United States

Department of

Agriculture

Natural Resources

Conservation

Service

In cooperation with

Confederated Tribes of the

Warm Springs Reservation;

United States Department

of the Interior, Bureau of

Indian Affairs; and Oregon

Agricultural Experiment

Station

Soil Survey

of Warm

Springs Indian

Reservation,

Oregon

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is the color map preceding the detailed soil maps, shows the survey area divided

into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and

management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map,

identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map

legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a

general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps follow the

general soil map. These maps

can be useful in planning the use

and management of small areas.

To find information about your

area of interest, locate that area

on the Index to Map Sheets,

which precedes the soil maps.

Note the number of the map

sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on

the map sheet. Note the map

units symbols that are in that

area. Turn to the Contents, which

lists the map units by symbol and

name and shows the page where

each map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the

Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs.

3

How to Use This Soil Survey
4

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the

Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The

address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov (click on “Technical Resources”).

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint

effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State

agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The

Natural Resources Conservation Service has leadership for the Federal part of the

National Cooperative Soil Survey.

Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1992. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 1993. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this

publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1993. This survey was made

cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Confederated

Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation. It is part of the technical assistance furnished

to the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation.

Since the publication of this survey, more information on soil properties may have

been collected, new interpretations developed, or existing interpretive criteria modified.

The most current soil information and interpretations for this survey are in the Field

Office Technical Guide (FOTG) at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service. The soil maps in this publication may exist in digital form in a full quadrangle format. The digitizing of the maps is in accordance with the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database standards. During the digitizing process, changes or

corrections to the maps may have occurred. These changes or corrections improve the

matching of this survey to adjacent surveys and correct previous errors or omissions of

map unit symbols or lines. If digital SSURGO-certified maps exist for this survey, they

are considered the official maps for the survey area and are part of the FOTG at the

local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service.

Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these

maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged,

maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a

larger scale.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its

programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age,

disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative

means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.)

should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights,

Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC,

20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity

provider and employer.

Cover: Mt. Jefferson; source of parent material of many of the soils in the survey area.
5

Contents

Cover ....................................................................... 1

How to Use This Soil Survey .................................. 3

Contents .................................................................. 5

Foreword ............................................................... 11

General Nature of the Survey Area......................... 13

History and Development ................................... 13

Physiography, Relief, and Drainage .................... 14

Climate ............................................................... 15

How This Survey Was Made ................................... 16

General Soil Map Units ........................................ 19

Map Unit Descriptions ........................................ 19

1. Lavey-Drybed-Madras ............................. 19

2. Simas-Ruckles-Antoken .......................... 20

3. Bakeoven ................................................ 20

4. Dryhollow ................................................ 21

5. Kishwalk-Waterbury ................................. 21

6. Watama-Rockly ....................................... 22

7. Booten-Shiva ........................................... 22

8. Tenwalter-Milldam-Tolius ......................... 22

9. Prill-Kaskela-Logsprings .......................... 23

10. Mutton-Venator-Oldsferry ...................... 24

11. Hehe-Teewee ........................................ 25

12. Smiling-Simnasho-Pipp ......................... 25

13. Howash-Mackatie .................................. 26

14. Pinhead ................................................. 26

15. Jojo-Pinhead ......................................... 27

Detailed Soil Map Units ........................................ 29

Map Unit Descriptions ........................................ 31

1—Allingham sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .................................................... 31

2—Antoken extremely cobbly silt loam, 30

to 55 percent slopes .............................. 32

3—Aridic Haploxerolls, 30 to 80 percent

slopes .................................................... 33

4—Axford-Walsey complex, 2 to 30

percent slopes ....................................... 33

5—Bakeoven extremely gravelly loam, 0

to 8 percent slopes ................................ 34

6—Bakeoven extremely stony loam, 0

to 8 percent slopes ................................ 35

7—Bakeoven very cobbly loam, 2 to 15

percent slopes ....................................... 36

8—Bakeoven-Maupin complex, 0 to 8

percent slopes ....................................... 36

9—Belrick-Douthit complex, 0 to 12

percent slopes ....................................... 37

10—Bluesters gravelly sandy loam, 15

to 40 percent slopes .............................. 39

11—Boardflower loam, 2 to 20 percent

slopes .................................................... 40

12—Bodell very cobbly loam, 30 to 55

percent slopes ....................................... 41

13—Bodell very stony loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes ....................................... 41

14—Bodell-Jorn complex, 2 to 30 percent

slopes .................................................... 42

15—Booten loam, 0 to 12 percent slopes ...... 43

16—Booten loam, 12 to 30 percent slopes .... 44

17—Booten loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes .... 45

18—Booten-Spilyay complex, 0 to 12

percent slopes ....................................... 46

19—Dahl silty clay, 0 to 3 percent slopes ....... 48

20—Day clay, 0 to 12 percent slopes ............. 48

21—Day complex, 8 to 40 percent slopes ...... 49

22—Day-Antoken complex, 30 to 55

percent slopes ....................................... 50

23—Douthit very stony sandy loam, 30

to 65 percent slopes .............................. 51

24—Douthit-Belrick complex, 12 to 30

percent slopes ....................................... 52

25—Drybed silt loam, 0 to 8 percent

slopes .................................................... 53

26—Dryhollow loam, 0 to 12 percent

slopes .................................................... 54

27—Dryhollow loam, 12 to 30 percent

slopes .................................................... 55

28—Dryhollow loam, 30 to 55 percent

slopes .................................................... 56

29—Eaglespring channery loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes ....................................... 56

30—Eaglespring channery loam, 30 to 55

percent slopes ....................................... 57

31—Eaglespring-Rock outcrop complex, 55

to 80 percent slopes .............................. 58

32—Evick-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 65

percent slopes ....................................... 59

33—Fawnspring very gravelly silt loam, 2

to 30 percent slopes .............................. 59
6

34—Glaciers-Rubble land complex, 20

to 80 percent slopes .............................. 61

35—Grenet very gravelly sandy loam, 12

to 30 percent slopes .............................. 61

36—Grenet very gravelly sandy loam, 30

to 65 percent slopes .............................. 62

37—Grenet-Kusu complex, 0 to 12 percent

slopes .................................................... 63

38—Grenet-Kusu complex, 12 to 30

percent slopes ....................................... 64

39—Happus very gravelly sandy loam, 12

to 30 percent slopes .............................. 65

40—Hehe very cobbly loam, 30 to 65

percent slopes ....................................... 66

41—Hehe very stony loam, 12 to 40

percent slopes ....................................... 67

42—Hehe very stony loam, high

precipitation, 12 to 40 percent slopes .... 68

43—Hehe-Bodell complex, 0 to 12 percent

slopes .................................................... 69

44—Hehe-Teewee complex, 0 to 12 percent

slopes .................................................... 70

45—Hehe-Teewee complex, high

precipitation, 0 to 12 percent slopes ...... 71

46—Howash very cobbly sandy loam,

cool, 12 to 30 percent slopes ................. 73

47—Howash very cobbly sandy loam,

cool, 30 to 65 percent slopes ................. 73

48—Howash very cobbly sandy loam, low

precipitation, 12 to 30 percent slopes .... 74

49—Howash very cobbly sandy loam, low

precipitation, 30 to 65 percent slopes .... 75

50—Howash very gravelly sandy loam, 12

to 30 percent slopes .............................. 76

51—Howash very gravelly sandy loam, 30

to 65 percent slopes .............................. 77

52—Howash very stony sandy loam, low

precipitation, 12 to 30 percent slopes .... 78

53—Howash very stony sandy loam, low

precipitation, 30 to 65 percent slopes .... 78

54—Jojo-Pinhead complex, warm, 30 to 65

percent slopes ....................................... 79

55—Jojo-Piumpsha-Pinhead complex, 2

to 40 percent slopes, bouldery .............. 80

56—Jojo-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 70

percent slopes ....................................... 82

57—Jorn-Bodell complex, 30 to 55 percent

slopes .................................................... 83

58—Kaskela complex, 0 to 8 percent

slopes .................................................... 84

59—Kishwalk very cobbly silt loam, 55

to 80 percent slopes .............................. 85

60—Kishwalk-Waterbury complex, 30

to 55 percent slopes .............................. 85

61—Kuckup gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 40

percent slopes ....................................... 86

62—Kusu very gravelly loam, 2 to 30

percent slopes ....................................... 87

63—Kusu very gravelly loam, 30 to 55

percent slopes ....................................... 88

64—Kusu very gravelly sandy loam, 12

to 30 percent slopes .............................. 89

65—Kusu very gravelly sandy loam, 30

to 65 percent slopes .............................. 90

66—Kutcher-Mackatie complex, low

precipitation, 12 to 30 percent slopes .... 91

67—Lavey gravelly silt loam, 2 to 15

percent slopes ....................................... 92

68—Lavey very cobbly silty clay loam, 2

to 15 percent slopes .............................. 92

69—Lickskillet extremely stony loam, 15

to 40 percent slopes .............................. 93

70—Lickskillet extremely stony loam, 40

to 70 percent slopes .............................. 94

71—Littlefawn-Fawnspring complex, 2 to 30

percent slopes ....................................... 94

72—Littlefawn-Wakamo-Fawnspring

complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes ............ 96

73—Logsprings loam, 0 to 8 percent

slopes .................................................... 97

74—Mackatie-Kutcher complex, 0 to 12

percent slopes ....................................... 98

75—Mackatie-Kutcher complex, cool, 0

to 12 percent slopes .............................. 99

76—Mackatie-Kutcher complex, low

precipitation, 0 to 12 percent

slopes .................................................. 100

77—Madras loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes ...... 101
7

78—Madras-Skoven complex, 0 to 8

percent slopes ..................................... 102

79—Mariel mucky peat, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .................................................. 103

80—Maupin silt loam, 0 to 8 percent

slopes .................................................. 104

81—Milldam-Tenwalter complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes ..................................... 104

82—Millerflat loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes .... 105

83—Mowako extremely channery

loam, 30 to 55 percent slopes.............. 106

84—Mowako-Rock outcrop complex, 55

to 80 percent slopes ............................ 107

85—Mutton gravelly loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes ..................................... 108

86—Mutton gravelly loam, 30 to 55

percent slopes ..................................... 109

87—Mutton-Littlefawn complex, 30 to 55

percent slopes ..................................... 110

88—Mutton-Rock outcrop complex, 55

to 80 percent slopes ............................ 112

89—Olallie clay loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .................................................. 113

90—Oldsferry-Venator complex, 30

to 55 percent slopes ............................ 114

91—Oldsferry-Venator-Rock outcrop

complex, 55 to 80 percent slopes ........ 114

92—Peahke extremely channery loam, 2

to 30 percent slopes ............................ 115

93—Peahke extremely channery loam, 30

to 55 percent slopes ............................ 116

94—Pelton-Willowdale complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes ..................................... 117

95—Pinhead very gravelly sandy loam,

warm, 0 to 12 percent slopes .............. 118

96—Pinhead very gravelly sandy loam,

warm, 12 to 30 percent slopes ............ 119

97—Pinhead very gravelly sandy loam,

warm, 30 to 65 percent slopes ............ 120

98—Pinhead very stony sandy loam,

warm, 12 to 30 percent slopes ............ 121

99—Pinhead-Jojo complex, 0 to 12

percent slopes ..................................... 122

100—Pinhead-Jojo complex, 12 to 30

percent slopes ..................................... 123

101—Pipp very cobbly sandy loam, 12

to 30 percent slopes ............................ 124

102—Pipp very cobbly sandy loam, 30

to 65 percent slopes ............................ 125

103—Pipp very stony sandy loam, 12

to 30 percent slopes ............................ 125

104—Pipp very stony sandy loam, 30

to 65 percent slopes ............................ 126

105—Pipp very stony sandy loam, low

precipitation, 12 to 30 percent slopes .. 127

106—Pipp very stony sandy loam, low

precipitation, 30 to 65 percent

slopes .................................................. 128

107—Piumpsha-Jojo complex, 2 to 30

percent slopes ..................................... 129

108—Prill gravelly silty clay loam, 30 to 55

percent slopes ..................................... 130

109—Prill-Kaskela complex, 2 to 30

percent slopes ..................................... 131

110—Prill-Kaskela-Rock outcrop

complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes .......... 132

111—Prill-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 55

percent slopes ..................................... 133

112—Racing sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .................................................. 133

113—Rockly extremely gravelly silt loam, 2

to 20 percent slopes ............................ 134

114—Rockly-Watama complex, 0 to 8

percent slopes ..................................... 135

115—Rubble land-Rock outcrop

complex, 30 to 80 percent slopes ........ 136

116—Ruckles-Rock outcrop complex, 55

to 80 percent slopes ............................ 136

117—Ruckles-Simas complex, 40 to 80

percent slopes ..................................... 137

118—Ruckles-Simas-Rock outcrop

complex, 40 to 80 percent slopes ........ 138

119—Ruclick-Ruckles complex, 12 to 30

percent slopes ..................................... 139

120—Ruclick-Ruckles complex, 30 to 55

percent slopes ..................................... 140

121—Sagley-Kishwalk complex, 12 to 30

percent slopes ..................................... 141

122—Sagley-Kishwalk complex, 30 to 55

percent slopes ..................................... 141
8

123—Shiva fine sandy loam, 0 to 12

percent slopes ..................................... 142

124—Shiva fine sandy loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes ..................................... 143

125—Shiva fine sandy loam, 30 to 55

percent slopes ..................................... 144

126—Simas-Antoken complex, 2 to 30

percent slopes ..................................... 144

127—Simas-Ruckles-Antoken complex, 2

to 40 percent slopes ............................ 145

128—Simnasho very cobbly sandy

loam, 12 to 40 percent slopes.............. 146

129—Skooker gravelly loam, 8 to 20

percent slopes ..................................... 147

130—Skooker-Tolius complex, 0 to 8

percent slopes ..................................... 148

131—Skoven-Lavey complex, 2 to 15

percent slopes ..................................... 149

132—Smiling-Simnasho complex, 0 to 12

percent slopes ..................................... 150

133—Smiling-Simnasho complex, high

precipitation, 0 to 12 percent slopes .... 151

134—Sorf very gravelly loam, 30 to 55

percent slopes ..................................... 152

135—Sorf-Simas complex, 2 to 30

percent slopes ..................................... 153

136—Spilyay-Bodell complex, 2 to 30

percent slopes ..................................... 154

137—Suppah very gravelly sandy loam, 12

to 30 percent slopes ............................ 155

138—Suppah-Ruclick complex, 12 to 30

percent slopes ..................................... 156

139—Teewee loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes.... 156

140—Teewee-Bodell-Logsprings

complex, 0 to 8 percent slopes ............ 157

141—Tenwalter-Kahneeta complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes ..................................... 159

142—Tenwalter-Milldam complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes ..................................... 160

143—Tolius loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes....... 160

144—Typic Vitricryands, 2 to 70 percent

slopes .................................................. 161

145—Venator-Rock outcrop complex, 2

to 30 percent slopes ............................ 162

146—Vitrandic Haploxerolls, 0 to 8

percent slopes ..................................... 162

147—Wakamo-Rock outcrop complex, 2

to 30 percent slopes ............................ 163

148—Walsey-Axford complex, 30 to 55

percent slopes ..................................... 164

149—Wapinitia silt loam, 0 to 8 percent

slopes .................................................. 165

150—Watama-Rockly complex, 0 to 8

percent slopes ..................................... 166

151—Watama-Rockly complex,

leveled, 0 to 3 percent slopes .............. 167

152—Watama-Rockly complex,

gravelly, 0 to 8 percent slopes ............. 168

153—Watama-Rockly-Prill complex, 2

to 30 percent slopes ............................ 169

154—Waterbury-Kishwalk complex, 2

to 30 percent slopes ............................ 170

155—Waterbury-Rock outcrop

complex, 55 to 80 percent slopes ........ 171

156—Willowdale loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .................................................. 171

157—Xerofluvents, 0 to 3 percent slopes ..... 172

158—Yawkola-Jorn-Rock outcrop

complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes .......... 173

159—Yawkola-Rock outcrop complex, 30

to 55 percent slopes ............................ 174

Prime Farmland .................................................. 177

Use and Management of the Soils .................... 179

Crops and Pasture ........................................... 179

Yields per Acre............................................. 181

Land Capability Classification ...................... 181

Rangeland and Grazeable Forest Land ............ 182

Grazing Allotments ....................................... 182

Grazing Districts .......................................... 182

Grazing Management................................... 183

Management Concerns................................ 183

Forage Resources ....................................... 184

Forage Production........................................ 184

Special Provisions for Listing Range Sites ... 185

General Vegetation Zones ............................ 186

Forest Land Management and Productivity ...... 186

Sheet and Rill Erosion.................................. 187

Cut and Fill Erosion ...................................... 187
9

Equipment Operability .................................. 187

Soil Compaction ........................................... 188

Soil Displacement ........................................ 188

Seedling Mortality ........................................ 188

Windthrow .................................................... 189

Plant Competition ......................................... 189

Fire Damage ................................................ 189

Recreation ........................................................ 190

Wildlife Habitat ................................................. 190

Native Food Plants ........................................... 192

Engineering ...................................................... 193

Building Site Development ........................... 194

Sanitary Facilities ......................................... 194

Construction Materials ................................. 195

Water Management...................................... 196

Soil Properties .................................................... 199

Engineering Index Properties ........................... 199

Physical and Chemical Properties .................... 200

Soil and Water Features ................................... 201

Classification of the Soils .................................. 203

Taxonomic Units and Their Morphology ........... 203

Allingham Series .......................................... 203

Antoken Series............................................. 204

Aridic Haploxerolls ....................................... 205

Axford Series ............................................... 206

Bakeoven Series .......................................... 207

Belrick Series ............................................... 207

Bluesters Series ........................................... 208

Boardflower Series ....................................... 209

Bodell Series ................................................ 209

Booten Series .............................................. 210

Dahl Series .................................................. 211

Day Series ................................................... 211

Douthit Series .............................................. 212

Drybed Series .............................................. 213

Dryhollow Series .......................................... 213

Eaglespring Series ....................................... 214

Evick Series ................................................. 215

Fawnspring Series ....................................... 215

Grenet Series............................................... 216

Happus Series ............................................. 216

Hehe Series ................................................. 217

Howash Series ............................................. 218

Jojo Series ................................................... 219

Jorn Series .................................................. 219

Kahneeta Series .......................................... 220

Kaskela Series ............................................. 221

Kishwalk Series............................................ 222

Kuckup Series .............................................. 222

Kusu Series ................................................. 223

Kutcher Series ............................................. 224

Lavey Series ................................................ 224

Lickskillet Series .......................................... 225

Littlefawn Series ........................................... 226

Logsprings Series ........................................ 226

Mackatie Series ........................................... 227

Madras Series .............................................. 228

Mariel Series ................................................ 229

Maupin Series .............................................. 229

Milldam Series ............................................. 230

Millerflat Series ............................................ 231

Mowako Series ............................................ 231

Mutton Series ............................................... 232

Olallie Series ................................................ 233

Oldsferry Series ........................................... 234

Peahke Series .............................................. 234

Pelton Series ................................................ 235

Pinhead Series............................................. 235

Pipp Series .................................................. 236

Piumpsha Series .......................................... 237

Prill Series.................................................... 238

Racing Series .............................................. 238

Rockly Series ............................................... 239

Ruckles Series ............................................. 240

Ruclick Series .............................................. 240

Sagley Series ............................................... 241

Shiva Series ................................................. 242

Simas Series ................................................ 242

Simnasho Series .......................................... 243

Skooker Series............................................. 244

Skoven Series .............................................. 245

Smiling Series .............................................. 245

Sorf Series ................................................... 246

Spilyay Series .............................................. 247

Suppah Series ............................................. 247

Teewee Series ............................................. 248

Tenwalter Series .......................................... 249

Tolius Series ................................................ 250

Typic Vitricryands ......................................... 250

Venator Series ............................................. 251
10

Issued 1998

Vitrandic Haploxerolls................................... 251

Wakamo Series............................................ 252

Walsey Series .............................................. 253

Watama Series ............................................ 253

Waterbury Series ......................................... 254

Willowdale Series ......................................... 255

Xerofluvents ................................................. 255

Yawkola Series ............................................. 256

Formation of the Soils ........................................ 259

Climate ............................................................. 259

Living Organisms ............................................. 260

Geomorphic Surfaces and Soil

Development .............................................. 260

References .......................................................... 265

Glossary .............................................................. 267

Tables .................................................................. 277

Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ........... 278

Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and

Fall ............................................................. 281

Table 3.—Growing Season ................................ 283

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate

Extent of the Soils ...................................... 284

Table 5.—Land Capability Classes and

Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture ........ 291

Table 6.—Rangeland and Grazeable

Forest Land Productivity and

Characteristic Plant Communities .............. 300

Table 7.—Forest Land Productivity ................... 319

Table 8.—Forest Land Management .................. 331

Table 9.—Recreational Development................. 338

Table 10.—Building Site Development .............. 357

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities ............................ 374

Table 12.—Construction Materials ..................... 391

Table 13.—Water Management ......................... 410

Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties .......... 426

Table 15.—Physical and Chemical

Properties of the Soils ................................ 471

Table 16.—Water Features ................................ 488

Table 17.—Soil Features ................................... 497

Table 18.—Classification of the Soils ................ 506
11

Foreword

This soil survey contains information that can be used in land-planning programs

on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation. It contains predictions of soil behavior for

selected land uses. The survey also highlights limitations and hazards inherent in the

soil, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land

uses on the environment.

