II 

Calendar No. 102 

112TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION S. 1343 

[Report No. 112–35] 

To provide for the conduct of an analysis of the impact of energy development 

and production on the water resources of the United States, and for 

other purposes. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

JULY 11, 2011 

Mr. BINGAMAN, from the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, reported the following original bill; which was read twice and placed on the 

calendar 

A BILL 

To provide for the conduct of an analysis of the impact 

of energy development and production on the water resources of the United States, and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Energy and Water In5 tegration Act of 2011’’. 


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1 SEC. 2. DEFINITION OF SECRETARY. 

2 In this Act, the term ‘‘Secretary’’ means the Sec3 retary of Energy. 

4 SEC. 3. ENERGY WATER NEXUS STUDY. 

5 (a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 90 days after the 

6 date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary, in consulta7 tion with the Secretary of the Interior and the Adminis8 trator of the Environmental Protection Agency, shall enter 

9 into an arrangement with the National Academy of 

10 Sciences under which the Academy shall conduct an in11 depth analysis of the impact of energy development and 

12 production on the water resources of the United States. 

13 (b) SCOPE OF STUDY.— 

14 (1) IN GENERAL.—The study described in sub15 section (a) shall be comprised of each assessment de16 scribed in paragraphs (2) through (4). 

17 (2) TRANSPORTATION SECTOR ASSESSMENT.— 

18 (A) IN GENERAL.—The study shall include 

19 a lifecycle assessment of the quantity of water 

20 withdrawn and consumed in the production of 

21 transportation fuels, or electricity used as a fuel 

22 source, to evaluate the ratio that— 

23 (i) the quantity of water withdrawn 

24 and consumed in the production of trans25 portation fuels (measured in gallons), or 


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1 electricity (measured in kilowatt-hours); 

2 bears to 

3 (ii) the total distance (measured in 

4 miles) that may be traveled as a result of 

5 the consumption of transportation fuels, or 

6 electricity. 

7 (B) SCOPE OF ASSESSMENT.— 

8 (i) IN GENERAL.—The assessment 

9 shall include, as applicable— 

10 (I) the exploration for, and ex11 traction or growing of, energy feed12 stock; 

13 (II) the processing of energy 

14 feedstock into transportation fuel; 

15 (III) the generation, transpor16 tation, and storage of electricity for 

17 transportation; and 

18 (IV) the conduct of an analysis of 

19 the efficiency with which the transpor20 tation fuel is consumed. 

21 (ii) FUELS.—The assessment shall 

22 contain an analysis of transportation fuel 

23 sources, including— 


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1 (I) domestically produced crude 

2 oil (including products derived from 

3 domestically produced crude oil); 

4 (II) imported crude oil (including 

5 products derived from imported crude 

6 oil); 

7 (III) domestically produced nat8 ural gas (including liquid fuels derived 

9 from natural gas); 

10 (IV) imported natural gas (in11 cluding liquid fuels derived from nat12 ural gas); 

13 (V) oil shale; 

14 (VI) tar sands; 

15 (VII) domestically produced corn16 based ethanol; 

17 (VIII) imported corn-based eth18 anol; 

19 (IX) advanced biofuels (including 

20 cellulosic- and algae-based biofuels); 

21 (X) coal to liquids (including 

22 aviation fuel, diesel, and gasoline 

23 products); 

24 (XI) electricity consumed in— 


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1 (aa) fully electric drive vehi2 cles; 

3 (bb) plug-in hybrid vehicles; 

4 and 

5 (cc) hydrogen; and 

6 (XII) any reasonably foreseeable 

7 combination of any transportation fuel 

8 source described in subclauses (I) 

9 through (XI). 

10 (3) ELECTRICITY SECTOR ASSESSMENT.— 

11 (A) IN GENERAL.—The study shall include 

12 a lifecycle assessment of the quantity of water 

13 withdrawn and consumed in the production of 

14 electricity to evaluate the ratio that— 

15 (i) the quantity of water used and 

16 consumed in the production of electricity 

17 (measured in gallons); bears to 

18 (ii) the quantity of electricity that is 

19 produced (measured in kilowatt-hours). 

