and the surrounding towns.

Farming

In the late 19th century, the land use pattern in Bennington County was highly

diversified. There were several thousand farms encompassing almost half the

acreage in the county. There were large stocks of cows, sheep, horses, swine, and

oxen. The main agricultural products were wool, meat, butter, and cheese. The main

field crops were barley, buckwheat, corn, oats, rye, wheat, hay, hops, potatoes,

tobacco and fruit.

In 1982, there were 193 farms on 41,281 acres. Of this total, 17,009 acres were

used as cropland. The average size of an individual farm was 214 acres (USDC,

1982).

Dairy farming is the main agricultural enterprise (fig. 2). The number of dairy farms

has steadily decreased, but the number of cows has recently increased. Fluid milk,

the main agricultural product, is shipped to Boston and New York. Vegetables, fruit,

maple syrup, hay and Christmas trees are also grown in the county.

In October 1946, the Bennington County Natural Resources Conservation District

was formed to assist landowners in controlling soil erosion and pollution.

Industry and Transportation

Along with agriculture, forest products, manufacturing, commerce, tourism and

services make up the economic picture of Bennington County. The major natural

resource of the county is woodland, which provides lumber, pulp and firewood. The

Figure 2.—Farming on Dutchess channery loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes. In the background,

woodland on Galway-Farmington complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very rocky.
4 Soil Survey

manufacturing sector consists of electronic products, furniture, plastic molding,

clothing, containers, fishing tackle, and iron and steel products.

Bennington County is accessible to the metropolitan areas in the Northeast by

interstate highways to the east and west of the county. U.S. Route 7 is the major

north-south artery and Vermont Routes 9, 11, and 30 run generally east-west in the

county. Commercial bus service is available along major highways.

Rail freight service is provided by the Vermont Railway and the Boston and Maine

Railroad.

The Bennington State Airport is located west of Bennington on Vermont Route 9.

Physiography, Geology, and Drainage

Bennington County is divided into three physiographic regions: the Green

Mountains, the Vermont Valley, and the Taconic Mountains. The Green Mountains

cover about 50 percent of the county. The Vermont Valley and the Taconic Mountains

make up the other 50 percent.

The Green Mountains are part of a mountain range that runs north-south

throughout central Vermont. They lie along the entire eastern portion of Bennington

County. The landscape includes steep mountains and broad rolling uplands. Most of

this region is in woodland.

The Vermont Valley runs north-south through the central part of the county. Most of

the major rivers in the county are in this region, including the Battenkill and the

Walloomsac, Mettawee, and Hoosic Rivers. Most of the agricultural land in the county

is in this region, because of its gentle landscape and well-suited soils.

The Taconic Mountains are part of a mountain range that extends southwestward

into New York and Massachusetts. They lie along the western boundary of the county.

The landscape of steep mountains and narrow valleys is very rugged. Most of this

region is in woodland. There is some agricultural land in the valleys.

The highest elevation in the county is 3,816 feet at the summit of Mount Equinox in

the north-central part of the county. The lowest elevation is approximately 520 feet

along the Battenkill at the Vermont-New York state line.

The soils in Bennington County formed in material that was laid down directly by

the last glacier or indirectly by the action of post-glacial streams and ice-dammed

lakes. Present-day streams carry along some of this glacial material and redeposit it

as alluvium.

Glaciation in the county resulted in the deposition of till on uplands and outwash

sands and gravel and lacustrine silts and fine sands in valleys along streams and in

old lake beds.

The distribution of the various types of bedrock in the county is complex. Bedrock

in the Green Mountains consists of phyllite, gneiss, and schist. In the Vermont Valley,

the bedrock is limestone, marble and dolostone. The Taconic Mountains are underlain

by phyllite and slate. Many soils in the county are associated with specific types of

bedrock. For example, the Farmington and Galway soils are found only in areas of

limestone bedrock (fig. 3) and the Macomber and Taconic soils are found only in

areas of phyllite and slate bedrock.

The high peaks and ridges in the Green Mountains form a north-to-south drainage

divide in the county. To the east, the streams are part of the Connecticut River

watershed. To the west of the Green Mountains, most streams are part of the Hudson

River watershed. The Hudson River is in New York State, approximately 25 miles west

of the county line. The main waterways in the Connecticut River watershed include

the Deerfield River, West Branch, Mill Brook, Utley Brook, and Flood Brook. The main

waterways in the Hudson River watershed include the Hoosic and Walloomsac

Rivers, the Battenkill, the Green River, and White Creek. The Mettawee River and

Otter Creek, in the northwestern part of the county, are part of the Lake Champlain

watershed.
Bennington County, Vermont 5

How This Survey Was Made

This survey was made to provide information about the soils and miscellaneous

areas in the survey area. The information includes a description of the soils and

miscellaneous areas and their location and a discussion of their suitability, limitations,

and management for specified uses. Soil scientists observed the steepness, length,

and shape of the slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of crops and

native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. They dug many holes to study the soil profile,

which is the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. The profile extends from

the surface down into the unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. The

unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other living organisms and has not

been changed by other biological activity.

The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area are in an orderly pattern that

is related to the geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural vegetation of the area.

Each kind of soil and miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind of

landform or with a segment of the landform. By observing the soils and miscellaneous

areas in the survey area and relating their position to specific segments of the

landform, a soil scientist develops a concept or model of how they were formed. Thus,

during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to predict with a considerable

degree of accuracy the kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location on the

landscape.

Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge into one another as their

characteristics gradually change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, soil

scientists must determine the boundaries between the soils. They can observe only a

limited number of soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, supplemented by an

understanding of the soil-vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to verify

predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to determine the boundaries.

Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the soil profiles that they studied.

They noted color, texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of rock

Figure 3.—Limestone bedrock is associated with the Nellis-Stockbridge-Georgia general soil map

unit. It is within 20 inches of the surface on the Farmington soils and 40 inches of the surface

on Galway soils.
6 Soil Survey

fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and other features that enable them to

identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey area and determining their

properties, the soil scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes (units).

Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each taxonomic class has a set of soil

characteristics with precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for

comparison to classify soils systematically. Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic

classification used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind and character of

soil properties and the arrangement of horizons within the profile. After the soil

scientists classified and named the soils in the survey area, they compared the

individual soils with similar soils in the same taxonomic class in other areas so that

they could confirm data and assemble additional data based on experience and

research.

While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some of the soils in the area

generally are collected for laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil

scientists interpret the data from these analyses and tests as well as the fieldobserved characteristics and the soil properties to determine the expected behavior

of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all of the soils are field tested

through observation of the soils in different uses and under different levels of

management. Some interpretations are modified to fit local conditions, and some new

interpretations are developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled from other

sources, such as research information, production records, and field experience of

specialists. For example, data on crop yields under defined levels of management are

assembled from farm records and from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of

soil.

Predictions about soil behavior are based not only on soil properties but also on

such variables as climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable over

long periods of time, but they are not predictable from year to year. For example, soil

scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a given soil will have a

high water table within certain depths in most years, but they cannot predict that a

high water table will always be at a specific level in the soil on a specific date.

After soil scientists located and identified the significant natural bodies of soil in the

survey area, they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial photographs and

identified each as a specific map unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings,

fields, roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries accurately.

This survey area was mapped at two levels of detail. At the more detailed level,

map units are narrowly defined. Map unit boundaries were plotted and verified at

closely spaced intervals. At the less detailed level, map units are broadly defined.

Boundaries were plotted and verified at wider intervals. The broadly defined units are

indicated by a 3 digit map unit symbol, where the first digit is 2 through 9 in the

legend for the detailed soil maps. The detail of mapping was selected to meet the

anticipated long-term use of the survey, and the map units were designed to meet the

needs for that use.

The descriptions, names, and delineations of the soils in this survey area do not

fully agree with those of the soils in adjacent survey areas. Differences are the result

of a better knowledge of soils, modifications in series concepts, or variations in the

intensity of mapping or in the extent of the soils in the survey areas.

Survey Procedures

Major field work for this soil survey was performed in the period 1981-86. The

Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) was responsible for the mapping of

privately owned land (approximately 318,500 acres) and the United States Forest

Service was responsible for the mapping of land in the Green Mountain National

Forest (approximately 115,000 acres).
Bennington County, Vermont 7

The general procedures used in making this survey are described in the NRCS

National Soils Handbook (USDA, 1996) and the Soil Survey Manual (USDA, 1993).

The Forest Service also followed procedures described in the report, “Procedures for

Designing, Inventorying and Presenting Information of Ecosystems” (Alvis,

unpublished) and other Forest Service manuals.

A detailed description of the procedures followed by each agency is given below.

Natural Resources Conservation Service Procedures

Before field work begins, soil scientists study existing geologic and geographical

references for the county. These include maps of the surficial and bedrock geology

and climatic data.

During mapping, traverses are made on foot over the county at intervals of about

one-quarter mile. In the valleys, traverses are made at closer intervals because the

soils tend to be more variable. Traverses are made farther apart in the mountains,

where soil patterns are more predictable and the land use less intensive than in the

valleys.

Soil examinations along traverses are made 20 to 300 yards apart, depending on

the landscape and soil complexity. Observations of landforms, trees and other

vegetation, roadcuts and other man-made excavations, rock outcrops, and stones on

the surface are made continuously. Soil boundaries are determined on the basis of

soil examinations, observations, and aerial photo interpretation. The soil material is

examined with the use of hand tools to a depth of about 5 feet, or to the contact with

bedrock or dense basal till, if less than 5 feet in depth. Soil boundaries and symbols

are recorded on aerial photographs.

Soil scientists record information concerning land use, map unit composition and

soil characteristics on field notes. Information on soil depth to bedrock and surface

stoniness is obtained for selected areas using detailed transects and then

extrapolated into other areas.

Some soils are studied in large pits dug with a backhoe. Soil samples of the

different soil horizons are sent to the National Soil Survey Laboratory in Lincoln,

Nebraska for complete analysis. The data is stored in a computerized file at the lab

and is available on request, along with a description of lab procedures.

Samples of very poorly drained organic soils are obtained during the winter

months when swamps are frozen. The analysis of the organic material is performed in

the local field office.

After completion of soil mapping, map unit delineations and surface drainage

features are transferred by hand to orthophotographs at a scale of 1:20,000. Cultural

features are transferred from USGS topographical maps and verified in the field.

United States Forest Service Procedures

The United States Forest Service used an Ecological Classification System to

describe the vegetation and soils in the Green Mountain National Forest in

Bennington County. The system provides for the location and identification of natural

segments of the landscape and their associated management concerns related to

land use in the National Forest.

Prior to field work, Subsections of the Ecological Classification System are

delineated on 1:500,000 LANDSAT photographs. These subsections are based on

geology, climate, landscape morphology and forest cover type distribution. Within

each subsection, Ecological Land Types (ELT) are delineated on 1:42,000 aerial

photographs using air photo interpretation. A set of field data points are established

on these maps for sampling to provide information for each ELT.
8

Each field data point is visited and information is collected through transects. Map

unit boundaries are modified as necessary and additional field data points are

established as needed to fully characterize each ELT. Field observations include soil

type, hydrology, landform, and vegetation succession tendencies. Vegetation data

includes species and abundance of five different layers of above-ground vegetation.

Tree cores and height information is obtained at each field data point.

Data for each ELT is then summarized and interpreted. The soil types in each ELT

are correlated to soil associations. These associations are composed of several soil

series and a broad range of slope classes and are therefore not as narrowly defined

as mapping outside of National Forest.
9

The general soil map at the back of this publication shows broad areas that have a

distinctive pattern of soils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the general soil map

is a unique natural landscape. Typically, it consists of one or more major soils or

miscellaneous areas and some minor soils or miscellaneous areas. It is named for

the major soils or miscellaneous areas. The components of one map unit can occur in

another but in a different pattern.

The general soil map can be used to compare the suitability of large areas for

general land uses. Areas of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise,

areas where the soils are not suitable can be identified.

Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable for planning the management of

a farm or field or for selecting a site for a road or building or other structure. The soils

in any one map unit differ from place to place in slope, depth, drainage, and other

characteristics that affect management.

Soil Descriptions

1. Glebe-Stratton

Shallow to moderately deep to bedrock, well drained, moderately steep to steep soils

on ridges and mountains

Setting

Landform: Ridges and mountains

Slope range: 15 to 60 percent

Composition

Extent of the map unit: 3 percent of the survey area

Extent of the components:

Glebe soils—39 percent

Stratton soils—16 percent

Minor soils—45 percent

Soil Properties

Glebe soils

Depth class to bedrock: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Position on the landform: Summits, shoulders, backslopes

Parent material: Loamy till

Slope class: Moderately steep to steep

Stratton soils

Depth class to bedrock: Shallow

Drainage class: Well drained

General Soil Map Units
10 Soil Survey

Position on the landform: Summits, shoulders, backslopes

Parent material: Loamy till

Slope class: Moderately steep to steep

Minor Soils

Hogback soils—On ridges and summits, shoulders, and backslopes of hills and

mountains

Houghtonville soils—On ridges and backslopes of hills and mountains

Londonderry soils—On summits, shoulders, and backslopes on mountains

Rawsonville soils—On ridges and summits, shoulders, and backslopes of hills and

mountains

Use and Management

Major uses: Woodland

Management concerns: Depth to bedrock, slope, fragile nature of the soils

2. Houghtonville-Rawsonville-Mundal

Moderately deep to very deep to bedrock, moderately well drained and well drained,

gently sloping to very steep soils on mountains, hills, and ridges

Setting

Landform: Mountains, hills, and ridges

Slope range: 3 to 70 percent

Composition

Extent of the map unit: 32 percent of the survey area

Extent of the components:

Houghtonville soils—27 percent

Rawsonville soils—25 percent

Mundal soils—25 percent

Minor soils—23 percent

Soil Properties

Houghtonville soils

Depth class to bedrock: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Position on the landform: On ridges and backslopes of hills and mountains

Parent material: Loamy till

Slope class: Gently sloping to steep

Rawsonville soils

Depth class to bedrock: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Position on the landform: On ridges and summits, shoulders, and backslopes of hills

and mountains

Parent material: Loamy till

Slope class: Strongly sloping to very steep

Mundal soils

Depth class to bedrock: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Position on the landform: ridges and footslopes and backslopes of hills and

mountains
Bennington County, Vermont 11

Parent material: Loamy dense basal till

Slope class: Gently sloping to steep

Minor Soils

Berkshire soils—On ridges and on summits, shoulders, and backslopes of knolls,

hills, and mountains

Cabot soils—In depressions and drainageways and on toeslopes and footslopes of

hills, ridges, and mountains

Hogback soils—On ridges and summits, shoulders, and backslopes of hills and

mountains

Lyman soils—On ridges and summits, shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills, and

mountains

Monadnock soils—On knolls and ridges and footslopes and backslopes of hills and

mountains

Tunbridge soils—On ridges and summits, shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills,

and mountains

Wilmington soils—In depressions and drainageways on uplands

Use and Management

Major uses: Woodland

Management concerns: Slope, depth to bedrock (Rawsonville soils), depth to dense

material and wetness (Mundal soils)

3. Berkshire-Peru-Tunbridge

Moderately deep to very deep to bedrock, moderately well drained and well drained,

gently sloping to very steep soils on knolls, hills, ridges, and mountains.

Setting

Landform: Knolls, hills, ridges, and mountains

Slope range: 3 to 70 percent

Composition

Extent of the map unit: 23 percent of the survey area

Extent of the components:

Berkshire soils—34 percent

Peru soils—13 percent

Tunbridge soils—9 percent

Minor soils—44 percent

Soil Properties

Berkshire soils

Depth class to bedrock: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Position on the landform: On ridges and on summits, shoulders, and backslopes of

knolls, hills, and mountains

Parent material: Loamy till

Slope class: Gently sloping to very steep

Peru soils

Depth class to bedrock: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained
12 Soil Survey

Position on the landform: On ridges and footslopes and backslopes of hills and

mountains

Parent material: Loamy dense basal till

Slope class: Gently sloping to moderately steep

Tunbridge soils

Depth class to bedrock: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Position on the landform: On ridges and summits, shoulders, and backslopes of

knolls, hills, and mountains

Patent material: Loamy till

Slope class: Gently sloping to very steep

Minor Soils

Cabot soils—In depressions and drainageways and on toeslopes and footslopes of

hills, ridges, and mountains

Houghtonville soils—On ridges and backslopes of hills and mountains

Lyman soils—On ridges and summits, shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills, and

mountains

Monadnock soils—On knolls and ridges and footslopes and backslopes of hills and

mountains

Rawsonville soils—On ridges and summits, shoulders, and backslopes of hills and

mountains

Use and Management

Major uses: Woodland

Management concerns: Slope, depth to bedrock (Tunbridge soils), depth to dense

material and wetness (Peru soils)

4. Copake-Groton

Very deep to bedrock, well drained to excessively drained, nearly level to steep soils

on stream terraces, terrace escarpments and backslopes of knolls and ridges

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces, terrace escarpments, and backslopes of knolls and

ridges

Slope range: 0 to 60 percent

Composition

Extent of the map unit: 8 percent of the survey area

Extent of the components:

Copake soils—45 percent

Groton—9 percent

Minor soils—46 percent

Soil Properties

Copake soils

Depth class to bedrock: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Position on the landform: On stream terraces, terrace escarpments, and backslopes

of knolls and ridges

Parent material: Loamy over sandy glaciofluvial deposits
Bennington County, Vermont 13

Slope class: Nearly level to steep

Groton soils

Depth class to bedrock: Very deep

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Position on the landform: On stream terraces and terrace escarpments

Parent material: Loamy over sandy glaciofluvial deposits

Slope class: Nearly level to steep

Minor Soils

Adrian soils—In marshes and swamps

Carlisle soils—In marshes and swamps

Colton soils—On stream terraces, terrace escarpments, and knolls

Freedon soils—In depressions and drainageways on low stream terraces

Hero soils—On stream terraces

Occum soils—On floodplains

Pootatuck soils—On floodplains

Saco soils—On floodplains

Windsor soils—On stream terraces, terrace escarpments, on summits, shoulders,

and backslopes of knolls and ridges

Use and Management

Major uses: Farming, woodland, source of sand and gravel

Management concerns: Slope and droughtiness (Copake and Groton soils)

5. Nellis-Stockbridge-Georgia

Very deep to bedrock, moderately well drained and well drained, nearly level to steep

soils on knolls, hills, and ridges

Setting

Landform: Knolls, hills, and ridges.

Slope range: 0 to 50 percent

Composition

Extent of the map unit: 15 percent of the survey area

Extent of the components:

Nellis soils—17 percent

Stockbridge soils—16 percent

Georgia—16 percent

Minor soils—51 percent

Soil Properties

Nellis soils

Depth class to bedrock: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Position on the landform: On summits, shoulders, and backslopes of hills, knolls, and

ridges

Parent material: Calcareous loamy till

Slope class: Gently sloping to steep

Stockbridge soils

Depth class to bedrock: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained
14 Soil Survey

Position on the landform: On summits, shoulders, and backslopes of hills, knolls, and

ridges

Parent material: Loamy till

Slope class: Nearly level to moderately steep

Georgia soils

Depth class to bedrock: Very deep to bedrock

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Position on the landform: On summits, shoulders, and backslopes of hills, knolls, and

ridges

Parent material: Loamy till

Slope class: Nearly level to moderately steep

Minor Soils

Amenia soils—On summits, shoulders, and backslopes of hills, knolls, and ridges

Farmington soils—On summits, shoulders, and backslopes of hills, knolls, and ridges

Galway soils—On summits, shoulders, and backslopes of hills, knolls, and ridges

Massena soils—In depressions and drainageways on uplands

Pittsfield soils—On summits, shoulders, and backslopes of hills, knolls, and ridges

Use and Management

Major uses: Farming and woodland

Management concerns: Slope and wetness (Georgia soils)

6. Dutchess-Macomber-Taconic

Shallow to very deep to bedrock, well drained and somewhat excessively drained,

gently sloping to very steep soils on knolls, hills, ridges, and mountains

Setting

Landform: Knolls, hills, ridges, and mountains

Slope range: 3 to 70 percent

Composition

Extent of the map unit: 19 percent of the survey area

Extent of the components:

Dutchess soils—45 percent

Macomber soils—21 percent

Taconic soils—17 percent

Minor soils—17 percent

Soil Properties

Dutchess soils

Depth class to bedrock: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Position on the landform: On summits, shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills,

ridges, and mountains

Parent material: Loamy till

Slope class: Gently sloping to steep

Macomber soils

Depth class to bedrock: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained
Bennington County, Vermont 15

Position on the landform: On summits, shoulders, and backslopes of hills, ridges, and

mountains

Parent material: Loamy till

Slope class: Strongly sloping to steep

Taconic soils

Depth class to bedrock: Shallow

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Position on the landform: On summits, shoulders, and backslopes of hills, ridges, and

mountains

Parent material: Loamy till

Slope class: Strongly sloping to very steep

Minor Soils

Brayton soils—In depressions and drainageways and on toeslopes and footslopes of

hills and ridges

Hubbardton soils—On backslopes of hills and mountains

Mansfield soils—In depressions and drainageways on uplands

Pittstown soils—On summits, shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges

Use and Management

Major uses: Farming and woodland

Management concerns: Slope and depth to bedrock (Macomber and Taconic soils)

17

The map units delineated on the detailed maps at the back of this survey represent

the soils or miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions in this

section, along with the maps, can be used to determine the suitability and potential of

a unit for specific uses. They also can be used to plan the management needed for

those uses. More information about each map unit is given under the heading “Use

and Management of the Soils.”

A map unit delineation on a map represents an area dominated by one or more

major kinds of soil or miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and named

according to the taxonomic classification of the dominant soils or miscellaneous

areas. Within a taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for the properties of

the soils. On the landscape, however, the soils and miscellaneous areas are natural

phenomena, and they have the characteristic variability of all natural phenomena.

Thus, the range of some observed properties may extend beyond the limits defined

for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be

mapped without including areas of other taxonomic classes. Consequently, every

map unit is made up of the soils or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and

some “included” areas that belong to other taxonomic classes.

Most included soils have properties similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in

the map unit, and thus they do not affect use and management. These are called

noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They may or may not be mentioned in the map

unit description. Other included soils and miscellaneous areas, however, have

properties and behavioral characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to require

different management. These are called contrasting, or dissimilar, inclusions. They

generally are in small areas and could not be mapped separately because of the

scale used. Some small areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas

are identified by a special symbol on the maps. The included areas of contrasting

soils or miscellaneous areas are mentioned in the map unit descriptions. A few

included areas may not have been observed, and consequently they are not

mentioned in the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so complex that it

was impractical to make enough observations to identify all the soils and

miscellaneous areas on the landscape.

The presence of included areas in a map unit in no way diminishes the usefulness

or accuracy of the data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure taxonomic

classes but rather to separate the landscape into landforms or landform segments

that have similar use and management requirements. The delineation of such

segments on the map provides sufficient information for the development of resource

plans, but if intensive use of small areas is planned, onsite investigation is needed to

define and locate the soils and miscellaneous areas.

An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name in the map unit descriptions.

Each description includes general facts about the unit and gives the principal hazards

and limitations to be considered in planning for specific uses.

Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up a soil series. Except for

differences in texture of the surface layer, all the soils of a series have major horizons

that are similar in composition, thickness, and arrangement.

Detailed Soil Map Units
18 Soil Survey

Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface layer, slope, stoniness,

salinity, degree of erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. On the basis

of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown

on the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil phase

commonly indicates a feature that affects use or management. For example, Copake

gravelly fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes is a phase of the Copake series.

Some map units are made up of two or more major soils or miscellaneous areas.

These map units are complexes, associations, or undifferentiated groups.

A complex consists of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate

pattern or in such small areas that they cannot be shown separately on the maps.

The pattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar

in all areas. Taconic-Macomber complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky is an

example.

An association is made up of two or more geographically associated soils or

miscellaneous areas that are shown as one unit on the maps. Because of present or

anticipated uses of the map units in the survey area, it was not considered practical

or necessary to map the soils or miscellaneous areas separately. The pattern and

relative proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar.

Houghtonville-Monadnock association, hilly, very stony is an example.

An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas

that could be mapped individually but are mapped as one unit because similar

interpretations can be made for use and management. The pattern and proportion of

the soils or miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not uniform. An area can be

made up of only one of the major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made up

of all of them. Adrian and Saco soils, 0 to 2 percent slopes is an undifferentiated

group in this survey area.

This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such areas have little or no soil material

and support little or no vegetation. Udifluvents, loamy-skeletal is an example.

Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent of each map unit. Other tables

give properties of the soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for many

uses. The Glossary defines many of the terms used in describing the soils or

miscellaneous areas

Soil Descriptions

3A—Copake gravelly fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

This soil is very deep, well drained, and nearly level. It is on stream terraces.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 6 inches, very dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 8 inches, strong brown gravelly fine sandy loam

8 to 22 inches, olive brown and olive gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

22 to 65 inches, olive very gravelly coarse sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Fredon, Groton, Hero, and

Windsor soils. Fredon and Hero soils are in depressions and drainageways and
Bennington County, Vermont 19

Groton and Windsor soils are throughout the map unit. Included soils make up about

20 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the subsoil.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the surface soil and subsoil and very

rapid in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Very strongly acid to neutral in the surface soil, strongly acid to neutral in

the subsoil and slightly acid to moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture or are in urban use. Some areas have excavations where sand and gravel

have been removed.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. There are few management

concerns.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Using rotational grazing and

maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for eastern white pine on this map unit is very high. This

map unit has few woodland management concerns.

This map unit has few limitations as a site for dwellings. Cutbanks of excavations

are subject to caving or sloughing.

The poor filtering capacity of the soil is the main limitation if this map unit is used

for septic tank absorption fields. The soil readily absorbs effluent, but it may not

adequately filter it. As a result, the ground water supplies in the area can potentially

become contaminated. Seepage can be monitored by periodically testing wells for

possible contamination.

This map unit is a probable source of sand and gravel for use as a construction

material. The suitability of the sand and gravel for specific purposes has not been

evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability class 1.

3B—Copake gravelly fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes

This soil is very deep, well drained, and gently sloping. It is on stream terraces.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 6 inches, very dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 8 inches, strong brown gravelly fine sandy loam

8 to 22 inches, olive brown and olive gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

22 to 65 inches, olive very gravelly coarse sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Fredon, Groton, Hero, and

Windsor soils. Fredon and Hero soils are in depressions and drainageways and
20 Soil Survey

Groton and Windsor soils are throughout the map unit. Included soils make up about

20 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the subsoil.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the surface soil and subsoil and very

rapid in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Very strongly acid to neutral in the surface soil, strongly acid to neutral in

the subsoil, and slightly acid to moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture or are in urban use. Some areas have excavations where sand and gravel

have been removed.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion is a

management concern. Including grasses and legumes in the crop rotation, using a

conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on the surface, and tilling along

the contour are common practices that help to control erosion.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Using rotational grazing and

maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for eastern white pine on this map unit is very high. This

map unit has few woodland management concerns.

This map unit has few limitations as a site for dwellings. Cutbanks of excavations

are subject to caving or sloughing.

The poor filtering capacity of the soil is the main limitation if this map unit is used

as a site for septic tank absorption fields. The soil readily absorbs effluent, but it may

not adequately filter the effluent. As a result, the ground water supplies in the area

can potentially become contaminated. Seepage can be monitored by periodically

testing wells for possible contamination.

This map unit is a probable source of sand and gravel for use as a construction

material. The suitability of the sand and gravel for specific purposes has not been

evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 2e.

3C—Copake gravelly fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes

This soil is very deep, well drained, and strongly sloping. It is on stream terraces

dissected by drainageways and on summits, shoulders, and backslopes of knolls and

ridges.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 6 inches, very dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 8 inches, strong brown gravelly fine sandy loam

8 to 22 inches, olive brown and olive gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

22 to 65 inches, olive very gravelly coarse sand
Bennington County, Vermont 21

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Fredon, Groton, Hero, and

Windsor soils. Fredon and Hero soils are in depressions and drainageways and

Groton and Windsor soils are throughout the map unit. Included soils make up about

20 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the subsoil.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the surface soil and subsoil and very

rapid in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Very strongly acid to neutral in the surface soil, strongly acid to neutral in

the subsoil, and slightly acid to moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture or are in urban use. Some areas have excavations where sand and gravel

have been removed.

This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion is a

management concern. Including grasses and legumes in the crop rotation, using a

conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on the surface, and tilling along

the contour are common practices that help to control erosion.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Using rotational grazing and

maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for eastern white pine on this map unit is very high. This

map unit has few woodland management concerns.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Erosion

is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and

establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to

reduce erosion. Cutbanks of excavations are subject to caving or sloughing.

Slope and the poor filtering capacity of the soil are the main limitations if this map

unit is used as a site for septic tank absorption fields. Special slope design of septic

tank absorption fields is needed in some places for septic tank absorption fields. The

soil readily absorbs effluent, but it may not adequately filter the effluent. As a result,

the ground water supplies in the area can potentially become contaminated. Seepage

can be monitored by periodically testing wells for possible contamination.

This map unit is a probable source of sand and gravel for use as a construction

material. The suitability of the sand and gravel for specific purposes has not been

evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 3e.

3D—Copake gravelly fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent

slopes

This soil is very deep, well drained, and moderately steep. It is on stream terraces

dissected by drainageways and on summits, shoulders, and backslopes of knolls and

ridges.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 6 inches, very dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam
22 Soil Survey

Subsoil:

6 to 8 inches, strong brown gravelly fine sandy loam

8 to 22 inches, olive brown and olive gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

22 to 65 inches, olive very gravelly coarse sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Fredon, Groton, Hero, and

Windsor soils. Fredon and Hero soils are in depressions and drainageways and

Groton and Windsor soils are throughout the map unit. Included soils make up about

20 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the subsoil.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the surface soil and subsoil and very

rapid in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Very strongly acid to neutral in the surface soil, strongly acid to neutral in

the subsoil, and slightly acid to moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Some areas are cleared and used for

cultivated crops or hay and pasture. Some areas have excavations where sand and

gravel have been removed.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion and

equipment limitations due to slope are management concerns. Reducing the use of

row crops in the crop rotation, using a conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, and tilling along the contour are practices that help to control

erosion.

This map unit is moderately suited to hay and pasture. Equipment limitations due

to slope is a management concern. Using rotational grazing and maintaining soil

fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for eastern white pine on this map unit is high. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Extensive

land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed

areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion. Cutbanks of

excavations are subject to caving or sloughing.

Slope and poor filtering capacity of the soil are the main limitations if this map unit

is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special slope design, such as installing

septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to overcome the slope

limitation. The soil readily absorbs effluent, but it may not adequately filter the effluent.

As a result, the ground water supplies in the area can potentially become contaminated.

Seepage can be monitored by periodically testing wells for possible contamination.

This map unit is a probable source of sand and gravel for use as a construction

material. The suitability of the sand and gravel for specific purposes has not been

evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 4e.
Bennington County, Vermont 23

3E—Copake gravelly fine sandy loam, 25 to 60 percent

slopes

This soil is very deep, well drained, and steep. It is on stream terrace escarpments.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 6 inches, very dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 8 inches, strong brown gravelly fine sandy loam

8 to 22 inches, olive brown and olive gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

22 to 65 inches, olive very gravelly coarse sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Fredon, Groton, Hero, and

Windsor soils. Fredon and Hero soils are in drainageways and Groton and Windsor

soils are throughout the map unit. Included soils make up about 20 percent of the

map unit.

Also included are soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the subsoil.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the surface soil and subsoil and very

rapid in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Very strongly acid to neutral in the surface soil, strongly acid to neutral in

the subsoil and slightly acid to moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for unimproved

pasture. Some areas have excavations where sand and gravel have been removed.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep slopes.

The potential productivity for eastern white pine on this map unit is moderate. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope.

This map unit is unsuited to dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep slopes.

This map unit is a probable source of sand and gravel for use as a construction

material. The suitability of the sand and gravel for specific purposes has not been

evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7e.

9—Pits-Dumps complex

Most areas of this map unit are slate and limestone quarries and associated piles

of waste rock. On-site investigations are necessary to determine the hazards and

degree of limitations for specific uses.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 8s.
24 Soil Survey

10D—Glebe-Stratton-Londonderry complex, 15 to 25

percent slopes, very rocky

This map unit consists of moderately steep soils on summits, shoulders, and

backslopes of mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit

consists of 40 percent moderately deep, well drained Glebe soils; 30 percent shallow,

well drained Stratton soils; 10 percent very shallow, well drained Londonderry soils;

and 20 percent other soils and areas of rock outcrop. The Glebe, Stratton, and

Londonderry soils are so intermingled that it was not practical to map them

separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Glebe soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed moss, leaves, needles, and twigs

1 to 3 inches, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

3 to 7 inches, black fine sandy loam

7 to 11 inches, dark gray gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

11 to 19 inches, very dark gray gravelly fine sandy loam

19 to 28 inches, dark reddish brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy

loam

Schist bedrock:

28 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Stratton soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inches, slightly decomposed needles, moss, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 5 inches, black channery silt loam

5 to 7 inches, brown very channery silt loam

Subsoil:

7 to 15 inches, dark reddish brown very channery silt loam

15 to 20 inches, reddish brown very channery silt loam

Schist bedrock:

20 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Londonderry

soils are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inches, slightly decomposed moss, leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 4 inches, black gravelly silt loam

4 to 6 inches, dark gray gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

6 inches

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Hogback, Houghtonville,

Mundal, and Rawsonville soils. Hogback and Rawsonville soils are at lower elevations

of this map unit, Houghtonville soils are in areas between rock outcrops, and Mundal
Bennington County, Vermont 25

soils are along drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map

unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 5 percent of this map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Glebe

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic Group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid throughout the soil

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Stratton

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic Group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the surface soil and subsoil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Londonderry

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to bedrock: 2 to 10 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic Group: D

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate in the surface soil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few small areas are developed as

ski trails.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface and rock outcrops.

This map unit is not recommended for forest management because of the fragile

nature of the soils.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings, in areas of very shallow Londonderry and

shallow Stratton soils. In areas of Glebe soils, the main limitations are slope and

depth to bedrock. Bedrock has to be removed where deep excavations are necessary.

Extensive land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas

cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation

on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields in areas with slopes of

greater than 20 percent and in areas of very shallow Londonderry and shallow

Stratton soils. In areas of Glebe soils, the main limitations are slope and depth to

bedrock. Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on

the contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as

mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill material in some places is

needed to raise the field the required distance above the bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.
26 Soil Survey

10E—Glebe-Stratton-Londonderry complex, 25 to 60

percent slopes, very rocky

This map unit consists of steep soils on summits, shoulders, and backslopes of

mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit consists of 40

percent moderately deep, well drained Glebe soils; 30 percent shallow, well drained

Stratton soils; 10 percent very shallow, well drained Londonderry soils; and 20

percent other soils and areas of rock outcrop. The Glebe, Stratton, and Londonderry

soils are so intermingled that it was not practical to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Glebe soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed moss, leaves, needles, and twigs

1 to 3 inches, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

3 to 7 inches, black fine sandy loam

7 to 11 inches, dark gray gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

11 to 19 inches, very dark gray gravelly fine sandy loam

19 to 28 inches, dark reddish brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy

loam

Schist bedrock:

28 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Stratton soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inches, slightly decomposed needles, moss, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 5 inches, black channery silt loam

5 to 7 inches, brown very channery silt loam

Subsoil:

7 to 15 inches, dark reddish brown very channery silt loam

15 to 20 inches, reddish brown very channery silt loam

Schist bedrock:

20 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Londonderry

soils are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inches, slightly decomposed moss, leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 4 inches, black gravelly silt loam

4 to 6 inches, dark gray gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

6 inches

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Hogback, Houghtonville,

Mundal, and Rawsonville soils. Hogback and Rawsonville soils are at lower elevations

of this map unit, Houghtonville soils are in areas between rock outcrops, and Mundal

soils are along drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.
Bennington County, Vermont 27

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 5 percent of this map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Glebe

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic Group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid throughout the soil

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Stratton

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic Group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the surface soil and subsoil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Londonderry

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to bedrock: 2 to 10 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic Group: D

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate in the surface soil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few small areas are developed as

ski trails.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep slopes, stones on the surface, and rock outcrops.

This map unit is not recommended for forest management because of the fragile

nature of the soils.

This map unit is unsuited to dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep slopes and depth to bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

11F—Taconic-Hubbardton-Rock outcrop complex, 25 to

70 percent slopes, very stony

This map unit consists of steep or very steep soils on backslopes of hills and

mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit consists of 40

percent shallow, somewhat excessively drained Taconic soils; 30 percent very

shallow, excessively drained Hubbardton soils; 10 percent rock outcrop; and 20

percent other soils. The Taconic and Hubbardton soils and rock outcrops are so

intermingled that it was not practical to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Taconic soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs
28 Soil Survey

Surface soil:

1 to 3 inches, very dark grayish brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

3 to 9 inches, strong brown very channery silt loam

9 to 13 inches, yellowish brown very channery silt loam

Slate bedrock:

13 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Hubbardton soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 4 inches, brown flaggy fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

4 to 8 inches, olive brown very channery fine sandy loam

Slate bedrock:

8 inches

The areas of rock outcrop are exposures of slate bedrock on summits, shoulders,

backslopes, and escarpments.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Dutchess and Macomber soils

and shallow soils with less than 35 percent rock fragments. Dutchess and Macomber

soils are in areas above and below rock outcrops. The shallow soils are in positions

similar to the Taconic soils. These soils make up about 20 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with a reddish subsoil.

Important Soil Properties

Taconic

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: D

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderately rapid in the

surface soil and subsoil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and very strongly acid

or strongly acid in the surface soil and subsoil

Hubbardton

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to bedrock: 2 to 10 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: D

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderately rapid in the

surface soil and subsoil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and very strongly acid

or strongly acid in the surface soil and subsoil

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep and very steep slopes, stones on the surface, and rock outcrops.
Bennington County, Vermont 29

The potential productivity for sugar maple on this map unit is very low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

seedling mortality, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas

disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary

helps control erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to

minimize equipment limitations associated with slope. The use of drought tolerant

planting stock or planting in the spring when there is sufficient soil moisture will help

minimize seedling mortality during dry summer months. Trees are commonly subject

to windthrow because root growth is limited by depth to bedrock. Even-aged

management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused

by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited to dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep slopes and depth to bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

18B—Windsor loamy fine sand, 0 to 8 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, excessively drained, and nearly level or gently sloping. It is

on stream terraces.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 4 inches, very dark grayish brown loamy fine sand

Subsoil:

4 to 13 inches, dark yellowish brown and yellowish brown loamy fine sand

13 to 22 inches, olive brown loamy fine sand

Substratum:

22 to 65 inches, olive gray fine sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Copake, Groton, Hartland,

and Hero soils. Copake, Hartland, and Groton soils are scattered throughout the map

unit and the Hero soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up

about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with a redder subsoil, soils with slightly acid or neutral

reaction throughout the profile, and soils with a fine sandy loam surface soil.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: A

Permeability: Rapid throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Low

Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil and

very strongly acid to slightly acid in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. Some areas have excavations where sand has been removed.

This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. The droughtiness and low

natural fertility of the soil are the management concerns. Including grasses and

legumes in the crop rotation, using conservation tillage that leaves crop residue on

the surface, and applying additional organic matter, such as manure, helps to improve

the water holding capacity and fertility of the soil. Irrigation should be considered for

high value truck crops.
30 Soil Survey

This map unit is moderately suited to hay and pasture. The droughtiness of the soil

is a management concern. Using rotational grazing and maintaining soil fertility levels

help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for eastern white pine on this map unit is high. The

woodland management concern is seedling mortality. Using drought tolerant planting

stock or planting in the spring when there is sufficient soil moisture will help minimize

seedling mortality during dry summer months.

This map unit has few limitations as a site for dwellings. Cutbanks of excavations

are subject to caving or sloughing.

The poor filtering capacity of the soil is the main limitation if this map unit is used

for septic tank absorption fields. The soil readily absorbs effluent, but it may not

adequately filter the effluent. As a result, the ground water supplies in the area can

potentially become contaminated. Seepage can be monitored by periodically testing

wells for possible contamination.

This map unit is a probable source of sand for use as a construction material. The

suitability of the sand for specific purposes has not been evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 3s.

18C—Windsor loamy fine sand, 8 to 15 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, excessively drained, and strongly sloping. It is on stream

terraces dissected by drainageways and on summits, shoulders, and backslopes of

knolls and ridges.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 4 inches, very dark grayish brown loamy fine sand

Subsoil:

4 to 13 inches, dark yellowish brown and yellowish brown loamy fine sand

13 to 22 inches, olive brown loamy fine sand

Substratum:

22 to 65 inches, olive gray fine sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Copake, Groton, Hartland,

and Hero soils. Copake, Hartland, and Groton soils are scattered throughout the map

unit and the Hero soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up

about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with a redder subsoil, soils with slightly acid or neutral

reaction throughout the profile, and soils with a fine sandy loam surface soil.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: A

Permeability: Rapid throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Low

Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil and

very strongly acid to slightly acid in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. Some areas are in woodland. Some areas have excavations where sand has

been removed.
Bennington County, Vermont 31

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The droughtiness and low natural

fertility of the soil and the hazard of erosion are the management concerns. Including

grasses and legumes in the crop rotation, using conservation tillage that leaves crop

residue on the surface, and applying additional organic matter, such as manure, help

to improve the water holding capacity and fertility of the soil and help to control

erosion. Irrigation should be considered for high value truck crops.

This map unit is moderately suited to hay and pasture. The droughtiness of the soil

is a management concern. Using rotational grazing and maintaining soil fertility levels

helps to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for eastern white pine on this map unit is high. The

woodland management concern is seedling mortality. The use of drought tolerant

planting stock or planting in the spring when there is sufficient soil moisture will help

minimize seedling mortality during dry summer months.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Erosion

is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and

establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to

reduce erosion. Cutbanks of excavations are subject to caving or sloughing.

Slope and the poor filtering capacity of the soil are the main limitations if this map

unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. A special slope design of septic tank

absorption fields is needed in some places for septic tank absorption fields. The soil

readily absorbs effluent, but it may not adequately filter the effluent. As a result, the

ground water supplies in the area can potentially become contaminated. Seepage

can be monitored by periodically testing wells for possible contamination.

This map unit is a probable source of sand for use as a construction material. The

suitability of the sand for specific purposes has not been evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 4s.

18E—Windsor loamy fine sand, 15 to 60 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, excessively drained, and moderately steep or steep. It is on

stream terrace escarpments.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 4 inches, very dark grayish brown loamy fine sand

Subsoil:

4 to 13 inches, dark yellowish brown and yellowish brown loamy fine sand

13 to 22 inches, olive brown loamy fine sand

Substratum:

22 to 65 inches, olive gray fine sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Copake, Groton, Hartland,

and Hero soils. Copake, Hartland, and Groton soils are scattered throughout the map

unit and the Hero soils are in drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent

of the map unit.

Also included are soils with a redder subsoil, soils with slightly acid or neutral

reaction throughout the profile, and soils with a fine sandy loam surface soil.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: A
32 Soil Survey

Permeability: Rapid throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Low

Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil and

very strongly acid to slightly acid in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few small areas are used for

unimproved pasture. Some areas have excavations where sand has been removed.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops in areas of steep slopes. In

moderately steep areas, the hazard of erosion and equipment limitations due to slope

are management concerns. Reducing the use of row crops in the crop rotation, using

a conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on the surface, and tilling along

the contour are practices that help to control erosion.

This map unit is poorly suited to hay and pasture in areas of steep slopes. In

moderately steep areas, this map unit is moderately suited to hay and pasture.

Equipment limitations due to slope is a management concern. Using rotational

grazing and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and

forage plants.

The potential productivity for eastern white pine on this map unit is moderate. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

and seedling mortality. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by

logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control

erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize

equipment limitations associated with slope. The use of drought tolerant planting

stock or planting in the spring when there is sufficient soil moisture will help minimize

seedling mortality during dry summer months.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings in areas of steep slopes. In areas of

moderately steep slopes, slope is the main limitation. Extensive land shaping and

grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction.

Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas

immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion. Cutbanks of excavations

are subject to caving or sloughing.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields in areas of steep slopes.

In areas of moderately steep slopes, slope and the poor filtering capacity of the soil

are the main limitations. A special slope design, such as installing septic system

absorption fields on the contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation. The soil

readily absorbs effluent, but it may not adequately filter the effluent. As a result, the

ground water supplies in the area can potentially become contaminated. Seepage

can be monitored by periodically testing wells for possible contamination.

This map unit is a probable source of sand for use as a construction material. The

suitability of the sand for specific purposes has not been evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

21A—Limerick silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, poorly drained, and nearly level. It is on flood plains and is

flooded frequently for brief periods.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 6 inches, very dark grayish brown silt loam

Substratum:

6 to 11 inches, mottled, dark grayish brown silt loam

11 to 65 inches, mottled, grayish brown silt loam
Bennington County, Vermont 33

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Pootatuck and Saco soils and

poorly drained soils with sand and gravel within 40 inches. Pootatuck soils are on

slightly higher convex areas, the poorly drained soils are in positions similar to the

Limerick soils, and Saco soils are in depressions and backwater areas. Included soils

make up about 20 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with textures coarser than very fine sandy loam in the

surface soil.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Very high

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: At 0 to 1.5 feet below the surface from November to May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate throughout the soil

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the surface soil and moderately acid to neutral in

the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for pasture. Some areas are

used for hay or cultivated crops and some are in woodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of flooding and the

seasonal high water table are management concerns. Spring tillage and harvesting

operations may be delayed because of wetness. Cold soil temperatures due to

wetness can slow germination. Flooding usually occurs about every other year in the

spring and lasts for brief periods. It can delay spring planting.

This map unit is moderately suited to hay and pasture. The seasonal high water

table is a management concern. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period

of cutting or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Using rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote

a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity of this map unit is very low for sugar maple. The

woodland management concerns are equipment limitations, seedling mortality, and

windthrow. The operation of logging equipment is difficult because of the seasonal

high water table. Logging operations are more efficiently carried out when the soil is

frozen or during dry seasons. The use of water-tolerant planting stock or planting

during dryer periods will help minimize seedling mortality during wet spring months.

Trees are commonly subject to windthrow, because root growth is limited by the

seasonal high water table. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and

avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize

windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

poorly drained soils and the hazard of flooding.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 4w.

23A—Adrian and Saco soils, 0 to 2 percent slopes

These soils are very deep, very poorly drained, and nearly level. Saco soils are on

flood plains and Adrian soils are in marshes and swamps. The Saco soils are flooded

frequently for brief periods. This map unit consists of 45 percent Adrian soils; 30

percent Saco soils; and about 25 percent other soils. Individual delineations of this

map unit contain areas of Adrian or Saco soils, but not necessarily areas of both

soils. The Adrian and Saco soils were mapped together because they have no major

differences in use and management.
34 Soil Survey

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Adrian soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inches, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, twigs, and sphagnum moss

2 to 20 inches, black muck

20 to 35 inches, very dark gray muck

Substratum:

35 to 65 inches, gray loamy sand

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Saco soils are

as follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 7 inches, mottled, very dark gray silt loam

Substratum:

7 to 22 inches, mottled, olive gray and very dark gray silt loam

22 to 41 inches, mottled, gray very fine sandy loam

41 to 65 inches, mottled, gray gravelly coarse sand

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Carlisle, Cabot, and

Limerick soils. The Cabot soils are near the edges of depressions and the Carlisle

and Limerick soils are in positions similar to the Saco soils. Included soils make up

about 25 percent of the map unit.

Also included are small areas that are covered by standing water for most of the

year.

Important Soil Properties

Adrian soils

Available water capacity: Very high

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Ponded to 0.5 feet below the surface year round

Hydrologic group: A/D

Permeability: Moderately slow to moderately rapid in the organic layers, rapid in the

mineral substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: extremely acid to neutral in the organic layers and moderately acid to

moderately alkaline in the mineral layers

Saco soils

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: At 0 to 0.5 feet below the surface from September to June

Hydrologic Group: D

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part, rapid in the lower part

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the surface soil and upper part of the substratum

and moderately acid to neutral in the lower part of the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland or wetland shrubs and grasses.

This map unit is unsuited for most uses because of very poorly drained soils and

the hazard of ponding and flooding.

The map unit is in land capability subclass 5w.
Bennington County, Vermont 35

24A—Carlisle mucky peat, 0 to 2 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, very poorly drained, and nearly level. It is in marshes and

swamps.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed sphagnum moss, leaves, needles, and twigs

1 to 4 inches, black mucky peat

4 to 65 inches, dark reddish brown muck

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Adrian, Cabot, Saco, and

Wilmington soils. Cabot and Wilmington soils are near the edges of the map unit and

Adrian and Saco soils are on flood plains along drainageways. These soils make up

about 20 percent of the map unit.

Also included are small areas covered by standing water for most of the year.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Very high

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Ponded to 0.5 feet below the surface year round

Hydrologic group: A/D

Permeability: Moderately slow to moderately rapid throughout the soil

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: extremely acid to strongly acid in the surface organic layer and very

strongly acid to neutral below

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland or wetland shrubs and grasses (fig. 4).

This map unit is unsuited for most uses because of very poorly drained soils and

the hazard of ponding.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 5w.

Figure 4.—Wetland vegetation in an area of Carlisle mucky peat, 0 to 2 percent slopes.
36 Soil Survey

25B—Belgrade silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, moderately well drained, and nearly level or gently sloping. It

is on terraces and knolls.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 9 inches, dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

9 to 15 inches, dark yellowish brown silt loam

15 to 21 inches, mottled, olive brown silt loam

Substratum:

21 to 65 inches, mottled, light olive brown silt loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Hartland, Raynham, and

Windsor soils. Hartland and Windsor soils are on slightly higher convex areas and the

Raynham soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about

15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils that have sand and gravel layers in the substratum.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: At 1.3 to 3.0 feet below the surface from November to April

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and slow to moderately rapid in

the substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Very strongly acid to neutral in the surface soil and subsoil and slightly acid

to slightly alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops and hay.

Some areas are used for pasture and a few areas are in woodland.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion and the

seasonal high water table are management concerns. Including grasses and legumes

in the crop rotation, using a conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on

the surface, and tilling along the contour are common practices that help to control

erosion. Spring tillage may be delayed in some years because of wetness. Cold soil

temperatures due to wetness can slow germination.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The seasonal high water table is a

management concern. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of

cutting or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Using rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote

a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for sugar on this map unit is moderate. This map unit has

few woodland management concerns.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a

site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations and grading the land to

divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements.

Cutbanks of excavations are subject to caving or sloughing.

The seasonal high water table and the moderately slow or slow permeability of the

substratum are the main limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption

fields. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption field with

suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field the required distance
Bennington County, Vermont 37

above the seasonal high water table and the moderately slow or slow permeable

substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 2e.

26A—Raynham silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, poorly drained, and nearly level. It is on stream terraces and

in depressions and drainageways.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 8 inches, brown silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 10 inches, mottled, olive brown silt loam

10 to 16 inches, mottled, olive gray silt loam

Substratum:

16 to 65 inches, mottled, firm olive gray silt

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Belgrade and Limerick soils

and poorly drained soils with a coarse-textured substratum. Belgrade soils are on

slightly higher convex areas and the Limerick soils are in low-lying areas that flood.

The poorly drained soils with a coarse-textured substratum are in positions similar as

Raynham soils. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with grayer colors in the subsoil and substratum. Also

included are some areas that are somewhat poorly drained.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: At 0 to 2.0 feet below the surface from November to May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate or moderately slow in the surface soil and subsoil and slow in

the substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Strongly acid to neutral in the surface soil and subsoil and moderately acid

to slightly alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for pasture. Some areas are

used for cultivated crops and hay and some are in woodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The seasonal high water table is

a management concern. Spring tillage and harvesting operations may be delayed

because of wetness. Cold soil temperatures due to wetness can slow germination.

This map unit is moderately suited to hay and pasture. The seasonal high water

table is a management concern. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period

of cutting or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Using rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote

a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity of this map unit is very low for sugar maple. The

woodland management concerns are equipment limitations, seedling mortality, and

windthrow. Operating logging equipment is difficult because of the seasonal high

water table. Logging operations are more efficiently carried out when the soil is frozen

or during dry seasons. The use of water tolerant planting stock or planting during

dryer periods will help minimize seedling mortality during wet spring months. Trees

are commonly subject to windthrow, because root growth is limited by the seasonal
38 Soil Survey

high water table. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding

surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

poorly drained soils.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 4w.

27B—Udipsamments and Udorthents, gently sloping

This map unit consists of gently sloping soils that have been altered, such as in

sand and gravel pits and borrow areas. In some locations, the upper soil layers have

been removed, exposing underlying sandy or gravelly layers. In other locations, the

original soil has been covered with fill material. These soils are moderately well

drained to excessively drained. Udipsamments and Udorthents are mapped together

because there are no major differences in use and management.

A broad level of classification is used for the soils in this map unit because they are

so altered that identification at the series level is not practical. This allows for a broad

range of important properties.

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Copake, Georgia, Groton,

and Pittsfield soils. The Copake, Groton, and Windsor soils are near sand and gravel

pits and the Georgia and Pittsfield soils are near borrow areas composed of loamy

material. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Most areas of this map unit are used for landfills, sand and gravel pits, or are

developed. On-site investigations are necessary to determine the hazards and

degree of limitations for specific uses.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 8s.

28A—Udifluvents, loamy-skeletal

This map unit consists of nearly level soils that formed in recently deposited cobbly

and gravelly alluvial material. The soils are along perennial streams and rivers that

frequently flood. These soils are somewhat poorly drained to excessively drained.

A broad level of classification is used for the soils in this map unit because the

range of properties makes identification at the series level not practical. This allows

for a broad range of important properties.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Copake soils, excessively

drained Groton soils, well drained Occum soils, and moderately well drained

Pootatuck soils. The Copake and Groton soils are on higher knolls and stream

terraces and the Occum and Pootatuck soils are on broader flood plains. Included

soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit. Some map units have sand, gravel,

or cobbles on the surface.

The hazard of flooding makes these soils unsuitable for most uses.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 8s.

29A—Occum fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, well drained, and nearly level. It is on flood plains and is

frequently flooded for brief periods.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 10 inches, dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

10 to 36 inches, dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam
Bennington County, Vermont 39

Substratum:

36 to 65 inches, dark yellowish brown loamy fine sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Limerick and Pootatuck soils

and the well drained soils with silt loam textures in the surface soil and subsoil.

Limerick and Pootatuck soils are in depressions and drainageways. The well drained

soils are in positions similar to the Occum soils. Included soils make up about 15

percent of the map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: At 4.0 to 6.0 feet below the surface from November to April

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid in the surface soil and subsoil and rapid

in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Very strongly acid to neutral in the surface soil and very strongly acid to

slightly acid in the subsoil and substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops and hay. A

few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of flooding is a

management concern. It usually occurs about every other year in the spring and lasts

for brief periods. It can delay spring planting.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Using rotational grazing and

maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for sugar maple on this map unit is high. This map unit

has few woodland management concerns.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

the hazard of flooding.

This map unit is in land capability class 1.

34A—Pootatuck fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, moderately well drained, and nearly level. It is on flood

plains and is frequently flooded for brief periods.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 10 inches, dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

10 to 17 inches, olive brown and olive fine sandy loam

17 to 33 inches, mottled, olive fine sandy loam

Substratum:

33 to 45 inches, mottled, olive loamy fine sand

45 to 65 inches, mottled, olive gravelly loamy fine sand loamy fine sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Limerick and Occum soils.

Limerick soils are in depressions and drainageways and Occum soils are on slightly

higher convex areas. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: High
40 Soil Survey

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: At 1.3 to 2.5 feet below the surface from November to April

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate to moderately rapid in the surface soil and subsoil and rapid

in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Very strongly acid to neutral in the surface soil and very strongly acid to

slightly acid in the subsoil and substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops and hay. A

few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The management concerns are the

hazard of flooding and the seasonal high water table. Spring tillage may be delayed in

some years because of wetness. Cold soil temperatures due to wetness can slow

germination. Flooding usually occurs about every other year in the spring and lasts

for brief periods. It can delay spring planting.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The seasonal high water table is a

management concern. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of

cutting or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Using rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote

a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for sugar maple on this map unit is high. This map unit

has few woodland management concerns.

This map unit is unsuited as a site for dwellings or septic tank absorption fields

because of the hazard of flooding.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 2w.

35B—Hartland silt loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, well drained, and nearly level or gently sloping. It is on

stream terraces, glacial lake plains, and knolls.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 9 inches, brown silt loam

Subsoil:

9 to 18 inches, yellowish brown silt loam

Substratum:

18 to 32 inches, stratified olive brown and light olive brown very fine sandy loam

32 to 58 inches, stratified olive brown silt loam and yellowish brown very fine sandy

loam

58 to 65 inches, stratified olive brown loamy very fine sand light yellowish brown very

fine sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Belgrade and Windsor soils.

Belgrade soils are in depressions and drainageways and Windsor soils are

throughout the map unit. Included soils make up about 10 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with sand and gravel layers in the substratum.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B
Bennington County, Vermont 41

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and moderate to moderately

slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Strongly acid to slightly alkaline throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops and hay.

Some areas are used for pasture and a few areas are in woodland.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion is a

management concern. Including grasses and legumes in the crop rotation, using a

conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on the surface, and tilling along

the contour are common practices that help to control erosion.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Using rotational grazing and

maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for sugar maple on this map unit is very high. This map

unit has few woodland management concerns.

This map unit has few limitations as a site for dwellings.

Moderately slow permeability of the substratum is the main limitation if this map

unit is used as a site for septic tank absorption fields. Special construction such as

mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill material in some places is

needed to raise the field the required distance above the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability class 1.

40B—Galway-Nellis-Farmington complex, 3 to 8 percent

slopes, rocky

This map unit consists of gently sloping soils on summits, shoulders, and

backslopes of knolls and ridges. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the surface.

This map unit consists of 40 percent moderately deep, well drained Galway soils; 30

percent very deep, well drained Nellis soils; 14 percent shallow, somewhat

excessively drained Farmington soils; and 16 percent other soils and areas of rock

outcrop. The Galway, Nellis, and Farmington soils are so intermingled that it was not

practical to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Galway soils are

as follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 2 inches, very dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

2 to 9 inches, reddish brown loam

9 to 19 inches, yellowish red silt loam

19 to 30 inches, reddish brown very gravelly silt loam

Limestone bedrock:

30 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Nellis soils are

as follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 23 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly silt loam

Substratum:

23 to 31 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

31 to 65 inches, olive very gravelly fine sandy loam
42 Soil Survey

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Farmington soils

are as follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 2 inches, very dark gray silt loam

Subsoil:

2 to 9 inches, strong brown loam

9 to 18 inches, brown gravelly loam

Limestone bedrock:

18 inches

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Amenia and Massena soils.

Amenia and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils

make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 1 percent of this map unit.

Also included are some areas of shallow soils that are well drained and areas with

more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Galway

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral in the surface soil, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline in the subsoil, and slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline in the

substratum, where present

Nellis

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and moderate to moderately

slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral in the surface soil and subsoil, moderately acid

to slightly alkaline in the upper part of the substratum, and neutral to moderately

alkaline below

Farmington

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Strongly acid to neutral in the surface soil and moderately acid to slightly

alkaline in the subsoil

Most areas of this map unit are used for hay and pasture or cultivated crops. Some

areas are in woodland.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion is a
Bennington County, Vermont 43

management concern. Including grasses and legumes in the crop rotation, using a

conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on the surface, and tilling along

the contour are common practices that help to control erosion. Rock outcrops may

interfere with tillage and planting operations.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Using rotational grazing and

maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

Rock outcrops may interfere with haying operations.

The potential productivity for sugar maple on this map unit is moderate. The

woodland management concerns are seedling mortality and windthrow. Areas of

Nellis soils have few management concerns. In areas of Farmington soils, the use of

drought tolerant planting stock or planting in the spring when there is sufficient soil

moisture will help minimize seedling mortality during dry summer months. In areas of

Farmington and Galway soils, trees are commonly subject to windthrow because root

growth is limited by depth to bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch

cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to

minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings, in areas of shallow Farmington soils. In

areas of Galway soils, depth to bedrock is the main limitation. Areas of Nellis soils

have few limitations. Bedrock has to be removed where deep excavations are

necessary.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields in areas of shallow

Farmington soils. In areas of Galway soils, depth to bedrock is the main limitation and

in areas of Nellis soils, moderately slow permeability of the substratum is the main

limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption field with

suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field the required distance

above the bedrock or substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 2e.

40C—Galway-Nellis-Farmington complex, 8 to 15 percent

slopes, rocky

This map unit consists of strongly sloping soils on summits, shoulders, and

backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the

surface. This map unit consists of 40 percent moderately deep, well drained Galway

soils; 30 percent very deep, well drained Nellis soils; 14 percent shallow, somewhat

excessively drained Farmington soils; and 16 percent other soils and areas of rock

outcrop. The Galway, Nellis, and Farmington soils are so intermingled that it was not

practical to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Galway soils are

as follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 2 inches, very dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

2 to 9 inches, reddish brown loam

9 to 19 inches, yellowish red silt loam

19 to 30 inches, reddish brown very gravelly silt loam

Limestone bedrock:

30 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Nellis soils are

as follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam
44 Soil Survey

Subsoil:

8 to 23 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly silt loam

Substratum:

23 to 31 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

31 to 65 inches, olive very gravelly fine sandy loam

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Farmington soils

are as follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 2 inches, very dark gray silt loam

Subsoil:

2 to 9 inches, strong brown loam

9 to 18 inches, brown gravelly loam

Limestone bedrock:

18 inches

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Amenia and Massena soils.

Amenia and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils

make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 1 percent of this map unit.

Also included are some areas of shallow soils that are well drained and areas with

more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Galway

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral in the surface soil, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline in the subsoil, and slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline in the

substratum, where present

Nellis

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and moderate or moderately

slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral in the surface soil and subsoil, moderately acid

to slightly alkaline in the upper part of the substratum, and neutral to moderately

alkaline below

Farmington

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Moderate
Bennington County, Vermont 45

Reaction: Strongly acid to neutral in the surface soil and moderately acid to slightly

alkaline in the subsoil

Most areas of this map unit are used for hay and pasture or are in woodland. Some

areas are used for cultivated crops.

This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion is a

management concern. Including grasses and legumes in the crop rotation, using a

conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on the surface, and tilling along

the contour are common practices that help to control erosion. Rock outcrops may

interfere with tillage and planting operations.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Using rotational grazing and

maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

Rock outcrops may interfere with haying operations.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

The woodland management concerns are seedling mortality and windthrow. Areas of

Nellis soils have few management concerns. In areas of Farmington soils, the use of

drought tolerant planting stock or planting in the spring when there is sufficient soil

moisture will help minimize seedling mortality during dry summer months. In areas of

Farmington and Galway soils, trees are commonly subject to windthrow because root

growth is limited by depth to bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch

cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to

minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings in areas of shallow Farmington soils. In

areas of Galway soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main limitations and in

areas of Nellis soils slope is the main limitation. Bedrock has to be removed where

deep excavations are necessary. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed

areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields, in areas of shallow

Farmington soils. In areas of Galway soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main

limitations and in areas of Nellis soils, moderately slow permeability of the substratum

and slope are the main limitations. Special slope design, such as installing septic

system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation.

Special construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable

fill material in most places is needed to raise the field the required distance above the

bedrock or substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 3e.

40D—Galway-Nellis-Farmington complex, 15 to 25 percent

slopes, rocky

This map unit consists of moderately steep soils on backslopes of hills and ridges.

Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit consists of 40 percent

moderately deep, well drained Galway soils; 30 percent very deep, well drained Nellis

soils; 14 percent shallow, somewhat excessively drained Farmington soils; and 16

percent other soils and areas of rock outcrop. The Galway, Nellis, and Farmington

soils are so intermingled that it was not practical to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Galway soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs
46 Soil Survey

Surface soil:

2 to 4 inches, very dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

4 to 11 inches, reddish brown loam

11 to 21 inches, yellowish red silt loam

21 to 32 inches, reddish brown very gravelly silt loam

Limestone bedrock:

32 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Nellis soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 10 inches, dark brown silt loam

Subsoil:

10 to 25 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly silt loam

Substratum:

25 to 33 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

33 to 65 inches, olive very gravelly fine sandy loam

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Farmington soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 3 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

3 to 5 inches, very dark gray silt loam

Subsoil:

5 to 12 inches, strong brown loam

12 to 21 inches, brown gravelly loam

Limestone bedrock:

21 inches

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Amenia and Massena soils.

Amenia and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils

make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 1 percent of this map unit.

Also included are some areas of shallow soils that are well drained and areas with

more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Galway

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate in the surface soil

and subsoil

Potential frost action: Moderate
Bennington County, Vermont 47

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, moderately acid to

neutral in the surface soil, moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the subsoil, and

slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline in the substratum, where present

Nellis

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderate to moderately slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, moderately acid to

neutral in the surface soil and subsoil, moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the

upper part of the substratum, and neutral to moderately alkaline below

Farmington

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, strongly acid to neutral

in the surface soil, and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the subsoil

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few small areas are used for hay or

pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion and

equipment limitations due to slope are management concerns. Reducing the use of

row crops in the crop rotation, using a conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, and tilling along the contour are practices that help to control

erosion. Rock outcrops may interfere with tillage and planting operations.

This map unit is moderately suited to hay and pasture. Equipment limitations due

to slope is a management concern. Using rotational grazing and maintaining soil

fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants. Rock outcrops

may interfere with haying operations.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment

limitations, seedling mortality, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on

areas disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as

necessary helps control erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope

helps to minimize equipment limitations associated with slope. In areas of Farmington

soils, the use of drought tolerant planting stock or planting in the spring when there is

sufficient soil moisture will help minimize seedling mortality during dry summer

months. In areas of Farmington and Galway soils, trees are commonly subject to

windthrow because root growth is limited by depth to bedrock. Even-aged

management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused

by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings, in areas of shallow Farmington soils. In

areas of Galway soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main limitations and in

areas of Nellis soils slope is the main limitation. Bedrock has to be removed where

deep excavations are necessary. Extensive land shaping and grading may be

required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing

plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after

construction will help to reduce erosion.
48 Soil Survey

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields in areas of shallow

Farmington soils and in areas with greater than 20 percent slope. In areas of Galway

soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main limitations and in areas of Nellis soils,

moderately slow permeability of the substratum and slope are the main limitations.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as

mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill material in some places is

needed to raise the field the required distance above the bedrock or substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 4e.

41C—Galway-Farmington complex, 8 to 15 percent

slopes, very rocky

This map unit consists of strongly sloping soils on the summits, shoulders, and

backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

This map unit consists of 45 percent moderately deep, well drained Galway soils; 35

percent shallow, somewhat excessively drained Farmington soils; and 20 percent

other soils and areas of rock outcrop. The Galway and Farmington soils are so

intermingled that it was not practical to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Galway soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 4 inches, very dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

4 to 11 inches, reddish brown loam

11 to 21 inches, yellowish red silt loam

21 to 32 inches, reddish brown very gravelly silt loam

Limestone bedrock:

32 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Farmington soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 3 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

3 to 5 inches, very dark gray silt loam

Subsoil:

5 to 12 inches, strong brown loam

12 to 21 inches, brown gravelly loam

Limestone bedrock:

21 inches

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Amenia, Massena, and

Nellis soils. Amenia and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways and the

Nellis soils are in deeper areas between rock outcrops. Included soils make up about

15 percent of the map unit.
Bennington County, Vermont 49

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 5 percent of this map unit.

Also included are some areas of shallow soils that are well drained.

Important Soil Properties

Galway

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, moderately acid to

neutral in the surface soil, moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the subsoil, and

slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline in the substratum, where present

Farmington

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, strongly acid to neutral

in the surface soil, and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the subsoil

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of stones

on the surface and rock outcrops. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture.

Rotational grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good

stand and control erosion.

The potential productivity for sugar maple on this map unit is moderately low. The

woodland management concerns are seedling mortality and windthrow. In areas of

Farmington soils, the use of drought tolerant planting stock or planting in the spring

when there is sufficient soil moisture will help minimize seedling mortality during dry

summer months. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow, because root growth is

limited by depth to bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and

avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize

windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings in areas of shallow Farmington soils. In

areas of Galway soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main limitations. Bedrock

has to be removed where deep excavations are necessary. Erosion is a hazard in

areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing

vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to reduce

erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields in areas of shallow

Farmington soils. In areas of Galway soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main

limitations. Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on

the contour is needed to overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as

mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is

needed to raise the field the required distance above the bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.
50 Soil Survey

41D—Galway-Farmington complex, 15 to 25 percent

slopes, very rocky

This map unit consists of moderately steep soils on the summits, shoulders, and

backslopes of hills and ridges. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map

unit consists of 45 percent moderately deep, well drained Galway soils; 35 percent

shallow, somewhat excessively drained Farmington soils; and 20 percent other soils

and areas of rock outcrop. The Galway and Farmington soils are so intermingled that

it was not practical to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Galway soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 4 inches, very dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

4 to 11 inches, reddish brown loam

11 to 21 inches, yellowish red silt loam

21 to 32 inches, reddish brown very gravelly silt loam

Limestone bedrock:

32 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Farmington soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 3 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

3 to 5 inches, very dark gray silt loam

Subsoil:

5 to 12 inches, strong brown loam

12 to 21 inches, brown gravelly loam

Limestone bedrock:

21 inches

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Amenia, Massena, and

Nellis soils. Amenia and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways and the

Nellis soils are in deeper areas between rock outcrops. Included soils make up about

15 percent of the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 5 percent of this map unit.

Also included are some areas of shallow soils that are well drained.

Important Soil Properties

Galway

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate below

Potential frost action: Moderate
Bennington County, Vermont 51

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, moderately acid to

neutral in the surface soil, moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the subsoil, and

slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline in the substratum, where present

Farmington

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, strongly acid to neutral

in the surface soil, and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the subsoil

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface and rock outcrops. Some areas are used for unimproved

pasture. Rotational grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a

good stand and control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

seedling mortality, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas

disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary

helps control erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to

minimize equipment limitations associated with slope. In areas of Farmington soils,

the use of drought tolerant planting stock or planting in the spring when there is

sufficient soil moisture will help minimize seedling mortality during dry summer

months. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow, because root growth is limited by

depth to bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding

surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings, in areas of shallow Farmington soils. In

areas of Galway soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main limitations. Bedrock

has to be removed where deep excavations are necessary. Extensive land shaping

and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction.

Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas

immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields, in areas of shallow

Farmington soils and in areas with greater than 20 percent slope. In areas of Galway

soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main limitations. Special slope design, such

as installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to overcome

the slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption

field with suitable fill material in some places is needed to raise the field the required

distance above the bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

41E—Galway-Farmington complex, 25 to 50 percent

slopes, very rocky

This map unit consists of steep soils on backslopes of hills. Stones cover 0.1 to 3

percent of the surface. This map unit consists of 45 percent moderately deep, well

drained Galway soils; 35 percent shallow, somewhat excessively drained Farmington

soils; and 20 percent other soils and areas of rock outcrop. The Galway and

Farmington soils are so intermingled that it was not practical to map them separately.
52 Soil Survey

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Galway soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 4 inches, very dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

4 to 11 inches, reddish brown loam

11 to 21 inches, yellowish red silt loam

21 to 32 inches, reddish brown very gravelly silt loam

Limestone bedrock:

32 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Farmington soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 3 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

3 to 5 inches, very dark gray silt loam

Subsoil:

5 to 12 inches, strong brown loam

12 to 21 inches, brown gravelly loam

Limestone bedrock:

21 inches

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Amenia and Nellis soils.

Amenia and Nellis soils are in deeper areas between rock outcrops. Included soils

make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, backslopes, and

escarpments and cover about 5 percent of this map unit. Also included are some

areas with less than 2 percent rock outcrop.

Also included are some areas of shallow soils that are well drained.

Important Soil Properties

Galway

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6.0 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, moderately acid to

neutral in the surface soil, moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the subsoil, and

slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline in the substratum, where present

Farmington

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate below
Bennington County, Vermont 53

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, strongly acid to neutral

in the surface soil, and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the subsoil

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for unimproved

pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep slopes, stones on the surface, and rock outcrops.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

seedling mortality, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas

disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary

helps control erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to

minimize equipment limitations associated with slope. In areas of Farmington soils,

the use of drought tolerant planting stock or planting in the spring when there is

sufficient soil moisture will help minimize seedling mortality during dry summer

months. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow because root growth is limited by

depth to bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding

surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep slopes and depth to bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

42C—Macomber-Taconic complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes,

rocky

This map unit consists of strongly sloping soils on the summits, shoulders, and

backslopes of hills and ridges. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the surface. This

map unit consists of 50 percent moderately deep, well drained Macomber soils; 34

percent shallow, somewhat excessively drained Taconic soils; and 16 percent other

soils and areas of rock outcrop. The Macomber and Taconic soils are so intermingled

that it was not practical to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Macomber soils

are as follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 2 inches, black channery silt loam

Subsoil:

2 to 6 inches, brown channery silt loam

6 to 12 inches, dark yellowish brown very channery silt loam

12 to 30 inches, light olive brown very channery silt loam

Substratum:

30 to 36 inches, olive brown very channery silt loam

Slate bedrock:

36 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Taconic soils are

as follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 2 inches, very dark grayish brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

2 to 8 inches, strong brown very channery silt loam

8 to 12 inches, yellowish brown very channery silt loam
54 Soil Survey

Slate bedrock:

12 inches

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Dutchess, Hubbardton, and

Pittstown soils and well drained shallow and moderately deep soils with less than 35

percent rock fragments in the subsoil and substratum. Dutchess soils are throughout

the map unit, the shallow and moderately deep soils are in positions similar to the

Taconic and Macomber soils, Pittstown soils are in depressions and drainageways,

and Hubbardton soils are on convex areas near rock outcrops. Included soils make

up about 15 percent of the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 1 percent of this map unit.

Also included are soils with a reddish subsoil, soils with black or very dark gray

colors throughout the profile, and small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on

the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Macomber

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout the soil

Taconic

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: D

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are used for hay and pasture. Some areas are used for

cultivated crops or are in woodland.

This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion is a

management concern. Including grasses and legumes in the crop rotation, using a

conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on the surface, and tilling along

the contour are common practices that help to control erosion. Rock outcrops may

interfere with tillage and planting operations.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Using rotational grazing and

maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

Rock outcrops may interfere with haying operations.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderately

low. The woodland management concerns are seedling mortality and windthrow. In

areas of Taconic soils, the use of drought tolerant planting stock or planting in the

spring when there is sufficient soil moisture will help minimize seedling mortality

during dry summer months. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow, because root

growth is limited by depth to bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch

cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to

minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings in areas of shallow Taconic soils. In areas of

Macomber soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main limitations. Bedrock has to

be removed where deep excavations are necessary. Erosion is a hazard in areas
Bennington County, Vermont 55

cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation

on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields in areas of shallow

Taconic soils. In areas of Macomber soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main

limitations. Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on

the contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as

mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is

needed to raise the field the required distance above the bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 3e.

42D—Macomber-Taconic complex, 15 to 25 percent

slopes, rocky

This map unit consists of moderately steep soils on narrow ridges and backslopes

of hills and mountains. Stones cover less than 0.1 percent of the surface. This map

unit consists of 50 percent moderately deep, well drained Macomber soils; 34 percent

shallow, somewhat excessively drained Taconic soils; and 16 percent other soils and

areas of rock outcrop. The Macomber and Taconic soils are so intermingled that it

was not practical to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Macomber soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 3 inches, black channery silt loam

Subsoil:

3 to 7 inches, brown channery silt loam

7 to 13 inches, dark yellowish brown very channery silt loam

13 to 31 inches, light olive brown very channery silt loam

Substratum:

31 to 37 inches, olive brown very channery silt loam

Slate bedrock:

37 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Taconic soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 3 inches, very dark grayish brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

3 to 9 inches, strong brown very channery silt loam

9 to 13 inches, yellowish brown very channery silt loam

Slate bedrock:

13 inches

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Dutchess, Hubbardton, and

Pittstown soils and well drained shallow and moderately deep soils with less than 35

percent rock fragments in the subsoil and substratum. Dutchess soils are throughout

the map unit, the shallow and moderately deep soils are in positions similar to the

Taconic and Macomber soils, Pittstown soils are in depressions and drainageways,
56 Soil Survey

and Hubbardton soils are on convex areas near rock outcrops. Included soils make

up about 15 percent of the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 1 percent of this map unit.

Also included are soils with a reddish subsoil, soils with black or very dark gray

colors throughout the profile, and small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on

the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Macomber

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and very strongly acid to

moderately acid below

Taconic

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: D

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and very strongly acid to

moderately acid below

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface and rock outcrops. Some areas are used for unimproved

pasture. Rotational grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a

good stand and control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is very low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

seedling mortality, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas

disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary

helps control erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to

minimize equipment limitations associated with slope. In areas of Taconic soils, the

use of drought tolerant planting stock or planting in the spring when there is sufficient

soil moisture will help minimize seedling mortality during dry summer months. Trees

are commonly subject to windthrow because root growth is limited by depth to

bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface

root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings, in areas of shallow Taconic soils. In areas

of Macomber soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main limitations. Bedrock has

to be removed where deep excavations are necessary. Extensive land shaping and

grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction.

Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas

immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields in areas of shallow

Taconic soils and in areas with greater than 20 percent slope. In areas of Macomber

soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main limitations. Special slope design, such
Bennington County, Vermont 57

as installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to overcome

the slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption

field with suitable fill material in some places is needed to raise the field the required

distance above the bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

42E—Macomber-Taconic complex, 25 to 60 percent

slopes, rocky

This map unit consists of steep soils on backslopes of hills and mountains. Stones

cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit consists of 50 percent moderately

deep, well drained Macomber soils; 34 percent shallow, somewhat excessively

drained Taconic soils; and 16 percent other soils and areas of rock outcrop. The

Macomber and Taconic soils are so intermingled that it was not practical to map them

separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Macomber soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 3 inches, black channery silt loam

Subsoil:

3 to 7 inches, brown channery silt loam

7 to 13 inches, dark yellowish brown very channery silt loam

13 to 31 inches, light olive brown very channery silt loam

Substratum:

31 to 37 inches, olive brown very channery silt loam

Slate bedrock:

37 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Taconic soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 3 inches, very dark grayish brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

3 to 9 inches, strong brown very channery silt loam

9 to 13 inches, yellowish brown very channery silt loam

Slate bedrock:

13 inches

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Dutchess, Hubbardton, and

Pittstown soils and well drained shallow and moderately deep soils with less than 35

percent rock fragments in the subsoil and substratum. Dutchess soils are throughout

the map unit, the shallow and moderately deep soils are in positions similar to the

Taconic and Macomber soils, Pittstown soils are in depressions and drainageways,

and Hubbardton soils are on convex areas near rock outcrops. Included soils make

up about 15 percent of the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 1 percent of this map unit.
58 Soil Survey

Also included are soils with a reddish subsoil, soils with black or very dark gray

colors throughout the profile and small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on

the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Macomber

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and very strongly acid to

moderately acid below

Taconic

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: D

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and very strongly acid to

moderately acid below

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for unimproved

pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep slopes, stones on the surface, and rock outcrops.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is very low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

seedling mortality, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas

disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary

helps control erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to

minimize equipment limitations associated with slope. In areas of Taconic soils, the

use of drought tolerant planting stock or planting in the spring when there is sufficient

soil moisture will help minimize seedling mortality during dry summer months. Trees

are commonly subject to windthrow because root growth is limited by depth to

bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface

root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep slopes and depth to bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

43C—Taconic-Macomber complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes,

very rocky

This map unit consists of strongly sloping soils on summits, shoulders, and

backslopes of hills and ridges. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map

unit consists of 45 percent shallow, somewhat excessively drained Taconic soils; 35

percent moderately deep, well drained Macomber soils; and 20 percent other soils

and areas of rock outcrop. The Taconic and Macomber soils are so intermingled that it

was not practical to map them separately.
Bennington County, Vermont 59

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Taconic soils are

as follows:

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 3 inches, very dark grayish brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

3 to 9 inches, strong brown very channery silt loam

9 to 13 inches, yellowish brown very channery silt loam

Slate bedrock:

13 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Macomber soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 3 inches, black channery silt loam

Subsoil:

3 to 7 inches, brown channery silt loam

7 to 13 inches, dark yellowish brown very channery silt loam

13 to 31 inches, light olive brown very channery silt loam

Substratum:

31 to 37 inches, olive brown very channery silt loam

Slate bedrock:

37 inches

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Dutchess, Hubbardton, and

Pittstown soils and well drained shallow and moderately deep soils with less than 35

percent rock fragments in the subsoil and substratum. Dutchess soils are throughout

the map unit, the shallow and moderately deep soils are in positions similar to the

Taconic and Macomber soils, Pittstown soils are in depressions and drainageways,

and Hubbardton soils are on convex areas near rock outcrops. Included soils make

up about 15 percent of the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 5 percent of this map unit.

Also included are soils with a reddish subsoil and soils with black or very dark gray

colors throughout the profile.

Important Soil Properties

Taconic

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: D

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and very strongly acid to

moderately acid below
60 Soil Survey

Macomber

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and very strongly acid to

moderately acid below

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for unimproved

pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface and rock outcrops. Some areas are used for unimproved

pasture. Rotational grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a

good stand and control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The

woodland management concerns are seedling mortality and windthrow. In areas of

Taconic soils, the use of drought tolerant planting stock or planting in the spring when

there is sufficient soil moisture will help minimize seedling mortality during dry

summer months. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow, because root growth is

limited by depth to bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and

avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize

windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings, in areas of shallow Taconic soils. In areas

of Macomber soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main limitations. Bedrock has

to be removed where deep excavations are necessary. Erosion is a hazard in areas

cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation

on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields in areas of shallow

Taconic soils. In areas of Macomber soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main

limitations. Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on

the contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as

mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is

needed to raise the field the required distance above the bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

43D—Taconic-Macomber complex, 15 to 25 percent

slopes, very rocky

This map unit consists of moderately steep soils on narrow ridges and backslopes

of hills and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit

consists of 45 percent shallow, somewhat excessively drained Taconic soils; 35

percent moderately deep, well drained Macomber soils; and 20 percent other soils

and areas of rock outcrop. The Taconic and Macomber soils are so intermingled that it

was not practical to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Taconic soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 3 inches, very dark grayish brown channery silt loam
Bennington County, Vermont 61

Subsoil:

3 to 9 inches, strong brown very channery silt loam

9 to 13 inches, yellowish brown very channery silt loam

Slate bedrock:

13 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Macomber soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 3 inches, black channery silt loam

Subsoil:

3 to 7 inches, brown channery silt loam

7 to 13 inches, dark yellowish brown very channery silt loam

13 to 31 inches, light olive brown very channery silt loam

Substratum:

31 to 37 inches, olive brown very channery silt loam

Slate bedrock:

37 inches

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Dutchess, Hubbardton, and

Pittstown soils and well drained shallow and moderately deep soils with less than 35

percent rock fragments in the subsoil and substratum. Dutchess soils are throughout

the map unit, the shallow and moderately deep soils are in positions similar to the

Taconic and Macomber soils, Pittstown soils are in depressions and drainageways,

and Hubbardton soils are on convex areas near rock outcrops. Included soils make

up about 15 percent of the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 5 percent of this map unit.

Also included are soils with a reddish subsoil and soils with black or very dark gray

colors throughout the profile.

Important Soil Properties

Taconic

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: D

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and very strongly acid to

moderately acid below

Macomber

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and very strongly acid to

moderately acid below
62 Soil Survey

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for unimproved

pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface and rock outcrops.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is very low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

seedling mortality, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas

disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary

helps control erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to

minimize equipment limitations associated with slope. In areas of Taconic soils, the

use of drought tolerant planting stock or planting in the spring when there is sufficient

soil moisture will help minimize seedling mortality during dry summer months. Trees

are commonly subject to windthrow because root growth is limited by depth to

bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface

root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings in areas of shallow Taconic soils. In areas of

Macomber soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main limitations. Bedrock has to

be removed where deep excavations are necessary. Extensive land shaping and

grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction.

Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas

immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields in areas of shallow

Taconic soils and in areas with greater than 20 percent slope. In areas of Macomber

soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main limitations. Special slope design, such

as installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to overcome

the slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption

field with suitable fill material in some places is needed to raise the field the required

distance above the bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

43E—Taconic-Macomber complex, 25 to 60 percent

slopes, very rocky

This map unit consists of steep soils on backslopes of hills and mountains. Stones

cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit consists of 45 percent shallow,

somewhat excessively drained Taconic soils; 35 percent moderately deep, well

drained Macomber soils; and 20 percent other soils and areas of rock outcrop. The

Taconic and Macomber soils are so intermingled that it was not practical to map them

separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Taconic soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 3 inches, very dark grayish brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

3 to 9 inches, strong brown very channery silt loam

9 to 13 inches, yellowish brown very channery silt loam

Slate bedrock:

13 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Macomber soils

are as follows—
Bennington County, Vermont 63

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 3 inches, black channery silt loam

Subsoil:

3 to 7 inches, brown channery silt loam

7 to 13 inches, dark yellowish brown very channery silt loam

13 to 31 inches, light olive brown very channery silt loam

Substratum:

31 to 37 inches, olive brown very channery silt loam

Slate bedrock:

37 inches

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Dutchess, Hubbardton, and

Pittstown soils and well drained shallow and moderately deep soils with less than 35

percent rock fragments in the subsoil and substratum. Dutchess soils are throughout

the map unit; the shallow and moderately deep soils are in positions similar to the

Taconic and Macomber soils; Pittstown soils are in depressions and drainageways;

and Hubbardton soils are on convex areas near rock outcrops. Included soils make

up about 15 percent of the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 5 percent of this map unit.

Also included are soils with a reddish subsoil, soils with black or very dark gray

colors throughout the profile.

Important Soil Properties

Taconic

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: D

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and very strongly acid to

moderately acid below

Macomber

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and very strongly acid to

moderately acid below

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few small areas are used for

unimproved pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep slopes, stones on the surface and rock outcrops.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is very low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

seedling mortality, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas
64 Soil Survey

disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary

helps control erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to

minimize equipment limitations associated with slope. In areas of Taconic soils, the

use of drought tolerant planting stock or planting in the spring when there is sufficient

soil moisture will help minimize seedling mortality during dry summer months. Trees

are commonly subject to windthrow because root growth is limited by depth to

bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface

root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep slopes and depth to bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

44B—Dutchess channery loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, well drained, and gently sloping. It is on summits and

shoulders of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the

surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 5 inches, dark brown channery loam

Subsoil:

5 to 14 inches, light olive brown and olive brown channery loam

14 to 26 inches, dark grayish brown channery loam

Substratum:

26 to 70 inches, dark grayish brown and very dark grayish brown channery loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Brayton, Macomber, Pittstown,

and Taconic Soils. Brayton and Pittstown soils are in depressions and drainageways

and Macomber and Taconic soils are on slightly higher convex areas. Included soils

make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with black or very dark gray colors throughout the profile.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil and

strongly acid to slightly acid in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops and hay.

Some areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion is a

management concern. Including grasses and legumes in the crop rotation, using a

conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on the surface, and tilling along

the contour are common practices that help to control erosion.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Using rotational grazing and

maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

This map unit has few woodland management concerns.
Bennington County, Vermont 65

This map unit has few limitations as a site for dwellings and septic tank absorption

fields.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 2e.

44C—Dutchess channery loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, well drained, and strongly sloping. It is on summits,

shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover less that 0.1

percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 5 inches, dark brown channery loam

Subsoil:

5 to 14 inches, light olive brown and olive brown channery loam

14 to 26 inches, dark grayish brown channery loam

Substratum:

26 to 70 inches, dark grayish brown and very dark grayish brown channery loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Brayton, Macomber, Pittstown,

and Taconic Soils. Brayton and Pittstown soils are in depressions and drainageways

and Macomber and Taconic soils are on slightly higher convex areas. Included soils

make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with black or very dark gray colors throughout the profile.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil and

strongly acid to slightly acid in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for hay and pasture. Some areas

are used for cultivated crops and a few small areas are in woodland.

This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion is a

management concern. Including grasses and legumes in the crop rotation, using a

conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on the surface, and tilling along

the contour are common practices that help to control erosion.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Using rotational grazing and

maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Erosion

is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and

establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to

reduce erosion.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields.
66 Soil Survey

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 3e.

44D—Dutchess channery loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, well drained, and moderately steep. It is on backslopes of

hills and ridges. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 5 inches, dark brown channery loam

Subsoil:

5 to 14 inches, light olive brown and olive brown channery loam

14 to 26 inches, dark grayish brown channery loam

Substratum:

26 to 70 inches, dark grayish brown and very dark grayish brown channery loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Brayton, Macomber, Pittstown,

and Taconic soils. Brayton and Pittstown soils are in depressions and drainageways

and Macomber and Taconic soils are on slightly higher convex areas. Included soils

make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with black or very dark gray colors throughout the profile.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil and

strongly acid to slightly acid in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are used for hay and pasture. A few small areas are in

woodland or used for cultivated crops.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion and

equipment limitations due to slope are management concerns. Reducing the use of

row crops in the crop rotation, using a conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, and tilling along the contour are practices that help to control

erosion.

This map unit is moderately suited to hay and pasture. Equipment limitations due

to slope is a management concern. Using rotational grazing and maintaining soil

fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Extensive

land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for
Bennington County, Vermont 67

construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed

areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 4e.

47C—Dutchess channery loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes,

very stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and strongly sloping. It is on summits,

shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent

of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inches, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 7 inches, dark brown channery loam

Subsoil:

7 to 16 inches, light olive brown and olive brown channery loam

16 to 28 inches, dark grayish brown channery loam

Substratum:

28 to 72 inches, dark grayish brown and very dark grayish brown channery loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Brayton, Macomber, Pittstown,

and Taconic Soils. Brayton and Pittstown soils are in depressions and drainageways

and Macomber and Taconic soils are on slightly higher convex areas. Included soils

make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with black or very dark gray colors throughout the profile.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, very strongly acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid

in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Some areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Erosion

is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and

establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to

reduce erosion.
68 Soil Survey

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

47D—Dutchess channery loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes,

very stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and moderately steep. It is on backslopes of

hills and ridges. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inches, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 7 inches, dark brown channery loam

Subsoil:

7 to 16 inches, light olive brown and olive brown channery loam

16 to 28 inches, dark grayish brown channery loam

Substratum:

28 to 72 inches, dark grayish brown and very dark grayish brown channery loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Brayton, Macomber, Pittstown,

and Taconic Soils. Brayton and Pittstown soils are in depressions and drainageways

and Macomber and Taconic soils are on slightly higher convex areas. Included soils

make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with black or very dark gray colors throughout the profile.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, very strongly acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid

in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Some areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderately

low. The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Extensive

land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for
Bennington County, Vermont 69

construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed

areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

47E—Dutchess channery loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes,

very stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and steep. It is on backslopes of hills and

mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inches, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 7 inches, dark brown channery loam

Subsoil:

7 to 16 inches, light olive brown and olive brown channery loam

16 to 28 inches, dark grayish brown channery loam

Substratum:

28 to 72 inches, dark grayish brown and very dark grayish brown channery loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Brayton, Macomber, Pittstown,

and Taconic Soils. Brayton and Pittstown soils are in depressions and drainageways

and Macomber and Taconic soils are on slightly higher convex areas. Included soils

make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with black or very dark gray colors throughout the profile.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, very strongly acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid

in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few small areas are used for

unimproved pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep slopes and stones on the surface.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep slopes.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.
70 Soil Survey

48B—Pittstown loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

This soil is shallow or moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to

bedrock. It is moderately well drained and gently sloping. It is on summits and

shoulders of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the

surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 6 inches, dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

6 to 18 inches, yellowish brown and olive brown loam

18 to 23 inches, mottled, olive gravelly silt loam

Substratum:

23 to 65 inches, mottled, firm olive gray gravelly silt loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Brayton, Dutchess,

Macomber, and Taconic soils. Brayton soils are in depressions and drainageways.

Dutchess, Macomber and Taconic soils are on slightly higher convex areas. Included

soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 18 to 30 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.3 to 2.0 feet below the surface from November to

April

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops and hay.

Some areas are used for pasture and a few areas are in woodland.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion and the

seasonal high water table are management concerns. Including grasses and legumes

in the crop rotation, using a conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on

the surface, and tilling along the contour are common practices that help to control

erosion. Spring tillage may be delayed in some years because of wetness. Cold soil

temperatures due to wetness can slow germination.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The seasonal high water table is a

management concern. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of

cutting or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Using rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote

a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is high. The

woodland management concern is windthrow. Trees are commonly subject to

windthrow because root growth is limited by the firm substratum. Even-aged

management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused

by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a

site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading the land

to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements.
Bennington County, Vermont 71

The seasonal high water table and the moderately slow or slow permeability of the

substratum are the main limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption

fields. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption field with

suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field the required distance

above the seasonal high water table and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 2e.

48C—Pittstown loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes

This soil is shallow or moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to

bedrock. It is moderately well drained and strongly sloping. It is on summits,

shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover less that 0.1

percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 6 inches, dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

6 to 18 inches, yellowish brown and olive brown loam

18 to 23 inches, mottled, olive gravelly silt loam

Substratum:

23 to 65 inches, mottled, firm olive gray gravelly silt loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Brayton, Dutchess,

Macomber, and Taconic soils. Brayton soils are in depressions and drainageways.

Dutchess, Macomber, and Taconic soils are on slightly higher convex areas. Included

soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 18 to 30 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.3 to 2.0 feet below the surface from November to

April

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops and hay.

Some areas are used for pasture and a few areas are in woodland.

This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion and

the seasonal high water table are management concerns. Including grasses and

legumes in the crop rotation, using a conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, and tilling along the contour are common practices that help

to control erosion. Spring tillage may be delayed in some years because of wetness.

Cold soil temperatures due to wetness can slow germination.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The seasonal high water table is a

management concern. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of

cutting or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Using rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote

a good stand of hay and forage plants.
72 Soil Survey

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is high. The

woodland management concern is windthrow. Trees are commonly subject to

windthrow because root growth is limited by the firm substratum. Even-aged

management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused

by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

The seasonal high water table and slope are the main limitations if this map unit is

used as a site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading

the land to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet

basements. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing

plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after

construction will help to reduce erosion.

The seasonal high water table, slope, and permeability of the substratum are the

main limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special slope

design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to

overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank

absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field

the required distance above the seasonal high water table and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 3e.

48D—Pittstown loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes

This soil is shallow or moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to

bedrock. It is moderately well drained and moderately steep. It is on backslopes of

hills and ridges. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 6 inches, dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

6 to 18 inches, yellowish brown and olive brown loam

18 to 23 inches, mottled, olive gravelly silt loam

Substratum:

23 to 65 inches, mottled, firm olive gray gravelly silt loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Brayton, Dutchess,

Macomber, and Taconic soils. Brayton soils are in depressions and drainageways.

Dutchess, Macomber and Taconic soils are on slightly higher convex areas. Included

soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 18 to 30 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.3 to 2.0 feet below the surface from November to

April

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for hay and pasture. Some areas

are used for cultivated crops and a few areas are in woodland.
Bennington County, Vermont 73

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion, equipment

limitations due to slope, and the seasonal high water table are management

concerns. Reducing the use of row crops in the crop rotation, using a conservation

tillage system that leaves crop residue on the surface, and tilling along the contour

are practices that help to control erosion. Spring tillage may be delayed in some years

because of wetness. Cold soil temperatures due to wetness can slow germination.

This map unit is moderately suited to hay and pasture. Equipment limitations due

to slope and the seasonal high water table are management concerns. Using

rotational grazing and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of

hay and forage plants. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of cutting

or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Limiting access during wet periods and

draining problem areas are common practices.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is high. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow because

root growth is limited by the firm substratum. Even-aged management, strip cutting,

patch cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment,

helps to minimize windthrow.

The seasonal high water table and slope are the main limitations if this map unit is

used as a site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading

the land to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet

basements. Extensive land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard

in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing

vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to reduce

erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields, in areas with slopes of

greater than 20 percent. In areas of slopes of 20 percent or less, the seasonal high

water table, slope, and slow permeability of the substratum are the main limitations.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as

mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is

needed to raise the field the required distance above the seasonal high water table

and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 4e.