This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, ranchers, foresters,

and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management

needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials,

engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use,

select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper

performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation,

wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help

them understand, protect, and enhance the environment.

Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils

are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too

unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are

poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil

poorly suited to basements or underground installations.

These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil

survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each

soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described.

Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and

additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

Bob Graham

State Conservationist

Natural Resources Conservation Service
12

Location of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in Oregon.

SALEM

BEND

PORTLAND PENDLETON
13

Soil Survey of

Warm Springs Indian

Reservation, Oregon

By Gerald D. Macdonald, Natural Resources Conservation Service

Fieldwork by Gerald D. Macdonald and Todd M. Peplin, Natural Resources Conservation

Service

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service

In cooperation with

Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation; United States Department of the

Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs; and Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station

WARM SPRINGS INDIAN RESERVATION is in

the north-central part of Oregon. It has a total area of

about 1,000 square miles, or 650,812 acres. Warm

Springs, the seat of government, is in the east-central

part of the survey area, along Tenino Creek. The

population of the survey area in 1990 was about

3,200.

The eastern one-third of the survey area is steep,

dissected canyons with terraces along major streams.

The central one-third is nearly level mesas and

outwash plains. The western one-third is mountains

with broad, rolling tops and precipitous side slopes

along major streams. The survey area is drained by

the Warm Springs River, Shitike Creek, Seekseequa

Creek, Tenino Creek, and their tributaries.

Timber is the main economic enterprise in the

survey area. The climate and soils are favorable for

production of ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, western

hemlock, and other conifers. Also important to the

economy are tourism and agriculture, including the

Kah-Nee-Ta Resort and livestock and hay production.

Soil scientists have determined that there are

about 74 different named soils in the survey area.

Each series may include various slopes, textures,

aspects, and other features. The soils are coarse

sand to clay, very shallow to very deep, 0 to 60

percent rock fragments, and nearly level to very steep.

An older survey was published by Weyerhaeuser

Company in 1981. This earlier survey covers part of

the present survey. The present survey, however,

updates the earlier survey and provides additional

interpretive information and maps that show soils in

greater detail.

This survey area is adjacent to the Wasco County,

Oregon, Northern Part (22), and Trout Creek-Shaniko

Area, Oregon (21), soil survey areas. Descriptions,

names, and delineations of soils in this survey do not

fully agree with those on soil maps for adjacent survey

areas. Differences are the result of better knowledge

of soils, modifications in series concepts, intensity of

mapping, or the extent of soils within the survey.

General Nature of the Survey Area

This section provides general information about

the survey area. It briefly discusses history and

development; physiography, relief, and drainage; and

climate.

History and Development

The Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs

Reservation consists of the Wasco, Warm Springs,

and Paiute Indians. Long before Europeans colonized

North America, the forebears of the Confederated

Tribes had developed their societies along the

Columbia River and the Cascade Mountains.

Although the tribes have much in common, the

history and heritage of each tribe is unique. The

Wasco Bands along the middle part of the Columbia

River were the easternmost group of Chinook-
14 Soil Survey

speaking Indians. Their closest upriver neighbors, the

Warm Springs Bands who lived along the Columbia

River and its tributaries, spoke Sahaptin. The Paiute

Bands, who lived mainly in southeastern Oregon, were

nomadic and often traveled into central Oregon. Over

the centuries, the Warm Springs and Wasco Bands

developed an extensive economic network along the

Columbia River. This network depended on the river

and its resources, particularly the salmon. The Paiute

Indians, who occupied a vast territory southeast of the

Columbia River, subsisted largely by hunting and

gathering plants for food.

The Wasco Indians were principally fishermen

and traders, and they frequently came in contact with

other Indians throughout the region. They obtained

surplus game food from neighboring Sahaptin Bands,

roots and trade shells from the Clackamas Bands to

the west, and furs, clothing, and horses from more

distant eastern Indians, such as the Nez Perce Bands.

In exchange, the Wasco Indians traded root bread,

beargrass for making baskets, and dried salmon meal

that could be stored for long periods in fish skin

pouches.

While the Wasco Indians remained at their

villages along the Columbia River throughout the year,

the Warm Springs Bands moved between winter and

summer villages. Because the Warm Springs Indians

depended more on game, roots, and berries for

subsistence, they needed a larger territory than did the

Wasco Indians. Salmon was also an important staple

for the Warm Springs Bands. Both the Wasco and

Warm Springs Indians built scaffolding over the falls in

rivers and used long-handled dip nets to harvest

salmon and other migrating fish.

The lifestyle of the Paiute Indians was

considerably different. Fish was not so important to

these Indians as it was to the tribes nearer the

Columbia River. The Paiute Bands that eventually

settled at Warm Springs had lived in the high plateaus

of Lake, Harney, and Malheur Counties in Oregon.

They had to migrate widely and frequently for the

plants and game needed for sustenance.

After Lewis and Clark entered the Columbia Basin

in 1805, most of the contact between the tribes and

non-Indians involved fur trading. In 1821, the

Hudson’s Bay Company built Fort Vancouver

downriver from the Wasco and Warm Springs Tribes.

In 1838 the Methodists established a mission at The

Dalles, Oregon.

The office of the Superintendent of Indian Affairs,

Oregon Territory, was established in 1848. A few

years later, on June 25, 1855, the United States

government signed a treaty with the Wasco and Warm

Springs Tribes that established the Warm Springs

Indian Reservation. The Paiute Indians joined them on

the reservation 24 years later.

In 1938 the United States Congress passed the

Indian Reorganization Act that provided opportunities

for all Indians to elect a form of tribal government and

to establish a federally charted corporation. The

Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation

accepted a constitutional form of home rule, retaining

the Bureau of Indian Affairs in only an advisory

capacity. Leadership and management of tribal affairs

became the responsibility of the Tribal Council, which

is made up of eight elected members and three

hereditary chiefs.

Although timber on the reservation had been cut

for local use for decades, the Confederated Tribes

made no commercial use of it until 1942. That year

the Bureau of Indian Affairs approved a 20-year

contract to cut 500 million board-feet of timber. With

the proceeds of that contract, the Confederated Tribes

distributed its first dividends to tribal members. In

1967 the Tribes began a major enterprise by

purchasing a sawmill and plywood plant. During the

1970’s and 1980’s, the sawmill relied on large oldgrowth pine trees for production. By the end of the

1980’s, the majority of old-growth pine had been

liquidated. A new high-technology sawmill was

opened in 1990 to accommodate smaller logs.

In 1972 Kah-Nee-Ta Lodge, a convention center,

was opened near the resort village at the hot springs,

which added to the job-producing enterprises of the

tribes. Other business ventures of the Warm Springs

Indian Reservation are the Warm Springs Power

Enterprise, which was developed in 1981, and the

Warm Springs Apparel Industries, which designs and

markets Native American clothing.

Future economic growth on the Warm Springs

Indian Reservation will depend on the proper

management of timber to sustain annual harvest and

development of other industries, such as agriculture

and tourism.

Physiography, Relief, and Drainage

The survey area is within four major land resource

areas, including the Columbia Plateau, Upper Snake

River Lava Plains and Hills, Cascade Mountains

(Eastern Slopes), and Cascade Mountains (Western

Slopes).

The soils of the Columbia Plateau area are on

gently sloping mesas and ridgetops and very steep

canyonsides. This area is characterized by basalt

flows with an accumulation of loess in some areas.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 15

Elevation ranges from 1,200 feet along the northern

boundary of the survey area to 3,600 feet adjacent to

the Mutton Mountains.

The soils of the Upper Snake River Lava Plains

and Hills area are on nearly level terraces and mesas

and on gently sloping foothills to very steep

canyonsides. This area is characterized by very

resistant andesite and basalt, breccia, tuff, and

tuffaceous siltstone northeast of the community of

Warm Springs to waterlain, pumice-rich pyroclastic

rock with some interbedded basalt and andesite south

of Warm Springs. On the western edge of this area,

widespread flows of olivine basalt cap older material.

Accumulations of loess are in some areas. Elevation

ranges from 1,000 feet along the Deschutes River to

4,500 feet at the summit of the Mutton Mountains.

The soils of the Cascade Mountains (Eastern

Slopes) area are on nearly level to gently sloping foot

slopes and outwash plains at the base of the Cascade

Mountains. This area is characterized by widespread

flows of basalt and andesite overlain by glacial

outwash in some areas. The entire area has varying

amounts of volcanic ash on the surface from past

volcanic activity in the Cascade Mountains. Elevation

ranges from 2,600 feet on Millcreek Flat to about

5,000 feet at the summit of Shitike and North Buttes.

The soils of the Cascade Mountains (Western

Slopes) area are on gently rolling, broad ridgetops to

very steep side slopes along drainagways. This area

is characterized by widespread flows of andesite. The

entire area is covered by deep layers of volcanic ash

from past volcanic activity in the Cascade Mountains.

Elevation ranges from about 2,600 feet along Beaver

Creek to 10,497 feet on Mt. Jefferson. Other

prominent peaks are Olallie Butte (elevation 7,216

feet) and Mt. Wilson (elevation 5,599 feet).

The northern part of the survey area is drained by

Beaver Creek and the Warm Springs River, the central

part by Badger, Mill, and Boulder Creeks, and the

southern part by Shitike and Seekseequa Creeks and

the Whitewater River. All of the watersheds generally

trend from west to east and eventually drain into the

Deschutes River.

Climate

Prepared by the Natural Resources Conservation Service,

Water and Climate Center, Portland, Oregon.

The climate tables were created from data

collected at the Government Camp, Madras, and

Pelton Dam, Oregon, climate stations.

Thunderstorm days, relative humidity, percent

sunshine, and wind data were estimated from first

order stations at Pendleton, Oregon, and Yakima,

Washington. There is no comparable first order station

for Government Camp.

Table 1 gives data on temperature and

precipitation for the survey area as recorded at

Government Camp, Madras, and Pelton Dam in the

period 1961 to 1990. Daily extremes were extracted

from the full period of record for each station. Table 2

shows probable dates of the first freeze in fall and the

last freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on the

length of the growing season.

In winter, the average temperature at Government

Camp, Madras, and Pelton Dam is 30.7, 34.7, and

37.1 degrees F, respectively, and the average daily

minimum temperature is 24.6, 24.5, and 27.0 degrees,

respectively. The lowest temperature on record at

Government Camp, which occurred on December 17,

1964, is -14 degrees; the lowest temperature on

record at Madras, which occurred on January 21,

1930, is -40 degrees; and the lowest temperature on

record at Pelton Dam, which occurred on December 8,

1972, is -15 degrees.

 In summer, the average temperature at

Government Camp, Madras, and Pelton Dam is

54.8, 64.7, and 69.5 degrees, respectively, and the

average daily maximum temperature is 65.3, 84.3,

and 89.6 degrees, respectively. The highest

temperature on record at Government Camp,

which occurred on August 18, 1977, is 105 degrees;

the highest temperature on record at Madras,

which occurred on July 25, 1928, is 112 degrees;

and the highest temperature on record at Pelton

Dam, which occurred on July 21, 1994, is 114

degrees.

Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They

are equivalent to “heat units.” During the month,

growing degree days accumulate by the amount that

the average temperature each day exceeds a base

temperature (40 degrees F). The normal monthly

accumulation is used to schedule single or successive

plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring

and the first freeze in fall.

The total annual precipitation is about 86.74

inches at Government Camp, 10.61 inches at Madras,

and 10.10 inches at Pelton Dam. Of the total at

Government Camp, about 10.29 inches, or 12 percent,

usually falls in June through September. Of the total at

Madras, about 2.3 inches, or 22 percent, falls during

this same period. Of the total at Pelton Dam, about

2.46 inches, or 24 percent, falls in May through

September. The growing season for most crops falls

within these periods. The heaviest 1-day rainfall

during the period of record at each station was 5.69

inches at Government Camp on November 1, 1994;
16 Soil Survey

2.14 inches at Madras on June 9, 1969; and 2 inches

at Pelton Dam on December 23, 1964.

Thunderstorms occur on about 10 days each year,

and most occur in June.

The average seasonal snowfall is 286 inches at

Government Camp, 11.4 inches at Madras, and 4.3

inches at Pelton Dam. The greatest snow depth at any

one time during the period of record at each station

was 180 inches recorded on March 10, 1956, at

Government Camp; 14 inches recorded on January

28, 1969, at Madras; and 18 inches recorded on

February 13, 1986, at Pelton Dam. On average, at

least 1 inch of snow is on the ground 166 days per

year at Government Camp, 15 days per year at

Madras, and 2 days per year at Pelton Dam. The

heaviest 1-day snowfall on record at each station was

35 inches recorded on January 9, 1980, at

Government Camp; 13 inches recorded on November

5, 1973, at Madras; and 8 inches recorded on

November 22, 1977, at Pelton Dam.

At Madras and Pelton Dam, the average relative

humidity in midafternoon is about 44 percent.

Humidity is higher at night, and the average at dawn is

about 77 percent. The sun shines 80 percent of the

time in summer and 30 percent in winter. The

prevailing wind is from the west. Average windspeed

is highest, 10 miles per hour, in April.

How This Survey Was Made

This survey was made to provide information

about the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey

area. The information includes a description of the

soils and miscellaneous areas and their location and a

discussion of their suitability, limitations, and

management for specified uses. Soil scientists

observed the steepness, length, and shape of the

slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of

crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock.

They dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is

the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil.

The profile extends from the surface down into the

unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. The

unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other

living organisms and has not been changed by other

biologic activity.

The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey

area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the

geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural

vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and

miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind

or segment of the landscape. By observing the soils

and miscellaneous areas in the survey area and

relating their position to specific segments of the

landscape, a soil scientist develops a concept or

model of how they were formed. Thus, during

mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to

predict with considerable accuracy the kind of soil or

miscellaneous area at a specific location on the

landscape.

Individual soils on the landscape commonly

merge gradually onto one another as their

characteristics gradually change. To construct an

accurate map, however, soil scientists must determine

the boundaries between the soils. They can observe

only a limited number of soil profiles. Nevertheless,

these observations, supplemented by an nderstanding

of the soil-vegetation-landscape relationship, are

sufficient to verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an

area and to determine the boundaries.

Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the

soil profiles they studied. They noted color, texture,

size, and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of

rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction,

and other features that enable them to identify soils.

After describing the soils in the survey area and

determining their properties, the soil scientists

assigned the soils to taxonomic classes (units).

Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each taxonomic

class has a set of soil characteristics with precisely

defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for

comparison to classify soils systematically. Soil

Taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification

used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind

and character of soil properties and the arrangement

of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists

classified and named the soils in the survey area, they

compared the individual soils with similar soils in the

same taxonomic class in other areas so that they

could confirm data and assemble additional data

based on experience and

 research.

While the soil survey was in progress, samples of

some of the soils in the area were collected for

laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil

scientists interpreted the data from these analyses

and tests as well as the field-observed characteristics

and the soil properties to determine the expected

behavior of the soils under different uses.

Interpretations for all of the soils were field tested

through observation of the soils in different uses and

under different levels of management. Some

interpretations were modified to fit local conditions,

and some new interpretations were developed to meet

local needs. Data were assembled from other

sources, such as research information, production
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 17

records, and field experience of specialists. For

example, data on crop yields under defined levels of

management were assembled from farm records on

the same kinds of soil.

Predictions about soil behavior are based not

only on soil properties but also on such variables as

climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are

predictable over long periods of time, but they are

not predictable from year to year. For example, soil

scientists can state with a fairly high degree of

probability that a given soil will have a high water

 table within certain depths in most years, but

they cannot predict that a high water table will

always be at a specific level in the soil on a specific

date.

After soil scientists located and identified the

significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area,

they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial

photographs and identified each as a specific map

unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields,

roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating

boundaries accurately.

19

The general soil map at the back of this publication shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern

of soils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the

general soil map is a unique natural landscape.

Typically, a map unit consists of one or more major

soils or miscellaneous areas and some minor soils or

miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils or

miscellaneous areas. The soils or miscellaneous

areas making up one unit can occur in other units but

in a different pattern.

The general soil map can be used to compare the

suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas

of suitable soils or miscellaneous areas can be

identified on the map. Likewise, areas that are not

suitable can be identified.

Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable

for planning the management of a farm or field or for

selecting a site for a road or building or other structure.

The soils in any one map unit differ from place to place

in slope, depth, drainage, and other characteristics

that affect management.

The general map units in this survey have been

grouped into general kinds of landscape for broad

interpretive purposes. Each of the broad groups and

the map units in each group are described in the

following pages.

Map Unit Descriptions

Warm, Dry Soils on Terraces and Low

Foothills

This group consists of one map unit. It makes up

about 2 percent of the survey area.

1. Lavey-Drybed-Madras

Moderately deep and very deep, well drained gravelly

silt loam, silt loam, and loam that formed in alluvium

and loess over colluvium derived from sedimentary

rock and tuff

This map unit is on terraces and gently sloping

foothills adjacent to the Deschutes and Warm Springs

Rivers and the Dry, Shitike, and Tenino Creeks (fig. 1).

The native vegetation in areas not cultivated is mainly

basin big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, basin

wildrye, and Sandberg bluegrass. Elevation ranges

from 1,200 to 2,400 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 15

percent. The mean annual precipitation is 9 to 12

inches, the mean annual air temperature is 50 to 52

degrees F, and the frost-free period is 110 to 160

days.

Figure 1.—Area of general soil map unit 1; community of

Warm Springs in center.

This map unit makes up about 2 percent of the

survey area. It is about 34 percent Lavey soils, 20

percent Drybed soils, and 19 percent Madras soils.

The rest is soils of minor extent.

Lavey soils are moderately deep and well drained.

The surface layer is dark brown gravelly silt loam. The

subsoil is dark grayish brown clay and silty clay loam

over tuff. These soils are on gently sloping, low

foothills.

General Soil Map Units
20 Soil Survey

Drybed soils are very deep and well drained. The

surface layer is very dark brown silt loam. The subsoil

is very dark grayish brown silty clay loam. The substratum is brown and dark yellowish brown sandy clay

loam. These soils are on stream terraces.

Madras soils are moderately deep and well

drained. The surface layer is very dark grayish brown

loam. The subsoil is dark brown and dark yellowish

brown clay loam over tuff. These soils are on gently

sloping, low foothills.Of minor extent in this unit are

shallow Skoven soils and very deep Pelton and

Willowdale soils. Skoven soils are on foothills, and

Pelton and Willowdale soils are on flood plains adjacent to major rivers and their tributaries.

The soils in this unit are used mainly for irrigated

hay and pasture, livestock grazing, and homesite

development. This unit is limited by low rainfall and the

hazard of soil compaction. The Lavey soils are limited

by slow permeability of the subsoil and a high content

of clay, which results in shrinking and swelling.

Warm, Dry Soils on High Foothills, in

Canyons, and on Mesas

This group consists of three map units. It makes

up about 14 percent of the survey area.

2. Simas-Ruckles-Antoken

Shallow and very deep, well drained silt loam, very

cobbly loam, and extremely cobbly silt loam that

formed in residuum and colluvium derived from

igneous and sedimentary rock

This map unit is on foothills and in canyons on the

eastern side of the survey area. The native vegetation

is mainly Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Sandberg bluegrass. Elevation ranges

from 1,200 to 2,800 feet. Slopes range from 2 to 80

percent. The mean annual precipitation is 9 to 12

inches, the mean annual air temperature is 50 to 52

degrees F, and the frost-free period is 110 to 160

days.

This map unit makes up about 9 percent of the

survey area. It is about 21 percent Simas soils, 18

percent Ruckles soils, and 13 percent Antoken soils.

The rest is soils of minor extent.

Simas soils are very deep and well drained. The

surface layer is very dark brown silt loam. The upper

part of the subsoil is dark brown clay, and the lower

part is yellowish brown gravelly clay loam. These soils

are on side slopes of foothills.

Ruckles soils are shallow and well drained. The

surface layer is very dark brown very cobbly loam.

The subsoil is very dark brown and dark brown very

gravelly clay and extremely gravelly clay loam over tuff.

These soils are on south-facing canyonsides.

Antoken soils are very deep and well drained.

The surface layer is very dark grayish brown extremely

cobbly silt loam. The upper part of the subsoil is dark

brown and brown very cobbly clay and silty clay, and

the lower part is brown and light brown extremely

cobbly loam and extremely stony sandy loam. These

soils are on north-facing foot slopes of canyons.

Of minor extent in this unit are deep Axford soils

on north-facing canyonsides, very deep Day soils on

side slopes of foothills, shallow Lickskillet soils on

south-facing canyonsides, moderately deep Ruclick

soils on south-facing canyonsides, moderately deep

Sorf soils on south-facing side slopes of foothills, and

moderately deep Walsey soils on north-facing

canyonsides.

The soils in this unit are used mainly for livestock

grazing and wildlife habitat. This unit is limited by low

rainfall, depth to bedrock in the Ruckles soils, the

hazard of soil compaction, slow permeability of the

subsoil, high content of clay, and steepness of slope.

The Antoken and Ruckles soils also are limited by a

high content of rock fragments.

3. Bakeoven

Very shallow, well drained very cobbly loam that

formed in residuum and colluvium derived from

igneous rock

This map unit is on mesas on the eastern side of

the survey area. The native vegetation is mainly

bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Wyoming

big sagebrush, and buckwheat. Elevation ranges from

2,000 to 3,200 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is 9 to 12 inches,

the mean annual air temperature is 50 to 52 degrees

F, and the frost-free period is 110 to 160 days.