20 (B) SCOPE OF ASSESSMENT.—The assess21 ment shall include, as applicable— 

22 (i) the exploration for, or extraction 

23 or growing of, energy feedstock; 

24 (ii) the processing of energy feedstock 

25 for electricity production; and 


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1 (iii) the production of electricity. 

2 (C) GENERATION TYPES.—The assessment 

3 shall contain an evaluation and analysis of elec4 tricity generation facilities that are constructed 

5 in accordance with different plant designs (in6 cluding different cooling technologies such as 

7 water, air, and hybrid systems, and technologies 

8 designed to minimize carbon dioxide releases) 

9 based on the fuel used by the facility, includ10 ing— 

11 (i) coal; 

12 (ii) natural gas; 

13 (iii) oil; 

14 (iv) nuclear energy; 

15 (v) solar energy; 

16 (vi) wind energy; 

17 (vii) geothermal energy; 

18 (viii) biomass; 

19 (ix) the beneficial use of waste heat; 

20 and 

21 (x) any reasonably foreseeable com22 bination of any fuel described in clauses (i) 

23 through (ix). 

24 (4) ASSESSMENT OF ADDITIONAL IMPACTS.—In 

25 addition to the impacts associated with the direct 


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1 use and consumption of water resources in the 

2 transportation and electricity sectors described in 

3 paragraphs (2) and (3), the study shall contain an 

4 identification and analysis of any unique water im5 pact associated with a specific fuel source, including 

6 an impact resulting from— 

7 (A) any extraction or mining practice; 

8 (B) the transportation of feedstocks from 

9 the point of extraction to the point of proc10 essing; 

11 (C) the transportation of fuel and power 

12 from the point of processing to the point of con13 sumption; and 

14 (D) the location of a specific fuel source 

15 from specific geographical regions, including 

16 coastal regions. 

17 (c) REPORT TO SECRETARY.—Not later than 18 

18 months after the date of enactment of this Act, the Na19 tional Academy of Sciences shall submit to the Secretary 

20 a report that contains a summary of the results of the 

21 study conducted under this section. 

22 (d) AVAILABILITY OF RESULTS OF STUDY.—On the 

23 date on which the National Academy of Sciences completes 

24 the study under this section, the National Academy of 


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1 Sciences shall make available to the public the results of 

2 the study. 

3 SEC. 4. POWER PLANT WATER AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY. 

4 (a) IN GENERAL.—To protect water supplies and 

5 promote the efficient use of water in the electricity produc6 tion sector, the Secretary, in consultation with the Sec7 retary of the Interior and the Administrator of the Envi8 ronmental Protection Agency, shall conduct a study to 

9 identify alternative technologies and related strategies to 

10 optimize water and energy efficiency in the production of 

11 electricity by each type of generation. 

12 (b) GENERATION TYPES.—The study shall include an 

13 evaluation of different types of generation facilities, in14 cluding— 

15 (1) coal facilities, under which the evaluation 

16 shall account for— 

17 (A) different types of coal and associated 

18 generating technologies; and 

19 (B) the use of technologies designed to 

20 minimize and sequester carbon dioxide releases; 

21 (2) oil and natural gas facilities, under which 

22 the evaluation shall account for the use of tech23 nologies designed to minimize and sequester carbon 

24 dioxide releases; 


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1 (3) hydropower, including turbine upgrades, in2 cremental hydropower, in-stream hydropower, and 

3 pump-storage projects; 

4 (4) thermal solar facilities; and 

5 (5) nuclear facilities. 

