J-A29007-20

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

L.C.

v.

R.T. 

Appellant

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 814 MDA 2020

Appeal from the Order Entered March 18, 2020

In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Civil Division at No(s): 

2019-SU-003766

BEFORE: DUBOW, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.: FILED: JANUARY 4. 2021

Appellant, R.T., appeals from the March 18, 2020 Order that granted 

the Petition for Sexual Violence Protective (“SVP”) Order (“SVP Petition”) that 

Appellee, L.C. (“Mother”), filed on behalf of her minor child, M.L. (“Child”), 

against Appellant pursuant to the Protection of Victims of Sexual Violence or 

Intimidation Act (“PVSVI Act”), 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 62A01-20. Upon careful review, 

we reverse. 

PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL HISTORY

The relevant procedural and factual history is as follows. On December 

17, 2019, Mother filed a SVP Petition on behalf of Child alleging that Appellant, 

their neighbor, had kissed six-year-old Child on the lips several times, that 

Appellant had squeezed Child so tight she could not breath, and that Child is 

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-A29007-20

- 2 -

scared of Appellant. The SVP Petition also alleged that, after Mother 

confronted Appellant about his behavior, he would stand on his property with 

his arms crossed staring at Mother and Child whenever they were outside, 

including the previous evening. SVP Petition, 12/17/19, at ¶¶ 4, 5. On the 

same day, the trial court granted a temporary SVP Order that prohibited 

Appellant from having any form of contact with Mother and Child and 

scheduled a hearing for January 16, 2020. 

On January 14, 2020, Mother filed a Notice to inform the trial court that 

she intended to offer Child’s out-of-court statements under the Tender Years 

Statute,

1

including video-recorded statements that Child made to a forensic 

interviewer at York County Children’s Advocacy Center (“CAC”). 

On January 16, 2020, the parties appeared before the trial court, and 

Appellant’s counsel requested a continuance because counsel had not yet 

viewed the video of Child’s CAC interview. N.T. Hearing, 1/16/20, at 2-3. 

Mother’s counsel opposed the continuance, and informed the court that Child 

was present and ready to testify. Id. at 7-8. The trial court informed the 

parties that the court viewed the CAC video the previous day and the court 

was taking judicial notice of Child’s statements in the video over Appellant’s 

objection. The court stated, “we’re taking judicial notice of the fact that we 

____________________________________________

1 The Tender Years Statute creates an exception to the general rule against 

hearsay for a statement made by a child victim who was twelve years old or 

younger at the time of the statement. 42 Pa.C.S. § 5985.1(a);

Commonwealth v. Strafford, 194 A.3d 168, 173 (Pa. Super. 2018).
J-A29007-20

- 3 -

viewed the video and what [Child] said. That is in lieu of [Child] having to 

testify. The child need not appear. . . . I’m finding that a six-year-old would 

have emotional harm if she had to appear.” Id. at 8-9. The court then 

granted the continuance and scheduled a new hearing date.

On March 17, 2020, the day of the scheduled hearing, Appellant filed a 

Motion to Declare the PVSVI Act Unconstitutional. The court heard two days 

of witness testimony regarding the SVP Petition. Mother testified and entered

two exhibits into evidence: a photo and an envelope. Mother did not enter

Child’s CAC interview into evidence. Appellant presented testimony from 15 

witnesses to rebut the accusations in the SVP Petition and Mother’s testimony, 

including, inter alia, friends, neighbors, a work supervisor, his wife, and 

himself. Appellant also entered 28 exhibits into evidence. At the end of the 

hearing, the trial court granted Mother’s SVP Petition and made a finding that 

the PVSVI Act was constitutional. On the record and in its 1925(a) Opinion, 

the trial court made findings that Child was credible and that the court based 

its decision to grant the SVP Petition primarily on Child’s CAC interview. 

Importantly, the trial court did not make any specific credibility findings 

regarding Mother’s testimony. 

On April 9, 2020, Appellant filed a timely appeal. On April 14, 2020, the 

trial court sua sponte issued an Order, which entered the CAC interview into 

evidence. Order, 4/14/20. Both Appellant and the trial court complied with 

Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

ISSUES RAISED ON APPEAL
J-A29007-20

- 4 -

Appellant raises the following issues for our review:

1. Whether the lower court committed an error of law and/or 

abused its discretion in basing its decision on hearsay 

statements of [Child] where the requirements for admissibility 

under the Tender Years [S]tatute were not met, and the lower 

court did not have jurisdiction to sua sponte issue an Order to 

admit the CAC video as a “court exhibit” after the appeal had 

been filed. 