This map unit makes up about 3 percent of the

survey area. It is about 64 percent Bakeoven soils.

The rest is soils of minor extent.

Bakeoven soils are very shallow and well drained.

The surface layer is very dark brown very cobbly loam.

The subsoil is dark brown extremely cobbly clay loam

over basalt. These soils are on scablands of mesas.

 Of minor extent in this unit are shallow Lickskillet

soils on canyonsides, moderately deep Maupin soils

on mounds of mesas, and shallow Skoven soils on

scablands of mesas.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 21

The soils in this unit are used mainly for livestock

grazing and wildlife habitat. This unit is limited by low

rainfall, depth to bedrock, and a high content of rock

fragments.

4. Dryhollow

Very deep, well drained loam that formed in residuum

and colluvium derived from tephra

This map unit is in canyons adjacent to Dry

Hollow and Seekseequa Creeks. The native vegetation is Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Sandberg bluegrass. Elevation is 1,600 to

2,600 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 55 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is 9 to 12 inches, the mean

annual air temperature is 50 to 52 degrees F, and the

frost-free period is 110 to 160 days.

This map unit makes up about 2 percent of the

survey area. It is about 78 percent Dryhollow soils.

The rest is soils of minor extent.

Dryhollow soils are very deep and well drained.

The surface layer is very dark brown loam. The

subsoil is very dark grayish brown and dark brown

loam and cobbly sandy loam. The substratum is

brown gravelly and very gravelly loam. These soils

are on convex ridgetops and north-facing

canyonsides.

Of minor extent in this unit are moderately deep

Suppah and Ruclick soils on south-facing foot slopes

of canyons.

The soils in this unit are used mainly for livestock

grazing and wildlife habitat. This unit is limited by low

rainfall, the hazard of soil compaction, and steepness

of slope.

Warm, Moist Soils in Canyons and on

Mesas

This group consists of three map units. It makes

up about 15 percent of the survey area.

5. Kishwalk-Waterbury

Moderately deep and shallow, well drained very stony

loam and extremely stony loam that formed in

colluvium derived from igneous rock

This map unit is in canyons on the eastern side of

the survey area (fig. 2). The native vegetation is

mainly bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, and

antelope bitterbrush. Elevation is 1,800 to 3,000 feet.

Slopes range from 2 to 80 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is 12 to 14 inches, the mean annual air

temperature is 48 to 50 degrees F, and the frost-free

period is 100 to 140 days.

This map unit makes up about 3 percent of the

survey area. It is about 40 percent Kishwalk soils and

37 percent Waterbury soils. The rest is soils of minor

extent.

Kishwalk soils are moderately deep and well

drained. The surface layer is very dark brown very

stony loam. The upper part of the subsoil is very dark

grayish brown and dark brown very stony and extremely stony clay loam, and the lower part is brown

extremely stony clay over basalt. These soils are on

canyonsides.

Waterbury soils are shallow and well drained. The

surface layer is very dark brown extremely stony loam

over very stony clay loam. The subsoil is very dark

grayish brown and dark brown extremely stony clay

over basalt. These soils are on south-facing

canyonsides.

Of minor extent in this unit are deep Kaskela soils

on foot slopes of canyons and deep Sagley soils on

north-facing canyonsides.

The soils in this unit are used mainly for livestock

grazing and wildlife habitat. This unit is limited by the

hazard of soil compaction, slow permeability of the

subsoil, steepness of slope, and a high content of rock

fragments. The Waterbury soils also are limited by the

depth to bedrock.

gFueir

Figure 2.—Area of general soil map unit 5 on canyonsides

along the Warm Springs River in foreground; area of

general soil map unit 6 on nearly level mesas in background.
22 Soil Survey

6. Watama-Rockly

Moderately deep and very shallow, well drained silt

loam and very stony silt loam that formed in colluvium

derived from igneous rock

This map unit is on mesas on the eastern side of

the survey area (see fig. 2, previous page). The native

vegetation is mainly bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg

bluegrass, Idaho fescue, buckwheat, and antelope

bitterbrush. Elevation is 2,400 to 3,400 feet. Slopes

range from 0 to 30 percent. The mean annual precipitation is 12 to 16 inches, the mean annual air temperature is 48 to 50 degrees F, and the frost-free period is

100 to 140 days.

This map unit makes up about 9 percent of the

survey area. It is about 52 percent Watama soils and

37 percent Rockly soils. The rest is soils of minor

extent.Watama soils are moderately deep and well

drained. The surface layer is very dark grayish brown

silt loam. The subsoil is dark brown and dark yellowish brown silty clay loam over basalt. These soils are

on mounds of mesas.

Rockly soils are very shallow and well drained.

The surface layer is very dark grayish brown very

stony silt loam. The subsoil is dark brown very cobbly

silt loam and extremely cobbly silty clay loam over

basalt. These soils are on scablands of mesas.

Of minor extent in this unit are deep Wapinitia

soils on mounds of mesas and moderately deep Prill

soils in areas where the mesas meet the foothills of

the Mutton Mountains.

The soils in this unit are used mainly for livestock

grazing and wildlife habitat. This unit is limited by the

hazard of compaction of the Watama soils and by the

depth to bedrock and high content of rock fragments in

the Rockly soils.

7. Booten-Shiva

Very deep, well drained loam and fine sandy loam that

formed in residuum and colluvium derived from tephra

This map unit is in canyons adjacent to Tenino,

Dry Hollow, and Seekseequa Creeks. The native

vegetation is mainly Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, antelope bitterbrush, arrowleaf balsamroot,

lupine, and ponderosa pine. Elevation is 2,200 to

3,000 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 65 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is 12 to 20 inches, the mean

annual air temperature is 47 to 50 degrees F, and the

frost-free period is 90 to 140 days.

This map unit makes up about 3 percent of the

survey area. It is about 61 percent Booten soils and

21 percent Shiva soils. The rest is soils of minor

extent.

Booten soils are very deep and well drained. The

surface layer is very dark grayish brown loam. The

subsoil is dark grayish brown and dark brown loam,

gravelly loam, and gravelly clay loam. The substratum

is brown extremely gravelly sandy loam. These soils

are on benches and north-facing canyonsides.

Shiva soils are very deep and well drained. The

surface layer is very dark brown fine sandy loam. The

subsoil is dark brown fine sandy loam and gravelly fine

sandy loam. The substratum is brown very gravelly

fine sandy loam. These soils are on benches and

north-facing canyonsides.

Of minor extent in this unit are shallow Evick soils

on south-facing canyonsides, moderately deep

Happus soils on south-facing foot slopes of canyons,

and very deep Spilyay soils on south-facing foot

slopes of canyons.

The soils in this unit are used mainly for livestock

grazing, timber production, and wildlife habitat. This

unit is limited by the hazard of soil compaction and

steepness of slope.

Warm, Moist Soils on Outwash Plains

This group consists of one map unit. It makes up

about 4 percent of the survey area.

8. Tenwalter-Milldam-Tolius

Shallow, moderately deep, and very deep, well drained

very cobbly silt loam, silt loam, and loam that formed

in glacial outwash

This map unit is on glacial outwash plains on the

western side of Mill Creek and Miller Flats (see fig. 3,

next page). The native vegetation is mainly Idaho

fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass,

buckwheat, antelope bitterbrush, arrowleaf

balsamroot, lupine, and ponderosa pine. Elevation is

2,600 to 3,000 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is 12 to 20 inches, the

mean annual air temperature is 47 to 50 degrees F,

and the frost-free period is 90 to 140 days.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 23

Figure 3.—Area of general soil map unit 8. The nonforested

area in foreground is Tenwalter-Milldam complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes, and the forested area in background is

Skooker-Tolius complex, 0 to 8 percent slopes.

This map unit makes up about 4 percent of the

survey area. It is about 33 percent Tenwalter soils, 24

percent Milldam soils and 19 percent Tolius soils. The

rest is soils of minor extent.

Tenwalter soils are shallow to a duripan and well

drained. The surface layer is very dark grayish brown

very cobbly silt loam. The subsoil is dark brown

extremely cobbly clay over a duripan. These soil are

on scablands of outwash plains.

Milldam soils are moderately deep to a duripan

and well drained. The surface layer is very dark brown

silt loam. The subsoil is dark brown silty clay loam and

brown cobbly clay over a duripan. These soils are on

mounds of outwash plains.

 Tolius soils are very deep and well drained. The

surface layer is very dark brown loam. The subsoil is

dark brown sandy clay loam and sandy loam. The

substratum is brown loam. These soils are on level to

concave benches of outwash plains.

Of minor extent in this unit are moderately deep,

somewhat poorly drained Kahneeta soils in depressional areas of outwash plains; very deep, poorly

drained Olallie soils in drainageways; and deep

Skooker soils in forested areas of outwash plains.

The soils in this unit are used mainly for livestock

grazing, timber production, and wildlife habitat. This

unit is limited by the hazard of soil compaction and by

the depth to a duripan and high content of rock

fragments in the Tenwalter soils.

Warm, Moist Soils on Foothills and

Mountains

This group consists of three map units. It makes

up about 21 percent of the survey area.

9. Prill-Kaskela-Logsprings

Moderately deep to very deep, well drained and

moderately well drained gravelly silty clay loam, clay,

and loam that formed in residuum and colluvium

derived from tuff and sedimentary rock

This map unit is on the Mutton Mountains and

Laughlin Hills (fig. 4). The native vegetation is mainly

bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, western juniper,

antelope bitterbrush, common snowberry, Oregon

white oak, ponderosa pine, and Douglas fir. Elevation

is 2,600 to 4,200 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 55

percent. The mean annual precipitation is 12 to 20

inches, the mean annual air temperature is 45 to 50

degrees F, and the frost-free period is 90 to 140 days.

Figure 4.—Area of general soil map unit 9. The nonforested

areas are Prill-Kaskela complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes,

and the forested areas are Littlefawn-Fawnspring

complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes. Mutton Mountains are in

background.

This map unit makes up about 7 percent of the

survey area. It is about 21 percent Prill soils, 13

percent Kaskela soils, and 9 percent Logsprings soils.

The rest is soils of minor extent.
24 Soil Survey

Prill soils are moderately deep and well drained.

The surface layer is black gravelly silty clay loam. The

subsoil is very dark grayish brown and dark brown

gravelly clay and extremely cobbly silty clay over tuff.

These soils are on benches and side slopes of

foothills.

Kaskela soils are deep and well drained. The

surface layer is dark brown clay. The upper part of the

subsoil is dark reddish brown and reddish brown clay,

and the lower part is reddish brown clay loam over

sedimentary rock. These soils are on benches and

north-facing side slopes of foothills.

Logsprings soils are very deep and moderately

well drained. The surface layer is dark grayish brown

loam. The upper part of the subsoil is brown loam

over dark brown clay, and the lower part is dark brown

extremely gravelly sandy clay loam and loam. These

soils are on benches of foothills.

Of minor extent in this unit are very deep

Boardflower soils on benches and north-facing side

slopes of mountains, shallow Bodell soils on ridgetops

and south-facing side slopes of mountains, very deep

and moderately well drained Dahl soils in basins, deep

Fawnspring soils on benches and side slopes of

mountains, moderately deep Jorn soils on southfacing mountainsides, moderately deep Littlefawn soils

on north-facing mountainsides, shallow Wakamo soils

on ridgetops and side slopes of mountains, and very

deep Yawkola soils on south-facing mountainsides.

The soils in this unit are used mainly for livestock

grazing, timber production, and wildlife habitat. This

unit is limited by the hazard of soil compaction, slow

permeability of the subsoil, and high content of clay.

10. Mutton-Venator-Oldsferry

Shallow, moderately deep, and very deep, well drained

gravelly loam and extremely channery loam that

formed in residuum and colluvium derived from tuff

and sedimentary

This map unit is on the Mutton Mountains in the

northeast corner of the survey area (fig. 5). The native

vegetation is mainly bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho

fescue, antelope bitterbrush, common snowberry,

ponderosa pine, and Douglas fir. Elevation is 1,600 to

4,000 feet. Slopes range from 2 to 80 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is 12 to 20 inches, the mean

annual air temperature is 45 to 50 degrees F, and the

frost-free period 90 to 140 days.

This map unit makes up about 6 percent of the

survey area. It is about 35 percent Mutton soils, 12

percent Venator soils, and 11 percent Oldsferry soils.

The rest is soils of minor extent.

Figure 5.—Area of general soil map unit 10. The forested

areas in foreground are Mutton-Rock outcrop complex, 55

to 80 percent slopes, and the nonforested areas in

background are Oldsferry-Venator-Rock outcrop complex,

55 to 80 percent slopes.

Mutton soils are very deep and well drained. The

surface layer is very dark grayish brown gravelly loam.

The upper part of the subsoil is dark brown gravelly

loam and very gravelly loam, and the lower part is

dark brown extremely gravelly loam over brown

extremely stony silty clay loam. These soils are on

north-facing mountainsides.

Venator soils are shallow and well drained. The

surface layer is very dark grayish brown extremely

channery loam. The subsoil is dark brown very

channery loam and dark yellowish brown extremely

channery loam over sedimentary rock. These soils

are on ridgetops and south-facing side slopes of

mountains.

Oldsferry soils are moderately deep and well

drained. The surface layer is very dark brown extremely channery loam. The subsoil is dark brown and

brown extremely channery loam over sedimentary

rock. These soils are on south-facing mountainsides.

Of minor extent in this unit are deep Eaglespring

soils on north-facing mountainsides, moderately deep

Mowako soils on south-facing mountainsides, and

shallow Wakamo soils on ridgetops and south-facing

side slopes of mountains.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 25

The soils in this unit are used mainly for livestock

grazing, timber production, and wildlife habitat. This

unit is limited by the hazard of soil erosion, steepness

of slope, and high content of rock fragments.

11. Hehe-Teewee

Moderately deep and deep, well drained very stony

loam and loam that formed in residuum and colluvium

derived from igneous rock

This map unit is on the foot slopes of the Cascade

Mountains, on the western side of the survey area.

The native vegetation is mainly Idaho fescue,

arrowleaf balsamroot, antelope bitterbrush, greenleaf

manzanita, and ponderosa pine. Elevation is 2,000 to

3,500 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 65 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is 14 to 25 inches, the mean

annual air temperature is 45 to 49 degrees F, and the

frost-free period is 80 to 120 days.

This map unit makes up about 8 percent of the

survey area. It is about 59 percent Hehe soils and 25

percent Teewee soils. The rest is soils of minor extent.

Hehe soils are moderately deep and well drained.

The surface layer is dark brown very stony loam. The

subsoil is dark brown very bouldery loam and clay

loam over andesite. These soils are on broad benches

and side slopes of mountains.

Teewee soils are deep and well drained. The

surface layer is dark brown loam. The upper part of

the subsoil is dark brown loam and clay loam, and the

lower part is dark brown very stony clay loam over

andesite. These soils are on broad benches of

mountains.

Of minor extent in this unit are shallow Bodell soils

in scablands on broad benches of mountains.

The soils in this unit are used mainly for timber

production, livestock grazing, and wildlife habitat. This

unit is limited by the high content of rock fragments

and steepness of slope of Hehe soils and by the

hazard of compaction of the Teewee soils.

Cool, Moist Soils on Mountains

This group consists of one map unit. It makes up

about 17 percent of the survey area.

12. Smiling-Simnasho-Pipp

Deep and moderately deep, well drained and

somewhat excessively drained sandy loam and very

stony sandy loam that formed in residuum and

colluvium derived from igneous rock and volcanic ash

This map unit is on the Cascade Mountains, on

the western side of the survey area (fig. 6), and on the

Mutton Mountains, in the northeastern corner of the

survey area. The native vegetation is mainly ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir, antelope bitterbrush,

snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry, western

fescue, and Idaho fescue. Elevation is 2,600 to 5,000

feet. Slopes range from 0 to 65 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is 25 to 40 inches, the mean

annual air temperature is 41 to 44 degrees F, and the

frost-free period is 60 to 100 days.

Figure 6.—Area of general soil map unit 12. The gently

sloping areas are Smiling-Simnasho complex, 0 to 12

percent slopes, and the strongly sloping areas are Pipp

very stony sandy loam, 12 to 30 percent slopes.

This map unit makes up about 17 percent of the

survey area. It is about 31 percent Smiling soils, 28

percent Simnasho soils, and 25 percent Pipp soils.

The rest is soils of minor extent.

Smiling soils are deep and well drained. The

surface layer is dark brown sandy loam. The upper

part of the subsoil is dark brown sandy loam, and the

lower part is brown gravelly loam over andesite.

These soils are on broad benches of mountains.

Simnasho soils are moderately deep and well

drained. The surface layer is dark brown very stony

sandy loam. The upper part of the subsoil is dark

brown very cobbly sandy loam, and the lower part is

dark yellowish brown extremely cobbly loam over

andesite. These soils are on broad benches and side

slopes of mountains.

Pipp soils are deep and somewhat excessively

drained. The surface layer is very dark brown very

stony sandy loam. The subsoil is brown and dark

yellowish brown extremely stony sandy loam over

andesite. These soils are on mountainsides.
26 Soil Survey

Of minor extent in this unit are moderately deep

Grenet and Peahke soils on south-facing

mountainsides, deep Kusu soils on north-facing

mountainsides, and very deep, moderately well

drained Millerflat soils on stream terraces.

The soils in this unit are used mainly for timber

production and wildlife habitat. This unit is limited by

the steepness of slope and by the high content of rock

fragments in the Pipp and Simnasho soils.

Cool, Wet Soils on Mountains

This group consists of one map unit. It makes up

about 14 percent of the survey area.

13. Howash-Mackatie

Very deep and deep, somewhat excessively drained

and well drained very gravelly sandy loam and sandy

loam that formed in residuum and colluvium derived

from igneous rock and volcanic ash

This map unit is on the Cascades Mountains, on

western side of the survey area (fig. 7). The native

vegetation is mainly grand fir, Douglas fir, silver fir,

western hemlock, pachistima, common snowberry,

vine maple, queencup beadlily, and big huckleberry.

Elevation is 3,000 to 5,600 feet. Slopes range from 0

to 65 percent. The mean annual precipitation is 40 to

90 inches, the mean annual air temperature is 38 to 42

degrees F, and the frost-free period is 30 to 90 days.

Figure 7.—Area of general soil map unit 13 at the lower

elevations in center and area of general soil map unit 14

at the higher elevations in background. Mt. Hood is in

background.

This map unit makes up about 14 percent of the

survey area. It is about 53 percent Howash soils and

26 percent Mackatie soils. The rest is soils of minor

extent.

Howash soils are very deep and somewhat

excessively drained. The surface layer is very dark

grayish brown very gravelly sandy loam. The subsoil

is brown and dark yellowish brown very gravelly and

very cobbly sandy loam. The substratum is dark

yellowish brown extremely cobbly loam. These soils

are on mountainsides.

Mackatie soils are deep and well drained. The

surface layer is dark brown sandy loam. The subsoil is

dark brown loam and brown clay loam. The

substratum is brown extremely cobbly clay loam over

andesite. These soils are on broad benches and side

slopes of mountains.

Of minor extent in this unit are moderately deep

Kutcher soils on broad benches and side slopes of

mountains and very deep Belrick and Douthit soils on

glacial moraines.

The soils in this unit are used mainly for timber

production and wildlife habitat. This unit is limited by

soil wetness and by the high content of rock fragments

and steepness of slope of the Howash soils.

Cold, Wet Soils on Mountains

This group consists of two map units. It makes up

about 13 percent of the survey area.

14. Pinhead

Very deep, somewhat excessively drained very

gravelly sandy loam that formed in residuum and

colluvium derived from igneous rock and volcanic ash

This map unit is on the Cascade Mountains, in the

northwestern corner of the survey area (fig. 7). The

native vegetation is mainly western hemlock, Douglas

fir, silver fir, noble fir, beargrass, big huckleberry, and

Pacific rhododendron. Elevation is 3,400 to 5,300

feet. Slopes range from 0 to 65 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is 70 to 100 inches, the mean

annual air temperature is 36 to 38 degrees F, and the

frost-free period is 20 to 45 days.

This map unit makes up about 5 percent of the

survey area. It is about 94 percent Pinhead soils. The

rest is soils of minor extent.

Pinhead soils are very deep and somewhat

excessively drained. The surface layer is dark brown

very gravelly sandy loam. The subsoil is dark

yellowish brown extremely gravelly sandy loam. The
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 27

substratum is dark yellowish brown extremely cobbly

sandy loam. These soils are on broad ridgetops and

side slopes of mountains.

Of minor extent in this unit are moderately deep

Jojo soils on mountainsides.

The soils in this unit are used mainly for timber

production and wildlife habitat. This unit is limited by

soil wetness, steepness of slope, and the high content

of rock fragments.

15. Jojo-Pinhead

Moderately deep and very deep, somewhat

excessively drained very stony sandy loam and very

gravelly sandy loam that formed in residuum and

colluvium derived from igneous rock, pyroclastic

ashflow, and volcanic ash

This map unit is on the Cascade Mountains,

on the western boundary of the survey area (fig. 8 ).

The native vegetation is mainly mountain hemlock,

lodgepole pine, subalpine fir, grouse blueberry, big

huckleberry, and common beargrass. Elevation

is 4,200 to 6,400 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 70

percent. The mean annual precipitation is 80 to 110

inches, the mean annual air temperature is 34 to

36 degrees F, and the frost-free period is 10 to 30

days.