6 (c) REPORT TO CONGRESS.—Not later than 18 

7 months after the date of enactment of this Act, the Sec8 retary shall submit to the appropriate committees of Con9 gress a report that contains a description of the results 

10 of the study conducted under this section (including an 

11 assessment of any region-specific factor, such as water 

12 availability and energy reliability, that should be consid13 ered in evaluating the results). 

14 SEC. 5. RECLAMATION WATER CONSERVATION AND EN15 ERGY SAVINGS STUDY. 

16 (a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

17 (1) RECLAMATION PROJECT.—The term ‘‘Rec18 lamation project’’ means a project authorized by the 

19 Federal Government and carried out by the Bureau 

20 of Reclamation. 

21 (2) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means 

22 the Secretary of the Interior, acting through the 

23 Commissioner of Reclamation. 

24 (b) STUDY.— 


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1 (1) IN GENERAL.—In accordance with para2 graph (2), to promote the efficient use of energy in 

3 water distribution systems, the Secretary shall con4 duct a study to evaluate the quantities of energy 

5 used in water storage and delivery operations in 

6 Reclamation projects. 

7 (2) ELEMENTS.—In conducting the study, the 

8 Secretary shall— 

9 (A) assess and estimate the annual energy 

10 consumption associated with the Reclamation 

11 projects; and 

12 (B) identify— 

13 (i) the Reclamation projects that con14 sume the greatest quantity of energy; and 

15 (ii) the aspect of the operation of each 

16 Reclamation project described in clause (i) 

17 that is the most energy intensive (including 

18 water storage and releases, water delivery, 

19 and administrative operations); and 

20 (C) identify opportunities to significantly 

21 reduce current energy consumption and costs 

22 with respect to each Reclamation project de23 scribed in subparagraph (B), including, as ap24 plicable, through— 

25 (i) reduced groundwater pumping; 


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1 (ii) improved reservoir operations; 

2 (iii) infrastructure rehabilitation; 

3 (iv) water reuse; and 

4 (v) the integration of renewable en5 ergy generation with project operations. 

6 (c) REPORT TO CONGRESS.—Not later than 18 

7 months after the date of enactment of this Act, the Sec8 retary shall submit to the appropriate committees of Con9 gress a report that contains a description of the results 

10 of the study conducted under this section, including an 

11 estimate of the quantity of renewable energy potentially 

12 available for generation from reclamation projects. 

13 SEC. 6. DESALINATION RESEARCH. 

14 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of the Interior (re15 ferred to in this section as the ‘‘Secretary’’) shall operate, 

16 manage and maintain facilities to carry out research, de17 velopment, and demonstration activities to develop tech18 nologies and methods that promote brackish groundwater 

19 desalination as a viable method to increase water supply 

20 in a cost-effective manner. 

21 (b) OBJECTIVES; ACTIVITIES.— 

22 (1) OBJECTIVES.—The Secretary shall conduct 

23 demonstration projects— 

24 (A) to develop new water and energy tech25 nologies with widespread applicability; and 


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1 (B) to create new supplies of usable water 

2 for municipal, agricultural, industrial, or envi3 ronmental purposes. 

4 (2) ACTIVITIES.—In operating, managing, and 

5 maintaining the facilities under subsection (a), the 

6 Secretary shall carry out— 

7 (A) as a priority, the development of re8 newable energy technologies for integration with 

9 desalination technologies— 

10 (i) to reduce the capital and oper11 ational costs of desalination; 

12 (ii) to minimize the environmental im13 pacts of desalination; and 

14 (iii) to increase public acceptance of 

15 desalination as a viable water supply proc16 ess; 

17 (B) research regarding various desalination 

18 processes, including improvements in reverse 

19 and forward osmosis technologies; 

20 (C) the development of innovative methods 

21 and technologies to reduce the volume and cost 

22 of desalination concentrated wastes (including 

23 the disposal of desalination concentrated 

24 wastes) in an environmentally sound manner; 


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1 (D) an outreach program to create part2 nerships with States, academic institutions, pri3 vate entities, local public agencies, and other 

4 appropriate organizations to conduct research, 

5 development, and demonstration activities, in6 cluding the establishment of rental and other 

7 charges to provide revenue to help offset the 

8 costs of operating and maintaining the facility; 

9 and 

10 (E) an outreach program to educate the 

11 public on— 

12 (i) desalination and renewable energy 

13 technologies; and 

14 (ii) the benefits of using water in an 

15 efficient manner. 