49C—Pittstown loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is shallow or moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to

bedrock. It is moderately well drained and strongly sloping. It is on summits,

shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent

of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 6 inches, dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

6 to 18 inches, yellowish brown and olive brown loam

18 to 23 inches, mottled, olive gravelly silt loam
74 Soil Survey

Substratum:

23 to 65 inches, mottled, firm olive gray gravelly silt loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Brayton, Dutchess,

Macomber, and Taconic soils. Brayton soils are in depressions and drainageways.

Dutchess, Macomber and Taconic soils are on slightly higher convex areas. Included

soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 18 to 30 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.3 to 2.0 feet below the surface from November to

April

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and very strongly acid to

moderately acid below

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is high. The

woodland management concern is windthrow. Trees are commonly subject to

windthrow because root growth is limited by the firm substratum. Even-aged

management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused

by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

The seasonal high water table and slope are the main limitations if this map unit is

used as a site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations and grading

the land to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet

basements. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing

plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after

construction will help to reduce erosion.

The seasonal high water table, slope, and permeability of the substratum are the

main limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special slope

design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to

overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank

absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field

the required distance above the seasonal high water table and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

49D—Pittstown loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is shallow or moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to

bedrock. It is moderately well drained and moderately steep. It is on backslopes of

hills and ridges. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs
Bennington County, Vermont 75

Surface soil:

1 to 6 inches, dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

6 to 18 inches, yellowish brown and olive brown loam

18 to 23 inches, mottled, olive gravelly silt loam

Substratum:

23 to 65 inches, mottled, firm olive gray gravelly silt loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Brayton, Dutchess,

Macomber, and Taconic soils. Brayton soils are in depressions and drainageways.

Dutchess, Macomber and Taconic soils are on slightly higher convex areas. These

soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 18 to 30 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.3 to 2.0 feet below the surface from November to

April

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and very strongly acid to

moderately acid below

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is high. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow because

root growth is limited by the firm substratum. Even-aged management, strip cutting,

patch cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment,

helps to minimize windthrow.

The seasonal high water table and slope are the main limitations if this map unit is

used as a site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading

the land to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet

basements. Extensive land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard

in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing

vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to reduce

erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields in areas with slopes

greater than 20 percent. In areas with slopes 20 percent or less, the seasonal high

water table, slope, and slow permeability of the substratum are the main limitations.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as

mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is
76 Soil Survey

needed to raise the field the required distance above the seasonal high water table

and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

50B—Brayton loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes

This soil is shallow or moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to

bedrock. It is poorly drained and nearly level or gently sloping. It is in depressions and

drainageways and on toe slopes and foot slopes of hills and ridges. Stones cover less

that 0.1 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 6 inches, very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

6 to 8 inches, olive silt loam

8 to 15 inches, mottled, olive gray silt loam

Substratum:

15 to 65 inches, mottled, very firm, dark gray silt loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Dutchess, Macomber,

Mansfield, and Pittstown soils. Dutchess, Pittstown, and Macomber soils are near the

edges of the map unit and on slightly higher convex areas. Mansfield soils are in

positions similar to Brayton soils. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map

unit.

Also included are soils that are somewhat poorly drained and small areas with

more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 10 to 27 inches

Depth to water table: At 0 to 1.5 feet below the surface from October to May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and moderately slow or slow in

the substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid in the surface soil, strongly acid to

slightly acid in the subsoil, and moderately acid to neutral in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for pasture. Some areas are

used for hay and some are in woodland.

This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. The seasonal high water

table is a management concern. Spring tillage and harvesting operations may be

delayed because of wetness. Cold soil temperatures due to wetness can slow

germination.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The seasonal high water table is a

management concern. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of

cutting or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Using rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote

a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The

woodland management concerns are equipment limitations, seedling mortality, and
Bennington County, Vermont 77

windthrow. Operating logging equipment is difficult because of the seasonal high

water table. Logging operations are more efficiently carried out when the soil is frozen

or during dry seasons. The use of water tolerant planting stock or planting during

dryer periods will help minimize seedling mortality during wet spring months. Trees

are commonly subject to windthrow because root growth is limited by the seasonal

high water table and firm substratum. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch

cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to

minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

poorly drained soils.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 3w.

51B—Brayton loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is shallow or moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to

bedrock. It is poorly drained and nearly level or gently sloping. It is in depressions and

drainageways and on toe slopes and foot slopes of hills and ridges. Stones cover 0.1

to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 8 inches, very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

8 to 10 inches, olive silt loam

10 to 17 inches, mottled, olive gray silt loam

Substratum:

17 to 67 inches, mottled, very firm dark gray silt loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Dutchess, Macomber,

Mansfield, and Pittstown soils. Dutchess, Pittstown, and Macomber soils are near the

edges of the map unit and on slightly higher convex areas. Mansfield soils are in

positions similar to Brayton soils. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map

unit.

Also included are soils that are somewhat poorly drained.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 10 to 27 inches

Depth to water table: At 0 to 1.5 feet below the surface from October to May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderately slow or slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil, strongly acid to slightly acid in the subsoil,

and moderately acid to neutral in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few small areas are used for

unimproved pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of
78 Soil Survey

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The

woodland management concerns are equipment limitations, seedling mortality, and

windthrow. The operation of logging equipment is difficult because of the seasonal

high water table. Logging operations are more efficiently carried out when the soil is

frozen or during dry seasons. The use of water-tolerant planting stock or planting

during dryer periods will help minimize seedling mortality during wet spring months.

Trees are commonly subject to windthrow because root growth is limited by the

seasonal high water table and firm substratum. Even-aged management, strip cutting,

patch cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment,

helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

poorly drained soils.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

52A—Mansfield mucky silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes,

very stony

This soil is shallow or moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to

bedrock. It is very poorly drained and nearly level. It is in depressions and

drainageways on uplands. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inch, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 13 inches, very dark brown mucky silt loam

Subsoil:

13 to 22 inches, mottled, dark gray and gray gravelly loam

Substratum:

22 to 30 inches, mottled, very firm grayish brown channery loam

30 to 39 inches, very firm gray and light olive brown channery loam

39 to 67 inches, very firm olive gray and light olive brown channery silt loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Brayton, Macomber, and

Pittstown soils. Brayton soils are in positions similar to Mansfield soils and Pittstown

and Macomber soils are on slightly higher convex areas. Included soils make up

about 15 percent of the map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 14 to 36 inches

Depth to water table: A seasonal high water table is perched above the substratum

from 1.0 foot above the surface to a depth of 0.5 feet from late fall to late spring

Hydrologic group: D

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and slow and very slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: High
Bennington County, Vermont 79

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, very strongly acid to

slightly acid in the surface soil, and strongly acid to neutral in the subsoil and

substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for unimproved

pasture.

This map unit is unsuited for most uses because of very poorly drained soils and

the hazard of ponding.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

64B—Stockbridge loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, well drained, and nearly level or gently sloping. It is on

summits and shoulders of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent

of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

9 to 24 inches, dark yellowish brown and olive brown loam

Substratum:

24 to 65 inches, firm olive brown and olive gravelly loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Georgia, Massena,

Nellis, and Pittsfield soils. Galway soils are on slightly higher convex areas and

Georgia and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways. Nellis and Pittsfield

soils are in positions similar to Stockbridge soils. Included soils make up about 15

percent of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and moderately slow and slow

in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral in the surface soil, subsoil, and substratum to a

depth of 40 inches and moderately acid to moderately alkaline below 40 inches

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops and hay or

are in urban use. Some areas are used for pasture and a few areas are in woodland.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion is a

management concern. Including grasses and legumes in the crop rotation, using a

conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on the surface, and tilling along

the contour are common practices that help to control erosion.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Using rotational grazing and

maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

This map unit has few limitations as a site for dwellings.
80 Soil Survey

Permeability of the substratum is the main limitation if this map unit is used for

septic tank absorption fields. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank

absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field

the required distance above the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 2e.

64C—Stockbridge loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, well drained, and strongly sloping. It is on summits,

shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover less that 0.1

percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

9 to 24 inches, dark yellowish brown and olive brown loam

Substratum:

24 to 65 inches, firm olive brown and olive gravelly loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Georgia, Massena,

Nellis, and Pittsfield soils. Galway soils are on slightly higher convex areas and

Georgia and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways. Nellis and Pittsfield

soils are in positions similar to Stockbridge soils. Included soils make up about 15

percent of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and moderately slow and slow

in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral in the surface soil, subsoil and substratum to a

depth of 40 inches and moderately acid to moderately alkaline below 40 inches

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops and hay or

are in urban use. Some areas are used for pasture and a few areas are in woodland.

This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion is a

management concern. Including grasses and legumes in the crop rotation, using a

conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on the surface, and tilling along

the contour are common practices that help to control erosion.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Using rotational grazing and

maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Erosion

is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and

establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to

reduce erosion.
Bennington County, Vermont 81

Slope and permeability of the substratum are the main limitations if this map unit is

used for septic tank absorption fields. Special slope design, such as installing septic

system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation.

Special construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable

fill material in most places is needed to raise the field the required distance above the

substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 3e.

64D—Stockbridge loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, well drained, and moderately steep. It is on narrow ridges

and backslopes of hills. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

9 to 24 inches, dark yellowish brown and olive brown loam

Substratum:

24 to 65 inches, firm olive brown and olive gravelly loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Georgia, Massena,

Nellis, and Pittsfield soils. Galway soils are on slightly higher convex areas and

Georgia and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways. Nellis and Pittsfield

soils are in positions similar to Stockbridge soils. Included soils make up about 15

percent of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and moderately slow and slow

in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral in the surface soil, subsoil, and substratum to a

depth of 40 inches and moderately acid to moderately alkaline below 40 inches

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for hay and pasture. A few areas

are used for cultivated crops or are in woodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion and

equipment limitations due to slope are management concerns. Reducing the use of

row crops in the crop rotation, using a conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface and tilling along the contour are practices that help to control

erosion.

This map unit is moderately suited to hay and pasture. Equipment limitations due

to slope is a management concern. Using rotational grazing and maintaining soil

fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.
82 Soil Survey

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Extensive

land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed

areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields, in areas with slopes

greater than 20 percent. In areas with slopes of 20 percent or less, slope and the

slow permeability of the substratum are the main limitations. Special slope design,

such as installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to

overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank

absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field

the required distance above the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 4e.

65C—Stockbridge loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very

stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and strongly sloping. It is on summits,

shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent

of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

9 to 24 inches, dark yellowish brown and olive brown loam

Substratum:

24 to 65 inches, firm olive brown and olive gravelly loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Georgia, Massena,

Nellis, and Pittsfield soils. Galway soils are on slightly higher convex areas and

Georgia and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways. Nellis and Pittsfield

soils are in positions similar to Stockbridge soils. Included soils make up about 15

percent of the map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderately slow and slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, moderately acid to

neutral in the surface soil, subsoil, and substratum to a depth of 40 inches and

moderately acid to moderately alkaline below 40 inches

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of
Bennington County, Vermont 83

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Erosion

is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and

establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to

reduce erosion.

Slope and permeability of the substratum are the main limitations if this map unit is

used for septic tank absorption fields. Special slope design, such as installing septic

system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation.

Special construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable

fill material in most places is needed to raise the field the required distance above the

substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

65D—Stockbridge loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very

stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and moderately steep. It is on narrow ridges

and backslopes of hills. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

9 to 24 inches, dark yellowish brown and olive brown loam

Substratum:

24 to 65 inches, firm olive brown and olive gravelly loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Georgia, Massena,

Nellis, and Pittsfield soils. Galway soils are on slightly higher convex areas and

Georgia and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways. Nellis and Pittsfield

soils are in positions similar to Stockbridge soils. Included soils make up about 15

percent of the map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderately slow and slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, moderately acid to

neutral in the surface soil, subsoil, and substratum to a depth of 40 inches and

moderately acid to moderately alkaline below 40 inches

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.
84 Soil Survey

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderately

low. The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Extensive

land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed

areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields, in areas with slopes

greater than 20 percent. In areas with slopes of 20 percent or less, slope and the

slow permeability of the substratum are the main limitations. Special slope design,

such as installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to

overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank

absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field

the required distance above the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

66A—Georgia loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, moderately well drained, and nearly level. It is on summits

and shoulders of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the

surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 10 inches, very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

10 to 18 inches, yellowish brown silt loam

18 to 30 inches, mottled, olive brown and olive silt loam

Substratum:

30 to 65 inches, mottled, firm olive gravelly silt loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Massena, and

Stockbridge soils. Galway and Stockbridge soils are on slightly higher convex areas

and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up

about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with carbonates above a depth of 40 inches and small

areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.2 to 2.5 feet below the surface from November to

May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate
Bennington County, Vermont 85

Reaction: Strongly acid to neutral throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops. Some areas

are used for hay and pasture or are in urban use. A few areas are in woodland.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The seasonal high water table is a

management concern. Spring tillage may be delayed in some years because of

wetness. Cold soil temperatures due to wetness can slow germination.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The seasonal high water table is a

management concern. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of

cutting or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Using rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote

a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a

site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations and grading the land to

divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements.

The seasonal high water table and the slow permeability of the substratum are the

main limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special

construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill

material in most places is needed to raise the field the required distance above the

seasonal high water table and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 2w.

66B—Georgia loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, moderately well drained, and gently sloping. It is on

summits, shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover less that

0.1 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 10 inches, very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

10 to 18 inches, yellowish brown silt loam

18 to 30 inches, mottled, olive brown and olive silt loam

Substratum:

30 to 65 inches, mottled, firm olive gravelly silt loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Massena, and

Stockbridge soils. Galway and Stockbridge soils are on slightly higher convex areas

and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up

about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with carbonates above a depth of 40 inches and small

areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.2 to 2.5 feet below the surface from November to

May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and slow in the substratum
86 Soil Survey

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Strongly acid to neutral throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops. Some areas

are used for hay and pasture or are in urban use. A few areas are in woodland.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion and the

seasonal high water table are management concerns. Including grasses and legumes

in the crop rotation, using a conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on

the surface, and tilling along the contour are common practices that help to control

erosion. Spring tillage may be delayed in some years because of wetness. Cold soil

temperatures due to wetness can slow germination.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The seasonal high water table is a

management concern. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of

cutting or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Using rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote

a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a

site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations and grading the land to

divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements.

The seasonal high water table and the slow permeability of the substratum are the

main limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special

construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill

material in most places is needed to raise the field the required distance above the

seasonal high water table and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 2e.

66C—Georgia loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, moderately well drained, and strongly sloping. It is on

summits, shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover less that

0.1 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 10 inches, very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

10 to 18 inches, yellowish brown silt loam

18 to 30 inches, mottled, olive brown and olive silt loam

Substratum:

30 to 65 inches, mottled, firm olive gravelly silt loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Massena, and

Stockbridge soils. Galway and Stockbridge soils are on slightly higher convex areas

and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up

about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with carbonates above a depth of 40 inches and small

areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches
Bennington County, Vermont 87

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.2 to 2.5 feet below the surface from November to

May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Strongly acid to neutral throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops and hay.

Some areas are used for pasture or are in urban use. A few areas are in woodland.

This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion and

the seasonal high water table are management concerns. Including grasses and

legumes in the crop rotation, using a conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, and tilling along the contour are common practices that help

to control erosion. Spring tillage may be delayed in some years because of wetness.

Cold soil temperatures due to wetness can slow germination.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The seasonal high water table is a

management concern. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of

cutting or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Using rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote

a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

The seasonal high water table and slope are the main limitations if this map unit is

used as a site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading

the land to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet

basements. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing

plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after

construction will help to reduce erosion.

The seasonal high water table, slope, and the slow permeability of the substratum

are the main limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as

mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is

needed to raise the field the required distance above the seasonal high water table

and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 3e.

66D—Georgia loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, moderately well drained, and moderately steep. It is on

narrow ridges and backslopes of hills. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the

surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows:

Surface soil:

0 to 10 inches, very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

10 to 18 inches, yellowish brown silt loam

18 to 30 inches, mottled, olive brown and olive silt loam

Substratum:

30 to 65 inches, mottled, firm olive gravelly silt loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Massena, and

Stockbridge soils. Galway and Stockbridge soils are on slightly higher convex areas
88 Soil Survey

and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up

about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with carbonates above a depth of 40 inches and small

areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.2 to 2.5 feet below the surface from November to

May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Strongly acid to neutral throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for pasture. Some areas are

used for hay and some are in woodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion, equipment

limitations due to slope, and the seasonal high water table are management

concerns. Reducing the use of row crops in the crop rotation, using a conservation

tillage system that leaves crop residue on the surface, and tilling along the contour

are practices that help to control erosion. Spring tillage may be delayed in some years

because of wetness. Cold soil temperatures due to wetness can slow germination.

This map unit is moderately suited to hay and pasture. Equipment limitations due

to slope and the seasonal high water table are management concerns. Using

rotational grazing and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of

hay and forage plants. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of cutting

or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Limiting access during wet periods and

draining problem areas are common practices.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope.

The seasonal high water table and slope are the main limitations if this map unit is

used as a site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading

the land to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet

basements. Extensive land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard

in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing

vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to reduce

erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields, in areas with slopes of

greater than 20 percent. In areas with slopes of 20 percent or less, the seasonal high

water table, slope, and the slow permeability of the substratum are the main

limitations. Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on

the contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as

mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is

needed to raise the field the required distance above the seasonal high water table

and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 4e.
Bennington County, Vermont 89

67B—Georgia loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is very deep, moderately well drained, and gently sloping. It is on

summits, shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover 0.1 to 3

percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 10 inches, very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

10 to 18 inches, yellowish brown silt loam

18 to 30 inches, mottled, olive brown and olive silt loam

Substratum:

30 to 65 inches, mottled, firm olive gravelly silt loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Massena, and

Stockbridge soils. Galway and Stockbridge soils are on slightly higher convex areas

and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up

about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with carbonates above a depth of 40 inches.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.2 to 2.5 feet below the surface from November to

May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and strongly acid to

neutral below

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a

site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading the land

to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements.

The seasonal high water table and permeability of the substratum are the main

limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special

construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill

material in most places is needed to raise the field the required distance above the

seasonal high water table and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.
90 Soil Survey

67C—Georgia loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is very deep, moderately well drained and strongly sloping. It is on

summits, shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover 0.1 to 3

percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 10 inches, very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

10 to 18 inches, yellowish brown silt loam

18 to 30 inches, mottled, olive brown and olive silt loam

Substratum:

30 to 65 inches, mottled, firm olive gravelly silt loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Massena, and

Stockbridge soils. Galway and Stockbridge soils are on slightly higher convex areas

and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up

about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with carbonates above a depth of 40 inches.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.2 to 2.5 feet below the surface from November to

May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and strongly acid to

neutral below

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

The seasonal high water table and slope are the main limitations if this map unit is

used as a site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading

the land to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet

basements. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing

plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after

construction will help to reduce erosion.

The seasonal high water table, slope, and the slow permeability of the substratum

are the main limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as

mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is
Bennington County, Vermont 91

needed to raise the field the required distance above the seasonal high water table

and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

68A—Massena silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, somewhat poorly drained, and nearly level. It is in

depressions and drainageways on uplands. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the

surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 8 inches, very dark gray silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 11 inches, olive brown loam

11 to 24 inches, mottled, dark grayish brown and olive gray loam

Substratum:

24 to 36 inches, mottled, dark olive gray gravelly loam

36 to 65 inches, mottled, firm olive gray and olive gravelly loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Amenia, Georgia, and

Massena soils. Amenia and Georgia soils are on slightly higher convex areas and

Mansfield soils are in positions similar to Massena soils. Included soils make up

about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils that are poorly drained and small areas with more than 0.1

percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: At 1.0 to 1.5 feet below the surface from November to May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and moderately slow to slow in the subsoil

and substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral in the surface soil and subsoil and neutral to

moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for pasture. Some areas are

used for hay and some are in woodland.

This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. The seasonal high water

table is a management concern. Spring tillage and harvesting operations may be

delayed because of wetness. Cold soil temperatures due to wetness can slow

germination.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The seasonal high water table is a

management concern. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of

cutting or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Using rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote

a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderately

low. The woodland management concerns are equipment limitations, seedling

mortality, and windthrow. The operation of logging equipment is difficult because of

the seasonal high water table. Logging operations are more efficiently carried out

when the soil is frozen or during dry seasons. The use of water-tolerant planting stock
92 Soil Survey

or planting during dryer periods will help minimize seedling mortality during wet

spring months. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow, because root growth, is

limited by the seasonal high water table. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch

cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to

minimize windthrow.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a

site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading the land

to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements.

This map unit is unsuited as a site for septic tank absorption fields because of

somewhat poorly drained soils.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 3w.

68B—Massena silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, somewhat poorly drained and gently sloping. It is in

depressions and drainageways on uplands. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the

surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 8 inches, very dark gray silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 11 inches, olive brown loam

11 to 24 inches, mottled, dark grayish brown and olive gray loam

Substratum:

24 to 36 inches, mottled, dark olive gray gravelly loam

36 to 65 inches, mottled, firm olive gray and olive gravelly loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Amenia, Georgia, and

Massena soils. Amenia and Georgia soils are on slightly higher convex areas and

Mansfield soils are in positions similar to Massena soils. Included soils make up

about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils that are poorly drained and small areas with more than 0.1

percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: At 1.0 to 1.5 feet below the surface from November to May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and moderately slow and slow in the

subsoil and substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral in the surface soil and subsoil and neutral to

moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for pasture. Some areas are

used for hay and some are in woodland.

This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. The seasonal high water

table is a management concern. Spring tillage and harvesting operations may be

delayed because of wetness. Cold soil temperatures due to wetness can slow

germination.
Bennington County, Vermont 93

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The seasonal high water table is a

management concern. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of

cutting or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Using rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote

a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderately

low. The woodland management concerns are equipment limitations, seedling

mortality, and windthrow. The operation of logging equipment is difficult because of

the seasonal high water table. Logging operations are more efficiently carried out

when the soil is frozen or during dry seasons. The use of water-tolerant planting stock

or planting during dryer periods will help minimize seedling mortality during wet

spring months. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow, because root growth, is

limited by the seasonal high water table. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch

cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to

minimize windthrow.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a

site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading the land

to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements.

This map unit is unsuited as a site for septic tank absorption fields because of

somewhat poorly drained soils.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 3w.

69A—Massena silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is very deep, somewhat poorly drained and nearly level. It is in

depressions and drainageways on uplands. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the

surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 10 inches, very dark gray silt loam

Subsoil:

10 to 13 inches, olive brown loam

13 to 26 inches, mottled, dark grayish brown and olive gray loam

Substratum:

26 to 38 inches, mottled, dark olive gray gravelly loam

38 to 67 inches, mottled, firm olive gray and olive gravelly loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Amenia, Georgia, and

Massena soils. Amenia and Georgia soils are on slightly higher convex areas and

Mansfield soils are in positions similar to Massena soils. Included soils make up

about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils that are poorly drained.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: At 1.0 to 1.5 feet below the surface from November to May

Hydrologic group: C
94 Soil Survey

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil, and

moderately slow and slow in the subsoil and substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, moderately acid to

neutral in the surface soil and subsoil, and neutral and moderately alkaline in the

substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderately

low. The woodland management concerns are equipment limitations, seedling

mortality, and windthrow. The operation of logging equipment is difficult because of

the seasonal high water table. Logging operations are more efficiently carried out

when the soil is frozen or during dry seasons. The use of water-tolerant planting stock

or planting during dryer periods will help minimize seedling mortality during wet

spring months. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow, because root growth, is

limited by the seasonal high water table. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch

cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to

minimize windthrow.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a

site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading the land

to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements.

This map unit is unsuited as a site for septic tank absorption fields because of

somewhat poorly drained soils.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 5s.

69B—Massena silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is very deep, somewhat poorly drained and gently sloping. It is in

depressions and drainageways on uplands. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the

surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 10 inches, very dark gray silt loam

Subsoil:

10 to 13 inches, olive brown loam

13 to 26 inches, mottled, dark grayish brown and olive gray loam

Substratum:

26 to 38 inches, mottled, dark olive gray gravelly loam

38 to 67 inches, mottled, firm olive gray and olive gravelly loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Amenia, Georgia, and

Massena soils. Amenia and Georgia soils are on slightly higher convex areas and

Mansfield soils are in positions similar to Massena soils. Included soils make up

about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils that are poorly drained.
Bennington County, Vermont 95

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: At 1.0 to 1.5 feet below the surface from November to May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil, and

moderately slow and slow in the subsoil and substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, moderately acid to

neutral in the surface soil and subsoil, and neutral and moderately alkaline in the

substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderately

low. The woodland management concerns are equipment limitations, seedling

mortality, and windthrow. The operation of logging equipment is difficult because of

the seasonal high water table. Logging operations are more efficiently carried out

when the soil is frozen or during dry seasons. The use of water-tolerant planting stock

or planting during dryer periods will help minimize seedling mortality during wet

spring months. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow, because root growth, is

limited by the seasonal high water table. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch

cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to

minimize windthrow.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a

site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading the land

to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements.

This map unit is unsuited as a site for septic tank absorption fields because of

somewhat poorly drained soils.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

70A—Groton gravelly fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

This soil is very deep, excessively drained, and nearly level. It is on stream

terraces.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 8 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 14 inches, brown gravelly fine sandy loam

14 to 22 inches, dark yellowish brown very gravelly sandy loam

Substratum:

22 to 65 inches, olive brown very gravelly coarse sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Copake, Fredon, Hero, and

Windsor soils. Copake and Windsor soils are throughout the map unit and Fredon and

Hero soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 20

percent of the map unit.
96 Soil Survey

Also included are soils with carbonates below a depth of 40 inches and small

areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: A

Permeability: Moderately rapid and rapid in the surface soil and upper subsoil and

very rapid in the lower subsoil and substratum

Potential frost action: Low

Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral in the surface soil and upper part of the subsoil,

moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part of the subsoil, and neutral

and moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture or are in urban use. In some areas, there are excavations where sand and

gravel have been removed.

This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. The droughtiness and low

natural fertility of the soil are the management concerns. Including grasses and

legumes in the crop rotation, using conservation tillage that leaves crop residue on

the surface, and applying additional organic matter, such as manure, help to improve

the water holding capacity and fertility of the soil. Irrigation should be considered for

high value truck crops.

This map unit is moderately suited to hay and pasture. The droughtiness of the soil

is a management concern. Using rotational grazing and maintaining soil fertility levels

help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing eastern white pine on this map unit is high.

The woodland management concern is seedling mortality. The use of drought-tolerant

planting stock or planting in the spring when there is sufficient soil moisture will help

minimize seedling mortality during dry summer months.

This map unit has few limitations as a site for dwellings. Cutbanks of excavations

are subject to caving or sloughing.

The poor filtering capacity of the soil is the main limitation if this map unit is used

for septic tank absorption fields. The soil readily absorbs effluent, but it may not

adequately filter the effluent. As a result, the ground water supplies in the area can

potentially become contaminated. Seepage can be monitored by periodically testing

wells for possible contamination.

This map unit is a probable source of sand and gravel for use as a construction

material. The suitability of the sand and gravel for specific purposes has not been

evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 3s.

70B—Groton gravelly fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes

This soil is very deep, excessively drained and gently sloping. It is on stream

terraces.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 8 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam
Bennington County, Vermont 97

Subsoil:

8 to 14 inches, brown gravelly fine sandy loam

14 to 22 inches, dark yellowish brown very gravelly sandy loam

Substratum:

22 to 65 inches, olive brown very gravelly coarse sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Copake, Fredon, Hero, and

Windsor soils. Copake and Windsor soils are throughout the map unit and Fredon and

Hero soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 20

percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with carbonates below a depth of 40 inches and small

areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: A

Permeability: Moderately rapid and rapid in the surface soil and upper subsoil and

very rapid in the lower subsoil and substratum

Potential frost action: Low

Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral in the surface soil and upper part of the subsoil,

moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part of the subsoil, and neutral

and moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture or are in urban use. In some areas, there are excavations where sand and

gravel have been removed.

This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. The droughtiness and low

natural fertility of the soil are the management concerns. Including grasses and

legumes in the crop rotation, using conservation tillage that leaves crop residue on

the surface, and applying additional organic matter, such as manure, help to improve

the water holding capacity and fertility of the soil. Irrigation should be considered for

high value truck crops.

This map unit is moderately suited to hay and pasture. The droughtiness of the soil

is a management concern. Using rotational grazing and maintaining soil fertility levels

help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing eastern white pine on this map unit is high.

The woodland management concern is seedling mortality. The use of drought-tolerant

planting stock or planting in the spring when there is sufficient soil moisture will help

minimize seedling mortality during dry summer months.

This map unit has few limitations as a site for dwellings. Cutbanks of excavations

are subject to caving or sloughing.

The poor filtering capacity of the soil is the main limitation if this map unit is used

for septic tank absorption fields. The soil readily absorbs effluent, but it may not

adequately filter the effluent. As a result, the ground water supplies in the area can

potentially become contaminated. Seepage can be monitored by periodically testing

wells for possible contamination.

This map unit is a probable source of sand and gravel for use as a construction

material. The suitability of the sand and gravel for specific purposes has not been

evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 3s.
98 Soil Survey

70C—Groton gravelly fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes

This soil is very deep, excessively drained, and strongly sloping. It is on stream

terraces dissected by drainageways.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 8 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 14 inches, brown gravelly fine sandy loam

14 to 22 inches, dark yellowish brown very gravelly sandy loam

Substratum:

22 to 65 inches, olive brown very gravelly coarse sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Copake, Fredon, Hero, and

Windsor soils. Copake and Windsor soils are throughout the map unit and Fredon and

Hero soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 20

percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with carbonates below a depth of 40 inches and small

areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: A

Permeability: Moderately rapid and rapid in the surface soil and upper subsoil and

very rapid in the lower subsoil and substratum

Potential frost action: Low

Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral in the surface soil and upper part of the subsoil,

moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part of the subsoil, and neutral

and moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture or are in urban use. Some areas are in woodland. In some areas, there are

excavations where sand and gravel have been removed.

This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. The droughtiness and low

natural fertility of the soil and the hazard of erosion are the management concerns.

Including grasses and legumes in the crop rotation, using conservation tillage that

leaves crop residue on the surface, and applying additional organic matter, such as

manure, help to improve the water holding capacity and fertility of the soil and help to

control erosion. Irrigation should be considered for high value truck crops.

This map unit is moderately suited to hay and pasture. The droughtiness of the soil

is a management concern. Using rotational grazing and maintaining soil fertility levels

help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing eastern white pine on this map unit is high.

The woodland management concern is seedling mortality. The use of drought-tolerant

planting stock or planting in the spring when there is sufficient soil moisture will help

minimize seedling mortality during dry summer months.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Erosion

is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and
Bennington County, Vermont 99

establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to

reduce erosion. Cutbanks of excavations are subject to caving or sloughing.

Slope and the poor filtering capacity of the soil are the main limitations if this map

unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special slope design of septic tank

absorption fields is needed in some places for septic tank absorption fields. The soil

readily absorbs effluent, but it may not adequately filter the effluent. As a result, the

ground water supplies in the area can potentially become contaminated. Seepage

can be monitored by periodically testing wells for possible contamination.

This map unit is a probable source of sand and gravel for use as a construction

material. The suitability of the sand and gravel for specific purposes has not been

evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 4s.

70D—Groton gravelly fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent

slopes

This soil is very deep, excessively drained, and moderately steep. It is on stream

terraces dissected by drainageways.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 8 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 14 inches, brown gravelly fine sandy loam

14 to 22 inches, dark yellowish brown very gravelly sandy loam

Substratum:

22 to 65 inches, olive brown very gravelly coarse sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Copake, Fredon, Hero, and

Windsor soils. Copake and Windsor soils are throughout the map unit and Fredon and

Hero soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 20

percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with carbonates below a depth of 40 inches and small

areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: A

Permeability: Moderately rapid and rapid in the surface soil and upper subsoil and

very rapid in the lower subsoil and substratum

Potential frost action: Low

Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral in the surface soil and upper part of the subsoil,

moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part of the subsoil, and neutral

and moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Some areas are cleared and used for

pasture. In some areas, there are excavations where sand and gravel have been

removed.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion, equipment

limitations due to slope, droughtiness, and low natural fertility of the soil are the

management concerns. Reducing the use of row crops in the crop rotation, using a
100 Soil Survey

conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on the surface, and tilling along

the contour are practices that help to control erosion and improve the water holding

capacity and fertility of the soil.

This map unit is moderately suited to hay and pasture. The main concerns are the

droughtiness of the soil and equipment limitations due to slope. Using rotational

grazing and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and

forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing eastern white pine on this map unit is

moderate. The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion,

equipment limitations, and seedling mortality. Promptly establishing plant cover on

areas disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as

necessary helps control erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope

helps to minimize equipment limitations associated with slope. The use of droughttolerant planting stock or planting in the spring when there is sufficient soil moisture

will help minimize seedling mortality during dry summer months.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Extensive

land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed

areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion. Cutbanks of

excavations are subject to caving or sloughing.

Slope and the poor filtering capacity of the soil are the main limitations if this map

unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special slope design, such as installing

septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to overcome the slope

limitation. The soil readily absorbs effluent, but it may not adequately filter the effluent.

As a result, the ground water supplies in the area can potentially become contaminated.

Seepage can be monitored by periodically testing wells for possible contamination.

This map unit is a probable source of sand and gravel for use as a construction

material. The suitability of the sand and gravel for specific purposes has not been

evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

70E—Groton gravelly fine sandy loam, 25 to 60 percent

slopes.

This soil is very deep, excessively drained, and steep. It is on stream terrace

escarpments.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 8 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 14 inches, brown gravelly fine sandy loam

14 to 22 inches, dark yellowish brown very gravelly sandy loam

Substratum:

22 to 65 inches, olive brown very gravelly coarse sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Copake, Fredon, Hero, and

Windsor soils. Copake and Windsor soils are throughout the map unit and Fredon and

Hero soils are in drainageways. Included soils make up about 20 percent of the map

unit.

Also included are soils with carbonates below a depth of 40 inches and small

areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.
Bennington County, Vermont 101

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: A

Permeability: Moderately rapid and rapid in the surface soil and upper subsoil and

very rapid in the lower subsoil and substratum

Potential frost action: Low

Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral in the surface soil and upper part of the subsoil,

moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part of the subsoil, and neutral

and moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few small areas are used for

unimproved pasture. In some areas, there are excavations where sand and gravel

have been removed.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep slopes.

The potential productivity for growing eastern white pine on this map unit is

moderate. The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion,

equipment limitations, and seedling mortality. Promptly establishing plant cover on

areas disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as

necessary helps control erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope

helps to minimize equipment limitations associated with slope. The use of droughttolerant planting stock or planting in the spring when there is sufficient soil moisture

will help minimize seedling mortality during dry summer months.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep slopes.

This map unit is a probable source of sand and gravel for use as a construction

material. The suitability of the sand and gravel for specific purposes has not been

evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

71A—Hero gravelly fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, moderately well drained, and nearly level. It is on stream

terraces.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 8 inches, brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 19 inches, yellowish brown and olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

19 to 24 inches, mottled, olive gravelly silt loam

Substratum:

24 to 65 inches, mottled, olive gray very gravelly sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Copake, Fredon, and Groton

soils. Copake and Groton soils are on slightly higher convex areas and Fredon soils

are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 20 percent of the

map unit.

Also included are soils with carbonates below a depth of 40 inches, soils with

sandy textures above a depth of 18 inches, and small areas with more than 0.1

percent stones on the surface.
102 Soil Survey

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: At 1.5 to 2.5 feet below the surface from November to April

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate and moderately rapid in the surface soil and subsoil and rapid

in the substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral in the surface soil, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline in the subsoil, and neutral and moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops or pasture.

Some areas are used for hay.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The seasonal high water table is a

management concern. Spring tillage may be delayed in some years because of

wetness. Cold soil temperatures due to wetness can slow germination.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The seasonal high water table is a

management concern. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of

cutting or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Using rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote

a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing eastern white pine on this map unit is very

high. This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a

site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading the land

to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements.

Cutbanks of excavations are subject to caving or sloughing.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation if this map unit is used for

septic tank absorption fields. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank

absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field

the required distance above the seasonal high water table. The poor filtering capacity

of the soil is also a limitation for septic tank absorption fields. The soil readily absorbs

effluent, but it may not adequately filter the effluent. As a result, the ground water

supplies in the area can potentially become contaminated. Seepage can be

monitored by periodically testing wells for possible contamination.

This map unit is a probable source of sand and gravel for use as a construction

material. The suitability of the sand and gravel for specific purposes has not been

evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 2w.

71B—Hero gravelly fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, moderately well drained, and gently sloping. It is on stream

terraces.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 8 inches, brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 19 inches, yellowish brown and olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

19 to 24 inches, mottled, olive gravelly silt loam
Bennington County, Vermont 103

Substratum:

24 to 65 inches, mottled, olive gray very gravelly sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Copake, Fredon, and Groton

soils. Copake and Groton soils are on slightly higher convex areas and Fredon soils

are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 20 percent of the

map unit.

Also included are soils with carbonates below a depth of 40 inches, soils with

sandy textures above a depth of 18 inches, and small areas with more than 0.1

percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: At 1.5 to 2.5 feet below the surface from November to April

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate and moderately rapid in the surface soil and subsoil and rapid

in the substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral in the surface soil, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline in the subsoil, and neutral and moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops or pasture.

Some areas are used for hay.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion and the

seasonal high water table are management concerns. Including grasses and legumes

in the crop rotation, using a conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on

the surface, and tilling along the contour are common practices that help to control

erosion. Spring tillage may be delayed in some years because of wetness. Cold soil

temperatures due to wetness can slow germination.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The seasonal high water table is a

management concern. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of

cutting or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Using rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote

a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing eastern white pine on this map unit is very

high. This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a

site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading the land

to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements.

Cutbanks of excavations are subject to caving or sloughing.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation if this map unit is used for

septic tank absorption fields. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank

absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field

the required distance above the seasonal high water table. The poor filtering capacity

of the soil is also a limitation for septic tank absorption fields. The soil readily absorbs

effluent, but it may not adequately filter the effluent. As a result, the ground water

supplies in the area can potentially become contaminated. Seepage can be

monitored by periodically testing wells for possible contamination.

This map unit is a probable source of sand and gravel for use as a construction

material. The suitability of the sand and gravel for specific purposes has not been

evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 2e.
104 Soil Survey

72A—Fredon fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, somewhat poorly drained, and nearly level. It is in

depressions and drainageways on low stream terraces. This map unit may flood

during unusual weather conditions.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 9 inches, dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

9 to 11 inches, mottled, olive brown silt loam

11 to 23 inches, mottled olive gray silt loam

Substratum:

23 to 65 inches, mottled, dark gray gravelly loamy sand, very gravelly coarse sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Adrian, Hero, Pootatuck,

Raynham, and Saco soils. Adrian and Raynham soils are in positions similar to

Fredon soils; Hero soils are on slightly higher convex areas; and Pootatuck and Saco

soils are on flood plains. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils that are poorly drained and soils that have sandy or gravelly

textures above a depth of 22 inches.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: At 0.5 to 1.5 feet below the surface from October to June

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate and moderately slow in the surface soil and subsoil and rapid

in the substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral in the surface soil and subsoil and moderately

acid to moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops or pasture.

Some areas are used for hay and some are in woodland.

This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. The seasonal high water

table is a management concern. Spring tillage and harvesting operations may be

delayed because of wetness. Cold soil temperatures due to wetness can slow

germination.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The seasonal high water table is a

management concern. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of

cutting or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Using rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote

a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The

woodland management concerns are equipment limitations, seedling mortality, and

windthrow. The operation of logging equipment is difficult because of the seasonal

high water table. Logging operations are more efficiently carried out when the soil is

frozen or during dry seasons. The use of water-tolerant planting stock or planting

during dryer periods will help minimize seedling mortality during wet spring months.

Trees are commonly subject to windthrow because root growth is limited by the

seasonal high water table. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and
Bennington County, Vermont 105

avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize

windthrow.

The seasonal high water table and the hazard of flooding limit this map unit as a

site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading the land

to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements. The

map unit is unsuitable as a site for dwellings in areas that are subject to flooding.

This map unit is unsuited as a site for septic tank absorption fields because of the

somewhat poorly drained soils.

This map unit is a probable source of sand and gravel for use as a construction

material. The high water table is a major limitation to excavation. The suitability of the

sand and gravel for specific purposes has not been evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 3w.

84B—Nellis silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, well drained, and gently sloping. It is on summits and

shoulders of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the

surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 23 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly silt loam

Substratum:

23 to 31 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

31 to 65 inches, olive very gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Amenia, Galway, Massena,

and Stockbridge soils. Stockbridge soils are in positions similar to Nellis soils; Amenia

and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways; and Galway soils are on

slightly higher convex areas. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and moderate and moderately

slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral in the surface soil and subsoil, moderately acid

to slightly alkaline in the upper part of the substratum, and neutral and

moderately alkaline in the lower part of the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops and hay or

are in urban use. Some areas are used for pasture and a few areas are in woodland.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion is a

management concern. Including grasses and legumes in the crop rotation, using a

conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on the surface, and tilling along

the contour are common practices that help to control erosion.
106 Soil Survey

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Using rotational grazing and

maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is very high.

This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

This map unit has few limitations as a site for dwellings.

The permeability of the substratum is the main limitation if this map unit is used for

septic tank absorption fields. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank

absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field

the required distance above the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 2e.

84C—Nellis silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, well drained, and strongly sloping. It is on summits,

shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover less that 0.1

percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 23 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly silt loam

Substratum:

23 to 31 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

31 to 65 inches, olive very gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Amenia, Galway, Massena,

and Stockbridge soils. Stockbridge soils are in positions similar to Nellis soils, Amenia

and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways, and Galway soils are on

slightly higher convex areas. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and moderate and moderately

slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral in the surface soil and subsoil, moderately acid

to slightly alkaline in the upper part of the substratum, and neutral and

moderately alkaline in the lower part of the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops and hay or

are in urban use. Some areas are used for pasture and a few areas are in woodland.

This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion is a

management concern. Including grasses and legumes in the crop rotation, using a

conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on the surface, and tilling along

the contour are common practices that help to control erosion.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Using rotational grazing and

maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.
Bennington County, Vermont 107

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is very high.

This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Erosion

is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and

establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to

reduce erosion.

Slope and the permeability of the substratum are the main limitations if this map

unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special slope design, such as installing

septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to overcome the slope

limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption field with

suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field the required distance

above the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 3e.

84D—Nellis silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, well drained, and moderately steep. It is on narrow ridges

and backslopes of hills. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 23 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly silt loam

Substratum:

23 to 31 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

31 to 65 inches, olive very gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Amenia, Galway, Massena,

and Stockbridge soils. Stockbridge soils are in positions similar to Nellis soils, Amenia

and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways, and Galway soils are on

slightly higher convex areas. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and moderate and moderately

slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral in the surface soil and subsoil, moderately acid

to slightly alkaline in the upper part of the substratum, and neutral and

moderately alkaline in the lower part of the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for pasture. Some areas are

used for hay or cultivated crops or are in woodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion and

equipment limitations due to slope are management concerns. Reducing the use of

row crops in the crop rotation, using a conservation tillage system that leaves crop
108 Soil Survey

residue on the surface, and tilling along the contour are practices that help to control

erosion.

This map unit is moderately suited to hay and pasture. Equipment limitations due

to slope is a management concern. Using rotational grazing and maintaining soil

fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is high. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Extensive

land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed

areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields, in areas with slopes of

greater than 20 percent. In areas with slopes of 20 percent or less, slope and

permeability of the substratum are the main limitations. Special slope design, such as

installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to overcome the

slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption

field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field the required

distance above the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 4e.

85B—Nellis silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and gently sloping. It is on summits and

shoulders of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 23 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly silt loam

Substratum:

23 to 31 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

31 to 65 inches, olive very gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Amenia, Galway, Massena,

and Stockbridge soils. Stockbridge soils are in positions similar to Nellis soils, Amenia

and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways, and Galway soils are on

slightly higher convex areas. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderate and moderately slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate
Bennington County, Vermont 109

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, moderately acid to

neutral in the surface soil and subsoil, moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the

upper part of the substratum, and neutral and moderately alkaline in the lower

part of the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Some areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is high. This

map unit has few woodland management concerns.

This map unit has few limitations as a site for dwellings.

The permeability of the substratum is the main limitation if this map unit is used for

septic tank absorption fields. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank

absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field

the required distance above the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

85C—Nellis silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and strongly sloping. It is on summits,

shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent

of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 23 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly silt loam

Substratum:

23 to 31 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

31 to 65 inches, olive very gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Amenia, Galway, Massena,

and Stockbridge soils. Stockbridge soils are in positions similar to Nellis soils, Amenia

and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways, and Galway soils are on

slightly higher convex areas. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderate and moderately slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, moderately acid to

neutral in the surface soil and subsoil, moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the

upper part of the substratum, and neutral and moderately alkaline in the lower

part of the substratum
110 Soil Survey

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Some areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is high. This

map unit has few woodland management concerns.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Erosion

is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and

establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to

reduce erosion.

Slope and permeability of the substratum are the main limitations if this map unit is

used for septic tank absorption fields. Special slope design, such as installing septic

system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation.

Special construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable

fill material in most places is needed to raise the field the required distance above the

substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

85D—Nellis silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is very deep, well drained and moderately steep. It is on narrow ridges

and backslopes of hills. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows:

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 23 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly silt loam

Substratum:

23 to 31 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

31 to 65 inches, olive very gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Amenia, Galway, Massena,

and Stockbridge soils. Stockbridge soils are in positions similar to Nellis soils, Amenia

and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways, and Galway soils are on

slightly higher convex areas. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderate and moderately slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, moderately acid to

neutral in the surface soil and subsoil, moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the

upper part of the substratum, and neutral and moderately alkaline in the lower

part of the substratum
Bennington County, Vermont 111

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Some areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Extensive

land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed

areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields, in areas with slopes

greater than 20 percent. In areas with slopes of 20 percent or less, slope and

permeability of the substratum are the main limitations. Special slope design, such as

installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to overcome the

slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption

field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field the required

distance above the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

85E—Nellis silt loam, 25 to 50 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and steep. It is on backslopes of hills. Stones

cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 8 inches, dark brown silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 23 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly silt loam

Substratum:

23 to 31 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

31 to 65 inches, olive very gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Amenia, Galway, Massena,

and Stockbridge soils. Stockbridge soils are in positions similar to Nellis soils, Amenia

and Massena soils are in depressions and drainageways, and Galway soils are on

slightly higher convex areas. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderate and moderately slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate
112 Soil Survey

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, moderately acid to

neutral in the surface soil and subsoil, moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the

upper part of the substratum, and neutral and moderately alkaline in the lower

part of the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep slopes and stones on the surface.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep slopes.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

86A—Amenia silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, moderately well drained, and nearly level. It is on summits

and shoulders of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the

surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 5 inches, dark brown silt loam

Subsoil:

5 to 14 inches, dark yellowish brown silt loam

14 to 23 inches, mottled, olive brown silt loam

Substratum:

23 to 65 inches, mottled, firm, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Georgia, Massena,

and Nellis soils. Galway and Nellis soils are on slightly higher convex areas, Georgia

soils are in positions similar to the Amenia soils, and Massena soils are in

depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map

unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.3 to 2.5 feet below the surface from November to

May

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the surface soil and subsoil and

slightly alkaline to moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops. Some areas

are used for hay and pasture.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The management concern is the
Bennington County, Vermont 113

seasonal high water table. Spring tillage may be delayed in some years because of

wetness. Cold soil temperatures due to wetness can slow germination.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The seasonal high water table is a

management concern. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of

cutting or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Using rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote

a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is very high.

This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a

site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations and grading the land to

divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements.

The seasonal high water table and slow permeability of the substratum are the

main limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special

construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill

material in most places is needed to raise the field the required distance above the

seasonal high water table and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 2w.

86B—Amenia silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes—

This soil is very deep, moderately well drained and gently sloping. It is on summits,

shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover less that 0.1

percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 5 inches, dark brown silt loam

Subsoil:

5 to 14 inches, dark yellowish brown silt loam

14 to 23 inches, mottled, olive brown silt loam

Substratum:

23 to 65 inches, mottled, firm, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Georgia, Massena,

and Nellis soils. Galway and Nellis soils are on slightly higher convex areas, Georgia

soils are in positions similar to the Amenia soils, and Massena soils are in

depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map

unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.3 to 2.5 feet below the surface from November to

May

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the surface soil and subsoil and

slightly alkaline to moderately alkaline in the substratum
114 Soil Survey

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops. Some areas

are used for hay and pasture. A few areas are in woodland.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion and the

seasonal high water table are management concerns. Including grasses and legumes

in the crop rotation, using a conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on

the surface, and tilling along the contour are common practices that help to control

erosion. Spring tillage may be delayed in some years because of wetness. Cold soil

temperatures due to wetness can slow germination.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The seasonal high water table is a

management concern. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of

cutting or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Using rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote

a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is very high.

This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a

site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading the land

to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements.

The seasonal high water table and permeability of the substratum are the main

limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special

construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill

material in most places is needed to raise the field the required distance above the

seasonal high water table and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 2e

86C—Amenia silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, moderately well drained and strongly sloping. It is on

summits, shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover less that

0.1 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 5 inches, dark brown silt loam

Subsoil:

5 to 14 inches, dark yellowish brown silt loam

14 to 23 inches, mottled, olive brown silt loam

Substratum:

23 to 65 inches, mottled, firm, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Georgia, Massena,

and Nellis soils. Galway and Nellis soils are on slightly higher convex areas, Georgia

soils are in positions similar to the Amenia soils, and Massena soils are in depressions

and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.3 to 2.5 feet below the surface from November to

May

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate
Bennington County, Vermont 115

Reaction: Moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the surface soil and subsoil and

slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops. Some areas

are used for hay and pasture. A few areas are in woodland.

This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion and

the seasonal high water table are management concerns. Including grasses and

legumes in the crop rotation, using a conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, and tilling along the contour are common practices that help

to control erosion. Spring tillage may be delayed in some years because of wetness.

Cold soil temperatures due to wetness can slow germination.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The seasonal high water table is a

management concern. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of

cutting or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Using rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods, and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote

a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is very high.

This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

The seasonal high water table and slope are the main limitations if this map unit is

used as a site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading

the land to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet

basements. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing

plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after

construction will help to reduce erosion.

The seasonal high water table, slope, and permeability of the substratum are the

main limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special slope

design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to

overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank

absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field

the required distance above the seasonal high water table and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 3e.

87B—Amenia silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is very deep, moderately well drained and gently sloping. It is on summits,

shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent

of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 7 inches, dark brown silt loam

Subsoil:

7 to 16 inches, dark yellowish brown silt loam

16 to 25 inches, mottled, olive brown silt loam

Substratum:

25 to 65 inches, mottled, firm, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Georgia, Massena,

and Nellis soils. Galway and Nellis soils are on slightly higher convex areas, Georgia

soils are in positions similar to the Amenia soils, and Massena soils are in depressions

and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.
116 Soil Survey

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.3 to 2.5 feet below the surface from November to

May

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, moderately acid to

slightly alkaline in the surface soil and subsoil, and slightly alkaline or moderately

alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is high. This

map unit has few woodland management concerns.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a

site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading the land

to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements.

The seasonal high water table and permeability of the substratum are the main

limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special

construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill

material in most places is needed to raise the field the required distance above the

seasonal high water table and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

87C—Amenia silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is very deep, moderately well drained, and strongly sloping. It is on

summits, shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover 0.1 to 3

percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 7 inches, dark brown silt loam

Subsoil:

7 to 16 inches, dark yellowish brown silt loam

16 to 25 inches, mottled, olive brown silt loam

Substratum:

25 to 65 inches, mottled, firm, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Georgia, Massena,

and Nellis soils. Galway and Nellis soils are on slightly higher convex areas, Georgia

soils are in positions similar to the Amenia soils, and Massena soils are in

depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map

unit.
Bennington County, Vermont 117

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.3 to 2.5 feet below the surface from November to

May

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, moderately acid to

slightly alkaline in the surface soil and subsoil, and slightly alkaline or moderately

alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is high. This

map unit has few woodland management concerns.

The seasonal high water table and slope are the main limitations if this map unit is

used as a site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading

the land to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet

basements. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing

plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after

construction will help to reduce erosion.

The seasonal high water table, slope, and permeability of the substratum are the

main limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special slope

design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to

overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank

absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field

the required distance above the seasonal high water table and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

90C—Berkshire fine sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes,

extremely stony

This soil is very deep, well drained and gently sloping or strongly sloping. It is on

summits, shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills and mountains. Stones cover 3 to

15 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 4 inches, black fine sandy loam

4 to 6 inches, grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 17 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

17 to 31 inches, olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

31 to 66 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam
118 Soil Survey

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Monadnock, Peru, and

Tunbridge soils. Monadnock soils are throughout the map unit, Peru soils are in

depressions and drainageways, and Tunbridge soils are on slightly higher convex

areas. Included soils make up about 20 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with a olive brown subsoil, soils with a firm or very firm

substratum, soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the surface soil and

subsoil, and soils with less than 3 percent stones or more than 3 percent boulders on

the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few small areas are used for

unimproved pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods, help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderately

low. The woodland management concern is equipment limitations. Stones and

boulders on the surface may interfere with equipment operations.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Erosion

is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and

establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to

reduce erosion. Large stones and boulders may interfere with excavation and

backfilling.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation. Large stones and boulders may

interfere with excavation and backfilling.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

90E—Berkshire fine sandy loam, 15 to 50 percent slopes,

extremely stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and moderately steep or steep. It is on

backslopes of hills and mountains. Stones cover 3 to 15 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 4 inches, black fine sandy loam

4 to 6 inches, grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam
Bennington County, Vermont 119

Subsoil:

6 to 17 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

17 to 31 inches, olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

31 to 66 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Monadnock, Peru, and

Tunbridge soils. Monadnock soils are throughout the map unit, Peru soils are in

depressions and drainageways and Tunbridge soils are on slightly higher convex

areas. Included soils make up about 20 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with a olive brown subsoil, soils with a firm or very firm

substratum, soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the surface soil and

subsoil, and soils with less than 3 percent stones or more than 3 percent boulders on

the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep slopes and stones on the surface.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope. Stones and boulders on the surface may interfere

with equipment operations.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings, in areas of steep slopes. In areas of

moderately steep slopes, slope is the main limitation. Extensive land shaping and

grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction.

Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas

immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion. Large stones and boulders

may interfere with excavation and backfilling.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields in areas of steep slopes.

In areas of moderately steep slopes, slope is the main limitation. Special slope

design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to

overcome the slope limitation.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

93B—Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, well drained, and gently sloping. It is on summits and

shoulders of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the

surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—
120 Soil Survey

Surface soil:

0 to 7 inches, brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 15 inches, yellowish brown fine sandy loam

15 to 29 inches, dark grayish brown and brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

29 to 40 inches, dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

40 to 53 inches, light olive brown fine sandy loam

53 to 65 inches, light olive brown sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Georgia, Macomber,

Nellis, and Stockbridge soils. Galway and Macomber soils are on slightly higher

convex areas, Nellis and Stockbridge soils are throughout the map unit, and Georgia

soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent

of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate to moderately rapid throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Very strongly acid to neutral in the surface soil, strongly acid to neutral in

the subsoil, and moderately acid to moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in cleared and used for cultivated crops. Some

areas are used for hay and pasture.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops (fig. 5). The hazard of erosion is a

management concern. Including grasses and legumes in the crop rotation, using a

conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on the surface, and tilling along

the contour are common practices that help to control erosion.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Using rotational grazing and

maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is high. This

map unit has few woodland management concerns.

This map unit has few limitations if used as a site for dwellings and septic tank

absorption fields.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 2e.

93C—Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, well drained, and strongly sloping. It is on summits,

shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover less that 0.1

percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 7 inches, brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 15 inches, yellowish brown fine sandy loam

15 to 29 inches, dark grayish brown and brown fine sandy loam
Bennington County, Vermont 121

Substratum:

29 to 40 inches, dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

40 to 53 inches, light olive brown fine sandy loam

53 to 65 inches, light olive brown sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Georgia, Macomber,

Nellis, and Stockbridge soils. Galway and Macomber soils are on slightly higher

convex areas, Nellis and Stockbridge soils are throughout the map unit, and Georgia

soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent

of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Very strongly acid to neutral in the surface soil, strongly acid to neutral in

the subsoil, and moderately acid to moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for cultivated crops. Some areas

are used for hay and pasture.

This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion is a

management concern. Including grasses and legumes in the crop rotation, using a

conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on the surface, and tilling along

the contour are common practices that help to control erosion.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Using rotational grazing and

maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

Figure 5.—This area of Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, is well suited to cultivated

crops and hay and pasture. It meets the USDA criteria for prime farmland.
122 Soil Survey

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is high. This

map unit has few woodland management concerns.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Erosion

is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and

establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to

reduce erosion.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 3e.

93D—Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, well drained, and moderately steep. It is on narrow ridges

and backslopes of hills. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 7 inches, brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 15 inches, yellowish brown fine sandy loam

15 to 29 inches, dark grayish brown and brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

29 to 40 inches, dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

40 to 53 inches, light olive brown fine sandy loam

53 to 65 inches, light olive brown sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Georgia, Macomber,

Nellis, and Stockbridge soils. Galway and Macomber soils are on slightly higher

convex areas, Nellis and Stockbridge soils are throughout the map unit, and Georgia

soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent

of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Very strongly acid to neutral in the surface soil, strongly acid to neutral in

the subsoil, and moderately acid to moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for hay and pasture. A few areas

are used for cultivated crops or are in woodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion and

equipment limitations due to slope are management concerns. Reducing the use of

row crops in the crop rotation, using a conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, and tilling along the contour are practices that help to control

erosion.

This map unit is moderately suited to hay and pasture. Equipment limitations due

to slope is a management concern. Using rotational grazing and maintaining soil

fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.
Bennington County, Vermont 123

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Extensive

land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed

areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 4e.

94B—Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes,

very stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and gently sloping. It is on summits and

shoulders of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 7 inches, brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 15 inches, yellowish brown fine sandy loam

15 to 29 inches, dark grayish brown and brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

29 to 40 inches, dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

40 to 53 inches, light olive brown fine sandy loam

53 to 65 inches, light olive brown sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Georgia, Macomber,

Nellis, and Stockbridge soils. Galway and Macomber soils are on slightly higher

convex areas, Nellis and Stockbridge soils are throughout the map unit, and Georgia

soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent

of the map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, very strongly acid to

neutral in the surface soil, strongly acid to neutral in the subsoil, and moderately

acid to moderately alkaline in the substratum
124 Soil Survey

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland. Some areas are used for hay

and pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

This map unit has few limitations as a site for dwellings and septic tank absorption

fields.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

94C—Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes,

very stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and strongly sloping. It is on summits,

shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent

of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 7 inches, brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 15 inches, yellowish brown fine sandy loam

15 to 29 inches, dark grayish brown and brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

29 to 40 inches, dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

40 to 53 inches, light olive brown fine sandy loam

53 to 65 inches, light olive brown sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Georgia, Macomber,

Nellis, and Stockbridge soils. Galway and Macomber soils are on slightly higher

convex areas, Nellis and Stockbridge soils are throughout the map unit, and Georgia

soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent

of the map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, very strongly acid to

neutral in the surface soil, strongly acid to neutral in the subsoil, and moderately

acid to moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Some areas are used for pasture and

a few small areas are used for hay.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of
Bennington County, Vermont 125

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods, help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Erosion

is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and

establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to

reduce erosion.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

94D—Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes,

very stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and moderately steep. It is on narrow ridges

and backslopes of hills. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows:

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 7 inches, brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 15 inches, yellowish brown fine sandy loam

15 to 29 inches, dark grayish brown and brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

29 to 40 inches, dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

40 to 53 inches, light olive brown fine sandy loam

53 to 65 inches, light olive brown sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Georgia, Macomber,

Nellis, and Stockbridge soils. Galway and Macomber soils are on slightly higher

convex areas, Nellis and Stockbridge soils are throughout the map unit, and Georgia

soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent

of the map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, very strongly acid to

neutral in the surface soil, strongly acid to neutral in the subsoil, and moderately

acid to moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Some areas are used for pasture and

a few small areas are used for hay.
126 Soil Survey

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods, help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderately

low. The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Extensive

land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed

areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

94E—Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 25 to 50 percent slopes,

very stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and steep. It is on backslopes of hills. Stones

cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 7 inches, brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 15 inches, yellowish brown fine sandy loam

15 to 29 inches, dark grayish brown and brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

29 to 40 inches, dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

40 to 53 inches, light olive brown fine sandy loam

53 to 65 inches, light olive brown sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Galway, Georgia, Macomber,

Nellis, and Stockbridge soils. Galway and Macomber soils are on slightly higher

convex areas, Nellis and Stockbridge soils are throughout the map unit, and Georgia

soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent

of the map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate
Bennington County, Vermont 127

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, very strongly acid to

neutral in the surface soil, strongly acid to neutral in the subsoil, and moderately

acid to moderately alkaline in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep slopes and stones on the surface.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep slopes.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

95C—Houghtonville fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes, very stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and strongly sloping. It is on ridges and

backslopes of hills and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 4 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

4 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

9 to 37 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

37 to 67 inches, dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Berkshire, Mundal, and

Rawsonville soils. Mundal soils are in depressions and drainageways, Berkshire soils

are in positions similar to Houghtonville soils, and Rawsonville soils are on slightly

higher convex areas. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the subsoil

and substratum, and small areas with more than 0.1 percent boulders on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Very high

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers
128 Soil Survey

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods, help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

When the soils in this map unit are wet, the high organic matter content of the subsoil

gives them a greasy characteristic, which sometimes interferes with the operation of

logging equipment.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Erosion

is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and

establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to

reduce erosion.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

95D—Houghtonville fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent

slopes, very stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and moderately steep. It is on narrow ridges

and backslopes of hills and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs,

Surface soil:

2 to 4 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

4 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

9 to 37 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

37 to 67 inches, dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Berkshire, Mundal, and

Rawsonville soils. Mundal soils are in depressions and drainageways, Berkshire soils

are in positions similar to Houghtonville soils, and Rawsonville soils are on slightly

higher convex areas. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the subsoil

and substratum, and small areas with more than 0.1 percent boulders on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Very high

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate
Bennington County, Vermont 129

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods, help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderately

low. The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope. When the soils in this map unit are wet, the high

organic matter content of the subsoil gives them a greasy characteristic, which

sometimes interferes with the operation of logging equipment.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Extensive

land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed

areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

95E—Houghtonville fine sandy loam, 25 to 60 percent

slopes, very stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and steep. It is on backslopes of hills and

mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs,

Surface soil:

2 to 4 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

4 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

9 to 37 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

37 to 67 inches, dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Berkshire, Mundal, and

Rawsonville soils. Mundal soils are in depressions and drainageways, Berkshire soils

are in positions similar to Houghtonville soils, and Rawsonville soils are on slightly

higher convex areas. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the subsoil

and substratum, and small areas with more than 0.1 percent boulders on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Very high

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C
130 Soil Survey

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep slopes and stones on the surface.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope. When the soils in this map unit are wet the high

organic matter content of the subsoil gives them a greasy characteristic, which

sometimes interferes with the operation of logging equipment.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep slopes.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

96D—Hogback-Rawsonville-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to

25 percent slopes, very stony

This map unit consists of moderately steep soils on narrow ridges and backslopes

of hills and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit

consists of 40 percent shallow, well drained Hogback soils; 30 percent moderately

deep, well drained Rawsonville soils; 10 percent rock outcrop; and 20 percent other

soils. Hogback and Rawsonville soils and rock outcrops are so intermingled that it

was not practical to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Hogback soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inches, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 6 inches, black fine sandy loam

6 to 8 inches, brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 13 inches, dark reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

13 to 17 inches, dark brown very gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

17 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Rawsonville soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 3 inch, black fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

3 to 8 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam
Bennington County, Vermont 131

8 to 20 inches, dark reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

20 to 25 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

25 inches

The areas of rock outcrop are exposures of schist bedrock on summits, shoulders,

and backslopes.

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Houghtonville, Lyman,

Mundal and Tunbridge soils. Houghtonville and Mundal soils are in areas between

rock outcrops, Lyman soils are in positions similar to Hogback soils, and Tunbridge

soils are in positions similar to Rawsonville soils. Included soils make up about 20

percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils that have greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the

subsoil and substratum.

Important Soil Properties

Hogback

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Rawsonville

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface and rock outcrops.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is very low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

seedling mortality, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas

disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary

helps control erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to

minimize equipment limitations associated with slope. When the soils in this map unit

are wet the high organic matter content of the subsoil gives them a greasy

characteristic, which sometimes interferes with the operation of logging equipment. In

areas of Hogback soils, the use of drought tolerant planting stock or planting in the

spring when there is sufficient soil moisture will help minimize seedling mortality

during dry summer months. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow, because root

growth, is limited by depth to bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch

cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to

minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings in areas of shallow Hogback soils. In areas

of Rawsonville soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main limitations. Bedrock has
132 Soil Survey

to be removed where deep excavations are necessary. Extensive land shaping and

grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction.

Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas

immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields in areas of shallow

Hogback soils and in areas with greater than 20 percent slope. In areas of

Rawsonville soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main limitations. Special slope

design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to

overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank

absorption field with suitable fill material in some places is needed to raise the field

the required distance above the bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

96F—Hogback-Rawsonville-Rock outcrop complex, 25 to

70 percent slopes, very stony

This map unit consists of steep or very steep soils on backslopes of hills and

mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit consists of 40

percent shallow, well drained Hogback soils; 30 percent moderately deep, well

drained Rawsonville soils; 10 percent rock outcrop; and 20 percent other soils.

Hogback and Rawsonville soils and rock outcrops are so intermingled that it was not

practical to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Hogback soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inches, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 6 inches, black fine sandy loam

6 to 8 inches, brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 13 inches, dark reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

13 to 17 inches, dark brown very gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

17 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Rawsonville soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 3 inch, black fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

3 to 8 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

8 to 20 inches, dark reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

20 to 25 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

25 inches

The areas of rock outcrop are exposures of schist bedrock on summits, shoulders,

backslopes and escarpments.
Bennington County, Vermont 133

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Houghtonville, Lyman,

Mundal and Tunbridge soils. Houghtonville and Mundal soils are in areas between

rock outcrops, Lyman soils are in positions similar to Hogback soils, and Tunbridge

soils are in positions similar to Rawsonville soils. Included soils make up about 20

percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils that have greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the

subsoil and substratum.

Important Soil Properties

Hogback

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Rawsonville

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep slopes, stones on the surface, and rock outcrops.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is very low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

seedling mortality, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed

by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps

control erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize

equipment limitations associated with slope. When the soils in this map unit are wet,

the high organic matter content of the subsoil gives the soils a greasy characteristic,

which sometimes interferes with the operation of logging equipment. In areas of Hogback

soils, the use of drought-tolerant planting stock or planting in the spring when there is

sufficient soil moisture will help to minimize seedling mortality during dry summer

months. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow because root growth is limited by

depth to bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding

surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep or very steep slopes and depth to bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

100B—Wilmington fine sandy loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes,

very stony

This soil is shallow or moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to

bedrock. It is poorly drained and nearly level or gently sloping. It is in depressions on

uplands. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.
134 Soil Survey

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inch moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 5 inches, black fine sandy loam

5 to 6 inches, dark gray fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 20 inches, mottled, black fine sandy loam

20 to 26 inches, mottled, dark brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

26 to 67 inches, mottled, very firm olive gray gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Adrian and Mundal soils.

Adrian soils are in drainageways and Mundal soils are on slightly higher convex

areas. These soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Some areas are ponded for part of the year.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 12 to 24 inches

Depth to water table: At 0 to 1.5 feet below the surface from October to May

Hydrologic group: D

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderately slow or slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid

in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few small areas are used for

unimproved pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods, help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is very low. The

woodland management concerns are equipment limitations, seedling mortality, and

windthrow. The operation of logging equipment is difficult because of the seasonal

high water table. Logging operations are more efficiently carried out when the soil is

frozen or during dry seasons. The use of water-tolerant planting stock or planting

during dryer periods will help minimize seedling mortality during wet spring months.

Trees are commonly subject to windthrow because root growth is limited by the

seasonal high water table and firm substratum. Even-aged management, strip cutting,

patch cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment,

helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

poorly drained soils.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.
Bennington County, Vermont 135

102B—Mundal fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

This soil is moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to bedrock. It is

moderately well drained and gently sloping. It is on footslopes of hills and mountains.

Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 3 inches, black fine sandy loam

Surface soil:

3 to 4 inches, brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

4 to 11 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

11 to 23 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

23 to 65 inches, mottled, very firm light yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Houghtonville, Peru,

Rawsonville, and Wilmington soils. Houghtonville and Rawsonville soils are on slightly

higher convex areas, Peru soils are in positions similar to the Mundal soils, and

Wilmington soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about

15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 20 to 30 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.5 to 2.3 feet below the surface from September to

May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and moderately slow or slow in

the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil and

strongly acid to slightly acid in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for pasture. Some areas are

used for hay and some are in woodland.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion and the

seasonal high water table are management concerns. Including grasses and legumes

in the crop rotation, using a conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on

the surface, and tilling along the contour are common practices that help to control

erosion. Spring tillage may be delayed in some years because of wetness. Cold soil

temperatures due to wetness can slow germination.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The seasonal high water table is a

management concern. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of

cutting or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Using rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote

a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is very high.

The woodland management concerns are equipment limitations and windthrow. When

the soils in this map unit are wet, the high organic matter content of the subsoil gives

them a greasy characteristic, which sometimes interferes with the operation of
136 Soil Survey

logging equipment. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow because root growth is

limited by the firm substratum. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting,

and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to

minimize windthrow.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a

site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading the land

to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements.

The seasonal high water table and permeability of the substratum are the main

limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special

construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill

material in most places is needed to raise the field the required distance above the

seasonal high water table and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 2e.

102C—Mundal fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes

This soil is moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to bedrock. It is

moderately well drained and strongly sloping. It is on ridges and backslopes of hills

and mountains. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Mundal soil are

as follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 3 inches, black fine sandy loam

Surface soil:

3 to 4 inches, brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

4 to 11 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

11 to 23 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

23 to 65 inches, mottled, very firm light yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Houghtonville, Peru,

Rawsonville, and Wilmington soils. Houghtonville and Rawsonville soils are on slightly

higher convex areas, Peru soils are in positions similar to the Mundal soils, and

Wilmington soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about

15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 20 to 30 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.5 to 2.3 feet below the surface from September to

May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and moderately slow or slow in

the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil and

strongly acid to slightly acid in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for pasture. Some areas are

used for hay and some are in woodland.
Bennington County, Vermont 137

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion and the

seasonal high water table are management concerns. Including grasses and legumes

in the crop rotation, using a conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on

the surface, and tilling along the contour are common practices that help to control

erosion. Spring tillage may be delayed in some years because of wetness. Cold soil

temperatures due to wetness can slow germination.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The seasonal high water table is a

management concern. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of

cutting or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Using rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods, and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote

a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is very high.

The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment

limitations, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by

logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control

erosion. When the soils in this map unit are wet, the high organic matter content of

the subsoil gives them a greasy characteristic, which sometimes interferes with the

operation of logging equipment. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow, because

root growth, is limited by the firm substratum. Even-aged management, strip cutting,

patch cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment,

helps to minimize windthrow.

The seasonal high water table and slope are the main limitations if this map unit is

used as a site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading

the land to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet

basements. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing

plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after

construction will help to reduce erosion.

The seasonal high water table, slope, and permeability of the substratum are the

main limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special slope

design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to

overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank

absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field

the required distance above the seasonal high water table and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 3e.

104B—Colton gravelly loamy sand, 3 to 8 percent slopes,

extremely stony

This soil is very deep, excessively drained and gently sloping. It is on stream

terraces. Stones cover 3 to 15 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows:

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 3 inches, dark brown gravelly loamy sand

3 to 8 inches, gray very gravelly loamy sand

Subsoil:

8 to 21 inches, dark reddish brown and brown very gravelly loamy sand

21 to 28 inches, dark yellowish brown very gravelly loamy sand
138 Soil Survey

Substratum:

28 to 67 inches, olive brown very gravelly coarse sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Berkshire and Monadnock

soils. Berkshire and Monadnock soils are throughout the map unit. Included soils

make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with less than 3.0 percent stones on the surface and

small areas that flood occasionally.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: A

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, rapid in the surface soil and

subsoil, and very rapid in the substratum

Potential frost action: Low

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil, very strongly acid to moderately acid in the

subsoil, and very strongly acid to moderately acid in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few small areas are in unimproved

pasture or are developed.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods, help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing eastern white pine on this map unit is

moderately low. The woodland management concerns are equipment limitations and

seedling mortality. Stones and boulders on the surface may interfere with equipment

operations. The use of drought-tolerant planting stock or planting in the spring when

there is sufficient soil moisture will help minimize seedling mortality during dry

summer months.

This map unit has few limitations as a site for dwellings. Large stones and boulders

may interfere with excavation and backfilling. Cutbanks of excavations are subject to

caving or sloughing.

The poor filtering capacity of the soil is the main limitation if this map unit is used

for septic tank absorption fields. The soil readily absorbs effluent, but it may not

adequately filter the effluent. As a result, the ground water supplies in the area can

potentially become contaminated. Seepage can be monitored by periodically testing

wells for possible contamination. Large stones and boulders may interfere with

excavations and backfilling.

This map unit is a probable source of sand and gravel for use as a construction

material. The suitability of the sand and gravel for specific purposes has not been

evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

104C—Colton gravelly loamy sand, 8 to 15 percent slopes,

extremely stony

This soil is very deep, excessively drained, and strongly sloping. It is on knolls and

stream terraces. Stones cover 3 to 15 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—
Bennington County, Vermont 139

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 3 inches, dark brown gravelly loamy sand

3 to 8 inches, gray very gravelly loamy sand

Subsoil:

8 to 21 inches, dark reddish brown and brown very gravelly loamy sand

21 to 28 inches, dark yellowish brown very gravelly loamy sand

Substratum:

28 to 67 inches, olive brown very gravelly coarse sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Berkshire and Monadnock

soils. Berkshire and Monadnock soils are throughout the map unit. Included soils

make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with less than 3.0 percent stones on the surface and

small areas that flood occasionally.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: A

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, rapid in the surface soil and

subsoil, and very rapid in the substratum

Potential frost action: Low

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil, very strongly acid to moderately acid in the

subsoil, and very strongly acid to moderately acid in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing eastern white pine on this map unit is

moderately low. The woodland management concerns are equipment limitations and

seedling mortality. Stones and boulders on the surface may interfere with equipment

operations. The use of drought-tolerant planting stock or planting in the spring when

there is sufficient soil moisture will help minimize seedling mortality during dry

summer months.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Erosion

is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and

establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to

reduce erosion. Large stones and boulders may interfere with excavation and

backfilling. Cutbanks of excavations are subject to caving or sloughing.

Slope and the poor filtering capacity of the soil are the main limitations if this map

unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special slope design of septic tank

absorption fields is needed in some places for septic tank absorption fields. The soil

readily absorbs effluent, but it may not adequately filter the effluent. As a result, the

ground water supplies in the area can potentially become contaminated. Seepage

can be monitored by periodically testing wells for possible contamination. Large

stones and boulders may interfere with excavations and backfilling.

This map unit is a probable source of sand and gravel for use as a construction
140 Soil Survey

material. The suitability of the sand and gravel for specific purposes has not been

evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

104E—Colton gravelly loamy sand, 15 to 50 percent

slopes, extremely stony

This soil is very deep, excessively drained, and moderately steep or steep. It is on

stream terrace escarpments. Stones cover 3 to 15 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 3 inches, dark brown gravelly loamy sand

3 to 8 inches, gray very gravelly loamy sand

Subsoil:

8 to 21 inches, dark reddish brown and brown very gravelly loamy sand

21 to 28 inches, dark yellowish brown very gravelly loamy sand

Substratum:

28 to 67 inches, olive brown very gravelly coarse sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Berkshire and Monadnock

soils. Berkshire and Monadnock soils are throughout the map unit. Included soils

make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with less than 3.0 percent stones on the surface and

small areas that flood occasionally.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: A

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, rapid in the surface soil and

subsoil, and very rapid in the substratum

Potential frost action: Low

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil, very strongly acid to moderately acid in the

subsoil, and very strongly acid to moderately acid in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture in areas of

steep slopes. In moderately steep areas, this map unit is poorly suited to cultivated

crops, hay, and pasture because of stones on the surface. Some areas are used for

unimproved pasture. Rotational grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to

maintain a good stand and control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing eastern white pine on this map unit is low.

The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment

limitations, and seedling mortality. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas

disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary

helps control erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to

minimize equipment limitations associated with slope. Stones and boulders on the
Bennington County, Vermont 141

surface may interfere with equipment operations. The use of drought-tolerant planting

stock or planting in the spring when there is sufficient soil moisture will help minimize

seedling mortality during dry summer months.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings, in areas of steep slopes. In areas of

moderately steep slopes, slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site

for dwellings. Extensive land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a

hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and

establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to

reduce erosion. Large stones and boulders may interfere with excavation and

backfilling. Cutbanks of excavations are subject to caving or sloughing.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields in areas of steep slopes.

In areas of moderately steep slopes, slope and the poor filtering capacity of the soil

are the main limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation. The soil readily absorbs effluent,

but it may not adequately filter the effluent. As a result, the ground water supplies in

the area can potentially become contaminated. Seepage can be monitored by

periodically testing wells for possible contamination.

This map unit is a probable source of sand and gravel for use as a construction

material. The suitability of the sand and gravel for specific purposes has not been

evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

105B—Monadnock fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes,

very stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and gently sloping. It is on knolls and foot

slopes of hills and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inches, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

2 to 6 inches, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

6 to 8 inches, reddish gray fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 13 inches, reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

13 to 21 inches, brown cobbly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

21 to 31 inches, yellowish brown cobbly loamy sand

31 to 71 inches, olive very cobbly loamy coarse sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Berkshire, Colton, and Peru

soils. Berkshire and Colton soils are throughout the map unit and Peru soils are in

depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map

unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 3.0 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet
142 Soil Survey

Hydrologic Group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderately rapid in the substratum

Potential frost action: Low

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid below

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

This map unit has few limitations as a site for dwellings. Cutbanks of excavations

are subject to caving or sloughing.

This map unit has few limitations as a site for septic tank absorption fields.

This map unit is a probable source of sand for use as a construction material. The

suitability of the sand for specific purposes has not been evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

105C—Monadnock fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes, very stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and strongly sloping. It is on knolls and foot

slopes of hills and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inches, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

2 to 6 inches, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

6 to 8 inches, reddish gray fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 13 inches, reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

13 to 21 inches, brown cobbly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

21 to 31 inches, yellowish brown cobbly loamy sand

31 to 71 inches, olive very cobbly loamy coarse sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Berkshire, Colton, and Peru

soils. Berkshire and Colton soils are throughout the map unit and Peru soils are in

depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map

unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 3.0 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic Group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderately rapid in the substratum
Bennington County, Vermont 143

Potential frost action: Low

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Erosion

is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and

establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to

reduce erosion. Cutbanks of excavations are subject to caving or sloughing.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation.

This map unit is a probable source of sand for use as a construction material. The

suitability of the sand for specific purposes has not been evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

105D—Monadnock fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent

slopes, very stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and moderately steep. It is on narrow ridges

and backslopes of hills and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows:

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inches, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

2 to 6 inches, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

6 to 8 inches, reddish gray fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 13 inches, reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

13 to 21 inches, brown cobbly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

21 to 31 inches, yellowish brown cobbly loamy sand

31 to 71 inches, olive very cobbly loamy coarse sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Berkshire, Colton, and Peru

soils. Berkshire and Colton soils are throughout the map unit and Peru soils are in

depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map

unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 3.0 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic Group: B
144 Soil Survey

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderately rapid in the substratum

Potential frost action: Low

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderately

low. The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Extensive

land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed

areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion. Cutbanks of

excavations are subject to caving or sloughing.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation.

This map unit is a probable source of sand for use as a construction material. The

suitability of the sand for specific purposes has not been evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

105E—Monadnock fine sandy loam, 25 to 50 percent

slopes, very stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and steep. It is on backslopes of hills and

mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inches, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

2 to 6 inches, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

6 to 8 inches, reddish gray fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 13 inches, reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

13 to 21 inches, brown cobbly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

21 to 31 inches, yellowish brown cobbly loamy sand

31 to 71 inches, olive very cobbly loamy coarse sand

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Berkshire, Colton, and Peru

soils. Berkshire and Colton soils are throughout the map unit and Peru soils are in

depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map

unit.
Bennington County, Vermont 145

Also included are small areas with more than 3.0 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic Group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderately rapid in the substratum

Potential frost action: Low

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep slopes and stones on the surface.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep slopes.

This map unit is a probable source of sand for use as a construction material. The

suitability of the sand for specific purposes has not been evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

106B—Berkshire fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes,

very stony

This soil is very deep, well drained and gently sloping. It is on summits, shoulders,

and backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the

surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows:

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 4 inches, black fine sandy loam

4 to 6 inches, grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 17 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

17 to 31 inches, olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

31 to 66 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Lyman, Monadnock, Peru, and

Tunbridge soils and well drained soils with a firm substratum. Lyman and Tunbridge

soils are on slightly higher convex areas, the well drained soils with a firm substratum

and Peru soils are in depressions and drainageways, and Monadnock soils are

throughout the map unit. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.
146 Soil Survey

Also included are soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the surface

soil and subsoil and small areas with more than 3.0 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Some areas are used for pasture and

a few small areas are used for hay.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

This map unit has few limitations as a site for dwellings and septic tank absorption

fields.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

106C—Berkshire fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes,

very stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and strongly sloping. It is on summits,

shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3

percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 4 inches, black fine sandy loam

4 to 6 inches, grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 17 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

17 to 31 inches, olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

31 to 66 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Lyman, Monadnock, Peru, and

Tunbridge soils and well drained soils with a firm substratum. Lyman and Tunbridge

soils are on slightly higher convex areas, the well drained soils with a firm substratum

and Peru soils are in depressions and drainageways, and Monadnock soils are

throughout the map unit. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the surface

soil and subsoil and small areas with more than 3.0 percent stones on the surface.
Bennington County, Vermont 147

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Some areas are used for pasture and

a few small areas are used for hay.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

This map unit has few woodland management concerns.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Erosion

is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and

establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to

reduce erosion.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

106D—Berkshire fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent

slopes, very stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and moderately steep. It is on narrow ridges

and backslopes of hills and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 4 inches, black fine sandy loam

4 to 6 inches, grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 17 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

17 to 31 inches, olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

31 to 66 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Lyman, Monadnock, Peru, and

Tunbridge soils and well drained soils with a firm substratum. Lyman and Tunbridge

soils are on slightly higher convex areas, the well drained soils with a firm substratum

and Peru soils are in depressions and drainageways, and Monadnock soils are

throughout the map unit. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.
148 Soil Survey

Also included are soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the surface

soil and subsoil and small areas with more than 3.0 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Some areas are used for pasture and

a few small areas are used for hay.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderately

low. The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Extensive

land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed

areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

106E—Berkshire fine sandy loam, 25 to 50 percent slopes,

very stony

This soil is very deep, well drained, and steep. It is on backslopes of hills and

mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 4 inches, black fine sandy loam

4 to 6 inches, grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 17 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

17 to 31 inches, olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

31 to 66 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam
Bennington County, Vermont 149

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Lyman, Monadnock, Peru, and

Tunbridge soils and well drained soils with a firm substratum. Lyman and Tunbridge

soils are on slightly higher convex areas, the well drained soils with a firm substratum

and Peru soils are in depressions and drainageways, and Monadnock soils are

throughout the map unit. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the surface

soil and subsoil and small areas with more than 3.0 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Some areas are used for pasture and

a few small areas are used for unimproved pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep slopes and stones on the surface.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep slopes.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

108B—Peru fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very

stony

This soil is shallow or moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to

bedrock. It is moderately well drained and gently sloping. It is on footslopes of hills

and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed, leaves, needles, and twigs

1 to 2 inch, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 8 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 22 inches, dark yellowish brown and brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

22 to 33 inches, mottled, very firm light brownish gray gravelly fine sandy loam

33 to 67 inches, mottled, firm olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam
150 Soil Survey

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Berkshire, Cabot, Lyman, and

Tunbridge soils and moderately well drained soils with a friable substratum. Berkshire,

Lyman, and Tunbridge soils are on slightly higher convex areas, the moderately well

drained soils with a friable substratum are in positions similar to Peru soils, and Cabot

soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent

of the map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 18 to 36 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.3 to 2.5 feet below the surface from November to

May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and slow or moderately slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of stones

on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

The woodland management concern is windthrow. Trees are commonly subject to

windthrow, because root growth, is limited by the firm substratum. Even-aged

management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused

by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a

site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading the land

to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements.

The seasonal high water table and permeability of the substratum are the main

limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special

construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill

material in most places is needed to raise the field the required distance above the

seasonal high water table and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

108C—Peru fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very

stony

This soil is shallow or moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to

bedrock. It is moderately well drained and strongly sloping. It is on ridges and

backslopes of hills and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed, leaves, needles, and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 8 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 22 inches, dark yellowish brown and brown fine sandy loam
Bennington County, Vermont 151

Substratum:

22 to 33 inches, mottled, very firm light brownish gray gravelly fine sandy loam

33 to 67 inches, mottled, firm olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Berkshire, Cabot, Lyman, and

Tunbridge soils and moderately well drained soils with a friable substratum. Berkshire,

Lyman, and Tunbridge soils are on slightly higher convex areas; the moderately well

drained soils with a friable substratum are in positions similar to Peru soils; and Cabot

soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent

of the map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 18 to 36 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.3 to 2.5 feet below the surface from November to

May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and slow or moderately slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of stones

on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

The woodland management concern is windthrow. Trees are commonly subject to

windthrow, because root growth, is limited by the firm substratum. Even-aged

management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused

by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

The seasonal high water table and slope are the main limitations if this map unit is

used as a site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading

the land to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet

basements. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing

plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after

construction will help to reduce erosion.

The seasonal high water table, slope, and permeability of the substratum are the

main limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special slope

design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to

overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank

absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field

the required distance above the seasonal high water table and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

108D—Peru fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very

stony

This soil is shallow or moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to

bedrock. It is moderately well drained and moderately steep. It is on narrow ridges

and backslopes of hills and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.
152 Soil Survey

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed, leaves, needles, and twigs

1 to 2 inch, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 8 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 22 inches, dark yellowish brown and brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

22 to 33 inches, mottled, very firm light brownish gray gravelly fine sandy loam

33 to 67 inches, mottled, firm olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Berkshire, Cabot, Lyman, and

Tunbridge soils and moderately well drained soils with a friable substratum. Berkshire,

Lyman and Tunbridge soils are on slightly higher convex areas; the moderately well

drained soils with a friable substratum are in positions similar to Peru soils; and Cabot

soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent

of the map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 18 to 36 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.3 to 2.5 feet below the surface from November to

May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and slow or moderately slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderately

low. The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment

limitations, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by

logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control

erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize

equipment limitations associated with slope. Trees are commonly subject to

windthrow because root growth is limited by the firm substratum. Even-aged

management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused

by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

The seasonal high water table and slope are the main limitations if this map unit is

used as a site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading

the land to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet

basements. Extensive land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard

in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing

vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to reduce

erosion.
Bennington County, Vermont 153

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields, in areas with slopes of

greater than 20 percent. In areas of slopes of 20 percent or less, the seasonal high

water table, slope, and permeability of the substratum are the main limitations.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as

mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is

needed to raise the field the required distance above the seasonal high water table

and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

109C—Tunbridge-Berkshire complex, 8 to 15 percent

slopes, rocky

This map unit consists of strongly sloping soils on summits, shoulders, and

backslopes of knolls, hills and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the

surface. This map unit consists of 49 percent moderately deep, well drained

Tunbridge soils; 35 percent very deep, well drained Berkshire soils; and 16 percent

other soils and areas of rock outcrop. Tunbridge and Berkshire soils are so

intermingled that it was not practical to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Tunbridge soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 3 inches, very dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

3 to 16 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

16 to 24 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

24 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Berkshire soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 4 inches, black fine sandy loam

4 to 6 inches, grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 17 inches, dark brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

17 to 31 inches, olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

31 to 66 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Lyman and Peru soils and

well drained soils with a firm substratum. Lyman soils are on slightly convex areas

near rock outcrops and the well drained soils with a firm substratum and Peru soils

are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the

map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 1 percent of this map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 3.0 percent stones on the surface.
154 Soil Survey

Important Soil Properties

Tunbridge

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential front action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid

in the substratum

Berkshire

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Some areas are used for pasture and

a few small areas are used for hay.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface and rock outcrops. Some areas are used for unimproved

pasture. Rotational grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a

good stand and control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

The woodland management concern is windthrow. Areas of Berkshire soils have few

management concerns. In areas of Tunbridge soils, trees are commonly subject to

windthrow because root growth is limited by depth to bedrock. Even-aged

management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused

by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

Depth to bedrock in areas of Tunbridge soils and slope limit this map unit as a site

for dwellings. Bedrock has to be removed where deep excavations are necessary.

Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover

and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will

help to reduce erosion.

Depth to bedrock in areas of Tunbridge soils and slope are the main limitations if

this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special slope design, such as

installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to overcome the

slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption

field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field the required

distance above the bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

109D—Tunbridge-Berkshire complex, 15 to 25 percent

slopes, rocky

This map unit consists of moderately steep soils on narrow ridges and backslopes

of hills and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit
Bennington County, Vermont 155

consists of 49 percent moderately deep, well drained Tunbridge soils; 35 percent very

deep, well drained Berkshire soils; and 16 percent other soils and areas of rock

outcrop. Tunbridge and Berkshire soils are so intermingled that it was not practical to

map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Tunbridge soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 3 inches, very dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

3 to 16 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

16 to 24 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

24 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Berkshire soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 4 inches, black fine sandy loam

4 to 6 inches, grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 17 inches, dark brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

17 to 31 inches, olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

31 to 66 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Lyman and Peru soils and

well drained soils with a firm substratum. Lyman soils are on slightly convex areas

near rock outcrops and the well drained soils with a firm substratum and Peru soils

are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the

map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 1 percent of this map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 3.0 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Tunbridge

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential front action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid

in the substratum

Berkshire

Available water capacity: High
156 Soil Survey

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Some areas are used for pasture and

a few small areas are used for hay.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface and rock outcrops. Some areas are used for unimproved

pasture. Rotational grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a

good stand and control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderately

low. The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment

limitations, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by

logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control

erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize

equipment limitations associated with slope. In areas of Tunbridge soils, trees are

commonly subject to windthrow because root growth is limited by depth to bedrock.

Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface root

damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

Slope and depth to bedrock in areas of Tunbridge soils limit this map unit as a site

for dwellings. Bedrock has to be removed where deep excavations are necessary.

Extensive land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas

cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation

on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields, in areas of Tunbridge

soils with slopes of greater than 20 percent. In areas of Tunbridge soils with slopes of

20 percent or less and in areas of Berkshire soils, depth to bedrock in areas of

Tunbridge soils and moderately steep slopes are the main limitations if this map unit

is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special slope design, such as installing

septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to overcome the slope

limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption field with

suitable fill material in some places is needed to raise the field the required distance

above the bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

109E—Tunbridge-Berkshire complex, 25 to 50 percent

slopes, rocky

This map unit consists of steep soils on backslopes of hills and mountains. Stones

cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit consists of 49 percent moderately

deep, well drained Tunbridge soils; 35 percent very deep, well drained Berkshire soils;

and 16 percent other soils and areas of rock outcrop. Tunbridge and Berkshire soils

are so intermingled that it was not practical to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Tunbridge soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 3 inches, very dark grayish brown fine sandy loam
Bennington County, Vermont 157

Subsoil:

3 to 16 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

16 to 24 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

24 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Berkshire soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 4 inches, black fine sandy loam

4 to 6 inches, grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 17 inches, dark brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

17 to 31 inches, olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

31 to 66 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Lyman and Peru soils and

well drained soils with a firm substratum. Lyman soils are on slightly convex areas

near rock outcrops and the well drained soils with a firm substratum and Peru soils

are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the

map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 1 percent of this map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 3.0 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Tunbridge

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential front action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid

in the substratum

Berkshire

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few small areas are used for

pasture.
158 Soil Survey

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep slopes, stones on the surface, and rock outcrops.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope. In areas of Tunbridge soils, trees are commonly

subject to windthrow because root growth is limited by depth to bedrock. Even-aged

management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused

by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep slopes.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

111C—Rawsonville-Houghtonville complex, 8 to 15

percent slopes, rocky

This map unit consists of strongly sloping soils on backslopes of hills and

mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit consists of 49

percent moderately deep, well drained Rawsonville soils; 35 percent very deep, well

drained Houghtonville soils; and 16 percent other soils and areas of rock outcrop.

Rawsonville and Houghtonville soils are so intermingled that it was not practical to

map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Rawsonville soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 3 inch, black fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

3 to 8 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

8 to 20 inches, dark reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

20 to 25 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

25 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Houghtonville

soils are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 4 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

4 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

9 to 37 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

37 to 67 inches, dark grayish brown fine sandy loam
Bennington County, Vermont 159

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Berkshire, Hogback,

Monadnock, Mundal, and Tunbridge soils. Hogback soils are on slightly higher convex

areas near rock outcrops, Berkshire and Monadnock soils are in positions similar to

Houghtonville soils, Tunbridge soils are in positions similar to Rawsonville soils, and

Mundal soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15

percent of the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 1 percent of this map unit.

Also included are soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the subsoil

and substratum and small areas with more than 3.0 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Rawsonville

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Houghtonville

Available water capacity: Very high

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface and rock outcrops. Some areas are used for unimproved

pasture. Rotational grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a

good stand and control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderately

low. The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment

limitations, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by

logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control

erosion. When the soils in this map unit are wet, the high organic matter content of

the subsoil gives the soils a greasy characteristic, which sometimes interferes with

the operation of logging equipment. In areas of Rawsonville soils, trees are commonly

subject to windthrow because root growth is limited by depth to bedrock. Even-aged

management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused

by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

Depth to bedrock in areas of Rawsonville soils and slope are the main limitations if

this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Bedrock has to be removed where deep

excavations are necessary. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction.

Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas

immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

Depth to bedrock in areas of Rawsonville soils and slope are the main limitations if

this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special slope design, such as
160 Soil Survey

installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to overcome the

slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption

field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field the required

distance above the bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

111D—Rawsonville-Houghtonville complex, 15 to 25

percent slopes, rocky

This map unit consists of moderately steep soils on narrow ridges and backslopes

of hills and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit

consists of 49 percent moderately deep, well drained Rawsonville soils; 35 percent

very deep, well drained Houghtonville soils; and 16 percent other soils and areas of

rock outcrop. Rawsonville and Houghtonville soils are so intermingled that it was not

practical to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Rawsonville soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 3 inch, black fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

3 to 8 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

8 to 20 inches, dark reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

20 to 25 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

25 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Houghtonville

soils are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 4 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

4 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

9 to 37 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

37 to 67 inches, dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Berkshire, Hogback,

Monadnock, Mundal, and Tunbridge soils. Hogback soils are on slightly higher convex

areas near rock outcrops, Berkshire and Monadnock soils are in positions similar to

Houghtonville soils, Tunbridge soils are in positions similar to Rawsonville soils, and

Mundal soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15

percent of the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 1 percent of this map unit.
Bennington County, Vermont 161

Also included are soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the subsoil

and substratum and small areas with more than 3.0 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Rawsonville

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Houghtonville

Available water capacity: Very high

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface and rock outcrops. Some areas are used for unimproved

pasture. Rotational grazing and limiting access during wet periods help to maintain a

good stand and control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope. When the soils in this map unit are wet, the high

organic matter content of the subsoil gives the soils a greasy characteristic, which

sometimes interferes with the operation of logging equipment. In areas of Rawsonville

soils, trees are commonly subject to windthrow because root growth is limited by

depth to bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding

surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

Depth to bedrock in areas of Rawsonville soils and slope are the main limitations if

this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Bedrock has to be removed where deep

excavations are necessary. Extensive land shaping and grading may be required.

Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover

and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will

help to reduce erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields, in areas of Rawsonville

soils with slopes of greater than 20 percent. In areas of Rawsonville soils with slopes

of 20 percent or less and in areas of Houghtonville soils, depth to bedrock in areas of

Rawsonville soils and slope are the main limitations if this map unit is used for septic

tank absorption fields. Special slope design, such as installing septic system

absorption fields on the contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation. Special

construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill material

in some places is needed to raise the field the required distance above the bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.
162 Soil Survey

111E—Rawsonville-Houghtonville complex, 25 to 60

percent slopes, rocky

This map unit consists of steep soils on backslopes of hills and mountains. Stones

cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit consists of 49 percent moderately

deep, well drained Rawsonville soils; 35 percent very deep, well drained

Houghtonville soils; and 16 percent other soils and areas of rock outcrop. Rawsonville

and Houghtonville soils are so intermingled that it was not practical to map them

separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Rawsonville soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 3 inch, black fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

3 to 8 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

8 to 20 inches, dark reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

20 to 25 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

25 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Houghtonville

soils are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 4 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

4 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

9 to 37 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

37 to 67 inches, dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Berkshire, Hogback,

Monadnock, Mundal, and Tunbridge soils. Hogback soils are on slightly higher convex

areas near rock outcrops, Berkshire and Monadnock soils are in positions similar to

Houghtonville soils, Tunbridge soils are in positions similar to Rawsonville soils, and

Mundal soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15

percent of the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 1 percent of this map unit.

Also included are soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the subsoil

and substratum and small areas with more than 3.0 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Rawsonville

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet
Bennington County, Vermont 163

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Houghtonville

Available water capacity: Very high

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep slopes, stones on the surface and rock outcrops.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope. When the soils in this map unit are wet, the high

organic matter content of the subsoil gives the soils a greasy characteristic, which

sometimes interferes with the operation of logging equipment. In areas of Rawsonville

soils, trees are commonly subject to windthrow because root growth is limited by

depth to bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding

surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep slopes.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

112C—Rawsonville-Hogback complex, 8 to 15 percent

slopes, very rocky

This map unit consists of strongly sloping soils on summits, shoulders, and

backslopes of hills and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This

map unit consists of 50 percent moderately deep, well drained Rawsonville soils; 30

percent shallow, well drained Hogback soils; and 20 percent other soils and areas of

rock outcrop. Rawsonville and Hogback soils are so intermingled that it was not

practical to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Rawsonville soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 3 inch, black fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

3 to 8 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam
164 Soil Survey

8 to 20 inches, dark reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

20 to 25 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

25 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Hogback soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inches, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 6 inches, black fine sandy loam

6 to 8 inches, brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 13 inches, dark reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

13 to 17 inches, dark brown very gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

17 inches

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Houghtonville, Lyman,

Mundal, and Tunbridge soils and excessively drained, very shallow soils.

Houghtonville and Mundal soils are in areas between rock outcrops; Lyman soils are

in positions similar to the Hogback soils; Tunbridge soils are in positions similar to the

Rawsonville soils; and the excessively drained, very shallow soils are on slightly

higher convex areas near rock outcrops. Included soils make up about 15 percent of

the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 5 percent of this map unit.

Also included are soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the subsoil

and substratum.

Important Soil Properties

Rawsonville

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Hogback

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few small areas are used for

unimproved pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface and rock outcrops. Some areas are used for unimproved
Bennington County, Vermont 165

pasture. Rotational grazing and limiting access during wet periods, help to maintain a

good stand and control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

seedling mortality, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas

disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary

helps control erosion. When the soils in this map unit are wet, the high organic matter

content of the subsoil gives the soils a greasy characteristic, which sometimes

interferes with the operation of logging equipment. In areas of Hogback soils, the use

of drought tolerant planting stock or planting in the spring when there is sufficient soil

moisture will help minimize seedling mortality during dry summer months. Trees are

commonly subject to windthrow because root growth is limited by depth to bedrock.

Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface root

damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings, in areas of shallow Hogback soils. In areas

of Rawsonville soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main limitations. Bedrock has

to be removed where deep excavations are necessary. Erosion is a hazard in areas

cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation

on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields, in areas of shallow

Hogback soils. In areas of Rawsonville soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main

limitations. Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on

the contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as

mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is

needed to raise the field the required distance above the bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

112D—Rawsonville-Hogback complex, 15 to 25 percent

slopes, very rocky

This map unit consists of moderately steep soils on narrow ridges and backslopes

of hills and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit

consists of 50 percent moderately deep, well drained Rawsonville soils; 30 percent

shallow, well drained Hogback soils; and 20 percent other soils and areas of rock

outcrop. Rawsonville and Hogback soils are so intermingled that it was not practical

to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Rawsonville soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 3 inch, black fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

3 to 8 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

8 to 20 inches, dark reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

20 to 25 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

25 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Hogback soils

are as follows—
166 Soil Survey

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inches, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 6 inches, black fine sandy loam

6 to 8 inches, brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 13 inches, dark reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

13 to 17 inches, dark brown very gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

17 inches

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Houghtonville, Lyman,

Mundal, and Tunbridge soils and excessively drained very shallow soils.

Houghtonville and Mundal soils are in areas between rock outcrops, Lyman soils are

in positions similar to the Hogback soils, Tunbridge soils are in positions similar to the

Rawsonville soils, and the excessively drained, very shallow soils are on slightly

higher convex areas near rock outcrops. Included soils make up about 15 percent of

the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 5 percent of this map unit.

Also included are soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the subsoil

and substratum.

Important Soil Properties

Rawsonville

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Hogback

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few small areas are used for

unimproved pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface and rock outcrops.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

seedling mortality, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas

disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary

helps control erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to

minimize equipment limitations associated with slope. When the soils in this map unit
Bennington County, Vermont 167

are wet, the high organic matter content of the subsoil gives the soils a greasy

characteristic, which sometimes interferes with the operation of logging equipment. In

areas of Hogback soils, the use of drought-tolerant planting stock or planting in the

spring when there is sufficient soil moisture will help minimize seedling mortality

during dry summer months. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow because root

growth is limited by depth to bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch

cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to

minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings, in areas of shallow Hogback soils. In areas

of Rawsonville soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main limitations. Bedrock has

to be removed where deep excavations are necessary. Extensive land shaping and

grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction.

Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas

immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields, in areas of shallow

Hogback soils and in areas with greater than 20 percent slope. In areas of

Rawsonville soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main limitations. Special slope

design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to

overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank

absorption field with suitable fill material in some places is needed to raise the field

the required distance above the bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

112E—Rawsonville-Hogback complex, 25 to 60 percent

slopes, very rocky

This map unit consists of steep soils on backslopes of hills and mountains. Stones

cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit consists of 50 percent moderately

deep, well drained Rawsonville soils; 30 percent shallow, well drained Hogback soils;

and 20 percent other soils and areas of rock outcrop. Rawsonville and Hogback soils

are so intermingled that it was not practical to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Rawsonville soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 3 inch, black fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

3 to 8 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

8 to 20 inches, dark reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

20 to 25 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

25 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Hogback soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inches, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 6 inches, black fine sandy loam

6 to 8 inches, brown gravelly fine sandy loam
168 Soil Survey

Subsoil:

8 to 13 inches, dark reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

13 to 17 inches, dark brown very gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

17 inches

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Houghtonville, Lyman,

Mundal, and Tunbridge soils and excessively drained very shallow soils.

Houghtonville and Mundal soils are in areas between rock outcrops, Lyman soils are

in positions similar to the Hogback soils, Tunbridge soils are in positions similar to the

Rawsonville soils, and the excessively drained very shallow soils are on slightly

higher convex areas near rock outcrops. Included soils make up about 15 percent of

the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 5 percent of this map unit.

Also included are soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the subsoil

and substratum.

Important Soil Properties

Rawsonville

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Hogback

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep slopes, stones on the surface and rock outcrops.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is very low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

seedling mortality, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas

disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary

helps control erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to

minimize equipment limitations associated with slope. When the soils in this map unit

are wet the high organic matter content of the subsoil gives the soils a greasy

characteristic, which sometimes interferes with the operation of logging equipment. In

areas of Hogback soils, the use of drought-tolerant planting stock or planting in the

spring when there is sufficient soil moisture will help minimize seedling mortality

during dry summer months. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow, because root

growth is limited by depth to bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch
Bennington County, Vermont 169

cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to

minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep slopes and depth to bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

113B—Cabot silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is shallow to dense basal till and very deep to bedrock. It is poorly drained

and gently sloping. It is in depressions and drainageways and on toe slopes and foot

slopes of hills, ridges, and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 9 inches, black silt loam

Subsoil:

9 to 15 inches, mottled, olive gray silt loam

Substratum:

15 to 26 inches, mottled, firm greenish gray fine sandy loam

26 to 37 inches, mottled, firm olive gray fine sandy loam

37 to 66 inches, mottled, firm dark olive gray fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Adrian, Mundal, and Peru

soils. Adrian soils are in positions similar to Cabot soils and Mundal and Peru soils

are on slightly higher convex areas. These soils make up about 15 percent of the map

unit.

Also included are soils with a loamy or sandy, friable substratum.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 12 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: At 0 to 1.5 feet from October to May

Hydrologic group: D

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and slow or very slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, strongly acid to neutral

in the surface soil and subsoil, and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the

substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few small areas are used for

unimproved pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods, help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The

woodland management concerns are equipment limitations, seedling mortality, and

windthrow. The operation of logging equipment is difficult because of the seasonal

high water table. Logging operations are more efficiently carried out when the soil is
170 Soil Survey

frozen or during dry seasons. The use of water-tolerant planting stock or planting

during dryer periods will help minimize seedling mortality during wet spring months.

Trees are commonly subject to windthrow because root growth is limited by the

seasonal high water table and firm substratum.

Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface root

damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

poorly drained soils.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

114B—Mundal fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes,

very stony

This soil is moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to bedrock. It is

moderately well drained and gently sloping. It is on footslopes of hills and mountains.

Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 3 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

3 to 6 inches, black fine sandy loam

6 to 7 inches, brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 14 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

14 to 26 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

26 to 68 inches, mottled, very firm light yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Houghtonville, Peru,

Rawsonville, and Wilmington soils. Houghtonville and Rawsonville soils are on slightly

higher convex areas, Peru soils are in positions similar to the Mundal soils, and

Wilmington soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about

15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 3.0 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 20 to 30 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.5 to 2.3 feet below the surface from September to

May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderately slow or slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid

in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few small areas are used for

pasture.
Bennington County, Vermont 171

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods, help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is high. The

woodland management concerns are equipment limitations and windthrow. When the

soils in this map unit are wet, the high organic matter content of the subsoil gives the

soils a greasy characteristic, which sometimes interferes with the operation of logging

equipment. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow because root growth is limited

by the firm substratum.

Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface root

damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a

site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading the land

to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements.

The seasonal high water table and permeability of the substratum are the main

limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special

construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill

material in most places is needed to raise the field the required distance above the

seasonal high water table and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

114C—Mundal fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes,

very stony

This soil is moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to bedrock. It is

moderately well drained and strongly sloping. It is on ridges and backslopes of hills

and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 3 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

3 to 6 inches, black fine sandy loam

6 to 7 inches, brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 14 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

14 to 26 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

26 to 68 inches, mottled, very firm light yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Houghtonville, Peru,

Rawsonville, and Wilmington soils. Houghtonville and Rawsonville soils are on slightly

higher convex areas, Peru soils are in positions similar to the Mundal soils, and

Wilmington soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about

15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 3.0 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches
172 Soil Survey

Depth to dense material: 20 to 30 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.5 to 2.3 feet below the surface from September to

May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderately slow or slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid

in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few small areas are used for

pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods, help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is high. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

When the soils in this map unit are wet the high organic matter content of the subsoil

gives them a greasy characteristic, which sometimes interferes with the operation of

logging equipment. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow because root growth is

limited by the firm substratum. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting,

and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to

minimize windthrow.

The seasonal high water table and slope are the main limitations if this map unit is

used as a site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading

the land to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet

basements. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing

plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after

construction will help to reduce erosion.

The seasonal high water table, slope, and permeability of the substratum are the

main limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special slope

design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to

overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank

absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field

the required distance above the seasonal high water table and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

114D—Mundal fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes,

very stony

This soil is moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to bedrock. It is

moderately well drained and moderately steep. It is on narrow ridges and backslopes

of hills and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 3 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs
Bennington County, Vermont 173

Surface soil:

3 to 6 inches, black fine sandy loam

6 to 7 inches, brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 14 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

14 to 26 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

26 to 68 inches, mottled, very firm light yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Houghtonville, Peru,

Rawsonville, and Wilmington soils. Houghtonville and Rawsonville soils are on slightly

higher convex areas, Peru soils are in positions similar to the Mundal soils, and

Wilmington soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about

15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 3.0 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 20 to 30 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.5 to 2.3 feet below the surface from September to

May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderately slow or slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid

in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few small areas are used for

pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface. Some areas are used for unimproved pasture. Rotational

grazing and limiting access during wet periods, help to maintain a good stand and

control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment

limitations, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by

logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control

erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize

equipment limitations associated with slope. When the soils in this map unit are wet,

the high organic matter content of the subsoil gives the soils a greasy characteristic,

which sometimes interferes with the operation of logging equipment. Trees are

commonly subject to windthrow, because root growth, is limited by the firm

substratum. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding

surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

The seasonal high water table and slope are the main limitations if this map unit is

used as a site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading

the land to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet

basements. Extensive land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard

in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing

vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to reduce

erosion.
174 Soil Survey

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields, in areas with slopes of

greater than 20 percent. In areas of slopes of 20 percent or less, the seasonal high

water table, slope, and permeability of the substratum are the main limitations if this

map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special slope design, such as

installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to overcome the

slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption

field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field the required

distance above the seasonal high water table and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

115B—Peru fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

This soil is shallow or moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to

bedrock. It is moderately well drained and gently sloping. It is on footslopes of hills

and mountains. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 6 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 20 inches, dark yellowish brown and brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

20 to 31 inches, mottled, very firm light brownish gray gravelly fine sandy loam

31 to 65 inches, mottled, firm olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Berkshire, Cabot, Lyman, and

Tunbridge soils and moderately well drained soils with a friable substratum. Berkshire,

Lyman and Tunbridge soils are on slightly higher convex areas, the moderately well

drained soils with a friable substratum are in positions similar to Peru soils, and Cabot

soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent

of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 18 to 36 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.3 to 2.5 feet below the surface from November to

May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and slow or moderately slow in

the substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for pasture. Some areas are

used for hay and some are in woodland.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion and the

seasonal high water table are management concerns. Including grasses and legumes

in the crop rotation, using a conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on

the surface, and tilling along the contour are common practices that help to control

erosion. Spring tillage may be delayed in some years because of wetness. Cold soil

temperatures due to wetness can slow germination.
Bennington County, Vermont 175

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The seasonal high water table is a

management concern. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of

cutting or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Using rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote

a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is high. The

woodland management concern is windthrow. Trees are commonly subject to

windthrow, because root growth, is limited by the firm substratum. Even-aged

management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused

by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a

site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading the land

to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements.

The seasonal high water table and permeability of the substratum are the main

limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special

construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill

material in most places is needed to raise the field the required distance above the

seasonal high water table and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 2e.

115C—Peru fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes

This soil is shallow or moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to

bedrock. It is moderately well drained and strongly sloping. It is on ridges and

backslopes of hills and mountains. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 6 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 20 inches, dark yellowish brown and brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

20 to 31 inches, mottled, very firm light brownish gray gravelly fine sandy loam

31 to 65 inches, mottled, firm olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Berkshire, Cabot, Lyman, and

Tunbridge soils and moderately well drained soils with a friable substratum. Berkshire,

Lyman, and Tunbridge soils are on slightly higher convex areas, the moderately well

drained soils with a friable substratum are in positions similar to Peru soils, and Cabot

soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent

of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 18 to 36 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.3 to 2.5 feet below the surface from November to

May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and slow or moderately slow in

the substratum

Potential frost action: High
176 Soil Survey

Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for pasture. Some areas are

used for hay and some are in woodland.

This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion and

the seasonal high water table are management concerns. Including grasses and

legumes in the crop rotation, using a conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, and tilling along the contour are common practices that help

to control erosion. Spring tillage may be delayed in some years because of wetness.

Cold soil temperatures due to wetness can slow germination.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The seasonal high water table is a

management concern. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of

cutting or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Using rotational grazing and

limiting access during wet periods and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote

a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is high. The

woodland management concern is windthrow. Trees are commonly subject to

windthrow, because root growth, is limited by the firm substratum. Even-aged

management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused

by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

The seasonal high water table and slope are the main limitations if this map unit is

used as a site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading

the land to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet

basements. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing

plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after

construction will help to reduce erosion.

The seasonal high water table, slope, and permeability of the substratum are the

main limitations if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special slope

design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to

overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank

absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field

the required distance above the seasonal high water table and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 3e.

115D—Peru fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes

This soil is shallow or moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to

bedrock. It is moderately well drained and moderately steep. It is on narrow ridges

and backslopes of hills and mountains. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the

surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 6 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 20 inches, dark yellowish brown and brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

20 to 31 inches, mottled, very firm light brownish gray gravelly fine sandy loam

31 to 65 inches, mottled, firm olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Berkshire, Cabot, Lyman, and

Tunbridge soils and moderately well drained soils with a friable substratum. Berkshire,

Lyman, and Tunbridge soils are on slightly higher convex areas; the moderately well

drained soils with a friable substratum are in positions similar to Peru soils; and Cabot
Bennington County, Vermont 177

soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 percent

of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 18 to 36 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.3 to 2.5 feet below the surface from November to

May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderate in the surface soil and subsoil and slow or moderately slow in

the substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for pasture. Some areas are

used for hay and some are in woodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion, equipment

limitations due to slope and the seasonal high water table are management concerns.

Reducing the use of row crops in the crop rotation, using a conservation tillage

system that leaves crop residue on the surface, and tilling along the contour are

practices that help to control erosion. Spring tillage may be delayed in some years

because of wetness. Cold soil temperatures due to wetness can slow germination.

This map unit is moderately suited to hay and pasture. Equipment limitations due

to slope and the seasonal high water table are management concerns. Using

rotational grazing and maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of

hay and forage plants. Wetness can limit the choice of plants and the period of cutting

or grazing and increase the risk of winterkill. Limiting access during wet periods and

draining problem areas are common practices.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment

limitations, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by

logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control

erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize

equipment limitations associated with slope. Trees are commonly subject to

windthrow, because root growth, is limited by the firm substratum. Even-aged

management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused

by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

The seasonal high water table and slope are the main limitations if this map unit is

used as a site for dwellings. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading

the land to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet

basements. Extensive land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard

in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing

vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to reduce

erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields, in areas with slopes of

greater than 20 percent. In areas of slopes of 20 percent or less, the seasonal high

water table, slopes, and permeability of the substratum are the main limitations if this

map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields. Special slope design, such as

installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to overcome the

slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption

field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field the required

distance above the seasonal high water table and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 4e.
178 Soil Survey

116D—Lyman-Tunbridge-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 25

percent slopes, very stony

This map unit consists of moderately steep soils on narrow ridges and backslopes

of hills and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit

consists of 40 percent shallow, somewhat excessively drained Lyman soils; 30

percent moderately deep, well drained Tunbridge soils; 10 percent rock outcrop; and

20 percent other soils. Lyman and Tunbridge soils and rock outcrops are so

intermingled that it was not practical to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Lyman soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

1 to 3 inches, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

3 to 5 inches, very dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

5 to 10 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

10 to 19 inches, brown channery fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

19 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Tunbridge soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 3 inches, very dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

3 to 16 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

16 to 24 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

24 inches

The areas of rock outcrop are exposures of schist bedrock on summits, shoulders,

backslopes and escarpments.

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Berkshire soils and

excessively drained very shallow soils. Berkshire soils are in areas between rock

outcrops and the excessively drained very shallow soils are on slightly higher convex

areas and bedrock escarpments are throughout the map unit. Included soils make up

about 20 percent of the map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Lyman

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: D

Permeability: Moderately rapid throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers
Bennington County, Vermont 179

Tunbridge

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential front action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid

in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few small areas are used for

unimproved pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface and rock outcrops.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is very low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

seedling mortality, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas

disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary

helps control erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to

minimize equipment limitations associated with slope. In areas of Lyman soils, the

use of drought-tolerant planting stock or planting in the spring when there is sufficient

soil moisture will help minimize seedling mortality during dry summer months. Trees

are commonly subject to windthrow because root growth is limited by depth to

bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface

root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings in areas of shallow Lyman soils. In areas of

Tunbridge soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main limitations. Bedrock has to

be removed where deep excavations are necessary. Extensive land shaping and

grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction.

Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas

immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields, in areas of shallow

Lyman soils and in areas with greater than 20 percent slope. In areas of Tunbridge

soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main limitations. Special slope design, such

as installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to overcome

the slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption

field with suitable fill material in some places is needed to raise the field the required

distance above the bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

116F—Lyman-Tunbridge-Rock outcrop complex, 25 to 70

percent slopes, very stony

This map unit consists of steep or very steep soils on backslopes of hills and

mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit consists of 40

percent shallow, somewhat excessively drained Lyman soils; 30 percent moderately

deep, well drained Tunbridge soils; 10 percent rock outcrop; and 20 percent other

soils. Lyman and Tunbridge soils and rock outcrops are so intermingled that it was not

practical to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Lyman soils are

as follows—
180 Soil Survey

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

1 to 3 inches, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

3 to 5 inches, very dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

5 to 10 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

10 to 19 inches, brown channery fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

19 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Tunbridge soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 3 inches, very dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

3 to 16 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

16 to 24 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

24 inches

The areas of rock outcrop are exposures of schist bedrock on summits, shoulders,

backslopes and escarpments.

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Berkshire soils and

excessively drained very shallow soils. Berkshire soils are in areas between rock

outcrops and the excessively drained very shallow soils are on slightly higher convex

areas and bedrock escarpments are throughout the map unit. Included soils make up

about 20 percent of the map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Lyman

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: D

Permeability: Moderately rapid throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Tunbridge

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential front action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid

in the substratum
Bennington County, Vermont 181

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep to very steep slopes, stones on the surface and rock outcrops.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is very low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

seedling mortality, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas

disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary

helps control erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to

minimize equipment limitations associated with slope. In areas of Lyman soils, the

use of drought-tolerant planting stock or planting in the spring when there is sufficient

soil moisture will help minimize seedling mortality during dry summer months. Trees

are commonly subject to windthrow, because root growth, is limited by depth to

bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface

root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep slopes and depth to bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

117B—Berkshire fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, well drained, and gently sloping. It is on summits, shoulders,

and backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the

surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 3 inches, black fine sandy loam

Surface soil:

3 to 5 inches, grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

5 to 16 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

16 to 30 inches, olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

30 to 65 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Lyman, Monadnock, Peru, and

Tunbridge soils and well drained soils with a firm substratum. Lyman and Tunbridge

soils are on slightly higher convex areas; the well drained soils with a firm substratum

and Peru soils are in depressions and drainageways; and Monadnock soils are

throughout the map unit. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the surface

soil and subsoil and small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid throughout the soil
182 Soil Survey

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for hay and pasture. A few areas

are used for cultivated crops or are in woodland.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion is a

management concern. Including grasses and legumes in the crop rotation, using a

conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on the surface, and tilling along

the contour are common practices that help to control erosion.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Using rotational grazing and

maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is high. This

map unit has few woodland management concerns.

This map unit has few limitations as a site for dwellings and septic tank absorption

fields.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 2e.

117C—Berkshire fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, well drained, and strongly sloping. It is on summits,

shoulders, and backslopes of knolls, hills and mountains. Stones cover less that 0.1

percent of the surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 3 inches, black fine sandy loam

Surface soil:

3 to 5 inches, grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

5 to 16 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

16 to 30 inches, olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

30 to 65 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Lyman, Monadnock, Peru, and

Tunbridge soils, and well drained soils with a firm substratum. Lyman and Tunbridge

soils are on slightly higher convex areas; the well drained soils with a firm substratum

and Peru soils are in depressions and drainageways; and Monadnock soils are

throughout the map unit. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the surface

soil and subsoil and small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for hay and pasture. Some areas

are used for cultivated crops. A few areas are in woodland.

This map unit is moderately suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion is a

management concern. Including grasses and legumes in the crop rotation, using a
Bennington County, Vermont 183

conservation tillage system that leaves crop residue on the surface, and tilling along

the contour are common practices that help to control erosion.

This map unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Using rotational grazing and

maintaining soil fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is high. This

map unit has few woodland management concerns.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Erosion

is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and

establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to

reduce erosion.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 3e.

117D—Berkshire fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, well drained, and moderately steep. It is on narrow ridges

and backslopes of hills and mountains. Stones cover less that 0.1 percent of the

surface.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of this soil are as

follows—

Surface soil:

0 to 3 inches, black fine sandy loam

Surface soil:

3 to 5 inches, grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

5 to 16 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

16 to 30 inches, olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

30 to 65 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Lyman, Monadnock, Peru, and

Tunbridge soils and well drained soils with a firm substratum. Lyman and Tunbridge

soils are on slightly higher convex areas; the well drained soils with a firm substratum

and Peru soils are in depressions and drainageways; and Monadnock soils are

throughout the map unit. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the surface

soil and subsoil and small areas with more than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are cleared and used for pasture. A few areas are used

for hay or are in woodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The hazard of erosion and

equipment limitations due to slope are management concerns. Reducing the use of
184 Soil Survey

row crops in the crop rotation, using a conservation tillage system that leaves crop

residue on the surface, and tilling along the contour are practices that help to control

erosion.

This map unit is moderately suited to hay and pasture. Equipment limitations due

to slope is a management concern. Using rotational grazing and maintaining soil

fertility levels help to promote a good stand of hay and forage plants.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Extensive

land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed

areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 4e.

118C—Tunbridge-Lyman complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes,

very rocky

This map unit consists of strongly sloping soils on summits, shoulders, and

backslopes of knolls, hills and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the

surface. This map unit consists of 50 percent moderately deep, well drained

Tunbridge soils; 30 percent shallow, somewhat excessively drained Lyman soils; and

20 percent other soils and areas of rock outcrop. Tunbridge and Lyman soils are so

intermingled that it was not practical to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Tunbridge soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 3 inches, very dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

3 to 16 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

16 to 24 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

24 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Lyman soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

1 to 3 inches, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

3 to 5 inches, very dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

5 to 10 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

10 to 19 inches, brown channery fine sandy loam
Bennington County, Vermont 185

Schist bedrock:

19 inches

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Berkshire and Peru soils and

excessively drained, very shallow soils. Berkshire soils are in areas between rock

outcrops, Peru soils are in drainageways and the excessively drained, very shallow

soils are on slightly higher convex areas near rock outcrops. Included soils make up

about 15 percent of the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 5 percent of this map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Tunbridge

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential front action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid in the

substratum

Lyman

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: D

Permeability: Moderately rapid throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few small areas are used for

unimproved pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface and rock outcrops. Some areas are used for unimproved

pasture. Rotational grazing and limiting access during wet periods, help to maintain a

good stand and control erosion.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderately

low. The woodland management concerns are the seedling mortality and windthrow.

In areas of Lyman soils, the use of drought-tolerant planting stock or planting in the

spring when there is sufficient soil moisture will help minimize seedling mortality

during dry summer months. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow, because root

growth, is limited by depth to bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch

cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to

minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings, in areas of shallow Lyman soils. In areas of

Tunbridge soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main limitations. Bedrock has to

be removed where deep excavations are necessary. Erosion is a hazard in areas

cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation

on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields in areas of shallow

Lyman soils. In areas of Tunbridge soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main

limitations. Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on
186 Soil Survey

the contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as

mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is

needed to raise the field the required distance above the bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

118D—Tunbridge-Lyman complex, 15 to 25 percent

slopes, very rocky

This map unit consists of moderately steep soils on narrow ridges and backslopes

of hills and mountains. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit

consists of 50 percent moderately deep, well drained Tunbridge soils; 30 percent

shallow, somewhat excessively drained Lyman soils; and 20 percent other soils and

areas of rock outcrop. Tunbridge and Lyman soils are so intermingled that it was not

practical to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Tunbridge soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 3 inches, very dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

3 to 16 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

16 to 24 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

24 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Lyman soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

1 to 3 inches, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

3 to 5 inches, very dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

5 to 10 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

10 to 19 inches, brown channery fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

19 inches

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Berkshire and Peru soils and

excessively drained, very shallow soils. Berkshire soils are in areas between rock

outcrops, Peru soils are in drainageways and the excessively drained, very shallow

soils are on slightly higher convex areas near rock outcrops. Included soils make up

about 15 percent of the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 5 percent of this map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Tunbridge

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches
Bennington County, Vermont 187

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential front action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid

in the substratum

Lyman

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: D

Permeability: Moderately rapid throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. A few small areas are used for

unimproved pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface and rock outcrops.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

seedling mortality, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas

disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary

helps control erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to

minimize equipment limitations associated with slope. In areas of Lyman soils, the

use of drought-tolerant planting stock or planting in the spring when there is sufficient

soil moisture will help minimize seedling mortality during dry summer months. Trees

are commonly subject to windthrow, because root growth, is limited by depth to

bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface

root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings, in areas of shallow Lyman soils. In areas of

Tunbridge soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main limitations. Bedrock has to

be removed where deep excavations are necessary. Extensive land shaping and

grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction.

Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas

immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields in areas of shallow

Lyman soils and in areas with greater than 20 percent slope. In areas of Tunbridge

soils, depth to bedrock and slope are the main limitations. Special slope design, such

as installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to overcome

the slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank absorption

field with suitable fill material in some places is needed to raise the field the required

distance above the bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.

118E—Tunbridge-Lyman complex, 25 to 60 percent

slopes, very rocky

This map unit consists of steep soils on backslopes of hills and mountains. Stones

cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit consists of 50 percent moderately
188 Soil Survey

deep, well drained Tunbridge soils; 30 percent shallow, somewhat excessively drained

Lyman soils; and 20 percent other soils and areas of rock outcrop. Tunbridge and

Lyman soils are so intermingled that it was not practical to map them separately.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Tunbridge soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 3 inches, very dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

3 to 16 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

16 to 24 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

24 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Lyman soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

1 to 3 inches, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

3 to 5 inches, very dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

5 to 10 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

10 to 19 inches, brown channery fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

19 inches

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Berkshire and Peru soils and

excessively drained, very shallow soils. Berkshire soils are in areas between rock

outcrops, Peru soils are in drainageways and the excessively drained, very shallow

soils are on slightly higher convex areas near rock outcrops. Included soils make up

about 15 percent of the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 5 percent of this map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Tunbridge

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential front action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid

in the substratum

Lyman

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet
Bennington County, Vermont 189

Hydrologic group: D

Permeability: Moderately rapid throughout the soil

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep slopes, stones on the surface and rock outcrops.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

seedling mortality, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas

disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary

helps control erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to

minimize equipment limitations associated with slope. In areas of Lyman soils, the

use of drought-tolerant planting stock or planting in the spring when there is sufficient

soil moisture will help minimize seedling mortality during dry summer months. Trees

are commonly subject to windthrow, because root growth, is limited by depth to

bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface

root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep slopes and depth to bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

221F—Tunbridge-Berkshire association, very steep, rocky

This map unit consists of steep or very steep soils on deeply dissected backslopes

of hills and mountains adjacent to major streams and brooks. Slopes range from 35 to

70 percent. This map unit is mostly at elevations between 1,400 and 2,000 feet.

Stones cover from 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. The map unit consists of 44

percent well drained, moderately deep Tunbridge soils; 40 percent well drained, very

deep Berkshire soils; and 16 percent other soils and areas of rock outcrop. Rock

outcrops make up from 0.1 to 2 percent of the map unit. Tunbridge soils are near rock

outcrops and Berkshire soils are between rock outcrops.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Tunbridge soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 3 inches, very dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

3 to 16 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

16 to 24 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

24 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Berkshire soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 4 inches, black fine sandy loam

4 to 6 inches, grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam
190 Soil Survey

Subsoil:

6 to 17 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

17 to 31 inches, olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

31 to 66 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Lyman soils and excessively

drained, very shallow soils. Lyman soils and the excessively drained and the very

shallow soils are on slightly higher convex areas. Included soils make up about 15

percent of the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 1 percent of this map unit.

 Also included are soils with greater than 35 percent rock fragments in the subsoil

and substratum and soils with more than 0.1 percent boulders on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Tunbridge soils

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential front action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid

in the substratum

Berkshire

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Due to the very steep slopes, this

map unit is seldom actively managed for commercial, recreational, or other purposes.

Sugar maple, beech and, to a lesser extent, red spruce dominate the late

successional tree community. Red spruce and hemlock dominate on the steepest and

shallowest soils in this map unit.

Yellow birch, white ash and, under 1,800 feet elevation, northern red oak are early

successional species that persist well. Due to the very steep slopes, aspect can

strongly influence the type of vegetation. Beech and northern red oak are important

on south-facing slopes.

Striped maple, hobblebush, mountain maple, red elderberry, blackberry, and

alternate leaf dogwood are common shrubs in this map unit. Common ground flora

species include Christmas fern, spinulose wood fern, wood sorrel, jack-in-the-pulpit,

trillium, and shining club moss.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep to very steep slopes, stones on the surface and rock outcrops.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The
Bennington County, Vermont 191

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging

operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion.

Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope. In areas of Tunbridge soils, trees are commonly

subject to windthrow, because root growth is limited by depth to bedrock. Even-aged

management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused

by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep slopes.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s.

403B—Cabot-Carlisle association, undulating, very stony

This map unit consists of nearly level to rolling soils. Cabot soils are in

depressions, drainageways, toe slopes, and foot slopes of hills and mountains.

Carlisle soils are in marshes and swamps. Bogs, streams, beaver ponds and beaver

meadows are common in this map unit. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent, with

Carlisle soils on slopes less than 2 percent. This map unit is mostly at elevations of

1,200 to 2,300 feet. Some areas of this map unit have water ponded on the surface

for long periods throughout the year. Stones cover from 0.1 to 3 percent of the

surface. This map unit consists of 70 percent shallow to dense basal till, very deep to

bedrock, poorly drained Cabot soils; 15 percent very deep, very poorly drained

Carlisle soils; and 15 percent other soils. Cabot soils are on slightly higher landscape

positions than Carlisle soils.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Cabot soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 9 inches, black silt loam

Subsoil:

9 to 15 inches, mottled, olive gray silt loam

Substratum:

15 to 26 inches, mottled, firm greenish gray fine sandy loam

26 to 37 inches, mottled, firm olive gray fine sandy loam

37 to 65 inches, mottled, firm dark olive gray fine sandy loam

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Carlisle soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed sphagnum moss, leaves, needles, and twigs

1 to 4 inches, black mucky peat

4 to 65 inches, dark reddish brown muck

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Adrian, Berkshire,

Monadnock, and Peru soils and poorly drained soils with a friable substratum. Adrian

soils are in positions similar to Carlisle soils; Berkshire, Monadnock and Peru soils

are on slightly higher convex areas; and the poorly drained soils with a friable

substratum are in positions similar to the Cabot soils. Included soils make up about

15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are mineral soils with a friable substratum.
192 Soil Survey

Important Soil Properties

Cabot

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 12 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: At 0 to 1.5 feet from October to May

Hydrologic group: D

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and slow or very slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, strongly acid to neutral

in the surface soil and subsoil, and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the

substratum

Carlisle

Available water capacity: Very high

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Ponded to 0.5 feet below the surface year round

Hydrologic group: A/D

Permeability: Moderately slow to moderately rapid throughout the soil

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: extremely acid to strongly acid in the surface organic layer and very

strongly acid to neutral in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland, except for occasional bogs, beaver

meadows, and beaver ponds. Timber and wetland habitat management are important

activities in this map unit. This map unit often provides excellent winter cover for deer.

Sugar maple and red spruce are the dominant tree species in the climax forest

community. Balsam fir, hemlock, and American beech are also common and occur

frequently in the climax forest. Sugar maple and yellow birch are very common in

early successional forest communities and persist well into the late successional

community.

Striped maple and pin cherry are the dominant shrub species on the drier portions

of this map unit. Willow and alder dominate the wet areas. Hobblebush, red osier

dogwood, smooth gooseberry, serviceberry, and raspberry are common shrubs.

Common ground flora that indicate wet sites include purple or yellow avens, royal fern,

ostrich fern, wood horsetail, early and tall meadow rue, stinging nettles, slender nettles,

wood nettles, marsh marigolds, bugleweed, cut-leafed water horehound, and jewelweed.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface and poorly drained and very poorly drained soils.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is very low. In

areas of Cabot soils, the woodland management concerns are equipment limitations,

seedling mortality, and windthrow. Areas of Carlisle soils are unsuited for woodland

management because of very poorly drained soils and the hazard of ponding. The

operation of logging equipment is difficult because of the seasonal high water table.

Logging operations are more efficiently carried out when the soil is frozen or during

dry seasons. The use of water-tolerant planting stock or planting during dryer periods

will help minimize seedling mortality during wet spring months. Trees are commonly

subject to windthrow because root growth is limited by the seasonal high water table

and firm substratum. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and

avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize

windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

poorly drained and very poorly drained soils.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s.
Bennington County, Vermont 193

405D—Berkshire-Tunbridge association, hilly, very stony

This map unit consists of undulating to steep soils on backslopes, shoulders, and

summits of knolls, hills, and ridges. Slopes range from 3 to 35 percent. This map unit

is mostly at elevations between 1,200 to 2,000 feet. Stones cover from 0.1 to 3

percent of the surface. This map unit consists of 50 percent very deep, well drained

Berkshire soils; 40 percent moderately deep, well drained Tunbridge soils; and 10

percent other soils. Berkshire soils are mostly on broad ridges and lower backslopes

while Tunbridge soils are on upper backslopes, knolls, and ridges.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Berkshire soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 4 inches, black fine sandy loam

4 to 6 inches, grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 17 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

17 to 31 inches, olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

31 to 66 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Tunbridge soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 3 inches, very dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

3 to 16 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

16 to 24 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

24 inches

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Cabot, Lyman, and Peru

soils. Cabot and Peru soils are in depressions and drainageways and Lyman soils are

on slightly higher convex areas. Included soils make up about 10 percent of the map

unit.

Also included are soils with less than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Berkshire

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers
194 Soil Survey

Tunbridge

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential front action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid

in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Logging, wildlife management, and

forest recreation are the primary uses.

Sugar maple and beech are the major tree species in the climax community. Red

spruce is commonly associated. The red spruce and hemlock can dominate on the

moderately deep Tunbridge soils. Sugar maple is the dominant early successional

species and it persists well into the late successional tree community. Other early

successional species, like yellow birch, white ash, white pine, paper birch, black

cherry and big tooth aspen do not persist well. Northern red oak is a common

component of the early successional community.

Striped maple, hobblebush, and serviceberry are common shrubs. Common

ground flora are hayscented fern, sessile bellewort, wood sorrel, spinulose wood fern,

Canada mayflower, asters, mosses, goldthread, and at lower elevations certain club

mosses, bracken fern, and New York fern. Ferns and shrubs can be abundant and

restrict tree regeneration in openings larger than an acre.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface and rock outcrops.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

and windthrow. In moderately steep to steep areas, promptly establishing plant cover

on areas disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as

necessary help control erosion. In moderately steep to steep areas, locating skid

trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment limitations

associated with slope. In areas of Tunbridge soils, trees are commonly subject to

windthrow, because root growth is limited by depth to bedrock.

Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface root

damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings, in areas of steep slopes. This map unit has

few limitations in areas of gently sloping Berkshire soils. In other areas, depth to

bedrock in areas of Tunbridge soils and strong and moderately steep slopes are the

major limitations. Bedrock has to be removed where deep excavations are necessary.

Extensive land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas

cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation

on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields in areas of Tunbridge

soils with slopes of greater than 20 percent and in areas of Berkshire soils with steep

slopes. In areas of Tunbridge soils with slopes of 20 percent or less, slope and depth

to bedrock is the major limitation. In areas of Berkshire soils, slope is the major

limitation. Areas of gently sloping Berkshire soils have few limitations. Special slope

design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to

overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank

absorption field with suitable fill material in some places is needed to raise the field

the required distance above the bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s
Bennington County, Vermont 195

413D—Peru-Berkshire-Cabot association, hilly, very stony

This map unit consists of nearly level to hilly soils on summits, shoulders, and

backslopes of knolls, hills, and ridges, on foot slopes and toe slopes of hills and

mountains, and in depressions and drainageways. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent,

with Cabot soils generally on slopes less than 8 percent and Peru and Berkshire soils

on slopes greater than 3 percent. This map unit is mostly at elevations below 2,000

feet. Stones cover from 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit consists of 60

percent shallow or moderately deep to dense basal till, very deep to bedrock,

moderately well drained Peru soils; 15 percent very deep, well drained Berkshire

soils; 15 percent shallow to dense basal till, very deep to bedrock, poorly drained

Cabot soils; and 10 percent other soils. The Peru and Berkshire soils are on convex

ridges and hillsides. The Cabot soils are in depressions and on nearly level areas on

ridges.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Peru soils are as

follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 8 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 22 inches, dark yellowish brown and brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

22 to 33 inches, mottled, very firm light brownish gray gravelly fine sandy loam

33 to 67 inches, mottled, firm olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Berkshire soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 4 inches, black fine sandy loam

4 to 6 inches, grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 17 inches, brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

17 to 31 inches, olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

31 to 66 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy loam

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Cabot soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 9 inches, black silt loam

Subsoil:

9 to 15 inches, mottled, olive gray silt loam

Substratum:

15 to 26 inches, mottled, firm greenish gray fine sandy loam
196 Soil Survey

26 to 37 inches, mottled, firm olive gray fine sandy loam

37 to 66 inches, mottled, firm dark olive gray fine sandy loam

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Carlisle, Lyman, and

Tunbridge soils. Carlisle soils are in depressions and drainageways and Lyman and

Tunbridge soils are on slightly higher convex areas. Included soils make up about 10

percent of the map unit.

Also included are well drained soils with a firm or very firm substratum and small

areas with less than 0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Peru

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 18 to 36 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.3 to 2.5 feet below the surface from November to

May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and slow or moderately slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid below

Berkshire

Available water capacity: High

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid below

Cabot

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 12 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: At 0 to 1.5 feet from October to May

Hydrologic group: D

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and slow or very slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, strongly acid to neutral

in the surface soil and subsoil, and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the

substratum

Most areas of this map unit were farmed in the past. These abandoned farms are

now in woodland upland wildlife openings. Timber harvesting and a variety of

recreational activities are the common uses for this map unit.

Sugar maple and red spruce are the dominant tree species in the climax forest

community. Hemlock is an associated species. Deer wintering areas of spruce or

hemlock are common on this map unit. White ash, yellow birch, black cherry and

sugar maple are the dominant subclimax species. These species are highly

competitive and persistent. White pine and aspen are common pioneer species but

they do not persist well.
Bennington County, Vermont 197

A large number of species occur in the shrub and ground flora layers. Striped

maple, hobblebush, and raspberry are very common. Hayscented fern, spinulose

wood fern, sessile bellewort, wood sorrel, and a number of other species are the

common ground flora. On the poorly drained Cabot soils, wet site plant indicators

include sensitive fern, false hellebore, wood horsetail, tall meadow rue, wood nettle

and cinnamon fern.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple is low. The woodland

management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations, seedling

mortality, and windthrow. In moderately steep areas, promptly establishing plant cover

on areas disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as

necessary helps control erosion. In moderately steep areas, locating skid trails and

haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment limitations associated with

slope. In areas of Cabot soils, the operation of logging equipment is difficult because

of the seasonal high water table. Logging operations are more efficiently carried out

when the soil is frozen or during dry seasons. In areas of Cabot soils, the use of

water tolerant planting stock or planting during dryer periods will help minimize

seedling mortality during wet spring months. Trees are commonly subject to

windthrow, because root growth, is limited by the firm substratum in areas of Peru

and Cabot soils and the seasonal high water table in areas of Cabot soils. Even-aged

management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused

by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings in areas of poorly drained Cabot soils. The

seasonal high water table in areas of the Peru soils and slope are the main

limitations. Areas of gently sloping Berkshire soils have few limitations. Extensive land

shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed

areas immediately after construction will help to reduce erosion. Installing footing

drains, sealing foundations, and grading the land to divert surface water away from

the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields in areas of Peru soils

with slopes of greater than 20 percent and in areas of poorly drained Cabot soils. In

other areas, the seasonal high water table and permeability of the substratum in Peru

soils and slope are the main limitations. Areas of gently sloping Berkshire soils have

few limitations. Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption

fields on the contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation. Special construction

such as mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill material in most

places is needed to raise the field the required distance above the seasonal high

water table and the substratum in areas of Peru soils.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s

702E—Rawsonville-Hogback association, very hilly, very

rocky

This map unit consists of steep soils on backslopes of hills and mountains. Slopes

range from 25 to 60 percent. This map unit is mostly at elevations of 1,800 to 2800

feet. Stones cover from 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit consists of 55

percent moderately deep, well drained Rawsonville soils; 30 percent shallow, well

drained Hogback soils; and 15 percent other soils and areas of rock outcrop. Hogback

soils are near rock outcrops and Rawsonville soils are between rock outcrops.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Rawsonville soils

are as follows—
198 Soil Survey

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 3 inch, black fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

3 to 8 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

8 to 20 inches, dark reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

20 to 25 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

25 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Hogback soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inches, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 6 inches, black fine sandy loam

6 to 8 inches, brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 13 inches, dark reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

3 to 17 inches, dark brown very gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

17 inches

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Houghtonville, Lyman, and

Tunbridge soils, and well drained, very shallow soils. Lyman soils are in positions

similar to Hogback soils; Houghtonville soils are in areas between rock outcrops;

Tunbridge soils are in positions similar to Rawsonville soils; and the very shallow soils

are on slightly higher convex areas near rock outcrops. Included soils make up about

10 percent of the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 5 percent of this map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 3.0 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Rawsonville

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Hogback

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers
Bennington County, Vermont 199

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland.

American beech, sugar maple and red spruce are the dominant tree species in the

climax forest community. Yellow birch is an important subclimax species and persists

well into the development of the climax community.

Striped maple, hobblebush, mountain maple, serviceberry, and red elderberry are

the dominant shrub species. Common ground flora include spinulose wood fern,

hayscented fern, shining club moss and other mosses, wood sorrel, Canada

mayflower, clintonia, false solomon’s seal, Jack-in-the-Pulpit, wild sarsaparilla, trillium

species and whorled wood aster. Shrubs and ferns compete strongly with desired

future trees in openings created by logging.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep slopes, stones on the surface and rock outcrops.

The potential productivity for sugar maple on this map unit is very low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

seedling mortality, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas

disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary

helps control erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to

minimize equipment limitations associated with slope. When the soils in this map unit

are wet, the high organic matter content of the subsoil gives the soils a greasy

characteristic, which sometimes interferes with the operation of logging equipment. In

areas of Hogback soils, the use of drought-tolerant planting stock or planting in the

spring when there is sufficient soil moisture will help minimize seedling mortality during

dry summer months. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow, because root growth

is limited by depth to bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting,

and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to

minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep slopes and depth to bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s

703C—Mundal-Houghtonville association, rolling, very

stony

This map unit consists of undulating to hilly soils on ridges and backslopes of hills

and mountains. Slopes range from 3 to 25 percent. This map unit is mostly at

elevations of 2,000 feet and higher. Stones cover from 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

This map unit consists of 85 percent moderately deep to dense basal till, very deep to

bedrock, moderately well drained Mundal soils; 10 percent very deep, well drained

Houghtonville soils; and 5 percent other soils.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Mundal soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 3 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

3 to 6 inches, black fine sandy loam

6 to 7 inches, brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 14 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

14 to 26 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam
200 Soil Survey

Substratum:

26 to 68 inches, mottled, very firm light yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Houghtonville

soils are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs,

Surface soil:

2 to 4 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

4 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

9 to 37 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

37 to 67 inches, dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Cabot, Rawsonville, and

Wilmington soils. Cabot and Wilmington soils are in depressions and drainageways

and Rawsonville soils are on slightly higher convex areas. Included soils make up

about 5 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with a thinner spodic horizon and small areas with less than

0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Mundal

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 20 to 30 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.5 to 2.3 feet below the surface from September to

May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderately slow or slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid

in the substratum

Houghtonville

Available water capacity: Very high

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid below

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Timber harvesting, hiking, hunting,

camping and picnicking, snowmobiling and cross-country skiing are common

activities on this map unit.

Sugar maple and American beech are the dominant species in the climax tree

community. Red spruce is also an abundant species. Sugar maple, yellow birch, white
Bennington County, Vermont 201

ash, and black cherry are common early successional tree species and they persist

well during development of the climax community.

Striped maple and hobblebush are common and abundant shrubs. Blackberry and

raspberry are dominant in abandoned clearings. The ground flora community is

unusually rich, with about 60 species represented. Spinulose wood fern, wood sorrel,

lady fern, shining club moss, hayscented fern, asters, sessile bellewort, wild

sarsaparilla, Canada mayflower and clintonia are common ground flora. Species such

as jack-in-the-pulpit, sedges, New York fern, false hellebore and jewelweed are

common indicators of seeps and wet spots.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderate.

The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment

limitations, and windthrow. In strongly sloping to moderately steep areas, promptly

establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by logging operations and installing

culverts and water bars as necessary helps control erosion. In moderately steep

areas, locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment

limitations associated with slope. When the soils in this map unit are wet the high

organic matter content of the subsoil gives them a greasy characteristic, which

sometimes interferes with the operation of logging equipment. In areas of Mundal

soils, trees are commonly subject to windthrow, because root growth, is limited by the

firm substratum. Even aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding

surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

The seasonal high water table in areas of the Mundal soils and slope are the main

limitations if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Areas of gently sloping

Houghtonville soils have few limitations. Extensive land shaping and grading may be

required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing

plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after

construction will help to reduce erosion. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations,

and grading the land to divert surface water away from the dwelling will help to

prevent wet basements.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields, in areas of Mundal soils

with slopes of greater than 20 percent. In other areas, the seasonal high water table

and permeability of the substratum in Mundal soils and slope are the main limitations.

Areas of gently sloping Houghtonville soils have few limitations. Special slope design,

such as installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to

overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank

absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field

the required distance above the seasonal high water table and the substratum in

areas of Peru soils.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s

705D—Rawsonville-Houghtonville-Mundal association,

hilly, rocky

This map unit consists of undulating to steep soils on ridges and backslopes of

hills and mountains. Slopes range from 3 to 35 percent. This map unit is mostly at

elevations between 1,900 and 2,500 feet. Stones cover from 0.1 to 3 percent of the

surface. This map unit consists of about 54 percent moderately deep, well drained

Rawsonville soils; 25 percent very deep, well drained Houghtonville soils; 15 percent

moderately deep to dense basal till, very deep to bedrock, moderately well drained

Mundal soils; and 6 percent other soils and areas of rock outcrop. Rawsonville soils

are near rock outcrops and Houghtonville and Mundal soils are between rock outcrops.
202 Soil Survey

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Rawsonville soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 3 inch, black fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

3 to 8 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

8 to 20 inches, dark reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

20 to 25 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

25 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Houghtonville

soils are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 4 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

4 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

9 to 37 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

37 to 67 inches, dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Mundal soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves

1 to 3 inches, moderately decomposed leaves

Surface soil:

3 to 6 inches, black fine sandy loam

6 to 7 inches, brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 14 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

14 to 26 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

26 to 65 inches, mottled, very firm light yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Hogback and Wilmington

soils. Hogback soils are on slightly higher convex areas near rock outcrops and

Wilmington soils are in depressions and drainageways. Included soils make up about

5 percent of the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 1 percent of this map unit.

Also included are soils with a thinner spodic horizon and small areas with more

than 3.0 percent stones on the surface.
Bennington County, Vermont 203

Important Soil Properties

Rawsonville

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Houghtonville

Available water capacity: Very high

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Mundal

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 20 to 30 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.5 to 2.3 feet below the surface from September to

May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderately slow or slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid

in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Timber harvesting, hiking, hunting,

camping, cross country skiing and snowmobiling are common activities.

American beech and sugar maple are the dominant tree species in the climax

forest community. Red spruce is also an important species. Yellow birch and white ash

are abundant early successional species and they persist well as the late

successional community develops. Black cherry and sugar maple also occur

occasionally.

Striped maple and hobblebush are the most abundant shrubs on this map unit,

along with mountain maple. Pin cherry, blackberry, raspberry, and red elderberry are

common in openings. The most abundant ground flora are wood sorrel, hayscented

fern, sessile bellewort, woodland sedge, Christmas fern, false solomon’s seal, wild

sarsaparilla, New York fern and trillium.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface and rock outcrops.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

and windthrow. In strongly sloping to steep areas, promptly establishing plant cover

on areas disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as

necessary helps control erosion. In moderately steep to steep areas, locating skid
204 Soil Survey

trails and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment limitations

associated with slope. When the soils in this map unit are wet, the high organic matter

content of the subsoil gives them a greasy characteristic, which sometimes interferes

with the operation of logging equipment. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow,

because root growth, is limited by depth to bedrock in areas of Rawsonville soils and

the firm substratum in areas of Mundal soils. Even-aged management, strip cutting,

patch cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment,

helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings in areas of steep slopes. The seasonal high

water table in areas of the Mundal soils, depth to bedrock in areas of Rawsonville

soils, and slope are the main limitations. Areas of gently sloping Houghtonville soils

have few limitations. Bedrock has to be removed where deep excavations are

necessary. Extensive land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard

in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing

vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to reduce

erosion. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading the land to divert

surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields in areas of Mundal soils

with slopes of greater than 20 percent and in areas of steep slopes. In other areas,

depth to bedrock in areas of Rawsonville soils, the seasonal high water table and

permeability of the substratum in Mundal soils, and slope are the main limitations.

Areas of gently sloping Houghtonville soils have few limitations. Special slope design,

such as installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to

overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the septic tank

absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise the field

the required distance above the seasonal high water table and the substratum in

areas of Peru soils and the bedrock in areas of Rawsonville soils.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s

715D—Houghtonville-Rawsonville association, hilly, rocky

This map unit consists of rolling to steep soils on ridges and backslopes of hills

and mountains. Slopes range from 8 to 35 percent. This map unit is mostly at

elevations between 2,100 and 3,000 feet. Stones cover from 0.1 to 3 percent of the

surface. This map unit consists of about 50 percent very deep, well drained

Houghtonville soils; 34 percent moderately deep, well drained Rawsonville soils; and

16 percent other soils and areas of rock outcrop. Rawsonville soils are on convex

areas near rock outcrops and Houghtonville soils are between rock outcrops.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Houghtonville

soils are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 4 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

4 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

9 to 37 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

37 to 67 inches, dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Rawsonville soils

are as follows—
Bennington County, Vermont 205

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 3 inch, black fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

3 to 8 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

8 to 20 inches, dark reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

20 to 25 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

25 inches

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Berkshire, Hogback,

Mundal soils, and Wilmington soils. Berkshire soils are in positions similar to

Houghtonville soils, Hogback soils are on slightly higher convex areas near rock

outcrops and Mundal and Wilmington soils are in depressions and drainageways.

Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 1 percent of this map unit.

Also included are soils with a thinner spodic horizon and small areas with more

than 3.0 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Houghtonville

Available water capacity: Very high

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Rawsonville

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Timber harvesting, hiking, hunting,

camping, cross-country skiing and snowmobiling are common activities.

American beech is the primary tree species in the climax forest community. Sugar

maple and red spruce are important but are less abundant. Yellow birch is the most

abundant early successional species and it persists into the climax community. Sugar

maple is also important in the early successional community.

Striped maple and hobblebush are very abundant shrubs and they strongly

compete with desired tree species. Mountain maple and blackberry are other

common shrubs. Ground flora species include wood sorrel, spinulose wood fern,

hayscented fern, shining club moss, New York fern, Indian cucumber root, clintonia,

and Canada mayflower.
206 Soil Survey

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface and rock outcrops.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is moderately

low. The woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment

limitations, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas disturbed by

logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary helps control

erosion. In moderately steep to steep areas, locating skid trails and haul roads along

the slope helps to minimize equipment limitations associated with slope. When the

soils in this map unit are wet, the high organic matter content of the subsoil gives the

soils a greasy characteristic, which sometimes interferes with the operation of logging

equipment. In areas of Rawsonville soils, trees are commonly subject to windthrow,

because root growth is limited by depth to bedrock.

Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch cutting, and avoiding surface root

damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings in areas of steep slopes. Depth to bedrock

in areas of Rawsonville soils and slope are the main limitations. Bedrock has to be

removed where deep excavations are necessary. Extensive land shaping and grading

may be required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving

existing plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after

construction will help to reduce erosion.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields in areas Rawsonville

soils with slopes of greater than 20 percent and in areas of steep slopes. Depth to

bedrock in areas of Rawsonville soils and slope are the main limitations. Special

slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the contour, is

needed to overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as mounding the

septic tank absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is needed to raise

the field the required distance above the seasonal high water table and the bedrock.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s

902F—Hogback-Rawsonville-Rock outcrop association,

very steep, very stony

This map unit consists of steep or very steep soils on backslopes of hills and

mountains. Slopes range from 35 to 70 percent. This map unit is at elevations

between 2,000 and 3,000 feet. Stones cover from 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This

map unit consists of 45 percent shallow, well drained Hogback soils; 30 percent

moderately deep, well drained Rawsonville soils; 10 percent rock outcrop; and 15

percent other soils. Hogback soils are on convex areas near rock outcrops and

Rawsonville soils are in areas between rock outcrops.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Hogback soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inches, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 6 inches, black fine sandy loam

6 to 8 inches, brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 13 inches, dark reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

13 to 17 inches, dark brown very gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

17 inches
Bennington County, Vermont 207

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Rawsonville soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 3 inch, black fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

3 to 8 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

8 to 20 inches, dark reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

20 to 25 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Schist bedrock:

25 inches

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of Houghtonville, Lyman,

Mundal, and Tunbridge soils and excessively drained, very shallow soils. Lyman soils

are in positions similar to Hogback, Houghtonville, and Mundal soils are in areas

between rock outcrops, Tunbridge soils are in positions similar to Rawsonville soils,

and the excessively drained, very shallow soils are on slightly higher convex areas

near rock outcrops. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Hogback

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Rawsonville

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland.

American beech, sugar maple, and red spruce are the dominant tree species in

the climax forest community. Yellow birch is an important subclimax species and

persists well into the development of the climax community.

Striped maple, hobblebush, mountain ash, blackberry and mountain maple are the

dominant shrub species. Common ground flora, include spinulose wood fern, wood

sorrel, Canada mayflower, clintonia, asters, and violets. Shrubs and ferns compete

strongly with desired future trees in clearings created by logging.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep to very steep slopes, stones on the surface, and rock outcrops.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple on this map unit is very low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,
208 Soil Survey

seedling mortality, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas

disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary

helps control erosion. Locating skid trails and haul roads along the slope helps to

minimize equipment limitations associated with slope. When the soils in this map unit

are wet, the high organic matter content of the subsoil gives them a greasy

characteristic, which sometimes interferes with the operation of logging equipment. In

areas of Hogback soils, the use of drought-tolerant planting stock or planting in the

spring when there is sufficient soil moisture will help minimize seedling mortality

during dry summer months. Trees are commonly subject to windthrow, because root

growth, is limited by depth to bedrock. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch

cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to

minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep slopes.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s

903C—Mundal-Wilmington association, rolling, very stony

This map unit consists of undulating to hilly soils on ridges and in depressions and

on backslopes of hills and mountains. Slopes range from 3 to 25 percent, with the

Wilmington soils on slopes less than 8 percent. This map unit is mostly at elevations

of 1,900 to 2,300 feet. Shallow, intermittent streams are common in this map unit.

Stones cover from 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface. This map unit consists of about 70

percent moderately deep to dense basal till, very deep to bedrock, moderately well

drained Mundal soils; 15 percent shallow or moderately deep to dense basal till, very

deep to bedrock, poorly drained Wilmington soils; and 15 percent other soils. The

Mundal soils are on slightly higher convex areas and the Wilmington soils are in

concave areas, such as depressions and drainageways.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Mundal soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves

1 to 3 inches, moderately decomposed leaves

Surface soil:

3 to 6 inches, black fine sandy loam

6 to 7 inches, brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 14 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

14 to 26 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

26 to 68 inches, mottled, very firm light yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Wilmington soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inch moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 5 inches, black fine sandy loam

5 to 6 inches, dark gray fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 20 inches, mottled, black fine sandy loam

20 to 26 inches, mottled, dark brown fine sandy loam
Bennington County, Vermont 209

Substratum:

26 to 67 inches, mottled, very firm olive gray gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Cabot, Carlisle, Houghtonville,

and Rawsonville soils. Cabot and Carlisle soils are in positions similar to Wilmington

soils and Houghtonville and Rawsonville soils are on slightly higher convex areas.

Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with a thinner spodic horizon and small areas with less than

0.1 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Mundal

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 20 to 30 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.5 to 2.3 feet below the surface from September to

May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderately slow or slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid

in the substratum

Wilmington

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 12 to 24 inches

Depth to water table: At 0 to 1.5 feet below the surface from October to May

Hydrologic group: D

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderately slow or slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid in

the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Timber management, wetland habitat

management, deer wintering areas and dispersed recreational activities, such as

hiking and camping, are common uses of this map unit.

American beech is the dominant tree species in the climax forest community with

sugar maple and red spruce occurring in lesser amounts. Yellow birch is the dominant

early successional tree species and it tends to persist well into the late successional

community. Other tree species found in minor amounts in the early successional

forest community include sugar maple, black cherry, white ash, and aspen.

Striped maple and hobblebush are the most common shrub species with lesser

amounts of mountain maple, blackberry, choke cherry and red elderberry. Common

ground flora species are spinulose wood fern, hayscented fern, lady fern, asters,

wood sorrel, clintonia, trillium species and sessile bellewort.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple is moderately low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion, equipment limitations,

seedling mortality, and windthrow. Promptly establishing plant cover on areas

disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars as necessary
210 Soil Survey

helps control erosion. In moderately steep areas, locating skid trails and haul roads

along the slope helps to minimize equipment limitations associated with slope. When

the soils in this map unit are wet, the high organic matter content of the subsoil gives

them a greasy characteristic, which sometimes interferes with the operation of

logging equipment. In areas of Wilmington soils, the operation of logging equipment is

difficult because of the seasonal high water table. Logging operations are more

efficiently carried out when the soil is frozen or during dry seasons. In areas of

Wilmington soils, the use of water-tolerant planting stock or planting during dryer

periods will help minimize seedling mortality during wet spring months. Trees are

commonly subject to windthrow, because root growth, is limited by the firm

substratum in areas of Mundal and Wilmington soils and the seasonal high water

table in areas of Wilmington soils. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch

cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to

minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings in areas of poorly drained Wilmington soils.

In areas of Mundal soils, the seasonal high water table and slope are the main

limitations. Extensive land shaping and grading may be required. Erosion is a hazard

in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing plant cover and establishing

vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after construction will help to reduce

erosion. Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading the land to divert

surface water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields in areas of Mundal soils

with slopes of greater than 20 percent and in areas of poorly drained Wilmington

soils. In areas of Mundal soils with slopes of 20 percent or less, the seasonal high

water table, permeability of the substratum, and slope are the main limitations.

Special slope design, such as installing septic system absorption fields on the

contour, is needed to overcome the slope limitation. Special construction such as

mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is

needed to raise the field the required distance above the seasonal high water table

and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s

905D—Houghtonville-Monadnock association, hilly, very

stony

This map unit consists of undulating to hilly soils on knolls, ridges, and foot slopes

of hills and mountains. Slopes range from 3 to 25 percent. This map unit is generally

at elevations of 2,000 feet and higher. Stones cover from 0.1 to 3 percent of the

surface. This map unit consists of about 75 percent very deep, well drained

Houghtonville soils; 15 percent very deep, well drained Monadnock soils; and 10

percent other soils.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Houghtonville

soils are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 2 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs,

Surface soil:

2 to 4 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

4 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

9 to 37 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam
Bennington County, Vermont 211

Substratum:

37 to 67 inches, dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Monadnock soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inches, slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

2 to 6 inches, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

6 to 8 inches, reddish gray fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 13 inches, reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

13 to 21 inches, brown cobbly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

21 to 31 inches, yellowish brown cobbly loamy sand

31 to 71 inches, olive very cobbly loamy coarse sand

Included in the mapping of this map unit are small areas of Berkshire, Colton,

Mundal, and Rawsonville soils. Berkshire soils are scattered throughout the map unit,

the Mundal soils are in drainageways, the Rawsonville soils are near knolls underlain

by bedrock, and the Colton soils are on small knolls near Monadnock soils. Included

soils make up about 10 percent of the map unit.

Also included are small areas with more than 3.0 percent stones on the surface.

Important Soil Properties

Houghtonville

Available water capacity: Very high

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

in the mineral layers

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Monadnock

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic Group: B

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderately rapid in the substratum

Potential frost action: Low

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the mineral layers

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Timber harvesting, hiking, hunting,

camping and picnicking, snowmobiling and cross-country skiing are common

activities on this map unit. Small gravel pits are also common on this map unit.

Sugar maple and American beech dominate late successional stands. Red spruce

and balsam fir are minor components. Sugar maple, yellow birch, and black cherry

are persistent mid-successional species.

Striped maple and hobblebush are common shrubs. Characteristic ground flora

include spinulose wood fern, true mosses, shining club moss, wood sorrel,
212 Soil Survey

sarsaparilla, Canadian mayflower, and clintonia. Wolf’s claw club moss occurs on

sand and gravel deposits.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple is moderately low. The

woodland management concerns are the hazard of erosion and equipment

limitations. In strongly sloping to moderately steep areas, promptly establishing plant

cover on areas disturbed by logging operations and installing culverts and water bars

as necessary helps control erosion. In moderately steep areas, locating skid trails

and haul roads along the slope helps to minimize equipment limitations associated

with slope. When areas of Hougtonville soils are wet the high organic matter content

of the subsoil gives them a greasy characteristic, which sometimes interferes with the

operation of logging equipment.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used as a site for dwellings. Gently

sloping areas have few limitations. Extensive land shaping and grading may be

required. Erosion is a hazard in areas cleared for construction. Preserving existing

plant cover and establishing vegetation on disturbed areas immediately after

construction will help to reduce erosion.

Slope is the main limitation if this map unit is used for septic tank absorption fields.

Gently sloping areas have few limitations. Special slope design, such as installing

septic system absorption fields on the contour, is needed to overcome the slope

limitation.

The Monadnock soils are a probable source of sand for use as a construction

material. The suitability of the sand for specific purposes has not been evaluated.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s

913E—Glebe-Stratton association, very hilly, very rocky

This map unit consists of steep soils on upper ridges and summits, shoulders, and

backslopes of mountains. Slopes range from 25 to 60 percent. This map unit is mostly

at elevations greater than 2,800 feet. Stones cover 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

This map unit consists of about 60 percent moderately deep, well drained Glebe soils;

20 percent shallow, well drained Stratton soils; and 20 percent other soils and areas

of rock outcrop. Bedrock outcrops make up about 5 percent of the map unit. Stratton

soils are on convex areas near rock outcrops and Glebe soils are in deeper areas

between rock outcrops.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Glebe soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed moss, leaves, needles, and twigs

1 to 3 inches, moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

3 to 7 inches, black fine sandy loam

7 to 11 inches, dark gray gravelly fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

11 to 19 inches, very dark gray gravelly fine sandy loam

19 to 28 inches, dark reddish brown and dark yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy

loam

Schist bedrock:

28 inches

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Stratton soils are

as follows—
Bennington County, Vermont 213

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inches, slightly decomposed needles, moss, and twigs

Surface soil:

1 to 5 inches, black channery silt loam

5 to 7 inches, brown very channery silt loam

Subsoil:

7 to 15 inches, dark reddish brown very channery silt loam

15 to 20 inches, reddish brown very channery silt loam

Schist bedrock:

20 inches

Included with these soils in mapping are small areas of well drained Hogback,

Houghtonville and Rawsonville soils and excessively drained, very shallow soils.

Hogback, Houghtonville and Rawsonville soils are at lower elevations within the map

unit and the excessively drained, very shallow soils are near rock outcrops. Included

soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

The areas of rock outcrop are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes and cover

about 5 percent of this map unit.

Important Soil Properties

Glebe

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic Group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid throughout the soil

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Stratton

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to water table: Greater than 6 feet

Hydrologic Group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer and moderate or moderately rapid

below

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. This map unit is occasionally used for

timber cutting, hiking, skiing, snow-mobiling and hunting. Many miles of the Long Trail/

Appalachian Trail and many alpine ski trails are in this map unit because of its

location on high mountain tops.

Red spruce and balsam fir dominate the climax forest community. American beech,

and “alpine” paper and yellow birch also occur in the climax forest community.

The ground flora and shrub community consists almost exclusively of abundant

mountain maple, mountain ash, hobblebush, spinulose wood fern, Canada mayflower,

wood sorrel, clintonia, bunchberry and shining club moss.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

steep slopes, stones on the surface and rock outcrops.

This map unit is not recommended for forest management because of the fragile

nature of the soils.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields because of

steep slopes and shallow depth to bedrock.
214 Soil Survey

This map unit is in land capability subclass 7s

923B—Wilmington-Mundal association, undulating, very

stony

This map unit consists of nearly level to undulating soils in depressions and

drainageways and on footslopes of hills and mountains. Bogs, streams, and beaver

ponds and meadows are common in this map unit. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent,

with the Mundal soils on slopes greater than 3 percent. This map unit generally is at

elevations of 2,000 to 2,500 feet. Stones cover from 0.1 to 3 percent of the surface.

This map unit consists of about 45 percent shallow or moderately deep to dense

basal till, very deep to bedrock, poorly drained Wilmington soils; 45 percent

moderately deep to dense basal till, very deep to bedrock, moderately well drained

Mundal soils; and 10 percent other soils. The Mundal soils are on slightly higher

landscape positions than the Wilmington soils.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Wilmington soils

are as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 2 inch moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs

Surface soil:

2 to 5 inches, black fine sandy loam

5 to 6 inches, dark gray fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 20 inches, mottled, black fine sandy loam

20 to 26 inches, mottled, dark brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

26 to 67 inches, mottled, very firm olive gray gravelly fine sandy loam

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of the layers of the Mundal soils are

as follows—

Organic layer:

0 to 1 inch, slightly decomposed leaves and twigs

1 to 3 inches, moderately decomposed leaves and twigs

Surface soil:

3 to 6 inches, black fine sandy loam

6 to 7 inches, brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 14 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

14 to 26 inches, dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Substratum:

26 to 68 inches, mottled, very firm light yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam

Included with these soils in mapping are very poorly drained Adrian and Carlisle

soils, poorly drained Cabot soils and well drained Houghtonville and Rawsonville

soils. Adrian, Carlisle, and Cabot soils are in positions similar to Wilmington soils and

Houghtonville and Rawsonville soils are on slightly higher convex areas. Included

soils make up about 10 percent of the map unit.

Also included are soils with a thinner spodic horizon and small areas with less than

0.1 percent stones on the surface.
Bennington County, Vermont 215

Important Soil Properties

Wilmington

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 12 to 24 inches

Depth to water table: At 0 to 1.5 feet below the surface from October to May

Hydrologic group: D

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderately slow or slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: High

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid in

the substratum

Mundal

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to dense material: 20 to 30 inches

Depth to water table: Perched at 1.5 to 2.3 feet below the surface from September to

May

Hydrologic group: C

Permeability: Moderately rapid in the organic layer, moderate in the surface soil and

subsoil, and moderately slow or slow in the substratum

Potential frost action: Moderate

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the organic layer, extremely acid to

moderately acid in the surface soil and subsoil, and strongly acid to slightly acid

in the substratum

Most areas of this map unit are in woodland. Timber management, wetland habitat

management, deer wintering areas and dispersed recreation activities, such as

hiking, are common uses of this map unit.

Red spruce and balsam fir are the dominant tree species in the climax forest

community. American beech is an associated species. Sugar maple and yellow birch

tend to dominate the early successional forest community and persist well into the

late successional community. Black cherry is consistently a minor member of the

early successional forest community.

Hobblebush, serviceberry, and mountain ash are the dominant shrub species.

Common ground flora include clintonia, wild sarsaparilla, wood sorrel, Canada

mayflower, sedges, hayscented fern and shining club moss. False hellebore,

sphagnum, mosses and pale jewelweed are common in wet areas.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, hay, and pasture because of

stones on the surface.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple is low. The woodland

management concerns are equipment limitations, seedling mortality, and windthrow.

When the soils in this map unit are wet the high organic matter content of the subsoil

gives them a greasy characteristic, which sometimes interferes with the operation of

logging equipment. In areas of Wilmington soils, the operation of logging equipment is

difficult because of the seasonal high water table. Logging operations are more

efficiently carried out when the soil is frozen or during dry seasons. In areas of

Wilmington soils, the use of water-tolerant planting stock or planting during dryer

periods will help minimize seedling mortality during wet spring months. Trees are

commonly subject to windthrow, because root growth, is limited by the firm

substratum in areas of Mundal and Wilmington soils and the seasonal high water

table in areas of Wilmington soils. Even-aged management, strip cutting, patch
216

cutting, and avoiding surface root damage caused by harvesting equipment, helps to

minimize windthrow.

This map unit is unsuited for dwellings in areas of poorly drained Wilmington soils.

In areas of Mundal soils, the seasonal high water table is the main limitations.

Installing footing drains, sealing foundations, and grading the land to divert surface

water away from the dwelling will help to prevent wet basements.

This map unit is unsuited for septic tank absorption fields in areas of poorly

drained Wilmington soils. In areas of Mundal soils the seasonal high water table and

permeability of the substratum are the main limitations. Special construction such as

mounding the septic tank absorption field with suitable fill material in most places is

needed to raise the field the required distance above the seasonal high water table

and the substratum.

This map unit is in land capability subclass 6s
217

Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important farmland defined by the U.S.

Department of Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the Nation’s short- and

long-range needs for food and fiber. Because the supply of high-quality farmland is

limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes that responsible levels of

government, as well as individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise use of

our Nation’s prime farmland.

Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, is land that has

the best combination of physical and chemical characteristics for producing food,

feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is available for these uses. It could be

cultivated land, pastureland, forestland, or other land, but it is not urban or built-up

land or water areas. The soil qualities, growing season, and moisture supply are

those needed for the soil to economically produce sustained high yields of crops

when proper management, including water management, and acceptable farming

methods are applied. In general, prime farmland has an adequate and dependable

supply of moisture from precipitation or irrigation, a favorable temperature and

growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an acceptable salt and sodium

content, and few or no rocks. It is permeable to water and air. It is not excessively

erodible or saturated with water for long periods, and it either is not frequently flooded

during the growing season or is protected from flooding. Slope ranges mainly from 0

to 8 percent. More detailed information about the criteria for prime farmland is

available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service.

A recent trend in land use in some parts of the survey area has been the loss of

some prime farmland to industrial and urban uses. The loss of prime farmland to

other uses puts pressure on marginal lands, which generally are more erodible,

droughty, and less productive and cannot be easily cultivated.

The map units in the survey area that are considered prime farmland are listed in

table 5. This list does not constitute a recommendation for a particular land use. On

some soils included in the list, measures that overcome a hazard or limitation, such

as flooding, wetness, and droughtiness, are needed. Onsite evaluation is needed to

determine whether or not the hazard or limitation has been overcome by corrective

measures. The extent of each listed map unit is shown in table 4. The location is

shown on the detailed soil maps. The soil qualities that affect use and management

are described under the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.”

It should be noted that prime farmland is not the same as primary agricultural soils

as defined in Vermont’s Land Use and Development Law (ACT 250). For more

information on the criteria and definitions of prime farmland or primary agricultural

soils contact the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service.

Prime Farmland

219

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of the soils in the survey area. It can

be used to adjust land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural resources and

the environment. Also, it can help to prevent soil-related failures in land uses.

In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, conservationists, engineers, and others

collect extensive field data about the nature and behavioral characteristics of the

soils. They collect data on erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that

affect various soil uses and management. Field experience and collected data on soil

properties and performance are used as a basis in predicting soil behavior.

Information in this section can be used to plan the use and management of soils

for crops and pasture; as woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities, highways

and other transportation systems, and parks and other recreational facilities; and for

wildlife habitat. It can be used to identify the potentials and limitations of each soil for

specific land uses and to help prevent construction failures caused by unfavorable

soil properties.

Planners and others using soil survey information can evaluate the effect of

specific land uses on productivity and on the environment in all or part of the survey

area. The survey can help planners to maintain or create a land use pattern in

harmony with the natural soil.

Contractors can use this survey to locate sources of sand and gravel, roadfill, and

topsoil. They can use it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very firm soil

layers can cause difficulty in excavation.

Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and others may also find this survey

useful. The survey can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and locate sites for

pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds, playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs.

Crops and Pasture

General management needed for crops and pasture is suggested in this section.

The estimated yields of the main crops and pasture plants are listed for each soil in

table 6. The system of land capability classification used by the Natural Resources

Conservation Service is also explained in this section.

Planners of management systems for individual fields or farms should consider the

detailed information given in the description of each soil under the heading “Detailed

Soil Map Units.” Specific information can be obtained from the local office of the

Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

According to the 1982 Census of Agriculture (USDC, 1982), about 41,281 acres in

Bennington County is in farmland. Of this total, about 17,009 acres are used for crops

and pasture, including 2,656 acres used for corn, 465 acres used for orchards, and

9,000 acres used for hay.

The grass-legume mixture most commonly used for hay and pasture consists of

alfalfa, bromegrass, and timothy. Red clover, alsike clover, redtop, reed canarygrass,

and orchardgrass are also grown. Alfalfa grows better on soils that are moderately

well drained or well drained than on wet soils. Reed canarygrass and alsike clover are

grown on wet soils.

Use and Management of the Soils
220 Soil Survey

In managing a good stand of perennial pasture plants, using a sound fertilizer

program, proper grazing practices, and brush and weed control ensure good growth

for a long period. Proper grazing practices include using stocking rates within grazing

capacity, using rotational grazing, and deferred grazing during wet periods.

Specialty crops include vegetables, tree fruits, small fruits, and nursery plants.

Vegetables, including sweet corn, tomatoes, potatoes, melons, and squash, are

grown mainly on flood plains and terraces along the Battenkill and the Hoosic and

Walloomsac Rivers, as are small fruits, including strawberries, blueberries, and

raspberries. The main tree fruit is apple. Apple orchards are on uplands in the

Bennington area (fig. 6).

The very deep, well drained to excessively drained soils that warm up early in the

spring, such as the Copake and Windsor soils, are especially well suited to many

vegetables and small fruits. On these soils, crops generally can be planted and

harvested earlier than on the other soils in the county. However, soils in low-lying

landscape positions are generally poorly suited to early vegetables, small fruits, and

orchard crops, because of frequent frost and poor air drainage.

The latest information and suggestions for growing crops can be obtained from

local offices of the Cooperative Extension Service and the Natural Resources

Conservation Service.

On most arable soils, crops respond well to nitrate and phosphate fertilizers and

potash. On most soils, periodic applications of lime are needed to raise the pH

sufficiently for good growth of alfalfa and other crops that grow well only on slightly

acid or neutral soils. On all soils, applications of lime and fertilizers should be based

on the results of soil tests, on the needs of the crop, and on expected yield.

Information and suggestions on determining the application rate of lime and fertilizers

can be obtained from the Cooperative Extension Service.

Soil erosion reduces the productivity of the soil by depleting the surface layer,

which contains most of the available plant nutrients and organic matter. Loss of the

surface layer is especially damaging on soils that have a dense substratum and those

underlain by bedrock. Both of these features limit the depth of the root zone. Peru and

Pittstown soils are examples of soils that have a dense substratum. Macomber and

Figure 6.—Apple orchard on Nellis silt loam, 8 to15 percent slopes, Stockbridge loam, 2 to 8

percent slopes, and Stockbridge loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes.
Bennington County, Vermont 221

Taconic soils are examples of soils underlain by bedrock within 40 inches of the

surface.

Soil erosion on cropland, in many areas, results in the pollution of streams, by

sedimentation and by nutrient and pesticide overloading. Controlling erosion

minimizes the pollution of streams and maintains water quality for municipal use,

recreation, and fish and wildlife (fig. 7).

Erosion control practices provide a protective surface cover, reduce runoff, and

increase infiltration. A cropping system that keeps a plant cover on the soil for

extended periods helps to control erosion and maintain the productive capacity of the

soils. Legume and grass forage crops used in the cropping system help to control

erosion, provide nitrogen for other crops, and improve soil tilth.

Stripcropping, or planting alternate strips of row crops and grass crops across the

slope, is effective in controlling erosion on soils that have long, uniform slopes (fig. 8).

But stripcropping is not practical in areas where soils have short, irregular slopes. In

these areas, using a cropping system that includes a cover crop, or using

conservation tillage, or both, is required to control erosion.

Diversions intercept water, reduce the length of the slope, and protect fields

downslope. Their use is most practical on deep soils that have uniform slopes. For

example, diversions are suitable on most areas of Stockbridge, Georgia, and

Pittstown soils. Diversions are not suitable on soils that have irregular slopes, that are

excessively wet, or those that have bedrock at depths less than 40 inches.

Adequate soil drainage is a management concern on about one-fourth of the

acreage used for crops and pasture. Somewhat poorly drained to very poorly drained

soils may not be suitable for use as cropland because of a seasonal high water table.

Brayton and Massena soils are two examples. Wetland protection regulations must

also be taken into consideration if these soils are used for cropland.

Figure 7.—Streambank stabilization along the Mettawee River protects this cropland from erosion

and maintains the water quality of the river. The soil is Hero gravelly fine sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes.
222 Soil Survey

Information on erosion control and drainage practices and regulations can be

obtained at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service.

Yields per Acre

The average yields per acre that can be expected of the principal crops under a

high level of management are shown in table 6. In any given year, yields may be

higher or lower than those indicated in the table because of variations in rainfall and

other climatic factors. The land capability classification of each map unit also is shown

in the table.

The yields are based mainly on the experience and records of farmers,

conservationists, and extension agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and

results of field trials and demonstrations are also considered.

The management needed to obtain the indicated yields of the various crops

depends on the kind of soil and the crop. Management can include drainage, erosion

control, and protection from flooding; the proper planting and seeding rates; suitable

high-yielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; control of weeds, plant

diseases, and harmful insects; favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen,

phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each crop; effective use of crop

residue, barnyard manure, and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures the

smallest possible loss.

The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity of each soil for each of the

principal crops. Yields are likely to increase as new production technology is developed.

The productivity of a given soil compared with that of other soils, however, is not likely

to change.

Crops other than those shown in table 6 are grown in the survey area, but estimated

yields are not listed because the acreage of such crops is small. The local office of the

Natural Resources Conservation Service or of the Cooperative Extension Service can

provide information about the management and productivity of the soils for those crops.

Land Capability Classification

Land capability classification shows, in a general way, the suitability of soils for

most kinds of field crops. Crops that require special management are excluded. The

Figure 8.—Cropland on Stockbridge loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, and pasture on Georgia loam, 8

to 15 percent slopes.
Bennington County, Vermont 223

soils are grouped according to their limitations for field crops, the risk of damage if

they are used for crops, and the way they respond to management. The criteria used

in grouping the soils do not include major and generally expensive landforming that

would change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the soils, nor do they include

possible but unlikely major reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a

substitute for interpretations designed to show suitability and limitations of groups of

soils for rangeland, for woodland, and for engineering purposes.

In the capability system, soils are generally grouped at three levels—capability

class, subclass, and unit. Only class and subclass are used in this survey.

Capability classes, the broadest groups, are designated by numbers 1 through 8.

The numerals indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower choices for

practical use. The classes are defined as follows:

Class 1 soils have few limitations that restrict their use.

Class 2 soils have moderate limitations that reduce the choice of plants or that

require moderate conservation practices.

Class 3 soils have severe limitations that reduce the choice of plants or that require

special conservation practices, or both.

Class 4 soils have very severe limitations that reduce the choice of plants or that

require very careful management, or both.

Class 5 soils are not likely to erode but have other limitations, impractical to

remove, that limit their use.

Class 6 soils have severe limitations that make them generally unsuitable for

cultivation.

Class 7 soils have very severe limitations that make them unsuitable for cultivation.

Class 8 soils and miscellaneous areas have limitations that nearly preclude their

use for commercial crop production.

Capability subclasses are soil groups within one class. They are designated by

adding a small letter, e, w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, 2e. The letter e

shows that the main hazard is the risk of erosion unless close-growing plant cover is

maintained; w shows that water in or on the soil interferes with plant growth or

cultivation (in some soils the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial drainage); s

shows that the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow, droughty, or stony; and c,

used in only some parts of the United States, shows that the chief limitation is climate

that is very cold or very dry.

In class 1 there are no subclasses because the soils of this class have few

limitations. Class 5 contains only the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c because the

soils in class 5 are subject to little or no erosion. They have other limitations that

restrict their use to pasture, rangeland, woodland, wildlife habitat, or recreation.

The capability classification of the map units in this survey area is given in the

section “Detailed Soil Map Units” and in the yields table.

Woodland Management and Productivity

James M. White, Bennington County Forester, Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, helped to

prepare this section.

About 86 percent of Bennington County is forested. Northern hardwoods, including

beech, northern red oak, sugar maple, yellow birch and ash make up about 80

percent of the forested land, with the remaining 20 percent being softwoods, such as

white pine, spruce and hemlock. These tree species vary from place to place,

depending on soil drainage and soil temperature (fig. 9).

Over 70 percent of the forest land in Bennington County is privately owned. The

major portion of public forest land is owned and managed by the USDA Forest

Service as part of the Green Mountain National Forest.
224 Soil Survey

The annual commercial harvest of sawlogs in Bennington County is 13 million

board feet, with an additional 11 thousand cords of pulpwood. Firewood cutting has

accounted for 30,000 cords in the past few years. There are nine sawmills in the

county and 15 factories that manufacture furniture and other wood products. There

are more than 20 privately employed foresters who live or work primarily in

Bennington County.

The average acre of commercial forest land in the county produces 41 cubic feet of

wood per year. However, 7 cubic feet are lost annually to cull increment, which is the

volume of growth in trees that is too poor in quality to be considered growing stock,

leaving a net annual growth of 34 cubic feet. Private and public foresters are needed

to bring all forest land under sound management practices. For example, through

timber stand improvement, such as thinning and removing poor quality trees, there is

a potential to improve the net annual growth by over 40 percent. Because forests are

slow growing, woodland management practices used today will have an effect for

generations to come. Although the forest is currently producing more than is

harvested, in the future the demand for forest products will exceed growth.

The potential for maple syrup production is good for northern hardwood stands

that are dominantly mature sugar maple. Many farmers and other landowners earn

supplemental income from sugarbush operations.

The forest provides other benefits. It acts like a giant sponge to absorb

precipitation and prevents excessive runoff and flooding. The leaf litter covering the

forest soils prevents erosion and stream sedimentation. Every municipality in the

county relies, at least in part, on a forested watershed for its water supply. Finally, the

forests in Bennington County provide opportunities for many recreational activities,

including skiing, hiking, snowmobiling, camping, fishing, and hunting.

Table 7 can be used by woodland owners or forest managers in planning the use

of soils for wood crops. The Vermont forest value group rates each map unit for

producing and harvesting timber (USDA–VT, 1999). Map units in forest value group 1

have a very high potential productivity, forest value group 2 has a high potential

Figure 9.—Well-managed woodlot on Berkshire fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony.
Bennington County, Vermont 225

productivity, forest value group 3 has a moderate potential productivity, forest value

group 4 has a moderately low potential productivity, forest value group 5 has a low

potential productivity, and forest value group 6 has a very low potential productivity for

producing and harvesting timber. Map units in forest value group 7 have very limited

potential for producing and harvesting timber.

The species that is followed by an asterisk under common trees is the indicator

species used to generate the Vermont forest value group. Sugar maple was used to

represent northern hardwoods and eastern white pine was used to represent

softwoods. Map units in forest value group 7 have no indicator species under

common trees.

In the table, slight, moderate, and severe indicate the degree of the major soil

limitations to be considered in management.

Erosion hazard is the probability that damage will occur as a result of site

preparation and cutting where the soil is exposed along roads, skid trails, and fire

lanes and in log-handling areas. Forests that have been burned or overgrazed are

also subject to erosion. Ratings of the erosion hazard are based on the percent of the

slope. A rating of slight indicates that no particular prevention measures are needed

under ordinary conditions. A rating of moderate indicates that erosion-control

measures are needed in certain silvicultural activities. A rating of severe indicates that

special precautions are needed to control erosion in most silvicultural activities.

Equipment limitation reflects the characteristics and conditions of the soil that

restrict use of the equipment generally needed in woodland management or

harvesting. The chief characteristics and conditions considered in the ratings are

slope, stones on the surface, rock outcrops, soil wetness, and texture of the surface

layer. A rating of slight indicates that under normal conditions the kind of equipment

and season of use are not significantly restricted by soil factors. Soil wetness can

restrict equipment use, but the wet period does not exceed 1 month. A rating of

moderate indicates that equipment use is moderately restricted because of one or

more soil factors. If the soil is wet, the wetness restricts equipment use for a period of

1 to 3 months. A rating of severe indicates that equipment use is severely restricted

either as to the kind of equipment that can be used or the season of use. If the soil is

wet, the wetness restricts equipment use for more than 3 months.

Seedling mortality refers to the death of naturally occurring or planted tree

seedlings, as influenced by the kinds of soil, soil wetness, or topographic conditions.

The factors used in rating the soils for seedling mortality are texture of the surface

layer, depth to a seasonal high water table and the length of the period when the

water table is high, rock fragments in the surface layer, effective rooting depth, and

slope aspect. A rating of slight indicates that seedling mortality is not likely to be a

problem under normal conditions. Expected mortality is less than 25 percent. A rating

of moderate indicates that some problems from seedling mortality can be expected.

Extra precautions are advisable. Expected mortality is 25 to 50 percent. A rating of

severe indicates that seedling mortality is a serious problem. Extra precautions are

important. Replanting may be necessary. Expected mortality is more than 50 percent.

Windthrow hazard is the likelihood that trees will be uprooted by the wind because

the soil is not deep enough for adequate root anchorage. The main restrictions that

affect rooting are a seasonal high water table and the depth to bedrock, a fragipan, or

other limiting layers. A rating of slight indicates that under normal conditions no trees

are blown down by the wind. Strong winds may damage trees, but they do not uproot

them. A rating of moderate indicates that some trees can be blown down during

periods when the soil is wet and winds are moderate or strong. A rating of severe

indicates that many trees can be blown down during these periods.

The potential productivity of merchantable or common trees on a soil is expressed

as a site index and as a volume number. The site index is the average height, in feet,

that dominant and codominant trees of a given species attain in a specified number of
226 Soil Survey

years. The site index applies to fully stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands.

Commonly grown trees are those that woodland managers generally favor in

intermediate or improvement cuttings. They are selected on the basis of growth rate,

quality, value, and marketability.

The volume, a number, is the yield likely to be produced by the most important

trees. This number, expressed as cubic feet per acre per year, indicates the amount

of fiber produced in a fully stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stand.

Trees to plant are those that are suitable for commercial wood production.

Recreation

Historically, recreation in Bennington County has been confined to the warmer

seasons. The dramatic physical features of the county have attracted tourists and

summer residents for more than a century. Manchester, for example, became famous

as a resort during President Lincoln’s time in office. But while stately summer homes

still populate the valleys from Bennington to Dorset, recreation in the county has

become a four-season activity.

Favorable topography, the proximity of large urban markets, the completion of the

interstate highways, and the evolution of artificial snowmaking has led to the

development of several downhill ski areas in the county and many others nearby.

There are also several cross-country ski areas in the county. The network of

snowmobile trails that run throughout the county sees heavy use in the winter

months, as well.

In the fall, hunting and foliage tours are popular pastimes.

Of course, many recreational opportunities still exist during the summer months.

There are six golf courses in the county. There is excellent trout fishing and canoeing

on the Battenkill and other rivers and streams. There is hiking on the Appalachian

Trail–Long Trail and other trails, and there is camping in the Green Mountain National

Forest and at several state parks, in addition to swimming and picnicking.

The soils of the survey area are rated in table 8 according to limitations that affect

their suitability for recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil features, such

as wetness, slope, and texture of the surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is

considered. Not considered in the ratings, but important in evaluating a site, are the

location and accessibility of the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic

quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water impoundment sites, and access to

public sewer lines. The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent and the

ability of the soil to support vegetation are also important. Soils subject to flooding are

limited for recreational uses by the duration and intensity of flooding and the season

when flooding occurs. In planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of the

height, duration, intensity, and frequency of flooding is essential.

In the table, the degree of soil limitation is expressed as slight, moderate, or

severe. Slight means that soil properties are generally favorable and that limitations

are minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that limitations can be overcome or

alleviated by planning, design, or special maintenance. Severe means that soil

properties are unfavorable and that limitations can be offset only by costly soil

reclamation, special design, intensive maintenance, limited use, or a combination of

these measures.

The information in the table can be supplemented by other information in this

survey, for example, interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table 11 and

interpretations for dwellings without basements and for local roads and streets in

table 10.

Camp areas require site preparation, such as shaping and leveling the tent and

parking areas, stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and installing sanitary

facilities and utility lines. Camp areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some
Bennington County, Vermont 227

vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and are not wet or subject to flooding

during the period of use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders, absorbs

rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones

or boulders can greatly increase the cost of constructing campsites.

Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most vehicular traffic is confined to

access roads and parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm when wet,

are not dusty when dry, are not subject to flooding during the period of use, and do

not have slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of shaping sites or of

building access roads and parking areas.

Playgrounds require soils that can withstand intensive foot traffic. The best soils

are almost level and are not wet or subject to flooding during the season of use. The

surface is free of stones and boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry. If

grading is needed, the depth of the soil over bedrock or a hardpan should be

considered.

Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding should require little or no cutting

and filling. The best soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty when dry, and

are not subject to flooding more than once a year during the period of use. They have

moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on the surface.

Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and some light vehicular traffic.

Cutting or filling may be required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are firm when

wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not subject to prolonged flooding during the

period of use. They have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders on the surface.

The suitability of the soil for tees or greens is not considered in rating the soils.

Wildlife Habitat

Bennington County is host to a wide variety of wildlife. The combination of large

forested tracts and open farmland provides suitable habitat for a substantial number

of species, including deer, bear, turkey, coyote, fox, rabbit, snowshoe hare, beaver,

raptors and numerous small mammals and songbirds.

Much of the lowland valleys are in active dairy farms, interspersed with forested

areas. These varying land uses provide critical “edge” habitat. Along with small areas

of recently abandoned farmland, they supply an important and productive early

successional forest type, which provides excellent habitat for ruffed grouse,

woodcock, turkey, deer, fox, cottontail, raptors and large numbers of small mammals

and birdlife.

Black bear inhabit more remote, mountainous areas of the county, especially those

areas that support stands of beech, cherry, oak, and other mast-producing tree

species. These trees are also an important food source for wildlife such as grouse,

turkey, deer, and small mammals. The mountainous areas are home to the snowshoe

hare, who are well-equipped to handle the deep winter snows. Moose are making a

comeback in these remote areas, as well.

Bennington County has about 12,000 acres of deer wintering areas and about

20,000 acres of wetlands, ponds, and lakes, which provide habitat for beaver, otter,

mink, muskrat, and a variety of nesting and migratory waterfowl (fig. 10). The

importance of these specialized habitats to wildlife far outweighs their relative scarcity

in the county.

Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that is available to wildlife as food

and cover. They also affect the construction of water impoundments. The kind and

abundance of wildlife depend largely on the amount and distribution of food, cover,

and water. Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting appropriate

vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant cover, or by promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants.

In table 9, the soils in the survey area are rated according to their potential for
228 Soil Survey

providing habitat for various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used in planning

parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas, and other developments for wildlife; in

selecting soils that are suitable for establishing, improving, or maintaining specific

elements of wildlife habitat; and in determining the intensity of management needed

for each element of the habitat.

The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or very poor. A rating of good

indicates that the element or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or

maintained. Few or no limitations affect management, and satisfactory results can be

expected. A rating of fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be

established, improved, or maintained in most places. Moderately intensive

management is required for satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that

limitations are severe for the designated element or kind of habitat. Habitat can be

created, improved, or maintained in most places, but management is difficult and

must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates that restrictions for the element or

kind of habitat are very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be expected.

Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat is impractical or impossible.

The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the following paragraphs.

Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and seed-producing herbaceous plants.

Soil properties and features that affect the growth of grain and seed crops are depth

of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, available water capacity, wetness, slope,

surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil moisture are also

considerations. Examples of grain and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, and barley.

Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial grasses and herbaceous legumes.

Soil properties and features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes are depth

of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, available water capacity, wetness,

surface stoniness, flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture are also

considerations. Examples of grasses and legumes are fescue, lovegrass,

bromegrass, clover, and alfalfa.

Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally established grasses and forbs,

Figure 10.—This area of shallow water in the Wilmington-Mundal association, undulating, very

stony, provides important habitat for wetland wildlife.
Bennington County, Vermont 229

including weeds. Soil properties and features that affect the growth of these plants

are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, available water capacity,

wetness, surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil moisture are also

considerations. Examples of wild herbaceous plants are bluestem, goldenrod,

beggarweed, wheatgrass, and grama.

Hardwood trees and woody understory produce nuts or other fruit, buds, catkins,

twigs, bark, and foliage. Soil properties and features that affect the growth of

hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the root zone, available water capacity, and

wetness. Examples of these plants are oak, poplar, cherry, sweetgum, apple,

hawthorn, dogwood, hickory, blackberry, and blueberry. Examples of fruit-producing

shrubs that are suitable for planting on soils rated good are Russian-olive, autumnolive, and crabapple.

Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil properties and features that

affect the growth of coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth of the root

zone, available water capacity, and wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine,

spruce, fir, cedar, and juniper.

Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild herbaceous plants that grow on

moist or wet sites. Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded. Soil properties

and features affecting wetland plants are texture of the surface layer, wetness,

reaction, salinity, slope, and surface stoniness. Examples of wetland plants are

smartweed, wild millet, wildrice, saltgrass, cordgrass, rushes, sedges, and reeds.

Shallow water areas have an average depth of less than 5 feet. Some are naturally

wet areas. Others are created by dams, levees, or other water-control structures. Soil

properties and features affecting shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness,

surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples of shallow water areas are

marshes, waterfowl feeding areas, and ponds.

The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described in the following paragraphs.

Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland, pasture, meadows, and areas

that are overgrown with grasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas produce

grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes, and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife

attracted to these areas include bobwhite quail, pheasant, meadowlark, field sparrow,

cottontail, and red fox.

Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of deciduous plants or coniferous

plants or both and associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife

attracted to these areas include wild turkey, ruffed grouse, woodcock, thrushes,

woodpeckers, squirrels, gray fox, raccoon, deer, and bear.

Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy or swampy shallow water

areas. Some of the wildlife attracted to such areas are ducks, geese, herons, shore

birds, muskrat, mink, and beaver.

Engineering

This section provides information for planning land uses related to urban

development and to water management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the

most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given for building site development,

sanitary facilities, construction materials, and water management. The ratings are

based on observed performance of the soils and on the estimated data and test data

in the “Soil Properties” section.

Information in this section is intended for land use planning, for evaluating land use

alternatives, and for planning site investigations prior to design and construction. The

information, however, has limitations. For example, estimates and other data

generally apply only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet. Because of

the map scale, small areas of different soils may be included within the mapped areas

of a specific soil.
230 Soil Survey

The information is not site specific and does not eliminate the need for onsite

investigation of the soils or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in the

design and construction of engineering works.

Government ordinances and regulations that restrict certain land uses or impose

specific design criteria were not considered in preparing the information in this

section. Local ordinances and regulations should be considered in planning, in site

selection, and in design.

Soil properties, site features, and observed performance were considered in

determining the ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil survey,

determinations were made about grain-size distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index,

soil reaction, depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6 feet of the surface,

soil wetness, depth to a seasonal high water table, slope, likelihood of flooding,

natural soil structure aggregation, and soil density. Data were collected about kinds of

clay minerals, mineralogy of the sand and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed

cations. Estimates were made for erodibility, permeability, corrosivity, shrink-swell

potential, available water capacity, and other behavioral characteristics affecting

engineering uses.

This information can be used to evaluate the potential of areas for residential,

commercial, industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary estimates of

construction conditions; evaluate alternative routes for roads, streets, highways,

pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate alternative sites for sanitary landfills,

septic tank absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed onsite investigations

of soils and geology; locate potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil;

plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, terraces, and other structures for

soil and water conservation; and predict performance of proposed small structures

and pavements by comparing the performance of existing similar structures on the

same or similar soils.

The information in the tables, along with the soil maps, the soil descriptions, and

other data provided in this survey, can be used to make additional interpretations.

Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a special meaning in soil science

and are defined in the Glossary.

Building Site Development

Table 10 shows the degree and kind of soil limitations that affect shallow

excavations, dwellings with and without basements, small commercial buildings, local

roads and streets, and lawns and landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if

soil properties and site features are generally favorable for the indicated use and

limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil properties or site features

are not favorable for the indicated use and special planning, design, or maintenance

is needed to overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties or site

features are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special design, significant

increases in construction costs, and possibly increased maintenance are required.

Special feasibility studies may be required where the soil limitations are severe.

Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet

for basements, graves, utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The ratings are

based on soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. The

ease of digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth to bedrock, a

cemented pan, or a very firm dense layer; stone content; soil texture; and slope. The

time of the year that excavations can be made is affected by the depth to a seasonal

high water table and the susceptibility of the soil to flooding. The resistance of the

excavation walls or banks to sloughing or caving is affected by soil texture and depth

to the water table.

Dwellings and small commercial buildings are structures built on shallow

foundations on undisturbed soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family
Bennington County, Vermont 231

dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are made for small commercial

buildings without basements, for dwellings with basements, and for dwellings without

basements. The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding, shrinking and swelling, and

organic layers can cause the movement of footings. A high water table, depth to

bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope, and flooding affect the ease of

excavation and construction. Landscaping and grading that require cuts and fills of

more than 5 or 6 feet are not considered.

Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface and carry automobile and light

truck traffic all year. They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base of gravel,

crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills

are generally limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on soil properties, site

features, and observed performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock or to a cemented

pan, a high water table, flooding, large stones, and slope affect the ease of

excavating and grading. Soil strength (as inferred from the engineering classification

of the soil), shrink-swell potential, frost action potential, and depth to a high water

table affect the traffic-supporting capacity.

Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf and ornamental trees and

shrubs can be established and maintained. The ratings are based on soil properties,

site features, and observed performance of the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table,

depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, the available water capacity in the upper 40

inches, and the content of salts, sodium, and sulfidic materials affect plant growth.

Flooding, wetness, slope, stoniness, and the amount of sand, clay, or organic matter

in the surface layer affect trafficability after vegetation is established.

Sanitary Facilities

Table 11 shows the degree and kind of soil limitations that affect septic tank

absorption fields, sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations are

considered slight if soil properties and site features are generally favorable for the

indicated use and limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil

properties or site features are not favorable for the indicated use and special

planning, design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the limitations;

and severe if soil properties or site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to

overcome that special design, significant increases in construction costs, and

possibly increased maintenance are required.

The table also shows the suitability of the soils for use as daily cover for landfill. A

rating of good indicates that soil properties and site features are favorable for the use

and good performance and low maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil

properties and site features are moderately favorable for the use and one or more soil

properties or site features make the soil less desirable than the soils rated good; and

poor indicates that one or more soil properties or site features are unfavorable for the

use and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires special design, extra

maintenance, or costly alteration.

Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which effluent from a septic tank is

distributed into the soil through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that part of

the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is evaluated. The ratings are based on

soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. Permeability, a

high water table, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, and flooding affect

absorption of the effluent. Large stones and bedrock or a cemented pan interfere with

installation.

Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank absorption fields, including excessively

slow absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside seepage, can affect

public health. Ground water can be polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or

fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of the absorption field, if slope is
232 Soil Survey

excessive, or if the water table is near the surface. There must be unsaturated soil

material beneath the absorption field to filter the effluent effectively. Many local

ordinances require that this material be of a certain thickness.

Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to hold sewage while aerobic

bacteria decompose the solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly level

floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments of compacted soil. Lagoons generally

are designed to hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly impervious soil

material for the lagoon floor and sides is required to minimize seepage and

contamination of ground water.

The table gives ratings for the natural soil that makes up the lagoon floor. The

surface layer and, generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the surface layer are

excavated to provide material for the embankments. The ratings are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. Considered in the

ratings are slope, permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to a cemented

pan, flooding, large stones, and content of organic matter.

Excessive seepage resulting from rapid permeability in the soil or a water table

that is high enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to

function unsatisfactorily. Pollution results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater

overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter is detrimental to proper

functioning of the lagoon because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope, bedrock, and

cemented pans can cause construction problems, and large stones can hinder

compaction of the lagoon floor.

Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is disposed of by burying it in soil.

There are two types of landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste is

placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil

excavated at the site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in successive layers on

the surface of the soil. The waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin

layer of soil from a source away from the site.

Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy vehicular traffic. Both types

involve a risk of ground-water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation should

be considered.

The ratings in the table are based on soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. Permeability, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, a high

water table, slope, and flooding affect both types of landfill. Texture, stones and

boulders, highly organic layers, soil reaction, and content of salts and sodium affect

trench landfills. Unless otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to that part of the soil

within a depth of about 6 feet. For deeper trenches, a limitation rated slight or

moderate may not be valid. Onsite investigation is needed.

Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is used to cover compacted solid

waste in an area sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, transported to

the landfill, and spread over the waste.

Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope affect the ease of removing and

spreading the material during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that are free of

large stones or excess gravel are the best cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky

or cloddy and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to wind erosion.

After soil material has been removed, the soil material remaining in the borrow

area must be thick enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water table to

permit revegetation. The soil material used as the final cover for a landfill should be

suitable for plants. The surface layer generally has the best workability, more organic

matter, and the best potential for plants. Material from the surface layer should be

stockpiled for use as the final cover.

Construction Materials

Table 12 gives information about the soils as a source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and

topsoil. The soils are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and topsoil. They
Bennington County, Vermont 233

are rated as a probable or improbable source of sand and gravel. The ratings are

based on soil properties and site features that affect the removal of the soil and its

use as construction material. Normal compaction, minor processing, and other

standard construction practices are assumed. Each soil is evaluated to a depth of 5

or 6 feet.

Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one place and used in road

embankments in another place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of roadfill

for low embankments, generally less than 6 feet high and less exacting in design than

higher embankments.

The ratings are for the soil material below the surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6

feet. It is assumed that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and spreading.

Many soils have layers of contrasting suitability within their profile. The table showing

engineering index properties provides detailed information about each soil layer. This

information can help to determine the suitability of each layer for use as roadfill. The

performance of soil after it is stabilized with lime or cement is not considered in the

ratings.

The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and observed performance

of the soils. The thickness of suitable material is a major consideration. The ease of

excavation is affected by large stones, a high water table, and slope. How well the soil

performs in place after it has been compacted and drained is determined by its

strength (as inferred from the engineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swell

potential.

Soils rated good contain significant amounts of sand or gravel or both. They have

at least 5 feet of suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few cobbles and

stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet.

Soils rated fair are more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized particles and have a

plasticity index of less than 10. They have a moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of

15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to the water table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated

poor have a plasticity index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential, many

stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They are wet and have a water table at a

depth of less than 1 foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but the material is

less than 3 feet thick.

Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for commercial use with a

minimum of processing. They are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications

for each use vary widely. In the table, only the probability of finding material in suitable

quantity is evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific purposes is not

evaluated, nor are factors that affect excavation of the material.

The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source of sand or gravel are

gradation of grain sizes (as indicated by the engineering classification of the soil), the

thickness of suitable material, and the content of rock fragments. Kinds of rock,

acidity, and stratification are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of grain

sizes is given in the table on engineering index properties.

A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of clean sand or gravel or a layer of

sand or gravel that is up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at least 3 feet

thick and less than 50 percent, by weight, large stones. All other soils are rated as an

improbable source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as shale and siltstone,

are not considered to be sand and gravel.

Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation can be established and

maintained. The upper 40 inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also

evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow area.

Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by such properties as soil reaction,

available water capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading, and spreading

is affected by rock fragments, slope, a water table, soil texture, and thickness of
234 Soil Survey

suitable material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected by slope, a water table,

rock fragments, bedrock, and toxic material.

Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a depth of at least 40 inches. They

are free of stones and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes of less than 8

percent. They are low in content of soluble salts, are naturally fertile or respond well

to fertilizer, and are not so wet that excavation is difficult.

Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that have a relatively high content of

clay, soils that have only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that have an

appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to

15 percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation is difficult.

Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less than 20 inches of suitable

material, have a large amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes of more

than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high water table at or near the surface.

The surface layer of most soils is generally preferred for topsoil because of its

organic matter content. Organic matter greatly increases the absorption and retention

of moisture and nutrients for plant growth.

Hydric Soils

In this section, hydric soils are defined and described and the hydric soils in the

survey area are listed.

The three essential characteristics of wetlands are hydrophytic vegetation, hydric

soils, and wetland hydrology (Cowardin and others, 1979; U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers, 1987; National Research Council, 1995; Tiner, 1985). Criteria for each of

the characteristics must be met for areas to be identified as wetlands. Undrained

hydric soils that have natural vegetation should support a dominant population of

ecological wetland plant species. Hydric soils that have been converted to other uses

should be capable of being restored to wetlands.

Hydric soils are defined by the National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils

(NTCHS) as soils that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding, or ponding

long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper

part (Federal Register, 1994). These soils are either saturated or inundated long

enough during the growing season to support the growth and reproduction of

hydrophytic vegetation.

The NTCHS definition identifies general soil properties that are associated with

wetness. In order to determine whether a specific soil is a hydric soil or nonhydric

soil, however, more specific information, such as information about the depth and

duration of the water table, is needed. Thus, criteria that identify those estimated soil

properties unique to hydric soils have been established (Federal Register, 1995).

These criteria are used to identify a phase of a soil series that normally is associated

with wetlands. The criteria used are selected estimated soil properties that are

described in “Soil Taxonomy” (USDA, 1999) and “Keys to Soil Taxonomy” (USDA,

1998) and in the “Soil Survey Manual” (USDA, 1993).

If soils are wet enough for a long enough period to be considered hydric, they

should exhibit certain properties that can be easily observed in the field. These visible

properties are indicators of hydric soils. The indicators used to make onsite

determinations of hydric soils in this survey area are specified in “Field Indicators of

Hydric Soils in the United States” (Hurt and others, 1996).

Hydric soils are identified by examining and describing the soil to a depth of about

20 inches. This depth may be greater if determination of an appropriate indicator so

requires. It is always recommended that soils be excavated and described to the

depth necessary for an understanding of the redoximorphic processes. Then, using

the completed soil descriptions, soil scientists can compare the soil features required

by each indicator and specify which indicators have been matched with the conditions
Bennington County, Vermont 235

observed in the soil. The soil can be identified as a hydric soil if at least one of the

approved indicators is present.

The following map units meet the definition of hydric soils and, in addition, have at

least one of the hydric soil indicators. This list can help in planning land uses;

however, onsite investigation is recommended to determine the hydric soils on a

specific site (National Research Council, 1995; Hurt and others, 1996).

21A Limerick silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

23A Adrian and saco soils, 0 to 2 percent slopes

24A Carlisle mucky peat, 0 to 2 percent slopes

26A Raynham silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

50B Brayton loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes

51B Brayton loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes, very stony

52A Mansfield mucky silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, very stony

100B Wilmington fine sandy loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, very stony

403B Cabot-carlisle association, undulating, very stony

413D Peru-berkshire-cabot association, hilly, very stony

903C Mundal-wilmington association, rolling, very stony

923B Wilmington-mundal association, undulating, very stony

Map units that are made up of hydric soils may have small areas, or inclusions, of

nonhydric soils in the higher positions on the landform, and map units made up of

nonhydric soils may have inclusions of hydric soils in the lower positions on the

landform.

The following map units, in general, do not meet the definition of hydric soils

because they do not have one of the hydric soil indicators. A portion of these map

units, however, may include hydric soils. Onsite investigation is recommended to

determine whether hydric soils occur and the location of the included hydric soils.

25B Belgrade silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes

29A Occum fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

34A Pootatuck fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

44B Dutchess channery loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

44C Dutchess channery loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes

44D Dutchess channery loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes

47C Dutchess channery loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony

47D Dutchess channery loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony

47E Dutchess channery loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes, very stony

48B Pittstown loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

48C Pittstown loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes

48D Pittstown loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes

49C Pittstown loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony

49D Pittstown loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony

68A Massena silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

68B Massena silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

69A Massena silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, very stony

69B Massena silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony

72A Fredon fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

102B Mundal fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

102C Mundal fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes

108B Peru fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony

108C Peru fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony

108D Peru fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony

113B Cabot silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony
236 Soil Survey

114B Mundal fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony

114C Mundal fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony

114D Mundal fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony

115B Peru fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

115C Peru fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes

115D Peru fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes

405D Berkshire-Tunbridge association, hilly, very stony

703C Mundal-Houghtonville association, rolling, very stony

705D Rawsonville-Houghtonville-Mundal association, hilly, rocky

715D Houghtonville-Rawsonville association, hilly, rocky

905D Houghtonville-Monadnock association, hilly, very stony

Water Management

Table 13 gives information on the soil properties and site features that affect water

management. The degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond reservoir

areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and aquifer-fed excavated ponds. The

limitations are considered slight if soil properties and site features are generally

favorable for the indicated use and limitations are minor and are easily overcome;

moderate if soil properties or site features are not favorable for the indicated use and

special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the

limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features are so unfavorable or so

difficult to overcome that special design, significant increase in construction costs,

and possibly increased maintenance are required.

This table also gives for each soil the restrictive features that affect drainage,

irrigation, terraces and diversions, and grassed waterways.

Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or embankment. Soils best suited to

this use have low seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The seepage potential is

determined by the permeability of the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other

permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the storage capacity of the reservoir

area.

Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised structures of soil material, generally

less than 20 feet high, constructed to impound water or to protect land against

overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of material for embankment fill.

The ratings apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a depth of about 5

feet. It is assumed that soil layers will be uniformly mixed and compacted during

construction.

The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural soil to support an embankment.

Soil properties to a depth even greater than the height of the embankment can affect

performance and safety of the embankment. Generally, deeper onsite investigation is

needed to determine these properties.

Soil material in embankments must be resistant to seepage, piping, and erosion

and have favorable compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features include less than

5 feet of suitable material and a high content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or

salts or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of usable material. It also

affects trafficability.

Aquifer-fed excavated ponds are pits or dugouts that extend to a ground-water

aquifer or to a depth below a permanent water table. Excluded are ponds that are fed

only by surface runoff and embankment ponds that impound water 3 feet or more

above the original surface. Excavated ponds are affected by depth to a permanent

water table, permeability of the aquifer, and quality of the water as inferred from the

salinity of the soil. Depth to bedrock and the content of large stones affect the ease of

excavation.

Drainage is the removal of excess surface and subsurface water from the soil. How

easily and effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to bedrock, to a
Bennington County, Vermont 237

cemented pan, or to other layers that affect the rate of water movement; permeability;

depth to a high water table or depth of standing water if the soil is subject to ponding;

slope; susceptibility to flooding; subsidence of organic layers; and the potential for

frost action. Excavating and grading and the stability of ditchbanks are affected by

depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope, and the hazard of

cutbanks caving. The productivity of the soil after drainage is adversely affected by

extreme acidity or by toxic substances in the root zone, such as salts, sodium, and

sulfur. Availability of drainage outlets is not considered in the ratings.

Irrigation is the controlled application of water to supplement rainfall and support

plant growth. The design and management of an irrigation system are affected by

depth to the water table, the need for drainage, flooding, available water capacity,

intake rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The construction of a system is

affected by large stones and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan. The

performance of a system is affected by the depth of the root zone, the amount of salts

or sodium, and soil reaction.

Terraces and diversions are embankments or a combination of channels and

ridges constructed across a slope to control erosion and conserve moisture by

intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large stones, and depth to bedrock or to a

cemented pan affect the construction of terraces and diversions. A restricted rooting

depth, a severe hazard of wind erosion or water erosion, an excessively coarse

texture, and restricted permeability adversely affect maintenance.

Grassed waterways are natural or constructed channels, generally broad and

shallow, that conduct surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large stones,

wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan affect the construction of

grassed waterways. A hazard of wind erosion, low available water capacity, restricted

rooting depth, toxic substances such as salts and sodium, and restricted permeability

adversely affect the growth and maintenance of the grass after construction.

239

Data relating to soil properties are collected during the course of the soil survey.

The data and the estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables, are explained

on the following pages.

Soil properties are determined by field examination of the soils and by laboratory

index testing of some benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are

followed. During the survey, many shallow borings are made and examined to identify

and classify the soils and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples are taken from

some typical profiles and tested in the laboratory to determine grain-size distribution,

plasticity, and compaction characteristics.

Estimates of soil properties are based on field examinations, on laboratory tests of

samples from the survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of similar soils in

nearby areas. Tests verify field observations, verify properties that cannot be

estimated accurately by field observation, and help to characterize key soils.

The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables include the range of grain-size

distribution and Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the physical and

chemical properties of the major layers of each soil. Pertinent soil and water features

also are given.

Engineering Index Properties

Table 14 gives estimates of the engineering classification and of the range of index

properties for the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most soils have layers

of contrasting properties within the upper 5 or 6 feet.

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each layer is indicated. The range in

depth and information on other properties of each layer are given for each soil series

under the heading “Soil Series and Their Morphology.”

Texture is given in the standard terms used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

These terms are defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the

fraction of the soil that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is

soil that is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less than 52 percent sand. If

the content of particles coarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, an

appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.” Textural terms are defined in the

Glossary.

Classification of the soils is determined according to the Unified soil classification

system (ASTM 1998) and the system adopted by the American Association of State

Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO 1998).

The Unified system classifies soils according to properties that affect their use as

construction material. Soils are classified according to grain-size distribution of the

fraction less than 3 inches in diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit,

and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils are identified as GW, GP, GM,

GC, SW, SP, SM, and SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and OH; and

highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting engineering properties of two groups can

have a dual classification, for example, CL-ML.

The AASHTO system classifies soils according to those properties that affect

roadway construction and maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral soil

Soil Properties
240 Soil Survey

that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified in one of seven groups from A-1

through A-7 on the basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index.

Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the

other extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly organic soils are classified

in group A-8 on the basis of visual inspection.

If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and A-7 groups are further classified

as A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4, A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an additional

refinement, the suitability of a soil as subgrade material can be indicated by a group

index number. Group index numbers range from 0 for the best subgrade material to

20 or higher for the poorest.

Rock fragments larger than 10 inches in diameter and 3 to 10 inches in diameter

are indicated as a percentage of the total soil on a dry-weight basis. The percentages

are estimates determined mainly by converting volume percentage in the field to

weight percentage.

Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated sieves is the percentage of the

soil fraction less than 3 inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The sieves,

numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00,

0.420, and 0.074 millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on laboratory tests of

soils sampled in the survey area and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the

field.

Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) indicate the plasticity

characteristics of a soil. The estimates are based on test data from the survey area or

from nearby areas and on field examination.

The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index are

generally rounded to the nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and

Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 percentage points) across

classification boundaries, the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the

table.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Table 15 shows estimates of some physical and chemical characteristics and

features that affect soil behavior. These estimates are given for the layers of each soil

in the survey area. The estimates are based on field observations and on test data for

these and similar soils.

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each layer is indicated.

Particle size is the effective diameter of a soil particle as measured by

sedimentation, sieving, or micrometric methods. Particle sizes are expressed as

classes with specific effective diameter class limits. The broad classes are sand, silt,

and clay, ranging from the larger to the smaller.

Sand as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are 0.05 millimeter to

2 millimeters in diameter. In table 15, the estimated sand content of each soil layer is

given as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in

diameter.

Silt as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are 0.002 to 0.05

millimeter in diameter. In table 15, the estimated silt content of each soil layer is given

as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in

diameter.

Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are less than 0.002

millimeter in diameter. In table 15, the estimated clay content of each soil layer is

given as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in

diameter.

The content of sand, silt, and clay affects the physical behavior of a soil. Particle

size is important for engineering and agronomic interpretations, for determination of

soil hydrologic qualities, and for soil classification.
Bennington County, Vermont 241

The amount and kind of clay affect the fertility and physical condition of the soil and

the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and to retain moisture. They influence shrinkswell potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil dispersion, and other soil

properties. The amount and kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving

operations.

Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per unit volume. Volume is

measured when the soil is at field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at 1/

3- or 1/10-bar (33kPa or 10kPa) moisture tension. Weight is determined after the soil is

dried at 105 degrees C. In the table, the estimated moist bulk density of each soil

horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of soil material that is less than 2

millimeters in diameter. Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell potential,

available water capacity, total pore space, and other soil properties. The moist bulk

density of a soil indicates the pore space available for water and roots. Depending on

soil texture, a bulk density of more than 1.4 can restrict water storage and root

penetration. Moist bulk density is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic

matter, and soil structure.

Permeability (Ksat ) refers to the ability of a soil to transmit water or air. The term

“permeability,” as used in soil surveys, indicates saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat).

The estimates in the table indicate the rate of water movement, in inches per hour,

when the soil is saturated. They are based on soil characteristics observed in the

field, particularly structure, porosity, and texture. Permeability is considered in the

design of soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption fields.

Available water capacity refers to the quantity of water that the soil is capable of

storing for use by plants. The capacity for water storage is given in inches of water per

inch of soil for each soil layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil properties that

affect retention of water. The most important properties are the content of organic

matter, soil texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is an

important factor in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and in the design and

management of irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an estimate of the

quantity of water actually available to plants at any given time. The available water

capacity for each map unit is calculated to a depth of 60 inches, to bedrock, or to a

densic contact. A representative value of each layer is multiplied by thickness of the

layer to give a representative available water capacity value in inches per inch per

layer. The values for each layer are summed to give a value for the soil. A

representaive value of 0 to 3 is very low available water capacity, 3 to 6 is low, 6 to 9

is moderate, 9 to 12 is high, and greater than 12 is very high.

Linear extensibility refers to the change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture

content is decreased from a moist to a dry state. It is an expression of the volume

change between the water content of the clod at 1/3- or 1/10-bar tension (33kPa or

10kPa tension) and oven dryness. The volume change is reported in the table as

percent change for the whole soil. Volume change is influenced by the amount and

type of clay minerals in the soil.

Linear extensibility is used to determine the shrink-swell potential of soils. The

shrink-swell potential is low if the soil has a linear extensibility of less than 3 percent;

moderate if 3 to 6 percent; high if 6 to 9 percent; and very high if more than 9 percent.

If the linear extensibility is more than 3, shrinking and swelling can cause damage to

buildings, roads, and other structures and to plant roots. Special design commonly is

needed.

Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in the soil at various stages of

decomposition. In table 15, the estimated content of organic matter is expressed as a

percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

The content of organic matter in a soil can be maintained by returning crop residue

to the soil. Organic matter has a positive effect on available water capacity, water

infiltration, soil organism activity, and tilth. It is a source of nitrogen and other nutrients

for crops and soil organisms.
242 Soil Survey

Erosion factors are shown in table 15 as the K factor (Kw and Kf) and the T factor.

Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil to sheet and rill erosion by water.

Factor K is one of several factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)

and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to predict the average annual

rate of soil loss by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The estimates are

based primarily on percentage of silt, sand, and organic matter and on soil structure

and permeability. Values of K range from 0.02 to 0.69. Other factors being equal, the

higher the value, the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by water.

Erosion factor Kw indicates the erodibility of the whole soil. The estimates are

modified by the presence of rock fragments.

Erosion factor Kf indicates the erodibility of the fine-earth fraction, or the material

less than 2 millimeters in size.

Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum average annual rate of soil erosion

by wind or water that can occur without affecting crop productivity over a sustained

period. The rate is in tons per acre per year.

Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity. The pH of each soil horizon is

based on many field tests. For many soils, values have been verified by laboratory

analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops and other plants, in evaluating

soil amendments for fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of corrosion.

Soil Features

Table 16 gives estimates of various soil features. The estimates are used in land

use planning that involves engineering considerations.

A restrictive layer is a nearly continuous layer that has one or more physical,

chemical, or thermal properties that significantly impede the movement of water and

air through the soil or that restrict roots or otherwise provide an unfavorable root

environment. Examples are bedrock, cemented layers, dense layers, and frozen

layers. The table indicates the hardness and thickness of the restrictive layer, both of

which significantly affect the ease of excavation. Depth to top is the vertical distance

from the soil surface to the upper boundary of the restrictive layer.

Subsidence is the settlement of organic soils or of saturated mineral soils of very

low density. Subsidence generally results from either desiccation and shrinkage or

oxidation of organic material, or both, following drainage. Subsidence takes place

gradually, usually over a period of several years. The table shows the expected initial

subsidence, which usually is a result of drainage, and total subsidence, which results

from a combination of factors.

Potential for frost action is the likelihood of upward or lateral expansion of the soil

caused by the formation of segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the subsequent

collapse of the soil and loss of strength on thawing. Frost action occurs when

moisture moves into the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, texture, density,

permeability, content of organic matter, and depth to the water table are the most

important factors considered in evaluating the potential for frost action. It is assumed

that the soil is not insulated by vegetation or snow and is not artificially drained. Silty

and highly structured, clayey soils that have a high water table in winter are the most

susceptible to frost action. Well drained, very gravelly, or very sandy soils are the

least susceptible. Frost heave and low soil strength during thawing cause damage to

pavements and other rigid structures.

Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced electrochemical or chemical

action that corrodes or weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of corrosion of

uncoated steel is related to such factors as soil moisture, particle-size distribution,

acidity, and electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion of concrete is

based mainly on the sulfate and sodium content, texture, moisture content, and

acidity of the soil. Special site examination and design may be needed if the
Bennington County, Vermont 243

combination of factors results in a severe hazard of corrosion. The steel or concrete in

installations that intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more susceptible to

corrosion than the steel or concrete in installations that are entirely within one kind of

soil or within one soil layer.

For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed as low, moderate, or high, is

based on soil drainage class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field capacity, and

electrical conductivity of the saturation extract.

For concrete, the risk of corrosion also is expressed as low, moderate, or high. It is

based on soil texture, acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation extract.

Water Features

Table 17 gives estimates of various water features. The estimates are used in land

use planning that involves engineering considerations.

Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of runoff potential. Soils are

assigned to one of four groups according to the rate of water infiltration when the soils

are not protected by vegetation, are thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from

long-duration storms.

The four hydrologic soil groups are:

Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low runoff potential) when

thoroughly wet. These consist mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained

sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate of water transmission.

Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate when thoroughly wet. These

consist chiefly of moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or well drained

soils that have moderately fine texture to moderately coarse texture. These soils have

a moderate rate of water transmission.

Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when thoroughly wet. These consist

chiefly of soils having a layer that impedes the downward movement of water or soils

of moderately fine texture or fine texture. These soils have a slow rate of water

transmission.

Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate (high runoff potential) when

thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell potential,

soils that have a high water table, soils that have a claypan or clay layer at or near the

surface, and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious material. These soils have

a very slow rate of water transmission.

If a soil is assigned to a dual hydrologic group (A/D, B/D, or C/D), the first letter is

for drained areas and the second is for undrained areas.

The months in the table indicate the portion of the year in which the feature is most

likely to be a concern.

Water table refers to a saturated zone in the soil. Table 17 indicates, by month,

depth to the top (upper limit) and base (lower limit) of the saturated zone in most

years. Estimates of the upper and lower limits are based mainly on observations of

the water table at selected sites and on evidence of a saturated zone, namely grayish

colors or mottles (redoximorphic features) in the soil. A saturated zone that lasts for

less than a month is not considered a water table.

Ponding is standing water in a closed depression. Unless a drainage system is

installed, the water is removed only by percolation, transpiration, or evaporation. Table

17 indicates surface water depth and the duration and frequency of ponding. Duration

is expressed as very brief if less than 2 days, brief if 2 to 7 days, long if 7 to 30 days,

and very long if more than 30 days. Frequency is expressed as none, rare,

occasional, and frequent. None means that ponding is not probable; rare that it is

unlikely but possible under unusual weather conditions (the chance of ponding is

nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in any year); occasional that it occurs, on the average,

once or less in 2 years (the chance of ponding is 5 to 50 percent in any year); and
244

frequent that it occurs, on the average, more than once in 2 years (the chance of

ponding is more than 50 percent in any year).

Flooding is the temporary inundation of an area caused by overflowing streams, by

runoff from adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short periods after rainfall

or snowmelt is not considered flooding, and water standing in swamps and marshes

is considered ponding rather than flooding.

Duration and frequency are estimated. Duration is expressed as extremely brief if

0.1 hour to 4 hours, very brief if 4 hours to 2 days, brief if 2 to 7 days, long if 7 to 30

days, and very long if more than 30 days. Frequency is expressed as none, very rare,

rare, occasional, frequent, and very frequent. None means that flooding is not

probable; very rare that it is very unlikely but possible under extremely unusual

weather conditions (the chance of flooding is less than 1 percent in any year); rare

that it is unlikely but possible under unusual weather conditions (the chance of

flooding is 1 to 5 percent in any year); occasional that it occurs infrequently under

normal weather conditions (the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in any year);

frequent that it is likely to occur often under normal weather conditions (the chance of

flooding is more than 50 percent in any year but is less than 50 percent in all months

in any year); and very frequent that it is likely to occur very often under normal

weather conditions (the chance of flooding is more than 50 percent in all months of

any year).

The information is based on evidence in the soil profile, namely thin strata of

gravel, sand, silt, or clay deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic matter

content with increasing depth; and little or no horizon development.

Also considered are local information about the extent and levels of flooding and

the relation of each soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on the extent

of flooding based on soil data is less specific than that provided by detailed

engineering surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific flood frequency

levels.
245

The system of soil classification used by the National Cooperative Soil Survey has

six categories (USDA 1999). Beginning with the broadest, these categories are the

order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and series. Classification is based on

soil properties observed in the field or inferred from those observations or from

laboratory measurements. Table 18 shows the classification of the soils in the survey

area. The categories are defined in the following paragraphs.

ORDER. Eleven soil orders are recognized. The differences among orders reflect

the dominant soil-forming processes and the degree of soil formation. Each order is

identified by a word ending in sol. An example is Spodosol.

SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders primarily on the basis of

properties that influence soil genesis and are important to plant growth or properties

that reflect the most important variables within the orders. The last syllable in the

name of a suborder indicates the order. An example is Orthod (Orth, meaning true,

plus od, from Spodosol).

GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great groups on the basis of close

similarities in kind, arrangement, and degree of development of pedogenic horizons;

soil moisture and temperature regimes; type of saturation; and base status. Each

great group is identified by the name of a suborder and by a prefix that indicates a

property of the soil. An example is Haplorthod (Hapl, meaning minimal horizonation,

plus orthod, the suborder of the Spodisols that has a udic moisture regime).

SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic subgroup. Other subgroups are

intergrades or extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central concept of the great

group; it is not necessarily the most extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other

orders, suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some properties that are not

representative of the great group but do not indicate transitions to any other

taxonomic class. Each subgroup is identified by one or more adjectives preceding the

name of the great group. The adjective Typic identifies the subgroup that typifies the

great group. An example is Typic Haplorthods.

FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup on the basis of physical and

chemical properties and other characteristics that affect management. Generally, the

properties are those of horizons below plow depth where there is much biological

activity. Among the properties and characteristics considered are particle size,

mineral content, soil temperature regime, soil depth, and reaction. A family name

consists of the name of a subgroup preceded by terms that indicate soil properties.

An example is coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Haplorthods.

SERIES. The series consists of soils within a family that have horizons similar in

color, texture, structure, reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical composition,

and arrangement in the profile.

Soil Series and Their Morphology

In this section, each soil series recognized in the survey area is described.

Characteristics of the soil and the material in which it formed are identified for each

series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area of soil, that is typical of the series in

the survey area is described. The detailed description of each soil horizon follows

Classification of the Soils
246 Soil Survey

standards in the “Soil Survey Manual” (USDA 1993). Many of the technical terms

used in the descriptions are defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (USDA 1999) and in “Keys to

Soil Taxonomy” (USDA 1998). Unless otherwise indicated, colors in the descriptions

are for moist soil. Following the pedon description is the range of important

characteristics of the soils in the series.

The map units of each soil series are described in the section “Detailed Soil Map

Units.”

Adrian Series

The Adrian series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils. The soils

formed in organic deposits underlain by sandy glaciofluvial deposits in marshes and

swamps. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.

Adrian soils, in most places, are near Cabot, Carlisle, Limerick, and Saco soils.

Adrian soils have organic materials to a depth of 16 to 50 inches that are not in

Cabot, Limerick, and Saco soils. Adrian soils have mineral soil materials within a

depth of 16 to 50 inches that are not in Carlisle soils. Adrian soils are mapped only in

an undifferentiated unit with Saco soils in the survey area.

Typical pedon of Adrian muck, in an area of Adrian and Saco soils, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, in a swamp, approximately 187 feet northeast of the junction of Main St. and

Landgrove Road and 553 feet north of the junction of Vermont Route 11 and Winhall

Hollow Road, in the town of Peru, lat. 43 degrees 13 minutes and 49.7 seconds N.

and long. 72 degrees, 53 minutes, 54.6 seconds W., NAD 184:

Oi—0 to 2 inches; Sphagnum moss, leaves, needles and twigs.

Oa1—2 to 8 inches; black (10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material);

about 25 percent fibers, 14 percent rubbed; massive; very friable; many very fine

and common fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Oa2—8 to 20 inches; black (7.5YR 2.5/1) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric

material); about 30 percent fiber, 15 percent rubbed; massive; very friable;

common fine and few medium roots; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Oa3—20 to 35 inches; very dark gray (5YR 3/1) broken face, dark brown (7.5YR 3/2)

rubbed muck (sapric material); about 35 percent fiber, 15 percent rubbed;

massive; very friable; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

C—35 to 65 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) loamy sand; massive; friable; 10 percent rock

fragments; neutral.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The O horizons are 16 to 51 inches

thick. Reaction is extremely acid to neutral in the O horizons and moderately acid to

moderately alkaline in the C horizon.

The surface tier is neutral or has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2, and chroma of

0 to 3. The material is dominantly muck, but layers of mucky peat are present in some

pedons.

The subsurface and bottom tiers are neutral or have hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of

2 to 3, and chroma of 0 to 2. The material is mostly muck, but thin layers of mucky

peat, and peat are present in some pedons.

The C horizon is neutral or has hue of 5YR to 5Y, value of 2 to 6, and chroma of 0

to 3. Texture is loamy sand, sand, or their gravelly analogs. Rock fragments range

from 0 to 25 percent.

Amenia Series

The Amenia series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils. They

formed in calcareous, loamy till on knolls, hills, and ridges. Slopes range from 0 to 15

percent.
Bennington County, Vermont 247

Amenia soils, in most places, are near Farmington, Galway, Georgia, Massena and

Nellis soils. Amenia soils are deeper to bedrock than shallow Farmington soils and

moderately deep Galway soils. Amenia soils have carbonates within a depth of 40

inches that are not in Georgia soils. Amenia soils do not have redoximorphic features

in the upper part of the subsoil that are in Massena soils. Amenia soils have

redoximorphic features in the subsoil that are not in Nellis soils.

Typical pedon of Amenia silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony, in woodland,

approximately 1,255 feet south-southeast of the junction of Bart Hill and Buck Hill

roads and 1,665 feet east of Warm Brook, in the town of Shaftsbury, lat. 43 degrees

00 minutes 33.6 seconds N. and long. 73 degrees 09 minutes 48.1 seconds W., NAD

1984:

Oi1—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed leaves and twigs.

Oe—1 to 2 inches; moderately decomposed leaves and twigs.

A—2 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam; weak fine granular structure;

friable; many fine and medium roots; 10 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bw1—7 to 16 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt loam; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; 10 percent rock

fragments; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw2—16 to 25 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine distinct olive gray (5Y 4/2) and dark

grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) iron depletions and common fine faint olive (5Y 4/3)

masses of iron accumulation; 10 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt wavy

boundary.

C—25 to 67 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) gravelly fine sandy loam; massive;

firm; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and common

medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation and common

medium faint olive gray (5Y 4/2) iron depletions; 25 percent rock fragments;

strong effervescence; slightly alkaline.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges

from 18 to 36 inches and depth to carbonates ranges from 10 to 34 inches. Rock

fragments range from 5 to 34 percent. Reaction is moderately acid to slightly alkaline

in the A and B horizons and slightly alkaline to moderately alkaline in the C horizon.

The O horizon, where present, is extremely acid to strongly acid.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is

silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or their gravelly analogs.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 6,

with chroma of 2 at depths greater than 20 inches. Texture is silt loam, loam, fine

sandy loam, or their gravelly analogs.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3.

Texture is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or their gravelly analogs.

Belgrade Series

The Belgrade series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils. They

formed in silty deposits on terraces and knolls. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.

Belgrade soils, in most places, are near Copake, Hartland, Raynham, and Windsor

soils. Belgrade soils have less sand in the substratum than Copake and Windsor

soils. Belgrade soils have redoximorphic features in the subsoil that are not in

Hartland soils. Belgrade soils do not have redoximorphic features in the upper part of

the subsoil that are in Raynham soils.

Typical pedon of Belgrade silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, in hayland,

approximately 192 feet east of US Route 7 and 3,335 feet north of Fuller Road, in the
248 Soil Survey

town of Bennington, lat. 42 degrees 51 minute 34.1 seconds N. and long. 73 degrees

11 minutes 58.8 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; moderate fine granular

structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; neutral; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bw1—9 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt loam; weak medium and

coarse platy structure; friable; few fine roots; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw2—15 to 21 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) silt loam; massive; friable; few fine roots;

many fine distinct dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) iron depletions in the lower part;

neutral; abrupt wavy boundary.

C—21 to 65 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silt loam; massive; friable; many fine

distinct dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) iron depletions and many medium

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; neutral.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges

from 20 to 40 inches. Rock fragments range from 0 to 5 percent. Reaction is very

strongly acid to neutral in the A and B horizons and slightly acid to slightly alkaline in

the C horizon.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is silt

loam or very fine sandy loam.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6 in the

upper part and 2 to 6 in the lower part. Texture is silt loam or very fine sandy loam.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 1 to 4.

Texture is silt loam or very fine sandy loam. Some pedons have thin strata of silt,

loamy fine sand, or fine sand. Below a depth of 40 inches, some pedons have thin

strata of sand or gravel.

Berkshire Series

The Berkshire series consists of very deep, well drained soils. They formed in

loamy till on knolls, hills, ridges, and mountains. Slopes range from 3 to 70 percent.

Berkshire soils, in most places, are near Cabot, Colton, Lyman, Monadnock, Peru,

and Tunbridge soils. Berkshire soils do not have redoximorphic features in the subsoil

that are in Cabot soils. Berkshire soils do not have redoximorphic features in the

dense substratum that is in Peru soils. Berkshire soils are deeper to bedrock than

shallow Lyman soils and moderately deep Tunbridge soils. Berkshire soils have less

sand in the substratum than Colton and Monadnock soils. Berkshire soils are mapped

as consociations, in complexes with Tunbridge soils, and in associations with Cabot,

Peru, and Tunbridge soils in the survey area.

Typical pedon of Berkshire fine sandy loam, 25 to 50 percent slopes, very stony, in

woodland, approximately 1,330 feet east of Vermont Route 8 and 8,870 feet north of

the power line, in the town of Stamford lat. 42 degrees 47 minutes 42.7 seconds N.

and long. 73 degrees 01 minutes 24.7 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed leaves, needles and twigs.

A—1 to 4 inches; black (10YR 2/1) fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; many very fine roots; 10 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

E—4 to 6 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; very friable; many fine and common medium roots;

15 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bs1—6 to 12 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and common medium roots; 20

percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bs2—12 to 17 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) gravelly fine sandy loam;
Bennington County, Vermont 249

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and few coarse

roots; 25 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

BC—17 to 31 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 30 percent

rock fragments; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

C—31 to 66 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) gravelly fine sandy loam; massive;

friable; 30 percent rock fragments strongly acid.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges

from 16 to 36 inches. Rock fragments range from 10 to 34 percent. Reaction is

extremely acid to strongly acid in the O horizon and extremely acid to moderately acid

below.

The A horizon is neutral or has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of

0 to 3. Texture is loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or their gravelly analogs.

The E horizon is neutral or has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of

0 to 2. Texture is loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or their gravelly analogs.

The Bs horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 3 to 6.

The Bhs or Bh horizons, where present, are less than 4 inches thick with hue of

5YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 to 3. The combined thickness of the

Bh, Bhs and Bs horizons is 16 inches or less.

The BC horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

Texture of the Bh, Bhs, Bs, and BC horizons is loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam

or their gravelly analogs.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture

is loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or their gravelly analogs.

Brayton Series

The Brayton series consists of poorly drained soils. They are shallow or moderately

deep to dense basal till and very deep to bedrock. They formed in dense, loamy till in

depressions and drainageways and on toe slopes and foot slopes of hills and ridges.

Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent.

Brayton soils, in most places, are near Dutchess, Macomber, Mansfield, Pittstown,

and Taconic soils. Brayton soils have redoximorphic features in the upper part of the

subsoil that are not in Dutchess and Pittstown soils. Brayton soils are deeper to

bedrock than moderately deep Macomber soils and shallow Taconic soils. Brayton

soils have less organic matter in the surface layer than Mansfield soils.

Typical pedon of Brayton loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes, very stony, in woodland,

approximately 1,015 feet west of West Road and 6,125 feet north of West Sandgate

Road, in the town of Sandgate lat. 43 degrees 10 minutes 37.7 seconds N. and long.

73 degrees 01 minutes 24.7 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Oe—0 to 2 inches; moderately decomposed leaves and twigs.

A—2 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; 5 percent rock fragments;

moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw—8 to 10 inches; olive (5Y 4/3) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine and medium roots; 5 percent rock fragments; moderately

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bg—10 to 17 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; common medium prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4)

and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; 10 percent rock

fragments; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Cdg—17 to 67 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) silt loam; massive; very firm; common fine

and medium prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4), strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), and
250 Soil Survey

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation and common fine and

medium distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) iron depletions; 10 percent

rock fragments; moderately acid.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum and

depth to dense basal till range from 10 to 25 inches. Rock fragments range from 5 to

20 percent in the A and B horizons and 10 to 25 percent in the C horizon. Reaction is

extremely acid to strongly acid in the O horizon, extremely acid to moderately acid in

the A horizon, strongly acid to slightly acid in the B horizon, and moderately acid to

neutral in the C horizon..

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 to 4.

Texture is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam or their channery analogs.

The B horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 1 to 4, with at

least one subhorizon having a chroma of 2 or less. Texture is silt loam, loam, fine

sandy loam or their channery analogs.

The Cd horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 1 to 4.

Texture is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam or their channery analogs.

Cabot Series

The Cabot series consists of poorly drained soils. They are shallow or moderately

deep to dense basal till and very deep to bedrock. They formed in dense, loamy till in

depressions and drainageways and on toe slopes and foot slopes of hills, ridges, and

mountains. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent.

Cabot soils, in most places, are near Adrian, Berkshire, Carlisle, and Peru soils.

Cabot soils do not have organic materials to a depth of 16 inches or more that are in

Adrian and Carlisle soils. Cabot soils have redoximorphic features in the subsoil that

are not in Berkshire and Peru soils. Cabot soils are mapped as consociations and in

associations with Berkshire, Carlisle, and Peru soils in the survey area.

Typical pedon of Cabot silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony, in woodland,

approximately 4,480 feet east of the junction of Vermont Routes 11 and 30, 655 feet

south of Vermont Route 11, in the town of Winhall lat. 43 degrees 12 minutes 19.3

seconds N. and long. 72 degrees 56 minutes 36.8 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed leaves, needles and twigs.

A—1 to 9 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; friable;

common fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bg—9 to 15 inches; olive gray (5Y 5/2) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; common medium prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4)

and common medium distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) masses of iron

accumulation; 5 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Cdg1—15 to 26 inches; greenish gray (5GY 5/1) fine sandy loam; massive; firm;

common medium prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4) and dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3)

masses of iron accumulation; 10 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Cdg2—26 to 37 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) fine sandy loam; massive; firm; common

medium and coarse prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation;

10 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Cdg3—37 to 66 inches; dark olive gray (5Y 3/2) fine sandy loam; massive; firm;

common medium and coarse prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4), reddish brown

(2.5YR 4/4) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation;

10 percent rock fragments; moderately acid.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness solum and depth to

dense basal till range from 12 to 24 inches. Rock fragments range from 5 to 34
Bennington County, Vermont 251

percent. Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid in the O horizon, strongly acid to

neutral in the A and B horizons, and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the C

horizon.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2.

Texture is silt loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, or 5GY, value of 2 to 5, and chroma of 1 or

2. Texture is silt loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The Cdg horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 5Y or 5GY,, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 to 4.

Texture is silt loam, fine sandy loam, loam or their gravelly analogs.

Carlisle Series

The Carlisle series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils. They formed in

organic deposits in marshes and swamps. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.

Carlisle soils, in most places, are near Adrian, Cabot, Peru and Saco soils. Carlisle

soils have organic materials to a depth of more than 51 inches that are not in Adrian,

Cabot, Peru and Saco soils. Carlisle soils are mapped as consociations and in

associations with Cabot soils in the survey area.

Typical pedon of Carlisle mucky peat, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in woodland,

approximately 660 feet east of Landgrove Road and 5,910 feet north of Vermont

Route 11, in the town of Peru lat. 43 degrees 15 minutes 03.7 seconds N. and long.

72 degrees 53 minutes 14.6 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Oi—0 to 1 inch; Sphagnum moss, leaves, needles and twigs.

Oe—1 to 4 inches; black (5YR 2.5/1) broken face and rubbed mucky peat (hemic

material); about 60 percent fibers, 36 percent rubbed, 5 percent mineral; weak

coarse granular structure; very friable; many very fine and fine roots; strongly

acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Oa1—4 to 10 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 2.5/2) broken face, black (5YR 2.5/1)

rubbed muck (sapric material); about 35 percent fibers, 15 percent rubbed;

massive; very friable; many very fine and fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Oa2—10 to 31 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 2.5/2) broken face, black (5YR 2.5/1)

rubbed muck (sapric material); about 35 percent fiber, 15 percent rubbed;

massive; very friable; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Oa3—31 to 43 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) broken face, black (5YR 2.5/1)

rubbed muck (sapric material); about 24 percent fiber, 16 percent rubbed;

massive; very friable; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Oa4—43 to 54 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 2.5/2) broken face, black (5YR 2.5/1)

rubbed muck (sapric material); about 30 percent fiber, 10 percent rubbed;

massive; very friable; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Oa5—54 to 65 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 2.5/2) broken face and rubbed muck

(sapric material); about 32 percent fiber, 16 percent rubbed; massive; very friable;

strongly acid.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The organic material is more than 51

inches thick and composed of mixed woody and herbaceous fibers, with woody

fragments. Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid in the surface O horizon and

very strongly acid to neutral below.

The surface tier is neutral or has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2 or 2.5, and

chroma of 0 to 2. The horizon is mucky peat or muck, with a thin fibric surface layer

up to 2 inches thick.

The subsurface and bottom tiers have hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2 to 3, and

chroma of 1 to 4. They are dominantly muck.
252 Soil Survey

Colton Series

The Colton series consists of very deep, excessively drained soils. They formed in

sandy glaciofluvial deposits on knolls and stream terraces. Slopes range from 3 to 50

percent.

Colton soils, in most places, are near Berkshire and Monadnock soils. Colton soils

have more sand and rock fragments in the solum than Berkshire and Monadnock

soils.

Typical pedon of Colton gravelly loamy sand, 3 to 8 percent slopes, extremely

stony, in woodland, approximately 4,065 feet east of Bart Hill Road and 5,280 feet

north of Glastenbury Road, in the town of Shaftsbury lat. 43 degrees 01 minutes 03.5

seconds N. and long. 73 degrees 08 minutes 43.5 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed leaves and twigs.

Oe—1 to 2 inches; moderately decomposed leaves and twigs.

A—2 to 3 inch; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) gravelly loamy sand; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; 25 percent rock fragments;

very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

E—3 to 8 inches; gray (7.5YR 6/1) very gravelly loamy sand; single grain; loose; many

fine and medium roots; 40 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

Bs1—8 to 12 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) very gravelly loamy sand; single

grain; loose; many fine and medium roots; 45 percent rock fragments; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bs2—12 to 21 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) very gravelly loamy sand; single grain;

loose; few fine roots; 45 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

BC—21 to 28 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) very gravelly loamy sand;

single grain; loose; few fine roots; 50 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

C—28 to 67 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) very gravelly coarse sand; single grain;

loose; 55 percent rock fragments; strongly acid.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges

from 18 to 40 inches. Rock fragments are mainly gravel and cobbles and range from

15 to 55 percent in the A, E, B and BC horizons; 35 to 70 percent in the C horizon;

and are more than 35 percent in the particle size control section. Reaction is

extremely acid to strongly acid in the O horizon, extremely acid to moderately acid in

the A and E horizons, very strongly acid to moderately acid in the B and BC horizons,

and very strongly acid to moderately acid in the C horizon.

The A horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 1 to 3.

The E horizon is neutral or has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of

1 or 2. Texture of the A and E horizons is gravelly or very gravelly fine sandy loam,

loamy sand, or loamy coarse sand.

The Bh horizon, where present, has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and

chroma of 1 to 4.

The Bs horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8.

The BC horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6.

Texture of the Bh, Bs and BC horizons is gravelly or very gravelly loamy sand,

sand, or coarse sand.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture

is very gravelly or extremely gravelly sand or coarse sand, with thin strata of sand or

fine sand present in some pedons.
Bennington County, Vermont 253

Copake Series

The Copake series consists of very deep, well drained soils. They formed in loamy

over sandy glaciofuvial deposits on stream terraces and knolls and ridges. Slopes

range from 0 to 60 percent.

Copake soils, in most places, are near Belgrade, Fredon, Groton, Hero, Occum,

Pootatuck, Raynham, and Windsor soils. Copake soils do not have redoximorphic

features in the subsoil that are in Belgrade, Fredon, Hero, Pootatuck, and Raynham

soils. Copake soils have more rock fragments in the substratum than Windsor soils.

Copake soils have a thicker loamy cap than Groton soils. Copake soils have a regular

decrease in organic matter, which does not occur in Occum soils.

Typical pedon of Copake gravelly fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, in

hayland, approximately 790 feet west of Wuerslin Road and 1,530 feet north of

Sandgate Road, in the town of Sandgate, lat. 43 degrees 10 minutes 17.4 seconds N.

and long. 73 degrees 10 minutes 19.8 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Ap—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak

fine granular structure; very friable; common fine roots; 15 percent rock

fragments; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw1—6 to 8 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak fine

granular structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; 20 percent rock

fragments; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw2—8 to 15 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 20 percent

rock fragments; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw3—15 to 22 inches; olive (5Y 4/4) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak fine subangular

blocky structure; friable; common medium roots; 20 percent rock fragments;

neutral; abrupt wavy boundary.

2C—22 to 65 inches; olive (5Y 4/4) very gravelly coarse sand; single grain; loose; 50

percent rock fragments; neutral.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges

from 20 to 40 inches. Rock fragments range from 5 to 34 percent in the A and B

horizons, and 10 to 70 percent in the 2C horizon. Reaction is very strongly acid to

neutral in the A horizon, strongly acid to neutral in the B horizon, and slightly acid to

moderately alkaline in the 2C horizon.

The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 or 3.

Texture is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8.

Texture is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 6.

Texture is loamy fine sand, sand, coarse sand or their gravelly or very gravelly

analogs.

Dutchess Series

The Dutchess series consists of very deep, well drained soils. They formed in

loamy till on hills, knolls, mountains, and ridges. Slopes range from 3 to 60 percent.

Dutchess soils, in most places, are near Brayton, Hubbardton, Macomber,

Pittstown, and Taconic soils. Dutchess soils do not have redoximorphic features in the

subsoil that are in Brayton and Pittstown soils. Dutchess soils are deeper to bedrock

than moderately deep Macomber, shallow Taconic, and very shallow Hubbardton

soils.

Typical pedon of Dutchess channery loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony, in

woodland, approximately 6,970 feet east of US Route 7 and 4,165 feet south of Ladd
254 Soil Survey

Brook Road, in the town of Pownal, lat. 42 degrees 45 minutes 50.5 seconds N. and

long. 73 degrees 12 minute 23.0 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Oi—0 to 2 inches; slightly decomposed leaves, needles and twigs.

A—2 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) channery loam; weak fine granular structure;

friable; many fine and medium roots; 25 percent rock fragments; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bw1—7 to 12 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) channery loam; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 30 percent

rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—12 to 16 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) channery loam; weak fine subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; 30 percent rock fragments;

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bw3—16 to 28 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) channery loam; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; friable; few medium roots; 25 percent rock

fragments; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C1—28 to 44 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) channery loam; weak coarse

platy structure; firm; few fine roots; 25 percent rock fragments; moderately acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

C2—44 to 72 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) channery loam; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; 25 percent rock

fragments; moderately acid.

Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges

from 20 to 40 inches. Rock fragments range from 5 to 34 percent in the A and B

horizons and 15 to 35 percent in the C horizon. Reaction is extremely acid to strongly

acid in the O horizon, very strongly acid to moderately acid in the A and B horizons,

and strongly acid to slightly acid in the C horizon.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 2 or 3.

Texture is silt loam, loam or their channery analogs.

The upper part of the Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and

chroma of 3 to 6. The lower part of the Bw horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is silt loam, loam or their channery analogs.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. This

horizon is channery or very channery silt loam, loam or fine sandy loam.

Farmington Series

The Farmington series consists of shallow, somewhat excessively drained soils.

They formed in thin, loamy till over bedrock on knolls, hills, and ridges. Slopes range

from 3 to 50 percent.

Farmington soils, in most places, are near Amenia, Galway, Georgia, Nellis,

Pittsfield and Stockbridge soils. The Farmington soils are shallower to bedrock than

moderately deep Galway soils and very deep Amenia, Georgia, Nellis, Pittsfield and

Stockbridge soils. Farmington soils are mapped only in complexes with Galway and

Nellis soils in the survey area.

Typical pedon of Farmington silt loam, in an area of Galway-Farmington complex,

25 to 50 percent slopes, very rocky, in woodland, approximately 2,390 feet north of

Trumbull Hill Road and 2,805 feet east of Hollow Road, in the town of Shaftsbury, lat.

42 degrees 59 minutes 26.6 seconds N. and long. 73 degrees 10 minutes 14.2

seconds W., NAD 1984:

Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed leaves and twigs.

Oe—1 to 3 inches; moderately decomposed leaves and twigs.
Bennington County, Vermont 255

A—3 to 5 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt loam; weak fine granular structure;

very friable; many fine and medium roots; 5 percent rock fragments; moderately

acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw1—5 to 12 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 10 percent rock fragments;

moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—12 to 21 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 15 percent rock fragments;

neutral; abrupt wavy boundary.

R—21 inches; limestone bedrock.

The depth to bedrock and thickness of the solum ranges from 10 to 20 inches.

Rock fragments range from 5 to 34 percent. Reaction is extremely acid to strongly

acid in the O horizon, strongly acid to neutral in the A horizon, and moderately acid to

slightly alkaline in the B horizon.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is silt

loam, loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6.

Texture is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The bedrock is limestone, marble or dolomite..

Fredon Series

The Fredon series consists of very deep somewhat poorly drained soils. They

formed in loamy over sandy glaciofluvial deposits in depressions and drainageways

on low stream terraces. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

Fredon soils, in most places, are near Copake, Groton, Hero, and Pootatuck soils.

Fredon soils have redoximorphic features in the entire subsoil that are not in Copake,

Groton, Hero and Pootatuck soils.

Typical pedon of Fredon fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in hayland,

approximately 835 feet west of Vermont Route 30, 5,195 feet north of Vermont Route

315, and 1,125 feet south of North Rupert Village, in the town of Ruppert, lat. 43

degrees 17 minutes 46.1 seconds N. and long. 73 degrees 08 minutes 45.2 seconds

W., NAD 1984:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy loam; weak medium

granular structure; very friable; common fine and very fine roots; 10 percent rock

fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw—9 to 11 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common fine and very fine roots; common fine and medium

distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation; 10 percent rock

fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Bg—11 to 23 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and very fine roots; common fine and medium

distinct brown (10YR 4/3) masses of iron accumulation; 10 percent rock

fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Cg1—23 to 33 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) gravelly loamy sand; single grain; loose; few

fine roots; many fine and medium prominent olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) masses of

iron accumulation; 30 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary.

Cg2—33 to 65 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) very gravelly coarse sand; single grain;

loose; many fine and medium prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) masses of iron

accumulation; 35 percent rock fragments; neutral.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges

from 22 to 40 inches. Rock fragments range from 2 to 34 percent in the A and B
256 Soil Survey

horizons and 10 to 59 percent in the C horizon. Reaction is moderately acid to neutral

in the A and B horizons and moderately acid to moderately alkaline in the C horizon.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 or 2.

Texture is silt loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The Bw and Bg horizons have hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1

to 4. Texture is silt loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly

analogs.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture

is loamy fine sand to coarse sand or their gravelly or very gravelly analogs.

Galway Series

The Galway series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils. They formed in

loamy till on knolls, hills, and ridges. Slopes range from 3 to 50 percent.

Galway soils, in most places, are near Amenia, Farmington, Georgia, Nellis,

Pittsfield and Stockbridge soils. Galway soils are shallower to bedrock than very deep

Amenia, Georgia, Nellis, Pittsfield, and Stockbridge soils and deeper to bedrock than

shallow Farmington soils. Galway soils are mapped only in complexes with

Farmington and Nellis soils in the survey area.

Typical pedon of Galway silt loam, in an area of Galway-Farmington complex, 25 to

50 percent slopes, very rocky, in woodland, approximately 3,590 feet north of

Trumbull Hill Road and 5,280 feet east of the railroad, in the town of Shaftsbury, lat.

42 degrees 59 minutes 37.9 seconds N. and long. 73 degrees 10 minutes 04.7

seconds W., NAD 1984:

Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly leaves and twigs.

Oe—1 to 2 inches; moderately decomposed leaves and twigs.

A—2 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; 5 percent rock fragments;

moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw1—4 to 11 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 5 percent rock

fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—11 to 21 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) silt loam; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; 5 percent rock

fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

BC—21 to 32 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) very gravelly silt loam; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; 35 percent rock fragments;

slight effervescence; neutral; abrupt irregular boundary.

R—32 inches; limestone bedrock.

The depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The thickness of the solum

ranges from 18 to 30 inches. Depth to carbonates is 14 to 40 inches. Rock fragments

range from 3 to 34 percent in the A and B horizons and 10 to 50 percent in the BC

and C horizons. Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid in the O horizon,

moderately acid to neutral in the A horizon, moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the

B horizon, and slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline in the BC and C horizons.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3.

Texture is silt loam, loam or their gravelly analogs.

The Bw horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6.

Texture is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The BC and C horizons, where present, have hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 6,

and chroma of 2 to 4. They are silt loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly or very

gravelly analogs.

The bedrock is limestone, marble or dolomite.
Bennington County, Vermont 257

Georgia Series

The Georgia series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils. They

formed in loamy till on knolls, hills, and ridges. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent.

Georgia soils, in most places, are near Farmington, Galway, Massena, Nellis,

Pittsfield, and Stockbridge soils. Georgia soils are deeper to bedrock than shallow

Farmington and moderately deep Galway soils. Georgia soils have redoximorphic

features in the subsoil that are not in Nellis, Pittsfield, and Stockbridge soils. Georgia

soils do not have redoximorphic features in the upper part of the subsoil that are in

Massena soils.

Typical pedon of Georgia loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, in cropland, approximately

1,225 feet north of Myers Road and 1,100 feet west of Vermont Route 7A, in the town

of Shaftsbury, lat. 42 degrees 58 minutes 15.2 seconds N. and long. 73 degrees 12

minutes 41.9 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Ap—0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam; light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium

roots; 5 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw1—10 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak fine subangular

blocky structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; 10 percent rock fragments;

neutral; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—18 to 26 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; common medium distinct dark

grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) iron depletions and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) masses

of iron accumulation; 10 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

BC—26 to 30 inches; olive (5Y 4/4) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; few fine roots; many medium distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron

depletions and many medium prominent dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) masses

of iron accumulation; 10 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

C—30 to 65 inches; olive (5Y 4/3) gravelly silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; firm; many medium faint dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) iron depletions;

15 percent rock fragments; slightly acid.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges

from 16 to 32 inches. Depth to carbonates is more than 40 inches. Rock fragments

range from 1 to 34 percent. Reaction is strongly acid to neutral. The O horizon, where

present, is extremely acid to strongly acid.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3.

Texture is silt loam, loam or their gravelly analogs.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6.

Texture is silt loam, loam or their gravelly analogs.

The BC horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4.

Texture is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture

is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

Glebe Series

The Glebe series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils. They formed in

loamy till on mountains, at the highest elevations in the county. Slopes range from 15

to 60 percent.

Glebe soils, in most places, are near Hogback, Houghtonville, Londonderry,

Rawsonville, and Stratton soils. Glebe soils have a cryic soil temperature regime and

Hogback, Houghtonville, and Rawsonville soils have a frigid soil temperature regime.

Glebe soils are deeper to bedrock than very shallow Londonderry and shallow
258 Soil Survey

Stratton soils. Glebe soils are mapped only in complexes with Londonderry and

Stratton soils and in associations with Stratton soils in the survey area.

Typical pedon of Glebe fine sandy loam, in an area of Glebe-Stratton association,

very hilly, very rocky, 100 feet east of the summit of Peru Peak, in the town of Peru,

lat. 43 degrees 17 minutes 40.3 seconds N. and long. 72 degrees 56 minutes 13.7

seconds W., NAD:

Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed moss, leaves, needles, and twigs.

Oe—1 to 3 inches; moderately decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs.

A—3 to 7 inches; black (5YR 2/1) fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; many very fine roots; 10 percent rock fragments; extremely acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

E—7 to 11 inches; dark gray (5YR 4/1) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; many fine and common medium roots; 15 percent rock

fragments; extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bh—11 to 19 inches; very dark gray (5YR 3/1) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine and medium roots; 15 percent

rock fragments; extremely acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bhs—19 to 23 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak

fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; 15 percent

rock fragments; extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bs—23 to 28 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak

fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common medium roots; 15 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

R—28 inches; schist bedrock.

The depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The thickness of the solum

ranges from 14 to 38 inches. Rock fragments range from 5 to 34 percent. Reaction is

extremely acid to strongly acid.

The A horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2.

Texture is silt loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The E horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 3.

Texture is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or their gravelly analogs.

The Bh horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, and typically has value of 2 or 3, and

chroma of 1 or 2.

The Bhs horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR and value and chroma of approximately

3 or less.

The Bs horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR and value and chroma of 4 or more.

The B horizons are silt loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or

their gravelly analogs.

Some pedons have a C horizon with hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 or 4, and

chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy fine sand, loamy

sand or their gravelly analogs.

Bedrock is phyllite, schist or gneiss.

Groton Series

The Groton series consists of very deep, excessively drained soils. They formed in

glaciofluvial deposits on stream terraces. Slopes range from 0 to 60 percent.

Groton soils, in most places, are near Copake, Fredon, Hero, Occum and Windsor

soils. Groton soils have carbonates within a depth of 40 inches that are not in

Copake, Occum, and Windsor soils. Groton soils do not have redoximorphic features

in the subsoil that are in Fredon and Hero soils.

Typical pedon of Groton gravelly fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in

hayland, approximately 450 feet west of US Route 7 and 1,100 feet south-southwest
Bennington County, Vermont 259

of the intersection of North Road 140 feet from the intersection with US Route 7, in

the town of Manchester lat. 43 degrees 11 minutes 32.4 seconds N. and long. 73

degrees 02 minutes 32.7 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak fine

granular structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; 30 percent rock

fragments; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw1—8 to 14 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; 30

percent rock fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—14 to 22 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) very gravelly sandy loam;

weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine and medium

roots; 35 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary.

C—22 to 65 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) very gravelly coarse sand; single grain;

loose; few very fine and fine roots in the upper part; 50 percent rock fragments;

strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges

from 12 to 36 inches. Rock fragments range from 20 to 50 percent in the A and B

horizons, from 25 to 70 percent in the C horizon, and are more than 35 percent in the

particle size control section. Reaction is moderately acid to neutral in the A horizon

and upper part of the B horizon, moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part

of the B horizon, and neutral to moderately alkaline in the C horizon. Carbonates are

within a depth of 40 inches.

The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 or 4, chroma of 2 or 3. Texture

is gravelly or very gravelly loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam.

The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 3 to 6.

Texture is gravelly or very gravelly fine sandy loam or sandy loam in the upper part,

and gravelly or very gravelly sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand in the lower

part.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture

is gravelly, very gravelly or extremely gravelly loamy fine sand, sand or coarse sand.

Hartland Series

The Hartland series consists of very deep, well drained soils. They formed in silty

glaciolacustrine deposits on stream terraces, glacial lake plains and knolls. Slopes

range from 0 to 5 percent.

Hartland soils, in most places, are near Belgrade, Raynham, and Windsor soils.

Hartland soils do not have redoximorphic features in the subsoil that are in Belgrade

and Raynham soils. Hartland soils have less fine or coarser sand in the solum and

substratum than Windsor soils.

Typical pedon of Hartland silt loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes, in hayland,

approximately 1,190 feet east of VT Route 7A and 925 feet north of Old Depot Road,

in the town of Shaftsbury, lat. 43 degrees 00 minutes 44.6 seconds N. and long. 73

degrees 11 minutes 26.2 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak fine and medium granular

structure; very friable; common fine and very fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bw—9 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt loam; weak medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; common fine and very fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth

boundary.

C1—18 to 32 inches; stratified olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4)

very fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine

roots; 5 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.
260 Soil Survey

C2—32 to 58 inches; stratified olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) silt loam and yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) very fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; 5 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

C3—58 to 65 inches; stratified olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) loamy very fine sand and light

yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) very fine sand; weak medium subangular blocky in the

loamy part and single grain in the sandy part; very friable; 5 percent rock

fragments; slight effervescence; slightly alkaline.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges

from 14 to 40 inches. Rock fragments range from 0 to 5 percent. Reaction is strongly

acid to slightly alkaline.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3.

Texture is silt, silt loam, or very fine sandy loam..

The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6.

Texture is silt, silt loam, or very fine sandy loam..

The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is

silt loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt in the upper part and includes loamy very fine

sand and very fine sand in the lower part.

Hero Series

The Hero series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils. They formed

in loamy over sandy glaciofluvial deposits on stream terraces. Slopes range from 0 to

8 percent.

Hero soils, in most places, are near Copake, Fredon, Groton, Occum, Pootatuck,

and Windsor soils. Hero soils have redoximorphic features in the subsoil that are not

in Copake, Groton, Occum, and Windsor soils. Hero soils do not have redoximorphic

features in the upper part of the subsoil that are in Fredon soils. Hero soils have a

regular decrease in organic matter with depth, which does not occur in Pootatuck

soils.

Typical pedon of Hero gravelly fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, in a pasture,

approximately 745 feet west of Sandgate Road and 3,440 feet south of Wuerslin

Road, in the town of Sandgate, lat. 43 degrees 09 minutes 59.2 seconds N. and long.

73 degrees 10 minutes 32.6 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Ap—0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; 15 percent rock

fragments; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw1—8 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 15 percent

rock fragments; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—12 to 19 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 15 percent

rock fragments; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw3—19 to 24 inches; olive (5Y 4/3) gravelly silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; few fine roots; common fine and medium prominent light olive brown

(2.5Y 5/6) and common fine and medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) masses of iron accumulation and common fine and medium faint olive gray

(5Y 4/2) iron depletions; 15 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

2C—24 to 65 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) very gravelly sand; single grain; loose; many

fine and medium prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4) and dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

and many fine and medium distinct dark brown (10YR 3/3) masses of iron

accumulation; 45 percent rock fragments; slight effervescence; neutral.
Bennington County, Vermont 261

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges

from 18 to 36 inches. Rock fragments range from 5 to 34 percent in the A and B

horizons and 15 to 59 percent in the 2C horizon. Reaction is moderately acid to

neutral in the A horizon, moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the B horizon, and

neutral to moderately alkaline in the 2C horizon. Carbonates are within a depth of 40

inches.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 to 3.

Texture is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6.

Texture is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is

gravelly or very gravelly loamy fine sand to coarse sand.

Hogback Series

The Hogback series consists of shallow, well drained soils. They formed in thin,

loamy till over bedrock on ridges, mountains, and hills. Slopes range from 8 to 70

percent.

Hogback soils, in most places, are near Houghtonville, Glebe, Londonderry,

Mundal, Rawsonville, Stratton, and Wilmington soils. Hogback soils are shallower to

bedrock than the moderately deep Rawsonville soils and the very deep

Houghtonville, Mundal, and Wilmington soils. Hogback soils have a frigid soil

temperature regime and Glebe, Londonderry, and Stratton soils have a cryic soil

temperature regime. Hogback soils are mapped only in complexes and associations

with the Rawsonville soils in the survey area.

Typical pedon of Hogback fine sandy loam, in an area of Rawsonville-Hogback

complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky, in woodland, approximately 5,280 feet

southeast of Thompson Pond and 5,800 feet west of Broad Brook, in the town of

Pownal, lat. 42 degrees 46 minutes 08.9 seconds N. and long. 73 degrees 10 minutes

15.0 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Oi—0 to 2 inches; slightly decomposed leaves, needles and twigs.

A—2 to 6 inches; black (5YR 2.5/1) fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure;

very friable; many very fine and fine and common medium roots; 5 percent rock

fragments; extremely acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

E—6 to 8 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/2) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak fine subangular

blocky structure; very friable; many fine and common medium roots; 15 percent

rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bh—8 to 13 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) gravelly fine sandy loam; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and common

medium roots; 20 percent rock fragments; moderately smeary; very strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bhs—13 to 17 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) very gravelly fine sandy loam;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and

few medium roots; 35 percent rock fragments; moderately smeary; strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

R—17 inches; schist bedrock.

The depth to bedrock and thickness of the solum range from 10 to 20 inches.

Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid. Rock fragments range from 5 to 35

percent.

The A horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2 to 3, and chroma of 1 or 2.

Texture is loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The E horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2.

Texture is loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.
262 Soil Survey

The Bh horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2.

The Bh horizon is 4 or more inches thick.

The Bhs horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, with value and chroma of

approximately 3 or less.

The Bs horizon, where present, has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, with value and chroma

of 4 or more.

The B horizons are loam, fine sandy loam, or their gravelly or very gravelly analogs

and are weakly to moderately smeary. The combined thickness of the Bh, Bhs and Bs

horizons is more than 8 inches.

Bedrock is phyllite, schist or gneiss.

Houghtonville Series

The Houghtonville series consists of very deep, well drained soils. They formed in

loamy till on ridges, mountains, and hills. Slopes range from 3 to 60 percent.

Houghtonville soils, in most places, are near Glebe, Hogback, Monadnock,

Mundal, Rawsonville, and, Wilmington soils. Houghtonville soils are deeper to

bedrock than the shallow Hogback soils and the moderately deep Glebe and

Rawsonville soils. Houghtonville soils do not have redoximorphic features in the

substratum that are in the Mundal and Wilmington soils. Houghtonville soils do not

have sandy textures in the substratum that are in the Monadnock soils. Houghtonville

soils are mapped as consociations, in complexes with the Rawsonville soils and in

associations with the Monadnock, Mundal, and Rawsonville soils in the survey area.

Typical pedon of Houghtonville fine sandy loam, in an area of RawsonvilleHoughtonville-Mundal association, hilly, rocky, in woodland, approximately 1,160 feet

east of Mad Tom Brook and 2,690 feet North of National Forest Road 21, in the town

of Peru, lat. 43 degrees 15 minutes 38.4 seconds N. and long. 72 degrees 57 minutes

15.7 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed leaves and twigs.

Oe—1 to 2 inches; moderately decomposed leaves and twigs.

A—2 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) fine sandy loam; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; many very fine and fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments;

very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bh—4 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak

fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; many very fine, fine and medium

roots; 20 percent rock fragments; weakly smeary; strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bhs1—9 to 25 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and common medium roots; 15

percent rock fragments; moderately smeary; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bhs2—25 to 37 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; friable; common medium and coarse roots; 30

percent rock fragments; moderately smeary; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C—37 to 67 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) fine sandy loam; massive; friable;

common medium and few coarse roots; 10 percent rock fragments; strongly acid.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges

from 18 to 42 inches. Rock fragments range from 5 to 34 percent. Reaction is

extremely acid to strongly acid in the O horizon and extremely acid to moderately acid

below.

The A horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 or 2.

Texture is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The E horizon, where present, has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is silt loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.
Bennington County, Vermont 263

The Bh horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR and typically has a value of 2 or 3, and

chroma of 1 or 2.

The Bhs horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, with value and chroma of approximately

3 or less.

The Bs horizon, where present, has hue of 5YR to 10YR, with value and chroma of

4 or more.

The B horizons are silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or their gravelly

analogs and are weakly to moderately smeary. Combined thickness of the Bh, Bhs

and Bs horizons is more than 16 inches.

The BC horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 5, and

chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is silt loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture

is silt loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

Hubbardton Series

The Hubbardton series consists of very shallow, excessively drained soils. They

formed in thin, loamy till over bedrock on hills and mountains. Slopes range from 25 to

70 percent.

Hubbardton soils, in most places, are near Dutchess, Macomber, Pittstown, and

Taconic soils. Hubbardton soils are shallower to bedrock than the very deep Dutchess

and Pittstown soils, moderately deep Macomber soils, and shallow Taconic soils.

Hubbardton soils are mapped only in complexes with Taconic soils in the survey area.

Typical pedon of Hubbardton flaggy fine sandy loam, in an area of TaconicHubbardton-Rock outcrop complex, 25 to 70 percent slopes, very stony, in woodland,

approximately 330 feet north of West Sandgate Road and 625 feet east of Tate Hill

Road, in the town of Sandgate, lat. 43 degrees 09 minutes 26.1 seconds N. and long.

73 degrees 13 minutes 13.2 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed leaves and twigs.

Oe—1 to 2 inches; moderately decomposed leaves and twigs.

A—2 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) flaggy fine sandy loam; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; 30 percent rock fragments;

strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw—4 to 8 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) very channery fine sandy loam; weak fine

granular structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; 40 percent rock

fragments; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

R—8 inches; slate bedrock.

The depth to bedrock and the thickness of the solum range from 2 to 10 inches.

Rock fragments range from 30 to 60 percent and are more than 35 percent in the

particle size control section. Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid in the O

horizon and very strongly acid to strongly acid in the A and B horizons.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 to 3.

The horizon is flaggy, channery, very flaggy or very channery silt loam or fine sandy

loam.

The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 3 to 6.

The horizon is flaggy, channery, very flaggy or very channery silt loam or fine sandy

loam.

Bedrock is phyllite, schist or slate.

Limerick Series

The Limerick series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils. They formed in

loamy alluvium on flood plains. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.
264 Soil Survey

Limerick soils, in most places, are near Occum, Pootatuck and Saco soils. Limerick

soils have redoximorphic features in the layer below the surface layer that are not in

the Occum and Pootatuck soils. Limerick soils do not have redoximorphic features in

the surface layer that are in the Saco soils.

Typical pedon of Limerick silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, approximately 245 feet

west-southwest of the VT Route 7A crossing of the Batten Kill and 4,765 west of

Sunderland Hill Road, in the town of Arlington, lat. 43 degrees 05 minutes 50.1

seconds N. and long. 73 degrees 08 minutes 31.2 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Ap—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam; light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; neutral;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Cg1—6 to 11 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; weak fine granular

structure; friable; common fine roots; many medium prominent dark reddish

brown (5YR 3/4) masses of iron accumulation; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

Cg2—11 to 24 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam; weak medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine and medium prominent dark

reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) masses of iron accumulation; neutral; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Cg3—24 to 65 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silt loam; massive; friable; many fine

and medium prominent dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) masses of iron

accumulation; neutral.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Rock fragments range from 0 to 5

percent. Reaction is strongly acid to neutral in the A horizon and moderately acid to

neutral in the C horizon.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3.

Texture is silt loam or very fine sandy loam, with lenses of loamy very fine sand or

very fine sand present in some pedons.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 1 or 2 above

30 inches, and 1 to 4 below 30 inches. Texture is silt loam or very fine sandy loam,

with lenses of loamy very fine sand or very fine sand present in some pedons.

Londonderry Series

The Londonderry series consists of very shallow, well drained soils. They formed in

thin, loamy till over bedrock, on mountains, at the highest elevations in the county.

Slopes range from 15 to 60 percent.

Londonderry soils, in most places, are near Glebe, Hogback, Rawsonville, and

Stratton soils. Londonderry soils are shallower to bedrock than shallow the Hogback

and Stratton soils and moderately deep Glebe and Rawsonville soils. Londonderry

soils are mapped only in complexes with the Glebe and Stratton soils in the survey area.

Typical pedon of Londonderry gravelly silt loam, in an area of Glebe-StrattonLondonderry complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, very rocky, approximately 3,830 feet

east of VT Route 8 and 7,500 feet north-northeast of the junction of VT Routes 8 and

100, in the town of Readsboro, lat. 42 degrees 50 minutes 51.7 seconds N. and long.

72 degrees, 58 minutes 28.6 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed moss, leaves, needles and twigs.

A—1 to 4 inches; black (7.5YR 2.5/1) gravelly silt loam; weak fine granular structure;

very friable; many very fine and fine and common medium roots; 15 percent rock

fragments; extremely acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

E—4 to 6 inches; dark gray (5YR 4/1) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; many fine and medium and common coarse roots; 15

percent rock fragments; extremely acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

R—6 inches; schist bedrock.
Bennington County, Vermont 265

The depth to bedrock and the thickness of the solum range from 2 to 10 inches.

Rock fragments range from 1 to 20 percent. Reaction is extremely acid to strongly

acid.

The A horizon is neutral or has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 1 to 3, and chroma

of 0 to 2. Texture is silt loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The E horizon is neutral or has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of

0 to 2. Texture is silt loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

Bedrock is schist, phyllite, or gneiss.

Lyman Series

The Lyman series consists of shallow, somewhat excessively drained soils. They

formed in thin, loamy till on knolls, hills, ridges, and mountains. Slopes range from 8

to 70 percent.

Lyman soils, in most places, are near Berkshire, Peru, and Tunbridge soils. Lyman

soils are shallower to bedrock than the moderately deep Tunbridge and the very deep

Berkshire and Peru soils. Lyman soils are mapped only in complexes with Tunbridge

soils in the survey area.

Typical pedon of Lyman fine sandy loam, in an area of Tunbridge-Lyman complex,

8 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky, in woodland, approximately 16,370 feet west of VT

Route 100 and 6,760 feet south of VT Route 11, in the town of Peru, lat. 43 degrees

12 minutes 59.8 seconds N. and long. 72 degrees 53 minutes 03.5 seconds W., NAD

1984:

Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed leaves, needles and twigs.

Oe—1 to 3 inches; moderately decomposed leaves, needles and twigs.

A—3 to 5 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) fine sandy loam; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; 10 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bhs—5 to 10 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) fine sandy loam; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 10

percent rock fragments; moderately smeary; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bs1—10 to 16 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) channery fine sandy loam; moderate fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; 15 percent

rock fragments; moderately smeary; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bs2—16 to 19 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) channery fine sandy loam; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; 25

percent rock fragments; weakly smeary; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

R—19 inches; schist bedrock.

The depth to bedrock and the thickness of the solum range from 10 to 20 inches.

Rock fragments range from 5 to 34 percent. Reaction is extremely acid to strongly

acid in the O horizon and extremely acid to moderately acid below.

The A horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2.

Texture is silt loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or their

gravelly or channery analogs.

The E horizon, where present, has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is silt loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy

loam or their gravelly or channery analogs.

The Bh horizon, where present, is less than 4 inches thick and has hue of 5YR to

10YR, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The Bhs horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, and value and chroma of approximately

3 or less.

The Bs horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 4 to 8.
266 Soil Survey

The Bh, Bhs, and Bs horizons are silt loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam,

sandy loam or their gravelly or channery analogs.

Bedrock is schist, phyllite, or gneiss.

Macomber Series

The Macomber series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils. They formed

in loamy till on hills, mountains, and ridges. Slopes range from 8 to 60 percent.

Macomber soils, in most places, are near Brayton, Dutchess, Hubbardton,

Mansfield, Pittstown, and Taconic soils. Macomber soils are shallower to bedrock than

the very deep Brayton, Dutchess, Mansfield, and Pittstown soils and deeper to

bedrock than the very shallow Hubbardton and shallow Taconic soils. Macomber soils

are mapped only in complexes with Taconic soils in the survey area.

Typical pedon of Macomber channery silt loam, in an area of Macomber-Taconic

complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, rocky, in woodland, approximately 715 feet north of

Southeast Corner Road and 7,180 feet west of Equinox Skyline Drive, in the town of

Sandgate, lat. 43 degrees 08 minutes 03.1 seconds N., and long. 73 degrees 09

minutes 31.3 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed leaves and twigs.

A—1 to 3 inches; black (10YR 2/1) channery silt loam; weak fine granular structure;

very friable; many very fine and fine roots; 30 percent rock fragments; strongly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw1—3 to 7 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) channery silt loam; moderate fine granular

structure; very friable; many very fine and fine, and common medium roots; 30

percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—7 to 13 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) very channery silt loam;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; many very

fine and fine, and common medium roots; 40 percent rock fragments; moderately

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw3—13 to 21 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) very channery silt loam; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; many fine, common

medium and few coarse roots; 40 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bw4—21 to 31 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) very channery silt loam; weak fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium and

few coarse roots; 50 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

C—31 to 37 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) very channery silt loam; weak fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; 50

percent slate fragments; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

R—37 inches; slate bedrock.

The depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The thickness of the solum

thickness ranges from 15 to 30 inches. Rock fragments range from 10 to 35 percent

in the A horizon, 30 to 60 percent in the B horizon, 40 to 65 percent in the C horizon,

and are more than 35 percent in the particle size control section. Reaction ranges

extremely acid to strongly acid in the O horizon and very strongly acid to moderately

acid below.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 to 4.

Texture is silt loam or loam or their channery or very channery analogs.

The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 3 to 6.

The 7.5YR hue occurs only in the upper part of the horizon. The horizon is channery,

very channery, or extremely channery silt loam or loam.
Bennington County, Vermont 267

The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. The

horizon is very channery or extremely channery silt loam or loam.

The bedrock is slate or phyllite.

Mansfield Series

The Mansfield series consists of very poorly drained soils. They are shallow or

moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to bedrock. They formed in dense,

loamy till in depressions and drainageways on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 3

percent.

Mansfield soils, in most places, are near Brayton, Macomber, Pittstown, and

Taconic soils. Mansfield soils have more organic carbon in the surface layer than

Brayton and Pittstown soils. Mansfield soils are deeper to bedrock than the

moderately deep Macomber soils and shallow Taconic soils.

Typical pedon of Mansfield mucky silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, very stony, in

woodland, approximately 1,950 feet south-southeast of Tipladys Road and 4,490 feet

west of VT Route 153, in the town of Ruppert, lat. 43 degrees 14 minutes 53.4

seconds N. and long. 73 degrees 15 minutes 11.5 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Oe—0 to 2 inches; moderately decomposed leaves and twigs.

A—2 to 13 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) mucky silt loam; dark grayish brown

(10YR 4/2) dry; moderate fine and medium granular structure; friable; many fine

and medium roots; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bg1—13 to 18 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) gravelly loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; few fine

prominent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) masses of iron accumulation; 25 percent

rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bg2—18 to 22 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) gravelly loam; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; firm; few fine prominent olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) and light olive

brown (2.5Y 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; 20 percent rock fragments; slightly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Cdg1—22 to 30 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) channery loam; massive; very firm;

few fine prominent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; 25

percent rock fragments; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Cdg2—30 to 39 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) channery loam;

massive; very firm; 25 percent rock fragments; neutral; gradual smooth boundary.

Cdg3—39 to 67 inches; olive gray (5Y 5/2) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) channery

silt loam; massive; very firm; 25 percent rock fragments; neutral.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum and

depth to dense basal till range from 14 to 36 inches. Rock fragments range from 1 to

25 percent in the A and B horizons and 10 to 34 percent in the C horizon. Reaction is

extremely acid to strongly acid in the O horizon, very strongly acid to slightly acid in

the A horizon and strongly acid to neutral in the B and C horizons.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2.

Texture is silt loam, loam, very fine sandy loam or their mucky, gravelly, or channery

analogs.

The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2.

Texture is silt loam, loam, very fine sandy loam or their gravelly or channery analogs.

The Cdg horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2

above 30 inches, and chroma of 1 to 4 below 30 inches. It is silt loam, loam, very fine

sandy loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly or channery analogs.
268 Soil Survey

Massena Series

The Massena series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils. They

formed in loamy till in depressions and drainageways on uplands. Slopes range from

0 to 8 percent.

Massena soils, in most places, are near Amenia, Georgia, Nellis, and Stockbridge

soils. Massena soils have redoximorphic features in the upper part of the subsoil that

are not in the Amenia, Georgia, Nellis, and Stockbridge soils.

Typical pedon of Massena silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, very stony, in woodland,

approximately 1,320 feet north of Myers Road and 2,655 feet west of VT Route 7A, in

the town of Shaftsbury, lat. 42 degrees 58 minutes 10.0 seconds N. and long. 73

degrees 13 minutes 03.3 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Oe—0 to 2 inches; moderately decomposed leaves and twigs.

A—2 to 10 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt loam; weak fine granular structure;

very friable; common fine and medium roots; 10 percent rock fragments; neutral;

abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw—10 to 13 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; 10 percent rock

fragments; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bg1—13 to 21 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4.2) loam; weak fine subangular

blocky structure; very friable; common medium roots; common medium distinct

very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) iron depletions and common medium

prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron

accumulation; 10 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Bg2—21 to 26 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few fine and medium roots; common medium prominent

brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation; 10 percent rock fragments;

neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Cg1—26 to 38 inches; dark olive gray (5Y 3/2) gravelly loam; massive; friable;

common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and brown (7.5YR 4/4)

masses of iron accumulation; 15 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear smooth

boundary.

Cg2—38 to 67 inches; olive gray (5Y 5/2) and olive (5Y 4/3) gravelly loam; massive;

firm; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and brown (7.5YR

4/4) masses of iron accumulation and very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) iron

depletions; 15 percent rock fragments; slight effervescence; slightly alkaline.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges

from 18 to 36 inches. Rock fragments range from 5 to 34 percent in the A and B

horizons and 5 to 50 percent in the C horizon. Reaction is extremely acid to strongly

acid in the O horizon, moderately acid to neutral in the A and B horizons, and neutral

to moderately alkaline in the C horizon. The depth to carbonates ranges from 20 to 50

inches.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 1 or 2.

Texture is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The B horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture

is loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture

is loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly or very gravelly analogs.

Monadnock Series

The Monadnock series consists of very deep, well drained soils. They formed in a

loamy till underlain by sandy till on knolls, hills, ridges, and mountains. Slopes range

from 3 to 50 percent.
Bennington County, Vermont 269

Monadnock soils, in most places, are near Berkshire, Colton, and Houghtonville

soils. Monadnock soils have more sand in the substratum than Berkshire and

Houghtonville soils. Monadnock soils have loamy textures in the subsoil that are not

in Colton soils. Monadnock soils are mapped as consociations and in associations

with Houghtonville soils in the survey area.

Typical pedon of Monadnock fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony, in

woodland, approximately 6,650 feet east of Bart Hill Road and 2,190 feet north of

Fayville Branch, in the town of Glastenbury, lat. 43 degrees 01 minutes 01.7 seconds

N. and long. 73 degrees 08 minutes 09.1 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Oi—0 to 2 inches; slightly decomposed leaves, needles and twigs.

Oe—2 to 6 inches; moderately decomposed leaves, needles and twigs.

E—6 to 8 inches; reddish gray (5YR 5/2) fine sandy loam; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; many very fine and fine roots; 10 percent rock fragments;

very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bs1—8 to 13 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) cobbly fine sandy loam; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; very friable; many fine and few medium roots; 20

percent rock fragments; weakly smeary; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bs2—13 to 21 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) cobbly fine sandy loam; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; 25

percent rock fragments; moderately smeary; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

2C1—21 to 31 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) cobbly loamy sand; massive; very

friable; 30 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

2C2—31 to 71 inches; olive (5Y 5/4) very cobbly loamy coarse sand; massive; very

friable; 55 percent rock fragments; moderately acid.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges

from 15 to 30 inches. Rock fragments range from 1 to 30 percent in the A and B

horizons and 5 to 59 percent in the 2C horizon. Reaction is extremely acid to strongly

acid in the O horizon and extremely acid to moderately acid below.

The A horizon, where present, has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and

chroma of 1 to 3.

The E horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2.

The A and E horizons are loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or their gravelly

analogs.

The Bh horizon, where present, has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, with value of 2 or 3

and chroma of 1 or 2.

The Bhs horizon, where present, has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, with value and

chroma of approximately 3 or less.

The Bs horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8.

The B horizon is loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly or

cobbly analogs.

The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 4.

Texture is loamy fine sand, loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, or their gravelly, cobbly,

very gravelly, or very cobbly analogs. Lenses or pockets of sand are in some pedons.

Mundal Series

The Mundal series consists of moderately well drained soils. They are moderately

deep to dense basal till and very deep to bedrock. They formed in dense, loamy till on

ridges, hills, and mountains. Slopes range from 3 to 35 percent.

Mundal soils, in most places, are near Hogback, Houghtonville, Rawsonville and

Wilmington soils. Mundal soils are deeper to bedrock than shallow Hogback soils and

moderately deep Rawsonville soils. Mundal soils have a firm or very firm substratum
270 Soil Survey

that is not in the Houghtonville soils. Mundal soils do not have redoximorphic features

in the upper part of the subsoil that are in the Wilmington soils. Mundal soils are

mapped as consociations and in associations with Houghtonville, Rawsonville, and

Wilmington soils in the survey area.

Typical pedon of Mundal fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony, in

woodland, approximately 5,810 feet south of County Road and 3,300 feet east of

Broad Brook, in the town of Pownal, lat. 42 degrees 45 minutes 46.9 seconds N. and

long. 73 degrees 08 minutes 36.4 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed leaves and twigs.

Oe—1 to 3 inches; moderately decomposed leaves and twigs.

A—3 to 6 inches; black (10YR 2/1) fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; many very fine and fine roots; 10 percent rock fragments; very strongly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

E—6 to 7 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/2) fine sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; very friable; many very fine, fine and medium roots; 10 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bhs1—7 to 14 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) fine sandy loam; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and medium, and

common coarse roots; moderately smeary; 10 percent rock fragments; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bhs2—14 to 26 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly fine sandy loam; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and medium

roots; weakly smeary; 15 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Cd—26 to 68 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) gravelly fine sandy loam; strong

thick and very thick platy structure; very firm; few fine roots along horizontal ped

faces; common medium and coarse distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) and few fine and medium prominent brown

(7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation; 25 percent rock fragments; slightly

acid.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum and

depth to dense basal till range from 20 to 30 inches. Rock fragments range from 1 to

25 percent in the A, E, B, and BC horizons and 5 to 34 percent in the C horizon.

Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid in the O layer and extremely acid to

moderately acid in the A, E, B, and BC horizons, and strongly acid to slightly acid in

the C horizon.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2.

Texture is loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The E horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 1 to 3.

Texture is loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The Bh horizon, where present, has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 2 or 3, and

chroma of 1 to 3. It is strongly or moderately smeary.

The Bhs horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, and value and chroma of approximately

3 or less. The horizon is moderately or weakly smeary.

The Bs horizon, where present, has hue of 5YR to 10YR, and value and chroma of

4 or more. The horizon is moderately or weakly smeary.

The Bh, Bhs, and Bs horizons are loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or their

gravelly analogs. The combined thickness of the Bh, Bhs, and Bs horizons is typically

more than 18 inches. If the thickness of the Bh horizon is greater than 4 inches, the

combined thickness of the Bh, Bhs and Bs horizons can be less than 18 inches.

The Cd horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4.

Texture is loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or their gravelly analogs. The horizon is

firm or very firm.
Bennington County, Vermont 271

Nellis Series

The Nellis series consists of very deep, well drained soils. They formed in

calcareous, loamy till on knolls, hills, and ridges. Slopes range from 3 to 50 percent.

Nellis soils, in most places, are near Amenia, Farmington, Galway, Georgia,

Massena, Pittsfield, and Stockbridge soils. Nellis soils do not have redoximorphic

features in the subsoil that are in Amenia, Georgia, and Massena soils. Nellis soils

are deeper to bedrock than the shallow Farmington soils and moderately deep

Galway soils. Nellis soils have carbonates within 40 inches that are not in the

Pittsfield and Stockbridge soils. Nellis soils are mapped as consociations and in

complexes with Farmington and Galway soils in the survey area.

Typical pedon of Nellis silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in cropland, approximately

1,775 feet south-southwest of the junction of US Route 7 and Beech Road and 220

feet east of US Route 7, in the town of Manchester, lat. 43 degrees 11 minutes 54.8

seconds N. and long. 73 degrees 01 minutes 43.3 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam; weak medium granular structure;

very friable; many very fine and fine roots; 10 percent rock fragments; neutral;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw1—8 to 17 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly silt loam; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; 20 percent rock

fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—17 to 23 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) gravelly silt loam; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; 20 percent rock

fragments; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary.

C1—23 to 31 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) gravelly fine sandy loam; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common

coarse faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and prominent yellowish red (5YR

5/8) weathered limestone fragments; 30 percent rock fragments; slight

effervescence; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

C2—31 to 65 inches; olive (5Y 5/3) very gravelly fine sandy loam; weak medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; common coarse distinct dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) weathered

limestone fragments; 45 percent rock fragments; strong effervescence; slightly

alkaline.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges

from 15 to 30 inches and depth to carbonates ranges from 15 to 38 inches. Rock

fragments range from 5 to 34 percent in the A and B horizons and 5 to 50 percent in

the C horizon. Reaction is moderately acid to neutral in the A and B horizons,

moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the upper part of the C horizon, and neutral to

moderately alkaline below. The O horizon, where present is extremely acid to strongly

acid.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or

3. Texture is silt loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

Texture is silt loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture

is loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly or very gravelly analogs.

Occum Series

The Occum series consists of very deep, well drained soils. They formed in loamy

alluvium on flood plains. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.
272 Soil Survey

Occum soils, in most places, are near Copake, Groton, Hero, Limerick, and

Pootatuck soils. Occum soils have an irregular decrease in organic matter with depth

that does not occur in Copake, Hero, and Groton soils. Occum soils do not have

redoximorphic features in the subsoil that are in the Limerick and Pootatuck soils.

Typical pedon of Occum fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in hayland,

approximately 195 feet west of the Wallomsac River and 5,490 feet north of Orebed

Road, in the town of Bennington, lat. 42 degrees 55 minutes 09.9 seconds N. and 73

degrees 16 minutes 12.3 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) fine sandy loam; weak fine

granular structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; moderately acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bw—10 to 36 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) fine sandy loam; massive;

friable; common fine and medium roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

C—36 to 65 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loamy fine sand; massive;

friable; slightly acid.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges

from 20 to 40 inches. Rock fragments range from 0 to 15 percent in the A and B

horizons and 0 to 50 percent in the C horizon. Reaction is very strongly acid to

neutral in the A horizon and very strongly acid to slightly acid in the B and C horizons.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value 3 to 5, and chroma 1 to 4.

Texture is very fine sandy loam or fine sandy loam.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value 3 to 8 and chroma of 3 to 6.

Texture is loam, very fine sandy loam or fine sandy loam.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 7, and chroma 2 to 6. Texture is

loamy fine sand to coarse sand or their gravelly and very gravelly analogs.

Peru Series

The Peru series consists of moderately well drained soils. They are shallow or

moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to bedrock. They formed in dense,

loamy till on hills, ridges, and mountains. Slopes range from 3 to 25 percent.

Peru soils, in most places, are near Berkshire, Cabot, Carlisle, Lyman, and

Tunbridge soils. Peru soils have redoximorphic features in the substratum that are not

in the Berkshire soils. Peru soils do not have redoximorphic features in the upper part

of the subsoil that are in the Cabot soils. Peru soils are formed in mineral material,

unlike Carlisle soils, which are formed in organic materials. Peru soils are deeper to

bedrock than the shallow Lyman and the moderately deep Tunbridge soils. Peru soils

are mapped as consociations and in associations with Berkshire and Cabot soils in

the survey area.

Typical pedon of Peru fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony, in

woodland, approximately 8,660 feet west of VT Route 100 and 3,830 feet south Flood

Brook, in the town of Landgrove, lat. 43 degrees 13 minutes 04.7 seconds N. and

long. 72 degrees 51 minutes 18.6 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed leaves, needles and twigs.

Oe—1 to 2 inches; moderately decomposed leaves, needles and twigs.

Ap—2 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy loam; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; many very fine and fine, and common medium roots; 10

percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bs1—8 to 12 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) fine sandy loam; weak fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; many very fine and fine, and

common medium roots; weakly smeary; 10 percent rock fragments; strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.
Bennington County, Vermont 273

Bs2—12 to 22 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and medium, and common coarse

roots; weakly smeary; 10 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Cd1—22 to 33 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) gravelly fine sandy loam;

moderate thick platy structure; very firm; many fine and medium distinct dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and many coarse distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4)

masses of iron accumulation; 20 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Cd2—33 to 67 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak thick

platy structure; firm; few fine and medium faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

masses of iron accumulation; 30 percent rock fragments; moderately acid.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum and

depth to dense basal till range from 18 to 36 inches. Rock fragments range from 5 to

30 percent in the A and B horizons and 1 to 30 percent in the C horizon. Reaction is

extremely acid to strongly acid in the O horizon and extremely acid to moderately acid

below.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, with value and chroma of 2 or 3.

Texture is loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The E horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 1 or 2. Textures are similar to the A horizon.

The Bh horizon, where present, is less than 4 inches thick. It has hue of 5YR to

10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2.

The Bhs horizon, where present, has hue of 5YR to 10YR, with value and chroma

of approximately 3 or less.

The Bs horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 3 to 8.

The Bh, Bhs and Bs horizons are loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or their

gravelly analogs. The combined thickness of the Bh, Bhs, and Bs horizons is less

than 18 inches.

The BC horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 2 to 6. It has textures similar to the upper B horizons.

The Cd horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4.

Texture is loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or their gravelly analogs. The horizon is

firm or very firm. Some pedons have a friable C horizon less than 8 inches thick,

above the Cd horizon, with color and texture similar to the Cd horizon.

Pittsfield Series

The Pittsfield series consists of very deep, well drained soils. They formed in loamy

till on knolls, hills, and ridges. Slopes range from 3 to 50 percent.

Pittsfield soils, in most places, are near Farmington, Galway, Georgia, Nellis, and

Stockbridge soils. Pittsfield soils are deeper to bedrock than the shallow Farmington

and moderately deep Galway soils. Pittsfield soils do not have redoximorphic features

in the subsoil that are in the Georgia soils. Pittsfield soils do not have carbonates

within 40 inches that are in the Nellis soils. Pittsfield soils do not have a firm

substratum that is in Stockbridge soils.

Typical pedon of Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in cropland,

approximately 330 feet east of Middle Pownal Road and 615 feet south of Niles Road,

in the town of Bennington, lat. 42 degrees 50 minutes 20.5 seconds N. and long. 73

degrees 11 minutes 06.6 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Ap—0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 5 percent rock

fragments; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.
274 Soil Survey

Bw1—7 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fine sandy loam; weak medium

subangular block structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 5 percent

rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—15 to 29 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) and brown (10YR 4/3) fine

sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and

medium roots; few fine prominent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) manganese

stains on faces of peds; 5 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

C1—29 to 40 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) fine sandy loam; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; 10 percent rock fragments;

neutral; clear wavy boundary.

C2—40 to 53 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) fine sandy loam; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine prominent dark reddish brown (5YR

3/4) manganese stains on faces of peds; 5 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear

wavy boundary.

C3—53 to 65 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) sandy loam; weak medium platy

structure; friable; 5 percent rock fragments; slight effervescence in lower part;

neutral.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges

from 20 to 45 inches. Rock fragments range from 5 to 20 percent in the A and B

horizons and 5 to 34 percent in the C horizon. Reaction is very strongly acid to

neutral in the A horizon, strongly acid to neutral in the B horizon, and moderately acid

to moderately alkaline in the C horizon. The O horizon, where present is extremely

acid to strongly acid.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 2 or 3.

Texture is loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 6.

Texture is loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

Texture is loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or their gravelly analogs. Pockets or

lenses of loamy sand or sand are in some pedons.

Pittstown Series

The Pittstown series consists of moderately well drained soils. They are shallow or

moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to bedrock. They formed in dense,

loamy till on knolls, hills, and ridges. Slopes range from 3 to 25 percent.

Pittstown soils, in most places, are near Brayton, Dutchess, Hubbardton,

Macomber, Mansfield, and Taconic soils. Pittstown soils have redoximorphic features

in the lower part of the subsoil that are not in Dutchess soils. Pittstown soils do not

have redoximorphic features in the upper part of the subsoil that are in the Brayton

and Mansfield soils. Pittstown soils are deeper to bedrock than the very shallow

Hubbardton, moderately deep Macomber, and shallow Taconic soils.

Typical pedon of Pittstown loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in pasture, approximately

575 feet east of Rupert Road and 4,290 feet south of West Road, in the town of

Sandgate, lat. 43 degrees 10 minutes 05.2 seconds N. and long. 73 degrees 12

minutes 56.3 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 10 percent rock fragments;

moderately acid: abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw1—6 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 10 percent

rock fragments; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—10 to 18 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) loam; moderate medium subangular
Bennington County, Vermont 275

blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 10 percent rock

fragments; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bw3—18 to 23 inches; olive (5Y 4/3) gravelly silt loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common medium distinct dark brown (10YR

3/3) masses of iron accumulation and common medium faint olive gray (5Y 4/2)

iron depletions; 15 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Cd—23 to 65 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) gravelly silt loam; massive; firm; common

medium distinct dark brown (10YR 3/3), olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) and olive (5Y 5/4)

masses of iron accumulation; 30 percent rock fragments; moderately acid.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum and

depth to dense basal till ranges from 18 to 30 inches. Rock fragments range from 5 to

25 percent in the A and B horizons and 15 to 34 percent in the C horizon. Reaction is

very strongly acid to moderately acid. The O horizon, where present, is extremely

acid to strongly acid.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 2 or 3.

Texture is silt loam, loam, very fine sandy loam or their gravelly or channery analogs.

The upper part of the Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and

chroma of 3 to 6. The lower part of the Bw horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 4

or 5, chroma of 3 to 6, and mottled. Texture is silt loam, loam, very fine sandy loam or

their gravelly or channery analogs.

The Cd horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

Texture is gravelly or channery silt loam, loam, or very fine sandy loam.

Pootatuck Series

The Pootatuck series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils. They

formed in loamy alluvium on flood plains. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

Pootatuck soils, in most places, are near Copake, Fredon, Hero, Limerick, Occum,

and Saco soils. Pootatuck soils have redoximorphic features in the lower part of the

subsoil that are not in the Copake and Occum soils. Pootatuck soils do not have

redoximorphic features in the upper part of the subsoil that are in Fredon, Limerick,

and Saco soils. Pootatuck soils do not have carbonates within a depth of 40 inches

that are in Hero soils.

Typical pedon of Pootatuck fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in pasture,

approximately 10,450 feet west of US Route 7 and 420 feet south of VT Route 313, in

the town of Arlington, lat. 43 degrees 04 minutes 56.5 seconds N., and long. 73

degrees 11 minutes 10.4 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) fine sandy loam; weak fine

granular structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; 5 percent rock

fragments; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw1—10 to 13 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) fine sandy loam; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; 5 percent rock fragments;

slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw2—13 to 17 inches; olive (5Y 4/4) fine sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 5 percent rock fragments;

slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw3—17 to 33 inches; olive (5Y 4/3) fine sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; common medium faint grayish

brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions and common medium prominent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; 5 percent rock fragments; slightly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.
276 Soil Survey

C1—33 to 45 inches; olive (5Y 4/3) loamy fine sand; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; common medium faint grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2)

iron depletions and common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation; 5 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

C2—45 to 50 inches; olive (5Y 4/3) gravelly loamy fine sand; weak fine subangular

blocky structure; friable; common medium faint grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron

depletions and common medium prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron

accumulation; 20 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

C3—50 to 65 inches; olive (5Y 4/3) loamy fine sand; single grain; loose; common

medium distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) iron depletions and common

medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation;

slightly acid.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges

from 20 to 40 inches. Rock fragments range from 0 to 15 percent in the A and B

horizons and 0 to 40 percent in the C horizon. Reaction is very strongly acid to

neutral in the A horizon and very strongly acid to slightly acid in the B and C horizons.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to

4. Texture is very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam or sandy loam.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, with value and chroma of 3 to 6. Low

chroma redoximorphic features are above 24 inches. Texture is fine sandy loam or

sandy loam, with thin strata of loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam in some

pedons.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 6. Texture

is loamy fine sand, fine sand, sand, coarse sand or their gravelly or very gravelly

analogs. Thin strata of loamy and/or extremely gravelly textures are in some pedons.

Rawsonville Series

The Rawsonville series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils. They

formed in loamy till on ridges, mountains, and hills. Slopes range from 8 to 70

percent.

Rawsonville soils, in most places, are near Glebe, Hogback, Houghtonville,

Londonderry, Mundal Stratton, and Wilmington soils. Rawsonville soils are deeper to

bedrock than shallow Hogback soils and are shallower to bedrock than the very deep

Houghtonville, Mundal, and Wilmington soils. Rawsonville soils have a frigid soil

temperature regime and Glebe, Londonderry, and Stratton soils have a cryic soil

temperature regime. Rawsonville soils are mapped only in complexes with Hogback

and Houghtonville soils and in associations with Hogback, Houghtonville, and Mundal

soils in the survey area.

Typical pedon of Rawsonville fine sandy loam, in an area of RawsonvilleHoughtonville complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, rocky, in woodland, on Bromley

Mountain, approximately 7,920 feet west of VT Route 11 and 13,305 feet north of VT

Route 30, in the town of Peru, lat. 43 degrees 13 minutes 30.7 seconds N. and long.

72 degrees 56 minutes 18.0 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed leaves and twigs.

Oe—1 to 2 inches; moderately decomposed leaves and twigs.

A—2 to 3 inch; black (10YR 2/1) fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; many very fine and fine roots; 10 percent rock fragments; very strongly

acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bh—3 to 8 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; moderately

smeary; 15 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
Bennington County, Vermont 277

Bhs—8 to 20 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak

fine subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine, and common medium and

coarse roots; moderately smeary; 15 percent rock fragments; strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

BC—20 to 25 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak

fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine, medium and coarse roots;

15 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

R—25 inches; schist bedrock.

The depth to bedrock and thickness of the solum range from 20 to 40 inches. Rock

fragments range from 0 to 20 percent in the A and E horizons and the upper part of

the B horizon and 5 to 34 percent in the lower part of the B horizon and BC horizon.

Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid in the O horizon and extremely acid to

moderately acid below.

The A horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2.

Texture is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The E horizon, where present, has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 3 to 6, and

chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or their

gravelly analogs.

The Bh horizon, where present, has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 2 or 3, and

chroma of 1 or 2.

The Bhs horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, with value and chroma of approximately

3 or less.

The Bs horizon, where present, has hue of 5YR to 10YR, with value and chroma of

4 or more.

The B horizons are silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or their gravelly

analogs. The B horizons are weakly or moderately smeary. Combined thickness of

Bh, Bhs and Bs horizons is typically more than 16 inches. If the thickness of the Bh

horizon is more than 4 inches, then the combined thickness of the Bh, Bhs and Bs

horizon can be less than 16 inches.

The BC horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

Texture is fine sandy loam, sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

Bedrock is schist, gneiss or phyllite.

Raynham Series

The Raynham series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils. They formed in

silty glaciolacustrine deposits on stream terraces and in depressions and

drainageways. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

Raynham soils, in most places, are near Belgrade, Copake, Hartland, Limerick,

and Saco soils. Raynham soils have redoximorphic features in the upper part of the

subsoil that are not in Belgrade, Copake, and Hartland soils. Raynham soils have a

regular decrease in organic matter that is not in the Limerick and Saco soils.

Typical pedon of Raynham silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in hayland,

approximately 4,085 feet north of Barber Pond Road and 250 feet east of US Route

7, in the town of Pownal, lat. 42 degrees 48 minutes 20.0 seconds N. and long. 73

degrees 13 minutes 03.7 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Ap—0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak medium granular structure; very

friable; common fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw—8 to 10 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common fine roots; common fine distinct yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) and prominent red (2.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation and

common fine distinct olive gray (5Y 4/2) and dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) iron

depletions; neutral; clear smooth boundary.
278 Soil Survey

Bg—10 to 16 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) silt loam; massive; friable; common fine roots;

many medium prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and distinct olive

brown (2.5Y 4/4) masses of iron accumulation; slightly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Cg—16 to 65 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) silt; massive; firm; common fine prominent

dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and distinct

olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) masses of iron accumulation; neutral.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges

from 16 to 40 inches. Rock fragments range from 0 to 2 percent. Reaction is strongly

acid to neutral in the A and B horizons and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the

C horizon.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 2 or 3.

Texture is silt loam or very fine sandy loam. Some pedons have a thin A horizon.

The B horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. At

least one subhorizon has a dominant chroma of 2 or less within 20 inches of the

surface. Texture is silt, silt loam or very fine sandy loam.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 6. Texture

is silt, silt loam or very fine sandy loam, and commonly stratified or varved. Thin

layers of fine sand, sand, gravelly sand or silty clay loam are in some pedons.

Saco Series

The Saco series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils. They formed in

silty alluvium on flood plains. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.

Saco soils, in most places, are near Adrian, Carlisle, Limerick, Pootatuck and

Raynham soils. Saco soils do not have organic materials greater than 16 inches thick

that are in Adrian and Carlisle soils. Saco soils have redoximorphic features in the

surface layer that are not in Limerick, Pootatuck, and Raynham soils. Saco soils are

mapped only in an undifferentiated unit with Adrian soils in the survey area.

Typical pedon of Saco silt loam, in an area of Adrian and Saco soils, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, in a swamp on a flood plain along the Batten Kill, approximately 2,500 feet

north of Richville Road and 5,240 feet east of US Route 7, in the town of Manchester,

lat. 43 degrees 08 minutes 19.8 seconds N. and 73 degrees 04 minutes 18.9 seconds

W., NAD 1984:

A—0 to 7 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt loam; weak fine granular structure;

very friable; common very fine and fine roots; few fine prominent brown (7.5YR

4/4) and dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) masses of iron accumulation; 5 percent

rock fragments; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Cg1—7 to 10 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few fine roots; common fine and medium prominent dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and distinct dark brown (10YR 3/3) and olive brown

(2.5Y 4/4) masses of iron accumulation; 5 percent rock fragments; moderately

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Cg2—10 to 22 inches; very dark gray (5Y 3/1) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common fine and medium distinct prominent olive (5Y 5/6)

and distinct olive (5Y 5/3 and 5Y 4/4) masses of iron accumulation; 5 percent rock

fragments; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Cg3—22 to 41 inches; gray (N 6/) very fine sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common medium prominent olive (5Y 5/6, 5Y 5/3 and 5Y

4/4) masses of iron accumulation; 5 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

2Cg—41 to 65 inches; gray (5Y 6/1) gravelly coarse sand; single grain; loose;

common fine and medium prominent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3), brown
Bennington County, Vermont 279

(7.5YR 4/4), yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and olive (5Y 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; 25 percent rock fragments; slightly acid.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to sand or sand and gravel is

greater than 40 inches. Rock fragments range from 0 to 5 percent above 40 inches,

and 0 to 40 percent below 40 inches. Reaction is strongly acid to neutral in the A

horizon and upper part of the C horizon and moderately acid to neutral in the lower

part of the C horizon.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 to 3.

Texture is silt loam, very fine sandy loam or their mucky analogs.

The C horizon is neutral or has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 0

to 2. Texture is silt loam or very fine sandy loam to a depth of 40 inches or more and

loamy fine sand to very gravelly coarse sand in the lower part.

Stockbridge Series

The Stockbridge series consists of very deep, well drained soils. They formed in

loamy till on knolls, hills, and ridges. Slopes range from 2 to 25 percent.

Stockbridge soils, in most places, are near the Farmington, Galway, Georgia,

Massena, Nellis, and Pittsfield soils. Stockbridge soils are deeper to bedrock than the

moderately deep Galway soils and shallow Farmington soils. Stockbridge soils do not

have redoximorphic features in the subsoil that are in Georgia and Massena soils.

Stockbridge soils do not have carbonates within 40 inches that are in Nellis soils.

Stockbridge soils have a firm substratum that is not in Pittsfield soils.

Typical pedon of Stockbridge loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in hayland,

approximately 1,200 feet east of White Creek Road and 2,945 feet north of VT Route

67, in the town of Shaftsbury, lat. 42 degrees 56 minutes 32.7 seconds N. and long.

73 degrees 15 minutes 08.3 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam; light brownish gray

(2.5Y 6/2) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; common fine and

medium roots; 10 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw1—9 to 20 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 10 percent

rock fragments; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.

Bw2—20 to 24 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 10 percent rock fragments;

neutral; clear wavy boundary.

C1—24 to 36 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) gravelly loam; massive; firm; few fine

roots; 20 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

C2—36 to 65 inches; olive (5Y 4/3) gravelly loam; massive; firm; few very fine roots;

20 percent rock fragments; neutral.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges

from 20 to 40 inches. Rock fragments range from 5 to 34 percent. Reaction is strongly

acid to neutral in the A horizon, moderately acid to neutral in the B horizon and in the

C horizon to a depth of 40 inches, and moderately acid to moderately alkaline below

40 inches. The O horizon, where present, is extremely acid to strongly acid.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 to 3.

Texture is silt loam, loam, very fine sandy loam or their gravelly analogs. A thin A

horizon is present in some pedons.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y in the upper part and 10YR to 5Y in the

lower part, with value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is silt loam, loam or their

gravelly analogs.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture

is silt loam, loam or their gravelly analogs.
280 Soil Survey

Stratton Series

The Stratton series consists of shallow, well drained soils. They formed in thin,

loamy till on mountains at the highest elevations in the survey area. Slopes range

from 15 to 60 percent.

Stratton soils, in most places, are near the Glebe, Hogback, Londonderry, and

Rawsonville soils. Stratton soils have a cryic soil temperature regime and Hogback

and Rawsonville soils have a frigid soil temperature regime. Stratton soils are

shallower to bedrock than the moderately deep Glebe soils and deeper to bedrock

than very shallow Londonderry soils. Stratton soils are mapped only in complexes

with Glebe and Londonderry soils and in associations with Glebe soils in the survey

area.

Typical pedon of Stratton channery silt loam, in an area of Glebe-StrattonLondonderry complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, very rocky, on the summit of Mt.

Equinox, approximately 10,450 feet west of West Road and 9,295 feet northwest of

VT Route 7A, in the town of Manchester, lat. 43 degrees 10 minutes 02.8 seconds N.

and 73 degrees 06 minutes 39.0 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed needles, moss, and twigs.

A—1 to 5 inches; black (N 2/0) channery silt loam; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; many very fine and fine, and common medium roots; 25 percent rock

fragments; extremely acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

E—5 to 7 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/2) very channery silt loam; weak fine subangular

blocky structure; very friable; many fine and common medium roots; 40 percent

rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bh—7 to 10 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) very channery silt loam; weak fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; many fine and few medium

roots; strongly smeary; 40 percent rock fragments; extremely acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bhs—10 to 15 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) very channery silt loam; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine roots; moderately

smeary; 50 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bs—15 to 20 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) very channery silt loam; weak medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine roots;

moderately smeary; 55 percent rock fragments; extremely acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

R—20 inches; schist bedrock.

The thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock range from 10 to 20 inches. Rock

fragments range from 25 to 59 percent. Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid.

The A horizon is neutral or has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of

0 to 2. The horizon is gravelly, channery, very gravelly, or very channery silt loam,

loam or fine sandy loam.

The E horizon is neutral or has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma

of 0 to 2. Texture is gravelly, channery, very gravelly, or very channery silt loam, loam,

or fine sandy loam.

The Bh horizon is neutral or has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 2 or 3, and

chroma of 0 to 2.

The Bhs horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, with value and chroma of

approximately 3 or less.

The Bs horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, with value and chroma of 4 or more.

The B horizons are gravelly, channery, very gravelly, or very channery silt loam,

loam or fine sandy loam and strongly or moderately smeary.

Bedrock is phyllite, schist or gneiss.
Bennington County, Vermont 281

Taconic Series

The Taconic series consists of shallow, somewhat excessively drained soils. They

formed in thin, loamy till on hills, mountains, and ridges. Slopes range from 8 to 70

percent.

Taconic soils, in most places, are near Brayton, Dutchess, Hubbardton, Macomber,

Mansfield, and Pittstown soils. Taconic soils are shallower to bedrock than the very

deep Brayton, Dutchess, Mansfield, and Pittstown soils, and moderately deep

Macomber soils. Taconic soils are deeper to bedrock than very shallow Hubbardton

soils. Taconic soils are mapped only in complexes with Hubbardton and Macomber

soils in the survey area.

Typical pedon of Taconic channery silt loam, in an area of Macomber-Taconic

complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, rocky, in woodland, approximately 710 feet south of

West Road and 2,185 feet west of Rupert Road, in the town of Sandgate, lat. 43

degrees 10 minutes 38.6 seconds N. and long. 73 degrees 13 minutes 17.0 seconds

W., NAD 1984:

Oe—0 to 1 inch; moderately decomposed leaves and twigs.

A—1 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) channery silt loam; weak fine

granular structure; very friable; many very fine and fine, and common medium

roots; 25 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw1—3 to 9 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very channery silt loam; moderate fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine, medium and coarse

roots; 40 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—9 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very channery silt loam; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine, medium and

coarse roots; 55 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

R—13 inches; slate bedrock.

The depth to bedrock and thickness of the solum range from 10 to 20 inches. Rock

fragments range from 10 to 35 percent in the A horizon, 30 to 59 percent in the B

horizon, and are more than 35 percent in the particle size control section. Reaction is

extremely acid to strongly acid in the A horizon and very strongly acid to strongly acid

in the B horizon.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 to 3.

Texture is silt loam, loam or their channery or very channery analogs.

The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 4 to 6, with

hue of 7.5YR occurring in the upper part. Texture is silt loam, loam or their channery

or very channery analogs.

The C horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma

of 2 to 4. Texture is similar to the B horizon.

The bedrock is slate, phyllite or schist.

Tunbridge Series

The Tunbridge series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils. They formed

in loamy till on knolls, hills, ridges, and mountains. Slopes range from 3 to 70 percent.

They are associated with Berkshire, Lyman, and Peru soils. Tunbridge soils are

shallower to bedrock than the very deep Berkshire and Peru soils and are deeper to

bedrock than the shallow Lyman soils. Tunbridge soils are mapped only in complexes

with Berkshire and Lyman soils and in associations with Berkshire soils in the survey

area.

Typical pedon of Tunbridge fine sandy loam, in an area of Tunbridge-Berkshire

complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, rocky, in woodland, approximately 6,125 feet

southeast of VT Route 11 and 3,285 feet southwest of Winhall Hollow Road, in the
282 Soil Survey

town of Peru, lat. 43 degrees 12 minutes 26.8 seconds N. and long. 72 degrees 54

minutes, 11.6 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Oe—0 to 1 inch; moderately decomposed leaves, needles and twigs.

A—1 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sandy loam; weak fine and

medium granular structure; very friable; many very fine and fine roots; 10 percent

rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bs1—3 to 11 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sandy loam; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; very friable; many fine and common medium roots;

moderately smeary; 10 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bs2—11 to 16 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) fine sandy loam; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots;

weakly smeary; 10 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

BC—16 to 24 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) gravelly fine sandy loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium

roots; 15 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

R—24 inches; schist bedrock.

The depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The thickness of the solum

ranges from 14 to 38 inches. Rock fragments range from 5 to 34 percent. Reaction is

extremely acid to strongly acid in the O horizon, extremely acid to moderately acid in

the A, E, B, and BC horizons, and strongly acid to slightly acid in the C horizon.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 to 4. An

Ap horizon is present in some pedons, with chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is loam, very

fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or their gravelly analogs. Silt loam or

gravelly silt loam textures are in some pedons.

The E horizon, where present, has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 1 or 2.

The Bh horizon, where present, is less than 4 inches thick. It has hue of 5YR to

10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2.

The Bs horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, with value and chroma of 4 or more.

The Bhs horizon, where present, has hue of 5YR to 10YR, with value and chroma

of approximately 3 or less.

The B horizons are loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or

their gravelly analogs. Silt loam or gravelly silt loam textures are in some pedons.

Combined thickness of the Bhs and Bs horizons ranges from 4 to 16 inches.

The BC horizon, where present, has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 5, and

chroma of 3 to 8. Texture is loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam

or their gravelly analogs. Silt loam or gravelly silt loam textures are in some pedons.

The C horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma

of 2 to 6. Texture is loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or their

gravelly analogs. Silt loam or gravelly silt loam textures are in some pedons.

Bedrock is schist, gneiss, granite, or phyllite bedrock.

Udifluvents

Udifluvents consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained to excessively drained

soils. They formed in sandy and loamy alluvial material on flood plains. Slopes range

from 0 to 3 percent.

Udifluvents, in most places, are near Limerick, Occum, and Pootatuck soils.

Udifluvents have more rock fragments in the upper part of the soil than Limerick,

Occum, and Pootatuck soils.

Because of the variability of Udifluvents, a typical profile is not given. These soils
Bennington County, Vermont 283

have a surface layer 3 to 6 inches thick underlain by stratified alluvial material high in

rock fragments. The depth

to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Rock fragments range from 35 to 75 percent.

Reaction is strongly acid to neutral.

Udipsamments

Udipsamments consists of very deep, moderately well drained to excessively

drained soils formed in sandy material. These soils are in areas that have been

altered by earthmoving equipment for the purpose of sand and gravel extraction,

smoothing and leveling in preparation for construction, or for solid waste disposal.

Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.

Udipsamments, in most places, are near Copake, Groton, Udorthents and Windsor

soils. Udipsamments do not have subsoil structure and color characteristic of the

Copake, Groton, and Windsor soils. Udipsamments have sandier textures than

Udorthents. Udipsamments are mapped only in an undifferentiated unit with

Udorthents in the survey area.

Because of the variability of Udipsamments, a typical profile is not given. These

soils have a surface layer 0 to 6 inches thick underlain by sandy or gravelly material.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Rock fragments range from 0 to 75

percent. Reaction is extremely acid to moderately alkaline.

Udorthents

Udorthents consists of very deep, moderately well drained to excessively drained

soils formed in loamy material. These soils are in areas that have been altered by

earthmoving equipment for the purpose of extracting loamy fill material, smoothing

and leveling in preparation for construction, or for solid waste disposal. Slopes range

from 0 to 8 percent.

Udorthents, in most places, are near Georgia, Pittsfield, Stockbridge, and

Udipsamments soils. Udorthents do not have subsoil structure and color

characteristics of the Georgia, Pittsfield, and Stockbridge soils. Udorthents have

loamy textures and Udipsamments have sandy textures. Udorthents are mapped only

in an undifferentiated unit with Udipsamments in the survey area.

Because of the variability of Udorthents, a typical profile is not given. These soils

have a surface layer 0 to 6 inches thick, underlain by a loamy material. The depth to

bedrock is more than 60 inches. Rock fragments range from 0 to 75 percent. Reaction

is extremely acid to moderately alkaline.

Wilmington Series

The Wilmington series consists of poorly drained soils. They are shallow or

moderately deep to dense basal till and very deep to bedrock. They formed in dense,

loamy till in depressions on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.

Wilmington soils, in most places, are near Hogback, Houghtonville, Mundal, and

Rawsonville soils. Wilmington soils are deeper to bedrock than the shallow Hogback

and moderately deep Rawsonville soils. Wilmington soils have redoximorphic features

in the upper part of the subsoil that are not in the Houghtonville and Mundal soils.

Wilmington soils are mapped as consociations and in associations with Wilmington

soils in the survey area.

Typical pedon of Wilmington fine sandy loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, very stony, in

woodland, approximately 6,390 feet west of the junction of VT Routes 8 and 100 and

425 feet north of the West Branch of the Deerfield River, in the town of Readsboro,
284 Soil Survey

lat. 42 degrees 49 minutes 46.2 seconds N. and long. 73 degrees 00 minutes 39.2

seconds W., NAD 1984:

Oe—0 to 2 inches; moderately decomposed leaves, needles and twigs.

A—2 to 5 inches; black (N 2/) fine sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; very

friable; many very fine and fine roots; 10 percent rock fragments; very strongly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

E—5 to 6 inches; dark gray (5YR 4/1) fine sandy loam; weak medium granular

structure; very friable; many very fine and fine roots; 10 percent rock fragments;

very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bh1—6 to 12 inches; black (5YR 2.5/1) fine sandy loam; weak medium granular

structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; many medium distinct dark

reddish brown (5YR 3/4) masses of iron accumulation; moderately smeary; 10

percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bh2—12 to 20 inches; black (5YR 2.5/1) fine sandy loam; weak medium granular

structure; friable; common fine, medium and coarse roots; common medium

distinct very dark brown (10YR 2/2) iron depletions; moderately smeary; 10

percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bhs—20 to 26 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy loam; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; many

medium faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) iron depletions and common

fine faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) masses of iron accumulation; weakly smeary; 12

percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Cdg—26 to 67 inches; olive gray (5Y 5/2) gravelly fine sandy loam; massive; very firm;

many medium distinct olive (5Y 5/4) and many medium prominent dark yellowish

brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation; 25 percent rock fragments;

strongly acid.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges

from 12 to 24 inches. Reaction is extremely acid to moderately acid in the A, E, B,

and BC horizons, and strongly acid to slightly acid in the C horizon. Rock fragments

range from 5 to 34 percent.

The A horizon is neutral or has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma

of 0 to 2. Texture is silt loam, loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam or their

gravelly analogs.

The E horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2.

Texture is fine sandy loam, sandy loam or their gravelly analogs.

The Bh horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2 to 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is

moderately or weakly smeary.

The Bhs horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, with value and chroma of

approximately 3 or less.

The BC horizon, where present has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 or 5, and

chroma of 1 or 2.

The B horizons are fine silt loam, loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam or

their gravelly analogs.

The Cdg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 1 or 2.

Texture is silt loam, loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam or their gravelly

analogs.

Windsor Series

The Windsor series consists of very deep, excessively drained soils. They formed

in sandy glaciofluvial deposits on stream terraces and knolls and ridges. Slopes

range from 0 to 60 percent.
Bennington County, Vermont 285

Windsor soils, in most places, are near Belgrade, Copake, Groton, Hartland, and

Hero soils. Windsor soils have less rock fragments in the substratum than Copake,

Groton, and Hero soils. Windsor soils have more sand in the solum than Belgrade

and Hartland soils.

Typical pedon of Windsor loamy fine sand, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in hayland,

approximately 500 feet south of Niles road and 1,540 feet east of Middle Pownal

Road, in the town of Bennington, lat. 42 degrees 50 minutes 16.0 seconds N. and

long. 73 degrees 10 minutes 51.8 seconds W., NAD 1984:

Ap—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loamy fine sand; weak fine

granular structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; 5 percent rock

fragments; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw1—4 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loamy fine sand; weak fine

granular structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; 5 percent rock

fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—8 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loamy fine sand; weak medium

granular structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; 5 percent rock

fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw3—13 to 22 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) loamy fine sand; weak medium granular

structure; very friable; few fine and medium roots; 5 percent rock fragments;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C—22 to 65 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) fine sand; single grain; loose; 5 percent rock

fragments; strongly acid.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges

from 18 to 36 inches. Rock fragments range from 0 to 10 percent in the A, E, and B

horizons and 0 to 15 percent in the C horizon. Reaction is very strongly acid to

moderately acid in the A, E, and B horizons and very strongly acid to slightly acid in

the C horizon.

The Ap horizon has value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. The A horizon, where

present, has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is

loamy fine sand or loamy sand.

The E horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1

or 2.

The upper part of the Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 4 to 8. The lower part has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma

of 3 to 6. Texture is loamy fine sand or loamy sand.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 6.

Texture is loamy fine sand, loamy sand, fine sand or sand.

287

The paragraphs that follow describe the factors of soil formation, relate them to the

formation of the soils in the survey area, and explain the processes of soil formation.

Factors of Soil Formation

Soil forms through the interaction of five major factors: the nature of the parent

material; the climate under which the parent material has existed since its

accumulation or deposition; the local plant and animal life; the relief, or the lay of the

land; and the length of time these other factors have had to interact (Jenny, 1941).

The physical, chemical, and mineralogical composition of the parent material

affects the type of soil that will eventually form. Climate and plant and animal life are

the active forces in soil formation. They change the parent material into soil, which

has genetically-related layers called horizons. The effects of climate and plant and

animal life are conditioned by relief. Relief influences soil development mainly by its

effect on water, either causing it to accumulate, as in depressions, or to runoff rapidly,

such as on steep hillsides. Finally, a period of time is necessary for the development

of the parent material into a soil profile with differentiated horizons.

Parent Material

Parent material is the mineral or organic solids from which a soil forms. Most of the

parent material of the soils in Bennington County is unconsolidated material that was

deposited by glaciers or by meltwater that preceded the glaciers. Even though most

of the parent material in the county is of glacial origin, its properties vary greatly,

sometimes within small areas, depending on the source of the materials and how

they were deposited. The parent materials are till, glacial outwash, lacustrine

deposits, alluvium, and organic deposits.

Parent material establishes the chemical and mineralogical baseline of a soil. For

example, till in the central part of the county is calcareous. In other areas, it is acidic.

This difference is related to the presence of limestone bedrock in the central part of

the county.

Till is material laid down directly beneath the glacial ice. It is unsorted, with

particles of different sizes mixed together. The gravel-sized pebbles in till commonly

have sharp corners, indicating that they have not been worn by water. Amenia,

Berkshire and Dutchess soils are three examples of soils formed in till. They typically

have loamy textures and moderately developed structure in the subsoil.

Outwash deposits are material that was sorted and deposited by flowing glacial

meltwater. The size of the particles that make up outwash material varies according to

the velocity of the stream in which they were suspended. As the velocity lessened,

the coarser particles were deposited first. Slower-moving water carried only the finer

particles such as very fine sand, silt, and clay. Outwash deposits generally consist of

layers, or strata, of coarser soil particles, such as sand and gravel, and they are

somewhat sorted. Colton, Copake and Groton soils are three examples of soils

formed in outwash deposits.

Formation of the Soils
288 Soil Survey

Lacustrine deposits originate in glacial lakes. This material is comprised mainly of

finer soil particles, such as very fine sand, silt and clay. In that sense, it is well-sorted

material. In Bennington County, soils formed in lacustrine deposits typically have silt

loam textures. Belgrade, Hartland, and Raynham soils are three examples of soils

formed in lacustrine deposits.

Alluvium is material deposited by flood waters of streams in recent times. This

material ranges in texture from silt loam to sand and gravel, depending on the velocity

of the water that deposited it. Limerick, Occum and Pootatuck soils are three

examples of soils formed in alluvial deposits.

Organic deposits consist primarily of plant remains. Water collects in depressions

on outwash terraces, flood plains, and uplands. When the grasses, sedges and other

wetland plants growing around the edges of these small ponds die, their remains

accumulate in the water. Because of the wetness, the accumulated plant material

decomposes at a much slower rate than if it was exposed to the atmosphere. As time

goes on, water-tolerant trees and shrubs begin to populate these areas. As these

trees die, their residues become part of the organic accumulation. Eventually, the

ponds fill in with organic material and develop into areas of organic soils. Carlisle

soils are an example of a soil formed in organic material.

Plant and Animal Life

 Green plants have been the principal organisms influencing the soils in Bennington

County, but bacteria, fungi, earthworms, mammals, reptiles, birds and, more recently,

the activities of humans have also been important. The chief contribution of plant and

animal life is the addition of organic matter, nitrogen, and other nutrients to the soil.

The kind of organic material on and in the soil depends on the kinds of plants that

grew on the soil. The remains of these plants accumulate on the surface, decay,

adding organic matter to the soil. Roots of the plants provide channels for downward

movement of water through the soil and also add organic matter as they decay.

Bacteria in the soil help break down the organic matter so that it can be used by

growing plants.

The influence of humans in soil formation is visible in the large earth-moving projects

present throughout the county, including airport runway and highway developments,

landfills, quarries and sand and gravel extraction sites. In addition, accelerated soil

erosion is a result of improper agricultural and construction practices. Artificial soil

drainage and altering the native vegetation are other activities that affect the

processes of soil formation.

Climate

Climate influences the kind of plant and animal life present in the soils, the

temperature at which chemical reactions occur in the soils, and the amount of water

available for weathering minerals and leaching various soil compounds. Through its

influence on soil temperature, climate affects the rate of chemical and biological

activities in the soil. In cool areas and in areas saturated for long periods, the rate of

biological activity is low and organic matter accumulates.

The climate in Bennington County varies with elevation. There are three soil

temperature regimes in the county, as defined in Soil Taxonomy (USDA, 1999). Soils

in the valleys at low elevations are warmer and have a mesic soil temperature regime.

Two examples are the Occum and Windsor soils along the Battenkill. Soils are cooler

in the Green Mountains and at higher elevations in the Taconic Mountains and have a

frigid soil temperature regime. Berkshire, Lyman and Tunbridge soils are three

examples of these cooler soils. At the very highest elevations in the county, generally
Bennington County, Vermont 289

above 3,000 feet, the soils have a cryic soil temperature regime. Glebe, Londonderry,

and Stratton soils are found on these high mountain landscapes.

Relief

 Relief, or topography, has a marked influence on the soils of Bennington County,

through its influence on drainage, erosion, plant cover, and soil temperature. In

Bennington County, slopes range from 0 to 70 percent. Natural soil drainage ranges

from excessively drained to well drained on hilltops and mountaintops to poorly

drained and very poorly drained in depressions.

Relief influences the formation of soils by affecting runoff and drainage. Runoff is

greatest on the steeper slopes. In less sloping terrain, the soils drain more slowly. In

low areas, water may be temporarily ponded. Drainage, and the degree of aeration in

the soil, strongly influences the color of soils through its affect on certain chemicals

and minerals in the soil, in particular iron. In soils that are well aerated, oxidized iron

compounds give them a bright reddish brown color. In poorly aerated soils, different

iron compounds in the soil impart a dull olive gray color. For example, Nellis and

Massena soils formed in similar parent material under similar climate and vegetation.

Nellis soils are on ridges and back slopes. They are well drained, well aerated, and

exhibit bright colors in the soil profile. Massena soils are in depressions. They are

somewhat poorly to poorly drained, poorly aerated, and have dull, grayish colors in

the soil profile. Soils that are well aerated during one part of the year and poorly

aerated during another part of the year, due usually to a seasonally fluctuating high

water table, are commonly mottled with both bright and dull colored patches within

and below the zone of the fluctuating water table.

Time

A significant amount of time is required for the processes of soil formation to

develop distinct horizons from parent material. The differences in the length of time

various parent materials have been in place is commonly reflected in the degree of

development in the soil profile. Some soil characteristics develop rapidly, others more

slowly.

The soils in Bennington County range from young to mature, though none are old,

in the pedological sense of the word. The generally accepted time frame since the

last glacier receded is about nine to ten thousand years. The glacial deposits have

been altered by soil forming factors for a period of time, sufficient to allow horizons to

develop. Berkshire soils, which formed in till on uplands, are mature soils with distinct

horizons. Soils formed in recent alluvial sediments have not been in place long

enough for distinct horizons to develop. Pootatuck soils, which formed in alluvium on

flood plains, are considered to be young soils.

Processes of Soil Formation

The many processes that lead to the development of soil horizons from

unconsolidated parent material is collectively referred to as soil genesis. The physical,

chemical, and biological properties of the various soil horizons are termed soil

morphology.

Several processes are involved in the development of the soils of Bennington

County: (1) accumulation of organic matter; (2) leaching of calcium carbonate and

other bases; (3) chemical changes, such as oxidation, reduction, and hydration and

the transfer or losses of the products of these changes; and (4) formation and

translocation of silicate clay minerals and iron, aluminum and organic compounds. In
290

most of the soils in the county, more than one of these processes has been active in

the development of soil horizons.

Certain processes tend to modify, retard, or reverse the effects of soil-forming

processes. The most important of these are: (1) the mixing of soils by windthrow,

animal activity, or frost action; (2) the deposition of fresh soil material; and (3) the

recycling of nutrients by plants.

Organic matter has accumulated to some degree in all of the soils in the county. At

one extreme, Carlisle soils formed in accumulations of organic material in

depressions, where the rate of decomposition has been retarded by saturation. The

dark color of the surface layer of mineral soils is an indication of the high content of

organic matter. In most soils, the organic matter content in the surface layer is much

greater than in the subsoil or substratum. One exception is soils formed in recent

alluvium. Since these soils are primarily made up of eroded surface layers from

higher-lying soils, they have enough organic matter throughout the soil profile to

appreciably affect the soil color to a depth of 24 inches or more. Another exception is

soils at higher elevations in the Green Mountains and at the highest elevations in the

Taconic Mountains. In these soils, organic matter, along with iron and aluminum

compounds, have been leached from the surface and subsurface layers and have

been concentrated in the subsoil. In Houghtonville and Rawsonville soils, for example,

the upper part of the subsoil is higher in organic matter content than the subsurface

layer directly above it.

Leaching of carbonates and other nutrients has occurred, to some degree, in all of

the soils. Many of the soils are moderately to strongly leached. Differences in the

depth of leaching is a result of time and, more importantly on a local level, the type of

parent material. For example, Stockbridge soils are leached of carbonates to a depth

of greater than 40 inches, whereas Nellis soils are leached to a depth of about 23

inches. This difference is due primarily to the fact that the till from which Nellis soils

are derived contains more ground-up fragments of calcareous limestone and

dolomitic bedrock than that of the Stockbridge soils.

The reduction and transfer of iron, a process called gleying, is evident in somewhat

poorly drained, poorly drained, and very poorly drained mineral soils. The gray color

in the subsoil and substratum indicates the reduction of iron. Cabot soils are one

example of soils that are gleyed in the subsoil and substratum.

As mentioned previously, in some soils, iron and aluminum compounds, called

sesquioxides, have moved from the surface and subsurface horizons to the subsoil.

These compounds are concentrated in the upper subsoil. When combined with

organic matter, they give the soil a very dark reddish brown color. Without organic

matter, they give the soil a bright red or brown color. Houghtonville and Rawsonville

soils are two soils previously mentioned as having an accumulation of iron and

aluminum compounds in the subsoil.

The mechanical breakdown of rock fragments has been brought about mainly by

the many cycles of freezing and thawing. This is evident in soils that formed in till,

which typically have more coarse fragments at greater depths in the soil, where the

temperature is more constant and less freezing and thawing has taken place.
291

Alvis, R. Unpublished. Procedures for Designing, Inventorying, and Presenting

Information of Ecosystems.

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).

1998. Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of

sampling and testing. 19th edition, 2 volumes.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 1998. Standard

classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D 2487.

Bureau of Chemistry and Soils. Latimer. 1930. Soil Survey Reconnaissance of

Vermont. No. 43.

Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of

wetlands and deep-water habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service FWS/OBS-79/31.

Federal Register. July 13, 1994. Changes in hydric soils of the United States.

Federal Register. February 24, 1995. Hydric soils of the United States.

Hurt, G.W., P.M. Whited, and R.F. Pringle, editors. 1996. Field indicators of hydric

soils in the United States.

Jenny, Hans. 1941. Factors of soil formation.

National Research Council. 1995. Wetlands: Characteristics and boundaries.

Tiner, R.W., Jr. 1985. Wetlands of Delaware. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and

Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control,

Wetlands Section.

United States Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Laboratory. 1987. Corps

of Engineers wetlands delineation manual. Waterways Experiment Station

Technical Report Y-87-1.

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation

Service. 1996. National soil survey handbook, title 430-VI. Soil Survey Staff.

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation

Service. 1998. Keys to soil taxonomy. 8th edition. Soil Survey Staff.

References
292

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation

Service. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for

making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Soil Survey Staff. U.S.

Department of Agriculture Handbook 436.

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1993. Soil

survey manual. Soil Survey Staff, U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook

18.

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation

Service-VT. 1999. Soil Potential Study and Forest Value Groups for Vermont

Soils.

United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, 1982. 1982 Census

of Agriculture.
293

ABC soil. A soil having an A, a B, and a C horizon.

AC soil. A soil having only an A and a C horizon. Commonly, such soil formed in

recent alluvium or on steep, rocky slopes.

Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single mass or cluster. Natural soil

aggregates, such as granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods are

aggregates produced by tillage or logging.

Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, deposited on land by streams.

Alpha,alpha-dipyridyl. A dye that when dissolved in 1N ammonium acetate is used

to detect the presence of reduced iron (Fe II) in the soil. A positive reaction

indicates a type of redoximorphic feature.

Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage required by one mature cow of

approximately 1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1 month.

Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized by saturation, reduction, and

redoximorphic features.

Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces.

Available water capacity (available moisture capacity). The capacity of soils to

hold water available for use by most plants. It is commonly defined as the

difference between the amount of soil water at field moisture capacity and the

amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed as inches of water per inch of

soil. The capacity, in inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is expressed

as:

Very low ........................................................... 0 to 3

Low ................................................................... 3 to 6

Moderate .......................................................... 6 to 9

High ................................................................ 9 to 12

Very high ............................................. more than 12

Backslope. The position that forms the steepest and generally linear, middle portion

of a hillslope. In profile, backslopes are commonly bounded by a convex shoulder

above and a concave footslope below.

Basal area. The area of a cross section of a tree, generally referring to the section at

breast height and measured outside the bark. It is a measure of stand density,

commonly expressed in square feet.

Basal till. Compact glacial till deposited beneath the ice.

Base saturation. The degree to which material having cation-exchange properties is

saturated with exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K), expressed as a

percentage of the total cation-exchange capacity.

Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and other unconsolidated material or

that is exposed at the surface.

Bedrock-controlled topography. A landscape where the configuration and relief of

the landforms are determined or strongly influenced by the underlying bedrock.

Bisequum. Two sequences of soil horizons, each of which consists of an illuvial

horizon and the overlying eluvial horizons.

Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60 centimeters) in diameter.

Glossary
294 Soil Survey

Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet above the ground surface; the point on a

tree where diameter measurements are ordinarily taken.

Brush management. Use of mechanical, chemical, or biological methods to make

conditions favorable for reseeding or to reduce or eliminate competition from

woody vegetation and thus allow understory grasses and forbs to recover. Brush

management increases forage production and thus reduces the hazard of

erosion. It can improve the habitat for some species of wildlife.

Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See Crown.)

Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil particles and in tiny spaces between

particles. Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds capillary water in the

soil.

Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a landscape that formed in similar kinds of

parent material but have different characteristics as a result of differences in relief

and drainage.

Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. The common soil cations are

calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen.

Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of exchangeable cations that can be

held by the soil, expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil at

neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some other stated pH value. The term, as applied to soils,

is synonymous with base-exchange capacity but is more precise in meaning.

Channery soil material(cn). Soil material that has, by volume, 15 to 35 percent thin,

flat fragments of sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as much as 6

inches (15 centimeters) along the longest axis. A single piece is called a channer.

Very channery(cnv) soil material has 35 to 60 percent of these rock fragments,

and extremely channery(cnx) soil material has more than 60 percent.

Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation through the use of chemicals.

Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or more soil-penetrating points that

shatter or loosen hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal plow depth.

Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less than 0.002 millimeter in

diameter. As a soil textural class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, less

than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 percent silt.

Climax plant community. The stabilized plant community on a particular site. The

plant cover reproduces itself and does not change so long as the environment

remains the same.

Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand.

Cobbly soil material. Material that has 15 to 35 percent, by volume, rounded or

partially rounded rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 centimeters) in

diameter. Very cobbly soil material has 35 to 60 percent of these rock fragments,

and extremely cobbly soil material has more than 60 percent.

COLE (coefficient of linear extensibility). See Linear extensibility.

Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both, moved by creep, slide, or local

wash and deposited at the base of steep slopes.

Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning or establishing terraces,

diversions, and other water-control structures on a complex slope is difficult.

Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil or miscellaneous areas in

such an intricate pattern or so small in area that it is not practical to map them

separately at the selected scale of mapping. The pattern and proportion of the

soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all areas.

Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal symmetry organized around a

point, a line, or a plane. They typically take the form of concentric layers visible to

the naked eye. Calcium carbonate, iron oxide, and manganese oxide are common

compounds making up concretions. If formed in place, concretions of iron oxide

or manganese oxide are generally considered a type of redoximorphic

concentration.
Bennington County, Vermont 295

Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in combination with needed cultural

and management practices. In a good conservation cropping system, the soilimproving crops and practices more than offset the effects of the soil-depleting

crops and practices. Cropping systems are needed on all tilled soils. Soilimproving practices in a conservation cropping system include the use of

rotations that contain grasses and legumes and the return of crop residue to the

soil. Other practices include the use of green manure crops of grasses and

legumes, proper tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest control.

Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not invert the soil and that leaves a

protective amount of crop residue on the surface throughout the year.

Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion and adhesion of soil material

and its resistance to deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes resistance

of soil material to rupture and to penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness

of puddled soil material; and the manner in which the soil material behaves when

subject to compression. Terms describing consistence are defined in the “Soil

Survey Manual.”

Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that follow the contour. Strips of

grass or close-growing crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled crops or

summer fallow.

Control section. The part of the soil on which classification is based. The thickness

varies among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that part of the soil profile

between depths of 10 inches and 40 or 80 inches.

Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or

weakens concrete or uncoated steel.

Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to improve and protect the soil

between periods of regular crop production, or a crop grown between trees and

vines in orchards and vineyards.

Cropping system. Growing crops according to a planned system of rotation and

management practices.

Crop residue management. Returning crop residue to the soil, which helps to

maintain soil structure, organic matter content, and fertility and helps to control

erosion.

Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting farming operations on sloping

farmland in such a way that tillage is across the general slope.

Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including the living branches and their

foliage.

Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI). The average annual increase

per acre in the volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the total volume of the

stand by its age. As the stand increases in age, the mean annual increment

continues to increase until mortality begins to reduce the rate of increase. The

point where the stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth is called the

culmination of the mean annual increment.

Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting grazing land for a prescribed period.

Delta. A body of alluvium having a surface that is nearly flat and fan shaped;

deposited at or near the mouth of a river or stream where it enters a body of

relatively quiet water, generally a sea or lake.

Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over bedrock. Very deep soils are

more than 60 inches deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches; moderately

deep, 20 to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to 20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10

inches.

Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, generally a terrace, built to protect

downslope areas by diverting runoff from its natural course.

Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and duration of wet periods under

conditions similar to those under which the soil formed. Alterations of the water
296 Soil Survey

regime by human activities, either through drainage or irrigation, are not a

consideration unless they have significantly changed the morphology of the soil.

Seven classes of natural soil drainage are recognized—excessively drained,

somewhat excessively drained, well drained, moderately well drained, somewhat

poorly drained, poorly drained, and very poorly drained. These classes are

defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.”

Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, from an area.

Drumlin. A low, smooth, elongated oval hill, mound, or ridge of compact glacial till.

The longer axis is parallel to the path of the glacier and commonly has a blunt

nose pointing in the direction from which the ice approached.

Duff. A generally firm organic layer on the surface of mineral soils. It consists of fallen

plant material that is in the process of decomposition and includes everything

from the litter on the surface to underlying pure humus.

Ecological site. An area where climate, soil, and relief are sufficiently uniform to

produce a distinct natural plant community. An ecological site is the product of all

the environmental factors responsible for its development. It is typified by an

association of species that differ from those on other ecological sites in kind and/

or proportion of species or in total production.

Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution or colloidal suspension from

one place to another within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material through

eluviation are eluvial; those that have received material are illuvial.

Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in which all horizons between the

upper boundary of saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated.

Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a perched water table in a soil in which

saturated layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated layers within 2 meters

of the surface.

Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by water, wind, ice, or other geologic

agents and by such processes as gravitational creep.

Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic processes acting over long

geologic periods and resulting in the wearing away of mountains and the building

up of such landscape features as flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym:

natural erosion.

Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid than geologic erosion, mainly as

a result of human or animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature, such as a fire,

that exposes the surface.

Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope or cliff breaking the general

continuity of more gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from erosion or

faulting. Synonym: scarp.

Esker. A narrow, winding ridge of stratified gravelly and sandy drift deposited by a

stream flowing in a tunnel beneath a glacier.

Extrusive rock. Igneous rock derived from deep-seated molten matter (magma)

emplaced on the earth’s surface.

Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore productivity through accumulation of

moisture. Summer fallow is common in regions of limited rainfall where cereal

grain is grown. The soil is tilled for at least one growing season for weed control

and decomposition of plant residue.

Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide plant nutrients, in adequate

amounts and in proper balance, for the growth of specified plants when light,

moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth factors are favorable.

Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed of all organic soil material. Peat

contains a large amount of well preserved fiber that is readily identifiable

according to botanical origin. Peat has the lowest bulk density and the highest

water content at saturation of all organic soil material.

Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a soil, expressed as a percentage
Bennington County, Vermont 297

of the ovendry weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has drained away; the

field moisture content 2 or 3 days after a soaking rain; also called normal field

capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary capacity.

Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay.

Flaggy soil material. Material that has, by volume, 15 to 35 percent flagstones. Very

flaggy soil material has 35 to 60 percent flagstones, and extremely flaggy soil

material has more than 60 percent flagstones.

Flagstone. A thin fragment of sandstone, limestone, slate, shale, or (rarely) schist 6

to 15 inches (15 to 38 centimeters) long.

Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a stream and is subject to

flooding unless protected artificially.

Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river action, as a fluvial plain.

Foothill. A steeply sloping upland that has relief of as much as 1,000 feet (300

meters) and fringes a mountain range or high-plateau escarpment.

Footslope. The position that forms the inner, gently inclined surface at the base of a

hillslope. In profile, footslopes are commonly concave. A footslope is a transition

zone between upslope sites of erosion and transport (shoulders and backslopes)

and downslope sites of deposition (toeslopes).

Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge.

Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants (underbrush) covering the ground in a

forest.

Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition and development because of

given physical and biological factors by which it may be differentiated from other

stands.

Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers especially to the processes or

soil-forming factors responsible for the formation of the solum, or true soil, from

the unconsolidated parent material.

Glacial drift. Pulverized and other rock material transported by glacial ice and then

deposited. Also, the sorted and unsorted material deposited by streams flowing

from glaciers.

Glacial outwash. Gravel, sand, and silt, commonly stratified, deposited by glacial

meltwater.

Glaciofluvial deposits. Material moved by glaciers and subsequently sorted and

deposited by streams flowing from the melting ice. The deposits are stratified and

occur as kames, eskers, deltas, and outwash plains.

Glaciolacustrine deposits. Material ranging from fine clay to sand derived from

glaciers and deposited in glacial lakes mainly by glacial meltwater. Many deposits

are interbedded or laminated.

Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, resulting in the reduction of iron

and other elements in the profile and in gray colors.

Graded stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that grade toward a protected

waterway.

Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed waterway, typically broad and shallow,

seeded to grass as protection against erosion. Conducts surface water away from

cropland.

Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to

7.6 centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a pebble.

Gravelly soil material. Material that has 15 to 35 percent, by volume, rounded or

angular rock fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as 3 inches (7.6

centimeters) in diameter. Very gravelly soil material has 35 to 60 percent of these

rock fragments, and extremely gravelly soil material has more than 60 percent.

Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving crop grown to be plowed under in

an early stage of maturity or soon after maturity.
298 Soil Survey

Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of the material below the water

table.

Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by running water and through which

water ordinarily runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a gully and a rill is

one of depth. A gully generally is an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep

to be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser depth and can be smoothed

over by ordinary tillage.

Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated except by blasting or by the use of

special equipment that is not commonly used in construction.

Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil material intermediate in degree of

decomposition between the less decomposed fibric material and the more

decomposed sapric material.

High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and corn used for grain. If properly

managed, residue from these crops can be used to control erosion until the next

crop in the rotation is established. These crops return large amounts of organic

matter to the soil.

Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as much as 1,000 feet above

surrounding lowlands, commonly of limited summit area and having a well

defined outline; hillsides generally have slopes of more than 15 percent. The

distinction between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is dependent on local

usage.

Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to the surface, having distinct

characteristics produced by soil-forming processes. In the identification of soil

horizons, an uppercase letter represents the major horizons. Numbers or

lowercase letters that follow represent subdivisions of the major horizons. An

explanation of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey Manual.” The major

horizons of mineral soil are as follows:

O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and decaying plant residue.

A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the surface in which an accumulation

of humified organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. Also, a plowed

surface horizon, most of which was originally part of a B horizon.

E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main feature is loss of silicate clay,

iron, aluminum, or some combination of these.

B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A horizon. The B horizon is in part a

layer of transition from the overlying A to the underlying C horizon. The B horizon

also has distinctive characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay,

sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; (2) prismatic or blocky structure;

(3) redder or browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) a combination of

these.

C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, excluding indurated bedrock, that is

little affected by soil-forming processes and does not have the properties typical

of the overlying soil material. The material of a C horizon may be either like or

unlike that in which the solum formed. If the material is known to differ from that in

the solum, an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the letter C.

Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath the soil.

R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil. The bedrock commonly

underlies a C horizon, but it can be directly below an A or a B horizon.

Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable part of the organic matter in

mineral soils.

Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped according to their runoff potential.

The soil properties that influence this potential are those that affect the minimum

rate of water infiltration on a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting

when the soil is not frozen. These properties are depth to a seasonal high water

table, the infiltration rate and permeability after prolonged wetting, and depth to a
Bennington County, Vermont 299

very slowly permeable layer. The slope and the kind of plant cover are not

considered but are separate factors in predicting runoff.

Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a molten or partially molten state.

Major varieties include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are andesite, basalt,

and granite.

Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one horizon to another in the soil

profile. Generally, material is removed from an upper horizon and deposited in a

lower horizon.

Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or roots penetrate slowly or not at

all. No soil is absolutely impervious to air and water all the time.

Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the immediate surface of soil or other

material, as contrasted with percolation, which is movement of water through soil

layers or material.

Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which water can infiltrate into a soil under

a given set of conditions.

Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates the surface of the soil at any

given instant, usually expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be limited by the

infiltration capacity of the soil or the rate at which water is applied at the surface.

Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the soil under irrigation. Most soils

have a fast initial rate; the rate decreases with application time. Therefore, intake

rate for design purposes is not a constant but is a variable depending on the net

irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in inches per hour, is expressed as

follows:

Less than 0.2 ............................................... very low

0.2 to 0.4 .............................................................. low

0.4 to 0.75 ........................................ moderately low

0.75 to 1.25 ................................................ moderate

1.25 to 1.75 ..................................... moderately high

1.75 to 2.5 .......................................................... high

More than 2.5 ............................................. very high

Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, that flows for prolonged periods

only when it receives ground-water discharge or long, continued contributions

from melting snow or other surface and shallow subsurface sources.

Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low content of iron and manganese

oxide because of chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay content

similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A type of redoximorphic depletion.

Kame. An irregular, short ridge or hill of stratified glacial drift.

Knoll. A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacent landforms.

Ksat. Saturated hydraulic conductivity. (See Permeability.)

Lacustrine deposit. Material deposited in lake water and exposed when the water

level is lowered or the elevation of the land is raised.

Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of soil and loose rock, generally

when wet or saturated. The speed and distance of movement, as well as the

amount of soil and rock material, vary greatly.

Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or other material by percolating

water.

Linear extensibility. Refers to the change in length of an unconfined clod as

moisture content is decreased from a moist to a dry state. Linear extensibility is

used to determine the shrink-swell potential of soils. It is an expression of the

volume change between the water content of the clod at 1

/3- or 1/10-bar tension

(33kPa or 10kPa tension) and oven dryness. Volume change is influenced by the

amount and type of clay minerals in the soil. The volume change is the percent

change for the whole soil. If it is expressed as a fraction, the resulting value is

COLE, coefficient of linear extensibility.
300 Soil Survey

Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil passes from a plastic to a liquid

state.

Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay particles, 28 to 50 percent silt

particles, and less than 52 percent sand particles.

Low-residue crops. Such crops as corn used for silage, peas, beans, and potatoes.

Residue from these crops is not adequate to control erosion until the next crop in

the rotation is established. These crops return little organic matter to the soil.

Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to support loads.

Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil matrix that do not have a clearly

defined boundary with the surrounding soil material and cannot be removed as a

discrete unit. Common compounds making up masses are calcium carbonate,

gypsum or other soluble salts, iron oxide, and manganese oxide. Masses

consisting of iron oxide or manganese oxide generally are considered a type of

redoximorphic concentration.

Mechanical treatment. Use of mechanical equipment for seeding, brush

management, and other management practices.

Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or silt.

Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in mineralogical composition, chemical

composition, or structure by heat, pressure, and movement. Nearly all such rocks

are crystalline.

Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and low in organic material. Its bulk

density is more than that of organic soil.

Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop production and prevention of soil

damage.

Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no natural soil and supports little or no

vegetation.

Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy

loam.

Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay loam, or silty clay loam.

Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich surface horizon (or horizons) that has

high base saturation and pedogenic soil structure. It may include the upper part

of the subsoil.

Moraine. An accumulation of earth, stones, and other debris deposited by a glacier.

Some types are terminal, lateral, medial, and ground.

Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, including the texture, structure,

porosity, consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, and biological properties

of the various horizons, and the thickness and arrangement of those horizons in

the soil profile.

Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that vary in number and size.

Descriptive terms are as follows: abundance—few, common, and many; size—

fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast—faint, distinct, and prominent. The size

measurements are of the diameter along the greatest dimension. Fine indicates

less than 5 millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 millimeters (about

0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch).

Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising more than 1,000 feet above

surrounding lowlands, commonly of restricted summit area (relative to a plateau)

and generally having steep sides. A mountain can occur as a single, isolated

mass or in a group forming a chain or range.

Muck. Dark, finely divided, well decomposed organic soil material. (See Sapric soil

material.)

Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees of three simple variables—hue,

value, and chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a color with hue of

10YR, value of 6, and chroma of 4.

Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3. (See Reaction, soil.)
Bennington County, Vermont 301

Nodules. Cemented bodies lacking visible internal structure. Calcium carbonate, iron

oxide, and manganese oxide are common compounds making up nodules. If

formed in place, nodules of iron oxide or manganese oxide are considered types

of redoximorphic concentrations.

Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant essential to its growth. Plant

nutrients are mainly nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium,

sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and water.

Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in various stages of

decomposition. The content of organic matter in the surface layer is described as

follows:

Very low .................................. less than 0.5 percent

Low ............................................... 0.5 to 1.0 percent

Moderately low ............................. 1.0 to 2.0 percent

Moderate ...................................... 2.0 to 4.0 percent

High .............................................. 4.0 to 8.0 percent

Very high ............................... more than 8.0 percent

Orthophotograph. Maps prepared from high-resolution aerial photographs that are

corrected to eliminate the displacements of perspective, camera tilt, and terrain

relief. They are scale true, meet national map accuracy standards, and permit

accurate linear or area measurements.

Outwash plain. A landform of mainly sandy or coarse textured material of

glaciofluvial origin. An outwash plain is commonly smooth; where pitted, it

generally is low in relief.

Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and mineral material in which soil

forms.

Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely undecomposed organic matter, that has

accumulated under excess moisture. (See Fibric soil material.)

Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a granule, a prism, or a block.

Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.” A pedon is three dimensional

and large enough to permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from about 10 to

100 square feet (1 square meter to 10 square meters), depending on the

variability of the soil.

Percolation. The movement of water through the soil.

Permafrost. Layers of soil, or even bedrock, occurring in arctic or subarctic regions,

in which a temperature below freezing has existed continuously for a long time.

Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water or air to move downward

through the profile. The rate at which a saturated soil transmits water is accepted

as a measure of this quality. In soil physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated

hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.” In line with

conventional usage in the engineering profession and with traditional usage in

published soil surveys, this rate of flow continues to be expressed as

“permeability.” Terms describing permeability, measured in inches per hour, are as

follows:

Extremely slow ................................. 0.0 to 0.01 inch

Very slow ........................................ 0.01 to 0.06 inch

Slow ................................................. 0.06 to 0.2 inch

Moderately slow ................................. 0.2 to 0.6 inch

Moderate ................................ 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches

Moderately rapid ............................ 2.0 to 6.0 inches

Rapid ............................................... 6.0 to 20 inches

Very rapid ................................. more than 20 inches
302 Soil Survey

Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on features that affect its use and

management, such as slope, stoniness, and flooding.

pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction,

soil.)

Plasticity index. The numerical difference between the liquid limit and the plastic

limit; the range of moisture content within which the soil remains plastic.

Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil changes from semisolid to plastic.

Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed depressions. Unless the soils are

artificially drained, the water can be removed only by percolation or

evapotranspiration.

Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil material consisting mainly of

particles of nearly the same size. Because there is little difference in size of the

particles, density can be increased only slightly by compaction.

Potential native plant community. See Climax plant community.

Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth). Depth to which roots could

penetrate if the content of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has no

properties restricting the penetration of roots to this depth.

Prescribed burning. Deliberately burning an area for specific management

purposes, under the appropriate conditions of weather and soil moisture and at

the proper time of day.

Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for producing a specified plant or sequence

of plants under specific management.

Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending through all its horizons and into

the parent material.

Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that maintains enough cover to protect

the soil and maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the desirable

vegetation. This practice increases the vigor and reproduction capacity of the key

plants and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch necessary to conserve

soil and water.

Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a soil, expressed in pH values. A

soil that tests to pH 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction because it is

neither acid nor alkaline. The degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH

values, are:

Ultra acid .............................................. less than 3.5

Extremely acid ........................................... 3.5 to 4.4

Very strongly acid ...................................... 4.5 to 5.0

Strongly acid .............................................. 5.1 to 5.5

Moderately acid ......................................... 5.6 to 6.0

Slightly acid ................................................ 6.1 to 6.5

Neutral........................................................ 6.6 to 7.3

Slightly alkaline .......................................... 7.4 to 7.8

Moderately alkaline ................................... 7.9 to 8.4

Strongly alkaline ........................................ 8.5 to 9.0

Very strongly alkaline ........................9.1 and higher

Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules, concretions, soft masses, pore linings,

and other features resulting from the accumulation of iron or manganese oxide.

An indication of chemical reduction and oxidation resulting from saturation.

Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from which iron and manganese

oxide or a combination of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been removed.

These zones are indications of the chemical reduction of iron resulting from

saturation.

Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic concentrations, redoximorphic depletions,

reduced matrices, a positive reaction to alpha,alpha-dipyridyl, and other features
Bennington County, Vermont 303

indicating the chemical reduction and oxidation of iron and manganese

compounds resulting from saturation.

Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in situ because of chemically

reduced iron (Fe II). The chemical reduction results from nearly continuous

wetness. The matrix undergoes a change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes

after exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A type of redoximorphic

feature.

Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, considered collectively.

Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated erosion. A rill generally is a few

inches deep and not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm machinery.

Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a diameter of 2 millimeters or

more; for example, pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders.

Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated by plant roots.

Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream channels from an area. The water

that flows off the surface of the land without sinking into the soil is called surface

runoff. Water that enters the soil before reaching surface streams is called

ground-water runoff or seepage flow from ground water.

Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral fragments from 0.05 millimeter to

2.0 millimeters in diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a soil textural

class, a soil that is 85 percent or more sand and not more than 10 percent clay.

Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly sand-sized particles.

Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly decomposed of all organic soil

material. Muck has the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk density, and

the lowest water content at saturation of all organic soil material.

Saprolite. Unconsolidated residual material underlying the soil and grading to hard

bedrock below.

Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive pressure of the soil water.

Under conditions of saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix into an

unlined auger hole.

Second bottom. The first terrace above the normal flood plain (or first bottom) of a

river.

Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles deposited from suspension in water.

The chief kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate, formed from gravel;

sandstone, formed from sand; shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed

from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are many intermediate types.

Some wind-deposited sand is consolidated into sandstone.

Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon and the overlying eluvial

horizon. (See Eluviation.)

Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are almost alike, except for

differences in texture of the surface layer. All the soils of a series have horizons

that are similar in composition, thickness, and arrangement.

Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of soil material from the land

surface by the action of rainfall and surface runoff.

Shoulder. The position that forms the uppermost inclined surface near the top of a

hillslope. It is a transition from backslope to summit. The surface is dominantly

convex in profile and erosional in origin.

Side slope. A geomorphic component of hills consisting of a laterally planar area of a

hillside. The overland waterflow is predominantly parallel.

Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The mineral form is called quartz.

Silica-sesquioxide ratio. The ratio of the number of molecules of silica to the

number of molecules of alumina and iron oxide. The more highly weathered soils

or their clay fractions in warm-temperate, humid regions, and especially those in

the tropics, generally have a low ratio.

Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles that range in diameter from the
304 Soil Survey

upper limit of clay (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine sand (0.05

millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil that is 80 percent or more silt and less

than 12 percent clay.

Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly silt-sized particles.

Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic criteria, behave and perform in a

similar manner, and have similar conservation needs or management

requirements for the major land uses in the survey area.

Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site based on the height of the

dominant stand at an arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average height

attained by dominant and codominant trees in a fully stocked stand at the age of

50 years is 75 feet, the site index is 75.

Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the horizontal. Percentage of slope is

the vertical distance divided by horizontal distance, then multiplied by 100. Thus,

a slope of 20 percent is a drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. In this

survey, classes for simple slopes are as follows:

Nearly level ......................................... 0 to 3 percent

Gently sloping ..................................... 3 to 8 percent

Strongly sloping ................................8 to 15 percent

Moderately steep ........................... 15 to 25 percent

Steep .............................................. 25 to 35 percent

Very steep ............................. 35 percent and higher

Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with trenching machines, backhoes,

small rippers, and other equipment commonly used in construction.

Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s surface. It is capable of

supporting plants and has properties resulting from the integrated effect of

climate and living matter acting on earthy parent material, as conditioned by relief

over periods of time.

Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 millimeters in equivalent diameter and

ranging between specified size limits. The names and sizes, in millimeters, of

separates recognized in the United States are as follows:

Very coarse sand ....................................... 2.0 to 1.0

Coarse sand .............................................. 1.0 to 0.5

Medium sand ........................................... 0.5 to 0.25

Fine sand ............................................... 0.25 to 0.10

Very fine sand ........................................ 0.10 to 0.05

Silt ........................................................ 0.05 to 0.002

Clay .................................................. less than 0.002

Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C horizon, in which the processes

of soil formation are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, and B horizons.

Generally, the characteristics of the material in these horizons are unlike those of

the material below the solum. The living roots and plant and animal activities are

largely confined to the solum.

Stone line. A concentration of coarse fragments in a soil. Generally, it is indicative of

an old weathered surface. In a cross section, the line may be one fragment or

more thick. It generally overlies material that weathered in place and is overlain

by recent sediment of variable thickness.

Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 centimeters) in diameter if rounded

or 15 to 24 inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat.

Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers that interfere with or prevent

tillage.

Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic arrangement of strips or bands that

provide vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water erosion.
Bennington County, Vermont 305

Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil particles into compound particles or

aggregates. The principal forms of soil structure are—platy (laminated), prismatic

(vertical axis of aggregates longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with

rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), and granular. Structureless soils

are either single grained (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or massive (the

particles adhering without any regular cleavage, as in many hardpans).

Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left on the soil or partly worked into the

soil. It protects the soil from wind erosion and water erosion after harvest, during

preparation of a seedbed for the next crop, and during the early growing period of

the new crop.

Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of the solum below plow depth.

Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth, ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or

claypan.

Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum.

Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB, or EB) below the surface layer.

Summer fallow. The tillage of uncropped land during the summer to control weeds

and allow storage of moisture in the soil for the growth of a later crop. A practice

common in semiarid regions, where annual precipitation is not enough to produce

a crop every year. Summer fallow is frequently practiced before planting winter

grain.

Summit. The topographically highest position of a hillslope. It has a nearly level

(planar or only slightly convex) surface.

Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or its equivalent in uncultivated

soil, ranging in depth from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). Frequently

designated as the “plow layer,” or the “Ap horizon.”

Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons, considered collectively. It includes all

subdivisions of these horizons.

Talus. Fragments of rock and other soil material accumulated by gravity at the foot of

cliffs or steep slopes.

Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a series recognized in the

classification system. Such soils are named for a series they strongly resemble

and are designated as taxadjuncts to that series because they differ in ways too

small to be of consequence in interpreting their use and behavior. Soils are

recognized as taxadjuncts only when one or more of their characteristics are

slightly outside the range defined for the family of the series for which the soils

are named.

Terminal moraine. A belt of thick glacial drift that generally marks the termination of

important glacial advances.

Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed across sloping soils on the contour or

at a slight angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts surface runoff so that water

soaks into the soil or flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a field

generally is built so that the field can be farmed. A terrace intended mainly for

drainage has a deep channel that is maintained in permanent sod.

Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat or undulating, bordering a river,

a lake, or the sea.

Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay particles in a mass of

soil. The basic textural classes, in order of increasing proportion of fine particles,

are sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay

loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. The sand, loamy sand, and

sandy loam classes may be further divided by specifying “coarse,” “fine,” or “very

fine.” The abbreviations for soil textures are cos-coarse sand, s-sand, fs-fine

sand, vfs-very fine sand, lcos-loamy coarse sand, ls-loamy sand, lfs-loamy fine

sand, lvfs-loamy very fine sand, sl-sandy loam, fsl-fine sandy loam, vfsl-very fine

sandy loam, l-loam, sil-silt loam, sicl-silty clay loam, sic-silty clay, and clay.
306

Till [glacial]. Dominantly unsorted and unstratified drift, generally unconsolidated

deposited directly by a glacier without subsequent reworking by meltwater, and

consisting of a heterogeneous mixture of clay, silt, sand, gravel, stones, and

boulders; rock fragments of various lithologies are imbedded within a finer matrix

that can range from clay to sandy loam.

Till plain. An extensive area of nearly level to undulating soils underlain by glacial till.

Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related to tillage, seedbed

preparation, seedling emergence, and root penetration.

Toeslope. The position that forms the gently inclined surface at the base of a

hillslope. Toeslopes in profile are commonly gentle and linear and are

constructional surfaces forming the lower part of a hillslope continuum that

grades to valley or closed-depression floors.

Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most favorable material for plant

growth. It is ordinarily rich in organic matter and is used to topdress roadbanks,

lawns, and land affected by mining.

Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example, zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper,

and iron, in soils in extremely small amounts. They are essential to plant growth.

Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than the alluvial plain or stream

terrace; land above the lowlands along streams.

Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colors assumed to be inherited from

the parent material rather than to be the result of poor drainage.

Varve. A sedimentary layer or a lamina or sequence of laminae deposited in a body

of still water within a year. Specifically, a thin pair of graded glaciolacustrine layers

seasonally deposited, usually by meltwater streams, in a glacial lake or other

body of still water in front of a glacier.

Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional areas that are excavated at an

angle across a sloping road. They are used to reduce the downward velocity of

water and divert it off and away from the road surface. Water bars can easily be

driven over if constructed properly.

Weathering. All physical and chemical changes produced in rocks or other deposits

at or near the earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These changes result in

disintegration and decomposition of the material.

Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of coarse grained particles that are

well distributed over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil normally can be

easily increased in density and bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with

poorly graded soil.

Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The moisture content of soil, on an

ovendry basis, at which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so much that it

does not recover when placed in a humid, dark chamber.

Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees by the wind.
307

Tables
308 Soil Survey

Table 1—Temperature and Precipitation

(Data recorded in the period 1961-1986 at Dorset, VT)

________________________________________________________________________________

 | Temperature | Precipitation |______________________________________|______________________________

 | | | |2 years in 10| | |2 yrs in 10|

 | | | | will have | avg | | will have | average

 | | | |_____________|no. of| |___________| number of

 Month | avg.| avg.| avg.| max | min |grow'n| avg | less| more| days with

 |daily|daily| | temp.| temp.|degree| | than| than| 0.10 inch

 | max.| min.| | >than| <than|days* |(in.)|(in.)|(in.)| or more ________________________________________________________________________________

January | 29.9| 8.2| 19.1| 58 | -22 | 4 | 3.10| 1.66| 4.36| 8

February | 32.1| 9.3| 20.7| 57 | -22 | 3 | 2.54| 1.85| 3.17| 7

March | 42.9| 21.3| 32.1| 71 | -8 | 31 | 3.33| 1.88| 4.62| 8

April | 55.4| 30.6| 43.0| 81 | 10 | 145 | 3.77| 2.87| 4.62| 8

May | 68.1| 41.3| 54.7| 88 | 25 | 432 | 4.39| 2.51| 6.07| 9

June | 75.7| 49.9| 62.8| 91 | 31 | 617 | 4.63| 3.14| 5.99| 8

July | 79.9| 54.0| 66.9| 91 | 37 | 709 | 4.14| 2.80| 5.37| 8

August | 77.3| 52.6| 65.0| 90 | 34 | 714 | 4.59| 3.31| 5.78| 8

September | 70.1| 45.8| 57.9| 87 | 25 | 480 | 4.13| 2.41| 5.67| 8

October | 59.6| 36.2| 47.9| 79 | 16 | 246 | 3.80| 2.40| 5.38| 6

November | 46.2| 28.7| 37.5| 70 | 8 | 65 | 3.74| 2.65| 5.06| 8

December | 33.9| 15.5| 24.7| 61 | -17 | 10 | 3.59| 2.08| 5.23| 7

----------|-----|-----|-----|------|------|------|-----|-----|-----|----------

----------|-----|-----|-----|------|------|------|-----|-----|-----|----------

Yearly : |-----|-----|-----|------|------|------|-----|-----|-----|----------

----------|-----|-----|-----|------|------|------|-----|-----|-----|----------

 Average | 55.9| 32.8| 44.4| ---- | ---- | ---- | --- | --- | --- | ---

----------|-----|-----|-----|------|------|------|-----|-----|-----|----------

 Extreme | 96| -30| --- | 96 | -28 | ---- | --- | --- | --- | ---

----------|-----|-----|-----|------|------|------|-----|-----|-----|----------

 Total | --- | --- | --- | ---- | ---- | 3456 |45.74|21.17|55.28| 93 __________|_____|_____|_____|______|______|______|_____|_____|_____|__________

 *A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth.

It can be calculated by adding the maximum and minimum daily temperatures,

dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which growth

is minimal for the principal crops in the area (Threshold : 40.0 deg. F)
Bennington County, Vermont 309

Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

(Data recorded in the period 1961-1986 at Dorset, VT)

 ________________________________________________________________________

 | Temperature ___________________________|____________________________________________

 Probability |24oF or lower |28oF or lower |32o ___________________________|______________|______________|______________ F or lower

 | | |

 Last freezing temperature | | |

 in spring: | | |

 | | |

 1 year in 10 later than-- | May 7 | May 30 | June 12

 | | |

 2 year in 10 later than-- | May 2 | May 23 | June 7

 | | |

 5 year in 10 later than-- | April 25 | May 11 | May 28

 | | |

 First freezing temperature | | |

 in fall: | | |

 | | |

 1 yr in 10 earlier than-- |September 28 |September 13 |September 3

 | | |

 2 yr in 10 earlier than-- | October 4 |September 19 |September 8

 | | |

 5 yr in 10 earlier than-- | October 16 |September 31 |September 16

 | | | ___________________________________________________________________________

Table 3.—Growing Season

(Data recorded in the period 1961-1986 at Dorset, VT)

 ________________________________________________________________________

 | Daily Minimum Temperature ___________________________|____________________________________________

 Probability |Greater than |Greater than |Greater than

 | 24oF | 28oF | 32oF

 | | | _________________________________________________________________________

 | Days | Days | Days

 | | |

 9 years in 10 | 137 | 114 | 92

 | | |

 8 years in 10 | 145 | 122 | 99

 | | |

 5 years in 10 | 160 | 138 | 110

 | | |

 2 years in 10 | 175 | 154 | 122

 | | |

 1 year in 10 | 183 | 162 | 128 | | | __________________________________________________________________________
310 Soil Survey

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent

symbol | | | _______|_________________________________________________________________________|____________|________

 | | |

3A |Copake gravelly fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes-------------------| 1,805 | 0.4

3B |Copake gravelly fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes-------------------| 5,060 | 1.2

3C |Copake gravelly fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------------------| 3,739 | 0.9

3D |Copake gravelly fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes-----------------| 1,670 | 0.4

3E |Copake gravelly fine sandy loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes-----------------| 3,533 | 0.8

9 |Pits-dumps complex-------------------------------------------------------| 67 | *

10D |Glebe-stratton-londonderry complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very rocky--| 867 | 0.2

10E |Glebe-stratton-londonderry complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, very rocky--| 2,041 | 0.5

11F |Taconic-hubbardton-rock outcrop complex, 25 to 70 percent slopes, very | |

 | stony-----------------------------------------------------------------| 855 | 0.2

18B |Windsor loamy fine sand, 0 to 8 percent slopes---------------------------| 314 | *

18C |Windsor loamy fine sand, 8 to 15 percent slopes--------------------------| 661 | 0.2

18E |Windsor loamy fine sand, 15 to 60 percent slopes-------------------------| 572 | 0.1

21A |Limerick silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes--------------------------------| 1,020 | 0.2

23A |Adrian and saco soils, 0 to 2 percent slopes-----------------------------| 3,270 | 0.8

24A |Carlisle mucky peat, 0 to 2 percent slopes-------------------------------| 1,649 | 0.4

25B |Belgrade silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes--------------------------------| 403 | *

26A |Raynham silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes---------------------------------| 527 | 0.1

27B |Udipsamments and udorthents, gently sloping------------------------------| 1,213 | 0.3

28A |Udifluvents, loamy-skeletal----------------------------------------------| 945 | 0.2

29A |Occum fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes-----------------------------| 1,401 | 0.3

34A |Pootatuck fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes-------------------------| 1,295 | 0.3

35B |Hartland silt loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes--------------------------------| 456 | 0.1

40B |Galway-nellis-farmington complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes, rocky-----------| 309 | *

40C |Galway-nellis-farmington complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, rocky----------| 1,870 | 0.4

40D |Galway-nellis-farmington complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, rocky---------| 3,485 | 0.8

41C |Galway-farmington complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky------------| 706 | 0.2

41D |Galway-farmington complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very rocky-----------| 3,094 | 0.7

41E |Galway-farmington complex, 25 to 50 percent slopes, very rocky-----------| 5,758 | 1.3

42C |Macomber-taconic complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, rocky------------------| 3,272 | 0.8

42D |Macomber-taconic complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, rocky-----------------| 6,212 | 1.4

42E |Macomber-taconic complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, rocky-----------------| 16,161 | 3.7

43C |Taconic-macomber complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky-------------| 865 | 0.2

43D |Taconic-macomber complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very rocky------------| 4,288 | 1.0

43E |Taconic-macomber complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, very rocky------------| 6,662 | 1.5

44B |Dutchess channery loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes----------------------------| 402 | *

44C |Dutchess channery loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes---------------------------| 1,906 | 0.4

44D |Dutchess channery loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes--------------------------| 1,997 | 0.5

47C |Dutchess channery loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony---------------| 2,640 | 0.6

47D |Dutchess channery loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony--------------| 6,933 | 1.6

47E |Dutchess channery loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes, very stony--------------| 22,854 | 5.3

48B |Pittstown loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------------------------------------| 559 | 0.1

48C |Pittstown loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes-----------------------------------| 3,666 | 0.8

48D |Pittstown loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes----------------------------------| 814 | 0.2

49C |Pittstown loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony-----------------------| 2,711 | 0.6

49D |Pittstown loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony----------------------| 2,599 | 0.6

50B |Brayton loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 321 | *

51B |Brayton loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes, very stony--------------------------| 261 | *

52A |Mansfield mucky silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, very stony-------------| 479 | 0.1

64B |Stockbridge loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes----------------------------------| 3,104 | 0.7

64C |Stockbridge loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes---------------------------------| 4,290 | 1.0

64D |Stockbridge loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes--------------------------------| 1,631 | 0.4

65C |Stockbridge loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony---------------------| 510 | 0.1

65D |Stockbridge loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony--------------------| 1,030 | 0.2

66A |Georgia loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 299 | *

66B |Georgia loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 3,615 | 0.8

66C |Georgia loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes-------------------------------------| 1,617 | 0.4

66D |Georgia loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes------------------------------------| 389 | *

67B |Georgia loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony--------------------------| 2,159 | 0.5

67C |Georgia loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony-------------------------| 2,245 | 0.5

68A |Massena silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes---------------------------------| 822 | 0.2

68B |Massena silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes---------------------------------| 773 | 0.2

 See footnote at end of table.
Bennington County, Vermont 311

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils—Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent

symbol | | | _______|_________________________________________________________________________|____________|________

 | | |

69A |Massena silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, very stony---------------------| 1,548 | 0.4

69B |Massena silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony---------------------| 1,318 | 0.3

70A |Groton gravelly fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes-------------------| 962 | 0.2

70B |Groton gravelly fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes-------------------| 868 | 0.2

70C |Groton gravelly fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------------------| 345 | *

70D |Groton gravelly fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes-----------------| 782 | 0.2

70E |Groton gravelly fine sandy loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes-----------------| 441 | 0.1

71A |Hero gravelly fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes---------------------| 1,200 | 0.3

71B |Hero gravelly fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes---------------------| 729 | 0.2

72A |Fredon fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes----------------------------| 1,054 | 0.2

84B |Nellis silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes----------------------------------| 1,503 | 0.3

84C |Nellis silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes---------------------------------| 1,906 | 0.4

84D |Nellis silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes--------------------------------| 877 | 0.2

85B |Nellis silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony----------------------| 440 | 0.1

85C |Nellis silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony---------------------| 924 | 0.2

85D |Nellis silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony--------------------| 2,355 | 0.5

85E |Nellis silt loam, 25 to 50 percent slopes, very stony--------------------| 1,461 | 0.3

86A |Amenia silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes----------------------------------| 219 | *

86B |Amenia silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes----------------------------------| 1,047 | 0.2

86C |Amenia silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes---------------------------------| 478 | 0.1

87B |Amenia silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony----------------------| 738 | 0.2

87C |Amenia silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony---------------------| 443 | 0.1

90C |Berkshire fine sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony-------| 138 | *

90E |Berkshire fine sandy loam, 15 to 50 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 1,218 | 0.3

93B |Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------------------------| 1,676 | 0.4

93C |Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes-----------------------| 2,198 | 0.5

93D |Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes----------------------| 643 | 0.1

94B |Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony------------| 377 | *

94C |Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony-----------| 2,266 | 0.5

94D |Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony----------| 1,652 | 0.4

94E |Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 25 to 50 percent slopes, very stony----------| 1,201 | 0.3

95C |Houghtonville fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony--------| 1,179 | 0.3

95D |Houghtonville fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony-------| 3,701 | 0.9

95E |Houghtonville fine sandy loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes, very stony-------| 5,943 | 1.4

96D |Hogback-rawsonville-rock outcrop complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very | |

 | stony-----------------------------------------------------------------| 5,843 | 1.3

96F |Hogback-rawsonville-rock outcrop complex, 25 to 70 percent slopes, very | |

 | stony-----------------------------------------------------------------| 2,520 | 0.6

100B |Wilmington fine sandy loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, very stony------------| 2,750 | 0.6

102B |Mundal fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes----------------------------| 397 | *

102C |Mundal fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes---------------------------| 1,802 | 0.4

104B |Colton gravelly loamy sand, 3 to 8 percent slopes, extremely stony-------| 472 | 0.1

104C |Colton gravelly loamy sand, 8 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 740 | 0.2

104E |Colton gravelly loamy sand, 15 to 50 percent slopes, extremely stony-----| 290 | *

105B |Monadnock fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony-------------| 225 | *

105C |Monadnock fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony------------| 1,275 | 0.3

105D |Monadnock fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony-----------| 571 | 0.1

105E |Monadnock fine sandy loam, 25 to 50 percent slopes, very stony-----------| 545 | 0.1

106B |Berkshire fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony-------------| 989 | 0.2

106C |Berkshire fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony------------| 5,173 | 1.2

106D |Berkshire fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony-----------| 7,259 | 1.7

106E |Berkshire fine sandy loam, 25 to 50 percent slopes, very stony-----------| 11,781 | 2.7

108B |Peru fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony------------------| 1,765 | 0.4

108C |Peru fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony-----------------| 7,491 | 1.7

108D |Peru fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony----------------| 1,603 | 0.4

109C |Tunbridge-berkshire complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, rocky---------------| 1,557 | 0.4

109D |Tunbridge-berkshire complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, rocky--------------| 3,017 | 0.7

109E |Tunbridge-berkshire complex, 25 to 50 percent slopes, rocky--------------| 7,298 | 1.7

111C |Rawsonville-houghtonville complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, rocky---------| 2,854 | 0.7

111D |Rawsonville-houghtonville complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, rocky--------| 4,101 | 0.9

111E |Rawsonville-houghtonville complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, rocky--------| 6,157 | 1.4

112C |Rawsonville-hogback complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky----------| 980 | 0.2

112D |Rawsonville-hogback complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very rocky---------| 2,685 | 0.6

 See footnote at end of table.
312 Soil Survey

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils—Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent

symbol | | | _______|_________________________________________________________________________|____________|________

 | | |

112E |Rawsonville-hogback complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, very rocky---------| 8,291 | 1.9

113B |Cabot silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony-----------------------| 3,120 | 0.7

114B |Mundal fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony----------------| 1,111 | 0.3

114C |Mundal fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony---------------| 10,309 | 2.4

114D |Mundal fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony--------------| 2,201 | 0.5

115B |Peru fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------------------------------| 813 | 0.2

115C |Peru fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes-----------------------------| 1,993 | 0.5

115D |Peru fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes----------------------------| 251 | *

116D |Lyman-tunbridge-rock outcrop complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony| 215 | *

116F |Lyman-tunbridge-rock outcrop complex, 25 to 70 percent slopes, very stony| 1,710 | 0.4

117B |Berkshire fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes-------------------------| 247 | *

117C |Berkshire fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------------------------| 933 | 0.2

117D |Berkshire fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes-----------------------| 711 | 0.2

118C |Tunbridge-lyman complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky--------------| 280 | *

118D |Tunbridge-lyman complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very rocky-------------| 1,224 | 0.3

118E |Tunbridge-lyman complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, very rocky-------------| 3,430 | 0.8

221F |Tunbridge-berkshire association, very steep, rocky-----------------------| 2,752 | 0.6

403B |Cabot-carlisle association, undulating, very stony-----------------------| 694 | 0.2

405D |Berkshire-tunbridge association, hilly, very stony-----------------------| 3,155 | 0.7

413D |Peru-berkshire-cabot association, hilly, very stony----------------------| 2,308 | 0.5

702E |Rawsonville-hogback association, very hilly, very rocky------------------| 10,413 | 2.4

703C |Mundal-houghtonville association, rolling, very stony--------------------| 3,343 | 0.8

705D |Rawsonville-houghtonville-mundal association, hilly, rocky---------------| 7,297 | 1.7

715D |Houghtonville-rawsonville association, hilly, rocky----------------------| 36,932 | 8.5

902F |Hogback-rawsonville-rock outcrop association, very steep, very stony-----| 3,878 | 0.9

903C |Mundal-wilmington association, rolling, very stony-----------------------| 20,542 | 4.7

905D |Houghtonville-monadnock association, hilly, very stony-------------------| 7,300 | 1.7

913E |Glebe-stratton association, very hilly, very rocky-----------------------| 6,632 | 1.5

923B |Wilmington-mundal association, undulating, very stony--------------------| 7,892 | 1.8

W |Water--------------------------------------------------------------------| 882 | 0.2 | |____________|________

 | Total---------------------------------------------------------------| 433,500 | 100.0 _______|_________________________________________________________________________|____________|________

 * Less than 0.1 percent.
Bennington County, Vermont 313

Table 5.—Important Farmland

___________________________________________________________________________________________

 | |

Map Unit | Map Unit Name | Important Farmland Rating

 Symbol | | _________|__________________________________________________|______________________________

 3A |Copake gravelly fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent |Prime

 | slopes |

 3B |Copake gravelly fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent |Prime

 | slopes |

 3C |Copake gravelly fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent |Statewide

 | slopes |

 18B |Windsor loamy fine sand, 0 to 8 percent slopes |Statewide

 21A |Limerick silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes |Statewide (b)

 25B |Belgrade silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes |Statewide

 26A |Raynham silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes |Prime (b)

 29A |Occum fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes |Prime (f)

 34A |Pootatuck fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes |Prime (f)

 35B |Hartland silt loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes |Prime

 40B |Galway-Nellis-Farmington complex, 3 to 8 percent |Prime

 | slopes, rocky |

 40C |Galway-Nellis-Farmington complex, 8 to 15 percent |Statewide

 | slopes, rocky |

 42C |Macomber-Taconic complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, |Statewide

 | rocky |

 44B |Dutchess channery loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes |Prime

 44C |Dutchess channery loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes |Statewide

 48B |Pittstown loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes |Prime

 48C |Pittstown loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes |Statewide

 50B |Brayton loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes |Statewide (b)

 64B |Stockbridge loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes |Prime

 64C |Stockbridge loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes |Statewide

 66A |Georgia loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes |Prime

 66B |Georgia loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes |Prime

 66C |Georgia loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes |Statewide

 68A |Massena silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes |Prime (b)

 68B |Massena silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes |Prime (b)

 70A |Groton gravelly fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent |Statewide

 | slopes |

 70B |Groton gravelly fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent |Statewide

 | slopes |

 71A |Hero gravelly fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent |Prime

 | slopes |

 71B |Hero gravelly fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent |Prime

 | slopes |

 72A |Fredon fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes |Prime (b)

 84B |Nellis silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes |Prime

 84C |Nellis silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes |Statewide

 86A |Amenia silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes |Prime

 86B |Amenia silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes |Prime

 86C |Amenia silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes |Statewide

 93B |Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes |Prime

 93C |Pittsfield fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes|Statewide

 102B |Mundal fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes |Statewide

 102C |Mundal fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes |Statewide

 115B |Peru fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes |Prime

 115C |Peru fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes |Statewide

 117B |Berkshire fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes |Prime

 117C |Berkshire fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes |Statewide ______________________________________________________________________________________________

(b) - The soils in this soil map unit have a wetness limitation that may be difficult and/or

 unfeasible to overcome. Areas of this soil map unit do not qualify as Prime, Statewide,

 or Local, if artificial drainage is not feasible. Feasible means it is possible to

 install artificial drainage. No consideration is given to the cost of overcoming the

 drainage limitation or any law governing the installation of artificial drainage when

 making an Important Farmland determination.