This map unit makes up about 8 percent of the

survey area. It is about 33 percent Jojo soils and 28

percent Pinhead soils. The rest is soils of minor

extent.

Jojo soils are moderately deep and somewhat

excessively drained. The surface layer is dark brown

very stony sandy loam. The substratum is reddish

brown very gravelly and extremely gravelly sandy

loam and loamy sand over pyroclastic ashflow.

These soils are on narrow ridgetops and side slopes

of mountains.

Pinhead soils are very deep and somewhat

excessively drained. The surface layer is dark

brown very gravelly sandy loam. The subsoil is

dark yellowish brown extremely gravelly sandy

loam. The substratum is dark yellowish brown

extremely cobbly sandy loam. These soils are

on narrow ridgetops and side slopes of mountains.

Of minor extent in this unit are very deep, very

poorly drained Mariel soils in mountain bogs, very

deep Piumpsha soils on benches and side slopes of

mountains, and very deep, poorly drained Racing

soils in basins of mountains.

The soils in this unit are used mainly for wildlife

habitat. This unit is limited by soil wetness, the high

content of rock fragments, and steepness of slope.

The Jojo soils also are susceptible to windthrow

because of the limited rooting depth.

Figure 8.—Area of general soil map unit 15. The steep, forested areas in foreground are Jojo-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 70

percent slopes, and the nonforested areas in background are Glaciers-Rubble land complex, 20 to 80 percent slopes.

29

Detailed Soil Map Units

The map units delineated on the detailed maps at

the back of this survey represent the soils or

miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit

descriptions in this section, along with the maps, can

be used to determine the suitability and potential of a

unit for specific uses. They also can be used to plan

the management needed for those uses. More

information on each map unit is given under “Use and

Management of the Soils.”

A map unit delineation on a map represents an

area dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or

miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and

named according to the taxonomic classification of the

dominant soils or miscellaneous areas. Within a

taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for

the properties of the soils. On the landscape,

however, the soils and miscellaneous areas are

natural phenomena, and they have the characteristic

variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range

of some observed properties may extend beyond the

limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a

single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped

without including areas of other taxonomic classes.

Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils

or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and

some “included” areas that belong to other taxonomic

classes.

Most included soils have properties similar to

those of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and

thus they do not affect use and management. These

are called noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They

may or may not be mentioned in the map unit

description. Other included soils and miscellaneous

areas, however, have properties and behavior

divergent enough to affect use or to require different

management. These are called contrasting, or

dissimilar, inclusions. They generally are in small

areas and could not be mapped separately because of

the scale used. Some small areas of strongly

contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are identified

by a special symbol on the maps. The included aras

of contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are

mentioned in the map unit descriptions. A few

included areas may not have been observed, and

consequently they are not mentioned in the

descriptions, especially where the pattern was so

complex that it was impractical to make enough

observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous

areas on the landscape.

The presence of included areas in a map unit in

no way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the

data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure

taxonomic classes but rather to separate the

landscape into segments that have similar use and

management requirements. The delineation of such

and scape segments on the map provides sufficient

information for the development of resource plans, but

if intensive use of small areas is planned, onsite

investigation to precisely define and locate the soils

and miscellaneous areas is needed.

An identifying symbol precedes the map unit

name in the map unit descriptions. Each description

includes general facts about the unit and gives the

principal hazards and limitations to be considered in

planning for specific uses.

Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make

up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of

the surface layer or of the underlying layers, all the

soils of a series have major horizons that are similar in

composition, thickness, and arrangement.

Soils of one series can differ in texture of the

surface layer or of the underlying layers. They also

can differ in slope, stoniness, salinity, wetness, degree

of erosion, and other characteristics that affect their

use. On the basis of such differences, a soil series is

divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on

the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The

name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature

that affects use or management. For example, Pipp

very stony sandy loam, 12 to 30 percent slopes, is one

of several phases in the Pipp series.

Some map units are made up of two or more

major soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units

are complexes.

A complex consists of two or more soils or

miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in

such small areas that they cannot be shown

separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of
30 Soil Survey

the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar

in all areas. Mackatie-Kutcher complex, 0 to 12

percent slopes, is an example.

This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such

areas have little or no soil material and support little or

no vegetation. Rubble land-Rock outcrop complex, 30

to 80 percent slopes, is an example.

Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate

extent of each map unit. Other tables (see “Table of

Contents”) give properties of the soils and the

limitations, capabilities, and potentials for many uses.

The “Glossary” defines many of the terms used in

describing the soils or miscellaneous areas.

In the map unit descriptions that follow, a

semitabular format is used. In this format a boldface

heading (for example, Composition) is used to identify

the kind of information grouped directly below it.

Introducing each item of information under the heading

is an italicized term or phrase (for example,

Landscape position:) that identifies or describes the

information. Many of the boldface headings and

introductory terms or phrases are self-explanatory;

however, some of them need further explanation.

These explanations are provided in the following

paragraphs, generally in the order in which they are

used in the map unit descriptions.

Composition is given for the components

identified in the name of the map unit as well as for the

contrasting inclusions.

Inclusions are areas of components (soils or

miscellaneous areas) that differ from the components

for which the unit is named. Inclusions can be

either similar or contrasting. Similar inclusions are

components that differ from the components for

which the unit is named but that for purposes of

use and management can be considered to be the

same as the named components. Note that in

the “Composition” paragraph a single percentage

is provided for a named soil and the similar

inclusions because their use and management

are similar.

Contrasting inclusions are components that differ

sufficiently from the components for which the unit is

named that they would have different use and

management if they were extensive enough to be

managed separately. For most uses, contrasting

inclusions have limited effect on use and management.

Inclusions generally are in small areas, and they could

not be mapped separately because of the scale used.

Some small areas of strongly contrasting inclusions

are identified by a special symbol on the detailed soil

maps. A few inclusions may not have been observed,

and consequently they are not mentioned in the

descriptions, especially where the pattern was so

complex that it was impractical to make enough

observations to identify all the inclusions on the

landscape.

Landscape position refers to the dominant

position or positions on the landform or landforms on

which the component is located. In naming landscape

positions, an effort has been made to give the specific

position of the component rather than a general

position that could encompass other components. For

some landforms, such as nearly level stream terraces,

distinctive landscape positions cannot be described

and thus are not given.

Landform refers to the dominant threedimensional part or parts of the land surface on which

the component is located. In naming landforms, an

effort has been made to name the specific landform on

which the component occurs. In some instances,

however, the component may occur on more than one

landform.

Typical profile is a vertical, two-dimensional

section of the soil extending from the surface to a

restrictive layer or to a depth of 60 inches or more.

Depth is an adjective term (for example,

moderately deep) for the depth of the soil.

Permeability is the quality of the soil that enables

water to move downward through the profile.

Permeability is measured as the number of inches per

hour that water moves downward through the

saturated soil.

Available water capacity is the capacity of the soil

to hold water available for use by most plants. It

commonly is expressed as inches of water per inch of

soil (see “Glossary”).

Hazard of erosion refers to the hazard if

protective plant cover is removed. The hazard of

erosion is constant and cannot be increased or

reduced.

Major uses are the dominant uses at the time the

major part of the fieldwork for this survey was

completed.

Major management limitations are those factors

that affect the use of the soils for the major uses. The

soil-related factors are limiting, whereas the climatic

factors can be either limiting or nonlimiting. The major

management limitations may apply to the entire unit or

to a given component of the unit.

Use and management provides additional

perspective on the suitability and limitations of the unit

for the major uses. It may apply to the entire unit or to

a given component of the unit.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 31

Map Unit Descriptions

1—Allingham sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Allingham soil: 75 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 25 percent

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Parent material: Mixed alluvium and glacial outwash

with a mantle of volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,000 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir,

common snowberry, golden chinkapin, starflower,

and willow

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—0 to 40 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F

• Frost-free period—60 to 90 days

Typical Profile

0 to 15 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy loam

15 to 33 inches—dark yellowish brown loam and

gravelly loam

33 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow

Hazard of erosion: Slight

Contrasting Inclusions

• Vitrandic Haploxerolls along drainageways

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil compaction, soil displacement, and plant

competition

Use and Management

Timber production

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure

ground equipment and designated skid trails

damages the soil less and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Logging may be restricted during November through

April because of soil wetness.

• The surface layer is subject to a moderate hazard of

soil compaction.

• Restricting the use of equipment to periods when

the soil is dry or frozen reduces compaction.

• Using designated skid trails minimizes soil

compaction.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash or

brush reduces soil displacement.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Competing vegetation can be reduced by

mechanical or chemical treatment.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 10

years or more after the canopy is opened by logging,

fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with 70 percent crown closure should be

left in some areas of this soil to provide escape and

thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2

to 5 acres in size and with 75 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for deer.
32 Soil Survey

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• MIXED CONIFER-SYMPH

2—Antoken extremely cobbly silt loam, 30

to 55 percent slopes

Composition

Antoken soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes (fig. 9)

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from basalt with an influence of loess

Elevation: 1,400 to 2,400 feet

Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue,

big sagebrush, milkvetch, and Sandberg

bluegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Figure 9.—Typical area of Antoken extremely cobbly silt loam,

30 to 55 percent slopes, on steep, north-facing slopes in

background; Lavey gravelly silt loam, 2 to 15 percent

slopes, on low foothills in foreground.

Typical Profile

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely

cobbly silt loam

6 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly

silty clay loam

10 to 30 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay and silty

clay

30 to 60 inches—light brown extremely cobbly loam

and extremely stony sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Walsey soils on convex side slopes

• Axford soils on concave side slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Droughtiness, surface cobbles, and slope

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation limits the choice of species

for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Steep slopes and cobbles on the surface may

adversely affect livestock distribution and make range

seeding with ground equipment impractical.

Wildlife habitat

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 percent

of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Droughty North 10-12 PZ (Droughty North

Exposure)
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 33

3—Aridic Haploxerolls, 30 to 80 percent

slopes

Composition

Aridic Haploxerolls: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Terrace escarpments

Parent material: Medium- or coarse-textured alluvium

derived from mixed sources

Elevation: 1,400 to 1,600 feet

Native plants: Wyoming big sagebrush, Sandberg

bluegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, western

juniper, and antelope bitterbrush

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Reference Profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony

loam

10 to 17 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam

17 to 33 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly sandy

loam

33 to 38 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly sandy

clay loam

38 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly sandy

loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 4 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Ruckles soils on convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Droughtiness, surface stones, and slope

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation limits the choice of

species for range seeding to drought-tolerant

varieties.

• Range seeding with ground equipment is

impractical because of stones or cobbles on the

surface and steep slopes.

• Steep slopes affect livestock distribution.

Wildlife habitat

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Droughty South 9-12 PZ (Droughty South

Exposure)

4—Axford-Walsey complex, 2 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Axford soil: 50 percent

Walsey soil: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Axford—concave, north-facing

side slopes; Walsey—convex, north-facing side

slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from basalt with an influence of loess

Elevation: 1,200 to 2,800 feet

Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue,

big sagebrush, milkvetch, and Sandberg

bluegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches
34 Soil Survey

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile of the Axford Soil

0 to 11 inches—very dark brown silt loam

11 to 24 inches—dark brown clay loam

24 to 46 inches—yellowish brown silt loam and

gravelly silt loam

46 inches—weathered basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Axford Soil

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 6 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Typical Profile of the Walsey Soil

0 to 11 inches—very dark brown extremely cobbly silt

loam

11 to 19 inches—dark brown very cobbly silty clay

loam

19 to 39 inches—brown very gravelly loam and

extremely gravelly silt loam

39 inches—weathered basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Walsey Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Antoken and Day soils on foot slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Axford and Walsey—droughtiness and soil

compaction

• Walsey—surface cobbles

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation limits the choice of species

for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Range seeding with ground equipment is

impractical on the Walsey soil because of the cobbles

on the surface.

• Seeding the more favorable areas of this unit may

be difficult or impractical because of the pattern in

which they occur with the less favorable areas.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Droughty North 10-12 PZ (Droughty North

Exposure)

5—Bakeoven extremely gravelly loam, 0

to 8 percent slopes

Composition

Bakeoven soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mesas

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from basalt

Elevation: 2,000 to 2,400 feet

Native plants: Stiff sagebrush, Sandberg bluegrass,

and lomatium

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—very dark brown extremely gravelly

loam
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 35

3 to 9 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam and

extremely cobbly clay loam

9 inches—basalt

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very shallow (6 to 10 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 6 to 10 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Maupin soils on mounds

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Depth to bedrock and droughtiness

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on this soil generally is

impractical because of the limited soil depth.

• Low annual precipitation and shallow rooting depth

limit the choice of species for range seeding to

drought-tolerant varieties.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Very Shallow Loam 10-14 PZ (Scabland)

6—Bakeoven extremely stony loam, 0 to 8

percent slopes

Composition

Bakeoven soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Scablands

Landform: Mesas

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from basalt

Elevation: 2,000 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: Stiff sagebrush, Sandberg bluegrass,

and lomatium

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—very dark brown extremely stony loam

3 to 9 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam and

extremely cobbly clay loam

9 inches—basalt

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very shallow (6 to 10 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 6 to 10 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight to Moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Maupin soils on mounds

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Depth to bedrock, droughtiness, and surface stones

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on this soil generally is

impractical because of the limited soil depth.

• Low annual precipitation and shallow rooting depth
36 Soil Survey

limit the choice of species for range seeding to

drought-tolerant varieties.

• Range seeding with ground equipment is

impractical because of the stones on the surface.

Wildlife habitat

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Very Shallow Loam 10-14 PZ (Scabland)

7—Bakeoven very cobbly loam, 2 to 15

percent slopes

Composition

Bakeoven soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Scablands

Landform: Mesas

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from basalt

Elevation: 2,000 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: Stiff sagebrush, Sandberg bluegrass,

and lomatium

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—very dark brown very cobbly loam

3 to 9 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam and

extremely cobbly clay loam

9 inches—basalt

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very shallow (6 to 10 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 6 to 10 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Lickskillet soils on side slopes

• Maupin soils on mounds

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Depth to bedrock, droughtiness, and surface

cobbles

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on this soil generally is

impractical because of the limited soil depth.

• Low annual precipitation and shallow rooting depth

limit the choice of species for range seeding to

drought-tolerant varieties.

• Range seeding with ground equipment is

impractical because of the cobbles on the surface.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Very Shallow Loam 10-14 PZ (Scabland)

8—Bakeoven-Maupin complex, 0 to 8

percent slopes

Composition

Bakeoven soil: 55 percent

Maupin soil: 35 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Bakeoven—scablands of

patterned ground; Maupin—mounds of patterned

ground
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 37

Landform: Mesas

Parent material: Bakeoven—residuum and colluvium

derived from basalt with an influence of loess;

Maupin—loess

Elevation: 2,000 to 2,400 feet

Native plants: Bakeoven—stiff sagebrush, Sandberg

bluegrass, and lomatium; Maupin—bluebunch

wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, big sagebrush,

antelope bitterbrush, and western juniper

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile of the Bakeoven Soil

0 to 3 inches—very dark brown extremely gravelly

loam

3 to 9 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam and

extremely cobbly clay loam

9 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Bakeoven Soil

Depth: Very shallow (6 to 10 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 6 to 10 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Typical Profile of the Maupin Soil

0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam

7 to 20 inches—dark brown silt loam

20 to 25 inches—brown gravelly loam

25 to 31 inches—indurated duripan

31 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Maupin Soil

Depth: Moderately deep to a duripan (20 to 40

inches); moderately deep to bedrock (25 to 40

inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Skoven soils on scablands

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Bakeoven and Maupin—droughtiness

• Bakeoven—depth to bedrock

• Maupin—seepage and soil compaction

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Pond development generally is impractical because

of the limited depth of the Bakeoven soil and the risk

of seepage in the Maupin soil.

• Low annual precipitation of the soils and shallow

rooting depth of the Bakeoven soil limit the choice of

species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Grazing on the Maupin soil during wet periods can

cause severe soil compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Bakeoven—Very Shallow Loam 10-14 PZ

(Scabland)

• Maupin—Droughty Loam 8-10 PZ (Arid Rolling

Hills)

9—Belrick-Douthit complex, 0 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Belrick soil: 50 percent

Douthit soil: 40 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent
38 Soil Survey

Setting

Landscape position: Belrick—level benches; Douthit—

convex benches and side slopes

Landform: Glacial moraines

Parent material: Glacial till and volcanic ash

Elevation: 3,200 to 5,400 feet

Native plants: Grand fir, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine,

pachystima, and common snowberry

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F

• Frost-free period—50 to 80 days

Typical Profile of the Belrick Soil

0 to 15 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy

loam

15 to 37 inches—dark brown cobbly fine sandy loam

37 to 65 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam

and extremely stony sand

Properties and Qualities of the Belrick Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Typical Profile of the Douthit Soil

0 to 16 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy loam

16 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely stony sandy

loam and extremely cobbly loamy sand

Properties and Qualities of the Douthit Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Howash soils on convex benches and side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Belrick and Douthit—plant competition

• Belrick—soil compaction and displacement

• Douthit—equipment operability, seedling mortality,

and fire damage

Use and Management

Timber production

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil

less and helps to maintain productivity.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• The surface layer of the Belrick soil is subject to a

moderate soil compaction hazard because of the

texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• On the Douthit soil, the seedling mortality rate may

be high in summer because of inadequate moisture in

the soil.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the Douthit soil

make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and

reduce seedling survival.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the soil.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 39

should be left in some areas of this unit to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• ABGR/PAMY and ABGR/SYMPH

10—Bluesters gravelly sandy loam, 15 to

40 percent slopes

Composition

Bluesters soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Side slopes

Landform: Cinder cones

Parent material: Volcanic ash and cinders

Elevation: 3,800 to 4,800 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir,

snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry,

golden chinkapin, and starflower

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F

• Frost-free period—60 to 90 days

Typical Profile

0 to 18 inches—dark brown gravelly sandy loam

18 to 60 inches—reddish brown cinders

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Smiling soils on concave foot slopes

• Simnasho soils on convex foot slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil

compaction, soil displacement, seedling mortality,

windthrow hazard, plant competition, and fire

damage

Use and Management

Timber production

• This soil is susceptible to raveling because of the

coarse texture and limited cohesiveness of the

particles.

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the poor

anchoring capability of the cinders.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent reestablishment

of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the soil.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at

least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75

percent crown closure should be left in some

areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal

cover for deer.
40 Soil Survey

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• MIXED CONIFER-CEVE and MIXED CONIFERSYMPH

11—Boardflower loam, 2 to 20 percent

slopes

Composition

Boardflower soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Benches and north-facing side

slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sedimentary rock with an influence of

volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, Oregon

white oak, common snowberry, and heartleaf

arnica

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—dark brown loam

8 to 25 inches—dark brown loam

25 to 34 inches—dark brown clay loam

34 to 60 inches—dark brown clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 8 to 14 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Littlefawn soils on benches

• Mutton soils on side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Equipment operability, soil compaction, seedling

mortality, and plant competition

Livestock grazing

• Soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil

less and helps to maintain productivity.

• This soil is subject to a severe soil compaction

hazard because of the texture of the surface layer and

the clayey subsoil.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Livestock grazing

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at

least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75

percent crown closure should be left in some areas

of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover for

deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the

available animal-unit-months should be allocated to

wildlife.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 41

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO-PSME/SYMPH

12—Bodell very cobbly loam, 30 to 55

percent slopes

Composition

Bodell soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from basalt with an influence of volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg

bluegrass, buckwheat, and antelope bitterbrush

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam

4 to 14 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam and

extremely gravelly clay loam

14 inches—basalt

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Shallow (12 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 12 to 20 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Jorn soils on forested convex side slopes

• Yawkola soils on forested concave foot slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Depth to bedrock, droughtiness, surface cobbles,

slope, and aspect

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Shallow rooting depth limits the choice of species

for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Steep slopes and cobbles on the surface may

adversely affect livestock distribution and make range

seeding with ground equipment impractical.

• Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to

grazing in hot periods during the grazing season.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Shallow Slopes 14-20 PZ

13—Bodell very stony loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Bodell soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Benches

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from basalt with an influence of volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,300 feet

Native plants: Onespike oatgrass, Sandberg

bluegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho

fescue

Climatic factors:
42 Soil Survey

• Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very stony loam

4 to 14 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly clay

loam

14 inches—basalt

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Shallow (12 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 12 to 20 inches

Runoff: Slow

Hazard of erosion: Slight

Contrasting Inclusions

• Hehe soils on convex positions

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Depth to bedrock and surface stones

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on this soil generally is

impractical because of the limited soil depth.