16 (c) AUTHORITY OF SECRETARY.—The Secretary may 

17 enter into contracts or other agreements with, or make 

18 grants to, appropriate entities to manage, operate, or oth19 erwise carry out this section, including an agreement with 

20 a local or regional academic institution or a consortium 

21 of institutions to manage research activities. 

22 (d) REAUTHORIZATION.—Section 8 of the Water De23 salination Act of 1996 (42 U.S.C. 10301 note; Public Law 

24 104–298) is amended— 


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1 (1) in subsection (a), in the first sentence, by 

2 striking ‘‘2011’’ and inserting ‘‘2016’’; and 

3 (2) in subsection (b), by striking ‘‘$25,000,000 

4 for fiscal years 1997 through 2011’’ and inserting 

5 ‘‘$2,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2012 through 

6 2016’’. 

7 SEC. 7. ENHANCED INFORMATION ON WATER-RELATED EN8 ERGY CONSUMPTION. 

9 Section 205 of the Department of Energy Organiza10 tion Act (42 U.S.C. 7135) is amended by adding at the 

11 end the following: 

12 ‘‘(n) WATER-RELATED ENERGY CONSUMPTION.— 

13 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not less than once during 

14 each 3-year period, to aid in the understanding and 

15 reduction of the quantity of energy used in associa16 tion with the use of water, the Administrator shall 

17 conduct an assessment under which the Adminis18 trator shall collect information on energy use in var19 ious sectors of the economy that are associated with 

20 the procurement, treatment, or delivery of water. 

21 ‘‘(2) REQUIRED SECTORS.—An assessment de22 scribed in paragraph (1) shall contain an analysis of 

23 water-related energy use for all relevant sectors of 

24 the economy, including water used for— 

25 ‘‘(A) agricultural purposes; 


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1 ‘‘(B) municipal purposes; 

2 ‘‘(C) industrial purposes; and 

3 ‘‘(D) domestic purposes. 

4 ‘‘(3) EFFECT.—Nothing in this subsection af5 fects the authority of the Administrator to collect 

6 data under section 52 of the Federal Energy Admin7 istration Act of 1974 (15 U.S.C. 790a).’’. 

8 SEC. 8. ENERGY-WATER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 

9 ROADMAP. 

10 (a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 90 days after the 

11 date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall develop 

12 a document to be known as the ‘‘Energy-Water Research 

13 and Development Roadmap’’ to define the future research, 

14 development, demonstration, and commercialization ef15 forts that are required to address emerging water-related 

16 challenges to future, cost-effective, reliable, and sustain17 able energy generation and production. 

18 (b) REPORT.— 

19 (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 120 days 

20 after the date of enactment of this Act, the Sec21 retary shall submit to the appropriate committees of 

22 Congress a report describing the document described 

23 in subsection (a), including recommendations for any 

24 future action with respect to the document. 


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1 (2) INCLUSIONS.—The report described in 

2 paragraph (1) shall include a review of existing re3 search, development, and demonstration programs 

4 within the Department of Energy to determine 

5 which programs should include water use consider6 ations. 

7 SEC. 9. ENERGY-WATER CLEAN TECHNOLOGY GRANT PRO8 GRAM. 

9 (a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

10 (1) ELIGIBLE ENTITY.—The term ‘‘eligible enti11 ty’’ means— 

12 (A) an eligible unit of local government; 

13 (B) an Indian tribe; and 

14 (C) a water or wastewater agency of a 

15 State or local government or other public agen16 cy. 

17 (2) ELIGIBLE UNIT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT.— 

18 The term ‘‘eligible unit of local government’’ has the 

19 meaning given the term in section 541 of the Energy 

20 Independence and Security Act of 2007 (42 U.S.C. 

21 17151). 