2. Whether the lower court committed an error of law and/or 

abused its discretion in finding that there was sufficient 

admissible evidence that [Child] was a victim of sexual violence 

or intimidation, and that there was a continued risk of harm to 

[Child]. 

3. Whether the lower court’s findings were against the weight of 

the admissible evidence presented in this case with respect to 

[Child], and that there was a continued risk of harm to [Child]?

4. Whether the lower court committed an error of law and/or 

abused its discretion when it denied Appellant’s Motion to 

declare the [PVSVI] Act as unconstitutional on its face and as 

applied to Appellant in violation of his due process and equal 

protection rights provided by the Pennsylvania and United 

States Constitutions.

Appellant’s Br. at 4 (some capitalization omitted). 

LEGAL ANALYSIS

This Court reviews the propriety of a PVSVI Act Order for an abuse of 

discretion or error of law. E.A.M. v. A.M.D. III, 173 A.3d 313, 316 (Pa. 

Super. 2017). An abuse of discretion is “not merely an error of judgment, but 

if in reaching a conclusion the law is overridden or misapplied, or the judgment 

exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias 

or ill-will, as shown by the evidence or the record, discretion is abused.” Id. 

(citation omitted). “Absent an abuse of discretion, error of law, or lack of 
J-A29007-20

- 5 -

support in the record, this court does not disturb a trial court's factual 

findings.” A.M.D. on Behalf of A.D. v. T.A.B., 178 A.3d 889, 895 (Pa. Super. 

2018). “Moreover, as to issues involving credibility, we defer to the trial court 

sitting as fact finder that had the opportunity to observe the demeanor of the 

witness.” Id. (citation omitted). 

The PVSVI Act provides a civil remedy to victims of intimidation because 

our legislature recognized that those victims “desire safety and protection 

from future interactions with their offender, regardless of whether they seek 

criminal prosecution.” Id. at 894 (citing 42 Pa.C.S. § 62A02(5)–(6)). To 

garner relief in the form of a protective order, the PVSVI Act requires a plaintiff 

to:

(1) assert that the plaintiff or another individual, as appropriate, 

is a victim of sexual violence or intimidation committed by the 

defendant; and

(2) prove by [a] preponderance of the evidence that the plaintiff 

or another individual, as appropriate, is at a continued risk of harm 

from the defendant.

42 Pa.C.S. § 62A06(a). For the first prong, the plaintiff must not only assert 

that he or she, or another individual, was a victim of sexual violence or 

intimidation committed by the defendant, but the court must also find that

assertion to be credible. K.N.B. v. M.D., 227 A.3d 918, 926 (Pa. Super. 

2020), appeal granted on other grounds, 239 A.3d 14 (Pa. 2020); E.A.M., 

173 A.3d at 319. “For the second prong, the plaintiff must prove by a 

preponderance of the evidence, a more likely than not inquiry, that she is at 

a continued risk of harm from the defendant.” K.N.B., 227 A.3d at 926 
J-A29007-20

- 6 -

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “The risk of harm includes 

the risk of mental and emotional harm, such as apprehension, fear, and 

emotional distress.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). 

In his first issue, Appellant avers, inter alia, that the trial court abused 

its discretion when it made its decision to grant Mother’s SVP Petition based 

on out-of-court statements that Child made during the videotaped CAC 

interview when (1) Child’s statements were not properly subject to judicial 

notice, and (2) the video was neither played nor offered into evidence at trial. 

Appellant’s Br. at 18-19. Appellant further contends that the trial court lacked 

jurisdiction to sua sponte enter the Child’s CAC interview video into evidence 

as an exhibit after Appellant had filed his Notice of Appeal. Id. at 18. We 

agree.

Judicial Notice

As an initial matter, we agree with Appellant that it was improper for 

the trial court to take judicial notice of Child’s CAC interview statements. 

Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 201 provides that “a court may judicially notice

a fact that is not subject to reasonable dispute because it: (1) is generally 

known within the trial court’s territorial jurisdiction; or (2) can be accurately 

and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be 

questioned.” Pa.R.E. 201(b)(1)-(2). “Judicial notice allows the trial court to 

accept into evidence indisputable facts to avoid the formality of introducing 

evidence to prove an incontestable issue.” Kinley v. Bierly, 876 A.2d 419, 
J-A29007-20

- 7 -

421 (Pa. Super. 2005) (citation omitted). “However, the facts must be of a 

matter of common knowledge and derived from reliable sources whose 

accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Id. at 421 (citations and internal 

quotation marks omitted). Child’s statements during the CAC interview are 

not common knowledge, are not generally known within the jurisdiction, and 

are subject to reasonable dispute. Accordingly, it was improper for the trial 

court to take judicial notice of them.

Evidence Not in the Record

Appellant next avers that the trial court abused its discretion when it 

considered the CAC interview, which was not evidence of record, when it made 

its decision to grant Mother’s SVP Petition. Appellant’s Br. at 12, 18. Once 

again, we agree.

It is well settled that “a trial court may not consider evidence outside of 

the record in making its determination. Nor may this court uphold a trial 

court's order on the basis of off-the-record facts.” M.P. v. M.P., 54 A.3d 950, 

955 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

Instantly, the trial court made findings on the record that it found Child 

to be credible in Child’s CAC interview, and that the court based its decision

to grant Mother’s SVP Petition on Child’s CAC interview. At the conclusion of 

the hearing, the trial court stated on the record:

We’ve taken over five hours of testimony but this is very simple. 

I viewed this CAC interview. I viewed the DVD of it. I found 

[Child] to be credible. Whether she has exactly the right dates, 

times, or even exactly the right places, that does not take away 

from the fact that [Child] very directly and in a credible fashion 
J-A29007-20

- 8 -

identified [Appellant] did kiss her on the lips. And I found her to 

be credible on the CAC interview and candidly I didn’t really need 

anything more than that. And that’s why I’m issuing the order. 

N.T. Hearing, 3/18/20, at 273. 

However, Mother did not enter the Child’s CAC interview into evidence 

as an exhibit and, consequently, the CAC interview was not part of the record

when the trial court made its decision. Accordingly, the court abused its 

discretion when it considered evidence that was not part of the record in 

granting Mother’s SVP Petition. 

Post-Appeal Jurisdiction

The court attempted to mitigate its error when it issued an Order on 

April 14, 2020, after Appellant filed a Notice of Appeal, ordering Child’s CAC 

interview to be entered into evidence as a court exhibit. Order, 4/14/20. The 

trial court was without jurisdiction to do so. 

The Rules of Appellate Procedure make clear that, generally, “after an 

appeal is taken or review of a quasijudicial order is sought, the trial court or 

other government unit may no longer proceed further in the matter.” 

Pa.R.A.P. 1701(a). “The effect of this provision is that once a party has 

properly appealed a decision of the trial court, the trial court lacks jurisdiction 

to act further on the case.” Commonwealth v. Moore, 715 A.2d 448, 453 

(Pa. Super. 1998) (citation omitted). Rule 1701 provides several exceptions

where a trial court retains jurisdiction after a party files an appeal. Relevant 

to this appeal, the trial court may: “take such action as may be necessary to 

preserve the status quo, correct formal errors in papers relating to the matter, 
J-A29007-20

- 9 -

cause the record to be transcribed, approved, filed, and transmitted, grant 

leave to appeal in forma pauperis, grant supersedeas, and take other action 

permitted or required by these rules or otherwise ancillary to the appeal or 

petition for review proceeding.” Pa.R.A.P. 1701(b)(1). 

Here, the trial court sua sponte moved and accepted an exhibit into 

evidence after Appellant filed a Notice of Appeal. The court’s action did not 

preserve the status quo, correct formal errors in papers, transcribe and 

transmit the record, decide in forma pauperis status, or grant supersedeas as 

permitted by Rule 1701. Accordingly, the trial court erred when it entered an 

exhibit into evidence after Appellant filed his appeal because it lacked 

jurisdiction to take such an action.

CONCLUSION

 In sum, the trial court abused its discretion when it took judicial notice 

of Child’s CAC interview, considered Child’s CAC interview when it was not 

part of the record, and attempted to mitigate the error by entering the CAC 

interview as an exhibit post-appeal. Without Child’s CAC interview in 

evidence, the trial court lacked the very evidence that the court deemed 

persuasive and credible in granting the SVP Petition. Accordingly, the record 

does not support the trial court’s findings, and this Court is constrained to 

vacate the trial court’s Order. In light of our disposition, we decline to address 

Appellant’s remaining issues.

Order vacated. 
J-A29007-20

- 10 -

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 01/04/2021