• Range seeding with ground equipment is

impractical because of the stones on the surface.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Moist Scabland 14-18 PZ

14—Bodell-Jorn complex, 2 to 30 percent

slopes

Composition

Bodell soil: 50 percent

Jorn soil: 35 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Bodell—shoulders and

convex, south-facing side slopes;

Jorn—concave, south-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Bodell—residuum and colluvium

derived from basalt with an influence of

volcanic ash;

Jorn—residuum and colluvium derived from

sedimentary rock with an

influence of volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Bodell—bluebunch wheatgrass,

Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, and antelope

bitterbrush; Jorn—ponderosa pine, Douglas fir,

Oregon white oak, antelope bitterbrush, and Idaho

fescue

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49

degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile of the Bodell Soil

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam

4 to 14 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam and

extremely gravelly clay loam

14 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Bodell Soil

Depth: Shallow (12 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 12 to 20 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 43

Typical Profile of the Jorn Soil

0 to 5 inches—very dark brown cobbly silt loam

5 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly silty

clay loam

12 to 21 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay

21 to 24 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay

24 inches—sedimentary rock

Properties and Qualities of the Jorn Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Yawkola soils on concave side slopes

• Kaskela soils on nonforested foot slopes

Major Uses

• Bodell and Jorn—livestock grazing and wildlife

habitat

• Jorn—timber production

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Jorn—equipment operability, soil compaction,

seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, plant

competition, and fire damage

Livestock grazing

• Bodell and Jorn—soil compaction

• Bodell—depth to bedrock

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• This unit is subject to a severe soil compaction

hazard because of the texture of the surface layer and

the clayey subsoil.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth of the Jorn soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the soil.

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on the Bodell soil generally is

impractical because of the limited soil depth.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at

least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent

crown closure should be left in some areas of this unit

to provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• Jorn—PIPO-PSME/PUTR (Mutton)

Range Site

• Bodell—Shallow Slopes 14-20 PZ

15—Booten loam, 0 to 12 percent slopes

Composition

Booten soil: 80 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Nearly level benches

Landform: Canyons
44 Soil Survey

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice

Elevation: 2,200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush,

Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie

junegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile

0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

13 to 23 inches—dark grayish brown loam

23 to 44 inches—dark brown gravelly loam and

gravelly clay loam

44 to 60 inches—brown extremely gravelly sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 11 to 18 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Teewee soils on level benches

• Hehe soils on convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil compaction, seedling mortality, and plant

competition

Livestock grazing

• Seepage and soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil

less and helps to maintain productivity.

• The surface layer is subject to a severe soil

compaction hazard because of the texture of the soil.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on this soil generally is

impractical because of the risk of seepage.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO/PUTR

16—Booten loam, 12 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Booten soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice

Elevation: 2,200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush,

Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie

junegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 45

Typical Profile

0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

13 to 23 inches—dark grayish brown loam

23 to 44 inches—dark brown gravelly loam and

gravelly clay loam

44 to 60 inches—brown extremely gravelly sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 11 to 18 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Teewee soils on concave side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction,

seedling mortality, and plant competition

Livestock grazing

• Soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce sheet and rill erosion.

• Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to

1 to allow for long-term establishment of vegetation.

• Use water bars; relief culverts; road surface

insloping, outsloping, or crowning; sediment traps; and

undulating road grades to reduce erosion and

sedimentation.

• Roads and landings can be protected from erosion

by applying mulch or seeding cuts and fills.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Livestock grazing

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO/PUTR

17—Booten loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes

Composition

Booten soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice

Elevation: 2,200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush,

Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie

junegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches
46 Soil Survey

• Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile

0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

13 to 23 inches—dark grayish brown loam

23 to 44 inches—dark brown gravelly loam and

gravelly clay loam

44 to 60 inches—brown extremely gravelly sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 11 to 18 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Teewee soils on concave side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction,

soil displacement, seedling mortality, and plant

competition

Livestock grazing

• Slope and soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are

subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or

adequate water bars, or both, are provided.

• Disturbance of this soil may result in instability of

the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the

slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed.

• Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Midslope

roads require large cuts and fills that remove land from

production.

• Spoil from excavations is subject to rill and gully

erosion and to sloughing.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best

suited.

• The surface layer is subject to a severe soil

compaction hazard because of the texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Livestock grazing

• Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock

distribution.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO/PUTR

18—Booten-Spilyay complex, 0 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Booten soil: 55 percent

Spilyay soil: 35 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Booten—level and concave

benches; Spilyay—convex benches and side

slopes
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 47

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice, and

semiconsolidated conglomerate and tuff

Elevation: 2,200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush,

Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie

junegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile of the Booten Soil

0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

13 to 23 inches—dark grayish brown loam

23 to 44 inches—dark brown gravelly loam and

gravelly clay loam

44 to 60 inches—brown extremely gravelly sandy loam

Properties and Qualities of the Booten Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 11 to 18 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Typical Profile of the Spilyay Soil

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly

loam

8 to 15 inches—dark brown clay loam

15 to 41 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

41 to 60 inches—dark brown silt loam

Properties and Qualities of the Spilyay Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 8 to 11 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Hehe soils on convex benches

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Booten and Spilyay—soil compaction, seedling

mortality, and plant competition

• Booten—seepage

• Spilyay—windthrow hazard and fire damage

Livestock grazing

• Booten and Spilyay—soil compaction

• Booten—seepage

Use and Management

Timber production

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure

ground equipment and designated skid trails

damages the soil less and helps to maintain

productivity.

• The surface layer is subject to a severe soil

compaction hazard because of the texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods

when the soil is dry or frozen to reduce

compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture.

• Trees on the Spilyay soil are subject to moderate

windthrow damage during periods of strong winds

because of the restricted rooting depth.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the Spilyay soil.

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on the Booten soil generally is

impractical because of the risk of seepage.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.
48 Soil Survey

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO/PUTR

19—Dahl silty clay, 0 to 3 percent slopes

Composition

Dahl soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Basins

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium and colluvium derived

dominantly from sedimentary rock

Elevation: 2,500 to 2,700 feet

Native plants: Tufted hairgrass, rush, sedge, and

bluegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—dark gray silty clay

3 to 27 inches—dark gray silty clay

27 to 35 inches—brown silty clay loam

35 to 45 inches—brown silt loam

45 to 60 inches—brown silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 7 to 11 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow

Hazard of erosion: Slight

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kaskela soils on convex positions

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Shrink-swell potential and soil compaction

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• If this unit is seeded, use plants that tolerate the

high shrink-swell potential.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause severe soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Mountain Meadow (Wet Mountain Meadow)

20—Day clay, 0 to 12 percent slopes

Composition

Day soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Nearly level benches

Landform: Foothills

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from sedimentary rock

Elevation: 1,200 to 2,400 feet

Native plants: Sandberg bluegrass, bluebunch

wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 49

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—dark red clay

8 to 39 inches—dark red clay

39 to 60 inches—red clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: 7 to 10 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Simas soils on strongly sloping positions

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

• Droughtiness, shrink-swell potential, and soil

compaction

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation limits the choice of species

for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• If this soil is seeded, use plants that tolerate the

high shrink-swell potential.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause severe soil

compaction and damage plants.

Range Site

• JD Gumbo 9-12 PZ (Adobeland)

21—Day complex, 8 to 40 percent slopes

Composition

Day clay: 50 percent

Day very stony silty clay: 40 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Shoulders and side slopes

Landform: Foothills

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sedimentary rock

Elevation: 1,200 to 2,400 feet

Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big

sagebrush, Thurber needlegrass, western juniper,

and antelope bitterbrush

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile of the Day Clay

0 to 8 inches—dark red clay

8 to 39 inches—dark red clay

39 to 60 inches—red clay loam

Typical Profile of the Day Very Stony Silty

Clay

0 to 8 inches—dark red very stony silty clay

8 to 39 inches—dark red clay

39 to 60 inches—red clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: 7 to 10 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Antoken soils on north-facing side slopes

• Simas soils on south-facing side slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Droughtiness, shrink-swell potential, surface

stones, and soil compaction
50 Soil Survey

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation limits the choice of species

for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• If this unit is seeded, use plants that tolerate the

high shrink-swell potential.

• Range seeding with ground equipment is

impractical in some areas of this unit because of the

stones on the surface.

• Seeding the more favorable areas of this unit may

be difficult or impractical because of the pattern in

which they occur with the less favorable areas.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause severe soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• South 10-12 PZ (Juniper South Exposure)

22—Day-Antoken complex, 30 to 55

percent slopes

Composition

Day soil: 50 percent

Antoken soil: 35 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Canyons and foothills

Parent material: Day—residuum and colluvium

derived from sedimentary rock; Antoken—

residuum and colluvium derived from basalt with

an influence of loess

Elevation: 1,200 to 2,400 feet

Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue,

and big sagebrush

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52

degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile of the Day Soil

0 to 8 inches—dark red silty clay loam

8 to 39 inches—dark red clay

39 to 60 inches—red clay loam

Properties and Qualities of the Day Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: 7 to 10 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Typical Profile of the Antoken Soil

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely

cobbly silt loam

6 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly

silty clay loam

10 to 30 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay and silty

clay

30 to 60 inches—light brown extremely cobbly loam

and extremely stony sandy loam

Properties and Qualities of the Antoken Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Simas soils on concave side slopes

• Sorf soils on convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Day and Antoken—droughtiness and slope

• Day—shrink-swell potential and soil compaction

• Antoken—surface cobbles
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 51

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation limits the choice of species

for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• If the Day soil is seeded, use plants that tolerate the

high shrink-swell potential.

• Steep slopes and cobbles on the surface of the

Antoken soil may adversely affect livestock distribution

and make range seeding with ground equipment

impractical.

• Grazing on the Day soil during wet periods can

cause severe soil compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Droughty North 10-12 PZ (Droughty North

Exposure)

23—Douthit very stony sandy loam, 30 to

65 percent slopes

Composition

Douthit soil: 80 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Side slopes

Landform: Glacial moraines

Parent material: Glacial till and volcanic ash

Elevation: 3,200 to 5,400 feet

Native plants: Grand fir, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine,

pachystima, and common snowberry

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F

• Frost-free period—50 to 80 days

Typical Profile

0 to 16 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam

16 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely stony sandy

loam and extremely cobbly loamy sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Belrick soils on concave side slopes

• Howash soils on lower, convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil

displacement, seedling mortality, plant competition,

and fire damage

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Disturbance of this soil may result in instability of

the slope. Factors that affect the stability of the slope

should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed.

• Spoil from excavations is subject to rill and gully

erosion and to sloughing.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging systems

that fully or partially suspend logs are best suited.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with

felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use

of equipment.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make

planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce

seedling survival.
52 Soil Survey

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the soil.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2

to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• ABGR/PAMY and ABGR/SYMPH

24—Douthit-Belrick complex, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Douthit soil: 60 percent

Belrick soil: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Belrick—concave side slopes;

Douthit—convex side slopes

Landform: Glacial moraines

Parent material: Glacial till and volcanic ash

Elevation: 3,200 to 5,400 feet

Native plants: Grand fir, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine,

pachystima, and common snowberry

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F

• Frost-free period—50 to 80 days

Typical Profile of the Douthit Soil

0 to 16 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy

loam

16 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely stony sandy

loam and extremely cobbly loamy sand

Properties and Qualities of the Douthit Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Typical Profile of the Belrick Soil

0 to 15 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy

loam

15 to 37 inches—dark brown cobbly fine sandy loam

37 to 65 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam

and extremely stony sand

Properties and Qualities of the Belrick Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Howash soils on convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Douthit and Belrick—equipment operability, soil

displacement, and plant competition

• Douthit—seedling mortality and fire damage

• Belrick—soil compaction
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 53

Use and Management

Timber production

• On the Belrick soil, reduce the risk of erosion

on skid trails and temporary roads by seeding,

installing water bars, or accumulating slash on the

surface.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• The surface layer of the Belrick soil is subject to a

moderate soil compaction hazard because of the

texture and low content of rock fragments.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• On the Douthit soil, the seedling mortality rate may

be high in summer because of inadequate moisture in

the soil.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the Douthit soil

make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and

reduce seedling survival.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the soil.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this unit to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at

least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent

crown closure should be left in some areas of

this unit to provide escape and thermal cover

for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• ABGR/PAMY and ABGR/SYMPH

25—Drybed silt loam, 0 to 8 percent

slopes

Composition

Drybed soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Parent material: Alluvium derived from mixed sources

with an influence of loess in the upper part

Elevation: 1,200 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Basin wildrye, bluegrass, slender

wheatgrass, and basin big sagebrush

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 13 inches—very dark brown silt loam

13 to 29 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay

loam

29 to 60 inches—brown sandy clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 9 to 11 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Pelton soils adjacent to stream channels

Major Uses

• Cropland (see fig. 10, next page), livestock grazing,

and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Cropland

• Permeability, soil erosion, and soil compaction
54 Soil Survey

Livestock grazing

• Droughtiness and soil compaction

Use and Management

Cropland

• Low annual precipitation restricts annual cropping

unless supplemental irrigation is used.

• Because of the moderately slow permeability of the

subsoil, care should be taken to prevent excessive

irrigation rates that may lead to overland flow.

• To avoid overirrigating and leaching of plant

nutrients, applications of irrigation water should be

adjusted to the soil moisture content, the water intake

rate, and the needs of the crop grown.

Figure 10.—Alfalfa hay in an area of Drybed silt loam, 0 to 8

percent slopes, adjacent to Tenino Creek.

• Care should be taken when using surface irrigation

on slopes of more than 3 percent.

• Because the surface layer is silt loam, this soil is

subject to compaction from excessive tillage.

• Reduce soil compaction by returning crop residue

to the soil and keeping tillage at a minimum.

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation limits the choice of

species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• To reduce siltation and maintain temperatures

of streams, areas of this soil adjacent to

perennial streams may need to be maintained as

buffers.

Range Site

• Loamy Bottom (Moist Bottom)

26—Dryhollow loam, 0 to 12 percent

slopes

Composition

Dryhollow soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Slightly convex ridgetops

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice

Elevation: 1,600 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue,

big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, and western

juniper

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52

degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—very dark brown loam

3 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

11 to 35 inches—dark brown loam and cobbly sandy

loam

35 to 60 inches—brown gravelly and very gravelly

loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 10 to 20 inches
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 55

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Run off: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Suppah soils on shoulders

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Droughtiness, seepage, and soil compaction

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on this soil generally is

impractical because of the risk of seepage.

• Low annual precipitation limits the choice of species

for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Loamy 10-12 PZ (Juniper Rolling Hills)

27—Dryhollow loam, 12 to 30 percent

slopes

Composition

Dryhollow soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice

Elevation: 1,600 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass,

antelope bitterbrush, big sagebrush, and western

juniper

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52

degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—very dark brown loam

3 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

11 to 35 inches—dark brown loam and cobbly sandy

loam

35 to 60 inches—brown gravelly and very gravelly

loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 10 to 20 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Suppah soils on convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Droughtiness and soil compaction

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation limits the choice of

species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.
56 Soil Survey

Range Site

• Sandy North 9-12 PZ (Sandy North Exposure)

28—Dryhollow loam, 30 to 55 percent

slopes

Composition

Dryhollow soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice

Elevation: 1,600 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass,

antelope bitterbrush, big sagebrush, and western

juniper

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—very dark brown loam

3 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

11 to 35 inches—dark brown loam and cobbly sandy

loam

35 to 60 inches—brown gravelly and very gravelly

loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 10 to 20 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Suppah soils on convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Droughtiness, slope, and soil compaction

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation limits the choice of

species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock

distribution and make range seeding with ground

equipment impractical.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Sandy North 9-12 PZ (Sandy North Exposure)

29—Eaglespring channery loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Eaglespring soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic ash

Elevation: 1,600 to 3,800 feet

Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass,

Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, and milkvetch

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 57

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile

0 to 7 inches—black channery loam

7 to 13 inches—very dark brown very channery loam

13 to 43 inches—dark brown extremely channery

sandy loam

43 inches—fractured sedimentary rock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 3 to 7 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Oldsferry soils on convex side slopes

• Rock outcrop on convex shoulders

• Shiva soils on convex shoulders

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Seepage and soil compaction

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on this soil generally is

impractical because of the risk of seepage.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• JD North 12-16 PZ (North Exposure)

30—Eaglespring channery loam, 30 to 55

percent slopes

Composition

Eaglespring soil: 80 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic ash

Elevation: 1,600 to 3,800 feet

Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass,

Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, and milkvetch

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile

0 to 7 inches—black channery loam

7 to 13 inches—very dark brown very channery loam

13 to 43 inches—dark brown extremely channery

sandy loam

43 inches—fractured sedimentary rock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 3 to 7 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Oldsferry soils on convex side slopes

• Rock outcrop on upper, convex side slopes
58 Soil Survey

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Slope and soil compaction

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock

distribution and make range seeding with ground

equipment impractical.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• JD North 12-16 PZ (North Exposure)

31—Eaglespring-Rock outcrop complex,

55 to 80 percent slopes

Composition

Eaglespring soil: 55 percent

Rock outcrop: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived

from sedimentary rock with an influence of

volcanic ash

Elevation: 1,600 to 3,800 feet

Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass,

Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, and

milkvetch

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50

degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile of the Eaglespring Soil

0 to 7 inches—black channery loam

7 to 13 inches—very dark brown very channery loam

13 to 43 inches—dark brown extremely channery

sandy loam

43 inches—fractured sedimentary rock

Soil Properties and Qualities of the

Eaglespring Soil

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 3 to 7 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Very rapid

Hazard of erosion: Very high

Rock Outcrop

Type of rock: Sedimentary

Contrasting Inclusions

• Oldsferry soils on convex side slopes

• Venator soils adjacent to Rock outcrop

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Slope, Rock outcrop, and soil compaction

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock

distribution and make range seeding with ground

equipment impractical.

• The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas

suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by

livestock.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 59

Range Site

• JD North 12-16 PZ (North Exposure)

32—Evick-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to

65 percent slopes

Composition

Evick soil: 60 percent

Rock outcrop: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from tuff with an influence of volcanic

ash

Elevation: 2,200 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: Evick—bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho

fescue, antelope bitterbrush, western juniper, and

ponderosa pine

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile of the Evick Soil

0 to 3 inches—very dark brown gravelly loamy sand

3 to 11 inches—very dark brown gravelly loamy sand

11 inches—tuff

Properties and Qualities of the Evick Soil

Depth: Shallow (10 to 14 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively

drained

Permeability: Rapid

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 10 to 14 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Rock Outcrop

Type of rock: Volcanic tuff

Contrasting Inclusions

• Happus soils on concave foot slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction,

soil displacement, seedling mortality, windthrow

hazard, plant competition, and fire damage

Livestock grazing

• Rock outcrop, slope, and aspect

Use and Management

Timber production

• This unit is poorly suited to the production of

timber.

• The Evick soil has severe ratings for sheet and

rill erosion, cut and fill erosion, equipment limitations,

soil displacement, seedling mortality, windthrow

hazard, and fire damage. Because of these

management concerns, this unit is not suitable for

logging.

Livestock grazing

• The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas

suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by

livestock.

• Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock

distribution.

• Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to

grazing in hot periods during the grazing season.

Wildlife habitat

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO/PUTR

33—Fawnspring very gravelly silt loam, 2

to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Fawnspring soil: 80 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent
60 Soil Survey

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from sedimentary rock with an

influence of volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,200 to 3,800 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, Oregon

white oak, common snowberry, and heartleaf

arnica

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—very dark gray very gravelly silt loam

3 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

silty clay loam

8 to 26 inches—dark brown clay

26 to 43 inches—weak red clay

43 inches—sedimentary rock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Jorn soils on convex side slopes

• Yawkola soils on concave side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Equipment operability, soil compaction, soil

displacement, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard,

plant competition, and fire damage

Livestock grazing

• Soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• This soil is subject to a severe compaction hazard

because of the texture of the surface layer and the

clayey subsoil.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the soil.

Livestock grazing

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the

available animal-unit-months should be allocated to

wildlife.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 61

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO-PSME/SYMPH (Mutton)

34—Glaciers-Rubble land complex, 20 to

80 percent slopes

Composition

Glaciers: 50 percent

Rubble land: 40 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Side slopes of Mt. Jefferson and

Olallie Butte

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Andesite, rhyolite, pyroclastic

ashflow, and volcanic ash

Elevation: 5,000 to 10,000 feet

Native plants: Scattered, stunted conifers, shrubs,

forbs, and grasses

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—80 to 110 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—34 to 36 degrees F

• Frost-free period—10 to 30 days

Contrasting Inclusions

• Jojo and Piumpsha soils on foot slopes of Rubble

land

Major Uses

• Wildlife habitat and recreational rock climbing

35—Grenet very gravelly sandy loam, 12

to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Grenet soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

tuff and volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,800 to 4,600 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir,

snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry,

golden chinkapin, and starflower

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F

• Frost-free period—60 to 90 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly

sandy loam

12 to 36 inches—grayish brown extremely gravelly

sandy loam

36 inches—tuff

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Pipp soils on concave side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Equipment operability, soil displacement, seedling

mortality, windthrow hazard, plant competition, and fire

damage

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth and high content of rock
62 Soil Survey

fragments in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the soil.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• MIXED CONIFER/CEVE and MIXED CONIFER/

SYMPH

36—Grenet very gravelly sandy loam, 30

to 65 percent slopes

Composition

Grenet soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from tuff and volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,800 to 4,600 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir,

snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry,

golden chinkapin, and starflower

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F

• Frost-free period—60 to 90 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly

sandy loam

12 to 36 inches—grayish brown extremely gravelly

sandy loam

36 inches—tuff

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Pipp soils on concave side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil

displacement, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard,

plant competition, and fire damage

Use and Management

Timber production

• Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are

subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or

adequate water bars, or both, are provided.

• Disturbance of this soil may result in instability of

the slope. Factors that affect the stability of the slope

should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed.