22 (3) INDIAN TRIBE.—The term ‘‘Indian tribe’’ 

23 has the meaning given the term in section 4 of the 

24 Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance 

25 Act (25 U.S.C. 450b). 


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1 (b) GRANT PROGRAM.—In accordance with sub2 section (c), the Secretary may carry out a competitive 

3 grant program under which the Secretary may provide 

4 grants to eligible entities to demonstrate the deployment 

5 of technologies that reduce the consumption of, or con6 serve, energy supplies through energy savings and water 

7 conservation activities in commercial, residential, and 

8 mixed-use development projects. 

9 (c) REQUIREMENTS.— 

10 (1) PROVISION OF ASSISTANCE.—In carrying 

11 out the program under subsection (b), the Secretary 

12 shall provide assistance to eligible entities that carry 

13 out projects that— 

14 (A) have the potential to be replicated in 

15 other locations; 

16 (B) are of sufficient size to demonstrate 

17 deployment of the project at scale; and 

18 (C) are likely to accelerate and expand in19 vestment in cost-effective technologies that 

20 demonstrate sustained reductions in energy con21 sumption or conservation of energy supplies, in22 cluding the deployment of renewable energy and 

23 water reuse technologies. 

24 (2) PRIORITIZATION.—In selecting eligible enti25 ties under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall give 


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1 priority to each eligible entity that carries out a 

2 project that has the potential to create sustained en3 ergy reductions that are greater than 50 percent for 

4 the project development, as compared to similar 

5 project developments that do not include the tech6 nology used by the project that is the subject of the 

7 demonstration. 

8 (3) COST-SHARING.—Each demonstration activ9 ity carried out under a project under this program 

10 shall be subject to each cost-sharing requirement de11 scribed in section 988 of the Energy Policy Act of 

12 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16352). 

13 (4) PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS.—The Sec14 retary shall provide a grant under this section only 

15 to an eligible entity that uses a public-private part16 nership to design and carry-out the project of the el17 igible entity. 

18 (5) LIMITATION ON FUNDS.—Funds provided 

19 through a grant made by the Secretary under this 

20 section shall not be used by the recipient eligible en21 tity for any operation or maintenance cost of the eli22 gible entity. 

23 (6) REPORT.—The Secretary shall require each 

24 eligible entity that receives a grant from the Sec25 retary under this section to submit to the Secretary 


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1 on a date not later than 1 year after the date on 

2 which the eligible entity completes the project of the 

3 eligible entity a report that contains a description 

4 of— 

5 (A) the estimated reductions in water use 

6 achieved by the project of the entity; 

7 (B) the reductions in energy consumption 

8 achieved by the project of the entity; 

9 (C) the comprehensive environmental bene10 fits achieved by the project of the entity; and 

11 (D) the manner by which each reduction or 

12 benefit described in subparagraphs (A) through 

13 (C) compare to the original estimates of the eli14 gible entity. 

15 SEC. 10. RURAL WATER UTILITIES ENERGY AND WATER EF16 FICIENCY PROGRAM. 

17 As soon as practicable after the date of enactment 

18 of this Act, the Secretary shall establish and carry out 

19 a program similar to, and consistent with, the national 

20 rural water and wastewater circuit rider program estab21 lished under section 306(a)(22) of the Consolidated Farm 

22 and Rural Development Act (7 U.S.C. 1926(a)(22)) (in23 cluding the authority to make grants)— 

24 (1) to provide on-site technical assistance to 

25 rural drinking water and wastewater utilities (inVerDate Mar 15 2010 23:22 Jul 11, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00019 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S1343.PCS S1343

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1 cluding utilities serving an Indian tribe (as defined 

2 in section 4 of the Indian Self-Determination and 

3 Education Assistance Act (25 U.S.C. 450b))); and 

4 (2) to improve energy efficiency, identify and 

5 develop alternative and renewable energy supplies, 

6 and conserve water in the operation of rural drink7 ing water and wastewater utilities. 