(f) - The soils in this soil map unit are frequently flooded. Flooding is likely to occur

 often under usual weather conditions, and there is more than a 50 percent chance of

 flooding in any year. Typically, however, flooding occurs outside of the growing

 season. During the growing season, flooding is expected infrequently under usual

 weather conditions, with a 5 to 50 percent chance of flooding in any year.
314 Soil Survey

Table 6.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture

(Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. They are for nonirrigated

 areas. Absence of a yield indicates that the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop

 generally is not grown on the soil.)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Land |Corn silage | Grass hay |Grass-clover|Grass-legume| Pasture

 and soil name | capability | | | | hay | _________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________

 | | Tons | Tons | AUM | Tons | AUM

 | | | | | |

3A: | | 24.00 | --- | --- | 4.50 | 8.50

 Copake------------------| 1 | | | | |

 | | | | | |

3B: | | 24.00 | --- | --- | 4.50 | 8.50

 Copake------------------| 2e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

3C: | | 22.00 | --- | --- | 4.00 | 7.50

 Copake------------------| 3e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

3D: | | 19.00 | --- | --- | 3.50 | 6.50

 Copake------------------| 4e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

3E: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Copake------------------| 7e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

9: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Pits--------------------| 8s | | | | |

 Dumps-------------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

10D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Glebe-------------------| 7s | | | | |

 Stratton----------------| | | | | |

 Londonderry-------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

10E: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Glebe-------------------| 7s | | | | |

 Stratton----------------| | | | | |

 Londonderry-------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

11F: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Taconic-----------------| 7s | | | | |

 Hubbardton--------------| | | | | |

 Rock outcrop------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

18B: | | 14.00 | 2.00 | 5.50 | 2.50 | ---

 Windsor-----------------| 3s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

18C: | | 12.00 | 2.00 | 5.00 | 2.50 | ---

 Windsor-----------------| 4s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

18E: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Windsor-----------------| 7s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

21A: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 4.00

 Limerick----------------| 4w | | | | |

 | | | | | |

23A: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Adrian------------------| 5w | | | | |

 Saco--------------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

24A: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Carlisle----------------| 5w | | | | |

 | | | | | |

25B: | | 22.00 | --- | 7.50 | 3.50 | ---

 Belgrade----------------| 2e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

26A: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6.00

 Raynham-----------------| 4w | | | | |

 | | | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 315

Table 6.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Land |Corn silage | Grass hay |Grass-clover|Grass-legume| Pasture

 and soil name | capability | | | | hay | _________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________

 | | Tons | Tons | AUM | Tons | AUM

 | | | | | |

27B: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Udipsamments------------| 8s | | | | |

 Udorthents--------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

28A: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Udifluvents-------------| 8s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

29A: | | 24.00 | 4.00 | 7.00 | 4.00 | ---

 Occum-------------------| 1 | | | | |

 | | | | | |

34A: | | 24.00 | 4.50 | 7.50 | 4.50 | ---

 Pootatuck---------------| 2w | | | | |

 | | | | | |

35B: | | 28.00 | 4.50 | 7.20 | 4.50 | ---

 Hartland----------------| 1 | | | | |

 | | | | | |

40B: | | 19.00 | --- | --- | 4.50 | 8.50

 Galway------------------| 2e | | | | |

 Nellis------------------| | | | | |

 Farmington--------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

40C: | | 17.00 | --- | --- | 4.00 | 7.50

 Galway------------------| 3e | | | | |

 Nellis------------------| | | | | |

 Farmington--------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

40D: | | 15.00 | --- | --- | 4.00 | 7.50

 Galway------------------| 4e | | | | |

 Nellis------------------| | | | | |

 Farmington--------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

41C: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Galway------------------| 6s | | | | |

 Farmington--------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

41D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Galway------------------| 6s | | | | |

 Farmington--------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

41E: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Galway------------------| 7s | | | | |

 Farmington--------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

42C: | | 15.00 | --- | --- | --- | 6.00

 Macomber----------------| 3e | | | | |

 Taconic-----------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

42D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.70

 Macomber----------------| 6s | | | | |

 Taconic-----------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

42E: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Macomber----------------| 7s | | | | |

 Taconic-----------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

43C: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.40

 Taconic-----------------| 6s | | | | |

 Macomber----------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

43D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1.70

 Taconic-----------------| 6s | | | | |

 Macomber----------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |
316 Soil Survey

Table 6.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Land |Corn silage | Grass hay |Grass-clover|Grass-legume| Pasture

 and soil name | capability | | | | hay | _________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________

 | | Tons | Tons | AUM | Tons | AUM

 | | | | | |

43E: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Taconic-----------------| 7s | | | | |

 Macomber----------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

44B: | | 22.00 | 4.00 | 6.40 | 4.00 | ---

 Dutchess----------------| 2e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

44C: | | 20.00 | 4.00 | 6.40 | 4.00 | ---

 Dutchess----------------| 3e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

44D: | | 17.00 | 3.50 | 5.60 | 3.50 | ---

 Dutchess----------------| 4e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

47C: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.50

 Dutchess----------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

47D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.50

 Dutchess----------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

47E: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Dutchess----------------| 7s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

48B: | | 20.00 | --- | 6.50 | 3.50 | ---

 Pittstown---------------| 2e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

48C: | | 18.00 | --- | 6.50 | 3.50 | ---

 Pittstown---------------| 3e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

48D: | | 16.00 | --- | 5.50 | 3.00 | ---

 Pittstown---------------| 4e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

49C: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Pittstown---------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

49D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Pittstown---------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

50B: | | 15.00 | 3.00 | --- | 3.00 | 5.50

 Brayton-----------------| 3w | | | | |

 | | | | | |

51B: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.70

 Brayton-----------------| 7s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

52A: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Mansfield---------------| 7s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

64B: | | 24.00 | 4.50 | 8.50 | 4.50 | ---

 Stockbridge-------------| 2e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

64C: | | 22.00 | 4.50 | 8.50 | 4.50 | ---

 Stockbridge-------------| 3e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

64D: | | 20.00 | 4.00 | 7.50 | 4.00 | ---

 Stockbridge-------------| 4e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

65C: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Stockbridge-------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

65D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Stockbridge-------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

66A: | | 23.00 | 4.00 | 6.40 | 4.00 | ---

 Georgia-----------------| 2w | | | | |

 | | | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 317

Table 6.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Land |Corn silage | Grass hay |Grass-clover|Grass-legume| Pasture

 and soil name | capability | | | | hay | _________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________

 | | Tons | Tons | AUM | Tons | AUM

 | | | | | |

66B: | | 23.00 | 4.00 | 6.40 | 4.00 | ---

 Georgia-----------------| 2e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

66C: | | 21.00 | 4.00 | 6.40 | 4.00 | ---

 Georgia-----------------| 3e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

66D: | | 18.00 | 3.50 | 5.60 | 3.50 | ---

 Georgia-----------------| 4e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

67B: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.80

 Georgia-----------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

67C: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.80

 Georgia-----------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

68A: | | 18.00 | 4.00 | --- | 4.00 | 6.50

 Massena-----------------| 3w | | | | |

 | | | | | |

68B: | | 18.00 | 4.00 | --- | 4.00 | 6.50

 Massena-----------------| 3w | | | | |

 | | | | | |

69A: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Massena-----------------| 5s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

69B: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Massena-----------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

70A: | | 16.00 | 3.50 | 5.50 | 3.00 | ---

 Groton------------------| 3s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

70B: | | 16.00 | 3.50 | 5.50 | 3.00 | ---

 Groton------------------| 3s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

70C: | | 14.00 | 3.50 | 5.50 | 3.00 | ---

 Groton------------------| 4s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

70D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Groton------------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

70E: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Groton------------------| 7s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

71A: | | 22.00 | 4.00 | --- | 4.00 | 7.50

 Hero--------------------| 2w | | | | |

 | | | | | |

71B: | | 22.00 | 4.00 | --- | 4.00 | 7.50

 Hero--------------------| 2e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

72A: | | 15.00 | --- | --- | 3.00 | 5.70

 Fredon------------------| 3w | | | | |

 | | | | | |

84B: | | 25.00 | --- | --- | 4.50 | 8.50

 Nellis------------------| 2e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

84C: | | 23.00 | --- | --- | 4.50 | 8.50

 Nellis------------------| 3e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

84D: | | 20.00 | --- | --- | 4.00 | 7.50

 Nellis------------------| 4e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

85B: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Nellis------------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |
318 Soil Survey

Table 6.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Land |Corn silage | Grass hay |Grass-clover|Grass-legume| Pasture

 and soil name | capability | | | | hay | _________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________

 | | Tons | Tons | AUM | Tons | AUM

 | | | | | |

85C: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Nellis------------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

85D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Nellis------------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

85E: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Nellis------------------| 7s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

86A: | | 24.00 | --- | --- | 4.50 | 8.50

 Amenia------------------| 2w | | | | |

 | | | | | |

86B: | | 24.00 | --- | --- | 4.50 | 8.50

 Amenia------------------| 2e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

86C: | | 22.00 | --- | --- | 4.50 | 8.50

 Amenia------------------| 3e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

87B: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Amenia------------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

87C: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Amenia------------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

90C: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Berkshire---------------| 7s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

90E: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Berkshire---------------| 7s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

93B: | | 24.00 | 4.00 | 7.60 | 4.00 | ---

 Pittsfield--------------| 2e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

93C: | | 22.00 | 4.00 | 7.60 | 4.00 | ---

 Pittsfield--------------| 3e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

93D: | | 18.00 | 3.50 | 6.60 | 3.50 | ---

 Pittsfield--------------| 4e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

94B: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Pittsfield--------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

94C: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Pittsfield--------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

94D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Pittsfield--------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

94E: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Pittsfield--------------| 7s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

95C: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.60

 Houghtonville-----------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

95D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.60

 Houghtonville-----------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

95E: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Houghtonville-----------| 7s | | | | |

 | | | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 319

Table 6.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Land |Corn silage | Grass hay |Grass-clover|Grass-legume| Pasture

 and soil name | capability | | | | hay | _________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________

 | | Tons | Tons | AUM | Tons | AUM

 | | | | | |

96D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.40

 Hogback-----------------| 6s | | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------| | | | | |

 Rock outcrop------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

96F: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Hogback-----------------| 7s | | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------| | | | | |

 Rock outcrop------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

100B: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Wilmington--------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

102B: | | --- | --- | 5.60 | 3.50 | ---

 Mundal------------------| 2e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

102C: | | --- | --- | 5.60 | 3.50 | ---

 Mundal------------------| 3e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

104B: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Colton------------------| 7s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

104C: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Colton------------------| 7s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

104E: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Colton------------------| 7s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

105B: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Monadnock---------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

105C: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Monadnock---------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

105D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Monadnock---------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

105E: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Monadnock---------------| 7s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

106B: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Berkshire---------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

106C: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Berkshire---------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

106D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Berkshire---------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

106E: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Berkshire---------------| 7s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

108B: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Peru--------------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

108C: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Peru--------------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

108D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Peru--------------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |
320 Soil Survey

Table 6.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Land |Corn silage | Grass hay |Grass-clover|Grass-legume| Pasture

 and soil name | capability | | | | hay | _________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________

 | | Tons | Tons | AUM | Tons | AUM

 | | | | | |

109C: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.10

 Tunbridge---------------| 6s | | | | |

 Berkshire---------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

109D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.10

 Tunbridge---------------| 6s | | | | |

 Berkshire---------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

109E: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Tunbridge---------------| 7s | | | | |

 Berkshire---------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

111C: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.70

 Rawsonville-------------| 6s | | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

111D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.70

 Rawsonville-------------| 6s | | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

111E: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Rawsonville-------------| 7s | | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

112C: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.70

 Rawsonville-------------| 6s | | | | |

 Hogback-----------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

112D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.70

 Rawsonville-------------| 6s | | | | |

 Hogback-----------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

112E: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Rawsonville-------------| 7s | | | | |

 Hogback-----------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

113B: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.70

 Cabot-------------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

114B: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.10

 Mundal------------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

114C: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.10

 Mundal------------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

114D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.10

 Mundal------------------| 6s | | | | |

 | | | | | |

115B: | | 20.00 | 4.00 | --- | 4.00 | 8.00

 Peru--------------------| 2e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

115C: | | 18.00 | 4.00 | --- | 4.00 | 8.00

 Peru--------------------| 3e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

115D: | | 16.00 | 3.50 | --- | 3.50 | 7.00

 Peru--------------------| 4e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

116D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Lyman-------------------| 7s | | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------| | | | | |

 Rock outcrop------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 321

Table 6.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Land |Corn silage | Grass hay |Grass-clover|Grass-legume| Pasture

 and soil name | capability | | | | hay | _________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________

 | | Tons | Tons | AUM | Tons | AUM

 | | | | | |

116F: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Lyman-------------------| 7s | | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------| | | | | |

 Rock outcrop------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

117B: | | 22.00 | --- | 6.50 | 4.00 | ---

 Berkshire---------------| 2e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

117C: | | 20.00 | --- | 6.00 | 3.50 | ---

 Berkshire---------------| 3e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

117D: | | 15.00 | --- | 5.00 | 3.00 | ---

 Berkshire---------------| 4e | | | | |

 | | | | | |

118C: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.10

 Tunbridge---------------| 6s | | | | |

 Lyman-------------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

118D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.10

 Tunbridge---------------| 6s | | | | |

 Lyman-------------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

118E: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Tunbridge---------------| 7s | | | | |

 Lyman-------------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

221F: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Tunbridge---------------| 7s | | | | |

 Berkshire---------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

403B: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.70

 Cabot-------------------| 6s | | | | |

 Carlisle----------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

405D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Berkshire---------------| 6s | | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

413D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Peru--------------------| 6s | | | | |

 Berkshire---------------| | | | | |

 Cabot-------------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

702E: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Rawsonville-------------| 7s | | | | |

 Hogback-----------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

703C: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.10

 Mundal------------------| 6s | | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

705D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.70

 Rawsonville-------------| 6s | | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------| | | | | |

 Mundal------------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

715D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.60

 Houghtonville-----------| 6s | | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |
322 Soil Survey

Table 6.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Land |Corn silage | Grass hay |Grass-clover|Grass-legume| Pasture

 and soil name | capability | | | | hay | _________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________

 | | Tons | Tons | AUM | Tons | AUM

 | | | | | |

902F: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Hogback-----------------| 7s | | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------| | | | | |

 Rock outcrop------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

903C: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.10

 Mundal------------------| 6s | | | | |

 Wilmington--------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

905D: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.60

 Houghtonville-----------| 6s | | | | |

 Monadnock---------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

913E: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Glebe-------------------| 7s | | | | |

 Stratton----------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | |

923B: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 Wilmington--------------| 6s | | | | |

 Mundal------------------| | | | | |

 | | | | | | _________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 3A: | 1 | | | | | | | | Copake------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |eastern white pine--| 65 |114.00 |Austri | | | | | |northern red oak----| 60 | 43.00 | Europ | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 55 | 29.00 | Norwa | | | | | | | | | easte | | | | | | | | | 3B: | 1 | | | | | | | | Copake------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |eastern white pine--| 65 |114.00 |Austri | | | | | |northern red oak----| 60 | 43.00 | Europ | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 55 | 29.00 | Norwa | | | | | | | | | easte | | | | | | | | | 3C: | 1 | | | | | | | | Copake------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |eastern white pine--| 65 |114.00 |Austri | | | | | |northern red oak----| 60 | 43.00 | Europ | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 55 | 29.00 | Norwa | | | | | | | | | easte | | | | | | | | | 3D: | 2 | | | | | | | | Copake------------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |eastern white pine--| 65 |114.00 |Austri | | | | | |northern red oak----| 60 | 43.00 | Europ | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 55 | 29.00 | Norwa | | | | | | | | | easte | | | | | | | | | 3E: | 3 | | | | | | | | Copake------------------| |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |eastern white pine--| 65 |114.00 |Austri | | | | | |northern red oak----| 60 | 43.00 | Europ | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 55 | 29.00 | Norwa | | | | | | | | | easte | | | | | | | | | 9: | 7 | | | | | | | | Pits--------------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | Dumps-------------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tre |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 10D: | 7 | | | | | | | | Glebe-------------------| |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |balsam  | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | spru | | | | | |mountain maple------| --- | --- | | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | | | | | | |American beech------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Stratton----------------| |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |American beech------| --- | --- |balsam  | | | | | |balsam fir----------| --- | --- | spru | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | | | | | | |mountain maple------| --- | --- | | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| --- | --- | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red spruce----------| 35 | 72.00 | | | | | | | | | | Londonderry-------------| |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Severe |balsam fir----------| --- | --- |  | | | | | |white spruce--------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red spruce----------| 30 | 57.00 | | | | | | | | | | 10E: | 7 | | | | | | | | Glebe-------------------| |Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |balsam  | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | spru | | | | | |mountain maple------| --- | --- | | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | | | | | | |American beech------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 10E: | 7 | | | | | | | | Stratton----------------| |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |American beech------| --- | --- |balsam  | | | | | |balsam fir----------| --- | --- | spruc | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | | | | | | |mountain maple------| --- | --- | | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| --- | --- | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red spruce----------| 35 | 72.00 | | | | | | | | | | Londonderry-------------| |Severe |Severe |Severe |Severe |balsam fir----------| --- | --- |  | | | | | |white spruce--------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red spruce----------| 30 | 57.00 | | | | | | | | | | 11F: | 6 | | | | | | | | Taconic-----------------| |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |American beech------| --- | --- |Norway  | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | balsa | | | | | |northern red oak----| 50 | 29.00 | easte | | | | | |red spruce----------| 40 | 86.00 | pine,  | | | | | |white oak-----------| 50 | 29.00 | white  | | | | | |white spruce--------| 50 |114.00 | | | | | | |paper birch---------| 53 | 57.00 | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 50 |100.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | Hubbardton--------------| |Severe |Severe |Severe |Severe |American hornbeam---| --- | --- |  | | | | | |black oak-----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red spruce----------| 35 | 72.00 | | | | | | |white oak-----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 50 | 86.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 50 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | Rock Outcrop------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | 18B: | 2 | | | | | | | | Windsor-----------------| |Slight |Slight |Severe |Slight |northern red oak----| 52 | 29.00 |Norway  | | | | | |red pine------------| 61 |100.00 | easte | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 57 |100.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tre |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|_____ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 18C: | 2 | | | | | | | | Windsor-----------------| |Slight |Slight |Severe |Slight |northern red oak----| 52 | 29.00 |Norwa | | | | | |red pine------------| 61 |100.00 | east | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 57 |100.00 | pine | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | 18E: | 3 | | | | | | | | Windsor-----------------| |Severe |Severe |Severe |Slight |northern red oak----| 52 | 29.00 |Norwa | | | | | |red pine------------| 61 |100.00 | east | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 57 |100.00 | pine | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | 21A: | 6 | | | | | | | | Limerick----------------| |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |eastern white pine--| 65 |114.00 |easte | | | | | |red maple-----------| 40 | 29.00 | east | | | | | | | | | pine | | | | | | | | | 23A: | 7 | | | | | | | | Adrian------------------| |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |quaking aspen-------| 60 | 57.00 |  | | | | | |red maple-----------| 53 | 29.00 | | | | | | |tamarack------------| 45 | 29.00 | | | | | | |silver maple--------| 78 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 69 | 57.00 | | | | | | |green ash-----------| 69 | 57.00 | | | | | | | | | | Saco--------------------| |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |red maple-----------| 50 | 29.00 |  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 50 | 86.00 | | | | | | |eastern arborvitae--| 45 | 72.00 | | | | | | | | | | 24A: | 7 | | | | | | | | Carlisle----------------| |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |green ash-----------| --- | --- |  | | | | | |quaking aspen-------| --- | --- | | | | | | |swamp white oak-----| --- | --- | | | | | | |silver maple--------| 82 | 29.00 | | | | | | |red maple-----------| 56 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | 25B: | 3 | | | | | | | | Belgrade----------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |eastern white pine--| 75 |143.00 |Europ | | | | | |white spruce--------| 65 |143.00 | east | | | | | |northern red oak----| 62 | 43.00 | pine | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 26A: | 6 | | | | | | | | Raynham-----------------| |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Severe |balsam fir----------| --- | --- |easter | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | white  | | | | | |elm-----------------| --- | --- | | | | | | |gray birch----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red spruce----------| 45 |100.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| --- | --- | | | | | | |tamarack------------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red maple-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 65 |114.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | | | | | 27B: | 7 | | | | | | | | Udipsamments------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | Udorthents--------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | 28A: | 7 | | | | | | | | Udifluvents-------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | 29A: | 2 | | | | | | | | Occum-------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |eastern white pine--| 70 |129.00 |easter | | | | | |northern red oak----| 65 | 43.00 | red p | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | spruc | | | | | | | | | 34A: | 2 | | | | | | | | Pootatuck---------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |yellow birch--------| 60 | 43.00 |easter | | | | | |red pine------------| 75 |143.00 | white  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 |143.00 | | | | | | |red maple-----------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 35B: | 1 | | | | | | | | Hartland----------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |black oak-----------| --- | --- |easter | | | | | |gray birch----------| --- | --- | larch | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | --- | white  | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | | | | | | |white ash-----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |white oak-----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 70 |129.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tre |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|_____ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 40B: | 3 | | | | | | | | Galway------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|white ash-----------| 75 | 43.00 |Europ | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | Norw | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | east | | | | | | | | | pine | | | | | | | | | Nellis------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |American basswood---| 80 | 57.00 |Austr | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 70 | 43.00 | Doug | | | | | |white ash-----------| 85 | 57.00 | Euro | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 85 |143.00 | Norw | | | | | |northern red oak----| 80 | 57.00 | blac | | | | | | | | | east | | | | | | | | | Farmington--------------| |Slight |Slight |Severe |Moderate|eastern hemlock-----| 50 | --- |Europ | | | | | |northern red oak----| 50 | 29.00 | east | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | pine | | | | | |white ash-----------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 55 | 86.00 | | | | | | |American basswood---| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | 40C: | 3 | | | | | | | | Galway------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|white ash-----------| 75 | 43.00 |Europ | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | Norw | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | east | | | | | | | | | pine | | | | | | | | | Nellis------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |American basswood---| 80 | 57.00 |Austr | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 70 | 43.00 | Doug | | | | | |white ash-----------| 85 | 57.00 | Euro | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 85 |143.00 | Norw | | | | | |northern red oak----| 80 | 57.00 | blac | | | | | | | | | east | | | | | | | | | Farmington--------------| |Slight |Slight |Severe |Moderate|eastern hemlock-----| 50 | --- |Europ | | | | | |northern red oak----| 50 | 29.00 | east | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | pine | | | | | |white ash-----------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 55 | 86.00 | | | | | | |American basswood---| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tre |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|_____ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 40D: | 3 | | | | | | | | Galway------------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|white ash-----------| 75 | 43.00 |Europ | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | Norw | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | east | | | | | | | | | pine | | | | | | | | | Nellis------------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |American basswood---| 80 | 57.00 |Austr | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 70 | 43.00 | Doug | | | | | |white ash-----------| 85 | 57.00 | Euro | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 85 |143.00 | Norw | | | | | |northern red oak----| 80 | 57.00 | blac | | | | | | | | | east | | | | | | | | | Farmington--------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Moderate|eastern hemlock-----| 50 | --- |Europ | | | | | |northern red oak----| 50 | 29.00 | east | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | pine | | | | | |white ash-----------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 55 | 86.00 | | | | | | |American basswood---| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | 41C: | 4 | | | | | | | | Galway------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|white ash-----------| 75 | 43.00 |Europ | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | Norw | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | east | | | | | | | | | pine | | | | | | | | | Farmington--------------| |Slight |Slight |Severe |Moderate|eastern hemlock-----| 50 | --- |Europ | | | | | |northern red oak----| 50 | 29.00 | east | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | pine | | | | | |white ash-----------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 55 | 86.00 | | | | | | |American basswood---| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | 41D: | 5 | | | | | | | | Galway------------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|white ash-----------| 75 | 43.00 |Europ | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | Norw | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | east | | | | | | | | | pine | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tre |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|_____ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 41D: | 5 | | | | | | | | Farmington--------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Moderate|eastern hemlock-----| 50 | --- |Europ | | | | | |northern red oak----| 50 | 29.00 | east | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | pine | | | | | |white ash-----------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 55 | 86.00 | | | | | | |American basswood---| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | 41E: | 5 | | | | | | | | Galway------------------| |Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|white ash-----------| 75 | 43.00 |Europ | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | Norw | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | east | | | | | | | | | pine | | | | | | | | | Farmington--------------| |Severe |Severe |Severe |Moderate|eastern hemlock-----| 50 | --- |Europ | | | | | |northern red oak----| 50 | 29.00 | east | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | pine | | | | | |white ash-----------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 55 | 86.00 | | | | | | |American basswood---| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | 42C: | 4 | | | | | | | | Macomber----------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|American beech------| --- | --- |Norwa | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | bals | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | east | | | | | |red spruce----------| 55 |129.00 | pine | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | whit | | | | | |white spruce--------| 65 |143.00 | | | | | | |white oak-----------| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 65 |129.00 | | | | | | | | | | Taconic-----------------| |Slight |Slight |Severe |Moderate|American beech------| --- | --- |Norwa | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | bals | | | | | |northern red oak----| 50 | 29.00 | east | | | | | |red spruce----------| 40 | 86.00 | pine | | | | | |white oak-----------| 50 | 29.00 | whit | | | | | |white spruce--------| 50 |114.00 | | | | | | |paper birch---------| 53 | 57.00 | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 50 |100.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tre |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|_____ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 42D: | 6 | | | | | | | | Macomber----------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|American beech------| --- | --- |Norwa | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | bals | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | east | | | | | |red spruce----------| 55 |129.00 | pine | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | whit | | | | | |white spruce--------| 65 |143.00 | | | | | | |white oak-----------| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 65 |129.00 | | | | | | | | | | Taconic-----------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Severe |American beech------| --- | --- |Norwa | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | bals | | | | | |northern red oak----| 50 | 29.00 | east | | | | | |red spruce----------| 40 | 86.00 | pine | | | | | |white oak-----------| 50 | 29.00 | whit | | | | | |white spruce--------| 50 |114.00 | | | | | | |paper birch---------| 53 | 57.00 | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 50 |100.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | 42E: | 6 | | | | | | | | Macomber----------------| |Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|American beech------| --- | --- |Norwa | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | bals | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | east | | | | | |red spruce----------| 55 |129.00 | pine | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | whit | | | | | |white spruce--------| 65 |143.00 | | | | | | |white oak-----------| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 65 |129.00 | | | | | | | | | | Taconic-----------------| |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |American beech------| --- | --- |Norwa | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | bals | | | | | |northern red oak----| 50 | 29.00 | east | | | | | |red spruce----------| 40 | 86.00 | pine | | | | | |white oak-----------| 50 | 29.00 | whit | | | | | |white spruce--------| 50 |114.00 | | | | | | |paper birch---------| 53 | 57.00 | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 50 |100.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tre |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|_____ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 43C: | 5 | | | | | | | | Taconic-----------------| |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Severe |American beech------| --- | --- |Norwa | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | bals | | | | | |northern red oak----| 50 | 29.00 | east | | | | | |red spruce----------| 40 | 86.00 | pine | | | | | |white oak-----------| 50 | 29.00 | whit | | | | | |white spruce--------| 50 |114.00 | | | | | | |paper birch---------| 53 | 57.00 | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 50 |100.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | Macomber----------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|American beech------| --- | --- |Norwa | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | bals | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | east | | | | | |red spruce----------| 55 |129.00 | pine | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | whit | | | | | |white spruce--------| 65 |143.00 | | | | | | |white oak-----------| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 65 |129.00 | | | | | | | | | | 43D: | 6 | | | | | | | | Taconic-----------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Severe |American beech------| --- | --- |Norwa | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | bals | | | | | |northern red oak----| 50 | 29.00 | east | | | | | |red spruce----------| 40 | 86.00 | pine | | | | | |white oak-----------| 50 | 29.00 | whit | | | | | |white spruce--------| 50 |114.00 | | | | | | |paper birch---------| 53 | 57.00 | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 50 |100.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | Macomber----------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|American beech------| --- | --- |Norwa | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | bals | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | east | | | | | |red spruce----------| 55 |129.00 | pine | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | whit | | | | | |white spruce--------| 65 |143.00 | | | | | | |white oak-----------| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 65 |129.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 43E: | 6 | | | | | | | | Taconic-----------------| |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |American beech------| --- | --- |Norway  | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | balsa | | | | | |northern red oak----| 50 | 29.00 | easte | | | | | |red spruce----------| 40 | 86.00 | pine,  | | | | | |white oak-----------| 50 | 29.00 | white  | | | | | |white spruce--------| 50 |114.00 | | | | | | |paper birch---------| 53 | 57.00 | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 50 |100.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | Macomber----------------| |Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|American beech------| --- | --- |Norway  | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | balsa | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | easte | | | | | |red spruce----------| 55 |129.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | white  | | | | | |white spruce--------| 65 |143.00 | | | | | | |white oak-----------| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 65 |129.00 | | | | | | | | | | 44B: | 3 | | | | | | | | Dutchess----------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- |easter | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | --- | red p | | | | | |white oak-----------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 66 |114.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 62 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 44C: | 3 | | | | | | | | Dutchess----------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- |easter | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | --- | red p | | | | | |white oak-----------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 66 |114.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 62 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 44D: | 3 | | | | | | | | Dutchess----------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- |easter | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | --- | red p | | | | | |white oak-----------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 66 |114.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 62 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tre |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|_____ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 47C: | 3 | | | | | | | | Dutchess----------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- |easte | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | --- | red  | | | | | |white oak-----------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 66 |114.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 62 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 47D: | 4 | | | | | | | | Dutchess----------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- |easte | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | --- | red  | | | | | |white oak-----------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 66 |114.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 62 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 47E: | 5 | | | | | | | | Dutchess----------------| |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- |easte | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | --- | red  | | | | | |white oak-----------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 66 |114.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 62 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 48B: | 2 | | | | | | | | Pittstown---------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 |Scotc | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 80 |143.00 | fir,  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 72 | 57.00 | pine | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 66 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 48C: | 2 | | | | | | | | Pittstown---------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 |Scotc | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 80 |143.00 | fir,  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 72 | 57.00 | pine | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 66 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 48D: | 2 | | | | | | | | Pittstown---------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 |Scotc | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 80 |143.00 | fir,  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 72 | 57.00 | pine | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 66 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 49C: | 2 | | | | | | | | Pittstown---------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 80 |143.00 | fir,  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 72 | 57.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 66 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 49D: | 2 | | | | | | | | Pittstown---------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 80 |143.00 | fir,  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 72 | 57.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 66 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 50B: | 5 | | | | | | | | Brayton-----------------| |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Severe |black spruce--------| --- | --- |black  | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | spruc | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | | | | | | |tamarack------------| 60 | 57.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 48 |100.00 | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 68 |129.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 67 |114.00 | | | | | | |red maple-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 51B: | 5 | | | | | | | | Brayton-----------------| |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Severe |black spruce--------| --- | --- |black  | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | spruc | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | | | | | | |tamarack------------| 60 | 57.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 48 |100.00 | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 68 |129.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 67 |114.00 | | | | | | |red maple-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 52A: | 7 | | | | | | | | Mansfield---------------| |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |red maple-----------| 55 | 29.00 |  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 55 | 86.00 | | | | | | |red spruce----------| 45 |100.00 | | | | | | | | | | 64B: | 3 | | | | | | | | Stockbridge-------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |American beech------| --- | --- |Europe | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | Norwa | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 |143.00 | easte | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 64C: | 3 | | | | | | | | Stockbridge-------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |American beech------| --- | --- |Europe | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | Norwa | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 |143.00 | easte | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 64D: | 3 | | | | | | | | Stockbridge-------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |American beech------| --- | --- |Europe | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | Norwa | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 |143.00 | easte | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 65C: | 3 | | | | | | | | Stockbridge-------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |American beech------| --- | --- |Europe | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | Norwa | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 |143.00 | easte | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 65D: | 4 | | | | | | | | Stockbridge-------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |American beech------| --- | --- |Europe | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | Norwa | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 |143.00 | easte | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 66A: | 3 | | | | | | | | Georgia-----------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |basswood------------| 65 | 43.00 |Norway  | | | | | |quaking aspen-------| --- | --- | easte | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | pine,  | | | | | |white ash-----------| 66 | 43.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 |143.00 | | | | | | |red maple-----------| 70 | 43.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tre |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|_____ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 66B: | 3 | | | | | | | | Georgia-----------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |basswood------------| 65 | 43.00 |Norwa | | | | | |quaking aspen-------| --- | --- | east | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | pine | | | | | |white ash-----------| 66 | 43.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 |143.00 | | | | | | |red maple-----------| 70 | 43.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | | | | | 66C: | 3 | | | | | | | | Georgia-----------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |basswood------------| 65 | 43.00 |Norwa | | | | | |quaking aspen-------| --- | --- | east | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | pine | | | | | |white ash-----------| 66 | 43.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 |143.00 | | | | | | |red maple-----------| 70 | 43.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | | | | | 66D: | 3 | | | | | | | | Georgia-----------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |basswood------------| 65 | 43.00 |Norwa | | | | | |quaking aspen-------| --- | --- | east | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | pine | | | | | |white ash-----------| 66 | 43.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 |143.00 | | | | | | |red maple-----------| 70 | 43.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | | | | | 67B: | 3 | | | | | | | | Georgia-----------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 |Norwa | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 |143.00 | east | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | pine | | | | | |basswood------------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 67C: | 3 | | | | | | | | Georgia-----------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 |Norwa | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 |143.00 | east | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | pine | | | | | |basswood------------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tre |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|_____ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 68A: | 4 | | | | | | | | Massena-----------------| |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|red maple-----------| 75 | 43.00 |easte | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 |143.00 | east | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | pine | | | | | | | | | 68B: | 4 | | | | | | | | Massena-----------------| |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|red maple-----------| 75 | 43.00 |easte | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 |143.00 | east | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | pine | | | | | | | | | 69A: | 4 | | | | | | | | Massena-----------------| |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|red maple-----------| 75 | 43.00 |easte | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 |143.00 | east | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | pine | | | | | | | | | 69B: | 4 | | | | | | | | Massena-----------------| |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|red maple-----------| 75 | 43.00 |easte | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 |143.00 | east | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | pine | | | | | | | | | 70A: | 2 | | | | | | | | Groton------------------| |Slight |Slight |Severe |Slight |northern red oak----| 55 | 43.00 |Europ | | | | | |red pine------------| 60 | 86.00 | east | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 60 |100.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 55 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 70B: | 2 | | | | | | | | Groton------------------| |Slight |Slight |Severe |Slight |northern red oak----| 55 | 43.00 |Europ | | | | | |red pine------------| 60 | 86.00 | east | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 60 |100.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 55 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 70C: | 2 | | | | | | | | Groton------------------| |Slight |Slight |Severe |Slight |northern red oak----| 55 | 43.00 |Europ | | | | | |red pine------------| 60 | 86.00 | east | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 60 |100.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 55 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 70D: | 3 | | | | | | | | Groton------------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slight |northern red oak----| 55 | 43.00 |Europ | | | | | |red pine------------| 60 | 86.00 | east | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 60 |100.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 55 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 70E: | 3 | | | | | | | | Groton------------------| |Severe |Severe |Severe |Slight |northern red oak----| 55 | 43.00 |Europe | | | | | |red pine------------| 60 | 86.00 | easte | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 60 |100.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 55 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 71A: | 1 | | | | | | | | Hero--------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |eastern white pine--| 70 |129.00 |Europe | | | | | |northern red oak----| 65 | 43.00 | easte | | | | | | | | | pine,  | | | | | | | | | 71B: | 1 | | | | | | | | Hero--------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |eastern white pine--| 70 |129.00 |Europe | | | | | |northern red oak----| 65 | 43.00 | easte | | | | | | | | | pine,  | | | | | | | | | 72A: | 5 | | | | | | | | Fredon------------------| |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |northern red oak----| 60 | 43.00 |Norway  | | | | | |tuliptree-----------| 80 | 72.00 | easte | | | | | |red maple-----------| 70 | 43.00 | pine,  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 70 |129.00 | white  | | | | | | | | | 84B: | 1 | | | | | | | | Nellis------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |American basswood---| 80 | 57.00 |Austri | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 70 | 43.00 | Dougl | | | | | |white ash-----------| 85 | 57.00 | Europ | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 85 |143.00 | Norwa | | | | | |northern red oak----| 80 | 57.00 | black  | | | | | | | | | easte | | | | | | | | | 84C: | 1 | | | | | | | | Nellis------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |American basswood---| 80 | 57.00 |Austri | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 70 | 43.00 | Dougl | | | | | |white ash-----------| 85 | 57.00 | Europ | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 85 |143.00 | Norwa | | | | | |northern red oak----| 80 | 57.00 | black  | | | | | | | | | easte | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tre |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 84D: | 2 | | | | | | | | Nellis------------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |American basswood---| 80 | 57.00 |Austr | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 70 | 43.00 | Doug | | | | | |white ash-----------| 85 | 57.00 | Euro | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 85 |143.00 | Norw | | | | | |northern red oak----| 80 | 57.00 | blac | | | | | | | | | east | | | | | | | | | 85B: | 2 | | | | | | | | Nellis------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |American basswood---| 80 | 57.00 |Austr | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 70 | 43.00 | Doug | | | | | |white ash-----------| 85 | 57.00 | Euro | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 85 |143.00 | Norw | | | | | |northern red oak----| 80 | 57.00 | blac | | | | | | | | | east | | | | | | | | | 85C: | 2 | | | | | | | | Nellis------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |American basswood---| 80 | 57.00 |Austr | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 70 | 43.00 | Doug | | | | | |white ash-----------| 85 | 57.00 | Euro | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 85 |143.00 | Norw | | | | | |northern red oak----| 80 | 57.00 | blac | | | | | | | | | east | | | | | | | | | 85D: | 3 | | | | | | | | Nellis------------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |American basswood---| 80 | 57.00 |Austr | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 70 | 43.00 | Doug | | | | | |white ash-----------| 85 | 57.00 | Euro | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 85 |143.00 | Norw | | | | | |northern red oak----| 80 | 57.00 | blac | | | | | | | | | east | | | | | | | | | 85E: | 3 | | | | | | | | Nellis------------------| |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Slight |American basswood---| 80 | 57.00 |Austr | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 70 | 43.00 | Doug | | | | | |white ash-----------| 85 | 57.00 | Euro | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 85 |143.00 | Norw | | | | | |northern red oak----| 80 | 57.00 | blac | | | | | | | | | east | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 86A: | 1 | | | | | | | | Amenia------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |American basswood---| --- | --- |Europe | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | Norwa | | | | | |white ash-----------| 75 | 43.00 | easte | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 |143.00 | pine | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | | | | | 86B: | 1 | | | | | | | | Amenia------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |American basswood---| --- | --- |Europe | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | Norwa | | | | | |white ash-----------| 75 | 43.00 | easte | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 |143.00 | pine | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | | | | | 86C: | 1 | | | | | | | | Amenia------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |American basswood---| --- | --- |Europe | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | Norwa | | | | | |white ash-----------| 75 | 43.00 | easte | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 |143.00 | pine | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | | | | | 87B: | 2 | | | | | | | | Amenia------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |American basswood---| --- | --- |Europe | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | Norwa | | | | | |white ash-----------| 75 | 43.00 | easte | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 |143.00 | pine | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | | | | | 87C: | 2 | | | | | | | | Amenia------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |American basswood---| --- | --- |Europe | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | Norwa | | | | | |white ash-----------| 75 | 43.00 | easte | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 |143.00 | pine | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 90C: | 4 | | | | | | | | Berkshire---------------| |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 60 |114.00 |balsam  | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | white  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 52 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 72 |129.00 | | | | | | |red pine------------| 65 |114.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 62 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 90E: | 5 | | | | | | | | Berkshire---------------| |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 60 |114.00 |balsam  | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | white  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 52 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 72 |129.00 | | | | | | |red pine------------| 65 |114.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 62 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 93B: | 2 | | | | | | | | Pittsfield--------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 |Dougla | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 65 |114.00 | Europ | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 63 | 43.00 | Frase | | | | | | | | | Norwa | | | | | | | | | easte | | | | | | | | | pine | | | | | | | | | 93C: | 2 | | | | | | | | Pittsfield--------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 |Dougla | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 65 |114.00 | Europ | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 63 | 43.00 | Frase | | | | | | | | | Norwa | | | | | | | | | easte | | | | | | | | | pine | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tre |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|_____ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 93D: | 3 | | | | | | | | Pittsfield--------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 |Dougl | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 65 |114.00 | Euro | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 63 | 43.00 | Fras | | | | | | | | | Norw | | | | | | | | | east | | | | | | | | | pine | | | | | | | | | 94B: | 3 | | | | | | | | Pittsfield--------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 |Dougl | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 65 |114.00 | Euro | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 63 | 43.00 | Fras | | | | | | | | | Norw | | | | | | | | | east | | | | | | | | | pine | | | | | | | | | 94C: | 3 | | | | | | | | Pittsfield--------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 |Dougl | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 65 |114.00 | Euro | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 63 | 43.00 | Fras | | | | | | | | | Norw | | | | | | | | | east | | | | | | | | | pine | | | | | | | | | 94D: | 4 | | | | | | | | Pittsfield--------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 |Dougl | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 65 |114.00 | Euro | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 63 | 43.00 | Fras | | | | | | | | | Norw | | | | | | | | | east | | | | | | | | | pine | | | | | | | | | 94E: | 5 | | | | | | | | Pittsfield--------------| |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 |Dougl | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 65 |114.00 | Euro | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 63 | 43.00 | Fras | | | | | | | | | Norw | | | | | | | | | east | | | | | | | | | pine | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tre |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|_____ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 95C: | 3 | | | | | | | | Houghtonville-----------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 |Norwa | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | Scot | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | bals | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | spru | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 54 | 29.00 | whit | | | | | |paper birch---------| 66 | 72.00 | | | | | | |American beech------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 95D: | 4 | | | | | | | | Houghtonville-----------| |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 |Norwa | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | Scot | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | bals | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | spru | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 54 | 29.00 | whit | | | | | |paper birch---------| 66 | 72.00 | | | | | | |American beech------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 95E: | 5 | | | | | | | | Houghtonville-----------| |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 |Norwa | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | Scot | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | bals | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | spru | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 54 | 29.00 | whit | | | | | |paper birch---------| 66 | 72.00 | | | | | | |American beech------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 96D: | 6 | | | | | | | | Hogback-----------------| |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |American beech------| --- | --- |Norwa | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 48 | 86.00 | bals | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | east | | | | | |red spruce----------| 42 | 86.00 | pine | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 63 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 55 | 86.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 96D: | 6 | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------| |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | fir,  | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | pine,  | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | tamar | | | | | |red spruce----------| 45 |100.00 | spruc | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 67 | 43.00 | | | | | | |American beech------| 64 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | Rock Outcrop------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | 96F: | 6 | | | | | | | | Hogback-----------------| |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |American beech------| --- | --- |Norway  | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 48 | 86.00 | balsa | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | easte | | | | | |red spruce----------| 42 | 86.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 63 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 55 | 86.00 | | | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------| |Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | fir,  | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | pine,  | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | tamar | | | | | |red spruce----------| 45 |100.00 | spruc | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 67 | 43.00 | | | | | | |American beech------| 64 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | Rock Outcrop------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 100B: | 6 | | | | | | | | Wilmington--------------| |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Norway  | | | | | |black cherry--------| --- | --- | balsa | | | | | |quaking aspen-------| --- | --- | easte | | | | | |red maple-----------| 40 | 29.00 | arbor | | | | | |sugar maple---------| --- | --- | easte | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | pine | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| 60 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 45 |100.00 | | | | | | |red spruce----------| 45 |100.00 | | | | | | | | | | 102B: | 1 | | | | | | | | Mundal------------------| |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|American beech------| --- | --- |Norway  | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 | Scotc | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | balsa | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | easte | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | tamar | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | spruc | | | | | |white ash-----------| 75 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 67 |114.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 102C: | 1 | | | | | | | | Mundal------------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|American beech------| --- | --- |Norway  | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 | Scotc | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | balsa | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | easte | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | tamar | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | spruc | | | | | |white ash-----------| 75 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 67 |114.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 104B: | 4 | | | | | | | | Colton------------------| |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Slight |red pine------------| 52 | 86.00 |Europe | | | | | |red spruce----------| 39 | 86.00 | easte | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 62 |114.00 | pine | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 61 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 52 |114.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 104C: | 4 | | | | | | | | Colton------------------| |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Slight |red pine------------| 52 | 86.00 |Europe | | | | | |red spruce----------| 39 | 86.00 | easte | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 62 |114.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 61 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 52 |114.00 | | | | | | | | | | 104E: | 5 | | | | | | | | Colton------------------| |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Slight |red pine------------| 52 | 86.00 |Europe | | | | | |red spruce----------| 39 | 86.00 | easte | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 62 |114.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 61 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 52 |114.00 | | | | | | | | | | 105B: | 3 | | | | | | | | Monadnock---------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |northern red oak----| 55 | 43.00 |easter | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 63 |114.00 | red p | | | | | |red pine------------| 60 |100.00 | spruc | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | | | | | 105C: | 3 | | | | | | | | Monadnock---------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |northern red oak----| 55 | 43.00 |easter | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 63 |114.00 | red p | | | | | |red pine------------| 60 |100.00 | spruc | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | | | | | 105D: | 4 | | | | | | | | Monadnock---------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |northern red oak----| 55 | 43.00 |easter | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 63 |114.00 | red p | | | | | |red pine------------| 60 |100.00 | spruc | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | | | | | 105E: | 5 | | | | | | | | Monadnock---------------| |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |northern red oak----| 55 | 43.00 |easter | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 63 |114.00 | red p | | | | | |red pine------------| 60 |100.00 | spruc | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tre |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|_____ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 106B: | 3 | | | | | | | | Berkshire---------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 60 |114.00 |balsa | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | whit | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 52 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 72 |129.00 | | | | | | |red pine------------| 65 |114.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 62 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 106C: | 3 | | | | | | | | Berkshire---------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 60 |114.00 |balsa | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | whit | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 52 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 72 |129.00 | | | | | | |red pine------------| 65 |114.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 62 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 106D: | 4 | | | | | | | | Berkshire---------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 60 |114.00 |balsa | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | whit | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 52 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 72 |129.00 | | | | | | |red pine------------| 65 |114.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 62 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 106E: | 5 | | | | | | | | Berkshire---------------| |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 60 |114.00 |balsa | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | whit | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 52 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 72 |129.00 | | | | | | |red pine------------| 65 |114.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 62 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 108B: | 3 | | | | | | | | Peru--------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 |easter | | | | | |red pine------------| 61 |100.00 | white  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 39 | 86.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 53 |114.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 67 |114.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 64 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 108C: | 3 | | | | | | | | Peru--------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 |easter | | | | | |red pine------------| 61 |100.00 | white  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 39 | 86.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 53 |114.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 67 |114.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 64 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 108D: | 4 | | | | | | | | Peru--------------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 |easter | | | | | |red pine------------| 61 |100.00 | white  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 39 | 86.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 53 |114.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 67 |114.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 64 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 109C: | 3 | | | | | | | | Tunbridge---------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 50 | 86.00 | fir,  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- | pine,  | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | tamar | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | spruc | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 109C: | 3 | | | | | | | | Berkshire---------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 60 |114.00 |balsam  | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | white  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 52 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 72 |129.00 | | | | | | |red pine------------| 65 |114.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 62 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 109D: | 4 | | | | | | | | Tunbridge---------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 50 | 86.00 | fir,  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- | pine,  | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | tamar | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | spruc | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | Berkshire---------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 60 |114.00 |balsam  | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | white  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 52 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 72 |129.00 | | | | | | |red pine------------| 65 |114.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 62 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 109E: | 5 | | | | | | | | Tunbridge---------------| |Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 50 | 86.00 | fir,  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- | pine,  | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | tamar | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | spruc | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Trees  |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|_______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 109E: | 5 | | | | | | | | Berkshire---------------| |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 60 |114.00 |balsam  | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | white  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 52 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 72 |129.00 | | | | | | |red pine------------| 65 |114.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 62 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 111C: | 4 | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | fir, e | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | pine,  | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | tamara | | | | | |red spruce----------| 45 |100.00 | spruce | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 67 | 43.00 | | | | | | |American beech------| 64 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | Houghtonville-----------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 |Norway  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | Scotch  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | balsam  | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | spruce | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 54 | 29.00 | white  | | | | | |paper birch---------| 66 | 72.00 | | | | | | |American beech------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 111D: | 5 | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------| |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | fir, e | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | pine,  | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | tamara | | | | | |red spruce----------| 45 |100.00 | spruce | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 67 | 43.00 | | | | | | |American beech------| 64 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|_______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 111D: | 5 | | | | | | | | Houghtonville-----------| |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 |Norway  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | Scotc | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | balsam  | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | spruc | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 54 | 29.00 | white  | | | | | |paper birch---------| 66 | 72.00 | | | | | | |American beech------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 111E: | 5 | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------| |Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | fir,  | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | pine,  | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | tamar | | | | | |red spruce----------| 45 |100.00 | spruc | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 67 | 43.00 | | | | | | |American beech------| 64 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | Houghtonville-----------| |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 |Norway  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | Scotc | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | balsam  | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | spruc | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 54 | 29.00 | white  | | | | | |paper birch---------| 66 | 72.00 | | | | | | |American beech------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 112C: | 5 | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | fir,  | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | pine,  | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | tamar | | | | | |red spruce----------| 45 |100.00 | spruc | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 67 | 43.00 | | | | | | |American beech------| 64 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Trees  |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|_______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 112C: | 5 | | | | | | | | Hogback-----------------| |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Severe |American beech------| --- | --- |Norway  | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 48 | 86.00 | balsam  | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | easter | | | | | |red spruce----------| 42 | 86.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 63 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 55 | 86.00 | | | | | | | | | | 112D: | 5 | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------| |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | fir, e | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | pine,  | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | tamara | | | | | |red spruce----------| 45 |100.00 | spruce | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 67 | 43.00 | | | | | | |American beech------| 64 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | Hogback-----------------| |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |American beech------| --- | --- |Norway  | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 48 | 86.00 | balsam  | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | easter | | | | | |red spruce----------| 42 | 86.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 63 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 55 | 86.00 | | | | | | | | | | 112E: | 6 | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------| |Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | fir, e | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | pine,  | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | tamara | | | | | |red spruce----------| 45 |100.00 | spruce | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 67 | 43.00 | | | | | | |American beech------| 64 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 112E: | 6 | | | | | | | | Hogback-----------------| |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |American beech------| --- | --- |Norway  | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 48 | 86.00 | balsa | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | easte | | | | | |red spruce----------| 42 | 86.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 63 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 55 | 86.00 | | | | | | | | | | 113B: | 5 | | | | | | | | Cabot-------------------| |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Severe |balsam fir----------| --- | --- |easter | | | | | |eastern arborvitae--| --- | --- | white  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| --- | --- | | | | | | |elm-----------------| --- | --- | | | | | | |hemlock-------------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red spruce----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |tamarack------------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red maple-----------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 60 |143.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 56 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | 114B: | 2 | | | | | | | | Mundal------------------| |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|American beech------| --- | --- |Norway  | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 | Scotc | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | balsa | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | easte | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine,  | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | tamar | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | spruc | | | | | |white ash-----------| 75 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 67 |114.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Trees  |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|_______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 114C: | 2 | | | | | | | | Mundal------------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|American beech------| --- | --- |Norway  | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 | Scotch  | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | balsam  | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | easter | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine,  | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | tamara | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | spruce | | | | | |white ash-----------| 75 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 67 |114.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 114D: | 3 | | | | | | | | Mundal------------------| |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|American beech------| --- | --- |Norway  | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 | Scotch  | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | balsam  | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | easter | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine,  | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | tamara | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | spruce | | | | | |white ash-----------| 75 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 67 |114.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 115B: | 2 | | | | | | | | Peru--------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 |eastern  | | | | | |red pine------------| 61 |100.00 | white  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 39 | 86.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 53 |114.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 67 |114.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 67 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 64 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tre |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|_____ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 115C: | 2 | | | | | | | | Peru--------------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 |easte | | | | | |red pine------------| 61 |100.00 | whit | | | | | |red spruce----------| 39 | 86.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 53 |114.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 67 |114.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 67 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 64 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 115D: | 3 | | | | | | | | Peru--------------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 |easte | | | | | |red pine------------| 61 |100.00 | whit | | | | | |red spruce----------| 39 | 86.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 53 |114.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 67 |114.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 67 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 64 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 116D: | 6 | | | | | | | | Lyman-------------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Severe |red spruce----------| 40 | 86.00 |balsa | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 60 |114.00 | whit | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | pine | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | Tunbridge---------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Scotc | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 50 | 86.00 | fir,  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- | pine | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | tama | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | spru | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | Rock Outcrop------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|_______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 116F: | 6 | | | | | | | | Lyman-------------------| |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |red spruce----------| 40 | 86.00 |balsam  | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 60 |114.00 | white  | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | Tunbridge---------------| |Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 50 | 86.00 | fir,  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- | pine,  | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | tamar | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | spruc | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | Rock Outcrop------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | 117B: | 2 | | | | | | | | Berkshire---------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 60 |114.00 |Dougla | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | fir,  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 52 | 29.00 | white  | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 72 |129.00 | | | | | | |red pine------------| 65 |114.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 62 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 117C: | 2 | | | | | | | | Berkshire---------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 60 |114.00 |Dougla | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | fir,  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 52 | 29.00 | white  | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 72 |129.00 | | | | | | |red pine------------| 65 |114.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 62 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 117D: | 3 | | | | | | | | Berkshire---------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 60 |114.00 |Dougla | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | fir,  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 52 | 29.00 | white  | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 72 |129.00 | | | | | | |red pine------------| 65 |114.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 62 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 118C: | 4 | | | | | | | | Tunbridge---------------| |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 50 | 86.00 | fir,  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- | pine,  | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | tamar | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | spruc | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | Lyman-------------------| |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Severe |red spruce----------| 40 | 86.00 |balsam  | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 60 |114.00 | white  | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | 118D: | 5 | | | | | | | | Tunbridge---------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 50 | 86.00 | fir,  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- | pine,  | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | tamar | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | spruc | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | Lyman-------------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Severe |red spruce----------| 40 | 86.00 |balsam  | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 60 |114.00 | white  | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 118E: | 5 | | | | | | | | Tunbridge---------------| |Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 50 | 86.00 | fir,  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- | pine,  | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | tamar | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | spruc | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | Lyman-------------------| |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |red spruce----------| 40 | 86.00 |balsam  | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 60 |114.00 | white  | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | 221F: | 5 | | | | | | | | Tunbridge---------------| |Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 50 | 86.00 | fir,  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- | pine,  | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | tamar | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | spruc | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | Berkshire---------------| |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 60 |114.00 |balsam  | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | white  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 52 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 72 |129.00 | | | | | | |red pine------------| 65 |114.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 62 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 403B: | 6 | | | | | | | | Cabot-------------------| |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Severe |balsam fir----------| --- | --- |easter | | | | | |eastern arborvitae--| --- | --- | white  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| --- | --- | | | | | | |elm-----------------| --- | --- | | | | | | |hemlock-------------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red spruce----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |tamarack------------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red maple-----------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 60 |143.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 56 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | Carlisle----------------| |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |green ash-----------| --- | --- |  | | | | | |quaking aspen-------| --- | --- | | | | | | |swamp white oak-----| --- | --- | | | | | | |silver maple--------| 82 | 29.00 | | | | | | |red maple-----------| 56 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | 405D: | 5 | | | | | | | | Berkshire---------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 60 |114.00 |balsam  | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | white  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 52 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 72 |129.00 | | | | | | |red pine------------| 65 |114.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 62 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | Tunbridge---------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 50 | 86.00 | fir,  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- | pine,  | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | tamar | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | spruc | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 413D: | 5 | | | | | | | | Peru--------------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 |easter | | | | | |red pine------------| 61 |100.00 | white  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 39 | 86.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 53 |114.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 67 |114.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 64 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | Berkshire---------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 60 |114.00 |balsam  | | | | | |paper birch---------| 60 | 57.00 | white  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 52 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 72 |129.00 | | | | | | |red pine------------| 65 |114.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 62 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | Cabot-------------------| |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Severe |balsam fir----------| --- | --- |easter | | | | | |eastern arborvitae--| --- | --- | white  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| --- | --- | | | | | | |elm-----------------| --- | --- | | | | | | |hemlock-------------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red spruce----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |tamarack------------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red maple-----------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 60 |143.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 56 | 29.00 | | | | | | | | | | 702E: | 6 | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------| |Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | fir,  | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | pine,  | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | tamar | | | | | |red spruce----------| 45 |100.00 | spruc | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 67 | 43.00 | | | | | | |American beech------| 64 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 702E: | 6 | | | | | | | | Hogback-----------------| |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |American beech------| --- | --- |Norway  | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 48 | 86.00 | balsa | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | easte | | | | | |red spruce----------| 42 | 86.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 63 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 55 | 86.00 | | | | | | | | | | 703C: | 3 | | | | | | | | Mundal------------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|American beech------| --- | --- |Norway  | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 | Scotc | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | balsa | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | easte | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine,  | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | tamar | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | spruc | | | | | |white ash-----------| 75 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 67 |114.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | Houghtonville-----------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 |Norway  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | Scotc | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | balsa | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | spruc | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 54 | 29.00 | white  | | | | | |paper birch---------| 66 | 72.00 | | | | | | |American beech------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 705D: | 5 | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------| |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | fir,  | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | pine,  | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | tamar | | | | | |red spruce----------| 45 |100.00 | spruc | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 67 | 43.00 | | | | | | |American beech------| 64 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Trees  |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|_______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 705D: | 5 | | | | | | | | Houghtonville-----------| |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 |Norway  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | Scotch  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | balsam  | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | spruce | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 54 | 29.00 | white  | | | | | |paper birch---------| 66 | 72.00 | | | | | | |American beech------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | Mundal------------------| |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|American beech------| --- | --- |Norway  | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 | Scotch  | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | balsam  | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | easter | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine,  | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | tamara | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | spruce | | | | | |white ash-----------| 75 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 67 |114.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | 715D: | 4 | | | | | | | | Houghtonville-----------| |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 |Norway  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | Scotch  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | balsam  | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | spruce | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 54 | 29.00 | white  | | | | | |paper birch---------| 66 | 72.00 | | | | | | |American beech------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------| |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | fir, e | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | pine,  | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | tamara | | | | | |red spruce----------| 45 |100.00 | spruce | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 67 | 43.00 | | | | | | |American beech------| 64 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 902F: | 6 | | | | | | | | Hogback-----------------| |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |American beech------| --- | --- |Norway  | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 48 | 86.00 | balsa | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | easte | | | | | |red spruce----------| 42 | 86.00 | pine,  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 50 | 29.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 63 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 55 | 86.00 | | | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------| |Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Scotch  | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | fir,  | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | pine,  | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | tamar | | | | | |red spruce----------| 45 |100.00 | spruc | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 55 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 67 | 43.00 | | | | | | |American beech------| 64 | 43.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | Rock Outcrop------------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | 903C: | 4 | | | | | | | | Mundal------------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|American beech------| --- | --- |Norway  | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 | Scotc | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | balsa | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | easte | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine,  | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | tamar | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | spruc | | | | | |white ash-----------| 75 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 67 |114.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 903C: | 4 | | | | | | | | Wilmington--------------| |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Norway  | | | | | |black cherry--------| --- | --- | balsa | | | | | |quaking aspen-------| --- | --- | easte | | | | | |red maple-----------| 40 | 29.00 | arbor | | | | | |sugar maple---------| --- | --- | easte | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | pine | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| 60 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 45 |100.00 | | | | | | |red spruce----------| 45 |100.00 | | | | | | | | | | 905D: | 4 | | | | | | | | Houghtonville-----------| |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Slight |balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 |Norway  | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | Scotc | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43.00 | balsa | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | spruc | | | | | |yellow birch--------| 54 | 29.00 | white  | | | | | |paper birch---------| 66 | 72.00 | | | | | | |American beech------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | Monadnock---------------| |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |northern red oak----| 55 | 43.00 |easter | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 63 |114.00 | red p | | | | | |red pine------------| 60 |100.00 | spruc | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | | | | | | | | | | 913E: | 7 | | | | | | | | Glebe-------------------| |Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|American beech------| --- | --- |balsam  | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | spruc | | | | | |mountain maple------| --- | --- | | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| --- | --- | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | | |___________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | VT | | Equip- | | | | | | soil name |Forest|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree |Value | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw | |index|of wood | |Group | | tion | ity | hazard | | | fiber | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | 913E: | 7 | | | | | | | | Stratton----------------| |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |American beech------| --- | --- |balsam  | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | spruc | | | | | |mountain maple------| --- | --- | | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| --- | --- | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red spruce----------| 35 | 72.00 | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | 923B: | 5 | | | | | | | | Wilmington--------------| |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|balsam fir----------| --- | --- |Norway  | | | | | |black cherry--------| --- | --- | balsa | | | | | |quaking aspen-------| --- | --- | easte | | | | | |red maple-----------| 40 | 29.00 | arbor | | | | | |sugar maple---------| --- | --- | easte | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | pine,  | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| 60 | 29.00 | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 45 |100.00 | | | | | | |red spruce----------| 45 |100.00 | | | | | | | | | | Mundal------------------| |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|American beech------| --- | --- |Norway  | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 55 |114.00 | Scotc | | | | | |paper birch---------| --- | --- | balsa | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | --- | easte | | | | | |red spruce----------| 50 |114.00 | pine,  | | | | | |white spruce--------| 55 |129.00 | tamar | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | --- | spruc | | | | | |white ash-----------| 75 | 43.00 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 67 |114.00 | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43.00 | | | | | | | | | | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______
Bennington County, Vermont 367

Table 8.—Recreational Development

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need

 for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an

 entry indicates that no rating is applicable.)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

3A: | | | | |

 Copake-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | small stones | small stones | small stones | | small stones

 | | | | |

3B: | | | | |

 Copake-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | small stones | small stones | small stones | | small stones

 | | | | |

3C: | | | | |

 Copake-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | small stones | small stones | small stones | | small stones

 | | | | |

3D: | | | | |

 Copake-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

3E: | | | | |

 Copake-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

9: | | | | |

 Pits-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Severe:

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | depth to rock

 | | | depth to rock | |

 | | | | |

 Dumps------------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

10D: | | | | |

 Glebe------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | slope

 | slope | slope | slope | fragile |

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | |

 | | | | |

 Stratton---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | slope

 | slope | slope | slope | fragile | thin layer

 | | | depth to rock | |

 | | | | |

 Londonderry------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | erodes easily | slope

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | fragile | thin layer

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | |

 | | | | |

10E: | | | | |

 Glebe------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | slope

 | slope | slope | slope | slope |

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | fragile |

 | | | | |

 Stratton---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | slope

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | thin layer

 | | | depth to rock | fragile |

 | | | | |
368 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

10E: | | | | |

 Londonderry------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | erodes easily | slope

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | slope | thin layer

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | fragile |

 | | | | |

11F: | | | | |

 Taconic----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | slope

 | | | small stones | | thin layer

 | | | | |

 Hubbardton-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | slope

 | | | small stones | | thin layer

 | | | | |

 Rock Outcrop-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | |

 | | | | |

18B: | | | | |

 Windsor----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | too sandy | too sandy | slope | too sandy | droughty

 | | | too sandy | |

 | | | | |

18C: | | | | |

 Windsor----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | too sandy | slope

 | too sandy | too sandy | | | droughty

 | | | | |

18E: | | | | |

 Windsor----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

21A: | | | | |

 Limerick---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | flooding | wetness | flooding | wetness | flooding

 | wetness | | wetness | | wetness

 | | | | |

23A: | | | | |

 Adrian-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | excess humus | excess humus | excess humus | excess humus | excess humus

 | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding

 | | | | |

 Saco-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | flooding | wetness | flooding | wetness | flooding

 | | | wetness | | wetness

 | | | | |

24A: | | | | |

 Carlisle---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | excess humus | excess humus | excess humus | excess humus | excess humus

 | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding

 | | | | |

25B: | | | | |

 Belgrade---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | slope | erodes easily | wetness

 | | | wetness | |

 | | | | |

26A: | | | | |

 Raynham----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | erodes easily | wetness

 | | | | wetness |

 | | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 369

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

27B: | | | | |

 Udipsamments-----------| --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

 Udorthents-------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

28A: | | | | |

 Udifluvents------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | |

29A: | | | | |

 Occum------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding

 | | | | |

34A: | | | | |

 Pootatuck--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding

 | | wetness | | wetness |

 | | | | |

35B: | | | | |

 Hartland---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly | erodes easily |

 | | | slope | |

 | | | | |

40B: | | | | |

 Galway-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | slope | wetness | wetness

 | | | wetness | |

 | | | | |

 Nellis-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | | droughty

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

 Farmington-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Severe:

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | thin layer

 | | | | |

40C: | | | | |

 Galway-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | wetness | slope

 | wetness | wetness | | | wetness

 | | | | |

 Nellis-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | | slope

 | slope | slope | | | droughty

 | | | | |

 Farmington-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Severe:

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | thin layer

 | | | depth to rock | |

 | | | | |

40D: | | | | |

 Galway-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | wetness |

 | | | | |

 Nellis-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

 Farmington-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | thin layer

 | | | | |

41C: | | | | |

 Galway-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | wetness | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | | wetness | small stones | | small stones

 | | | | |
370 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

41C: | | | | |

 Farmington-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Severe:

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | thin layer

 | | | depth to rock | |

 | | | | |

41D: | | | | |

 Galway-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | | | slope | wetness |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

 Farmington-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | thin layer

 | | | | |

41E: | | | | |

 Galway-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | | | slope | |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

 Farmington-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | thin layer

 | | | | |

42C: | | | | |

 Macomber---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | small stones | small stones | small stones | | small stones

 | | | | | droughty

 | | | | |

 Taconic----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Severe:

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | depth to rock

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | depth to rock | |

 | | | | |

42D: | | | | |

 Macomber---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | large stones | slope

 | | | slope | slope | droughty

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

 Taconic----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | large stones | large stones

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope

 | | | small stones | | thin layer

 | | | | |

42E: | | | | |

 Macomber---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | | | slope | | droughty

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

 Taconic----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | slope

 | | | small stones | | thin layer

 | | | | |

43C: | | | | |

 Taconic----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | large stones | large stones | large stones

 | | | slope | | thin layer

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 371

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

43C: | | | | |

 Macomber---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones | droughty

 | slope | slope | slope | |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

43D: | | | | |

 Taconic----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | large stones | large stones

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope

 | | | small stones | | thin layer

 | | | | |

 Macomber---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | large stones | slope

 | | | slope | slope | droughty

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

43E: | | | | |

 Taconic----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | slope

 | | | small stones | | thin layer

 | | | | |

 Macomber---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | | | slope | | droughty

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

44B: | | | | |

 Dutchess---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | small stones | small stones | small stones | | large stones

 | | | | | small stones

 | | | | |

44C: | | | | |

 Dutchess---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | | small stones

 | small stones | small stones | small stones | |

 | | | | |

44D: | | | | |

 Dutchess---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

47C: | | | | |

 Dutchess---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | | small stones

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

47D: | | | | |

 Dutchess---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | | | slope | |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

47E: | | | | |

 Dutchess---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | | | slope | |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |
372 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

48B: | | | | |

 Pittstown--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight

 | wetness | wetness | slope | wetness |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | wetness | |

 | | | | |

48C: | | | | |

 Pittstown--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | wetness | slope

 | wetness | wetness | | |

 | | | | |

48D: | | | | |

 Pittstown--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | wetness |

 | | | | |

49C: | | | | |

 Pittstown--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | wetness | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

49D: | | | | |

 Pittstown--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | | | slope | wetness |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

50B: | | | | |

 Brayton----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | | | | |

51B: | | | | |

 Brayton----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | large stones | wetness | wetness

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

52A: | | | | |

 Mansfield--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding | ponding | large stones | ponding | ponding

 | | | ponding | |

 | | | | |

64B: | | | | |

 Stockbridge------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Slight

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

64C: | | | | |

 Stockbridge------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | | slope

 | slope | slope | | |

 | | | | |

64D: | | | | |

 Stockbridge------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

65C: | | | | |

 Stockbridge------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 373

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

65D: | | | | |

 Stockbridge------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | | | slope | |

 | | | | |

66A: | | | | |

 Georgia----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | small stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | | | | |

66B: | | | | |

 Georgia----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | slope | erodes easily | large stones

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

66C: | | | | |

 Georgia----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | erodes easily | large stones

 | wetness | wetness | | | slope

 | | | | |

66D: | | | | |

 Georgia----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | erodes easily | slope

 | | | | |

67B: | | | | |

 Georgia----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | wetness | large stones

 | | | | |

67C: | | | | |

 Georgia----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | wetness | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | | | | |

68A: | | | | |

 Massena----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | | | | | droughty

 | | | | |

68B: | | | | |

 Massena----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | | | | | droughty

 | | | | |

69A: | | | | |

 Massena----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | large stones | large stones | wetness | large stones

 | | wetness | small stones | | small stones

 | | | | | wetness

 | | | | |

69B: | | | | |

 Massena----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | large stones | large stones | wetness | large stones

 | | wetness | small stones | | small stones

 | | | | | wetness

 | | | | |

70A: | | | | |

 Groton-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | small stones | small stones | small stones | | small stones

 | | | | | droughty

 | | | | |

70B: | | | | |

 Groton-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | small stones | small stones | small stones | | small stones

 | | | | | droughty

 | | | | |
374 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

70C: | | | | |

 Groton-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | small stones | small stones | small stones | | small stones

 | | | | | droughty

 | | | | |

70D: | | | | |

 Groton-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

70E: | | | | |

 Groton-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

71A: | | | | |

 Hero-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | small stones | small stones | small stones | wetness | small stones

 | wetness | wetness | | | wetness

 | | | | |

71B: | | | | |

 Hero-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | small stones | small stones | small stones | wetness | small stones

 | wetness | wetness | | | wetness

 | | | | |

72A: | | | | |

 Fredon-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | flooding | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | wetness | | | |

 | | | | |

84B: | | | | |

 Nellis-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | | droughty

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

84C: | | | | |

 Nellis-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | | slope

 | slope | slope | | | droughty

 | | | | |

84D: | | | | |

 Nellis-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

85B: | | | | |

 Nellis-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | | large stones

 | | | small stones | | small stones

 | | | | |

85C: | | | | |

 Nellis-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | | | small stones | | small stones

 | | | | |

85D: | | | | |

 Nellis-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | | | slope | |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 375

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

85E: | | | | |

 Nellis-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | | | slope | |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

86A: | | | | |

 Amenia-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | small stones | wetness | wetness

 | | | | |

86B: | | | | |

 Amenia-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | slope | wetness | wetness

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

86C: | | | | |

 Amenia-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | wetness | slope

 | wetness | wetness | | | wetness

 | | | | |

87B: | | | | |

 Amenia-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | wetness | large stones

 | | | small stones | | small stones

 | | | | |

87C: | | | | |

 Amenia-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | wetness | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | | | small stones | | small stones

 | | | | |

90C: | | | | |

 Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones

 | | | slope | |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

90E: | | | | |

 Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | slope | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

93B: | | | | |

 Pittsfield-------------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight

 | | | slope | |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

93C: | | | | |

 Pittsfield-------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | | | | |

93D: | | | | |

 Pittsfield-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

94B: | | | | |

 Pittsfield-------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | | large stones

 | | | | |

94C: | | | | |

 Pittsfield-------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | | | | |
376 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

94D: | | | | |

 Pittsfield-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | | | slope | |

 | | | | |

94E: | | | | |

 Pittsfield-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | | | slope | |

 | | | | |

95C: | | | | |

 Houghtonville----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | fragile | fragile | slope | fragile |

 | | | fragile | |

 | | | | |

95D: | | | | |

 Houghtonville----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | fragile | slope

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | |

 | | | | |

95E: | | | | |

 Houghtonville----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | fragile |

 | | | | |

96D: | | | | |

 Hogback----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | fragile | slope

 | | | depth to rock | | thin layer

 | | | | |

 Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | fragile | slope

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | |

 | | | | |

 Rock Outcrop-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | |

 | | | | |

96F: | | | | |

 Hogback----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | depth to rock | fragile | thin layer

 | | | | |

 Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | fragile |

 | | | | |

 Rock Outcrop-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | |

 | | | | |

100B: | | | | |

 Wilmington-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | large stones | erodes easily | wetness

 | | | small stones | wetness |

 | | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 377

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

102B: | | | | |

 Mundal-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | erodes easily | large stones

 | | | | fragile | wetness

 | | | | |

102C: | | | | |

 Mundal-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | fragile | fragile | slope | erodes easily | large stones

 | | | fragile | fragile | slope

 | | | | | wetness

 | | | | |

104B: | | | | |

 Colton-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones | small stones

 | | | small stones | | too acid

 | | | | | droughty

 | | | | |

104C: | | | | |

 Colton-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones | small stones

 | | | slope | | too acid

 | | | small stones | | droughty

 | | | | |

104E: | | | | |

 Colton-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | slope | small stones

 | slope | slope | slope | | too acid

 | | | small stones | | droughty

 | | | | |

105B: | | | | |

 Monadnock--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | large stones | large stones | small stones | | large stones

 | | | | |

105C: | | | | |

 Monadnock--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | large stones | large stones | slope | | large stones

 | slope | slope | small stones | | slope

 | | | | |

105D: | | | | |

 Monadnock--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

105E: | | | | |

 Monadnock--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

106B: | | | | |

 Berkshire--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | | large stones

 | small stones | small stones | small stones | | small stones

 | | | | |

106C: | | | | |

 Berkshire--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | | small stones

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

106D: | | | | |

 Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | | | slope | |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |
378 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

106E: | | | | |

 Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | | | slope | |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

108B: | | | | |

 Peru-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | large stones | wetness | large stones

 | wetness | wetness | slope | | wetness

 | | | wetness | |

 | | | | |

108C: | | | | |

 Peru-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | wetness | large stones

 | slope | slope | | | slope

 | wetness | wetness | | | wetness

 | | | | |

108D: | | | | |

 Peru-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | wetness |

 | | | | |

109C: | | | | |

 Tunbridge--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | large stones | | large stones

 | small stones | small stones | slope | | small stones

 | | | small stones | | droughty

 | | | | |

 Berkshire--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | | small stones

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

109D: | | | | |

 Tunbridge--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones

 | | | slope | | small stones

 | | | small stones | | droughty

 | | | | |

 Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | | | slope | |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

109E: | | | | |

 Tunbridge--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones

 | | | slope | | small stones

 | | | small stones | | droughty

 | | | | |

 Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | | | slope | |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

111C: | | | | |

 Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | fragile | fragile | slope | fragile |

 | | | fragile | |

 | | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 379

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

111C: | | | | |

 Houghtonville----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | fragile | fragile | slope | fragile |

 | | | fragile | |

 | | | | |

111D: | | | | |

 Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | fragile | slope

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | |

 | | | | |

 Houghtonville----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | fragile | slope

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | |

 | | | | |

111E: | | | | |

 Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | fragile |

 | | | | |

 Houghtonville----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | fragile |

 | | | | |

112C: | | | | |

 Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | fragile | fragile | slope | fragile |

 | | | fragile | |

 | | | | |

 Hogback----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | fragile | fragile | slope | fragile | thin layer

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | |

 | | | | |

112D: | | | | |

 Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | fragile | slope

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | |

 | | | | |

 Hogback----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | fragile | slope

 | | | depth to rock | | thin layer

 | | | | |

112E: | | | | |

 Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | fragile |

 | | | | |

 Hogback----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | depth to rock | fragile | thin layer

 | | | | |

113B: | | | | |

 Cabot------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | large stones | wetness | wetness

 | | | wetness | |

 | | | | |
380 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

114B: | | | | |

 Mundal-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | fragile |

 | | | | |

114C: | | | | |

 Mundal-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | fragile | fragile | slope | fragile |

 | | | fragile | |

 | | | | |

114D: | | | | |

 Mundal-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | fragile | slope

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | |

 | | | | |

115B: | | | | |

 Peru-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | wetness | wetness

 | wetness | wetness | small stones | |

 | | | wetness | |

 | | | | |

115C: | | | | |

 Peru-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | wetness | slope

 | slope | slope | | | wetness

 | wetness | wetness | | |

 | | | | |

115D: | | | | |

 Peru-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | wetness |

 | | | | |

116D: | | | | |

 Lyman------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | depth to rock

 | | | depth to rock | |

 | | | | |

 Tunbridge--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones

 | | | slope | | small stones

 | | | small stones | | droughty

 | | | | |

 Rock Outcrop-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | |

 | | | | |

116F: | | | | |

 Lyman------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | depth to rock

 | | | depth to rock | |

 | | | | |

 Tunbridge--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones

 | | | slope | | small stones

 | | | small stones | | droughty

 | | | | |

 Rock Outcrop-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | |

 | | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 381

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

117B: | | | | |

 Berkshire--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | small stones | small stones | small stones | | large stones

 | | | | | small stones

 | | | | |

117C: | | | | |

 Berkshire--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | | large stones

 | small stones | small stones | small stones | | slope

 | | | | | small stones

 | | | | |

117D: | | | | |

 Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

118C: | | | | |

 Tunbridge--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | large stones | | large stones

 | small stones | small stones | slope | | small stones

 | | | small stones | | droughty

 | | | | |

 Lyman------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Severe:

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | large stones | | depth to rock

 | | | slope | |

 | | | depth to rock | |

 | | | | |

118D: | | | | |

 Tunbridge--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones

 | | | slope | | small stones

 | | | small stones | | droughty

 | | | | |

 Lyman------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | depth to rock

 | | | depth to rock | |

 | | | | |

118E: | | | | |

 Tunbridge--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones

 | | | slope | | small stones

 | | | small stones | | droughty

 | | | | |

 Lyman------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | depth to rock

 | | | depth to rock | |

 | | | | |

221F: | | | | |

 Tunbridge--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones

 | | | slope | | small stones

 | | | small stones | | droughty

 | | | | |

 Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | | | slope | |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

403B: | | | | |

 Cabot------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | large stones | wetness | wetness

 | | | wetness | |

 | | | | |
382 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

403B: | | | | |

 Carlisle---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | excess humus | excess humus | excess humus | excess humus | excess humus

 | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding

 | | | | |

405D: | | | | |

 Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | | | slope | |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

 Tunbridge--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones

 | | | slope | | small stones

 | | | small stones | | droughty

 | | | | |

413D: | | | | |

 Peru-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | wetness |

 | | | | |

 Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | | | slope | |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

 Cabot------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | wetness | slope

 | wetness | wetness | slope | | wetness

 | | | wetness | |

 | | | | |

702E: | | | | |

 Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | fragile |

 | | | | |

 Hogback----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | depth to rock | fragile | thin layer

 | | | | |

703C: | | | | |

 Mundal-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | fragile | fragile | slope | fragile |

 | | | fragile | |

 | | | | |

 Houghtonville----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | fragile | fragile | slope | fragile |

 | | | fragile | |

 | | | | |

705D: | | | | |

 Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | fragile | slope

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | |

 | | | | |

 Houghtonville----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | fragile | slope

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | |

 | | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 383

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

705D: | | | | |

 Mundal-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | fragile | slope

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | |

 | | | | |

715D: | | | | |

 Houghtonville----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | fragile | slope

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | |

 | | | | |

 Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | fragile | slope

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | |

 | | | | |

902F: | | | | |

 Hogback----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | depth to rock | fragile | thin layer

 | | | | |

 Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | fragile |

 | | | | |

 Rock Outcrop-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | |

 | | | | |

903C: | | | | |

 Mundal-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | fragile | fragile | slope | fragile |

 | | | fragile | |

 | | | | |

 Wilmington-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | large stones | erodes easily | wetness

 | | | small stones | wetness |

 | | | | |

905D: | | | | |

 Houghtonville----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | fragile | slope

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | |

 | | | | |

 Monadnock--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

913E: | | | | |

 Glebe------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | slope

 | slope | slope | slope | slope |

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | fragile |

 | | | | |

 Stratton---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | slope

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | thin layer

 | | | depth to rock | fragile |

 | | | | |
384 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

923B: | | | | |

 Wilmington-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | large stones | erodes easily | wetness

 | | | small stones | wetness |

 | | | | |

 Mundal-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | erodes easily | large stones

 | fragile | fragile | fragile | fragile |

 | | | | | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________
Bennington County, Vermont 385

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat

(See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is

 applicable.)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements | Potential as habitat

 | | for-- |_______________________________________________________|_______________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland

 and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild-

 | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life

 | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______

 | | | | | | | | | |

3A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Copake------------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

3B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Copake------------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

3C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Copake------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

3D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Copake------------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

3E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Copake------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

9: | | | | | | | | | |

 Pits--------------------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very

 | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Dumps-------------------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very

 | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

10D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Glebe-------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Stratton----------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Londonderry-------------|Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very

 | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | poor | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

10E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Glebe-------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Stratton----------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Londonderry-------------|Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very

 | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | poor | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

11F: | | | | | | | | | |

 Taconic-----------------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very

 | poor | poor | | poor | poor | poor | poor | | poor | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Hubbardton--------------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very

 | poor | poor | | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock Outcrop------------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very

 | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |
386 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements | Potential as habitat

 | | for-- |_______________________________________________________|_______________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland

 and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild-

 | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life

 | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______

 | | | | | | | | | |

18B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Windsor-----------------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

18C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Windsor-----------------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

18E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Windsor-----------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

21A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Limerick----------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good

 | | | | | | | | | |

23A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Adrian------------------|Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Saco--------------------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Fair

 | poor | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

24A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Carlisle----------------|Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good

 | | | | | | | | | |

25B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Belgrade----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

26A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Raynham-----------------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair

 | | | | | | | | | |

27B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Udipsamments------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Udorthents--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

28A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Udifluvents-------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

29A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Occum-------------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

34A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Pootatuck---------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair |Good |Poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

35B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hartland----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

40B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Galway------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Nellis------------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Farmington--------------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 387

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements | Potential as habitat

 | | for-- |_______________________________________________________|_______________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland

 and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild-

 | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life

 | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______

 | | | | | | | | | |

40C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Galway------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Nellis------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Farmington--------------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

40D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Galway------------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Nellis------------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Farmington--------------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

41C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Galway------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Farmington--------------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

41D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Galway------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Farmington--------------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

41E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Galway------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Farmington--------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

42C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Macomber----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Taconic-----------------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very

 | poor | | | poor | poor | poor | poor | | poor | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

42D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Macomber----------------|Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Taconic-----------------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very

 | poor | poor | | poor | poor | poor | poor | | poor | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

42E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Macomber----------------|Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |
388 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements | Potential as habitat

 | | for-- |_______________________________________________________|_______________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland

 and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild-

 | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life

 | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______

 | | | | | | | | | |

42E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Taconic-----------------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very

 | poor | poor | | poor | poor | poor | poor | | poor | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

43C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Taconic-----------------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very

 | poor | poor | | poor | poor | poor | poor | | poor | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Macomber----------------|Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

43D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Taconic-----------------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very

 | poor | poor | | poor | poor | poor | poor | | poor | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Macomber----------------|Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

43E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Taconic-----------------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very

 | poor | poor | | poor | poor | poor | poor | | poor | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Macomber----------------|Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

44B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Dutchess----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

44C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Dutchess----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

44D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Dutchess----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

47C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Dutchess----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

47D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Dutchess----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

47E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Dutchess----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

48B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Pittstown---------------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Good |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

48C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Pittstown---------------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

48D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Pittstown---------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 389

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements | Potential as habitat

 | | for-- |_______________________________________________________|_______________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland

 and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild-

 | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life

 | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______

 | | | | | | | | | |

49C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Pittstown---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

49D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Pittstown---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

50B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Brayton-----------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair

 | | | | | | | | | |

51B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Brayton-----------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair

 | poor | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

52A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Mansfield---------------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Good

 | poor | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

64B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Stockbridge-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

64C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Stockbridge-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

64D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Stockbridge-------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

65C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Stockbridge-------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

65D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Stockbridge-------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

66A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Georgia-----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

66B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Georgia-----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

66C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Georgia-----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

66D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Georgia-----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

67B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Georgia-----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |
390 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements | Potential as habitat

 | | for-- |_______________________________________________________|_______________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland

 and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild-

 | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life

 | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______

 | | | | | | | | | |

67C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Georgia-----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

68A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Massena-----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair

 | | | | | | | | | |

68B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Massena-----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

69A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Massena-----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Good |Fair

 | poor | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

69B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Massena-----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

70A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Groton------------------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

70B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Groton------------------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

70C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Groton------------------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

70D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Groton------------------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

70E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Groton------------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

71A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hero--------------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

71B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hero--------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

72A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Fredon------------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good

 | | | | | | | | | |

84B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Nellis------------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

84C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Nellis------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

84D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Nellis------------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 391

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements | Potential as habitat

 | | for-- |_______________________________________________________|_______________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland

 and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild-

 | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life

 | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______

 | | | | | | | | | |

85B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Nellis------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

85C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Nellis------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

85D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Nellis------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

85E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Nellis------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

86A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Amenia------------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

86B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Amenia------------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

86C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Amenia------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

87B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Amenia------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

87C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Amenia------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

90C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

90E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

93B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Pittsfield--------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

93C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Pittsfield--------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

93D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Pittsfield--------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

94B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Pittsfield--------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |
392 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements | Potential as habitat

 | | for-- |_______________________________________________________|_______________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland

 and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild-

 | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life

 | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______

 | | | | | | | | | |

94C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Pittsfield--------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

94D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Pittsfield--------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

94E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Pittsfield--------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

95C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

95D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

95E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

96D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hogback-----------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock Outcrop------------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very

 | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

96F: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hogback-----------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock Outcrop------------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very

 | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

100B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Wilmington--------------|Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 | poor | poor | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

102B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Mundal------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

102C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Mundal------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

104B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Colton------------------|Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very

 | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | poor | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 393

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements | Potential as habitat

 | | for-- |_______________________________________________________|_______________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland

 and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild-

 | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life

 | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______

 | | | | | | | | | |

104C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Colton------------------|Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very

 | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | poor | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

104E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Colton------------------|Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very

 | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | poor | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

105B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Monadnock---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

105C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Monadnock---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

105D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Monadnock---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

105E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Monadnock---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

106B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

106C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

106D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

106E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

108B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Peru--------------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

108C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Peru--------------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

108D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Peru--------------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

109C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |
394 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements | Potential as habitat

 | | for-- |_______________________________________________________|_______________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland

 and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild-

 | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life

 | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______

 | | | | | | | | | |

109D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

109E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

111C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

111D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

111E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

112C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Hogback-----------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

112D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Hogback-----------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

112E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Hogback-----------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

113B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Cabot-------------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 395

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements | Potential as habitat

 | | for--

 |_______________________________________________________|________________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland

 and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild-

 | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life

 | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life |

_________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______

 | | | | | | | | | |

114B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Mundal------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

114C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Mundal------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

114D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Mundal------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

115B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Peru--------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

115C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Peru--------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

115D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Peru--------------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

116D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Lyman-------------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock Outcrop------------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very

 | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

116F: | | | | | | | | | |

 Lyman-------------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock Outcrop------------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very

 | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

117B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

117C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

117D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

118C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |
396 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements | Potential as habitat

 | | for-- |_______________________________________________________|_______________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland

 and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild-

 | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life

 | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______

 | | | | | | | | | |

118C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Lyman-------------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

118D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Lyman-------------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

118E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Lyman-------------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

221F: | | | | | | | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

403B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Cabot-------------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Carlisle----------------|Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good

 | | | | | | | | | |

405D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

413D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Peru--------------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Cabot-------------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

702E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Hogback-----------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

703C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Mundal------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 397

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements | Potential as habitat

 | | for-- |_______________________________________________________|_______________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland

 and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild-

 | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life

 | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______

 | | | | | | | | | |

705D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Mundal------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

715D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

902F: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hogback-----------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock Outcrop------------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very

 | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

903C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Mundal------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Wilmington--------------|Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 | poor | poor | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

905D: | | | | | | | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Monadnock---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

913E: | | | | | | | | | |

 Glebe-------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Stratton----------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