• Spoil from excavations is subject to rill and gully

erosion and to sloughing.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best

suited.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of high winds because of the restricted

rooting depth and high content of rock fragments in the

soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency are likely to result from fires that have

moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should

be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts

to the soil.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 63

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• MIXED CONIFER/CEVE and MIXED CONIFER/

SYMPH

37—Grenet-Kusu complex, 0 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Grenet soil: 50 percent

Kusu soil: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Grenet—convex benches and

side

slopes;

Kusu—level and concave benches

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from tuff and volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,800 to 4,600 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir,

snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry,

golden chinkapin, and starflower

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F

• Frost-free period—60 to 90 days

Typical Profile of the Grenet Soil

0 to 12 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly

sandy loam

12 to 36 inches—grayish brown extremely gravelly

sandy loam

36 inches—tuff

Properties and Qualities of the Grenet Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Typical Profile of the Kusu Soil

0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

sandy loam

14 to 51 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly loam

51 inches—fractured tuff

Properties and Qualities of the Kusu Soil

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 7 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Simnasho soils on convex side slopes

• Smiling soils on concave benches

• Pipp soils on convex benches and side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Grenet and Kusu—seedling mortality and plant

competition

• Grenet—windthrow hazard

Use and Management

Timber production

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment damages the soil less and helps to

maintain productivity.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth and high content of rock

fragments in the Grenet soil.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres
64 Soil Survey

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this unit to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• MIXED CONIFER/CEVE and MIXED CONIFER/

SYMPH

38—Grenet-Kusu complex, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Grenet soil: 50 percent

Kusu soil: 40 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Grenet—convex, south-facing

side slopes; Kusu—concave, south-facing side

slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from tuff and volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,800 to 4,600 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir,

snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry,

golden chinkapin, and starflower

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43

degrees F

• Frost-free period—60 to 90 days

Typical Profile of the Grenet Soil

0 to 12 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly

sandy loam

12 to 36 inches—grayish brown extremely gravelly

sandy loam

36 inches—tuff

Properties and Qualities of the Grenet Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Typical Profile of the Kusu Soil

0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

sandy loam

14 to 51 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly loam

51 inches—fractured tuff

Properties and Qualities of the Kusu Soil

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 7 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Smiling soils on concave foot slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Grenet and Kusu—equipment operability, soil

displacement, seedling mortality, and plant competition

• Grenet—windthrow hazard

• Kusu—fire damage

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth and high content of rock

fragments in the Grenet soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 65

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the soil.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this unit to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• MIXED CONIFER/CEVE and MIXED CONIFER/

SYMPH

39—Happus very gravelly sandy loam, 12

to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Happus soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing toe slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice

Elevation: 2,200 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush,

Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie

junegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49

degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile

0 to 9 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

9 to 29 inches—brown extremely gravelly sandy loam

29 to 60 inches—light gray fragmental pumice

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Moderately deep to pumice (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 4 to 8 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Spilyay soils on foot slopes

• Kishwalk soils on nonforested, convex side

slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Equipment operability, soil compaction, soil

displacement, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard,

plant competition, and fire damage

Livestock grazing

• Seepage and soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• This soil is susceptible to raveling because of the

coarse texture and limited cohesiveness of the

particles.

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Spoil from excavations is subject to rill and gully

erosion and to sloughing.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• The surface layer is subject to a moderate soil

compaction hazard because of the texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the poor

anchoring capability of the pumice.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be
66 Soil Survey

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the soil.

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on this soil generally is

impractical because of the risk of seepage.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO/PUTR

40—Hehe very cobbly loam, 30 to 65

percent slopes

Composition

Hehe soil: 80 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from andesite or basalt with an influence of

volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,000 to 3,300 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush,

Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie

junegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile

0 to 11 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam

11 to 19 inches—dark brown very bouldery loam

19 to 38 inches—dark brown very bouldery clay loam

38 inches—weathered andesite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Teewee soils on concave side slopes

• Rock outcrop on upper side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil

compaction, soil displacement, seedling mortality,

windthrow hazard, plant competition, and fire damage

Livestock grazing

• Rock outcrop and slope

Use and Management

Timber production

• Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are

subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or

adequate water bars, or both, are provided.

• Disturbance of this soil may result in instability of

the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the

slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed.

• Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Midslope

roads are difficult to maintain and require large cuts

and fills that remove land from production.

• Spoil from excavations is subject to rill and gully

erosion and to sloughing.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs generally

are less damaging to the soil.

• The Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber

and hinder yarding.

• The surface layer is subject to a moderate soil

compaction hazard because of the texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make

planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce

seedling survival.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

because of the restricted rooting depth and high

content of rock fragments in this soil.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 67

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the soil.

Livestock grazing

• The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas

suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by

livestock.

• Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock

distribution.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO/PUTR

41—Hehe very stony loam, 12 to 40

percent slopes

Composition

Hehe soil: 80 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Side slopes of drainageways

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from andesite or basalt with an influence of

volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,000 to 3,300 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush,

Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie

junegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile

0 to 11 inches—dark brown very stony loam

11 to 19 inches—dark brown very bouldery loam

19 to 38 inches—dark brown very bouldery clay loam

38 inches—weathered andesite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Teewee soils on concave toe slopes

• Rock outcrop on shoulders

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction,

seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, plant

competition, and fire damage

Livestock grazing

• Rock outcrop and soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with

felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use

of equipment.

• The surface layer is subject to a moderate soil

compaction hazard because of the texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make

planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce

seedling survival.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage
68 Soil Survey

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth and high content of rock

fragments in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the soil.

Livestock grazing

• The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas

suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by

livestock.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO/PUTR

42—Hehe very stony loam, high

precipitation, 12 to 40 percent slopes

Composition

Hehe soil: 80 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Side slopes of drainageways

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from andesite or basalt with an influence of

volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,500 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush,

greenleaf manzanita, Idaho fescue, and prairie

junegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—20 to 25 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F

• Frost-free period—80 to 110 days

Typical Profile

0 to 11 inches—dark brown very stony loam

11 to 19 inches—dark brown very bouldery loam

19 to 38 inches—dark brown very bouldery clay loam

38 inches—weathered andesite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Teewee soils on concave toe slopes

• Rock outcrop on shoulders

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction,

seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, plant

competition, and fire damage

Livestock grazing

• Rock outcrop and soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with

felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use

of equipment.

• The surface layer is subject to a moderate soil

compaction hazard because of the texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make

planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce

seedling survival.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 69

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth and high content of rock

fragments in this soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the soil.

Livestock grazing

• The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas

suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by

livestock.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO/PUTR-ARPA

43—Hehe-Bodell complex, 0 to 12 percent

slopes

Composition

Hehe soil: 60 percent

Bodell soil: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Hehe—convex benches and side

slopes; Bodell—scablands

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from andesite or basalt with an influence of

volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,300 feet

Native plants: Hehe—ponderosa pine, antelope

bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass,

and prairie junegrass; Bodell—onespike oatgrass,

Sandberg bluegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, and

Idaho fescue

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile of the Hehe Soil

0 to 11 inches—dark brown very stony loam

11 to 19 inches—dark brown very bouldery loam

19 to 38 inches—dark brown very bouldery clay

loam

38 inches—weathered andesite

Properties and Qualities of the Hehe Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Typical Profile of the Bodell Soil

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very stony loam

4 to 14 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly clay

loam

14 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Bodell Soil

Depth: Shallow (12 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 12 to 20 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Teewee soils on concave benches

Major Uses

• Hehe and Bodell—livestock grazing and wildlife

habitat

• Hehe—timber production

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Hehe—equipment operability, soil compaction,

seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, plant

competition, and fire damage

Livestock grazing

• Hehe and Bodell—soil compaction

• Bodell—depth to bedrock
70 Soil Survey

Use and Management

Timber production

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil

less and helps to maintain productivity.

• Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with

felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use

of equipment.

• The surface layer is subject to a moderate soil

compaction hazard because of the texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make

planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce

seedling survival.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth and high content of rock

fragments in the Hehe soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the Hehe soil.

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on the Bodell soil generally is

impractical because of the limited soil depth.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the

available animal-unit-months should be allocated to

wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• Hehe—PIPO/PUTR

Range Site

• Bodell—Moist Scabland 14-18 PZ

44—Hehe-Teewee complex, 0 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Hehe soil: 60 percent

Teewee soil: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Hehe—convex benches and side

slopes; Teewee—level and concave benches

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from andesite or basalt with an influence of

volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,300 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush,

Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie

junegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile of the Hehe Soil

0 to 11 inches—dark brown very stony loam

11 to 19 inches—dark brown very bouldery loam

19 to 38 inches—dark brown very bouldery clay loam

38 inches—weathered andesite

Properties and Qualities of the Hehe Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Typical Profile of the Teewee Soil

0 to 11 inches—dark brown loam

11 to 18 inches—dark brown loam

18 to 43 inches—dark brown clay loam

43 to 53 inches—dark brown very stony clay loam

53 inches—weathered andesite

Properties and Qualities of the Teewee Soil

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 7 to 11 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 71

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bodell soils on scablands

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Hehe and Teewee—equipment operability, soil

compaction, seedling mortality, and plant competition

• Hehe—fire damage and windthrow hazard

Livestock grazing

• Soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil

less and helps to maintain productivity.

• Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with

felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use

of equipment.

• The surface layer of the Hehe soil is subject to a

moderate soil compaction hazard because of the

texture, and the surface layer of the Teewee soil is

subject to a severe soil compaction hazard because of

the texture and low content of rock fragments.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the Hehe soil

make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and

reduce seedling survival.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth and high content of rock

fragments in the Hehe soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts.

Livestock grazing

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO/PUTR

45—Hehe-Teewee complex, high

precipitation, 0 to 12 percent slopes

Composition

Hehe soil: 60 percent

Teewee soil: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Hehe—convex benches and side

slopes; Teewee—level and concave benches

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from andesite or basalt with an influence of

volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,500 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine (see fig. 11, next page),

antelope bitterbrush, greenleaf manzanita, Idaho

fescue, and prairie junegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—20 to 25 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F

• Frost-free period—80 to 110 days

Typical Profile of the Hehe Soil

0 to 11 inches—dark brown very stony loam

11 to 19 inches—dark brown very bouldery loam

19 to 38 inches—dark brown very bouldery clay loam

38 inches—weathered andesite
72 Soil Survey

Properties and Qualities of the Hehe Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Figure 11.—Old-growth ponderosa pine in an area of HeheTeewee complex, high precipitation, 0 to 12 percent

slopes.

Typical Profile of the Teewee Soil

0 to 11 inches—dark brown loam

11 to 18 inches—dark brown loam

18 to 43 inches—dark brown clay loam

43 to 53 inches—dark brown very stony clay

loam

53 inches—weathered andesite

Properties and Qualities of the Teewee Soil

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 7 to 11 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bodell soils on scablands

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Hehe and Teewee—equipment operability, soil

compaction, seedling mortality, and plant competition

• Hehe—fire damage and windthrow hazard

Livestock grazing

• Soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil

less and helps to maintain productivity.

• Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with

felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use

of equipment.

• The surface layer of the Hehe soil is subject to a

moderate soil compaction hazard because of the

texture, and the surface layer of the Teewee soil is

subject to a severe soil compaction hazard because of

the texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the Hehe soil

make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and

reduce seedling survival.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth and high content of rock

fragments in the Hehe soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 73

Livestock grazing

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at

least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75

percent crown closure should be left in some

areas of this unit to provide escape and thermal cover

for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO/PUTR-ARPA

46—Howash very cobbly sandy loam,

cool, 12 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Howash soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash

Elevation: 4,000 to 5,600 feet

Native plants: Grand fir, lodgepole pine, Douglas fir,

pachystima, pinegrass, and big huckleberry

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—50 to 70 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—38 to 40 degrees F

• Frost-free period—30 to 60 days

Typical Profile

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly

sandy loam

11 to 42 inches—brown very cobbly sandy loam

42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly loamy sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kutcher soils on convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Equipment operability, soil displacement, and plant

competition

Use and Management

Timber production

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with logging

slash and brush reduces soil displacement.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees

at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75

percent crown closure should be left in some

areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover

for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• ABGR-PICO/PAMY/CARU

47—Howash very cobbly sandy loam,

cool, 30 to 65 percent slopes

Composition

Howash soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains
74 Soil Survey

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash

Elevation: 4,000 to 5,600 feet

Native plants: Grand fir, lodgepole pine, Douglas fir,

pachystima, pinegrass, and big huckleberry

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—50 to 70 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—38 to 40 degrees F

• Frost-free period—30 to 60 days

Typical Profile

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly

sandy loam

11 to 42 inches—brown very cobbly sandy loam

42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly loamy sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kutcher soils on convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Erosion hazard, equipment operability, soil

displacement, and plant competition

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best

suited.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• ABGR-PICO/PAMY/CARU

48—Howash very cobbly sandy loam, low

precipitation, 12 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Howash soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash

Elevation: 3,400 to 5,000 feet

Native plants: Grand fir, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine,

pachystima, common snowberry, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F

• Frost-free period—50 to 80 days

Typical Profile

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly

sandy loam

11 to 42 inches—brown very cobbly sandy loam

42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly loamy sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 75

Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kutcher soils on convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Equipment operability, soil displacement, and plant

competition

Use and Management

Timber production

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• ABGR/PAMY, ABGR/SYMPH, and ABGR/ACCI

49—Howash very cobbly sandy loam, low

precipitation, 30 to 65 percent slopes

Composition

Howash soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash

Elevation: 3,000 to 5,400 feet

Native plants: Grand fir, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine,

pachystima, common snowberry, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42

degrees F

• Frost-free period—50 to 80 days

Typical Profile

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly

sandy loam

11 to 42 inches—brown very cobbly sandy loam

42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly loamy sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kutcher soils on convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Erosion hazard, equipment operability, soil

displacement, and plant competition

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best

suited (see fig. 12, next page).

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.
76 Soil Survey

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Figure 12.—High-lead logging in an area of Howash very

cobbly sandy loam, low precipitation, 30 to 65 percent

slopes. Area of Pipp very stony sandy loam, 30 to 65

percent slopes, on south-facing side slopes in background.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• ABGR/PAMY, ABGR/SYMPH, and ABGR/ACCI

50—Howash very gravelly sandy loam, 12

to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Howash soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash

Elevation: 3,400 to 4,800 feet

Native plants: Pacific silver fir, western hemlock,

Douglas fir, queencup beadlily, vine maple, big

huckleberry, and golden chinkapin

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—60 to 90 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F

• Frost-free period—40 to 90 days

Typical Profile

0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

sandy loam

14 to 48 inches—brown very gravelly and very cobbly

sandy loam

48 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kutcher soils on convex side slopes

• Mackatie soils on benches and concave foot slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Equipment operability, soil displacement, and plant

competition

Use and Management

Timber production

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 77

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• ABAM/CLUN and TSHE/ACCI

51—Howash very gravelly sandy loam, 30

to 65 percent slopes

Composition

Howash soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash

Elevation: 3,400 to 4,800 feet

Native plants: Pacific silver fir, western hemlock,

Douglas fir, queencup beadlily, vine maple, big

huckleberry, and golden chinkapin

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—60 to 90 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F

• Frost-free period—40 to 90 days

Typical Profile

0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

sandy loam

14 to 48 inches—brown very gravelly and very cobbly

sandy loam

48 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kutcher soils on convex side slopes

• Mackatie soils on concave foot slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Erosion hazard, equipment operability, soil

displacement, and plant competition

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best

suited.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at

least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75

percent crown closure should be left in some areas

of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover for

deer.
78 Soil Survey

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• ABAM/CLUN and TSHE-ACCI

52—Howash very stony sandy loam, low

precipitation, 12 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Howash soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash

Elevation: 3,000 to 5,400 feet

Native plants: Grand fir, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine,

pachystima, common snowberry, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F

• Frost-free period—50 to 80 days

Typical Profile

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony

sandy loam

11 to 42 inches—brown very cobbly sandy loam

42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly loamy sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kutcher soils on convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Equipment operability, soil displacement, plant

competition, and fire damage

Use and Management

Timber production

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with

felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use

of equipment.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make

planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce

seedling survival.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the soil.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees

at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75

percent crown closure should be left in some

areas of this soil to provide escape and the

rmal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• ABGR/PAMY, ABGR/SYMPH, and ABGR/ACCI

53—Howash very stony sandy loam, low

precipitation, 30 to 65 percent slopes

Composition

Howash soil: 80 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 79

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash

Elevation: 3,000 to 5,400 feet

Native plants: Grand fir, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine,

pachystima, common snowberry, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F

• Frost-free period—50 to 80 days

Typical Profile

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony

sandy loam

11 to 42 inches—brown very cobbly sandy

loam

42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly loamy sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kutcher soils on convex side slopes

• Rock outcrop on shoulders and upper side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Erosion hazard, equipment operability, soil

displacement, plant competition, and fire damage

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best

suited.

• Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with

felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use

of equipment.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and

hinder yarding.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make

planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce

seedling survival.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency are likely to result from fires that have

moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should

be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts

to the soil.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• ABGR/PAMY, ABGR/SYMPH, and ABGR/ACCI

54—Jojo-Pinhead complex, warm, 30 to

65 percent slopes

Composition

Jojo soil: 60 percent

Pinhead soil: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Jojo—convex side slopes;

Pinhead—concave side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite, pyroclastic ashflow, and

volcanic ash

Elevation: 4,000 to 5,600 feet

Native plants: Pacific silver fir, lodgepole pine, western

hemlock, Douglas fir, western white pine, common

beargrass, and big huckleberry
80 Soil Survey

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—70 to 100 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—36 to 38 degrees F

• Frost-free period—20 to 45 days

Typical Profile of the Jojo Soil

0 to 7 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam

7 to 32 inches—reddish brown very gravelly and

extremely gravelly sandy loam and loamy sand

32 inches—pyroclastic ashflow

Properties and Qualities of the Jojo Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Typical Profile of the Pinhead Soil

0 to 18 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam

18 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

gravelly sandy loam

30 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly sandy loam

Properties and Qualities of the Pinhead Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop on shoulders and upper side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Jojo and Pinhead—soil erosion, equipment

operability, soil displacement, seedling mortality, plant

competition, and fire damage

• Jojo—windthrow hazard

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best

suited.

• Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and

hinder yarding.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make

planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce

seedling survival.

• Trees are subject to severe windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth and high content of rock

fragments in the Jojo soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the soil.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this unit to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• ABAM/XETE

55—Jojo-Piumpsha-Pinhead complex, 2

to 40 percent slopes, bouldery

Composition

Jojo soil: 40 percent

Piumpsha soil: 25 percent

Pinhead soil: 25 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 81

Setting

Landscape position: Jojo—shoulders and convex side

slopes; Piumpsha—benches and concave side

slopes; Pinhead—concave side slopes and foot

slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite, pyroclastic ashflow, and

volcanic ash

Elevation: 4,800 to 6,400 feet

Native plants: Mountain hemlock, lodgepole pine,

western white pine, subalpine fir, big huckleberry,

common beargrass, and grouse blueberry

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—80 to 110 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—34 to 36 degrees F

• Frost-free period—10 to 30 days

Typical Profile of the Jojo Soil

0 to 7 inches—dark brown very bouldery sandy loam

7 to 32 inches—reddish brown very gravelly and

extremely gravelly sandy loam and loamy sand

32 inches—pyroclastic ashflow

Properties and Qualities of the Jojo Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Typical Profile of the Piumpsha Soil

0 to 8 inches—very dark brown very bouldery sandy

loam

8 to 27 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly sandy

loam

27 to 60 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam

Properties and Qualities of the Piumpsha Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 4 to 8 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Typical Profile of the Pinhead Soil

0 to 18 inches—dark brown very bouldery sandy loam

18 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

gravelly sandy loam

30 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly sandy loam

Properties and Qualities of the Pinhead Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Typic Vitricryands and Rubble land

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Jojo, Piumpsha, and Pinhead—equipment

operability, soil displacement, seedling mortality,

windthrow hazard, and plant competition

• Jojo and Pinhead—fire damage

• Piumpsha—soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Stones and boulders on the surface can cause

breakage of timber and interfere with felling, yarding,

and other operations involving the use of equipment.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• The surface layer of the Piumpsha soil is subject to

a moderate soil compaction hazard because of the

texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• Cold winds and frost heaving may increase

seedling mortality.

• The seedling mortality rate on the Jojo soil may be

high in summer because of inadequate moisture in the

soil.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the Jojo soil

make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and

reduce seedling survival.
82 Soil Survey

• Trees are subject to moderate or severe windthrow

damage during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth, high content of rock

fragments, and exposed topography.

• If stands of timber are opened by shelterwood cuts,

the risk of windthrow may increase.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency are likely to result from fires that have

moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should

be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts

to the soils.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this unit to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• TSME-PICO-ABLA2 and TSME-PICO/ARNE

56—Jojo-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 70

percent slopes

Composition

Jojo soil: 55 percent

Rock outcrop: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite, pyroclastic ashflow, and

volcanic ash

Elevation: 4,200 to 6,400 feet

Native plants: Mountain hemlock, lodgepole pine,

subalpine fir, big huckleberry, western white pine,

common beargrass, and grouse blueberry

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—80 to 110 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—34 to 36 degrees F

• Frost-free period—10 to 30 days

Typical Profile of the Jojo Soil

0 to 7 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam

7 to 32 inches—reddish brown very gravelly sandy

loam

32 inches—pyroclastic ashflow

Properties and Qualities of the Jojo Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Rock Outcrop

Type of rock: Andesite

Contrasting Inclusions

• Pinhead soils on foot slopes

• Piumpsha soils on adjacent benches

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil

displacement, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard,

plant competition, and fire damage

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best

suited.

• Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with

felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use

of equipment.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and

hinder yarding.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• Cold winds and frost heaving may increase

seedling mortality.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 83

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make

planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce

seedling survival.

• Trees are subject to severe windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth, high content of rock

fragments, and exposed topography.

• If stands of timber are opened by shelterwood cuts,

the risk of windthrow may increase.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the soil.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this unit to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• TSME/XETE, TSME-PICO/ARNE, TSME-PICO/

VASC, and TSME-PICO-ALBA2

57—Jorn-Bodell complex, 30 to 55

percent slopes

Composition

Jorn soil: 50 percent

Bodell soil: 35 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Jorn—concave, south-facing side

slopes; Bodell—convex, south-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Jorn—residuum and colluvium

derived from sedimentary rock with an influence of

volcanic ash; Bodell—residuum and colluvium

derived from basalt with an influence of volcanic

ash

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Jorn—ponderosa pine, Douglas fir,

Oregon white oak, antelope bitterbrush, and Idaho

fescue; Bodell—bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg

bluegrass, buckwheat, and antelope bitterbrush

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile of the Jorn Soil

0 to 5 inches—very dark brown cobbly silt loam

5 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly silty

clay loam

12 to 21 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay

21 to 24 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay

24 inches—sedimentary rock

Properties and Qualities of the Jorn Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Typical Profile of the Bodell Soil

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam

4 to 14 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam and

extremely gravelly clay loam

14 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Bodell Soil

Depth: Shallow (12 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 12 to 20 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Yawkola soils on concave side slopes

• Kaskela soils on nonforested foot slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat
84 Soil Survey

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Jorn—soil erosion, equipment operability, soil

compaction, soil displacement, seedling mortality,

windthrow hazard, plant competition, and fire hazard

Livestock grazing

• Jorn and Bodell—slope, aspect, and soil

compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are

subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or

adequate water bars, or both, are provided.

• Disturbance of this unit may result in instability of

the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the

slope should be evaluated before the soils are

disturbed.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best

suited.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• This unit is subject to a moderate soil compaction

hazard because of the texture of the surface layer and

the clayey subsoil.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soils are dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth of the Jorn soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the soils.

Livestock grazing

• Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock

distribution.

• Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to

grazing in hot periods during the grazing season.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• Jorn—PIPO-PSME/PUTR (Mutton)

Range Site

• Bodell—Shallow Slopes 14-20 PZ

58—Kaskela complex, 0 to 8 percent

slopes

Composition

Kaskela clay: 40 percent

Kaskela cobbly clay: 40 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Benches

Landform: Foothills

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from sedimentary rock

Elevation: 2,400 to 3,400 feet

Native plants: Basin wildrye, bluebunch wheatgrass,

antelope bitterbrush, and rose

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown clay and cobbly clay

4 to 31 inches—dark reddish brown clay

31 to 42 inches—reddish brown clay loam

42 inches—sedimentary rock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 6 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 85

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Prill soils on convex positions of benches

• Dahl soils in adjacent drainageways

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Shrink-swell potential, surface cobbles, and soil

compaction

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• If this soil is seeded, use plants that tolerate the

high shrink-swell potential.

• Range seeding with ground equipment may be

impractical in some areas of this unit because of the

cobbles on the surface.

• Seeding the more favorable areas of this unit is

difficult or impractical because of the pattern in which

they occur with the less favorable areas.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause severe soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Clayey Bottom

59—Kishwalk very cobbly silt loam, 55 to

80 percent slopes

Composition

Kishwalk soil: 75 percent

Contrasting inclusion: 25 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Colluvium derived dominantly from

basalt with an influence of loess in the upper part

Elevation: 1,800 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass,

Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, and

milkvetch

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile

0 to 14 inches—very dark brown very cobbly silt loam

14 to 31 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony

and extremely stony clay loam

31 to 38 inches—brown extremely stony clay

38 inches—basalt

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Very rapid

Hazard of erosion: Severe

Contrasting Inclusions

• Sagley soils on concave side slopes

• Waterbury soils on convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Slope and surface cobbles

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Steep slopes and cobbles on the surface may

adversely affect livestock distribution and make range

seeding with ground equipment impractical.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• JD North 12-16 PZ (North Exposure)

60—Kishwalk-Waterbury complex, 30 to

55 percent slopes

Composition

Kishwalk soil: 50 percent

Waterbury soil: 35 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent
86 Soil Survey

Setting

Landscape position: Kishwalk—concave, south-facing

side slopes; Waterbury—convex, south-facing

side slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt and

rhyolite

Elevation: 1,800 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue,

buckwheat, western juniper, and antelope

bitterbrush

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile of the Kishwalk Soil

0 to 14 inches—very dark brown very stony loam

14 to 31 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony

and extremely stony clay loam

31 to 38 inches—brown extremely stony clay

38 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Kishwalk Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 7 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Typical Profile of the Waterbury Soil

0 to 3 inches—very dark brown extremely stony

loam

3 to 8 inches—very dark brown very stony clay loam

8 to 16 inches—dark brown extremely stony clay

16 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Waterbury Soil

Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kaskela soils on foot slopes

• Prill soils on foot slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Droughtiness, surface stones, slope, and aspect

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation and the shallow rooting

depth of the Waterbury soil limit the choice of species

for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Steep slopes and stones on the surface may

adversely affect livestock distribution and make range

seeding with ground equipment impractical.

• Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to

grazing in hot periods during the grazing season.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the

available animal-unit-months should be allocated to

wildlife.

Range Site

• JD Clayey South 12-16 PZ (South Exposure)

61—Kuckup gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 40

percent slopes

Composition

Kuckup soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Side slopes

Landform: Cinder cones

Parent material: Volcanic ash and cinders

Elevation: 3,800 to 6,100 feet

Native plants: Mountain hemlock, lodgepole pine, big

huckleberry, common beargrass, and grouse

blueberry

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—80 to 110 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—34 to 36

degrees F

• Frost-free period—10 to 30 days

Typical Profile

0 to 6 inches—dark brown gravelly sandy

loam
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 87

6 to 29 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly sandy

loam

29 to 60 inches—reddish brown cinders

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid

Hazard of erosion: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Jojo soils on convex foot slopes

• Pinhead soils on concave foot slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction,

soil displacement, seedling mortality, windthrow

hazard, plant competition, and fire damage

Use and Management

Timber production

• This soil is susceptible to ravel erosion because of

the coarse texture and limited cohesiveness of the

particles.

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• The surface layer is subject to a moderate soil

compaction hazard because of the texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the poor

anchoring capability of the cinders.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the soil.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• TSME/XETE and TSME-PICO/VASC

62—Kusu very gravelly loam, 2 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Kusu soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from tuff with an influence of volcanic

ash

Elevation: 3,800 to 4,500 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, snowbrush

ceanothus, greenleaf manzanita, western fescue,

and tailcup lupine

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—20 to 25 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F

• Frost-free period—80 to 110 days
88 Soil Survey

Typical Profile

0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

14 to 51 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

51 inches—fractured tuff

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 7 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Peahke soils on convex side slopes

• Rock outcrop on shoulders and upper side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction,

seedling mortality, and plant competition

Livestock grazing

• Seepage and soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• The surface layer has a moderate compaction

hazard because of the texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Livestock grazing

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

• Pond development on this soil generally is

impractical because of the risk of seepage.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at

least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75

percent crown closure should be left in some

areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover

for deer.

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO-PSME/ARPA-CEVE (Mutton)

63—Kusu very gravelly loam, 30 to 55

percent slopes

Composition

Kusu soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from tuff with an influence of volcanic

ash

Elevation: 3,800 to 4,500 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, snowbrush

ceanothus, greenleaf manzanita, western fescue,

and tailcup lupine

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—20 to 25 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—42 to 44

degrees F

• Frost-free period—80 to 110 days
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 89

Typical Profile

0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

14 to 51 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

51 inches—fractured tuff

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 7 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Peahke soils on convex side slopes

• Rock outcrop on upper side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction,

soil displacement, seedling mortality, and plant

competition

Livestock grazing

• Slope and soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are

subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or

adequate water bars, or both, are provided.

• Disturbance of this soil may result in instability of

the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the

slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best

suited.

• The surface layer has a moderate compaction

hazard because of the texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Livestock grazing

• Steep slope may adversely affect livestock

distribution.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO-PSME/ARPA-CEVE (Mutton)

64—Kusu very gravelly sandy loam, 12 to

30 percent slopes

Composition

Kusu soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from tuff and volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,800 to 4,600 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir,

snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry,

golden chinkapin, and starflower

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F

• Frost-free period—60 to 90 days
90 Soil Survey

Typical Profile

0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

sandy loam

14 to 51 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly loam

51 inches—fractured tuff

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 7 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Grenet soils on convex side slopes

• Rock outcrop on shoulders and upper side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Equipment operability, soil displacement, and plant

competition

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire or some other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at

least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75

percent crown closure should be left in some

areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover

for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• MIXED CONIFER/CEVE and MIXED CONIFER/

SYMPH

65—Kusu very gravelly sandy loam, 30 to

65 percent slopes

Composition

Kusu soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from tuff and volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,800 to 4,600 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir,

snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry,

golden chinkapin, and starflower

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F

• Frost-free period—60 to 90 days

Typical Profile

0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

sandy loam

14 to 51 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly loam

51 inches—fractured tuff

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 7 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Grenet soils on convex side slopes

• Rock outcrop on convex, upper side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil

displacement, and plant competition
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 91

Use and Management

Timber production

• Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are

subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or

adequate water bars, or both, are provided.

• Disturbance of this unit may result in instability of

the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the

slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best

suited.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30

acres in size and with at least 70 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• MIXED CONIFER/CEVE and MIXED CONIFER/

SYMPH

66—Kutcher-Mackatie complex, low

precipitation, 12 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Kutcher soil: 50 percent

Mackatie soil: 35 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Kutcher—convex side slopes;

Mackatie—benches and concave side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite with a mantle of

volcanic ash

Elevation: 3,000 to 5,400 feet

Native plants: Grand fir, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine,

pachystima, common snowberry, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F

• Frost-free period—50 to 80 days

Typical Profile of the Kutcher Soil

0 to 18 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy loam

18 to 38 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay loam

38 inches—weathered andesite

Properties and Qualities of the Kutcher Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Typical Profile of the Mackatie Soil

0 to 18 inches—dark brown sandy loam

18 to 41 inches—dark brown loam and clay loam

41 to 51 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay loam

51 inches—weathered andesite

Properties and Qualities of the Mackatie Soil

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 4 to 8 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Howash soils on convex benches and side slopes

• Rock outcrop on shoulders

Major Uses

• Timber production, wildlife habitat, and watershed

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Kutcher and Mackatie—equipment operability, soil

displacement, and plant competition

• Kutcher—windthrow

• Mackatie—soil compaction
92 Soil Survey

Use and Management

Timber production

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in

the more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding

generally is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• The surface layer of the Mackatie soil is subject to

a moderate soil compaction hazard because of the low

content of rock fragments.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth and high content of rock

fragments in the Kutcher soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30

acres in size and with at least 70 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• ABGR/PAMY, ABGR/SYMPH, and ABGR/ACCI

67—Lavey gravelly silt loam, 2 to 15

percent slopes

Composition

Lavey soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landform: Low foothills

Parent material: Loess over colluvium derived from

sedimentary rock or tuff

Elevation: 1,400 to 2,400 feet

Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg

bluegrass, big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush,

and western juniper

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown gravelly silt loam

5 to 21 inches—dark grayish brown clay

21 to 25 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay loam

25 to 28 inches—weathered tuff

28 inches—welded tuff

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Skoven soils on scablands

• Day soils on foot slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Droughtiness and soil compaction

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation limits the choice of species

for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Range Site

• Droughty Loam 8-10 PZ (Arid Rolling Hills)

68—Lavey very cobbly silty clay loam, 2

to 15 percent slopes

Composition

Lavey soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 93

Setting

Landform: Low foothills

Parent material: Loess over colluvium derived from

sedimentary rock or tuff

Elevation: 1,400 to 2,400 feet

Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg

bluegrass, big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush,

and western juniper

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown very cobbly silty clay loam

5 to 21 inches—dark grayish brown clay

21 to 25 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay loam

25 to 28 inches—weathered tuff

28 inches—welded tuff

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Skoven soils on scablands

• Day soils on foot slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Droughtiness and surface cobbles

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation limits the choice of species

for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Range seeding with ground equipment is

impractical because of the cobbles on the surface.

Range Site

• Droughty Loam 8-10 PZ (Arid Rolling Hills)

69—Lickskillet extremely stony loam, 15

to 40 percent slopes

Composition

Lickskillet soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from basalt

Elevation: 1,200 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg

bluegrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, western

juniper, and antelope bitterbrush

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 9 inches—very dark brown extremely stony loam

9 to 18 inches—dark brown extremely stony clay loam

18 inches—basalt

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Shallow (12 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 1 to 3 inches

Potential rooting depth: 12 to 20 inches

Runoff: Rapid

Hazard of erosion: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Ruclick soils on foot slopes

• Ruckles soils on foot slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Droughtiness and surface stones

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation and shallow rooting depth

limit the choice of species for range seeding to

drought-tolerant varieties.
94 Soil Survey

• Range seeding with ground equipment is impractical

because of the stones on the surface.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Droughty South 9-12 PZ (Droughty South

Exposure)

70—Lickskillet extremely stony loam, 40

to 70 percent slopes

Composition

Lickskillet soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from basalt

Elevation: 1,200 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg

bluegrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, western

juniper, and antelope bitterbrush

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 9 inches—very dark brown extremely stony loam

9 to 18 inches—dark brown extremely stony clay loam

18 inches—basalt

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Shallow (12 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 1 to 3 inches

Potential rooting depth: 12 to 20 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Ruclick soils on foot slopes

• Ruckles soils on foot slopes

• Rock outcrop on upper, convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Droughtiness, surface stones, slope, and aspect

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation and shallow rooting depth

limit the choice of species for range seeding to

drought-tolerant varieties.

• Steep slopes and stones on the surface may

adversely affect livestock distribution and make range

seeding with ground equipment impractical.

• Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to

grazing in hot periods during the grazing season.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Droughty South 9-12 PZ (Droughty South

Exposure)

71—Littlefawn-Fawnspring complex, 2 to

30 percent slopes

Composition

Littlefawn soil: 50 percent

Fawnspring soil: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Littlefawn—convex benches and

north-facing side slopes; Fawnspring—concave

benches and drainageways

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sedimentary rock with an influence of

volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,200 to 3,800 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, Oregon

white oak, common snowberry, and heartleaf

arnica

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 95

Typical Profile of the Littlefawn Soil

0 to 10 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

10 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

17 to 22 inches—brown gravelly silty clay loam

22 to 32 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay

32 inches—sedimentary rock

Properties and Qualities of the Littlefawn Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Typical Profile of the Fawnspring Soil

0 to 3 inches—very dark gray very gravelly silt loam

3 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

silty clay loam

8 to 26 inches—dark brown clay

26 to 43 inches—weak red clay

43 inches—sedimentary rock

Properties and Qualities of the Fawnspring

Soil

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Boardflower soils on concave benches

• Mutton soils on north-facing side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Littlefawn and Fawnspring—equipment operability,

soil compaction, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard,

and plant competition

• Littlefawn—soil erosion

• Fawnspring—soil displacement

Livestock grazing

• Soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• This unit is subject to a moderate soil compaction

hazard because of the texture of the surface layer.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soils are dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement on the Fawnspring

soil.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soils.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Livestock grazing

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this unit to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at

least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75

percent crown closure should be left in some

areas of this unit to provide escape and thermal cover

for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the

available animal-unit-months should be allocated to

wildlife.
96 Soil Survey

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO-PSME/SYMPH (Mutton)

72—Littlefawn-Wakamo-Fawnspring

complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Littlefawn soil: 40 percent

Wakamo soil: 25 percent

Fawnspring soil: 25 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Littlefawn—concave benches

and side slopes; Wakamo—convex benches and

side slopes; Fawnspring—concave foot slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sedimentary rock with an influence of

volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, Oregon

white oak, common snowberry, and heartleaf

arnica

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile of the Littlefawn Soil

0 to 10 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

10 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

17 to 22 inches—brown gravelly silty clay loam

22 to 32 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay

32 inches—sedimentary rock

Properties and Qualities of the Littlefawn Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Typical Profile of the Wakamo Soil

0 to 11 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

11 to 15 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly clay

loam

15 to 18 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly clay

18 inches—fractured sedimentary rock

Properties and Qualities of the Wakamo Soil

Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Typical Profile of the Fawnspring Soil

0 to 3 inches—very dark gray very gravelly silt

loam

3 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

silty clay loam

8 to 26 inches—dark brown clay

26 to 43 inches—weak red clay

43 inches—sedimentary rock

Properties and Qualities of the Fawnspring

Soil

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Logsprings soils in depressional areas

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction,

seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, and plant

competition

Livestock grazing

• Littlefawn, Wakamo, Fawnspring—soil compaction

• Wakamo—depth to bedrock

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 97

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• This unit has a moderate or severe soil compaction

hazard because of the texture of the surface layer and

the clayey subsoil.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soils are dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement on the Fawnspring

soil.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soils.

• Trees are subject to moderate or severe windthrow

damage during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on the Wakamo soil generally is

impractical because of the limited soil depth.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this unit to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO-PSME/SYMPH (Mutton)

73—Logsprings loam, 0 to 8 percent

slopes

Composition

Logsprings soil: 80 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Concave benches

Landform: Foothills

Parent material: Alluvium and colluvium over

residuum derived dominantly from sedimentary

rock with an influence of volcanic ash in the upper

part

Elevation: 2,600 to 2,800 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush,

mule’s-ear, and prairie smoke

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown loam

10 to 21 inches—brown loam

21 to 30 inches—dark brown clay

30 to 36 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly sandy

clay loam

36 to 64 inches—dark brown loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 8 to 13 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Teewee soils on convex benches

• Bodell soils on convex scablands

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil compaction, seedling mortality, and plant

competition

Livestock grazing

• Soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil

less and helps to maintain productivity.
98 Soil Survey

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• This soil is subject to a moderate soil compaction

hazard because of the texture of the surface layer and

the clayey subsoil.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

Livestock grazing

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO/PUTR

74—Mackatie-Kutcher complex, 0 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Mackatie soil: 50 percent

Kutcher soil: 40 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Mackatie—level and concave

benches; Kutcher—convex benches and side

slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite with a mantle of

volcanic ash

Elevation: 3,400 to 4,800 feet

Native plants: Pacific silver fir, western hemlock,

Douglas fir, queencup beadlily, vine maple, big

huckleberry, and golden chinkapin

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—60 to 90 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F

• Frost-free period—40 to 90 days

Typical Profile of the Mackatie Soil

0 to 18 inches—dark brown sandy loam

18 to 41 inches—dark brown loam and clay loam

41 to 51 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay loam

51 inches—weathered andesite

Properties and Qualities of the Mackatie Soil

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 4 to 8 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Typical Profile of the Kutcher Soil

0 to 18 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy loam

18 to 38 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay loam

38 inches—weathered andesite

Properties and Qualities of the Kutcher Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Howash soils on convex benches and side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Mackatie and Kutcher—plant competition

• Mackatie—soil compaction and soil displacement

• Kutcher—windthrow hazard

Use and Management

Timber production

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil

less and helps to maintain productivity.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 99

• The surface layer of the Mackatie soil is subject to

a moderate soil compaction hazard because of the

texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement on the Mackatie

soil.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth and high content of rock

fragments in the Kutcher soil (fig. 13).

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy has been opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this unit to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• TSHE/ACCI and ABAM/CLUN

75—Mackatie-Kutcher complex, cool, 0 to

12 percent slopes

Composition

Mackatie soil: 50 percent

Kutcher soil: 40 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Mackatie—level and concave

benches;

Kutcher—convex benches and side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite with a mantle of

volcanic ash

Elevation: 4,700 to 5,600 feet

Native plants: Grand fir, lodgepole pine, Douglas fir,

pachystima, pinegrass, and big huckleberry

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—50 to 70 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—38 to 40 degrees F

• Frost-free period—30 to 60 days

Typical Profile of the Mackatie Soil

0 to 18 inches—dark brown sandy loam

18 to 41 inches—dark brown loam and clay loam

41 to 51 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay loam

51 inches—weathered andesite

Figure 13.—Windthrow damage on the Kutcher soil in an area

of Mackatie-Kutcher complex, 0 to 12 percent slopes.