8 SEC. 11. COMPREHENSIVE WATER USE AND ENERGY SAV9 INGS STUDY. 

10 (a) IN GENERAL.—As soon as practicable after the 

11 date of enactment of this Act, in consultation with other 

12 Federal agencies and appropriate entities, and incor13 porating available governmental and nongovernmental 

14 data as appropriate, the Secretary shall conduct a com15 prehensive study to determine the interrelated nature of 

16 water and energy use (including energy consumption in 

17 water-related processes and the manner by which to re18 duce water-related energy consumption) to promote the ef19 ficient use of water and energy. 

20 (b) REQUIRED COMPONENTS.— 

21 (1) IN GENERAL.—In conducting the study 

22 under subsection (a), the Secretary shall include 

23 each component described in paragraphs (2) through 

24 (5). 


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1 (2) INDUSTRIAL WATER.—In accordance with 

2 paragraph (1), the Secretary shall— 

3 (A) assess the annual industrial water use 

4 of the United States through a comparison, as 

5 the Secretary determines to be appropriate, of 

6 the differences in usage among— 

7 (i) various regions of the United 

8 States; 

9 (ii) industry types and processes; and 

10 (iii) the use of in-plant waste treat11 ment facilities; and 

12 (B) identify opportunities to reduce signifi13 cantly industrial energy consumption and asso14 ciated costs through the use of— 

15 (i) water management strategies; 

16 (ii) water conservation using tech17 nologies in existence as of the date of en18 actment of this Act; and 

19 (iii) reused water, particularly with re20 spect to industrial energy applications. 

21 (3) PEAK DEMAND.—In accordance with para22 graph (1), the Secretary shall identify options to re23 duce energy use by water treatment and delivery 

24 systems during peak electric demand periods, includ25 ing through— 


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1 (A) the use of increased water storage fa2 cilities; 

3 (B) the aggregation of water system utility 

4 accounts; 

5 (C) the installation of supervisory control 

6 and data acquisition systems; and 

7 (D) improvements made to primary and 

8 secondary water and wastewater treatment. 

9 (4) NONPOTABLE WATER SOURCES.—In accord10 ance with paragraph (1), the Secretary shall identify 

11 and assess— 

12 (A) the applications and uses for nonfresh13 water sources of water supply in industrial, 

14 commercial, and residential applications; and 

15 (B) the potential energy conservation that 

16 may result from the use of nonfreshwater sup17 plies, including— 

18 (i) recycled and reclaimed water; 

19 (ii) produced water; and 

20 (iii) other nontraditional water 

21 sources. 

22 (5) EMBEDDED ENERGY.—In accordance with 

23 paragraph (1), to facilitate an understanding of the 

24 potential energy savings associated with water con25 servation and efficiency, the Secretary shall assess 


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1 and estimate the quantity and type of energy con2 sumed in the procurement, transport, and treatment 

3 of water supplies and wastewater that serve indus4 trial, commercial, and residential uses, including 

5 variations relating to differences in geography and 

6 types of supply and wastewater processes. 

7 (c) REPORT.—Not later than 18 months after the 

8 date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit 

9 to the appropriate committees of Congress a report that 

10 contains a description of— 

11 (1) the results of the study conducted by the 

12 Secretary under this section; and 

13 (2) the means by which to incorporate, and the 

14 benefits of incorporating, the results of the study 

15 into related reports prepared by the Secretary. 


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Calendar No. 102 

112TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION S. 1343 

[Report No. 112–35] 

A BILL 

To provide for the conduct of an analysis of the imother purposes. the water resources of the United States, and for pact of energy development and production on 

JULY 11, 2011 

Read twice and placed on the calendar 


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