923B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Wilmington--------------|Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 | poor | poor | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Mundal------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______
Table 10.—Building Site Development (The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsi

 investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that  is applicable.) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads |  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | l | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|___ | | | | | | 3A: | | | | | | Copake------------------|Severe: |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Mod | cutbanks cave | | | | frost action | sm | | | | | | 3B: | | | | | | Copake------------------|Severe: |Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Moderate: |Mod | cutbanks cave | | | slope | frost action | sm | | | | | | 3C: | | | | | | Copake------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Mod | cutbanks cave | slope | slope | slope | frost action | sl | | | | | slope | sm | | | | | | 3D: | | | | | | Copake------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | cutbanks cave | | | | | | | | | | | 3E: | | | | | | Copake------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | cutbanks cave | | | | | | | | | | | 9: | | | | | | Pits--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | de | | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | Dumps-------------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | va | | | | | | 10D: | | | | | | Glebe-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | sl | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | slope | | | | | | | Stratton----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | frost action | sl | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | th | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | | |
Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads |  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets |  | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|___ | | | | | | 10D: | | | | | | Londonderry-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | s | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | th | | | | | | 10E: | | | | | | Glebe-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | s | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | slope | | | | | | | Stratton----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | frost action | s | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | th | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | Londonderry-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | s | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | th | | | | | | 11F: | | | | | | Taconic-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | la | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | s | | | | | | th | | | | | | Hubbardton--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | la | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | s | | | | | | th | | | | | | Rock Outcrop------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | de | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | | 18B: | | | | | | Windsor-----------------|Severe: |Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Mod | cutbanks cave | | | slope | | d | | | | | | 18C: | | | | | | Windsor-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Mod | cutbanks cave | slope | slope | slope | slope | s | | | | | | d | | | | | | 18E: | | | | | | Windsor-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | s | cutbanks cave | | | | | | | | | | |
Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads |  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | l | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|___ | | | | | | 21A: | | | | | | Limerick----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | wetness | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | fl | | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | we | | | | | wetness | | | | | | | 23A: | | | | | | Adrian------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | excess humus | low strength | ponding | low strength | frost action | ex | ponding | subsides | subsides | subsides | subsides | po | cutbanks cave | ponding | | ponding | ponding | | | | | | | Saco--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | wetness | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | fl | cutbanks cave | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | we | | | | | wetness | | | | | | | 24A: | | | | | | Carlisle----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | excess humus | low strength | low strength | low strength | frost action | ex | ponding | subsides | subsides | subsides | subsides | po | | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding | | | | | | | 25B: | | | | | | Belgrade----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Mod | wetness | wetness | wetness | slope | frost action | we | cutbanks cave | | | wetness | | | | | | | | 26A: | | | | | | Raynham-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | we | | | | | wetness | | | | | | | 27B: | | | | | | Udipsamments------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | Udorthents--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | 28A: | | | | | | Udifluvents-------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | 29A: | | | | | | Occum-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | cutbanks cave | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | fl | | | | | |
Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads |  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | l | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|___ | | | | | | 34A: | | | | | | Pootatuck---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | wetness | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | fl | cutbanks cave | | wetness | | | | | | | | | 35B: | | | | | | Hartland----------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe: |Sli | | | | | frost action | | | | | | | 40B: | | | | | | Galway------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Sli | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | Nellis------------------|Moderate: |Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Moderate: |Mod | dense layer | | | slope | frost action | dr | | | | | | Farmington--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | th | | | | | | 40C: | | | | | | Galway------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Mod | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | sl | | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | Nellis------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Mod | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | sl | dense layer | | | | slope | dr | | | | | | Farmington--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | th | | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | 40D: | | | | | | Galway------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | | Nellis------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | | | | | | Farmington--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | th | | | | | |
Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads |  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | l | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|___ | | | | | | 41C: | | | | | | Galway------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Mod | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | la | | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | de | | | | | | sm | | | | | | Farmington--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | th | | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | 41D: | | | | | | Galway------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | | Farmington--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | th | | | | | | 41E: | | | | | | Galway------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | | Farmington--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | th | | | | | | 42C: | | | | | | Macomber----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Mod | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | slope | frost action | sl | | depth to rock | | | slope | sm | | | | | depth to rock | dr | | | | | | Taconic-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | de | | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | 42D: | | | | | | Macomber----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | dr | | | | | |
Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads |  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | l | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|___ | | | | | | 42D: | | | | | | Taconic-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | la | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | sl | | | | | | th | | | | | | 42E: | | | | | | Macomber----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | dr | | | | | | Taconic-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | la | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | sl | | | | | | th | | | | | | 43C: | | | | | | Taconic-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | la | | | | depth to rock | | th | | | | | | Macomber----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Sev | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | slope | frost action | dr | | depth to rock | | | slope | | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | 43D: | | | | | | Taconic-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | la | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | sl | | | | | | th | | | | | | Macomber----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | dr | | | | | | 43E: | | | | | | Taconic-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | la | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | sl | | | | | | th | | | | | | Macomber----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | dr | | | | | |
Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads |  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | l | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|___ | | | | | | 44B: | | | | | | Dutchess----------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Moderate: |Mod | | | | slope | frost action | la | | | | | | sm | | | | | | 44C: | | | | | | Dutchess----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Mod | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | sm | | | | | slope | | | | | | | 44D: | | | | | | Dutchess----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | | | | | | 47C: | | | | | | Dutchess----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Mod | large stones | large stones | large stones | slope | frost action | la | slope | slope | slope | | large stones | sm | | | | | slope | | | | | | | 47D: | | | | | | Dutchess----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | | | | | | 47E: | | | | | | Dutchess----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | | | | | | 48B: | | | | | | Pittstown---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Sli | wetness | wetness | wetness | slope | frost action | | | | | wetness | wetness | | | | | | | 48C: | | | | | | Pittstown---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Mod | wetness | slope | wetness | slope | frost action | sl | | wetness | | | slope | | | | | | wetness | | | | | | | 48D: | | | | | | Pittstown---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | wetness | | wetness | | | | | | | | |
Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads |  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets |  | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|___ | | | | | | 49C: | | | | | | Pittstown---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Mod | wetness | slope | wetness | slope | frost action | la | | wetness | | | slope | s | | | | | wetness | | | | | | | 49D: | | | | | | Pittstown---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | s | wetness | | wetness | | | | | | | | | 50B: | | | | | | Brayton-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | we | | | | | wetness | | | | | | | 51B: | | | | | | Brayton-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | we | | | | | wetness | | | | | | | 52A: | | | | | | Mansfield---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding | frost action | po | | | | | ponding | | | | | | | 64B: | | | | | | Stockbridge-------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Moderate: |Sl | | | | slope | frost action | | | | | | | 64C: | | | | | | Stockbridge-------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Mod | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | s | | | | | slope | | | | | | | 64D: | | | | | | Stockbridge-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | s | | | | | | 65C: | | | | | | Stockbridge-------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Mod | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | | | | | slope | s | | | | | | 65D: | | | | | | Stockbridge-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | s | | | | | |
Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads |  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | l | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|___ | | | | | | 66A: | | | | | | Georgia-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Mod | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | la | | | | | | 66B: | | | | | | Georgia-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Mod | wetness | wetness | wetness | slope | frost action | la | | | | wetness | | | | | | | | 66C: | | | | | | Georgia-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Mod | wetness | slope | wetness | slope | frost action | la | | wetness | | | | sl | | | | | | 66D: | | | | | | Georgia-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | sl | wetness | | wetness | | slope | | | | | | | 67B: | | | | | | Georgia-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Mod | wetness | wetness | wetness | slope | frost action | la | | | | wetness | | | | | | | | 67C: | | | | | | Georgia-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Mod | wetness | slope | wetness | slope | frost action | la | | wetness | | | | sl | | | | | | 68A: | | | | | | Massena-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Mod | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | we | | | | | | dr | | | | | | 68B: | | | | | | Massena-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Mod | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | we | | | | | | dr | | | | | | 69A: | | | | | | Massena-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Mod | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | la | | | | | | sm | | | | | | we | | | | | |
Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads |  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | l | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|___ | | | | | | 69B: | | | | | | Massena-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Mod | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | la | | | | | | sm | | | | | | we | | | | | | 70A: | | | | | | Groton------------------|Severe: |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Mod | cutbanks cave | | | | | sm | | | | | | dr | | | | | | 70B: | | | | | | Groton------------------|Severe: |Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Mod | cutbanks cave | | | slope | | sm | | | | | | dr | | | | | | 70C: | | | | | | Groton------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Mod | cutbanks cave | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | | | | | | sm | | | | | | dr | | | | | | 70D: | | | | | | Groton------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | cutbanks cave | | | | | | | | | | | 70E: | | | | | | Groton------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | cutbanks cave | | | | | | | | | | | 71A: | | | | | | Hero--------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Mod | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | sm | cutbanks cave | | | | | we | | | | | | 71B: | | | | | | Hero--------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Mod | wetness | wetness | wetness | slope | frost action | sm | cutbanks cave | | | wetness | | we | | | | | | 72A: | | | | | | Fredon------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | wetness | flooding | flooding | flooding | frost action | we | cutbanks cave | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | | | | | | |
Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads |  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | l | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|___ | | | | | | 84B: | | | | | | Nellis------------------|Moderate: |Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Moderate: |Mod | dense layer | | | slope | frost action | dr | | | | | | 84C: | | | | | | Nellis------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Mod | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | sl | dense layer | | | | slope | dr | | | | | | 84D: | | | | | | Nellis------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | | | | | | 85B: | | | | | | Nellis------------------|Moderate: |Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Moderate: |Mod | dense layer | | | slope | frost action | la | | | | | | sm | | | | | | 85C: | | | | | | Nellis------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Mod | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | dense layer | | | | slope | sl | | | | | | sm | | | | | | 85D: | | | | | | Nellis------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | | | | | | 85E: | | | | | | Nellis------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | | | | | | 86A: | | | | | | Amenia------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Mod | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | we | | | | | | 86B: | | | | | | Amenia------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Mod | wetness | wetness | wetness | slope | frost action | we | | | | wetness | | | | | | | | 86C: | | | | | | Amenia------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Mod | wetness | slope | wetness | slope | frost action | sl | | wetness | | | | we | | | | | |
Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | L and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | la | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|____ | | | | | | 87B: | | | | | | Amenia------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Mode | wetness | wetness | wetness | slope | frost action | lar | | | | wetness | | sma | | | | | | 87C: | | | | | | Amenia------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Mode | wetness | slope | wetness | slope | frost action | lar | | wetness | | | | slo | | | | | | sma | | | | | | 90C: | | | | | | Berkshire---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Seve | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | lar | | | | | slope | | | | | | | 90E: | | | | | | Berkshire---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Seve | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | lar | | | | | | slo | | | | | | 93B: | | | | | | Pittsfield--------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slig | | | | slope | frost action | | | | | | low strength | | | | | | | 93C: | | | | | | Pittsfield--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Mode | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | slo | | | | | low strength | | | | | | slope | | | | | | | 93D: | | | | | | Pittsfield--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Seve | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | slo | | | | | | 94B: | | | | | | Pittsfield--------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Moderate: |Mode | | | | slope | frost action | lar | | | | | low strength | | | | | | | 94C: | | | | | | Pittsfield--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Mode | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | lar | | | | | low strength | slo | | | | | slope | | | | | | |
Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads |  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets |  | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|___ | | | | | | 94D: | | | | | | Pittsfield--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | s | | | | | | 94E: | | | | | | Pittsfield--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | s | | | | | | 95C: | | | | | | Houghtonville-----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | | | | | | 95D: | | | | | | Houghtonville-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | | | | | slope | s | | | | | | 95E: | | | | | | Houghtonville-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | | | | | slope | s | | | | | | 96D: | | | | | | Hogback-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | s | | | | | depth to rock | th | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | cutbanks cave | | depth to rock | | slope | s | depth to rock | | | | | | | | | | | Rock Outcrop------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | de | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | | 96F: | | | | | | Hogback-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | s | | | | | depth to rock | th | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | cutbanks cave | | depth to rock | | slope | s | depth to rock | | | | | | | | | | |
Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | La and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | lan | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_____ | | | | | | 96F: | | | | | | Rock Outcrop------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sever | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | dept | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | | 100B: | | | | | | Wilmington--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sever | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | wetn | | | | | wetness | | | | | | | 102B: | | | | | | Mundal------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moder | wetness | wetness | wetness | slope | frost action | larg | | | | wetness | | wetn | | | | | | 102C: | | | | | | Mundal------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moder | wetness | slope | wetness | slope | frost action | larg | | wetness | | | | slop | | | | | | wetn | | | | | | 104B: | | | | | | Colton------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Sever | cutbanks cave | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones | smal | | | | slope | | too  | | | | | | drou | | | | | | 104C: | | | | | | Colton------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Sever | cutbanks cave | large stones | large stones | slope | large stones | smal | | slope | slope | | slope | too  | | | | | | drou | | | | | | 104E: | | | | | | Colton------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sever | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | smal | cutbanks cave | | | | | too  | | | | | | drou | | | | | | 105B: | | | | | | Monadnock---------------|Severe: |Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Moder | cutbanks cave | | | slope | | larg | | | | | | 105C: | | | | | | Monadnock---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moder | cutbanks cave | slope | slope | slope | slope | larg | | | | | | slop | | | | | |
Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads |  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | l | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|___ | | | | | | 105D: | | | | | | Monadnock---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | cutbanks cave | | | | | | | | | | | 105E: | | | | | | Monadnock---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | cutbanks cave | | | | | | | | | | | 106B: | | | | | | Berkshire---------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Moderate: |Mod | | | | slope | frost action | la | | | | | | sm | | | | | | 106C: | | | | | | Berkshire---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Mod | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | | | | | slope | sm | | | | | | 106D: | | | | | | Berkshire---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | | | | | | 106E: | | | | | | Berkshire---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | | | | | | 108B: | | | | | | Peru--------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Mod | wetness | wetness | wetness | slope | frost action | la | | | | wetness | | we | | | | | | 108C: | | | | | | Peru--------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | wetness | slope | wetness | slope | frost action | la | | wetness | | | | sl | | | | | | we | | | | | | 108D: | | | | | | Peru--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | sl | wetness | | wetness | | slope | | | | | | |
Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads |  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | l | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|___ | | | | | | 109C: | | | | | | Tunbridge---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Mod | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | slope | frost action | la | | depth to rock | | | slope | sm | | | | | depth to rock | dr | | | | | | Berkshire---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Mod | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | | | | | slope | sm | | | | | | 109D: | | | | | | Tunbridge---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Mod | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | la | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | sm | | | | | | dr | | | | | | Berkshire---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | | | | | | 109E: | | | | | | Tunbridge---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Mod | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | la | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | sm | | | | | | dr | | | | | | Berkshire---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | | | | | | 111C: | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | cutbanks cave | slope | depth to rock | slope | frost action | la | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | | | | | Houghtonville-----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | | | | | | 111D: | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | cutbanks cave | | depth to rock | | slope | sl | depth to rock | | | | | | | | | | | Houghtonville-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | | | | | slope | sl | | | | | |
Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads |  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | l | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|___ | | | | | | 111E: | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | cutbanks cave | | depth to rock | | slope | sl | depth to rock | | | | | | | | | | | Houghtonville-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | | | | | slope | sl | | | | | | 112C: | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | cutbanks cave | slope | depth to rock | slope | frost action | la | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | | | | | Hogback-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | frost action | la | | | | depth to rock | depth to rock | th | | | | | | 112D: | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | cutbanks cave | | depth to rock | | slope | sl | depth to rock | | | | | | | | | | | Hogback-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | sl | | | | | depth to rock | th | | | | | | 112E: | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | cutbanks cave | | depth to rock | | slope | sl | depth to rock | | | | | | | | | | | Hogback-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | sl | | | | | depth to rock | th | | | | | | 113B: | | | | | | Cabot-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | we | | | | | wetness | | | | | | |
Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads |  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | l | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|___ | | | | | | 114B: | | | | | | Mundal------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Sev | wetness | wetness | wetness | slope | frost action | la | | | | wetness | | | | | | | | 114C: | | | | | | Mundal------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | wetness | slope | wetness | slope | frost action | la | | wetness | | | | | | | | | | 114D: | | | | | | Mundal------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | wetness | | wetness | | slope | sl | | | | | | 115B: | | | | | | Peru--------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Mod | wetness | wetness | wetness | slope | frost action | we | | | | wetness | | | | | | | | 115C: | | | | | | Peru--------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Mod | wetness | slope | wetness | slope | frost action | sl | | wetness | | | | we | | | | | | 115D: | | | | | | Peru--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | sl | wetness | | wetness | | slope | | | | | | | 116D: | | | | | | Lyman-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | de | | | | | | Tunbridge---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Mod | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | la | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | sm | | | | | | dr | | | | | | Rock Outcrop------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | de | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | |
Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads |  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | l | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|___ | | | | | | 116F: | | | | | | Lyman-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | de | | | | | | Tunbridge---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Mod | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | la | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | sm | | | | | | dr | | | | | | Rock Outcrop------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | de | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | | 117B: | | | | | | Berkshire---------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Moderate: |Mod | | | | slope | frost action | la | | | | | | sm | | | | | | 117C: | | | | | | Berkshire---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Mod | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | | | | | slope | sl | | | | | | sm | | | | | | 117D: | | | | | | Berkshire---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | | | | | | 118C: | | | | | | Tunbridge---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Mod | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | slope | frost action | la | | depth to rock | | | slope | sm | | | | | depth to rock | dr | | | | | | Lyman-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | de | | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | 118D: | | | | | | Tunbridge---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Mod | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | la | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | sm | | | | | | dr | | | | | |
Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads |  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | l | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|___ | | | | | | 118D: | | | | | | Lyman-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | de | | | | | | 118E: | | | | | | Tunbridge---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Mod | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | la | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | sm | | | | | | dr | | | | | | Lyman-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | de | | | | | | 221F: | | | | | | Tunbridge---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Mod | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | la | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | sm | | | | | | dr | | | | | | Berkshire---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | | | | | | 403B: | | | | | | Cabot-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | we | | | | | wetness | | | | | | | Carlisle----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | excess humus | low strength | low strength | low strength | frost action | ex | ponding | subsides | subsides | subsides | subsides | po | | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding | | | | | | | 405D: | | | | | | Berkshire---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | | | | | | Tunbridge---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Mod | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | la | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | sm | | | | | | dr | | | | | | 413D: | | | | | | Peru--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | sl | wetness | | wetness | | slope | | | | | | |
Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads |  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | l | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|___ | | | | | | 413D: | | | | | | Berkshire---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | | | | | | Cabot-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | sl | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | slope | we | | | | | wetness | | | | | | | 702E: | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | cutbanks cave | | depth to rock | | slope | sl | depth to rock | | | | | | | | | | | Hogback-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | sl | | | | | depth to rock | th | | | | | | 703C: | | | | | | Mundal------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | wetness | slope | wetness | slope | frost action | la | | wetness | | | | | | | | | | Houghtonville-----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | | | | | | 705D: | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | cutbanks cave | | depth to rock | | slope | sl | depth to rock | | | | | | | | | | | Houghtonville-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | | | | | slope | sl | | | | | | Mundal------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | wetness | | wetness | | slope | sl | | | | | | 715D: | | | | | | Houghtonville-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | | | | | slope | sl | | | | | |
Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads |  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | l | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|___ | | | | | | 715D: | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | cutbanks cave | | depth to rock | | slope | sl | depth to rock | | | | | | | | | | | 902F: | | | | | | Hogback-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | sl | | | | | depth to rock | th | | | | | | Rawsonville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | cutbanks cave | | depth to rock | | slope | sl | depth to rock | | | | | | | | | | | Rock Outcrop------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | de | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | | 903C: | | | | | | Mundal------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | wetness | slope | wetness | slope | frost action | la | | wetness | | | | | | | | | | Wilmington--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | we | | | | | wetness | | | | | | | 905D: | | | | | | Houghtonville-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | la | | | | | slope | sl | | | | | | Monadnock---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | sl | cutbanks cave | | | | | | | | | | | 913E: | | | | | | Glebe-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | sl | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | slope | | | | | | | Stratton----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | frost action | sl | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | th | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | | |
Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads |  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | l | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|___ | | | | | | 923B: | | | | | | Wilmington--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Sev | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | we | | | | | wetness | | | | | | | Mundal------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Sev | wetness | wetness | wetness | slope | frost action | la | | | | wetness | | | | | | | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|___
Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities (The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable.) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Map symbol and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cov soil name |absorption fields | areas | landfill | landfill | landf_________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________ | | | | | 3A,3B: | | | | | Copake----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter | seepage | seepage | seepage | seepage | | | too sandy | | small sto | | | | | too sandy | | | | | 3C: | | | | | Copake----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter | seepage | seepage | seepage | seepage | | slope | too sandy | | small sto | | | | | too sandy | | | | | 3D,3E: | | | | | Copake----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | seepage | poor filter | slope | slope | slope | small sto | | | too sandy | | too sandy | | | | | 9: | | | | | Pits------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to  | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | Dumps-----------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | | | | | 10D,10E: | | | | | Glebe-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recl | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | Stratton--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recl | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | seepage | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small sto | | | | | Londonderry-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | area recl | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | | | |
Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Map symbol and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cov soil name |absorption fields | areas | landfill | landfill | landf_________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________ | | | | | 11F: | | | | | Taconic---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recl | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small sto | | | | | Hubbardton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | large stones | seepage | slope | area recl | depth to rock | slope | slope | depth to rock | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | | Rock outcrop----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | depth to rock | | | depth to  | | | | | 18B: | | | | | Windsor---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter | seepage | seepage | seepage | seepage | | | too sandy | | too sandy | | | | | 18C: | | | | | Windsor---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter | seepage | seepage | seepage | seepage | | slope | too sandy | | too sandy | | | | | 18E: | | | | | Windsor---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | seepage | poor filter | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | too sandy | | too sandy | | | | | 21A: | | | | | Limerick--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | | | | | | 23A: | | | | | Adrian----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | excess humus | seepage | seepage | seepage | subsides | seepage | too sandy | ponding | too sandy | ponding | ponding | ponding | | ponding | | | | | Saco------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | wetness | wetness | seepage | seepage | wetness | | | wetness | wetness | | | | | | |
Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Map symbol and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cov soil name |absorption fields | areas | landfill | landfill | landf_________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________ | | | | | 24A: | | | | | Carlisle--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | excess humus | excess humus | seepage | excess hu | subsides | seepage | seepage | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding | | | | | | | 25B: | | | | | Belgrade--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | wetness | thin laye | wetness | wetness | wetness | | wetness | | | | | 26A: | | | | | Raynham---------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | seepage | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | | | | | | | | | 27B: | | | | | Udipsamments----| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | Udorthents------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | 28A: | | | | | Udifluvents-----| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | 29A: | | | | | Occum-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | seepage | poor filter | seepage | seepage | seepage | too sandy | | | wetness | | | | | | | 34A: | | | | | Pootatuck-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | seepage | wetness | seepage | seepage | seepage | too sandy | poor filter | wetness | wetness | wetness | | | | | | 35B: | | | | | Hartland--------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight |Slight |Good | percs slowly | seepage | | | | | slope | | | | | | | |
Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Map symbol and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cov soil name |absorption fields | areas | landfill | landfill | landf_________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________ | | | | | 40B: | | | | | Galway----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | area recl | | | | | small sto | | | | | Nellis----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight |Slight |Poor: | percs slowly | seepage | | | small sto | | slope | | | | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | area recl | | | | | 40C: | | | | | Galway----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | area recl | | depth to rock | | | small sto | | | | | Nellis----------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | small sto | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | area recl | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | 40D: | | | | | Galway----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | area recl | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | | | | small sto | | | | | Nellis----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | small sto | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | area recl | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | | | | 41C: | | | | | Galway----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | area recl | | depth to rock | | | small sto | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | area recl | | depth to rock | | | | | | | |
Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Map symbol and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cov soil name |absorption fields | areas | landfill | landfill | landf_________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________ | | | | | 41D,41E: | | | | | Galway----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | area recl | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | | | | small sto | | | | | Farmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | area recl | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | | | | 42C: | | | | | Macomber--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | area recl | | depth to rock | | | small sto | | | | | Taconic---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | seepage | seepage | depth to rock | small sto | | slope | depth to rock | | depth to  | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | 42D,42E: | | | | | Macomber--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | area recl | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | | | | small sto | | | | | Taconic---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recl | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small sto | | | | | 43C: | | | | | Taconic---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recl | | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | small sto | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | Macomber--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | area recl | | depth to rock | | | small sto | | | | |
Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Map symbol and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cove soil name |absorption fields | areas | landfill | landfill | landfi_________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|___________ | | | | | 43D,43E: | | | | | Taconic---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recla | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small ston | | | | | Macomber--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | area recla | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | | | | small ston | | | | | 44B: | | | | | Dutchess--------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Poor: | percs slowly | large stones | large stones | | small ston | | seepage | | | | | slope | | | | | | | | 44C: | | | | | Dutchess--------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | large stones | slope | small ston | slope | | slope | | | | | | | 44D: | | | | | Dutchess--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | small ston | | | | | 47C: | | | | | Dutchess--------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Poor: | large stones | slope | large stones | slope | small ston | percs slowly | | slope | | | slope | | | | | | | | | 47D,47E: | | | | | Dutchess--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | small ston | | | | | 48B: | | | | | Pittstown-------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | wetness | wetness | small ston | wetness | | | | | | | | | 48C: | | | | | Pittstown-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | wetness | slope | slope | wetness | | | wetness | small ston | | | | |
Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Map symbol and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cove soil name |absorption fields | areas | landfill | landfill | landfi_________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|___________ | | | | | 48D: | | | | | Pittstown-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | wetness | | | wetness | | | | | | | | | 49C: | | | | | Pittstown-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | wetness | slope | slope | wetness | | | wetness | small ston | | | | | 49D: | | | | | Pittstown-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | wetness | | | wetness | | | | | | | | | 50B: | | | | | Brayton---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | small ston | wetness | | | | wetness | | | | | 51B: | | | | | Brayton---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | small ston | wetness | | | | wetness | | | | | 52A: | | | | | Mansfield-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding | | | | | | | | | 64B: | | | | | Stockbridge-----|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight |Slight |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | | | small ston | | | | | 64C: | | | | | Stockbridge-----|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | small ston | | | | | 64D: | | | | | Stockbridge-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | | | |
Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Map symbol and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cove soil name |absorption fields | areas | landfill | landfill | landfi_________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|___________ | | | | | 65C: | | | | | Stockbridge-----|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | small ston | | | | | 65D: | | | | | Stockbridge-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | | | | 66A: | | | | | Georgia---------|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | | wetness | wetness | small ston | wetness | | | | | | | | | 66B: | | | | | Georgia---------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | wetness | wetness | small ston | wetness | | | | | | | | | 66C: | | | | | Georgia---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | wetness | slope | small ston | wetness | wetness | | wetness | | | | | | 66D: | | | | | Georgia---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | wetness | wetness | | | wetness | | | | | | | | | 67B: | | | | | Georgia---------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | wetness | wetness | small ston | wetness | | | | | | | | | 67C: | | | | | Georgia---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | wetness | slope | small ston | wetness | | | wetness | | | | | | 68A,68B: | | | | | Massena---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | small ston | wetness | | | | wetness | | | | |
Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Map symbol and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cove soil name |absorption fields | areas | landfill | landfill | landfi_________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|___________ | | | | | 69A,69B: | | | | | Massena---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | small ston | wetness | | | | wetness | | | | | 70A,70B: | | | | | Groton----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter | seepage | seepage | seepage | seepage | | | too sandy | | small ston | | | | | too sandy | | | | | 70C: | | | | | Groton----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter | seepage | seepage | seepage | seepage | | slope | too sandy | | small ston | | | | | too sandy | | | | | 70D,70E: | | | | | Groton----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | seepage | poor filter | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | too sandy | | too sandy | | | | | 71A,71B: | | | | | Hero------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness | seepage | seepage | seepage | seepage | poor filter | wetness | too sandy | wetness | small ston | | | wetness | | too sandy | | | | | 72A: | | | | | Fredon----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness | flooding | seepage | seepage | seepage | poor filter | seepage | too sandy | wetness | small ston | | | wetness | | too sandy | | | | | 84B: | | | | | Nellis----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight |Slight |Poor: | percs slowly | seepage | | | small ston | | slope | | | | | | | | 84C: | | | | | Nellis----------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | small ston | | | | | 84D: | | | | | Nellis----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | small ston
Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Map symbol and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cov soil name |absorption fields | areas | landfill | landfill | landf_________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________ | | | | | | | | | | 85B: | | | | | Nellis----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight |Slight |Poor: | percs slowly | seepage | | | small sto | | slope | | | | | | | | 85C: | | | | | Nellis----------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | small sto | | | | | 85D,85E: | | | | | Nellis----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | small sto | | | | | 86A: | | | | | Amenia----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | wetness | wetness | small sto | wetness | | | | wetness | | | | | 86B: | | | | | Amenia----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | wetness | wetness | small sto | wetness | slope | | | wetness | | | | | 86C: | | | | | Amenia----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | wetness | slope | slope | wetness | | | wetness | small sto | | | | | wetness | | | | | 87B: | | | | | Amenia----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | wetness | wetness | small sto | wetness | slope | | | wetness | | | | | 87C: | | | | | Amenia----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | wetness | slope | slope | wetness | | | wetness | small sto | | | | | wetness | | | | | 90C: | | | | | Berkshire-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | slope | | | small sto | | | | |
Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Map symbol and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cove soil name |absorption fields | areas | landfill | landfill | landfi_________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|___________ | | | | | 90E: | | | | | Berkshire-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | 93B: | | | | | Pittsfield------|Slight |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | | seepage | seepage | seepage | small ston | | | | | 93C: | | | | | Pittsfield------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | | | small ston | | | | | 93D: | | | | | Pittsfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | 94B: | | | | | Pittsfield------|Slight |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | | seepage | seepage | seepage | small ston | | | | | 94C: | | | | | Pittsfield------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | | | small ston | | | | | 94D,94E: | | | | | Pittsfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | 95C: | | | | | Houghtonville---|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | slope | | | small ston | | | | | 95D,95E: | | | | | Houghtonville---|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | | | |
Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Map symbol and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cove soil name |absorption fields | areas | landfill | landfill | landfi_________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|___________ | | | | | 96D,96F: | | | | | Hogback---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recla | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | Rawsonville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recla | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small ston | | | | | Rock outcrop----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | depth to rock | | | depth to r | | | | | 100B: | | | | | Wilmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | small ston | wetness | | | | wetness | | | | | 102B: | | | | | Mundal----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | small ston | wetness | | | | | | | | | 102C: | | | | | Mundal----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | wetness | slope | small ston | wetness | wetness | | wetness | | | | | | 104B: | | | | | Colton----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter | seepage | seepage | seepage | seepage | | | too sandy | | small ston | | | | | too sandy | | | | | 104C: | | | | | Colton----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter | seepage | seepage | seepage | seepage | | slope | too sandy | | small ston | | | | | too sandy | | | | | 104E: | | | | | Colton----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | seepage | poor filter | slope | slope | slope | small ston | | | too sandy | | too sandy | | | | |
Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Map symbol and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cove soil name |absorption fields | areas | landfill | landfill | landfi_________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|___________ | | | | | 105B: | | | | | Monadnock-------|Slight |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | | seepage | seepage | seepage | seepage | | | | | 105C: | | | | | Monadnock-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | seepage | | slope | | | | | | | | 105D,105E: | | | | | Monadnock-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | seepage | | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | 106B: | | | | | Berkshire-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | seepage | small ston | | | | | 106C: | | | | | Berkshire-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | slope | | | small ston | | | | | 106D,106E: | | | | | Berkshire-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | 108B: | | | | | Peru------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | wetness | wetness | small ston | wetness | slope | | | wetness | | | | | 108C: | | | | | Peru------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | wetness | slope | slope | wetness | | | wetness | small ston | | | | | wetness | | | | | 108D: | | | | | Peru------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | wetness | | | wetness | | | | | | | | |
Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Map symbol and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cov soil name |absorption fields | areas | landfill | landfill | landf_________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________ | | | | | 109C: | | | | | Tunbridge-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recl | | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | Berkshire-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | slope | | | small sto | | | | | 109D,109E: | | | | | Tunbridge-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recl | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | Berkshire-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | 111C: | | | | | Rawsonville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recl | | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | small sto | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | Houghtonville---|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | slope | | | small sto | | | | | 111D,111E: | | | | | Rawsonville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recl | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small sto | | | | | Houghtonville---|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | 112C: | | | | | Rawsonville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recl | | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | small sto | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | Hogback---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recl | | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | |
Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Map symbol and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cove soil name |absorption fields | areas | landfill | landfill | landfi_________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|___________ | | | | | 112D,112E: | | | | | Rawsonville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recla | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small ston | | | | | Hogback---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recla | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | 113B: | | | | | Cabot-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | | | | | | | | | 114B: | | | | | Mundal----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | small ston | wetness | | | | | | | | | 114C: | | | | | Mundal----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | wetness | slope | small ston | wetness | wetness | | wetness | | | | | | 114D: | | | | | Mundal----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | wetness | wetness | | small ston | wetness | | | | | | | | | 115B: | | | | | Peru------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | wetness | wetness | small ston | wetness | slope | | | wetness | | | | | 115C: | | | | | Peru------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | wetness | slope | slope | wetness | | | wetness | small ston | | | | | wetness | | | | |
Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Map symbol and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cov soil name |absorption fields | areas | landfill | landfill | landf_________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________ | | | | | 115D: | | | | | Peru------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | wetness | | | wetness | | | | | | | | | 116D,116F: | | | | | Lyman-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | seepage | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | depth to  | | | | depth to rock | | | | | | Tunbridge-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recl | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | Rock outcrop----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | depth to rock | | | depth to  | | | | | 117B: | | | | | Berkshire-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | seepage | small sto | | | | | 117C: | | | | | Berkshire-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | seepage | small sto | slope | slope | | | | | | | | 117D: | | | | | Berkshire-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | small sto | | | | | 118C: | | | | | Tunbridge-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recl | | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | Lyman-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | seepage | depth to  | | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | |
Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Map symbol and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cov soil name |absorption fields | areas | landfill | landfill | landf_________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________ | | | | | 118D,118E: | | | | | Tunbridge-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recl | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | Lyman-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | seepage | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | depth to  | | | | depth to rock | | | | | | 221F: | | | | | Tunbridge-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recl | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | Berkshire-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | 403B: | | | | | Cabot-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | | | | | | | | | Carlisle--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | excess humus | excess humus | seepage | excess hu | subsides | seepage | seepage | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding | | | | | | | 405D: | | | | | Berkshire-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | Tunbridge-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recl | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | 413D: | | | | | Peru------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | wetness | | | wetness | | | | | | | | |
Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Map symbol and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cove soil name |absorption fields | areas | landfill | landfill | landfi_________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|___________ | | | | | 413D: | | | | | Berkshire-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | Cabot-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | | | | | | | | | 702E: | | | | | Rawsonville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recla | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small ston | | | | | Hogback---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recla | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | 703C: | | | | | Mundal----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | wetness | slope | small ston | wetness | wetness | | wetness | | | | | | Houghtonville---|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | slope | | | small ston | | | | | 705D: | | | | | Rawsonville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recla | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small ston | | | | | Houghtonville---|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | Mundal----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | wetness | wetness | | small ston | wetness | | | | | | | | |
Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Map symbol and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cov soil name |absorption fields | areas | landfill | landfill | landf_________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________ | | | | | 715D: | | | | | Houghtonville---|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | Rawsonville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recl | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small sto | | | | | 902F: | | | | | Hogback---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recl | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | Rawsonville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recl | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small sto | | | | | Rock outcrop----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | depth to rock | | | depth to  | | | | | 903C: | | | | | Mundal----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | wetness | slope | small sto | wetness | wetness | | wetness | | | | | | Wilmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | small sto | wetness | | | | wetness | | | | | 905D: | | | | | Houghtonville---|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | Monadnock-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | seepage | | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | 913E: | | | | | Glebe-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recl | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | |
Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Map symbol and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench sanitary | Area sanitary | Daily cove soil name |absorption fields | areas | landfill | landfill | landfi_________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|___________ | | | | | 913E: | | | | | Stratton--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | area recla | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | seepage | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small ston | | | | | 923B: | | | | | Wilmington------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | small ston | wetness | | | | wetness | | | | | Mundal----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | small ston | wetness | | | | _________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|___________
Bennington County, Vermont 441

Table 12.—Construction Materials

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need

 for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an

 entry indicates that no rating is applicable.)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

3A: | | | |

 Copake------------------|Good |Probable |Probable |Poor:

 | | | | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

3B: | | | |

 Copake------------------|Good |Probable |Probable |Poor:

 | | | | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

3C: | | | |

 Copake------------------|Good |Probable |Probable |Poor:

 | | | | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

3D: | | | |

 Copake------------------|Fair: |Probable |Probable |Poor:

 | slope | | | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

3E: | | | |

 Copake------------------|Poor: |Probable |Probable |Poor:

 | slope | | | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

9: | | | |

 Pits--------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | depth to rock

 | | | |

 Dumps-------------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | |

10D: | | | |

 Glebe-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Stratton----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | large stones | large stones | area reclaim

 | large stones | small stones | | large stones

 | | | | slope

 | | | |

 Londonderry-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | |

10E: | | | |

 Glebe-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | slope | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Stratton----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | large stones | large stones | area reclaim

 | large stones | small stones | | large stones

 | slope | | | slope

 | | | |
442 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

 Londonderry-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | slope | | | slope

 | | | |

11F: | | | |

 Taconic-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | slope | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Hubbardton--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | slope | | | large stones

 | | | | slope

 | | | |

 Rock Outcrop------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

18B: | | | |

 Windsor-----------------|Good |Probable |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | | too sandy | too sandy

 | | | |

18C: | | | |

 Windsor-----------------|Good |Probable |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | | too sandy | too sandy

 | | | |

18E: | | | |

 Windsor-----------------|Poor: |Probable |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | | too sandy | slope

 | | | | too sandy

 | | | |

21A: | | | |

 Limerick----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | wetness

 | | | |

23A: | | | |

 Adrian------------------|Poor: |Probable |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | | too sandy | excess humus

 | | | | wetness

 | | | |

 Saco--------------------|Poor: |Probable |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | | too sandy | wetness

 | | | |

24A: | | | |

 Carlisle----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess humus | excess humus | excess humus

 | wetness | | | wetness

 | | | |

25B: | | | |

 Belgrade----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | too sandy

 | | | |

26A: | | | |

 Raynham-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | wetness

 | | | |

27B: | | | |

 Udipsamments------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

 Udorthents--------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 443

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

28A: | | | |

 Udifluvents-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

29A: | | | |

 Occum-------------------|Good |Probable |Improbable: |Fair:

 | | | too sandy | area reclaim

 | | | | thin layer

 | | | |

34A: | | | |

 Pootatuck---------------|Fair: |Probable |Improbable: |Fair:

 | wetness | | too sandy | thin layer

 | | | |

35B: | | | |

 Hartland----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines |

 | | | |

40B: | | | |

 Galway------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

 Nellis------------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Farmington--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

40C: | | | |

 Galway------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

 Nellis------------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Farmington--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

40D: | | | |

 Galway------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Nellis------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Farmington--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

41C: | | | |

 Galway------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

 Farmington--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |
444 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

41D: | | | |

 Galway------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Farmington--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

41E: | | | |

 Galway------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | slope | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Farmington--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | slope | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

42C: | | | |

 Macomber----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

 Taconic-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

42D: | | | |

 Macomber----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Taconic-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

42E: | | | |

 Macomber----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | slope | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Taconic-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | slope | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

43C: | | | |

 Taconic-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Macomber----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

43D: | | | |

 Taconic-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 445

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

43D: | | | |

 Macomber----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

43E: | | | |

 Taconic-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | slope | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Macomber----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | slope | | | small stones

 | | | |

44B: | | | |

 Dutchess----------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

44C: | | | |

 Dutchess----------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

44D: | | | |

 Dutchess----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

47C: | | | |

 Dutchess----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | large stones | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

47D: | | | |

 Dutchess----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | large stones | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | slope | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

47E: | | | |

 Dutchess----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

48B: | | | |

 Pittstown---------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

48C: | | | |

 Pittstown---------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

48D: | | | |

 Pittstown---------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | wetness | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |
446 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

49C: | | | |

 Pittstown---------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

49D: | | | |

 Pittstown---------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | wetness | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

50B: | | | |

 Brayton-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | | wetness

 | | | |

51B: | | | |

 Brayton-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | | wetness

 | | | |

52A: | | | |

 Mansfield---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | wetness

 | | | |

64B: | | | |

 Stockbridge-------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

64C: | | | |

 Stockbridge-------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

64D: | | | |

 Stockbridge-------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | |

65C: | | | |

 Stockbridge-------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

65D: | | | |

 Stockbridge-------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | |

66A: | | | |

 Georgia-----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

66B: | | | |

 Georgia-----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

66C: | | | |

 Georgia-----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 447

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

66D: | | | |

 Georgia-----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | wetness | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

67B: | | | |

 Georgia-----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

67C: | | | |

 Georgia-----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

68A: | | | |

 Massena-----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

68B: | | | |

 Massena-----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

69A: | | | |

 Massena-----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

69B: | | | |

 Massena-----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

70A: | | | |

 Groton------------------|Good |Probable |Probable |Poor:

 | | | | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

70B: | | | |

 Groton------------------|Good |Probable |Probable |Poor:

 | | | | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

70C: | | | |

 Groton------------------|Good |Probable |Probable |Poor:

 | | | | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

70D: | | | |

 Groton------------------|Fair: |Probable |Probable |Poor:

 | slope | | | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

70E: | | | |

 Groton------------------|Poor: |Probable |Probable |Poor:

 | slope | | | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |
448 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

71A: | | | |

 Hero--------------------|Fair: |Probable |Probable |Poor:

 | wetness | | | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

71B: | | | |

 Hero--------------------|Fair: |Probable |Probable |Poor:

 | wetness | | | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

72A: | | | |

 Fredon------------------|Poor: |Probable |Probable |Poor:

 | wetness | | | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | | wetness

 | | | |

84B: | | | |

 Nellis------------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

84C: | | | |

 Nellis------------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

84D: | | | |

 Nellis------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

85B: | | | |

 Nellis------------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

85C: | | | |

 Nellis------------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

85D: | | | |

 Nellis------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

85E: | | | |

 Nellis------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

86A: | | | |

 Amenia------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

86B: | | | |

 Amenia------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 449

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

86C: | | | |

 Amenia------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

87B: | | | |

 Amenia------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

87C: | | | |

 Amenia------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

90C: | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

90E: | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

93B: | | | |

 Pittsfield--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

93C: | | | |

 Pittsfield--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

93D: | | | |

 Pittsfield--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | slope | | | small stones

 | | | |

94B: | | | |

 Pittsfield--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

94C: | | | |

 Pittsfield--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

94D: | | | |

 Pittsfield--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | slope | | | small stones

 | | | |

94E: | | | |

 Pittsfield--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

95C: | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

95D: | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |
450 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

95E: | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

96D: | | | |

 Hogback-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Rock Outcrop------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

96F: | | | |

 Hogback-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | slope | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | slope | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Rock Outcrop------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

100B: | | | |

 Wilmington--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | | wetness

 | | | |

102B: | | | |

 Mundal------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

102C: | | | |

 Mundal------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

104B: | | | |

 Colton------------------|Fair: |Probable |Probable |Poor:

 | large stones | | | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

104C: | | | |

 Colton------------------|Fair: |Probable |Probable |Poor:

 | large stones | | | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

104E: | | | |

 Colton------------------|Poor: |Probable |Probable |Poor:

 | slope | | | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 451

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

105B: | | | |

 Monadnock---------------|Good |Probable |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | | too sandy | small stones

 | | | |

105C: | | | |

 Monadnock---------------|Good |Probable |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | | too sandy | small stones

 | | | |

105D: | | | |

 Monadnock---------------|Fair: |Probable |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | | too sandy | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

105E: | | | |

 Monadnock---------------|Poor: |Probable |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | | too sandy | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

106B: | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

106C: | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

106D: | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

106E: | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

108B: | | | |

 Peru--------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

108C: | | | |

 Peru--------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

108D: | | | |

 Peru--------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | wetness | | | small stones

 | | | |

109C: | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

109D: | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |
452 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | |

_________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

109E: | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | slope | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

111C: | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

111D: | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

111E: | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | slope | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

112C: | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

 Hogback-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

112D: | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Hogback-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

112E: | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | slope | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Hogback-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | slope | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 453

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

113B: | | | |

 Cabot-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | large stones

 | | | | wetness

 | | | |

114B: | | | |

 Mundal------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

114C: | | | |

 Mundal------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

114D: | | | |

 Mundal------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | wetness | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

115B: | | | |

 Peru--------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

115C: | | | |

 Peru--------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

115D: | | | |

 Peru--------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | wetness | | | small stones

 | | | |

116D: | | | |

 Lyman-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Rock Outcrop------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

116F: | | | |

 Lyman-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | | small stones

 | | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | slope | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Rock Outcrop------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | | depth to rock

 | | | |
454 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

117B: | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

117C: | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

117D: | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

118C: | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

 Lyman-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

118D: | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Lyman-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

118E: | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | slope | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Lyman-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | | small stones

 | | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

221F: | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | slope | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

403B: | | | |

 Cabot-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | large stones

 | | | | wetness

 | | | |

 Carlisle----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess humus | excess humus | excess humus

 | wetness | | | wetness

 | | | |
Bennington County, Vermont 455

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

405D: | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Tunbridge---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

413D: | | | |

 Peru--------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | wetness | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Berkshire---------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Cabot-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | large stones

 | | | | wetness

 | | | |

702E: | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | slope | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Hogback-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | slope | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

703C: | | | |

 Mundal------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

705D: | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Mundal------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | wetness | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

715D: | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |
456 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

902F: | | | |

 Hogback-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | slope | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Rawsonville-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | slope | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Rock Outcrop------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

903C: | | | |

 Mundal------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Wilmington--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | | wetness

 | | | |

905D: | | | |

 Houghtonville-----------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Monadnock---------------|Fair: |Probable |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | | too sandy | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

913E: | | | |

 Glebe-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | slope | | | small stones

 | | | |

 Stratton----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim | large stones | large stones | area reclaim

 | large stones | small stones | | large stones

 | slope | | | slope

 | | | |

923B: | | | |

 Wilmington--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | | wetness

 | | | |

 Mundal------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | | _________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________
Table 13.—Water Management (The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite i

 See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applic_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 3A: | | | | | |  Copake-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| | too sandy  | | | | | | 3B: | | | | | |  Copake-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | too sandy  | | | | | | 3C: | | | | | |  Copake-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | | too sandy  | | | | | | 3D: | | | | | |  Copake-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | | too sandy  | | | | | | 3E: | | | | | |  Copake-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | | too sandy  | | | | | | 9: | | | | | |  Pits-------------------|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | |  Dumps------------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable  | | | | | | 10D: | | | | | |  Glebe------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | |  Stratton---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | large stones | no water | deep to water| large stones | large stones  | depth to rock| seepage | | | slope | slope  | | piping | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 10D: | | | | | |  Londonderry------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | thin layer | no water | deep to water| slope | erodes easil | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | | depth to roc | | | | | | 10E: | | | | | |  Glebe------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | |  Stratton---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | large stones | no water | deep to water| large stones | large stones  | depth to rock| seepage | | | slope | slope  | | piping | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | |  Londonderry------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | thin layer | no water | deep to water| slope | erodes easil | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | | depth to roc | | | | | | 11F: | | | | | |  Taconic----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| depth to rock| large stones  | depth to rock| | | | droughty | slope  | | | | | | depth to roc | | | | | |  Hubbardton-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | large stones | no water | deep to water| large stones | large stones  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | | depth to roc | | | | | |  Rock Outcrop-----------|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | | 18B: | | | | | |  Windsor----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| fast intake | too sandy  | | piping | | | slope |  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 18C: | | | | | |  Windsor----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| fast intake | slope  | slope | piping | | | slope | too sandy  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 18E: | | | | | |  Windsor----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| fast intake | slope  | slope | piping | | | slope | too sandy  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 21A: | | | | | |  Limerick---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | slow refill | flooding | erodes easily| erodes easil | | wetness | | frost action | flooding | wetness  | | | | | wetness |  | | | | | | 23A: | | | | | |  Adrian-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | slow refill | frost action | rooting depth| too sandy  | | piping | cutbanks cave| subsides | soil blowing | soil blowing  | | ponding | | ponding | ponding | ponding  | | | | | |  Saco-------------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | cutbanks cave| flooding | flooding | poor outlets  | | wetness | | frost action | wetness | wetness  | | | | poor outlets | |  | | | | | | 24A: | | | | | |  Carlisle---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | excess humus | slow refill | frost action | soil blowing | soil blowing  | | ponding | | subsides | ponding | ponding  | | | | ponding | |  | | | | | | 25B: | | | | | |  Belgrade---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | slow refill | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easil | | wetness | cutbanks cave| slope | slope | wetness  | | | | cutbanks cave| wetness |  | | | | | | 26A: | | | | | |  Raynham----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | slow refill | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easil | | wetness | | percs slowly | wetness | wetness  | | | | | | 27B: | | | | | |  Udipsamments-----------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | |  Udorthents-------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 28A: | | | | | |  Udifluvents------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | 29A: | | | | | |  Occum------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | cutbanks cave| deep to water| flooding | too sandy  | | piping | | | |  | | | | | | 34A: | | | | | |  Pootatuck--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | cutbanks cave| flooding | flooding | too sandy  | | piping | | cutbanks cave| wetness | wetness  | | wetness | | | |  | | | | | | 35B: | | | | | |  Hartland---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easi | | | | | | 40B: | | | | | |  Galway-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | slope | slope | depth to ro | slope | | | depth to rock| depth to rock|  | depth to rock| | | | |  | | | | | |  Nellis-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Favorable  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| rooting depth|  | slope | piping | | | slope |  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | |  Farmington-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | depth to rock| piping | no water | deep to water| slope | depth to ro | | | | | depth to rock|  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 40C: | | | | | |  Galway-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | slope | slope | slope  | | | | depth to rock| depth to rock| depth to ro | | | | | |  | | | | | |  Nellis-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| rooting depth| slope  | | piping | | | slope |  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 40C: | | | | | |  Farmington-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 40D: | | | | | |  Galway-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | slope | slope | slope  | | | | depth to rock| depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | |  | | | | | |  Nellis-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| rooting depth| slope  | | piping | | | slope |  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | |  Farmington-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 41C: | | | | | |  Galway-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | slope | slope | slope  | | | | depth to rock| depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | | depth to roc | | | | | |  Farmington-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 41D: | | | | | |  Galway-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | slope | slope | slope  | | | | depth to rock| depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | |  | | | | | |  Farmington-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 41E: | | | | | |  Galway-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | slope | slope | slope  | | | | depth to rock| depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | |  | | | | | |  Farmington-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 42C: | | | | | |  Macomber---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | |  Taconic----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | | 42D: | | | | | |  Macomber---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to roc | | | | | |  Taconic----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| depth to rock| large stones  | depth to rock| | | | droughty | slope  | | | | | | depth to roc | | | | | | 42E: | | | | | |  Macomber---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to roc | | | | | |  Taconic----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| depth to rock| large stones  | depth to rock| | | | droughty | slope  | | | | | | depth to roc | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|____________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________ | | | | | | 43C: | | | | | |  Taconic----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| depth to rock| large stones  | depth to rock| | | | droughty | slope  | | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | |  Macomber---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to rock | | | | | | 43D: | | | | | |  Taconic----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| depth to rock| large stones  | depth to rock| | | | droughty | slope  | | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | |  Macomber---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to rock | | | | | | 43E: | | | | | |  Taconic----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| depth to rock| large stones  | depth to rock| | | | droughty | slope  | | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | |  Macomber---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to rock | | | | | | 44B: | | | | | |  Dutchess---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | erodes easily | slope | piping | | | | large stones  | | | | | | 44C: | | | | | |  Dutchess---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | erodes easily | | piping | | | | large stones  | | | | | | slope  | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 44D: | | | | | |  Dutchess---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | erodes easil | | piping | | | | large stones  | | | | | | slope  | | | | | | 47C: | | | | | |  Dutchess---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| large stones | erodes easil | | piping | | | slope | large stones  | | | | | | slope  | | | | | | 47D: | | | | | |  Dutchess---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| large stones | erodes easil | | piping | | | slope | large stones  | | | | | | slope  | | | | | | 47E: | | | | | |  Dutchess---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| large stones | erodes easil | | piping | | | slope | large stones  | | | | | | slope  | | | | | | 48B: | | | | | |  Pittstown--------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly  | | | | slope | slope | wetness  | | | | | wetness |  | | | | | | 48C: | | | | | |  Pittstown--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly  | | | | slope | slope | slope  | | | | | wetness | wetness  | | | | | | 48D: | | | | | |  Pittstown--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly  | | | | slope | slope | slope  | | | | | wetness | wetness  | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 49C: | | | | | |  Pittstown--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | percs slowly | percs slowly | large stones  | | | | slope | slope | percs slowly  | | | | | wetness | slope  | | | | | | 49D: | | | | | |  Pittstown--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | percs slowly | percs slowly | large stones  | | | | slope | slope | percs slowly  | | | | | wetness | slope  | | | | | | 50B: | | | | | |  Brayton----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | frost action | wetness | percs slowly  | | wetness | | percs slowly | | wetness  | | | | | | 51B: | | | | | |  Brayton----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | frost action | wetness | percs slowly  | | wetness | | percs slowly | droughty | wetness  | | | | | | 52A: | | | | | |  Mansfield--------------|Slight |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | | piping | no water | frost action | percs slowly | percs slowly  | | ponding | | percs slowly | rooting depth| rooting dept | | | | ponding | ponding | ponding  | | | | | | 64B: | | | | | |  Stockbridge------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| percs slowly | erodes easil | | | | | slope | percs slowly  | | | | | | 64C: | | | | | |  Stockbridge------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| percs slowly | erodes easil | | | | | slope | percs slowly  | | | | | | slope  | | | | | | 64D: | | | | | |  Stockbridge------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| percs slowly | erodes easil | | | | | slope | percs slowly  | | | | | | slope  | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 65C: | | | | | |  Stockbridge------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| percs slowly | erodes easil | | | | | slope | percs slowly  | | | | | | slope  | | | | | | 65D: | | | | | |  Stockbridge------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| percs slowly | erodes easil | | | | | slope | percs slowly  | | | | | | slope  | | | | | | 66A: | | | | | |  Georgia----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easil | | | | percs slowly | wetness | large stones  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 66B: | | | | | |  Georgia----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easil | slope | | | percs slowly | slope | large stones  | | | | slope | wetness |  | | | | | | 66C: | | | | | |  Georgia----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easil | | | | percs slowly | slope | large stones  | | | | slope | wetness | slope  | | | | | | 66D: | | | | | |  Georgia----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easil | | | | percs slowly | slope | large stones  | | | | slope | wetness | slope  | | | | | | 67B: | | | | | |  Georgia----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | frost action | percs slowly | large stones  | | | | percs slowly | slope | wetness  | | | | slope | wetness |  | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|____________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________ | | | | | | 67C: | | | | | |  Georgia----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | frost action | percs slowly | large stones  | | | | percs slowly | slope | slope  | | | | slope | wetness | wetness  | | | | | | 68A: | | | | | |  Massena----------------|Slight |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | | piping | slow refill | frost action | wetness | wetness  | | wetness | | percs slowly | droughty |  | | | | | | 68B: | | | | | |  Massena----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | slow refill | frost action | slope | wetness  | | wetness | | percs slowly | wetness |  | | | | slope | droughty |  | | | | | | 69A: | | | | | |  Massena----------------|Slight |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | | piping | slow refill | frost action | wetness | percs slowly  | | wetness | | percs slowly | droughty | wetness  | | | | | | 69B: | | | | | |  Massena----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | slow refill | frost action | slope | percs slowly  | | wetness | | percs slowly | wetness | wetness  | | | | slope | droughty |  | | | | | | 70A: | | | | | |  Groton-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| droughty | too sandy  | | | | | | 70B: | | | | | |  Groton-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | too sandy  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 70C: | | | | | |  Groton-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | droughty | too sandy  | | | | | | 70D: | | | | | |  Groton-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | droughty | too sandy  | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 70E: | | | | | |  Groton-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | droughty | too sandy  | | | | | | 71A: | | | | | |  Hero-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | cutbanks cave| frost action | wetness | too sandy  | | wetness | | cutbanks cave| | wetness  | | | | | | 71B: | | | | | |  Hero-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | cutbanks cave| frost action | slope | too sandy  | | wetness | | slope | wetness | wetness  | | | | cutbanks cave| |  | | | | | | 72A: | | | | | |  Fredon-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | cutbanks cave| frost action | wetness | too sandy  | | wetness | | | | wetness  | | | | | | soil blowing  | | | | | | 84B: | | | | | |  Nellis-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Favorable  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| rooting depth|  | slope | piping | | | slope |  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 84C: | | | | | |  Nellis-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| rooting depth| slope  | | piping | | | slope |  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 84D: | | | | | |  Nellis-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| rooting depth| slope  | | piping | | | slope |  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 85B: | | | | | |  Nellis-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Favorable  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| rooting depth|  | slope | piping | | | slope |  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 85C: | | | | | |  Nellis-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| rooting depth| slope  | | piping | | | slope |  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 85D: | | | | | |  Nellis-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| rooting depth| slope  | | piping | | | slope |  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 85E: | | | | | |  Nellis-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| rooting depth| slope  | | piping | | | slope |  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 86A: | | | | | |  Amenia-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | frost action | percs slowly | percs slowly  | | piping | | percs slowly | wetness | wetness  | | wetness | | | |  | | | | | | 86B: | | | | | |  Amenia-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | frost action | percs slowly | percs slowly  | slope | piping | | percs slowly | slope | wetness  | | wetness | | slope | wetness |  | | | | | | 86C: | | | | | |  Amenia-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | frost action | percs slowly | percs slowly  | | piping | | percs slowly | slope | slope  | | wetness | | slope | wetness | wetness  | | | | | | 87B: | | | | | |  Amenia-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | frost action | percs slowly | percs slowly  | slope | piping | | percs slowly | slope | wetness  | | wetness | | slope | wetness |  | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 87C: | | | | | |  Amenia-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | frost action | percs slowly | percs slowly  | | piping | | percs slowly | slope | slope  | | wetness | | slope | wetness | wetness  | | | | | | 90C: | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | droughty | slope  | | | | | |  | | | | | | 90E: | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | droughty | slope  | | | | | |  | | | | | | 93B: | | | | | |  Pittsfield-------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Favorable  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope |  | | piping | | | |  | | | | | | 93C: | | | | | |  Pittsfield-------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | piping | | | |  | | | | | | 93D: | | | | | |  Pittsfield-------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | piping | | | |  | | | | | | 94B: | | | | | |  Pittsfield-------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | large stones | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | | seepage | | | |  | | piping | | | |  | | | | | | 94C: | | | | | |  Pittsfield-------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | large stones | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | seepage | | | | slope  | | piping | | | |  | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 94D: | | | | | |  Pittsfield-------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | large stones | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | seepage | | | | slope  | | piping | | | |  | | | | | | 94E: | | | | | |  Pittsfield-------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | large stones | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | seepage | | | | slope  | | piping | | | |  | | | | | | 95C: | | | | | |  Houghtonville----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easil | slope | | | | rooting depth| slope  | | | | | slope |  | | | | | | 95D: | | | | | |  Houghtonville----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easil | slope | | | | rooting depth| slope  | | | | | slope |  | | | | | | 95E: | | | | | |  Houghtonville----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easil | slope | | | | rooting depth| slope  | | | | | slope |  | | | | | | 96D: | | | | | |  Hogback----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | | depth to roc | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easil | slope | | | | slope | slope  | | | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | |  Rock Outcrop-----------|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 96F: | | | | | |  Hogback----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | | depth to roc | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easil | slope | | | | slope | slope  | | | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | |  Rock Outcrop-----------|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | | 100B: | | | | | |  Wilmington-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easil | slope | wetness | | percs slowly | slope | large stones  | | | | slope | wetness |  | | | | | | 102B: | | | | | |  Mundal-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easil | slope | piping | | percs slowly | rooting depth| large stones  | | | | slope | wetness |  | | | | | | 102C: | | | | | |  Mundal-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easil | | piping | | percs slowly | rooting depth| large stones  | | | | slope | wetness | slope  | | | | | | 104B: | | | | | |  Colton-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| fast intake | large stones  | | | | | large stones | too sandy  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 104C: | | | | | |  Colton-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| fast intake | large stones  | slope | | | | large stones | slope  | | | | | droughty | too sandy  | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 104E: | | | | | |  Colton-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| fast intake | large stones  | slope | | | | large stones | slope  | | | | | droughty | too sandy  | | | | | | 105B: | | | | | |  Monadnock--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | too sandy  | | | | | | 105C: | | | | | |  Monadnock--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | | too sandy  | | | | | | 105D: | | | | | |  Monadnock--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | | too sandy  | | | | | | 105E: | | | | | |  Monadnock--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | | too sandy  | | | | | | 106B: | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 106C: | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | droughty | slope  | | | | | |  | | | | | | 106D: | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | droughty | slope  | | | | | |  | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 106E: | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | droughty | slope  | | | | | |  | | | | | | 108B: | | | | | |  Peru-------------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | frost action | percs slowly | percs slowly  | slope | | | percs slowly | slope | wetness  | | | | slope | wetness |  | | | | | | 108C: | | | | | |  Peru-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | frost action | percs slowly | percs slowly  | | | | percs slowly | slope | slope  | | | | slope | wetness | wetness  | | | | | | 108D: | | | | | |  Peru-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | frost action | percs slowly | percs slowly  | | | | percs slowly | slope | slope  | | | | slope | wetness | wetness  | | | | | | 109C: | | | | | |  Tunbridge--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to roc | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | droughty | slope  | | | | | |  | | | | | | 109D: | | | | | |  Tunbridge--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to roc | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | droughty | slope  | | | | | |  | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 109E: | | | | | |  Tunbridge--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to roc | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | droughty | slope  | | | | | |  | | | | | | 111C: | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easil | slope | | | | slope | slope  | | | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | |  Houghtonville----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easil | slope | | | | rooting depth| slope  | | | | | slope |  | | | | | | 111D: | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easil | slope | | | | slope | slope  | | | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | |  Houghtonville----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easil | slope | | | | rooting depth| slope  | | | | | slope |  | | | | | | 111E: | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easil | slope | | | | slope | slope  | | | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | |  Houghtonville----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easil | slope | | | | rooting depth| slope  | | | | | slope |  | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 112C: | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easil | slope | | | | slope | slope  | | | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | |  Hogback----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | | depth to roc | | | | | | 112D: | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easil | slope | | | | slope | slope  | | | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | |  Hogback----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | | depth to roc | | | | | | 112E: | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easil | slope | | | | slope | slope  | | | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | |  Hogback----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | | depth to roc | | | | | | 113B: | | | | | |  Cabot------------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | frost action | large stones | large stones  | | wetness | | large stones | percs slowly | rooting dept | | | | percs slowly | wetness | wetness  | | | | | | 114B: | | | | | |  Mundal-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easil | slope | piping | | percs slowly | rooting depth| large stones  | | | | slope | wetness |  | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 114C: | | | | | |  Mundal-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easil | | piping | | percs slowly | rooting depth| large stones  | | | | slope | wetness | slope  | | | | | | 114D: | | | | | |  Mundal-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easil | | piping | | percs slowly | rooting depth| large stones  | | | | slope | wetness | slope  | | | | | | 115B: | | | | | |  Peru-------------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | frost action | percs slowly | wetness  | slope | | | percs slowly | slope | soil blowing  | | | | slope | wetness |  | | | | | | 115C: | | | | | |  Peru-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | frost action | percs slowly | slope  | | | | percs slowly | slope | wetness  | | | | slope | wetness | soil blowing  | | | | | | 115D: | | | | | |  Peru-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | frost action | percs slowly | slope  | | | | percs slowly | slope | wetness  | | | | slope | wetness | soil blowing  | | | | | | 116D: | | | | | |  Lyman------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| thin layer | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | |  Tunbridge--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to roc | | | | | |  Rock Outcrop-----------|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 116F: | | | | | |  Lyman------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| thin layer | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | |  Tunbridge--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to roc | | | | | |  Rock Outcrop-----------|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | | 117B: | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | | | | | soil blowing | soil blowing  | | | | | | 117C: | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | soil blowing | slope  | | | | | | soil blowing  | | | | | | 117D: | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | soil blowing | slope  | | | | | | soil blowing  | | | | | | 118C: | | | | | |  Tunbridge--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to roc | | | | | |  Lyman------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| thin layer | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 118D: | | | | | |  Tunbridge--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to roc | | | | | |  Lyman------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| thin layer | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 118E: | | | | | |  Tunbridge--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to roc | | | | | |  Lyman------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| thin layer | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 221F: | | | | | |  Tunbridge--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to roc | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | droughty | slope  | | | | | |  | | | | | | 403B: | | | | | |  Cabot------------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | frost action | large stones | large stones  | | wetness | | large stones | percs slowly | rooting dept | | | | percs slowly | wetness | wetness  | | | | | |  Carlisle---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | excess humus | slow refill | frost action | soil blowing | soil blowing  | | ponding | | subsides | ponding | ponding  | | | | ponding | |  | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 405D: | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | droughty | slope  | | | | | |  | | | | | |  Tunbridge--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to roc | | | | | | 413D: | | | | | |  Peru-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | frost action | percs slowly | percs slowly  | | | | percs slowly | slope | slope  | | | | slope | wetness | wetness  | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | slope | | | | droughty | slope  | | | | | |  | | | | | |  Cabot------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | frost action | large stones | large stones  | | wetness | | large stones | percs slowly | slope  | | | | percs slowly | wetness | wetness  | | | | | | 702E: | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easil | slope | | | | slope | slope  | | | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | |  Hogback----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | | depth to roc | | | | | | 703C: | | | | | |  Mundal-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easil | | piping | | percs slowly | rooting depth| large stones  | | | | slope | wetness | slope  | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|____________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________ | | | | | | 703C: | | | | | |  Houghtonville----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easily | slope | | | | rooting depth| slope  | | | | | slope |  | | | | | | 705D: | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easily | slope | | | | slope | slope  | | | | | depth to rock| depth to rock | | | | | |  Houghtonville----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easily | slope | | | | rooting depth| slope  | | | | | slope |  | | | | | |  Mundal-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easily | | piping | | percs slowly | rooting depth| large stones  | | | | slope | wetness | slope  | | | | | | 715D: | | | | | |  Houghtonville----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easily | slope | | | | rooting depth| slope  | | | | | slope |  | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easily | slope | | | | slope | slope  | | | | | depth to rock| depth to rock | | | | | | 902F: | | | | | |  Hogback----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easily | slope | | | | slope | slope  | | | | | depth to rock| depth to rock | | | | | |  Rock Outcrop-----------|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| depth to rock | | | | | | 
Table 13.—Water Management—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|___________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions  | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________ | | | | | | 903C: | | | | | |  Mundal-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | seepage | no water | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easil | | piping | | percs slowly | rooting depth| large stones  | | | | slope | wetness | slope  | | | | | |  Wilmington-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easil | slope | wetness | | percs slowly | slope | large stones  | | | | slope | wetness |  | | | | | | 905D: | | | | | |  Houghtonville----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes easil | slope | | | | rooting depth| slope  | | | | | slope |  | | | | | |  Monadnock--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | | too sandy  | | | | | | 913E: | | | | | |  Glebe------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | |  Stratton---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | large stones | no water | deep to water| large stones | large stones  | depth to rock| seepage | | | slope | slope  | | piping | | | depth to rock| depth to roc | | | | | | 923B: | | | | | |  Wilmington-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easil | slope | wetness | | percs slowly | slope | large stones  | | | | slope | wetness |  | | | | | |  Mundal-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | seepage | no water | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easil | slope | piping | | percs slowly | rooting depth| large stones  | | | | slope | wetness |  | | | | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____________
Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties (Absence of an entry indicates that the data were not estimated. An * indicates that a USDA texture always has 

modifier) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________ | | (texture | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200  | | modifiers | | | | | | | |  | | allowed) | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 3A,3B,3C,3D,3E: | | | | | | | | | |  Copake----------| 0-6 |sil, l, fsl |CL-ML, ML, SM|A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0 | 0-3 |68-91 |52-91 |42-90 |20-55  | | (gr) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 6-22 |sil, l, fsl |CL-ML, ML, SM|A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0 | 0-7 |68-91 |52-91 |40-90 |20-55  | | (gr) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 22-65 |lfs, s, cos |SM, SW, SW-SM|A-1-b, A-1-a | 0 | 0-10 |55-85 |19-82 |10-45 | 2-15  | | (gr-grv) | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 9: | | | | | | | | | |  Pits------------| 0-65 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | |  Dumps-----------| 0-65 |var (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | 10D,10E: | | | | | | | | | |  Glebe-----------| 0-3 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|50-85 |25-50  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 3-11 |sil, vfsl, fsl |ML, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 1-5 | 0-5 |75-100|52-92 |50-85 |25-50  | | (gr) | | | | | | | |  | 11-28 |sil, vfsl, fsl,|GM, ML, SM |A-2-4, A-1-b,| 0-5 | 0-5 |65-95 |52-92 |25-85 |15-50  | | sl, ls (gr) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 28-32 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | |  Stratton--------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|17-60 |13-55  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-7 |sil, l, fsl |ML, SM |A-2-4, A-2-5,| 1-5 | 5-20 |60-90 |30-63 |17-60 |13-55  | | (cn-cnv-gr- | | A-4, A-5 | | | | | |  | | grv) * | | | | | | | |  | 7-15 |sil, l, fsl |GM, GP, SM |A-2-4, A-1-a,| 0-20 | 0-60 |30-80 |28-49 | 0-47 | 0-40  | | (cn-cnv-gr- | | A-1-b, A-5 | | | | | |  | | grv) * | | | | | | | |  | 15-20 |sil, l, fsl |GM, GP, SM |A-1-a, A-1-b,| 5-20 |15-60 |35-80 |33-60 | 0-50 | 0-45  | | (cn-cnv-gr- | | A-2-4, A-4, | | | | | |  | | grv) * | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 20-24 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | |  Londonderry-----| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|40-90 |25-70  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-4 |sil, fsl, sl |CL, CL-ML, |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-10 |80-100|69-99 |40-90 |25-70  | | (gr) | ML, SM | | | | | | |  | 4-6 |sil, fsl, sl |CL, CL-ML, |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-2 | 0-10 |80-100|69-99 |40-90 |25-51  | | (gr) | ML, SM | | | | | | |  | 6-10 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________ | | (texture | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200  | | modifiers | | | | | | | |  | | allowed) | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 11F: | | | | | | | | | |  Taconic---------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|26-80 |21-74  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-3 |sil, l (cn-cnv)|CL, CL-ML, |A-2-4, A-4, | 1-5 | 5-40 |65-85 |53-85 |26-80 |21-74  | | | ML, SM | A-6 | | | | | |  | 3-13 |sil, l |GC, GC-GM, GM|A-1-a, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 5-15 |30-60 |29-55 |19-55 |15-50  | | (cn-cnv) * | | A-4, A-6 | | | | | |  | 13-17 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | |  Hubbardton------| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|20-70 |10-50  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-4 |sil, fsl (cn- |GM, SC-SM, SM|A-1-a, A-2-4,| 0-1 |15-55 |60-95 |31-76 |20-70 |10-50  | | cnv-fl-flv) * | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 4-8 |sil, fsl (cn- |GM, SC-SM, SM|A-1-a, A-2-4,| 0-5 |15-55 |60-90 |31-76 |20-70 |10-50  | | cnv-fl-flv) * | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 8-12 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | |  Rock Outcrop----| 0-65 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | 18B,18C,18E: | | | | | | | | | |  Windsor---------| 0-4 |lfs, ls (none) |SM |A-1-b, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|84-100|50-95 |20-35  | 4-22 |lfs, ls (none) |SM |A-1-b, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|84-100|50-95 |24-34  | 22-65 |lfs, ls, fs, s |SM, SP, SP-SM|A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0 | 0 |90-100|76-100|50-95 | 2-15  | | (none) | | A-3 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 21A: | | | | | | | | | |  Limerick--------| 0-6 |sil, vfsl |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |92-100|87-100|75-89  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 6-11 |sil, vfsl |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |92-100|87-100|75-89  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 11-65 |sil, vfsl |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |92-100|87-100|75-89  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 23A: | | | | | | | | | |  Adrian----------| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | --- | ---  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-35 |peat, mpt, muck|PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | --- | ---  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 35-65 |ls, s (gr) |SM |A-1-b, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |80-100|62-100|40-80 |15-35  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________ | | (texture | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200  | | modifiers | | | | | | | |  | | allowed) | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 23A: | | | | | | | | | |  Saco------------| 0-7 |sil, vfsl (mk) |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |92-100|84-100|73-92  | 7-22 |sil, vfsl |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |92-100|84-100|72-93  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 22-41 |sil, vfsl |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |92-100|84-100|49-68  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 41-65 |lfs, ls, lcos, |SM, SP, SP-SM|A-1-a, A-1-b,| 0 | 0 |80-100|45-100|20-52 | 3-15  | | fs, s, cos | | A-2-4 | | | | | |  | | (gr-grv) | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 24A: | | | | | | | | | |  Carlisle--------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | --- | ---  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-65 |mpt, muck |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | --- | ---  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 25B: | | | | | | | | | |  Belgrade--------| 0-9 |sil, vfsl |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |92-100|85-100|70-95  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 9-21 |sil, vfsl |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |92-100|85-100|70-95  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 21-65 |sil, vfsl |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |92-100|85-100|70-95  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 26A: | | | | | | | | | |  Raynham---------| 0-8 |sil, vfsl |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |96-100|89-100|77-93  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 8-16 |si, sil, vfsl |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |96-100|89-100|77-93  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 16-65 |si, sil, vfsl |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |96-100|90-100|86-100 | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 27B: | | | | | | | | | |  Udipsamments----| 0-65 |s (none) |SP, SP-SM |A-1-a, A-3, | --- | 0-2 |60-100|18-100|14-75 | 1-7  | | | | A-1-b | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  Udorthents------| 0-65 |sl (gr) |GM, GW, SP- |A-1-a, A-2-4,| --- | 0-30 |50-100|18-100|10-85 | 2-46  | | | SM, SM | A-3, A-4 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 28A: | | | | | | | | | |  Udifluvents-----| 0-6 |s (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | 6-65 |s (cbv) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________ | | (texture | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200  | | modifiers | | | | | | | |  | | allowed) | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 29A: | | | | | | | | | |  Occum-----------| 0-10 |vfsl, fsl |SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|76-100|60-96 |25-50  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 10-36 |l, vfsl, fsl |SC-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|76-100|60-96 |25-50  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 36-65 |lfs, ls, lcos, |SM, SP, SP-SM|A-1-b, A-1-a,| 0 | 0-10 |65-100|36-100|20-97 | 4-36  | | fs, s, cos | | A-4, A-2-4 | | | | | |  | | (gr-grv) | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 34A: | | | | | | | | | |  Pootatuck-------| 0-10 |vfsl, fsl, sl |SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|78-100|64-91 |34-50  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 10-33 |sil, l, vfsl, |SM, ML |A-2-4, A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|78-100|65-93 |34-52  | | fsl, sl (none)| | | | | | | |  | 33-65 |lfs, fs, s, cos|SM, SP, SP-SM|A-2-4, A-1-b,| 0 | 0-15 |70-100|45-100|30-96 | 4-34  | | (gr-grv) | | A-1-a | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 35B: | | | | | | | | | |  Hartland--------| 0-9 |si, sil, vfsl |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |92-100|86-100|75-89  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 9-18 |si, sil, vfsl |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |92-100|86-100|75-89  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 18-65 |si, sil, vfsl, |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |92-100|80-100|65-95  | | lvfs, vfs | | | | | | | |  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 40B,40C: | | | | | | | | | |  Galway----------| 0-2 |sil, l (gr) |ML, SM |A-4, A-6, A- | 0-1 | 0-10 |80-95 |52-95 |45-90 |36-75  | | | | 7-5 | | | | | |  | 2-19 |sil, l, fsl |CL, ML, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-10 |80-95 |52-95 |44-88 |25-64  | | (gr) | | A-4, A-6 | | | | | |  | 19-30 |sil, fsl (gr- |GP-GM, ML, SM|A-1-a, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-5 |50-90 |36-84 |13-80 |10-73  | | grv) | | A-3, A-4 | | | | | |  | 30-34 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | |  Nellis----------| 0-8 |sil, fsl (gr) |ML, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |75-100|52-92 |45-90 |35-76  | 8-23 |sil, fsl (gr) |CL-ML, ML, SM|A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-5 |75-95 |52-92 |28-90 |22-76  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 23-31 |l, fsl (gr-grv)|SC-SM, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-5 |75-95 |52-92 |28-90 |12-50  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 31-65 |l, fsl (gr-grv)|CL-ML, SM, |A-1-a, A-1-b,| 0-1 | 0-5 |60-95 |35-92 |18-92 | 8-52  | | | SP-SM | A-2-4, A-4 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________ | | (texture | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200  | | modifiers | | | | | | | |  | | allowed) | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 40B,40C: | | | | | | | | | |  Farmington------| 0-2 |sil, l, fsl |CL, ML, SC, |A-2-4, A-4, | 0 | 0-5 |80-95 |52-91 |48-85 |35-80  | | (gr) | SM | A-6 | | | | | |  | 2-18 |sil, l, fsl |CL, GM, ML, |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0 | 0-5 |60-95 |52-91 |29-85 |20-68  | | (gr) | SC | A-4, A-6 | | | | | |  | 18-22 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | 40D: | | | | | | | | | |  Galway----------| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|45-90 |36-75  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-4 |sil, l (gr) |ML, SM |A-4, A-6, A- | 0-1 | 0-10 |80-95 |52-95 |45-90 |36-75  | | | | 7-5 | | | | | |  | 4-21 |sil, l, fsl |CL, ML, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-10 |80-95 |52-95 |44-88 |25-64  | | (gr) | | A-4, A-6 | | | | | |  | 21-32 |sil, fsl (gr- |GP-GM, ML, SM|A-1-a, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-5 |50-90 |36-84 |13-80 |10-73  | | grv) | | A-3, A-4 | | | | | |  | 32-36 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | |  Nellis----------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|45-90 |35-76  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-8 |sil, fsl (gr) |ML, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |75-100|52-92 |45-90 |35-76  | 8-23 |sil, fsl (gr) |CL-ML, ML, SM|A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-5 |75-95 |52-92 |28-90 |22-76  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 23-31 |l, fsl (gr-grv)|SC-SM, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-5 |75-95 |52-92 |28-90 |12-50  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 31-65 |l, fsl (gr-grv)|CL-ML, SM, |A-1-a, A-1-b,| 0-1 | 0-5 |60-95 |35-92 |18-92 | 8-52  | | | SP-SM | A-2-4, A-4 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  Farmington------| 0-3 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|48-85 |35-80  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 3-5 |sil, l, fsl |CL, ML, SC, |A-2-4, A-4, | 0 | 0-5 |80-95 |52-91 |48-85 |35-80  | | (gr) | SM | A-6 | | | | | |  | 5-21 |sil, l, fsl |CL, GM, ML, |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0 | 0-5 |60-95 |52-91 |29-85 |20-68  | | (gr) | SC | A-4, A-6 | | | | | |  | 21-25 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | 41C,41D,41E: | | | | | | | | | |  Galway----------| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|45-90 |36-75  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-4 |sil, l (gr) |ML, SM |A-4, A-6, A- | 0-1 | 0-10 |80-95 |52-95 |45-90 |36-75  | | | | 7-5 | | | | | |  | 4-21 |sil, l, fsl |CL, ML, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-10 |80-95 |52-95 |44-88 |25-64  | | (gr) | | A-4, A-6 | | | | | |  | 21-32 |sil, fsl (gr- |GP-GM, ML, SM|A-1-a, A-2-4,| 0 | 0-5 |50-90 |36-84 |13-80 |10-73  | | grv) | | A-3, A-4 | | | | | |  | 32-36 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________ | | (texture | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200  | | modifiers | | | | | | | |  | | allowed) | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 41C,41D,41E: | | | | | | | | | |  Farmington------| 0-3 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|48-85 |35-80  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 3-5 |sil, l, fsl |CL, ML, SC, |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-5 |80-95 |52-91 |48-85 |35-80  | | (gr) | SM | A-6 | | | | | |  | 5-21 |sil, l, fsl |CL, GM, ML, |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0 | 0-5 |60-95 |52-91 |29-85 |20-68  | | (gr) | SC | A-4, A-6 | | | | | |  | 21-25 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | 42C: | | | | | | | | | |  Macomber--------| 0-2 |sil, l (cn-cnv)|CL, ML, SC- |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-15 |55-85 |51-82 |31-80 |25-75  | | | SM, SM | A-6 | | | | | |  | 2-36 |sil, l (cn-cnv-|GC, GC-GM, GM|A-1-a, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 5-15 |30-60 |24-56 |20-52 |15-48  | | cnx) * | | A-4, A-6 | | | | | |  | 36-40 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | |  Taconic---------| 0-2 |sil, l (cn-cnv)|CL, GM, ML, |A-1-b, A-4, | 0-1 | 5-40 |65-85 |53-85 |26-75 |21-74  | | | SM | A-6 | | | | | |  | 2-12 |sil, l |GC, GC-GM, GM|A-1-a, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 5-15 |30-60 |29-55 |19-55 |15-50  | | (cn-cnv) * | | A-4, A-6 | | | | | |  | 12-16 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | 42D,42E: | | | | | | | | | |  Macomber--------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|31-80 |25-75  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-3 |sil, l (cn-cnv)|CL, ML, SC- |A-2-4, A-4, | 1-5 | 5-30 |55-85 |51-82 |31-80 |25-75  | | | SM, SM | A-6 | | | | | |  | 3-37 |sil, l (cn-cnv-|GC, GC-GM, GM|A-1-a, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 5-15 |30-60 |24-56 |20-52 |15-48  | | cnx) * | | A-4, A-6 | | | | | |  | 37-41 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | |  Taconic---------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|26-80 |21-74  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-3 |sil, l (cn-cnv)|CL, CL-ML, |A-2-4, A-4, | 1-5 | 5-40 |65-85 |53-85 |26-80 |21-74  | | | ML, SM | A-6 | | | | | |  | 3-13 |sil, l |GC, GC-GM, GM|A-1-a, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 5-15 |30-60 |29-55 |19-55 |15-50  | | (cn-cnv) * | | A-4, A-6 | | | | | |  | 13-17 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | 43C,43D,43E: | | | | | | | | | |  Taconic---------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|26-80 |21-74  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-3 |sil, l (cn-cnv)|CL, CL-ML, |A-2-4, A-4, | 1-5 | 5-40 |65-85 |53-85 |26-80 |21-74  | | | ML, SM | A-6 | | | | | |  | 3-13 |sil, l |GC, GC-GM, GM|A-1-a, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 5-15 |30-60 |29-55 |19-55 |15-50  | | (cn-cnv) * | | A-4, A-6 | | | | | |  | 13-17 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- 
Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________ | | (texture | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200  | | modifiers | | | | | | | |  | | allowed) | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 43C,43D,43E: | | | | | | | | | |  Macomber--------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|31-80 |25-75  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-3 |sil, l (cn-cnv)|CL, ML, SC- |A-2-4, A-4, | 1-5 | 5-30 |55-85 |51-82 |31-80 |25-75  | | | SM, SM | A-6 | | | | | |  | 3-37 |sil, l (cn-cnv-|GC, GC-GM, GM|A-1-a, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 5-15 |30-60 |24-56 |20-52 |15-48  | | cnx) * | | A-4, A-6 | | | | | |  | 37-41 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | 44B,44C,44D: | | | | | | | | | |  Dutchess--------| 0-5 |sil, l (cn) |GM, ML, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-15 |60-90 |52-90 |26-76 |18-53  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 5-26 |sil, l (cn) |ML, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-2 | 5-30 |70-100|54-93 |35-90 |25-63  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 26-70 |sil, l, fsl |CL-ML, GM, |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-2 | 5-30 |55-80 |53-76 |32-68 |22-50  | | (cn-cnv) * | ML, SM | A-4 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 47C,47D,47E: | | | | | | | | | |  Dutchess--------| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|26-76 |18-53  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-7 |sil, l (cn) |GM, ML, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 1-5 | 5-20 |60-90 |52-90 |26-76 |18-53  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 7-28 |sil, l (cn) |ML, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-2 | 5-30 |70-100|54-93 |35-90 |25-63  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 28-72 |sil, l, fsl |CL-ML, GM, |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-2 | 5-30 |55-80 |53-76 |32-68 |22-50  | | (cn-cnv) * | ML, SM | A-4 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 48B,48C,48D: | | | | | | | | | |  Pittstown-------| 0-6 |sil, l, vfsl |CL-ML, ML, |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-5 |80-100|63-92 |42-92 |28-65  | | (cn-gr) | SC-SM | A-7 | | | | | |  | 6-23 |sil, l, vfsl |CL-ML, ML, |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-5 | 0-15 |80-95 |63-92 |32-88 |22-63  | | (gr-cn) | SC-SM, SM | | | | | | |  | 23-65 |sil, l, vfsl |CL-ML, GM, |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-5 | 0-15 |60-90 |52-73 |34-70 |26-64  | | (cn-gr) * | ML, SM | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 49C,49D: | | | | | | | | | |  Pittstown-------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|42-92 |28-65  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-6 |sil, l, vfsl |CL-ML, ML, |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-5 |80-100|63-92 |42-92 |28-65  | | (cn-gr) | SC-SM | A-7 | | | | | |  | 6-23 |sil, l, vfsl |CL-ML, ML, |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-5 | 0-15 |80-95 |63-92 |32-88 |22-63  | | (gr-cn) | SC-SM, SM | | | | | | |  | 23-65 |sil, l, vfsl |CL-ML, GM, |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-5 | 0-15 |60-90 |52-73 |34-70 |26-64  | | (cn-gr) * | ML, SM | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________ | | (texture | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200  | | modifiers | | | | | | | |  | | allowed) | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 50B: | | | | | | | | | |  Brayton---------| 0-6 |sil, l, fsl |CL, ML, SM |A-4 | 0-1 | 0-4 |85-100|69-92 |52-86 |35-60  | | (cn) | | | | | | | |  | 6-15 |sil, l, fsl |CL-ML, ML, |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-6 | 0-6 |70-95 |69-92 |35-85 |25-70  | | (cn) | SC-SM, SM | A-4 | | | | | |  | 15-65 |sil, l, fsl |SM, CL-ML, ML|A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-6 | 0-6 |70-92 |63-85 |40-80 |25-65  | | (cn) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 51B: | | | | | | | | | |  Brayton---------| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|52-86 |35-60  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-8 |sil, l, fsl |CL-ML, ML, |A-4, A-2-4 | 0-1 | 0-4 |83-100|69-92 |52-86 |35-60  | | (cn) | SC-SM, SM | | | | | | |  | 8-17 |sil, l, fsl |SM, CL-ML, |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-6 | 0-6 |70-95 |69-92 |35-85 |25-70  | | (cn) | ML, SC-SM | A-4 | | | | | |  | 17-67 |sil, l, fsl |CL-ML, ML, SM|A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-6 | 0-6 |70-92 |63-85 |40-80 |25-65  | | (cn) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 52A: | | | | | | | | | |  Mansfield-------| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|37-99 |29-82  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-13 |sil, l, vfsl |ML, SM, CL-ML|A-4, A-7-5 | 0-1 | 0-5 |75-100|63-99 |37-99 |29-82  | | (cn-mk-gr) | | | | | | | |  | 13-22 |sil, l, vfsl |SC-SM, ML, SM|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-10 |70-100|63-99 |37-95 |25-70  | | (gr-cn) | | | | | | | |  | 22-67 |sil, l, vfsl, |ML, GM, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0 | 0-10 |65-95 |52-82 |37-80 |25-60  | | fsl (cn-gr) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 64B,64C,64D: | | | | | | | | | |  Stockbridge-----| 0-9 |sil, l, vfsl |CL-ML, ML, SM|A-4 | 0-1 | 0-10 |80-95 |52-92 |45-85 |30-65  | | (gr) | | | | | | | |  | 9-24 |sil, l (gr) |SM, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0-1 | 0-10 |70-95 |52-92 |40-85 |30-65  | 24-36 |sil, l (gr) |ML, SM, CL-ML|A-4 | 0-1 | 0-10 |60-95 |52-92 |35-85 |25-65  | 36-65 |sil, l (gr) |GM, SM, ML, |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-10 |50-92 |36-92 |22-85 |15-65  | | | CL-ML | A-4, A-6 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 65C,65D: | | | | | | | | | |  Stockbridge-----| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|45-85 |30-65  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-9 |sil, l, vfsl |CL-ML, ML, SM|A-4 | 0-1 | 0-10 |80-95 |52-92 |45-85 |30-65  | | (gr) | | | | | | | |  | 9-24 |sil, l (gr) |SM, ML, CL-ML|A-4 | 0-1 | 0-10 |70-95 |52-92 |40-85 |30-65  | 24-36 |sil, l (gr) |CL-ML, ML, SM|A-4 | 0-1 | 0-10 |60-95 |52-92 |35-85 |25-65  | 36-65 |sil, l (gr) |CL-ML, GM, |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-10 |50-92 |36-92 |22-85 |15-65  | | | ML, SM | A-4, A-6 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________ | | (texture | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200  | | modifiers | | | | | | | |  | | allowed) | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 66A,66B,66C,66D: | | | | | | | | | |  Georgia---------| 0-10 |sil, l (gr) |SM, CL, CL- |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-10 |90-100|52-99 |45-93 |35-70  | | | ML, ML | | | | | | |  | 10-30 |sil, l, fsl |CL, ML, CL- |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-20 |65-100|52-99 |30-95 |20-80  | | (gr) | ML, SM | A-4 | | | | | |  | 30-65 |sil, l, fsl |CL-ML, SM, |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-20 |65-100|52-99 |30-95 |20-80  | | (gr) | ML, CL | A-4 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 67B,67C: | | | | | | | | | |  Georgia---------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|45-93 |35-70  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-10 |sil, l (gr) |SM, CL, CL- |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-10 |90-100|52-99 |45-93 |35-70  | | | ML, ML | | | | | | |  | 10-30 |sil, l, fsl |SM, CL-ML, |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-20 |65-100|52-99 |30-95 |20-90  | | (gr) | ML, CL | A-4 | | | | | |  | 30-65 |sil, l, fsl |ML, CL, CL- |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-20 |65-100|52-99 |30-95 |20-80  | | (gr) | ML, SM | A-4 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 68A,68B: | | | | | | | | | |  Massena---------| 0-8 |sil, l, fsl |CL, SC |A-6, A-7-6 | 0-1 | 0-5 |80-95 |52-92 |50-90 |45-80  | | (gr) | | | | | | | |  | 8-24 |l, fsl (gr) |CL, CL-ML, |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-5 |55-95 |52-92 |25-85 |17-63  | | | GC-GM | A-6, A-1-b | | | | | |  | 24-65 |l, fsl (gr-grv)|CL, CL-ML, |A-1-a, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-5 |40-95 |36-92 |18-85 |12-62  | | | GC, SC | A-4, A-6 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 69A,69B: | | | | | | | | | |  Massena---------| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|50-90 |45-80  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-10 |sil, l, fsl |CL, SC |A-6, A-7-6 | 0-1 | 0-5 |80-95 |52-92 |50-90 |45-80  | | (gr) | | | | | | | |  | 10-26 |l, fsl (gr) |CL, CL-ML, |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-5 |55-95 |52-92 |25-85 |17-63  | | | GC-GM | A-6, A-1-b | | | | | |  | 26-67 |l, fsl (gr-grv)|CL, CL-ML, |A-1-a, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-5 |40-95 |36-92 |18-85 |12-62  | | | GC, SC | A-4, A-6 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 70A,70B,70C,70D, | | | | | | | | | | 70E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Groton----------| 0-8 |l, fsl, sl (gr-|GM, SM |A-1-a, A-1-b,| 0 | 0-10 |55-85 |36-67 |25-60 |13-43  | | grv) * | | A-2-4, A-4 | | | | | |  | 8-14 |fsl, sl (gr- |GM, SM |A-1-a, A-1-b,| 0 | 0-20 |55-85 |36-65 |25-50 |12-40  | | grv) * | | A-2-4 | | | | | |  | 14-22 |sl, lfs, ls |GM, SM, GP-GM|A-1-a, A-1-b | 0 | 0-20 |40-80 |36-65 |15-45 | 8-36  | | (gr-grv) * | | | | | | | |  | 22-65 |lfs, s, cos |GP, GP-GM, SP|A-1-a, A-1-b | 0 | 0-25 |35-70 |19-56 | 7-35 | 2-9  | | (gr-grv-grx) *| | | | | | | | 
Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________ | | (texture | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200  | | modifiers | | | | | | | |  | | allowed) | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 71A,71B: | | | | | | | | | |  Hero------------| 0-8 |sil, l, fsl |GM, ML, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0 | 0-5 |60-92 |52-92 |37-87 |15-50  | | (gr) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 8-24 |sil, l, fsl |GM, ML, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0 | 0-10 |60-92 |52-92 |39-88 |16-50  | | (gr) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 24-65 |lfs, ls, lcos, |GM, GP, SM, |A-1-a, A-1-b | 0 | 0-20 |40-85 |28-73 |13-50 | 2-15  | | fs, s, cos | SP | | | | | | |  | | (gr-grv) * | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 72A: | | | | | | | | | |  Fredon----------| 0-9 |sil, l, vfsl, |SC, SC-SM, SM|A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0-2 |95-100|52-96 |50-95 |28-50  | | fsl (gr) | | | | | | | |  | 9-23 |sil, l, vfsl, |CL, ML, SC, |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0 | 0-2 |60-100|52-96 |27-95 |22-82  | | fsl (gr) | SM | A-4 | | | | | |  | 23-65 |lfs, ls, cos |GP, GW, SC- |A-1-a, A-1-b,| 0 | 0-5 |30-90 |28-84 | 6-49 | 1-26  | | (gr-grv) | SM, SW-SM | A-2-4 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 84B,84C,84D: | | | | | | | | | |  Nellis----------| 0-8 |sil, fsl (gr) |ML, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-5 |75-100|52-92 |45-90 |35-76  | 8-23 |sil, fsl (gr) |CL-ML, ML, SM|A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-5 |75-95 |52-92 |28-90 |22-76  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 23-31 |l, fsl (gr-grv)|SC-SM, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-5 |75-95 |52-92 |28-90 |12-50  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 31-65 |l, fsl (gr-grv)|CL-ML, SM, |A-1-a, A-1-b,| 0-1 | 0-5 |60-95 |35-92 |18-92 | 8-52  | | | SP-SM | A-2-4, A-4 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 85B,85C,85D,85E: | | | | | | | | | |  Nellis----------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|45-90 |35-76  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-8 |sil, fsl (gr) |GM, ML, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-5 | 0-5 |75-100|52-92 |45-90 |35-76  | 8-23 |sil, fsl (gr) |CL-ML, ML, SM|A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-5 |75-95 |52-92 |28-90 |22-76  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 23-31 |l, fsl (gr-grv)|SC-SM, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-5 |75-95 |52-92 |28-90 |12-50  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 31-65 |l, fsl (gr-grv)|CL-ML, SM, |A-1-a, A-1-b,| 0-1 | 0-5 |60-95 |35-92 |18-92 | 8-52  | | | SP-SM | A-2-4, A-4 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 86A,86B,86C: | | | | | | | | | |  Amenia----------| 0-5 |sil, l, fsl |CL-ML, ML, SM|A-4 | 0-1 | 0-5 |80-100|52-92 |45-90 |36-80  | | (gr) | | | | | | | |  | 5-23 |sil, l, fsl |CL, CL-ML, SM|A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-5 |80-95 |52-92 |27-85 |21-76  | | (gr) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 23-65 |sil, l, fsl |GC, GM, SC, |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-15 |55-90 |52-90 |37-85 |17-50  | | (gr) | SC-SM | A-4 | | | | | | 
Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________ | | (texture | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200  | | modifiers | | | | | | | |  | | allowed) | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 87B,87C: | | | | | | | | | |  Amenia----------| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|45-90 |36-80  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-7 |sil, l, fsl |CL-ML, ML, SM|A-4 | 0-1 | 0-5 |80-100|52-92 |45-90 |36-80  | | (gr) | | | | | | | |  | 7-25 |sil, l, fsl |CL, CL-ML, SM|A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-5 |80-95 |52-92 |27-85 |21-76  | | (gr) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 25-65 |sil, l, fsl |GC, GM, SC, |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-15 |55-90 |52-90 |37-85 |17-50  | | (gr) | SC-SM | A-4 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 90C,90E: | | | | | | | | | |  Berkshire-------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|41-80 |20-41  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-6 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-10 |75-95 |52-82 |41-80 |20-41  | | | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 6-31 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-10 | 0-20 |75-95 |52-81 |38-80 |18-41  | 31-66 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-10 | 0-20 |75-90 |52-81 |42-81 |22-46  | | | | | | | | | | 93B,93C,93D: | | | | | | | | | |  Pittsfield------| 0-7 |l, fsl (gr) |ML, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-5 |80-100|69-92 |50-90 |28-53  | 7-29 |l, fsl (gr) |CL-ML, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-20 |75-96 |69-92 |50-90 |23-53  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 29-65 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|ML, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-25 |75-96 |52-92 |45-90 |25-52  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 94B,94C,94D,94E: | | | | | | | | | |  Pittsfield------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|50-90 |28-53  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-7 |l, fsl (gr) |ML, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-5 |80-100|69-92 |50-90 |28-53  | 7-29 |l, fsl (gr) |CL-ML, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-20 |75-96 |69-92 |50-90 |23-53  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 29-65 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|ML, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-25 |75-96 |52-92 |45-90 |25-52  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 95C,95D,95E: | | | | | | | | | |  Houghtonville---| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|40-86 |15-40  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-4 |sil, l, fsl |SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-20 |75-100|52-90 |40-86 |15-40  | | (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 4-37 |sil, l, fsl, sl|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-5 |75-100|52-91 |37-90 |15-40  | | (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 37-67 |sil, fsl, sl |SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-10 |60-95 |52-90 |35-90 |15-40  | | (gr) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________ | | (texture | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200  | | modifiers | | | | | | | |  | | allowed) | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | 96D,96F | | | | | | | | | |  Hogback---------| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|45-90 |20-48  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-6 |l, fsl (gr) |SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 1-5 | 1-5 |85-100|51-92 |45-90 |20-48  | | | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 6-17 |l, fsl (gr-grv)|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-20 |75-100|51-90 |30-90 |15-45  | | | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 17-21 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville-----| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|65-90 |28-48  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-3 |sil, l, fsl, sl|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-10 |85-100|69-100|65-90 |28-48  | | (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 3-20 |sil, l, fsl, sl|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-10 |75-100|69-100|35-90 |15-43  | | (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 20-25 |fsl, sl (gr) |GM, SC, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-5 |60-95 |52-92 |24-85 |10-40  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 25-29 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | |  Rock Outcrop----| 0-65 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | 100B: | | | | | | | | | |  Wilmington------| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|45-90 |20-45  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-6 |sil, l, vfsl, |SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-2 | 0-5 |80-100|52-92 |45-90 |20-45  | | fsl (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 6-26 |sil, l, vfsl, |SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-20 |65-100|52-90 |25-85 |15-48  | | fsl (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 26-67 |sil, l, vfsl, |SC, SC-SM, SM|A-2-4, A-4 | 0-5 | 0-20 |65-100|52-90 |37-85 |15-48  | | fsl (gr) | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 102B,102C: | | | | | | | | | |  Mundal----------| 0-4 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-10 |85-100|63-99 |45-95 |20-48  | | | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 4-23 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-10 |80-100|63-99 |45-95 |20-48  | | | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 23-65 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SC, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-5 | 0-20 |70-95 |52-90 |40-90 |18-45  | | | | | | | | | | 104B,104C,104E: | | | | | | | | | |  Colton----------| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|15-60 | 2-25  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-8 |fsl, ls, lcos |GP, SM |A-1-a, A-1-b,| 0-20 | 5-30 |35-75 |32-66 |15-60 | 2-25  | | (gr-grv) * | | A-2-4 | | | | | |  | 8-28 |ls, s, cos (gr-|GM, SM, GW |A-1-a, A-1-b | 0-1 | 5-20 |30-80 |30-75 |20-50 | 2-20  | | grv) * | | | | | | | |  | 28-67 |s, cos (grv- |SP-SM, GP |A-1-a | 0-1 |10-45 |20-58 |20-50 |10-30 | 0-5  | | grx) * | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________ | | (texture | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200  | | modifiers | | | | | | | |  | | allowed) | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 105B,105C,105D | | | | | | | | | | 105E: | | | | | | | | | |  Monadnock-------| 0-6 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|30-90 |16-52  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 6-8 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|ML, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-10 |80-100|56-99 |30-90 |16-52  | 8-21 |l, vfsl, fsl |ML, SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-15 |80-100|56-99 |43-90 |25-52  | | (cb-gr) | | A-1-b | | | | | |  | 21-71 |lfs, ls, lcos |SM, SP-SM |A-1-a, A-2-4 | 0-1 | 0-35 |65-95 |28-90 |20-56 | 8-26  | | (cb-cbv-gr- | | | | | | | |  | | grv) | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 106B,106C,106D | | | | | | | | | | 106E: | | | | | | | | | |  Berkshire-------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|41-80 |20-41  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-6 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-10 |75-95 |52-82 |41-80 |20-41  | | | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 6-31 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-10 | 0-20 |75-95 |52-81 |38-80 |18-41  | 31-66 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-10 | 0-20 |75-90 |52-81 |42-81 |22-46  | | | | | | | | | | 108B,108C,108D: | | | | | | | | | |  Peru------------| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|46-87 |21-45  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-8 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-10 |90-100|57-92 |46-87 |21-45  | 8-22 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-15 |75-95 |57-90 |40-85 |20-45  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 22-67 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-15 |70-100|57-99 |40-85 |20-45  | | | | A-1-b | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 109C,109D,109E: | | | | | | | | | |  Tunbridge-------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|50-90 |25-45  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-3 |l, vfsl, fsl, |SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-5 |85-100|52-92 |50-90 |25-45  | | sl (gr) | | | | | | | |  | 3-16 |l, vfsl, fsl, |SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-2 | 0-15 |70-100|52-90 |35-89 |20-50  | | sl (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 16-24 |l, vfsl, fsl, |SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-2 | 0-15 |70-100|52-90 |35-89 |20-50  | | sl (gr) | | | | | | | |  | 24-28 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | |  Berkshire-------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|41-80 |20-41  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-6 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-10 |75-95 |52-82 |41-80 |20-41  | | | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 6-31 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-10 | 0-20 |75-95 |52-81 |38-80 |18-41  | 31-66 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-10 | 0-20 |75-90 |52-81 |42-81 |22-46 
Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________ | | (texture | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200  | | modifiers | | | | | | | |  | | allowed) | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 111C,111D,111E: | | | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville-----| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|65-90 |28-48  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-3 |sil, l, fsl, sl|SM |A-5, A-4, A- | 0-5 | 0-10 |85-100|69-100|65-90 |28-48  | | (gr) | | 2-4 | | | | | |  | 3-20 |sil, l, fsl, sl|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-10 |75-100|69-100|35-90 |15-43  | | (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 20-25 |fsl, sl (gr) |GM, SC, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-5 |60-95 |52-92 |24-85 |10-40  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 25-29 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | |  Houghtonville---| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|40-86 |15-40  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-4 |sil, l, fsl |SM |A-5, A-2-4, | 0-5 | 0-20 |75-100|52-90 |40-86 |15-40  | | (gr) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 4-37 |sil, l, fsl, sl|SM |A-5, A-2-4, | 0-5 | 0-5 |75-100|52-91 |37-90 |15-40  | | (gr) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 37-67 |sil, fsl, sl |SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-10 |60-95 |52-90 |35-90 |15-40  | | (gr) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 112C,112D,112E: | | | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville-----| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|65-90 |28-48  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-3 |sil, l, fsl, sl|SM |A-5, A-2-4, | 0-5 | 0-10 |85-100|69-100|65-90 |28-48  | | (gr) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 3-20 |sil, l, fsl, sl|SM |A-4, A-2-4, | 0-5 | 0-10 |75-100|69-100|35-90 |15-43  | | (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 20-25 |fsl, sl (gr) |GM, SC, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-5 |60-95 |52-92 |24-85 |10-40  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 25-29 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | |  Hogback---------| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|45-90 |20-48  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-6 |l, fsl (gr) |SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 1-5 | 1-5 |85-100|51-92 |45-90 |20-48  | | | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 6-17 |l, fsl (gr-grv)|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-20 |75-100|51-90 |30-90 |15-45  | | | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 17-21 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________ | | (texture | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200  | | modifiers | | | | | | | |  | | allowed) | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 113B: | | | | | | | | | |  Cabot-----------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|42-84 |33-66  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-9 |sil, fsl (gr) |CL-ML, ML, SM|A-2-4, A-4 | 0-2 | 0-5 |80-95 |52-91 |42-84 |33-66  | 9-15 |sil, fsl (gr) |CL-ML, ML, SM|A-2-4, A-4 | 0-5 | 0-30 |80-95 |52-91 |50-85 |35-70  | 15-66 |sil, l, fsl |CL-ML, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0-5 | 0-20 |80-95 |52-91 |50-87 |22-55  | | (gr) | SC-SM, SM | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 114B,114C,114D: | | | | | | | | | |  Mundal----------| 0-3 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|45-95 |20-48  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 3-7 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-10 |85-100|63-99 |45-95 |20-48  | | | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 7-26 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-5, | 0-5 | 0-10 |80-100|63-99 |45-95 |20-48  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 26-68 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SC, SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0-5 | 0-20 |70-95 |52-90 |40-90 |18-45  | | | | | | | | | | 115B,115C,115D: | | | | | | | | | |  Peru------------| 0-6 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-10 |90-100|57-92 |46-87 |21-45  | 6-20 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-15 |75-95 |57-90 |40-85 |20-45  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 20-65 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-15 |70-100|57-99 |40-85 |20-45  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 116D,116F: | | | | | | | | | |  Lyman-----------| 0-3 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|35-80 |15-45  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 3-5 |sil, vfsl, fsl,|SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 1-20 |65-95 |52-90 |35-80 |15-45  | | sl (cn-gr) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 5-19 |sil, vfsl, fsl,|GM, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-3 | 0-20 |65-95 |52-90 |35-85 |15-45  | | sl (cn-gr) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 19-23 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | |  Tunbridge-------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|50-90 |25-45  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-3 |l, vfsl, fsl, |SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-5 |85-100|52-92 |50-90 |25-45  | | sl (gr) | | | | | | | |  | 3-16 |l, vfsl, fsl, |SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-2 | 0-15 |70-100|52-90 |35-89 |20-50  | | sl (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 16-24 |l, vfsl, fsl, |SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-2 | 0-15 |70-100|52-90 |35-89 |20-50  | | sl (gr) | | | | | | | |  | 24-28 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | |  Rock Outcrop----| 0-65 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________ | | (texture | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200  | | modifiers | | | | | | | |  | | allowed) | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 117B,117C,117D: | | | | | | | | | |  Berkshire-------| 0-5 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-10 |75-95 |52-82 |41-80 |20-41  | 5-30 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-10 | 0-20 |75-95 |52-81 |38-80 |18-41  | 30-65 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-10 | 0-20 |75-90 |52-81 |42-81 |22-46  | | | | | | | | | | 118C,118D,118E: | | | | | | | | | |  Tunbridge-------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|50-90 |25-45  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-3 |l, vfsl, fsl, |SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-5 |85-100|52-92 |50-90 |25-45  | | sl (gr) | | | | | | | |  | 3-16 |l, vfsl, fsl, |SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-2 | 0-15 |70-100|52-90 |35-89 |20-50  | | sl (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 16-24 |l, vfsl, fsl, |SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-2 | 0-15 |70-100|52-90 |35-89 |20-50  | | sl (gr) | | | | | | | |  | 24-28 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | |  Lyman-----------| 0-3 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|35-80 |15-45  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 3-5 |sil, vfsl, fsl,|SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 1-20 |65-95 |52-90 |35-80 |15-45  | | sl (cn-gr) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 5-19 |sil, vfsl, fsl,|GM, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-3 | 0-20 |65-95 |52-90 |35-85 |15-45  | | sl (cn-gr) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 19-23 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | 221F: | | | | | | | | | |  Tunbridge-------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|50-90 |25-45  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-3 |l, vfsl, fsl, |SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-5 |85-100|52-92 |50-90 |25-45  | | sl (gr) | | | | | | | |  | 3-16 |l, vfsl, fsl, |SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-2 | 0-15 |70-100|52-90 |35-89 |20-50  | | sl (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 16-24 |l, vfsl, fsl, |SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-2 | 0-15 |70-100|52-90 |35-89 |20-50  | | sl (gr) | | | | | | | |  | 24-28 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | |  Berkshire-------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|41-80 |20-41  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-6 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-10 |75-95 |52-82 |41-80 |20-41  | | | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 6-31 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-10 | 0-20 |75-95 |52-81 |38-80 |18-41  | 31-66 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-10 | 0-20 |75-90 |52-81 |42-81 |22-46  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________ | | (texture | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200  | | modifiers | | | | | | | |  | | allowed) | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 403B: | | | | | | | | | |  Cabot-----------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|42-84 |33-66  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-9 |sil, fsl (gr) |CL-ML, ML, SM|A-2-4, A-4 | 0-2 | 0-5 |80-95 |52-91 |42-84 |33-66  | 9-15 |sil, fsl (gr) |CL-ML, ML, SM|A-2-4, A-4 | 0-5 | 0-30 |80-95 |52-91 |50-85 |35-70  | 15-66 |sil, l, fsl |CL-ML, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0-5 | 0-20 |80-95 |52-91 |50-87 |22-55  | | (gr) | SC-SM, SM | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  Carlisle--------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | --- | ---  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-65 |mpt, muck |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | --- | ---  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 405D: | | | | | | | | | |  Berkshire-------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|41-80 |20-41  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-6 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-10 |75-95 |52-82 |41-80 |20-41  | | | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 6-31 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-10 | 0-20 |75-95 |52-81 |38-80 |18-41  | 31-66 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-10 | 0-20 |75-90 |52-81 |42-81 |22-46  | | | | | | | | | |  Tunbridge-------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|50-90 |25-45  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-3 |l, vfsl, fsl, |SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-5 |85-100|52-92 |50-90 |25-45  | | sl (gr) | | | | | | | |  | 3-16 |l, vfsl, fsl, |SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-2 | 0-15 |70-100|52-90 |35-89 |20-50  | | sl (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 16-24 |l, vfsl, fsl, |SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-2 | 0-15 |70-100|52-90 |35-89 |20-50  | | sl (gr) | | | | | | | |  | 24-28 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | 413D: | | | | | | | | | |  Peru------------| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|46-87 |21-45  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-8 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-10 |90-100|57-92 |46-87 |21-45  | 8-22 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-15 |75-95 |57-90 |40-85 |20-45  | | | | A-1-b | | | | | |  | 22-67 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-1-b,| 0-1 | 0-15 |70-100|57-99 |40-85 |20-45  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  Berkshire-------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|41-80 |20-41  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-6 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-10 |75-95 |52-82 |41-80 |20-41  | | | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 6-31 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-10 | 0-20 |75-95 |52-81 |38-80 |18-41  | 31-66 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-10 | 0-20 |75-90 |52-81 |42-81 |22-46 
Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________ | | (texture | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200  | | modifiers | | | | | | | |  | | allowed) | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 413D: | | | | | | | | | |  Cabot-----------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|42-84 |33-66  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-9 |sil, fsl (gr) |CL-ML, ML, SM|A-2-4, A-4 | 0-2 | 0-5 |80-95 |52-91 |42-84 |33-66  | 9-15 |sil, fsl (gr) |CL-ML, ML, SM|A-2-4, A-4 | 0-5 | 0-30 |80-95 |52-91 |50-85 |35-70  | 15-66 |sil, l, fsl |CL-ML, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0-5 | 0-20 |80-95 |52-91 |50-87 |22-55  | | (gr) | SC-SM, SM | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 702E: | | | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville-----| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|65-90 |28-48  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-3 |sil, l, fsl, sl|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-10 |85-100|69-100|65-90 |28-48  | | (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 3-20 |sil, l, fsl, sl|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-10 |75-100|69-100|35-90 |15-43  | | (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 20-25 |fsl, sl (gr) |GM, SC, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-5 |60-95 |52-92 |24-85 |10-40  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 25-29 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | |  Hogback---------| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|45-90 |20-48  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-6 |l, fsl (gr) |SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 1-5 | 1-5 |85-100|51-92 |45-90 |20-48  | | | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 6-17 |l, fsl (gr-grv)|SM |A-5, A-2-4, | 0-5 | 0-20 |75-100|51-90 |30-90 |15-45  | | | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 17-21 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | 703C: | | | | | | | | | |  Mundal----------| 0-3 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|45-95 |20-48  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 3-7 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-10 |85-100|63-99 |45-95 |20-48  | | | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 7-26 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-10 |80-100|63-99 |45-95 |20-48  | | | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 26-68 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SC, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-5 | 0-20 |70-95 |52-90 |40-90 |18-45  | | | | | | | | | |  Houghtonville---| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|40-86 |15-40  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-4 |sil, l, fsl |SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-20 |75-100|52-90 |40-86 |15-40  | | (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 4-37 |sil, l, fsl, sl|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-5 |75-100|52-91 |37-90 |15-40  | | (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 37-67 |sil, fsl, sl |SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-10 |60-95 |52-90 |35-90 |15-40  | | (gr) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing |  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number-- | and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________| | | (texture | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 |  | | modifiers | | | | | | | | |  | | allowed) | | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______| | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | 705D: | | | | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville-----| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|65-90 |28-48 |  | | (none) | | | | | | | | |  | 2-3 |sil, l, fsl, sl|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-10 |85-100|69-100|65-90 |28-48 | | | (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | | |  | 3-20 |sil, l, fsl, sl|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-10 |75-100|69-100|35-90 |15-43 | | | (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | | |  | 20-25 |fsl, sl (gr) |GM, SC, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-5 |60-95 |52-92 |24-85 |10-40 | | | | | A-4 | | | | | | |  | 25-29 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | |  Houghtonville---| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|40-86 |15-40 |  | | (none) | | | | | | | | |  | 2-4 |sil, l, fsl |SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-20 |75-100|52-90 |40-86 |15-40 | | | (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | | |  | 4-37 |sil, l, fsl, sl|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-5 |75-100|52-91 |37-90 |15-40 | | | (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | | |  | 37-67 |sil, fsl, sl |SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-10 |60-95 |52-90 |35-90 |15-40 |  | | (gr) | | A-4 | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | |  Mundal----------| 0-3 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|45-95 |20-48 |  | | (none) | | | | | | | | |  | 3-7 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-10 |85-100|63-99 |45-95 |20-48 | | | | | A-5 | | | | | | |  | 7-26 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-10 |80-100|63-99 |45-95 |20-48 | | | | | A-5 | | | | | | |  | 26-68 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SC, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-5 | 0-20 |70-95 |52-90 |40-90 |18-45 |  | | | | | | | | | | | 715D: | | | | | | | | | | |  Houghtonville---| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|40-86 |15-40 |  | | (none) | | | | | | | | |  | 2-4 |sil, l, fsl |SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-20 |75-100|52-90 |40-86 |15-40 | | | (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | | |  | 4-37 |sil, l, fsl, sl|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-5 |75-100|52-91 |37-90 |15-40 | | | (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | | |  | 37-67 |sil, fsl, sl |SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-10 |60-95 |52-90 |35-90 |15-40 |  | | (gr) | | A-4 | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville-----| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|65-90 |28-48 |  | | (none) | | | | | | | | |  | 2-3 |sil, l, fsl, sl|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-10 |85-100|69-100|65-90 |28-48 | | | (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | | |  | 3-20 |sil, l, fsl, sl|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-10 |75-100|69-100|35-90 |15-43 | | | (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | | |  | 20-25 |fsl, sl (gr) |GM, SC, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-5 |60-95 |52-92 |24-85 |10-40 | | | | | A-4 | | | | | | |  | 25-29 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 
Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing |  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number-- | and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________| | | (texture | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 |  | | modifiers | | | | | | | | |  | | allowed) | | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______| | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | 902F: | | | | | | | | | | |  Hogback---------| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|45-90 |20-48 |  | | (none) | | | | | | | | |  | 2-6 |l, fsl (gr) |SM |A-5, A-2-4, | 1-5 | 1-5 |85-100|51-92 |45-90 |20-48 | | | | | A-4 | | | | | | |  | 6-17 |l, fsl (gr-grv)|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-20 |75-100|51-90 |30-90 |15-45 | | | | | A-5 | | | | | | |  | 17-21 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville-----| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|65-90 |28-48 |  | | (none) | | | | | | | | |  | 2-3 |sil, l, fsl, sl|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-10 |85-100|69-100|65-90 |28-48 | | | (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | | |  | 3-20 |sil, l, fsl, sl|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-10 |75-100|69-100|35-90 |15-43 | | | (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | | |  | 20-25 |fsl, sl (gr) |GM, SC, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-5 |60-95 |52-92 |24-85 |10-40 | | | | | A-4 | | | | | | |  | 25-29 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | |  Rock Outcrop----| 0-65 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | | 903C: | | | | | | | | | | |  Mundal----------| 0-3 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|45-95 |20-48 |  | | (none) | | | | | | | | |  | 3-7 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-10 |85-100|63-99 |45-95 |20-48 | | | | | A-5 | | | | | | |  | 7-26 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-10 |80-100|63-99 |45-95 |20-48 | | | | | A-5 | | | | | | |  | 26-68 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SC, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-5 | 0-20 |70-95 |52-90 |40-90 |18-45 |  | | | | | | | | | | |  Wilmington------| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|45-90 |20-45 |  | | (none) | | | | | | | | |  | 2-6 |sil, l, vfsl, |SM |A-5, A-2-4, | 0-2 | 0-5 |80-100|52-92 |45-90 |20-45 | | | fsl (gr) | | A-4 | | | | | | |  | 6-26 |sil, l, vfsl, |SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-20 |65-100|52-90 |25-85 |15-48 | | | fsl (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | | |  | 26-67 |sil, l, vfsl, |SC, SC-SM, SM|A-2-4, A-4 | 0-5 | 0-20 |65-100|52-90 |37-85 |15-48 | | | fsl (gr) | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________ | | (texture | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200  | | modifiers | | | | | | | |  | | allowed) | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | 905D: | | | | | | | | | |  Houghtonville---| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|40-86 |15-40  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-4 |sil, l, fsl |SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-20 |75-100|52-90 |40-86 |15-40  | | (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 4-37 |sil, l, fsl, sl|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-5 |75-100|52-91 |37-90 |15-40  | | (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 37-67 |sil, fsl, sl |SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-5 | 0-10 |60-95 |52-90 |35-90 |15-40  | | (gr) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  Monadnock-------| 0-6 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|30-90 |16-52  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 6-8 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|ML, SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0-1 | 0-10 |80-100|56-99 |30-90 |16-52  | 8-21 |l, vfsl, fsl |ML, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 0-15 |80-100|56-99 |43-90 |25-52  | | (cb-gr) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 21-71 |lfs, ls, lcos |SM, SP-SM |A-1-a, A-2-4 | 0-1 | 0-35 |65-95 |28-90 |20-56 | 8-26  | | (cb-cbv-gr- | | | | | | | |  | | grv) | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 913E: | | | | | | | | | |  Glebe-----------| 0-3 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|50-85 |25-50  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 3-11 |sil, vfsl, fsl |ML, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 1-5 | 0-5 |75-100|52-92 |50-85 |25-50  | | (gr) | | | | | | | |  | 11-28 |sil, vfsl, fsl,|GM, ML, SM |A-2-4, A-1-b,| 0-5 | 0-5 |65-95 |52-92 |25-85 |15-50  | | sl, ls (gr) | | A-4 | | | | | |  | 28-32 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | |  Stratton--------| 0-1 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|17-60 |13-55  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 1-7 |sil, l, fsl |ML, SM |A-2-4, A-2-5,| 1-5 | 5-20 |60-90 |30-63 |17-60 |13-55  | | (cn-cnv-gr- | | A-4, A-5 | | | | | |  | | grv) * | | | | | | | |  | 7-15 |sil, l, fsl |GM, GP, SM |A-2-4, A-1-a,| 0-20 | 0-60 |30-80 |28-49 | 0-47 | 0-40  | | (cn-cnv-gr- | | A-1-b, A-5 | | | | | |  | | grv) * | | | | | | | |  | 15-20 |sil, l, fsl |SM, GM, GP |A-1-a, A-1-b,| 5-20 |15-60 |35-80 |33-60 | 0-50 | 0-45  | | (cn-cnv-gr- | | A-2-4, A-4, | | | | | |  | | grv) * | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 20-24 |uwb (none) | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________ | | (texture | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200  | | modifiers | | | | | | | |  | | allowed) | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | 923B: | | | | | | | | | |  Wilmington------| 0-2 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|45-90 |20-45  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 2-6 |sil, l, vfsl, |SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-2 | 0-5 |80-100|52-92 |45-90 |20-45  | | fsl (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 6-26 |sil, l, vfsl, |SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-20 |65-100|52-90 |25-85 |15-48  | | fsl (gr) | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 26-67 |sil, l, vfsl, |SM, SC, SC-SM|A-2-4, A-4 | 0-5 | 0-20 |65-100|52-90 |37-85 |15-48  | | fsl (gr) | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  Mundal----------| 0-3 |spm, mpm, hpm |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 |98-100|97-100|45-95 |20-48  | | (none) | | | | | | | |  | 3-7 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-10 |85-100|63-99 |45-95 |20-48  | | | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 7-26 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SM |A-2-4, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-10 |80-100|63-99 |45-95 |20-48  | | | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 26-68 |l, fsl, sl (gr)|SC, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-5 | 0-20 |70-95 |52-90 |40-90 |18-45  | | | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______
Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils (Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not 

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | |Erosion  Map symbol | Depth | Sand | Silt | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Organic |________ and soil name | | | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- | matter | |  | | | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | K_____________________|_______|_______|______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|__ | In | Pct | Pct | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 3A,3B,3C,3D,3E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Copake--------------| 0-6 | 35-75 | 15-65| 4-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-5.0 | .24 | . | 6-22 | 35-75 | 15-65| 4-18|1.25-1.55| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .24 | . | 22-65 | 70-100| 0-28| 1-10|1.45-1.70| 20-100 |0.01-0.06| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .10 | . | | | | | | | | | | | 9: | | | | | | | | | | |  Pits----------------| 0-65 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 |0.00-0.00| --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | |  Dumps---------------| 0-65 | --- | --- | --- | --- |0.0015-0.06 |0.00-0.00| --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | | 10D,10E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Glebe---------------| 0-3 | 35-75 | 15-65| 1-7 |0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 3-11 | 35-75 | 15-65| 1-7 |0.80-1.00| 2-6 |0.15-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 8.0-20 | .43 | . | 11-28 | 35-75 | 15-65| 1-12|0.60-1.00| 2-6 |0.35-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 5.0-20 | .64 | . | 28-32 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | |  Stratton------------| 0-1 | 35-75 | 15-65| 1-7 |0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 1-7 | 35-75 | 15-65| 1-7 |0.80-1.50| 0.6-6 |0.15-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 8.0-20 | .43 | . | 7-15 | 35-75 | 15-65| 1-12|0.60-1.10| 0.6-6 |0.14-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 5.0-20 | .64 | . | 15-20 | 35-75 | 15-65| 1-10|0.70-1.10| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.35| 0.0-2.9 | 5.0-20 | .49 | . | 20-24 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | |  Londonderry---------| 0-1 | 35-75 | 15-65| 2-7 |0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 1-4 | 35-75 | 15-65| 2-7 |1.10-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.11-0.23| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .43 | . | 4-6 | 35-75 | 15-65| 2-7 |1.10-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.14-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .43 | . | 6-10 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | | 11F: | | | | | | | | | | |  Taconic-------------| 0-1 | 25-50 | 30-65| 10-27|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 1-3 | 25-50 | 30-65| 10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .24 | . | 3-13 | 25-50 | 30-65| 10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-6 |0.04-0.11| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | . | 13-17 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | |  Hubbardton----------| 0-2 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-18|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 2-4 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 1.0-4.0 | .24 | . | 4-8 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6 |0.07-0.12| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .20 | . | 8-12 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | |  Rock Outcrop--------| 0-65 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 |0.00-0.00| --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | | 18B,18C,18E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Windsor-------------| 0-4 | 70-87 | 10-28| 1-3 |1.00-1.20| 6-20 |0.09-0.12| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-4.0 | .17 | . | 4-22 | 70-87 | 10-30| 0-3 |1.30-1.55| 6-20 |0.07-0.10| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .17 | . | 22-65 | 70-100| 0-30| 0-2 |1.40-1.65| 6-20 |0.04-0.10| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .10 | .
Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |Erosion f Map symbol | Depth | Sand | Silt | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Organic |_________ and soil name | | | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- | matter | |  | | | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf _____________________|_______|_______|______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|___ | In | Pct | Pct | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | |  | | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 21A: | | | | | | | | | | |  Limerick------------| 0-6 | 10-60 | 30-80| 4-10|1.10-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.18-0.30| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-5.0 | .49 | .4 | 6-11 | 10-60 | 30-80| 2-10|1.10-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.18-0.26| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-2.0 | .49 | .4 | 11-65 | 10-60 | 30-80| 1-8 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.18-0.25| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-2.0 | .49 | .4 | | | | | | | | | | | 23A: | | | | | | | | | | |  Adrian--------------| 0-2 | --- | --- | --- |0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 2-35 | --- | --- | --- |0.30-0.55| 0.2-6 |0.35-0.45| --- | 55-75 | --- | -- | 35-65 | 75-100| 0-25| 2-10|1.40-1.75| 6-20 |0.03-0.08| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .15 | .1 | | | | | | | | | | |  Saco----------------| 0-7 | 0-60 | 30-90| 4-15|1.00-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.30| 0.0-2.9 | 3.0-10 | .49 | .4 | 7-22 | 0-60 | 30-90| 2-15|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.16-0.26| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-3.0 | .64 | .6 | 22-41 | 0-60 | 30-90| 2-15|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.16-0.26| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .64 | .6 | 41-65 | 75-100| 0-25| 1-8 |1.30-1.60| 6-20 |0.01-0.13| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .10 | .1 | | | | | | | | | | | 24A: | | | | | | | | | | |  Carlisle------------| 0-1 | --- | --- | --- |0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 1-65 | --- | --- | --- |0.13-0.23| 0.2-6 |0.35-0.45| --- | 70-100 | --- | -- | | | | | | | | | | | 25B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Belgrade------------| 0-9 | 0-60 | 30-90| 4-15|0.95-1.15| 0.6-2 |0.18-0.25| 0.0-2.9 | 1.0-5.0 | .49 | .4 | 9-21 | 0-60 | 30-90| 4-15|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.16-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-3.0 | .64 | .6 | 21-65 | 0-60 | 30-90| 2-20|1.20-1.40| 0.06-6 |0.06-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .64 | .6 | | | | | | | | | | | 26A: | | | | | | | | | | |  Raynham-------------| 0-8 | 0-60 | 30-90| 3-16|1.20-1.50| 0.2-2 |0.18-0.24| 0.0-2.9 | 3.0-10 | .49 | .4 | 8-16 | 0-60 | 30-90| 3-16|1.20-1.50| 0.2-2 |0.18-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .64 | .6 | 16-65 | 0-60 | 30-90| 3-16|1.20-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.17-0.21| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .64 | .6 | | | | | | | | | | | 27B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Udipsamments--------| 0-65 | 86-100| 0-12| 0-1 |1.30-1.70| 20-100 |0.02-0.05| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .10 | .1 | | | | | | | | | | |  Udorthents----------| 0-65 | --- | --- | 1-15|1.00-2.00| 0.06-20 |0.01-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-10 | --- | -- | | | | | | | | | | | 28A: | | | | | | | | | | |  Udifluvents---------| 0-6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2-100 | --- | --- | --- | --- | -- | 6-65 | 86-100| 0-12| --- | --- | 2-100 | --- | --- | --- | --- | -- | | | | | | | | | | | 29A: | | | | | | | | | | |  Occum---------------| 0-10 | 50-75 | 15-50| 2-12|1.05-1.40| 0.6-6 |0.11-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .20 | .2 | 10-36 | 40-75 | 15-50| 2-12|1.20-1.50| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-3.0 | .20 | .2 | 36-65 | 70-100| 0-30| 0-5 |1.30-1.60| 6-20 |0.01-0.10| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .17 | .2 | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |Erosion  Map symbol | Depth | Sand | Silt | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Organic |________ and soil name | | | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- | matter | |  | | | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | K_____________________|_______|_______|______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|__ | In | Pct | Pct | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 34A: | | | | | | | | | | |  Pootatuck-----------| 0-10 | 50-75 | 15-50| 2-6 |1.10-1.35| 0.6-6 |0.11-0.21| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .20 | . | 10-33 | 40-75 | 15-50| 1-8 |1.20-1.45| 0.6-6 |0.09-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-3.0 | .20 | . | 33-65 | 70-100| 0-30| 0-2 |1.25-1.50| 6-20 |0.01-0.10| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .17 | . | | | | | | | | | | | 35B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Hartland------------| 0-9 | 0-60 | 30-90| 3-10|1.10-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.18-0.24| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .49 | . | 9-18 | 0-60 | 30-90| 3-10|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.18-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-3.0 | .64 | . | 18-65 | 0-90 | 10-90| 3-16|1.20-1.60| 0.2-2 |0.17-0.21| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .64 | . | | | | | | | | | | | 40B,40C: | | | | | | | | | | |  Galway--------------| 0-2 | 30-50 | 30-65| 7-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.21| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .32 | . | 2-19 | 30-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | . | 19-30 | 30-75 | 15-65| 3-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.04-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | . | 30-34 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | |  Nellis--------------| 0-8 | 30-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.13-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .32 | . | 8-23 | 30-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | . | 23-31 | 40-75 | 15-50| 5-18|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | . | 31-65 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-18|1.70-1.85| 0.2-2 |0.07-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | . | | | | | | | | | | |  Farmington----------| 0-2 | 25-75 | 15-65| 10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.11-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .32 | . | 2-18 | 25-75 | 15-65| 10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.07-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .32 | . | 18-22 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | | 40D: | | | | | | | | | | |  Galway--------------| 0-2 | 30-50 | 30-65| 7-18|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 2-4 | 30-50 | 30-65| 7-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.21| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .32 | . | 4-21 | 30-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | . | 21-32 | 30-75 | 15-65| 3-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.04-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | . | 32-36 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | |  Nellis--------------| 0-1 | 30-75 | 15-65| 5-18|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 1-8 | 30-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.13-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .32 | . | 8-23 | 30-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | . | 23-31 | 40-75 | 15-50| 5-18|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | . | 31-65 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-18|1.70-1.85| 0.2-2 |0.07-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | . | | | | | | | | | | |  Farmington----------| 0-3 | 25-75 | 15-65| 10-27|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 3-5 | 25-75 | 15-65| 10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.11-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .32 | . | 5-21 | 25-75 | 15-65| 10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.07-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .32 | . | 21-25 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |Erosion fa Map symbol | Depth | Sand | Silt | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Organic |___________ and soil name | | | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- | matter | |  | | | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf _____________________|_______|_______|______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|_____ | In | Pct | Pct | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 41C,41D,41E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Galway--------------| 0-2 | 30-50 | 30-65| 7-18|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | ---  | 2-4 | 30-50 | 30-65| 7-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.09-0.16| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .24 | .32  | 4-21 | 30-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | .28  | 21-32 | 30-75 | 15-65| 3-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.04-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | .32  | 32-36 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | |  Farmington----------| 0-3 | 25-75 | 15-65| 10-27|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | ---  | 3-5 | 25-75 | 15-65| 10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.11-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .32 | .32  | 5-21 | 25-75 | 15-65| 10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.07-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .32 | .37  | 21-25 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | | 42C: | | | | | | | | | | |  Macomber------------| 0-2 | 25-50 | 30-65| 10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .24 | .32  | 2-36 | 25-50 | 30-65| 10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.04-0.11| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | .32  | 36-40 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | |  Taconic-------------| 0-2 | 25-50 | 30-65| 10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .24 | .37  | 2-12 | 25-50 | 30-65| 10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | .32  | 12-16 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | | 42D,42E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Macomber------------| 0-1 | 25-50 | 30-65| 10-27|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | ---  | 1-3 | 25-50 | 30-65| 10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .24 | .32  | 3-37 | 25-50 | 30-65| 10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.04-0.11| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | .32  | 37-41 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | |  Taconic-------------| 0-1 | 25-50 | 30-65| 10-27|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | ---  | 1-3 | 25-50 | 30-65| 10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .24 | .37  | 3-13 | 25-50 | 30-65| 10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-6 |0.04-0.11| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | .32  | 13-17 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | | 43C,43D,43E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Taconic-------------| 0-1 | 25-50 | 30-65| 10-27|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | ---  | 1-3 | 25-50 | 30-65| 10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .24 | .37  | 3-13 | 25-50 | 30-65| 10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-6 |0.04-0.11| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | .32  | 13-17 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | |  Macomber------------| 0-1 | 25-50 | 30-65| 10-27|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | ---  | 1-3 | 25-50 | 30-65| 10-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .24 | .32  | 3-37 | 25-50 | 30-65| 10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.04-0.11| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | .32  | 37-41 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | | 44B,44C,44D: | | | | | | | | | | |  Dutchess------------| 0-5 | 35-50 | 30-65| 4-10|1.00-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.18-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 3.0-8.0 | .28 | .32  | 5-26 | 35-50 | 30-65| 4-10|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.14-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .37 | .43  | 26-70 | 35-75 | 15-65| 4-10|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .32 | .37 
Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |Erosion fac Map symbol | Depth | Sand | Silt | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Organic |___________ and soil name | | | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- | matter | |  | | | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf _____________________|_______|_______|______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|_____ | In | Pct | Pct | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | |  | | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 47C,47D,47E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Dutchess------------| 0-2 | 35-50 | 30-65| 4-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | ---  | 2-7 | 35-50 | 30-65| 4-10|1.00-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.16-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 3.0-8.0 | .28 | .32  | 7-28 | 35-50 | 30-65| 4-10|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.14-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .37 | .43  | 28-72 | 35-75 | 15-65| 4-10|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .32 | .43  | | | | | | | | | | | 48B,48C,48D: | | | | | | | | | | |  Pittstown-----------| 0-6 | 35-75 | 15-65| 2-12|1.00-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .28 | .28  | 6-23 | 35-75 | 15-65| 2-12|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-3.0 | .37 | .43  | 23-65 | 30-75 | 15-65| 2-12|1.70-2.00| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .28 | .32  | | | | | | | | | | | 49C,49D: | | | | | | | | | | |  Pittstown-----------| 0-1 | 35-75 | 15-65| 2-12|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | ---  | 1-6 | 35-75 | 15-65| 2-12|1.00-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .20 | .28  | 6-23 | 35-75 | 15-65| 2-12|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-3.0 | .37 | .43  | 23-65 | 30-75 | 15-65| 2-12|1.70-2.00| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .28 | .32  | | | | | | | | | | | 50B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Brayton-------------| 0-6 | 35-75 | 15-65| 4-10|1.00-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.25-0.35| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .32 | .32  | 6-15 | 35-75 | 15-65| 4-10|1.40-1.65| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.28| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .32 | .37  | 15-65 | 35-75 | 15-65| 4-10|1.70-2.00| 0.06-0.6 |0.01-0.06| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .24 | .28  | | | | | | | | | | | 51B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Brayton-------------| 0-2 | 35-75 | 15-65| 4-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | ---  | 2-8 | 35-75 | 15-65| 4-10|1.00-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.18-0.28| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .20 | .28  | 8-17 | 35-75 | 15-65| 4-10|1.40-1.65| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.28| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .32 | .37  | 17-67 | 35-75 | 15-65| 4-10|1.70-2.00| 0.06-0.6 |0.01-0.06| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .24 | .28  | | | | | | | | | | | 52A: | | | | | | | | | | |  Mansfield-----------| 0-2 | 30-75 | 15-65| 3-20|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | ---  | 2-13 | 30-75 | 15-65| 3-20|1.00-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.14-0.28| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .20 | .28  | 13-22 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-18|1.35-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.24| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .37 | .37  | 22-67 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|1.70-2.00|0.0015-0.2 |0.06-0.12| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .24 | .28  | | | | | | | | | | | 64B,64C,64D: | | | | | | | | | | |  Stockbridge---------| 0-9 | 35-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.00-1.25| 0.6-2 |0.14-0.24| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .28 | .28  | 9-24 | 35-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.40-1.65| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .37 | .43  | 24-36 | 35-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.60-1.85| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .24 | .28  | 36-65 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-18|1.60-1.85| 0.06-0.6 |0.07-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .24 | .28  | | | | | | | | | | | 65C: | | | | | | | | | | |  Stockbridge---------| 0-1 | 35-75 | 15-65| 5-18|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | ---  | 1-9 | 35-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.00-1.25| 0.6-2 |0.11-0.21| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .24 | .28  | 9-24 | 35-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.40-1.65| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .37 | .43  | 24-36 | 35-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.60-1.85| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .24 | .28  | 36-65 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-18|1.60-1.85| 0.06-0.6 |0.07-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .24 | .28 
Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |Erosion fa Map symbol | Depth | Sand | Silt | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Organic |__________ and soil name | | | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- | matter | |  | | | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf _____________________|_______|_______|______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|____ | In | Pct | Pct | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | |  | | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 66A,66B,66C,66D: | | | | | | | | | | |  Georgia-------------| 0-10 | 30-50 | 30-65| 7-18|1.00-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.17-0.24| 0.0-2.9 | 3.0-8.0 | .32 | .32  | 10-30 | 30-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.09-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .32 | .37  | 30-65 | 30-75 | 15-65| 10-18|1.60-1.80| 0.06-0.2 |0.08-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .32 | .37  | | | | | | | | | | | 67B,67C: | | | | | | | | | | |  Georgia-------------| 0-1 | 30-50 | 30-65| 7-18|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 1-10 | 30-50 | 30-65| 7-18|1.00-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.13-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 3.0-8.0 | .28 | .32  | 10-30 | 30-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .32 | .37  | 30-65 | 30-75 | 15-65| 10-18|1.60-1.80| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .32 | .37  | | | | | | | | | | | 68A,68B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Massena-------------| 0-8 | 30-75 | 15-65| 8-22|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.14-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 3.0-8.0 | .28 | .28  | 8-24 | 40-75 | 15-50| 7-18|1.20-1.50| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .20 | .24  | 24-65 | 40-75 | 15-50| 7-18|1.70-1.95| 0.06-0.6 |0.06-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .20 | .24  | | | | | | | | | | | 69A,69B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Massena-------------| 0-2 | 30-75 | 15-65| 8-22|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 2-10 | 30-75 | 15-65| 8-22|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 3.0-8.0 | .20 | .24  | 10-26 | 40-75 | 15-50| 7-18|1.20-1.50| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .20 | .24  | 26-67 | 40-75 | 15-50| 7-18|1.70-1.95| 0.06-0.6 |0.06-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .20 | .24  | | | | | | | | | | | 70A,70B,70C,70D,70E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Groton--------------| 0-8 | 40-75 | 15-50| 2-8 |1.00-1.30| 2-20 |0.07-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 1.0-4.0 | .17 | .20  | 8-14 | 40-75 | 15-50| 2-6 |1.25-1.50| 2-20 |0.04-0.12| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .17 | .24  | 14-22 | 60-85 | 10-40| 2-5 |1.30-1.60| 20-100 |0.02-0.10| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .17 | .24  | 22-65 | 70-100| 0-30| 0-2 |1.40-1.70| 20-100 |0.01-0.06| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .10 | .17  | | | | | | | | | | | 71A,71B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Hero----------------| 0-8 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-15|1.10-1.40| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-5.0 | .24 | .32  | 8-24 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-15|1.30-1.55| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-3.0 | .24 | .28  | 24-65 | 70-100| 0-30| 0-5 |1.40-1.70| 6-20 |0.01-0.06| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .10 | .17  | | | | | | | | | | | 72A: | | | | | | | | | | |  Fredon--------------| 0-9 | 30-75 | 15-65| 7-20|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.16| 0.0-2.9 | 3.0-5.0 | .32 | .32  | 9-23 | 30-75 | 15-65| 7-20|1.20-1.40| 0.2-2 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-1.0 | .32 | .37  | 23-65 | 75-100| 0-25| 2-10|1.40-1.60| 6-20 |0.02-0.06| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .10 | .17  | | | | | | | | | | | 84B,84C,84D: | | | | | | | | | | |  Nellis--------------| 0-8 | 30-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.13-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .32 | .32  | 8-23 | 30-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | .28  | 23-31 | 40-75 | 15-50| 5-18|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | .28  | 31-65 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-18|1.70-1.85| 0.2-2 |0.07-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | .28  | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |Erosion  Map symbol | Depth | Sand | Silt | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Organic |________ and soil name | | | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- | matter | |  | | | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | K_____________________|_______|_______|______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|__ | In | Pct | Pct | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 85B,85C,85D,85E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Nellis--------------| 0-1 | 30-75 | 15-65| 5-18|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 1-8 | 30-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .24 | . | 8-23 | 30-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | . | 23-31 | 40-75 | 15-50| 5-18|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | . | 31-65 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-18|1.70-1.85| 0.2-2 |0.07-0.11| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | . | | | | | | | | | | | 86A,86B,86C: | | | | | | | | | | |  Amenia--------------| 0-5 | 30-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.13-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .32 | . | 5-23 | 30-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .24 | . | 23-65 | 30-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.70-1.95| 0.06-0.2 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .24 | . | | | | | | | | | | | 87B,87C: | | | | | | | | | | |  Amenia--------------| 0-2 | 30-75 | 15-65| 5-18|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 2-7 | 30-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.09-0.16| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .24 | . | 7-25 | 30-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .24 | . | 25-65 | 30-75 | 15-65| 5-18|1.70-1.95| 0.06-0.2 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .24 | . | | | | | | | | | | | 90C,90D,90E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Berkshire-----------| 0-1 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 1-6 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.10-1.15| 0.6-6 |0.06-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-5.0 | .20 | . | 6-31 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.15-1.30| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-4.5 | .32 | . | 31-66 | 40-75 | 15-50| 1-10|1.30-1.60| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | . | | | | | | | | | | | 93B,93C,93D: | | | | | | | | | | |  Pittsfield----------| 0-7 | 40-75 | 15-50| 2-10|1.40-1.60| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .24 | . | 7-29 | 40-75 | 15-50| 4-14|1.50-1.80| 0.6-6 |0.11-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-3.0 | .32 | . | 29-65 | 40-75 | 15-50| 1-10|1.60-1.80| 0.6-6 |0.09-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | . | | | | | | | | | | | 94B,94C,94D,94E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Pittsfield----------| 0-1 | 40-75 | 15-50| 2-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 1-7 | 40-75 | 15-50| 2-10|1.40-1.60| 0.6-6 |0.11-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .20 | . | 7-29 | 40-75 | 15-50| 4-14|1.50-1.80| 0.6-6 |0.11-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-3.0 | .32 | . | 29-65 | 40-75 | 15-50| 1-10|1.60-1.80| 0.6-6 |0.09-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | . | | | | | | | | | | | 95C,95D,95E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Houghtonville-------| 0-2 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 2-4 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | . | 4-37 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.80-1.10| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .64 | . | 37-67 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|1.50-1.80| 0.6-6 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .28 | . | | | | | | | | | | | 96D,96F: | | | | | | | | | | |  Hogback-------------| 0-2 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-12|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 2-6 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-12|0.60-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | . | 6-17 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-12|0.60-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .64 | . | 17-21 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |Erosion f Map symbol | Depth | Sand | Silt | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Organic |_________ and soil name | | | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- | matter | |  | | | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf _____________________|_______|_______|______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|___ | In | Pct | Pct | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 96D,96F: | | | | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville---------| 0-2 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 2-3 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .4 | 3-20 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .64 | .6 | 20-25 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.80-1.10| 0.6-6 |0.07-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .28 | .3 | 25-29 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | -- | | | | | | | | | | |  Rock Outcrop--------| 0-65 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 |0.00-0.00| --- | --- | --- | -- | | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 100B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Wilmington----------| 0-2 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 2-6 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .4 | 6-26 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.80-1.10| 0.6-2 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .64 | .6 | 26-67 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|1.80-2.00| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-2.0 | .37 | .4 | | | | | | | | | | | 102B,102C: | | | | | | | | | | |  Mundal--------------| 0-4 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-2 |0.13-0.25| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .49 | .4 | 4-23 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.80-1.10| 0.6-2 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .64 | .6 | 23-65 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.80-2.00| 0.06-0.6 |0.06-0.10| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .37 | .4 | | | | | | | | | | | 104B,104C,104E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Colton--------------| 0-2 | 70-85 | 5-30| 1-5 |0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 2-8 | 70-85 | 5-30| 1-5 |1.10-1.40| 6-20 |0.03-0.07| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .10 | .1 | 8-28 | 70-100| 0-30| 0-5 |1.25-1.55| 6-20 |0.02-0.05| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .15 | .1 | 28-67 | 86-100| 0-12| 0-3 |1.45-1.65| 20-100 |0.01-0.02| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .10 | .1 | | | | | | | | | | | 105B,105C,105D,105E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Monadnock-----------| 0-6 | 40-75 | 15-50| 1-8 |0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 6-8 | 40-75 | 15-50| 1-8 |0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 3.0-8.0 | .24 | .2 | 8-21 | 40-75 | 15-50| 1-8 |0.80-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.09-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-4.5 | .28 | .3 | 21-71 | 70-90 | 7-30| 1-5 |1.30-1.60| 2-6 |0.04-0.08| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .17 | .2 | | | | | | | | | | | 106B,106C,106D,106E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Berkshire-----------| 0-1 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 1-6 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.10-1.15| 0.6-6 |0.06-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-5.0 | .20 | .2 | 6-31 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.15-1.30| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-4.5 | .32 | .3 | 31-66 | 40-75 | 15-50| 1-10|1.30-1.60| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | .2 | | | | | | | | | | | 108B,108C,108D: | | | | | | | | | | |  Peru----------------| 0-2 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 2-8 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.80-1.00| 0.6-2 |0.16-0.24| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .20 | .2 | 8-22 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.06-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-4.5 | .32 | .3 | 22-67 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.60-2.05| 0.06-0.6 |0.05-0.12| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | .2 | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |Erosion fa Map symbol | Depth | Sand | Silt | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Organic |__________ and soil name | | | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- | matter | |  | | | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf _____________________|_______|_______|______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|____ | In | Pct | Pct | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 109C,109D,109E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Tunbridge-----------| 0-1 | 40-75 | 15-50| 5-9 |0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | ---  | 1-3 | 40-75 | 15-50| 5-9 |0.80-1.20| 0.6-6 |0.11-0.21| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .20 | .24  | 3-16 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-9 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.21| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-4.5 | .20 | .24  | 16-24 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-7 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .20 | .24  | 24-28 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | |  Berkshire-----------| 0-1 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | ---  | 1-6 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.10-1.15| 0.6-6 |0.06-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-5.0 | .20 | .24  | 6-31 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.15-1.30| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-4.5 | .32 | .37  | 31-66 | 40-75 | 15-50| 1-10|1.30-1.60| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | .28  | | | | | | | | | | | 111C,111D,111E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville---------| 0-2 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | ---  | 2-3 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .49  | 3-20 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .64 | .64  | 20-25 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.80-1.10| 0.6-6 |0.07-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .28 | .32  | 25-29 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | |  Houghtonville-------| 0-2 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | ---  | 2-4 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .49  | 4-37 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.80-1.10| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .64 | .64  | 37-67 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|1.50-1.80| 0.6-6 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .28 | .32  | | | | | | | | | | | 112C,112D,112E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville---------| 0-2 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | ---  | 2-3 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .49  | 3-20 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .64 | .64  | 20-25 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.80-1.10| 0.6-6 |0.07-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .28 | .32  | 25-29 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | |  Hogback-------------| 0-2 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-12|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | ---  | 2-6 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-12|0.60-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .49  | 6-17 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-12|0.60-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .64 | .64  | 17-21 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | | 113B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Cabot---------------| 0-1 | 35-75 | 15-65| 5-12|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | ---  | 1-9 | 35-75 | 15-65| 5-12|0.70-1.10| 0.6-2 |0.14-0.24| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-12 | .28 | .32  | 9-15 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-8 |1.30-1.70| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-4.0 | .28 | .32  | 15-66 | 35-75 | 15-65| 5-8 |1.70-1.90|0.0015-0.2 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .28 | .32  | | | | | | | | | | | 114B,114C,114D: | | | | | | | | | | |  Mundal--------------| 0-3 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | ---  | 3-7 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .49  | 7-26 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.80-1.10| 0.6-2 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .64 | .64  | 26-68 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.80-2.00| 0.06-0.6 |0.06-0.10| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .37 | .43 
Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |Erosion  Map symbol | Depth | Sand | Silt | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Organic |________ and soil name | | | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- | matter | |  | | | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | K_____________________|_______|_______|______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|__ | In | Pct | Pct | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | |  | | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 115B,115C,115D: | | | | | | | | | | |  Peru----------------| 0-6 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.00-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.14-0.23| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .24 | . | 6-20 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.06-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-4.5 | .32 | . | 20-65 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.60-2.05| 0.06-0.6 |0.05-0.12| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | . | | | | | | | | | | | 116D,116F: | | | | | | | | | | |  Lyman---------------| 0-3 | 35-75 | 15-65| 2-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 3-5 | 35-75 | 15-65| 2-10|0.75-1.20| 2-6 |0.13-0.24| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .20 | . | 5-19 | 35-75 | 15-65| 2-10|0.90-1.40| 2-6 |0.08-0.28| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .32 | . | 19-23 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | |  Tunbridge-----------| 0-1 | 40-75 | 15-50| 5-9 |0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 1-3 | 40-75 | 15-50| 5-9 |0.80-1.20| 0.6-6 |0.11-0.21| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .20 | . | 3-16 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-9 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.21| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-4.5 | .20 | . | 16-24 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-7 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .20 | . | 24-28 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | |  Rock Outcrop--------| 0-65 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 |0.00-0.00| --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | | 117B,117C,117D: | | | | | | | | | | |  Berkshire-----------| 0-5 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.10-1.15| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-5.0 | .24 | . | 5-30 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.15-1.30| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-4.5 | .32 | . | 30-65 | 40-75 | 15-50| 1-10|1.30-1.60| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | . | | | | | | | | | | | 118C,118D,118E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Tunbridge-----------| 0-1 | 40-75 | 15-50| 5-9 |0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 1-3 | 40-75 | 15-50| 5-9 |0.80-1.20| 0.6-6 |0.11-0.21| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .20 | . | 3-16 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-9 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.21| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-4.5 | .20 | . | 16-24 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-7 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .20 | . | 24-28 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | |  Lyman---------------| 0-3 | 35-75 | 15-65| 2-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 3-5 | 35-75 | 15-65| 2-10|0.75-1.20| 2-6 |0.13-0.24| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .20 | . | 5-19 | 35-75 | 15-65| 2-10|0.90-1.40| 2-6 |0.08-0.28| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .32 | . | 19-23 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | | 221F: | | | | | | | | | | |  Tunbridge-----------| 0-1 | 40-75 | 15-50| 5-9 |0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 1-3 | 40-75 | 15-50| 5-9 |0.80-1.20| 0.6-6 |0.11-0.21| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .20 | . | 3-16 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-9 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.21| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-4.5 | .20 | . | 16-24 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-7 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-1.0 | .20 | . | 24-28 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |Erosion f Map symbol | Depth | Sand | Silt | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Organic |_________ and soil name | | | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- | matter | |  | | | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf _____________________|_______|_______|______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|___ | In | Pct | Pct | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 221F: | | | | | | | | | | |  Berkshire-----------| 0-1 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 1-6 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.10-1.15| 0.6-6 |0.06-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-5.0 | .20 | .2 | 6-31 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.15-1.30| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-4.5 | .32 | .3 | 31-66 | 40-75 | 15-50| 1-10|1.30-1.60| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | .2 | | | | | | | | | | | 403B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Cabot---------------| 0-1 | 35-75 | 15-65| 5-12|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 1-9 | 35-75 | 15-65| 5-12|0.70-1.10| 0.6-2 |0.14-0.24| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-12 | .28 | .3 | 9-15 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-8 |1.30-1.70| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-4.0 | .28 | .3 | 15-66 | 35-75 | 15-65| 5-8 |1.70-1.90|0.0015-0.2 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .28 | .3 | | | | | | | | | | |  Carlisle------------| 0-1 | --- | --- | --- |0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 1-65 | --- | --- | --- |0.13-0.23| 0.2-6 |0.35-0.45| --- | 70-100 | --- | -- | | | | | | | | | | | 405D: | | | | | | | | | | |  Berkshire-----------| 0-1 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 1-6 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.10-1.15| 0.6-6 |0.06-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-5.0 | .20 | .2 | 6-31 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.15-1.30| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-4.5 | .32 | .3 | 31-66 | 40-75 | 15-50| 1-10|1.30-1.60| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | .2 | | | | | | | | | | |  Tunbridge-----------| 0-1 | 40-75 | 15-50| 5-9 |0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 1-3 | 40-75 | 15-50| 5-9 |0.80-1.20| 0.6-6 |0.11-0.21| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .20 | .2 | 3-16 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-9 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.21| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-4.5 | .20 | .2 | 16-24 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-7 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .20 | .2 | 24-28 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | -- | | | | | | | | | | | 413D: | | | | | | | | | | |  Peru----------------| 0-2 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 2-8 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.80-1.00| 0.6-2 |0.16-0.24| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .20 | .2 | 8-22 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.06-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-4.5 | .32 | .3 | 22-67 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.60-2.05| 0.06-0.6 |0.05-0.12| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | .2 | | | | | | | | | | |  Berkshire-----------| 0-1 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 1-6 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.10-1.15| 0.6-6 |0.06-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-5.0 | .20 | .2 | 6-31 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.15-1.30| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-4.5 | .32 | .3 | 31-66 | 40-75 | 15-50| 1-10|1.30-1.60| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .24 | .2 | | | | | | | | | | |  Cabot---------------| 0-1 | 35-75 | 15-65| 5-12|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 1-9 | 35-75 | 15-65| 5-12|0.70-1.10| 0.6-2 |0.14-0.24| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-12 | .28 | .3 | 9-15 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-8 |1.30-1.70| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-4.0 | .28 | .3 | 15-66 | 35-75 | 15-65| 5-8 |1.70-1.90|0.0015-0.2 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .28 | .3 | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |Erosion  Map symbol | Depth | Sand | Silt | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Organic |_________ and soil name | | | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- | matter | |  | | | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | K_____________________|_______|_______|______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|___ | In | Pct | Pct | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 702E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville---------| 0-2 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 2-3 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .4 | 3-20 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .64 | .6 | 20-25 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.80-1.10| 0.6-6 |0.07-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .28 | .3 | 25-29 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | |  Hogback-------------| 0-2 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-12|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 2-6 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-12|0.60-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .4 | 6-17 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-12|0.60-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .64 | .6 | 17-21 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | | 703C: | | | | | | | | | | |  Mundal--------------| 0-3 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 3-7 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .4 | 7-26 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.80-1.10| 0.6-2 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .64 | .6 | 26-68 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.80-2.00| 0.06-0.6 |0.06-0.10| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .37 | .4 | | | | | | | | | | |  Houghtonville-------| 0-2 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 2-4 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .4 | 4-37 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.80-1.10| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .64 | .6 | 37-67 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|1.50-1.80| 0.6-6 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .28 | .3 | | | | | | | | | | | 705D: | | | | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville---------| 0-2 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 2-3 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .4 | 3-20 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .64 | .6 | 20-25 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.80-1.10| 0.6-6 |0.07-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .28 | .3 | 25-29 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | |  Houghtonville-------| 0-2 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 2-4 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .4 | 4-37 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.80-1.10| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .64 | .6 | 37-67 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|1.50-1.80| 0.6-6 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .28 | .3 | | | | | | | | | | |  Mundal--------------| 0-3 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 3-7 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .4 | 7-26 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.80-1.10| 0.6-2 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .64 | .6 | 26-68 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.80-2.00| 0.06-0.6 |0.06-0.10| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .37 | .4 | | | | | | | | | | | 715D: | | | | | | | | | | |  Houghtonville-------| 0-2 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | - | 2-4 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .4 | 4-37 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.80-1.10| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .64 | .6 | 37-67 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|1.50-1.80| 0.6-6 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .28 | .3 | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |Erosion f Map symbol | Depth | Sand | Silt | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Organic |_________ and soil name | | | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- | matter | |  | | | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf _____________________|_______|_______|______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|___ | In | Pct | Pct | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 715D: | | | | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville---------| 0-2 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 2-3 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .4 | 3-20 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .64 | .6 | 20-25 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.80-1.10| 0.6-6 |0.07-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .28 | .3 | 25-29 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | -- | | | | | | | | | | | 902F: | | | | | | | | | | |  Hogback-------------| 0-2 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-12|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 2-6 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-12|0.60-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .4 | 6-17 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-12|0.60-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .64 | .6 | 17-21 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | -- | | | | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville---------| 0-2 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 2-3 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .4 | 3-20 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .64 | .6 | 20-25 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.80-1.10| 0.6-6 |0.07-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .28 | .3 | 25-29 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | -- | | | | | | | | | | |  Rock Outcrop--------| 0-65 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 |0.00-0.00| --- | --- | --- | -- | | | | | | | | | | | 903C: | | | | | | | | | | |  Mundal--------------| 0-3 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 3-7 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .4 | 7-26 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.80-1.10| 0.6-2 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .64 | .6 | 26-68 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.80-2.00| 0.06-0.6 |0.06-0.10| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .37 | .4 | | | | | | | | | | |  Wilmington----------| 0-2 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 2-6 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .4 | 6-26 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.80-1.10| 0.6-2 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .64 | .6 | 26-67 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|1.80-2.00| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-2.0 | .37 | .4 | | | | | | | | | | | 905D: | | | | | | | | | | |  Houghtonville-------| 0-2 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 2-4 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .4 | 4-37 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.80-1.10| 0.6-6 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .64 | .6 | 37-67 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|1.50-1.80| 0.6-6 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .28 | .3 | | | | | | | | | | |  Monadnock-----------| 0-6 | 40-75 | 15-50| 1-8 |0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 6-8 | 40-75 | 15-50| 1-8 |0.80-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 3.0-8.0 | .24 | .2 | 8-21 | 40-75 | 15-50| 1-8 |0.80-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.09-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-4.5 | .28 | .3 | 21-71 | 70-90 | 7-30| 1-5 |1.30-1.60| 2-6 |0.04-0.08| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .17 | .2 | | | | | | | | | | | 913E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Glebe---------------| 0-3 | 35-75 | 15-65| 1-7 |0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | -- | 3-11 | 35-75 | 15-65| 1-7 |0.80-1.00| 2-6 |0.15-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 8.0-20 | .43 | .5 | 11-28 | 35-75 | 15-65| 1-12|0.60-1.00| 2-6 |0.35-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 5.0-20 | .64 | .6 | 28-32 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --
Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |Erosion fa Map symbol | Depth | Sand | Silt | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Organic |__________ and soil name | | | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- | matter | |  | | | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf _____________________|_______|_______|______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|____ | In | Pct | Pct | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | |  | | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 913E: | | | | | | | | | | |  Stratton------------| 0-1 | 35-75 | 15-65| 1-7 |0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | ---  | 1-7 | 35-75 | 15-65| 1-7 |0.80-1.50| 0.6-6 |0.15-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 8.0-20 | .43 | .49  | 7-15 | 35-75 | 15-65| 1-12|0.60-1.10| 0.6-6 |0.14-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 5.0-20 | .64 | .64  | 15-20 | 35-75 | 15-65| 1-10|0.70-1.10| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.35| 0.0-2.9 | 5.0-20 | .49 | .64  | 20-24 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | | | | 923B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Wilmington----------| 0-2 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | ---  | 2-6 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .43  | 6-26 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|0.80-1.10| 0.6-2 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .64 | .64  | 26-67 | 35-75 | 15-65| 3-10|1.80-2.00| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-2.0 | .37 | .43  | | | | | | | | | | |  Mundal--------------| 0-3 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.07-0.60| 2-6 |0.35-0.65| --- | 25-100 | --- | ---  | 3-7 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.70-1.00| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .43 | .49  | 7-26 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|0.80-1.10| 0.6-2 |0.13-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .64 | .64  | 26-68 | 40-75 | 15-50| 3-10|1.80-2.00| 0.06-0.6 |0.06-0.10| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .37 | .43  | | | | | | | | | | | _____________________|_______|_______|______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|____
Table 16.—Soil Features (See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a conce

 data were not estimated.) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | Restrictive layer | Subsidence | | Risk  Map symbol |_____________________________________________________|_______________| Potential |________ and soil name | | Depth | | | | | for | Uncoat | Kind |to top |Thickness| Hardness |Initial| Total |frost action| steel ________________________|_________________|_______|_________|_________________|_______|_______|____________|________ | | In | In | | In | In | | 3A: | | | | | | | |  Copake-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 3B: | | | | | | | |  Copake-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 3C: | | | | | | | |  Copake-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 3D: | | | | | | | |  Copake-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 3E: | | | | | | | |  Copake-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 9: | | | | | | | |  Pits-------------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 0-0 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |None | ---  | | | | | | | |  Dumps------------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |None | ---  | | | | | | | | 10D: | | | | | | | |  Glebe------------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |High |High  | | | | | | | |  Stratton---------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Londonderry------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 2-10 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | 10E: | | | | | | | |  Glebe------------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |High |High  | | | | | | | |  Stratton---------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Londonderry------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 2-10 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | 11F: | | | | | | | |  Taconic----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | |  Hubbardton-------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 2-10 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop-----------|Bedrock (lithic) | 0-0 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |None | ---  | | | | | | | | 18B: | | | | | | | |  Windsor----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Low |Low  | | | | | | | | 
Table 16.—Soil Features—Continue ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Restrictive layer | Subsidence | | Ris Map symbol |_____________________________________________________|_______________| Potential |_______ and soil name | | Depth | | | | | for | Uncoa | Kind |to top |Thickness| Hardness |Initial| Total |frost action| stee________________________|_________________|_______|_________|_________________|_______|_______|____________|_______ | | In | In | | In | In | | 18C: | | | | | | | |  Windsor----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Low |Low  | | | | | | | | 18E: | | | | | | | |  Windsor----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Low |Low  | | | | | | | | 21A: | | | | | | | |  Limerick---------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |High |High  | | | | | | | | 23A: | | | | | | | |  Adrian-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | 6-18 | 29-33 |High |High  | | | | | | | |  Saco-------------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |High |Low  | | | | | | | | 24A: | | | | | | | |  Carlisle---------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 43-54 |High |High  | | | | | | | | 25B: | | | | | | | |  Belgrade---------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |High |Moderat | | | | | | | | 26A: | | | | | | | |  Raynham----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |High |High  | | | | | | | | 27B: | | | | | | | |  Udipsamments-----------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Low | -- | | | | | | | |  Udorthents-------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate | -- | | | | | | | | 28A: | | | | | | | |  Udifluvents------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate | -- | | | | | | | | 29A: | | | | | | | |  Occum------------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 34A: | | | | | | | |  Pootatuck--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderat | | | | | | | | 35B: | | | | | | | |  Hartland---------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |High |Low  | | | | | | | | 40B: | | | | | | | |  Galway-----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | |  Nellis-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | |  Farmington-------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 
Table 16.—Soil Features—Continue ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Restrictive layer | Subsidence | | Ris Map symbol |_____________________________________________________|_______________| Potential |_______ and soil name | | Depth | | | | | for | Uncoa | Kind |to top |Thickness| Hardness |Initial| Total |frost action| stee________________________|_________________|_______|_________|_________________|_______|_______|____________|_______ | | In | In | | In | In | | 40C: | | | | | | | |  Galway-----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | |  Nellis-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | |  Farmington-------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 40D: | | | | | | | |  Galway-----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | |  Nellis-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | |  Farmington-------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 41C: | | | | | | | |  Galway-----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | |  Farmington-------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 41D: | | | | | | | |  Galway-----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | |  Farmington-------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 41E: | | | | | | | |  Galway-----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | |  Farmington-------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 42C: | | | | | | | |  Macomber---------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | |  Taconic----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 42D: | | | | | | | |  Macomber---------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | |  Taconic----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 42E: | | | | | | | |  Macomber---------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | |  Taconic----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 
Table 16.—Soil Features—Continue ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Restrictive layer | Subsidence | | Ris Map symbol |_____________________________________________________|_______________| Potential |_______ and soil name | | Depth | | | | | for | Uncoa | Kind |to top |Thickness| Hardness |Initial| Total |frost action| stee________________________|_________________|_______|_________|_________________|_______|_______|____________|_______ | | In | In | | In | In | | 43C: | | | | | | | |  Taconic----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | |  Macomber---------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 43D: | | | | | | | |  Taconic----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | |  Macomber---------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 43E: | | | | | | | |  Taconic----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | |  Macomber---------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 44B: | | | | | | | |  Dutchess---------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 44C: | | | | | | | |  Dutchess---------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 44D: | | | | | | | |  Dutchess---------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 47C: | | | | | | | |  Dutchess---------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 47D: | | | | | | | |  Dutchess---------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 47E: | | | | | | | |  Dutchess---------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 48B: | | | | | | | |  Pittstown--------------|Dense material | 18-30 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderat | | | | | | | | 48C: | | | | | | | |  Pittstown--------------|Dense material | 18-30 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderat | | | | | | | | 48D: | | | | | | | |  Pittstown--------------|Dense material | 18-30 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderat | | | | | | | | 49C: | | | | | | | |  Pittstown--------------|Dense material | 18-30 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderat | | | | | | | | 49D: | | | | | | | |  Pittstown--------------|Dense material | 18-30 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderat | | | | | | | | 
Table 16.—Soil Features—Continue ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Restrictive layer | Subsidence | | Ris Map symbol |_____________________________________________________|_______________| Potential |_______ and soil name | | Depth | | | | | for | Uncoa | Kind |to top |Thickness| Hardness |Initial| Total |frost action| stee________________________|_________________|_______|_________|_________________|_______|_______|____________|_______ | | In | In | | In | In | | 50B: | | | | | | | |  Brayton----------------|Dense material | 10-27 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |High |High  | | | | | | | | 51B: | | | | | | | |  Brayton----------------|Dense material | 10-27 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |High |High  | | | | | | | | 52A: | | | | | | | |  Mansfield--------------|Dense material | 14-36 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |High |Low  | | | | | | | | 64B: | | | | | | | |  Stockbridge------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderat | | | | | | | | 64C: | | | | | | | |  Stockbridge------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderat | | | | | | | | 64D: | | | | | | | |  Stockbridge------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderat | | | | | | | | 65C: | | | | | | | |  Stockbridge------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderat | | | | | | | | 65D: | | | | | | | |  Stockbridge------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderat | | | | | | | | 66A: | | | | | | | |  Georgia----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderat | | | | | | | | 66B: | | | | | | | |  Georgia----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderat | | | | | | | | 66C: | | | | | | | |  Georgia----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderat | | | | | | | | 66D: | | | | | | | |  Georgia----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderat | | | | | | | | 67B: | | | | | | | |  Georgia----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderat | | | | | | | | 67C: | | | | | | | |  Georgia----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderat | | | | | | | | 68A: | | | | | | | |  Massena----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |High |Moderat | | | | | | | | 68B: | | | | | | | |  Massena----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |High |Moderat | | | | | | | | 
Table 16.—Soil Features—Continue ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Restrictive layer | Subsidence | | Ris Map symbol |_____________________________________________________|_______________| Potential |_______ and soil name | | Depth | | | | | for | Uncoa | Kind |to top |Thickness| Hardness |Initial| Total |frost action| stee________________________|_________________|_______|_________|_________________|_______|_______|____________|_______ | | In | In | | In | In | | 69A: | | | | | | | |  Massena----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |High |Moderat | | | | | | | | 69B: | | | | | | | |  Massena----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |High |Moderat | | | | | | | | 70A: | | | | | | | |  Groton-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Low |Low  | | | | | | | | 70B: | | | | | | | |  Groton-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Low |Low  | | | | | | | | 70C: | | | | | | | |  Groton-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Low |Low  | | | | | | | | 70D: | | | | | | | |  Groton-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Low |Low  | | | | | | | | 70E: | | | | | | | |  Groton-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Low |Low  | | | | | | | | 71A: | | | | | | | |  Hero-------------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |High |Moderat | | | | | | | | 71B: | | | | | | | |  Hero-------------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |High |Moderat | | | | | | | | 72A: | | | | | | | |  Fredon-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |High |Low  | | | | | | | | 84B: | | | | | | | |  Nellis-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 84C: | | | | | | | |  Nellis-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 84D: | | | | | | | |  Nellis-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 85B: | | | | | | | |  Nellis-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 85C: | | | | | | | |  Nellis-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 85D: | | | | | | | |  Nellis-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 
Table 16.—Soil Features—Continue ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Restrictive layer | Subsidence | | Ris Map symbol |_____________________________________________________|_______________| Potential |________ and soil name | | Depth | | | | | for | Uncoa | Kind |to top |Thickness| Hardness |Initial| Total |frost action| stee________________________|_________________|_______|_________|_________________|_______|_______|____________|________ | | In | In | | In | In | | 85E: | | | | | | | |  Nellis-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 86A: | | | | | | | |  Amenia-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderat | | | | | | | | 86B: | | | | | | | |  Amenia-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderat | | | | | | | | 86C: | | | | | | | |  Amenia-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderat | | | | | | | | 87B: | | | | | | | |  Amenia-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderat | | | | | | | | 87C: | | | | | | | |  Amenia-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderat | | | | | | | | 90C: | | | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 90E: | | | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 93B: | | | | | | | |  Pittsfield-------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 93C: | | | | | | | |  Pittsfield-------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 93D: | | | | | | | |  Pittsfield-------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 94B: | | | | | | | |  Pittsfield-------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 94C: | | | | | | | |  Pittsfield-------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 94D: | | | | | | | |  Pittsfield-------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 94E: | | | | | | | |  Pittsfield-------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 95C: | | | | | | | |  Houghtonville----------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | 
Table 16.—Soil Features—Continue ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Restrictive layer | Subsidence | | Risk  Map symbol |_____________________________________________________|_______________| Potential |________ and soil name | | Depth | | | | | for | Uncoat | Kind |to top |Thickness| Hardness |Initial| Total |frost action| steel ________________________|_________________|_______|_________|_________________|_______|_______|____________|________ | | In | In | | In | In | | 95D: | | | | | | | |  Houghtonville----------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | 95E: | | | | | | | |  Houghtonville----------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | 96D: | | | | | | | |  Hogback----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop-----------|Bedrock (lithic) | 0-0 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |None | ---  | | | | | | | | 96F: | | | | | | | |  Hogback----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop-----------|Bedrock (lithic) | 0-0 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |None | ---  | | | | | | | | 100B: | | | | | | | |  Wilmington-------------|Dense material | 12-24 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |High |High  | | | | | | | | 102B: | | | | | | | |  Mundal-----------------|Dense material | 20-30 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | 102C: | | | | | | | |  Mundal-----------------|Dense material | 20-30 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | 104B: | | | | | | | |  Colton-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Low |Low  | | | | | | | | 104C: | | | | | | | |  Colton-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Low |Low  | | | | | | | | 104E: | | | | | | | |  Colton-----------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Low |Low  | | | | | | | | 105B: | | | | | | | |  Monadnock--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Low |Low  | | | | | | | | 105C: | | | | | | | |  Monadnock--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Low |Low  | | | | | | | | 105D: | | | | | | | |  Monadnock--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Low |Low  | | | | | | | | 
Table 16.—Soil Features—Continue ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Restrictive layer | Subsidence | | Ris Map symbol |_____________________________________________________|_______________| Potential |_______ and soil name | | Depth | | | | | for | Uncoa | Kind |to top |Thickness| Hardness |Initial| Total |frost action| stee________________________|_________________|_______|_________|_________________|_______|_______|____________|_______ | | In | In | | In | In | | 105E: | | | | | | | |  Monadnock--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Low |Low  | | | | | | | | 106B: | | | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 106C: | | | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 106D: | | | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 106E: | | | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 108B: | | | | | | | |  Peru-------------------|Dense material | 18-36 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |High |Moderat | | | | | | | | 108C: | | | | | | | |  Peru-------------------|Dense material | 18-36 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |High |Moderat | | | | | | | | 108D: | | | | | | | |  Peru-------------------|Dense material | 18-36 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |High |Moderat | | | | | | | | 109C: | | | | | | | |  Tunbridge--------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 109D: | | | | | | | |  Tunbridge--------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 109E: | | | | | | | |  Tunbridge--------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 111C: | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Houghtonville----------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | 
Table 16.—Soil Features—Continue ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Restrictive layer | Subsidence | | Ris Map symbol |_____________________________________________________|_______________| Potential |_______ and soil name | | Depth | | | | | for | Uncoa | Kind |to top |Thickness| Hardness |Initial| Total |frost action| stee________________________|_________________|_______|_________|_________________|_______|_______|____________|_______ | | In | In | | In | In | | 111D: | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Houghtonville----------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | 111E: | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Houghtonville----------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | 112C: | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Hogback----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | 112D: | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Hogback----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | 112E: | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Hogback----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | 113B: | | | | | | | |  Cabot------------------|Dense material | 12-20 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |High |High  | | | | | | | | 114B: | | | | | | | |  Mundal-----------------|Dense material | 20-30 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | 114C: | | | | | | | |  Mundal-----------------|Dense material | 20-30 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | 114D: | | | | | | | |  Mundal-----------------|Dense material | 20-30 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | 115B: | | | | | | | |  Peru-------------------|Dense material | 18-36 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |High |Moderat | | | | | | | | 115C: | | | | | | | |  Peru-------------------|Dense material | 18-36 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |High |Moderat | | | | | | | | 115D: | | | | | | | |  Peru-------------------|Dense material | 18-36 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |High |Moderat | | | | | | | | 
Table 16.—Soil Features—Continue ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Restrictive layer | Subsidence | | Ris Map symbol |_____________________________________________________|_______________| Potential |_______ and soil name | | Depth | | | | | for | Uncoa | Kind |to top |Thickness| Hardness |Initial| Total |frost action| stee________________________|_________________|_______|_________|_________________|_______|_______|____________|_______ | | In | In | | In | In | | 116D: | | | | | | | |  Lyman------------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | |  Tunbridge--------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop-----------|Bedrock (lithic) | 0-0 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |None | ---  | | | | | | | | 116F: | | | | | | | |  Lyman------------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | |  Tunbridge--------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop-----------|Bedrock (lithic) | 0-0 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |None | ---  | | | | | | | | 117B: | | | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 117C: | | | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 117D: | | | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 118C: | | | | | | | |  Tunbridge--------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Lyman------------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 118D: | | | | | | | |  Tunbridge--------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Lyman------------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 118E: | | | | | | | |  Tunbridge--------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Lyman------------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 221F: | | | | | | | |  Tunbridge--------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | | 403B: | | | | | | | |  Cabot------------------|Dense material | 12-20 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |High |High  | | | | | | | |  Carlisle---------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 43-54 |High |High  | | | | | | | | 
Table 16.—Soil Features—Continue ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Restrictive layer | Subsidence | | Risk  Map symbol |_____________________________________________________|_______________| Potential |________ and soil name | | Depth | | | | | for | Uncoat | Kind |to top |Thickness| Hardness |Initial| Total |frost action| steel ________________________|_________________|_______|_________|_________________|_______|_______|____________|________ | | In | In | | In | In | | 405D: | | | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | |  Tunbridge--------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | 413D: | | | | | | | |  Peru-------------------|Dense material | 18-36 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |High |Moderate  | | | | | | | |  Berkshire--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low  | | | | | | | |  Cabot------------------|Dense material | 12-20 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |High |High  | | | | | | | | 702E: | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Hogback----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | 703C: | | | | | | | |  Mundal-----------------|Dense material | 20-30 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Houghtonville----------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | 705D: | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Houghtonville----------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Mundal-----------------|Dense material | 20-30 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | 715D: | | | | | | | |  Houghtonville----------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | 902F: | | | | | | | |  Hogback----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Rawsonville------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop-----------|Bedrock (lithic) | 0-0 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |None | ---  | | | | | | | | 903C: | | | | | | | |  Mundal-----------------|Dense material | 20-30 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Wilmington-------------|Dense material | 12-24 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |High |High  | | | | | | | | 
Table 16.—Soil Features—Continue ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Restrictive layer | Subsidence | | Risk  Map symbol |_____________________________________________________|_______________| Potential |________ and soil name | | Depth | | | | | for | Uncoat | Kind |to top |Thickness| Hardness |Initial| Total |frost action| steel ________________________|_________________|_______|_________|_________________|_______|_______|____________|________ | | In | In | | In | In | | 905D: | | | | | | | |  Houghtonville----------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | |  Monadnock--------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |Low |Low  | | | | | | | | 913E: | | | | | | | |  Glebe------------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |High |High  | | | | | | | |  Stratton---------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | --- |Indurated | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | 923B: | | | | | | | |  Wilmington-------------|Dense material | 12-24 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |High |High  | | | | | | | |  Mundal-----------------|Dense material | 20-30 | --- |Noncemented | --- | --- |Moderate |High  | | | | | | | | W: | | | | | | | |  Water------------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---  | | | | | | | | ________________________|_________________|_______|_________|_________________|_______|_______|____________|________
Table 17.—Water Features (Depths of layers are in feet. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry ind

 that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated.) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Water table | Ponding | Flooding | | |________________________|_____________________________|_________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Kind |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | Fr and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | water | | | | |group | | | | | depth | | | | _________________|______|__________|_______|_______|________|_______|__________|__________|____________|____ | | | | | | | | | | 3A: | | | | | | | | | | Copake----------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 3B: | | | | | | | | | | Copake----------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 3C: | | | | | | | | | | Copake----------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 3D: | | | | | | | | | | Copake----------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 3E: | | | | | | | | | | Copake----------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 9: | | | | | | | | | | Pits------------| --- | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Dumps-----------| --- | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 10D: | | | | | | | | | | Glebe-----------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Stratton--------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Londonderry-----| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 10E: | | | | | | | | | | Glebe-----------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Stratton--------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Londonderry-----| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 11F: | | | | | | | | | | Taconic---------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Hubbardton------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Rock Outcrop----| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 18B: | | | | | | | | | | Windsor---------| A | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | 
Table 17.—Water Features—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Floodin | | |________________________|_____________________________|________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Kind |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | F and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | water | | | | |group | | | | | depth | | | | _________________|______|__________|_______|_______|________|_______|__________|__________|____________|___ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 18C: | | | | | | | | | | Windsor---------| A | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 18E: | | | | | | | | | | Windsor---------| A | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 21A: | | | | | | | | | | Limerick--------| C | Jan-May |0.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | Brief | F | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |0.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | Brief | F | | | | | | | | | | 23A: | | | | | | | | | | Adrian----------| D | Jan-Dec |0.0-0.5| >6.0 |Apparent|0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Saco------------| D | Jan-May |0.0-0.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | Brief | F | | Jun |0.0-0.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jul-Aug |0.0-2.0| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Sep |0.0-0.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Oct-Dec |0.0-0.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | Brief | F | | | | | | | | | | 24A: | | | | | | | | | | Carlisle--------| D | Jan-Dec |0.0-0.5| >6.0 |Apparent|0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 25B: | | | | | | | | | | Belgrade--------| B | Jan-Apr |1.3-3.0| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | May-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.3-3.0| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 26A: | | | | | | | | | | Raynham---------| C | Jan-May |0.0-2.0| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |0.0-2.0| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 27B: | | | | | | | | | | Udipsamments----| --- | Jan-Dec |1.5-6.0| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents------| --- | Jan-Dec |1.5-6.0| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 28A: | | | | | | | | | | Udifluvents-----| --- | Jan-Dec |0.5-6.0| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | Brief | F | | | | | | | | | |
Table 17.—Water Features—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Floodin | | |________________________|_____________________________|________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Kind |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | F and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | water | | | | |group | | | | | depth | | | | _________________|______|__________|_______|_______|________|_______|__________|__________|____________|___ | | | | | | | | | | 29A: | | | | | | | | | | Occum-----------| B | Jan |4.0-6.0| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Feb-Apr |4.0-6.0| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | Brief | F | | May-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |4.0-6.0| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 34A: | | | | | | | | | | Pootatuck-------| B | Jan-Apr |1.3-2.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | Brief | F | | May-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.3-2.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | Brief | F | | | | | | | | | | 35B: | | | | | | | | | | Hartland--------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 40B: | | | | | | | | | | Galway----------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Nellis----------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 40C: | | | | | | | | | | Galway----------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Nellis----------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 40D: | | | | | | | | | | Galway----------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Nellis----------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 41C: | | | | | | | | | | Galway----------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 41D: | | | | | | | | | | Galway----------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | |
Table 17.—Water Features—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Floodin | | |________________________|_____________________________|________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Kind |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | F and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | water | | | | |group | | | | | depth | | | | _________________|______|__________|_______|_______|________|_______|__________|__________|____________|___ | | | | | | | | | | 41E: | | | | | | | | | | Galway----------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Farmington------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 42C: | | | | | | | | | | Macomber--------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Taconic---------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 42D: | | | | | | | | | | Macomber--------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Taconic---------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 42E: | | | | | | | | | | Macomber--------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Taconic---------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 43C: | | | | | | | | | | Taconic---------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Macomber--------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 43D: | | | | | | | | | | Taconic---------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Macomber--------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 43E: | | | | | | | | | | Taconic---------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Macomber--------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 44B: | | | | | | | | | | Dutchess--------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 44C: | | | | | | | | | | Dutchess--------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 44D: | | | | | | | | | | Dutchess--------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 47C: | | | | | | | | | | Dutchess--------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | 
Table 17.—Water Features—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Floodin | | |________________________|_____________________________|________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Kind |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | F and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | water | | | | |group | | | | | depth | | | | _________________|______|__________|_______|_______|________|_______|__________|__________|____________|___ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 47D: | | | | | | | | | | Dutchess--------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 47E: | | | | | | | | | | Dutchess--------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 48B: | | | | | | | | | | Pittstown-------| C | Jan-Apr |1.3-2.0|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | May-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.3-2.0|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 48C: | | | | | | | | | | Pittstown-------| C | Jan-Apr |1.3-2.0|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | May-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.3-2.0|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 48D: | | | | | | | | | | Pittstown-------| C | Jan-Apr |1.3-2.0|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | May-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.3-2.0|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 49C: | | | | | | | | | | Pittstown-------| C | Jan-Apr |1.3-2.0|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | May-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.3-2.0|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 49D: | | | | | | | | | | Pittstown-------| C | Jan-Apr |1.3-2.0|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | May-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.3-2.0|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 50B: | | | | | | | | | | Brayton---------| D | Jan-May |0.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Sep |1.5-3.0| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Oct-Dec |0.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 51B: | | | | | | | | | | Brayton---------| D | Jan-May |0.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Sep |1.5-3.0| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Oct-Dec |0.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 52A: | | | | | | | | | | Mansfield-------| D | Jan-Jun |0.0-0.5| >6.0 |Apparent|0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | --- |  | | Jul-Sep |0.0-2.0| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Oct-Dec |0.0-0.5| >6.0 |Apparent|0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | --- | 
Table 17.—Water Features—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Floodin | | |________________________|_____________________________|________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Kind |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | F and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | water | | | | |group | | | | | depth | | | | _________________|______|__________|_______|_______|________|_______|__________|__________|____________|___ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 64B: | | | | | | | | | | Stockbridge-----| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 64C: | | | | | | | | | | Stockbridge-----| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 64D: | | | | | | | | | | Stockbridge-----| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 65C: | | | | | | | | | | Stockbridge-----| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 65D: | | | | | | | | | | Stockbridge-----| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 66A: | | | | | | | | | | Georgia---------| C | Jan-May |1.2-2.5|1.3-2.7|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.2-2.5|1.3-2.7|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 66B: | | | | | | | | | | Georgia---------| C | Jan-May |1.2-2.5|1.3-2.7|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.2-2.5|1.3-2.7|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 66C: | | | | | | | | | | Georgia---------| C | Jan-May |1.2-2.5|1.3-2.7|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.2-2.5|1.3-2.7|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 66D: | | | | | | | | | | Georgia---------| C | Jan-May |1.2-2.5|1.3-2.7|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.2-2.5|1.3-2.7|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 67B: | | | | | | | | | | Georgia---------| C | Jan-May |1.2-2.5|1.3-2.7|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.2-2.5|1.3-2.7|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 67C: | | | | | | | | | | Georgia---------| C | Jan-May |1.2-2.5|1.3-2.7|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.2-2.5|1.3-2.7|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | |
Table 17.—Water Features—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Floodin | | |________________________|_____________________________|________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Kind |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | F and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | water | | | | |group | | | | | depth | | | | _________________|______|__________|_______|_______|________|_______|__________|__________|____________|___ | | | | | | | | | | 68A: | | | | | | | | | | Massena---------| C | Jan-May |1.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 68B: | | | | | | | | | | Massena---------| C | Jan-May |1.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 69A: | | | | | | | | | | Massena---------| C | Jan-May |1.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 69B: | | | | | | | | | | Massena---------| C | Jan-May |1.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 70A: | | | | | | | | | | Groton----------| A | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 70B: | | | | | | | | | | Groton----------| A | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 70C: | | | | | | | | | | Groton----------| A | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 70D: | | | | | | | | | | Groton----------| A | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 70E: | | | | | | | | | | Groton----------| A | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 71A: | | | | | | | | | | Hero------------| B | Jan-Apr |1.5-2.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | May-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.5-2.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 71B: | | | | | | | | | | Hero------------| B | Jan-Apr |1.5-2.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | May-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.5-2.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | |
Table 17.—Water Features—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Floodin | | |________________________|_____________________________|________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Kind |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | F and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | water | | | | |group | | | | | depth | | | | _________________|______|__________|_______|_______|________|_______|__________|__________|____________|___ | | | | | | | | | | 72A: | | | | | | | | | | Fredon----------| C | Jan-Apr |0.5-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | Brief |  | | May-Jun |0.5-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jul-Sep | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Oct-Dec |0.5-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 84B: | | | | | | | | | | Nellis----------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 84C: | | | | | | | | | | Nellis----------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 84D: | | | | | | | | | | Nellis----------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 85B: | | | | | | | | | | Nellis----------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 85C: | | | | | | | | | | Nellis----------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 85D: | | | | | | | | | | Nellis----------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 85E: | | | | | | | | | | Nellis----------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 86A: | | | | | | | | | | Amenia----------| C | Jan-May |1.3-2.5|1.5-3.0|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.3-2.5|1.5-3.0|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 86B: | | | | | | | | | | Amenia----------| C | Jan-May |1.3-2.5|1.5-3.0|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.3-2.5|1.5-3.0|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 86C: | | | | | | | | | | Amenia----------| C | Jan-May |1.3-2.5|1.5-3.0|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.3-2.5|1.5-3.0|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 87B: | | | | | | | | | | Amenia----------| C | Jan-May |1.3-2.5|1.5-3.0|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.3-2.5|1.5-3.0|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- | 
Table 17.—Water Features—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Floodin | | |________________________|_____________________________|________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Kind |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | F and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | water | | | | |group | | | | | depth | | | | _________________|______|__________|_______|_______|________|_______|__________|__________|____________|___ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 87C: | | | | | | | | | | Amenia----------| C | Jan-May |1.3-2.5|1.5-3.0|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.3-2.5|1.5-3.0|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 90C: | | | | | | | | | | Berkshire-------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 90E: | | | | | | | | | | Berkshire-------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 93B: | | | | | | | | | | Pittsfield------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 93C: | | | | | | | | | | Pittsfield------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 93D: | | | | | | | | | | Pittsfield------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 94B: | | | | | | | | | | Pittsfield------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 94C: | | | | | | | | | | Pittsfield------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 94D: | | | | | | | | | | Pittsfield------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 94E: | | | | | | | | | | Pittsfield------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 95C: | | | | | | | | | | Houghtonville---| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 95D: | | | | | | | | | | Houghtonville---| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 95E: | | | | | | | | | | Houghtonville---| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 96D: | | | | | | | | | | Hogback---------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-----| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | 
Table 17.—Water Features—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Floodin | | |________________________|_____________________________|________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Kind |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | F and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | water | | | | |group | | | | | depth | | | | _________________|______|__________|_______|_______|________|_______|__________|__________|____________|___ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock Outcrop----| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 96F: | | | | | | | | | | Hogback---------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-----| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Rock Outcrop----| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 100B: | | | | | | | | | | Wilmington------| D | Jan-May |0.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Sep |1.5-3.0| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Oct-Dec |0.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 102B: | | | | | | | | | | Mundal----------| C | Jan-May |1.5-2.3|1.7-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Aug | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Sep-Dec |1.5-2.3|1.7-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 102C: | | | | | | | | | | Mundal----------| C | Jan-May |1.5-2.3|1.7-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Aug | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Sep-Dec |1.5-2.3|1.7-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 104B: | | | | | | | | | | Colton----------| A | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 104C: | | | | | | | | | | Colton----------| A | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 104E: | | | | | | | | | | Colton----------| A | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 105B: | | | | | | | | | | Monadnock-------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 105C: | | | | | | | | | | Monadnock-------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 105D: | | | | | | | | | | Monadnock-------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 105E: | | | | | | | | | | Monadnock-------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | |
Table 17.—Water Features—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Floodin | | |________________________|_____________________________|________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Kind |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | F and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | water | | | | |group | | | | | depth | | | | _________________|______|__________|_______|_______|________|_______|__________|__________|____________|___ | | | | | | | | | | 106B: | | | | | | | | | | Berkshire-------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 106C: | | | | | | | | | | Berkshire-------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 106D: | | | | | | | | | | Berkshire-------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 106E: | | | | | | | | | | Berkshire-------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 108B: | | | | | | | | | | Peru------------| C | Jan-May |1.3-2.3|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.3-2.3|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 108C: | | | | | | | | | | Peru------------| C | Jan-May |1.3-2.3|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.3-2.3|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 108D: | | | | | | | | | | Peru------------| C | Jan-May |1.3-2.3|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.3-2.3|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 109C: | | | | | | | | | | Tunbridge-------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Berkshire-------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 109D: | | | | | | | | | | Tunbridge-------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Berkshire-------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 109E: | | | | | | | | | | Tunbridge-------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Berkshire-------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 111C: | | | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-----| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Houghtonville---| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | 
Table 17.—Water Features—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Floodin | | |________________________|_____________________________|________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Kind |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | F and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | water | | | | |group | | | | | depth | | | | _________________|______|__________|_______|_______|________|_______|__________|__________|____________|___ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 111D: | | | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-----| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Houghtonville---| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 111E: | | | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-----| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Houghtonville---| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 112C: | | | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-----| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Hogback---------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 112D: | | | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-----| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Hogback---------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 112E: | | | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-----| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Hogback---------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 113B: | | | | | | | | | | Cabot-----------| D | Jan-May |0.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Sep |1.5-3.0| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Oct-Dec |0.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 114B: | | | | | | | | | | Mundal----------| C | Jan-May |1.5-2.3|1.7-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Aug | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Sep-Dec |1.5-2.3|1.7-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 114C: | | | | | | | | | | Mundal----------| C | Jan-May |1.5-2.3|1.7-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Aug | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Sep-Dec |1.5-2.3|1.7-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 114D: | | | | | | | | | | Mundal----------| C | Jan-May |1.5-2.3|1.7-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Aug | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Sep-Dec |1.5-2.3|1.7-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | |
Table 17.—Water Features—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Floodin | | |________________________|_____________________________|________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Kind |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | F and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | water | | | | |group | | | | | depth | | | | _________________|______|__________|_______|_______|________|_______|__________|__________|____________|___ | | | | | | | | | | 115B: | | | | | | | | | | Peru------------| C | Jan-May |1.3-2.3|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.3-2.3|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 115C: | | | | | | | | | | Peru------------| C | Jan-May |1.3-2.3|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.3-2.3|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 115D: | | | | | | | | | | Peru------------| C | Jan-May |1.3-2.3|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.3-2.3|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 116D: | | | | | | | | | | Lyman-----------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Tunbridge-------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Rock Outcrop----| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 116F: | | | | | | | | | | Lyman-----------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Tunbridge-------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Rock Outcrop----| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 117B: | | | | | | | | | | Berkshire-------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 117C: | | | | | | | | | | Berkshire-------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 117D: | | | | | | | | | | Berkshire-------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 118C: | | | | | | | | | | Tunbridge-------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Lyman-----------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 118D: | | | | | | | | | | Tunbridge-------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | |
Table 17.—Water Features—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Floodin | | |________________________|_____________________________|________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Kind |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | F and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | water | | | | |group | | | | | depth | | | | _________________|______|__________|_______|_______|________|_______|__________|__________|____________|___ | | | | | | | | | | Lyman-----------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 118E: | | | | | | | | | | Tunbridge-------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Lyman-----------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 221F: | | | | | | | | | | Tunbridge-------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Berkshire-------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 403B: | | | | | | | | | | Cabot-----------| D | Jan-May |0.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Sep |1.5-3.0| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Oct-Dec |0.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Carlisle--------| D | Jan-Dec |0.0-0.5| >6.0 |Apparent|0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 405D: | | | | | | | | | | Berkshire-------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Tunbridge-------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 413D: | | | | | | | | | | Peru------------| C | Jan-May |1.3-2.3|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Oct | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Nov-Dec |1.3-2.3|1.5-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Berkshire-------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Cabot-----------| D | Jan-May |0.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Sep |1.5-3.0| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Oct-Dec |0.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 702E: | | | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-----| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Hogback---------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 703C: | | | | | | | | | | Mundal----------| C | Jan-May |1.5-2.3|1.7-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Aug | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Sep-Dec |1.5-2.3|1.7-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Houghtonville---| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | 
Table 17.—Water Features—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Floodin | | |________________________|_____________________________|________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Kind |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | F and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | water | | | | |group | | | | | depth | | | | _________________|______|__________|_______|_______|________|_______|__________|__________|____________|___ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 705D: | | | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-----| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Houghtonville---| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Mundal----------| C | Jan-May |1.5-2.3|1.7-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Aug | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Sep-Dec |1.5-2.3|1.7-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 715D: | | | | | | | | | | Houghtonville---| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-----| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 902F: | | | | | | | | | | Hogback---------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Rawsonville-----| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Rock Outcrop----| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 903C: | | | | | | | | | | Mundal----------| C | Jan-May |1.5-2.3|1.7-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Aug | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Sep-Dec |1.5-2.3|1.7-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Wilmington------| D | Jan-May |0.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Sep |1.5-3.0| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Oct-Dec |0.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 905D: | | | | | | | | | | Houghtonville---| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Monadnock-------| B | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 913E: | | | | | | | | | | Glebe-----------| C | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Stratton--------| D | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 923B: | | | | | | | | | | Wilmington------| D | Jan-May |0.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Sep |1.5-3.0| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Oct-Dec |0.0-1.5| >6.0 |Apparent| --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | |
Table 17.—Water Features—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Floodin | | |________________________|_____________________________|________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Kind |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | F and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | water | | | | |group | | | | | depth | | | | _________________|______|__________|_______|_______|________|_______|__________|__________|____________|___ | | | | | | | | | | 923B: | | | | | | | | | | Mundal----------| C | Jan-May |1.5-2.3|1.7-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Jun-Aug | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | Sep-Dec |1.5-2.3|1.7-2.5|Perched | --- | --- | None | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | W: | | | | | | | | | | Water-----------| --- | Jan-Dec | >6.0 | >6.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | _________________|______|__________|_______|_______|________|_______|__________|__________|____________|___
548

Table 18.—Classification of the Soils

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class __________________________|___________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Adrian-------------------|Sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, euic, mesic Terric Medisaprists

 Amenia-------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Eutrochrepts

 Belgrade-----------------|Coarse-silty, mixed, mesic Aquic Dystric Eutrochrepts

 Berkshire----------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Haplorthods

 Brayton------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, nonacid, frigid Aeric Haplaquepts

 Cabot--------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, nonacid, frigid Typic Humaquepts

 Carlisle-----------------|Euic, mesic Typic Medisaprists

 Colton-------------------|Sandy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic Haplorthods

 Copake-------------------|Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Dystric

 | Eutrochrepts

 Dutchess-----------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts

 Farmington---------------|Loamy, mixed, mesic Lithic Eutrochrepts

 Fredon-------------------|Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, nonacid, mesic Aeric

 | Haplaquepts

 Galway-------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Eutrochrepts

 Georgia------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Dystric Eutrochrepts

 Glebe--------------------|Thixotropic Humic Cryorthods

 Groton-------------------|Sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Eutrochrepts

 Hartland-----------------|Coarse-silty, mixed, mesic Dystric Eutrochrepts

 Hero---------------------|Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Aquic Eutrochrepts

 Hogback------------------|Loamy, mixed, frigid Lithic Haplorthods

 Houghtonville------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Haplorthods

 Hubbardton---------------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, acid, frigid Lithic Udorthents

 Limerick-----------------|Coarse-silty, mixed, nonacid, mesic Typic Fluvaquents

 Londonderry--------------|Thixotropic-skeletal Humic Lithic Cryorthods

 Lyman--------------------|Loamy, mixed, frigid Lithic Haplorthods

 Macomber-----------------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic Dystrochrepts

 Mansfield----------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic Typic Humaquepts

 Massena------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic Aeric Haplaquepts

 Monadnock----------------|Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic Haplorthods

 Mundal-------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Haplorthods

 Nellis-------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Eutrochrepts

 Occum--------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluventic Dystrochrepts

 Peru---------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Aquic Haplorthods

 Pittsfield---------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Dystric Eutrochrepts

 Pittstown----------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Dystrochrepts

 Pootatuck----------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts

 Rawsonville--------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Haplorthods

 Raynham------------------|Coarse-silty, mixed, nonacid, mesic Aeric Haplaquepts

 Saco---------------------|Coarse-silty, mixed, nonacid, mesic Fluvaquentic Humaquepts

 Stockbridge--------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Dystric Eutrochrepts

 Stratton-----------------|Thixotropic over loamy-skeletal, mixed Humic Cryorthods

 Taconic------------------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Lithic Dystrochrepts

 Tunbridge----------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Haplorthods

 Udifluvents--------------|Udifluvents

 Udipsamments-------------|Udipsamments

 Udorthents---------------|Udorthents

 Wilmington---------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Haplaquods

 Windsor------------------|Mixed, mesic Typic Udipsamments __________________________|___________________________________________________________________________
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