Properties and Qualities of the Mackatie Soil

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 4 to 8 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Typical Profile of the Kutcher Soil

0 to 18 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy loam

18 to 38 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay loam

38 inches—weathered andesite

Properties and Qualities of the Kutcher Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow
100 Soil Survey

Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Howash soils on convex benches and side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Mackatie and Kutcher—plant competition

• Mackatie—soil compaction and soil displacement

• Kutcher—windthrow hazard

Use and Management

Timber production

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil

less and helps to maintain productivity.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• The surface layer of the Mackatie soil is subject to a

moderate soil compaction hazard because of the

texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement on the Mackatie

soil.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth and high content of rock

fragments in the Kutcher soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this unit to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, and trees at

least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent

crown closure should be left in some areas of this unit

to provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• ABGR-PICO/PAMY CARU

76—Mackatie-Kutcher complex, low

precipitation, 0 to 12 percent slopes

Composition

Mackatie soil: 50 percent

Kutcher soil: 40 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Mackatie—level and concave

benches; Kutcher—convex benches and side

slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite with a mantle of

volcanic ash

Elevation: 3,000 to 4,700 feet

Native plants: Grand fir, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine,

pachystima, common snowberry, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F

• Frost-free period—50 to 80 days

Typical Profile of the Mackatie Soil

0 to 18 inches—dark brown sandy loam

18 to 41 inches—dark brown loam and clay loam

41 to 51 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay loam

51 inches—weathered andesite

Properties and Qualities of the Mackatie Soil

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 4 to 8 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Typical Profile of the Kutcher Soil

0 to 18 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy loam

18 to 38 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay loam

38 inches—weathered andesite
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 101

Properties and Qualities of the Kutcher Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Howash soils on convex benches and side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Mackatie and Kutcher—plant competition

• Mackatie—soil compaction and soil displacement

• Kutcher—windthrow hazard

Use and Management

Timber production

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil

less and helps to maintain productivity.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• The surface layer of the Mackatie soil is subject to a

moderate soil compaction hazard because of the

texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement on the Mackatie

soil.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth and high content of rock

fragments in the Kutcher soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this unit to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, and trees at

least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent

crown closure should be left in some areas of this unit

to provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• ABGR/PAMY, ABGR/SYMPH, and ABGR/ACCI

77—Madras loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes

Composition

Madras soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landform: Low foothills

Parent material: Loess over colluvium derived from

sedimentary rock or tuff

Elevation: 1,400 to 2,400 feet

Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg

bluegrass, big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush,

and western juniper

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

10 to 33 inches—dark brown clay loam

33 to 35 inches—weathered tuff

35 inches—welded tuff

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Moderately deep (22 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 4 to 7 inches
102 Soil Survey

Potential rooting depth: 22 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Skoven soils on scablands

• Lavey soils on mounds

Major Uses

• Cropland (fig. 14) and livestock grazing

Figure 14.—Alfalfa hay on Madras loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes.

Ruckles-Simas-Rock outcrop complex, 40 to 80 percent

slopes, on canyonsides in background.

Major Management Limitations

Cropland

• Droughtiness, permeability, soil compaction, slope,

and depth to bedrock

Livestock grazing

• Droughtiness and soil compaction

Use and Management

Cropland

• Low annual precipitation restricts annual cropping

unless supplemental irrigation is used.

• Because of the moderately slow permeability rate

of the subsoil, care should be taken to prevent

excessive irrigation rates that may lead to overland

flow.

• To avoid overirrigating and leaching of plant

nutrients, applications of irrigation water should be

adjusted to the soil moisture content, the water intake

rate, and the needs of the crop grown.

• The loam surface layer is subject to compaction

from excessive tillage.

• Reduce soil compaction by returning crop

residue to the soil and keeping tillage at a

minimum.

• Care should be taken when using surface irrigation

on slopes of more than 3 percent.

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation limits the choice of

species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Range Site

• Droughty Loam 8-10 PZ (Arid Rolling Hills)

78—Madras-Skoven complex, 0 to 8

percent slopes

Composition

Madras soil: 55 percent

Skoven soil: 35 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Madras—mounds of patterned

ground; Skoven—scablands of patterned ground

Landform: Low foothills

Parent material: Loess over colluvium derived from

sedimentary rock or tuff

Elevation: 1,400 to 2,400 feet

Native plants: Madras—bluebunch wheatgrass,

Sandberg bluegrass, big sagebrush, antelope

bitterbrush, and western juniper; Skoven—

Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, bluebunch

wheatgrass, lomatium, and squirreltail

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile of the Madras Soil

0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

10 to 33 inches—dark brown clay loam

33 to 35 inches—weathered tuff

35 inches—welded tuff

Properties and Qualities of the Madras Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (22 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 4 to 7 inches

Potential rooting depth: 22 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 103

Typical Profile of the Skoven Soil

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely

gravelly silt loam

3 to 8 inches—dark brown very gravelly silty clay

loam

8 to 11 inches—reddish brown extremely gravelly clay

11 to 21 inches—weathered tuff

21 inches—welded tuff

Properties and Qualities of the Skoven Soil

Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Lavey soils on mounds

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Madras and Skoven—droughtiness

• Madras—soil compaction

• Skoven—depth to bedrock

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on the Skoven soil generally is

impractical because of the limited soil depth.

• Low annual precipitation and the shallow rooting

depth of the Skoven soil limit the choice of species for

range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants on the Madras

soil.

Range Site

• Madras—Droughty Loam 8-10 PZ (Arid Rolling

Hills)

• Skoven—Buckwheat Scabland 9-12 PZ

79—Mariel mucky peat, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Mariel soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Mountain bogs

Parent material: Organic material from water-tolerant

plants

Elevation: 3,000 to 5,000 feet

Native plants: Rushes, sedges, and tufted hairgrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—80 to 110 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—34 to 36 degrees F

• Frost-free period—10 to 30 days

Typical Profile

0 to 14 inches—black mucky peat

14 to 34 inches—very dark gray hemic material

34 to 60 inches—very dark brown sapric material

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Permeability: Rapid

Available water capacity: 15 to 18 inches

Potential rooting depth: 60 inches or more for watertolerant plants

Runoff: Ponded

Hazard of erosion: None

Depth to water table: 24 inches above the surface to 6

inches below the surface throughout the year

Frequency of flooding: Occasional

Contrasting Inclusions

• Racing soils along the edge of bogs

Major Uses

• Wetland wildlife habitat and livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• High water table, season of use, and soil

compaction

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate

seasonal wetness.

• The cold climate and soil temperature delay early

growth of forage and shorten the growing season.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Range Site

• Sedge Meadow
104 Soil Survey

80—Maupin silt loam, 0 to 8 percent

slopes

Composition

Maupin soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Nearly level to moderately

sloping benches

Landform: Mesas

Parent material: Loess

Elevation: 2,000 to 2,400 feet

Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg

bluegrass, big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush,

and western juniper

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam

7 to 20 inches—dark brown silt loam

20 to 25 inches—brown gravelly loam

25 to 31 inches—indurated duripan

31 inches—basalt

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Moderately deep to a duripan (20 to 40

inches); moderately deep to bedrock (25 to 40

inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bakeoven soils on scablands

Major Uses

• Cropland, livestock grazing, and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Cropland

• Droughtiness, soil compaction, slope, and depth to

duripan

Livestock grazing

• Seepage and droughtiness

Use and Management

Cropland

• Low annual precipitation restricts annual cropping

unless supplemental irrigation is used.

• Because of the depth to the duripan, care should

be taken to prevent excessive irrigation rates that may

lead to overland flow.

• To avoid overirrigating and leaching of plant

nutrients, applications of irrigation water should be

adjusted to the soil moisture content, the water intake

rate, and the needs of the crop grown.

• The silt loam surface layer is subject to compaction

from excessive tillage.

• Reduce soil compaction by returning crop residue

to the soil and keeping tillage at a minimum.

• Care should be taken when using surface irrigation

on slopes of more than 3 percent.

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on this soil generally is

impractical because of the risk of seepage.

• Low annual precipitation limits the choice of

species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause severe soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Droughty Loam 8-10 PZ (Arid Rolling Hills)

81—Milldam-Tenwalter complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Milldam soil: 65 percent

Tenwalter soil: 25 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Milldam—mounds of patterned

ground; Tenwalter—scablands of patterned

ground

Landform: Outwash plains

Parent material: Residuum derived from glacial

outwash with an influence of loess in the upper

part

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Milldam—Idaho fescue, bluebunch
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 105

wheatgrass, antelope bitterbrush, Sandberg

bluegrass, and buckwheat; Tenwalter—Sandberg

bluegrass, buckwheat, onespike oatgrass,

lomatium, and squirreltail

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile of the Milldam Soil

0 to 10 inches—very dark brown silt loam

10 to 34 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

34 to 37 inches—brown cobbly clay

37 to 51 inches—duripan

51 to 60 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay

Properties and Qualities of the Milldam Soil

Depth: Moderately deep to a duripan (30 to 40

inches); very deep to bedrock (more than 60

inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 8 inches

Potential rooting depth: 30 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow

Hazard of erosion: Slight

Typical Profile of the Tenwalter Soil

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly

silt loam

11 to 15 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly clay

15 to 27 inches—duripan

27 to 60 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay

Properties and Qualities of the Tenwalter Soil

Depth: Shallow to a duripan (10 to 20 inches); very

deep to bedrock (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 3 inches

Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches

Runoff: Slow

Hazard of erosion: Slight

Contrasting Inclusions

• Wapinitia soils on large mounds

• Kahneeta soils in concave drainageways

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Milldam and Tenwalter—soil compaction

• Tenwalter—surface cobbles and depth to duripan

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on the Tenwalter soil generally is

impractical because of the limited soil depth.

• Range seeding with ground equipment is

impractical because of the cobbles on the surface of

the Tenwalter soil.

• Seeding the more favorable areas of this unit may

be difficult or impractical because of the pattern in

which they occur with the less favorable areas.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Some areas of this unit provide critical winter range

for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the

available animal-unit-months should be allocated to

wildlife.

Range Site

• Milldam—Shrubby Loam 12-16 PZ (Juniper Rolling

Hills)

• Tenwalter—Very Shallow 14-18 PZ

82—Millerflat loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

Composition

Millerflat soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landform: Stream terraces

Parent material: Alluvium derived from mixed sources

with an influence of volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir,

common snowberry, golden chinkapin, snowbrush

ceanothus, and starflower

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F

• Frost-free period—60 to 90 days
106 Soil Survey

Typical Profile

0 to 22 inches—very dark brown loam

22 to 35 inches—dark brown loam

35 to 60 inches—brown extremely gravelly sandy clay

loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 6 to 10 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow

Hazard of erosion: Slight

Contrasting Inclusions

• Vitrandic Haploxerolls along stream channels

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil compaction, and plant competition

Use and Management

Timber production

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil

less and helps to maintain productivity.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• The surface layer is subject to a severe soil

compaction hazard because of the texture and the low

content of rock fragments.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• To reduce siltation and maintain temperatures of

streams, areas of this soil adjacent to perennial

streams may need to be maintained as buffers.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• MIXED CONIFER/SYMPH

83—Mowako extremely channery loam, 30

to 55 percent slopes

Composition

Mowako soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from sedimentary rock with an

influence of volcanic ash

Elevation: 1,800 to 4,200 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush,

Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie

junegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile

0 to 9 inches—very dark brown extremely channery

loam

9 to 27 inches—dark brown extremely channery loam

27 inches—fractured sedimentary rock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 1 to 3 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop on shoulders and convex side slopes

• Oldsferry soils on nonforested side slopes
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 107

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction,

seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, plant

competition, and fire damage

Livestock grazing

• Rock outcrop, slope, and aspect

Use and Management

Timber production

• Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are

subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or

adequate water bars, or both, are provided.

• Disturbance of this soil may result in instability of

the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the

slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed.

• Roads and landings can be protected from erosion

by applying mulch or seeding cuts and fills.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best

suited.

• Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and

hinder yarding.

• The surface layer is subject to a moderate soil

compaction hazard because of the content of rock

fragments.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make

planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce

seedling survival.

• To compensate for the expected high mortality rate,

plant larger seedlings or a higher number of seedlings.

• The seedling mortality rate can be reduced by

providing artificial shade for seedlings or by leaving

some larger trees to provide shade, or both.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to retain moisture

in summer.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth and high content of rock

fragments in this soil.

• Unless the site is adequately prepared immediately

after harvest, competition from undesirable plants can

prolong natural or artificial reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency are likely to result from fires that have

moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should

be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts

to the soil.

Livestock grazing

• The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas

suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by

livestock.

• Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock

distribution.

• Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to

grazing in hot periods during the grazing season.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO-PSME/PUTR (Mutton)

84—Mowako-Rock outcrop complex, 55 to

80 percent slopes

Composition

Mowako soil: 60 percent

Rock outcrop: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from sedimentary rock with an

influence of volcanic ash

Elevation: 1,800 to 4,200 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush,

Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie

junegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile of the Mowako Soil

0 to 9 inches—very dark brown extremely channery

loam

9 to 27 inches—dark brown extremely channery loam

27 inches—fractured sedimentary rock
108 Soil Survey

Properties and Qualities of the Mowako Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 1 to 3 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Very rapid

Hazard of erosion: Very high

Rock Outcrop

Type of rock: Sedimentary

Contrasting Inclusions

• Oldsferry soils on nonforested side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction,

seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, plant

competition, and fire damage

Livestock grazing

• Rock outcrop, slope, and aspect

Use and Management

Timber production

• Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are

subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or

adequate water bars, or both, are provided.

• Disturbance of this unit may result in instability of

the slope. The factors that affect the stability of

the slope should be evaluated before the soil is

disturbed.

• Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Midslope

roads require large cuts and fills that remove land from

production.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best

suited.

• Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and

hinder yarding.

• The surface layer is subject to a moderate soil

compaction hazard because of the content of rock

fragments.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make

planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce

seedling survival.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth and high content of rock

fragments in this unit.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency are likely to result from fires that have

moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should

be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts

to the soil.

Livestock grazing

• The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas

suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by

livestock.

• Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock

distribution.

• Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to

grazing in hot periods during the grazing season.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO-PSME/PUTR (Mutton)

85—Mutton gravelly loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Mutton soil: 80 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from tuff with an influence of volcanic

ash

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, Oregon

white oak, common snowberry, and heartleaf

arnica
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 109

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49

degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly

loam

8 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

17 to 44 inches—dark brown very gravelly and

extremely gravelly loam

44 to 60 inches—brown extremely stony silty clay

loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Boardflower soils on concave benches and side

slopes

• Littlefawn soils on convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Equipment operability, soil compaction, seedling

mortality, and plant competition

Livestock grazing

• Soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• The surface layer is subject to a severe soil

compaction hazard because of the texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Livestock grazing

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO-PSME/SYMPH (Mutton)

86—Mutton gravelly loam, 30 to 55

percent slopes

Composition

Mutton soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from tuff with an influence of volcanic

ash

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, Oregon

white oak, common snowberry, and heartleaf

arnica

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49

degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days
110 Soil Survey

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly loam

8 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

17 to 44 inches—dark brown very gravelly and

extremely gravelly loam

44 to 60 inches—brown extremely stony silty clay

loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Littlefawn soils on convex side slopes

• Eaglespring soils on convex, nonforested side

slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction,

soil displacement, seedling mortality, and plant

competition

Livestock grazing

• Slope and soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are

subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or

adequate water bars, or both, are provided.

• Disturbance of this soil may result in instability of

the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the

slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best

suited.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• The surface layer is subject to a severe soil

compaction hazard because of the texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Livestock grazing

• Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock

distribution.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at

least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75

percent crown closure should be left in some

areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover

for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO-PSME/SYMPH (Mutton)

87—Mutton-Littlefawn complex, 30 to 55

percent slopes

Composition

Mutton soil: 45 percent

Littlefawn soil: 35 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Mutton—north-facing side

slopes; Littlefawn—north-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from tuff and sedimentary rock with an

influence of volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,200 to 3,800 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, Oregon
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 111

white oak, common snowberry, and heartleaf

arnica

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile of the Mutton Soil

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly

loam

8 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

17 to 44 inches—dark brown very gravelly and

extremely gravelly loam

44 to 60 inches—brown extremely stony silty clay

loam

Properties and Qualities of the Mutton Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Typical Profile of the Littlefawn Soil

0 to 10 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

10 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

17 to 22 inches—brown gravelly silty clay loam

22 to 32 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay

32 inches—sedimentary rock

Properties and Qualities of the Littlefawn Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Fawnspring soils in drainageways

• Eaglespring soils on nonforested side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Mutton and Littlefawn—soil erosion, equipment

operability, soil compaction, soil displacement,

seedling mortality, and plant competition

• Littlefawn—windthrow hazard

Livestock grazing

• Slope and soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are

subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or

adequate water bars, or both, are provided.

• Disturbance of this unit may result in instability of

the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the

slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best

suited.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• The surface layer is subject to a severe soil

compaction hazard because of the texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth of the Littlefawn soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Livestock grazing

• Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock

distribution.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this unit to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.
112 Soil Survey

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO-PSME/SYMPH (Mutton)

88—Mutton-Rock outcrop complex, 55 to

80 percent slopes

Composition

Mutton soil: 60 percent

Rock outcrop: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from tuff with an influence of volcanic

ash

Elevation: 1,800 to 3,800 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, Oregon

white oak, common snowberry, and heartleaf

arnica

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49

degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile of the Mutton Soil

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly

loam

8 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

17 to 44 inches—dark brown very gravelly and

extremely gravelly loam

44 to 60 inches—brown extremely stony silty clay

loam

Properties and Qualities of the Mutton Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Very rapid

Hazard of erosion: Very high

Rock Outcrop

Type of rock: Sedimentary

Contrasting Inclusions

• Eaglespring soils on north-facing, nonforested side

slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction,

soil displacement, seedling mortality, and plant

competition

Livestock grazing

• Slope, Rock outcrop, and soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are

subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or

adequate water bars, or both, are provided.

• Disturbance of this unit may result in instability of

the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the

slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed.

• Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Midslope

roads require large cuts and fills that remove land from

production.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best

suited.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and

hinder yarding.

• The surface layer has a severe compaction hazard

because of the texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Livestock grazing

• Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock

distribution.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 113

• The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas

suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by

livestock.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this unit to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO-PSME/SYMPH (Mutton)

89—Olallie clay loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Olallie soil: 80 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Parent material: Alluvium derived from mixed sources

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Tufted hairgrass, bluegrass, sedges,

and rushes

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches

• Mean annual temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile

0 to 13 inches—black clay loam

13 to 23 inches—very dark brown very gravelly clay

loam

23 to 44 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly fine

sandy loam

44 to 60 inches—brown extremely gravelly loamy sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 4 to 8 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches for

water-tolerant plants

Runoff: Slow

Hazard of erosion: Slight

Depth to water table: At the surface to 6 inches below

the surface in March through June

Frequency of flooding: Rare

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kahneeta soils in depressional areas on adjacent

outwash plains

• Millcreek soils in level areas of adjacent outwash

plains

Major Uses

• Cropland, livestock grazing, and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

• High water table and soil compaction

Use and Management

Cropland

• Most climatically adapted crops can be grown if

artificial drainage is provided.

• In summer, irrigation is needed for maximum

production of most crops. Sprinkler irrigation is a

suitable method of applying water. Use of this method

permits the even, controlled application of water,

reduces runoff, and minimizes the risk of erosion.

• The clay loam surface layer is subject to

compaction from excessive tillage.

• Reduce soil compaction by returning crop residue

to the soil and keeping tillage at a minimum.

Livestock grazing

• If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate

seasonal wetness.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

• The cold climate and soil temperature delay early

growth of forage and shorten the growing season.

Wildlife habitat

• To reduce siltation and maintain temperatures of

streams, areas of this soil adjacent to perennial

streams may need to be maintained as buffers.
114 Soil Survey

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Mountain Meadow (Wet Meadow)

90—Oldsferry-Venator complex, 30 to 55

percent slopes

Composition

Oldsferry soil: 50 percent

Venator soil: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Oldsferry—concave, south-facing

side slopes; Venator—convex, south-facing side

slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sedimentary rock

Elevation: 1,600 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue,

buckwheat, western juniper, and antelope

bitterbrush

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50

degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile of the Oldsferry Soil

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown extremely channery

loam

12 to 35 inches—dark brown extremely channery

loam

35 inches—fractured sedimentary rock

Properties and Qualities of the Oldsferry Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Typical Profile of the Venator Soil

0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely

channery loam

4 to 18 inches—dark brown very channery and

extremely channery loam

18 inches—fractured sedimentary rock

Properties and Qualities of the Venator Soil

Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Prill soils on foot slopes

• Rock outcrop on convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Droughtiness, slope, and aspect

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation and the shallow rooting

depth of the Venator soil limit the choice of species for

range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock

distribution and make range seeding with ground

equipment impractical.

• Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to

grazing in hot periods during the grazing season.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• JD Clayey South 12-16 PZ (South Exposure)

91—Oldsferry-Venator-Rock outcrop

complex, 55 to 80 percent slopes

Composition

Oldsferry soil: 35 percent

Venator soil: 25 percent

Rock outcrop: 25 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 115

Setting

Landscape position: Oldsferry—concave, south-facing

side slopes; Venator—convex, south-facing side

slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sedimentary rock

Elevation: 1,600 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue,

buckwheat, western juniper, and antelope

bitterbrush

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile of the Oldsferry Soil

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown extremely channery

loam

12 to 35 inches—dark brown extremely channery

loam

35 inches—fractured sedimentary rock

Properties and Qualities of the Oldsferry Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Very rapid

Hazard of erosion: Very high

Typical Profile of the Venator Soil

0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely

channery loam

4 to 18 inches—dark brown very channery and

extremely channery loam

18 inches—fractured sedimentary rock

Properties and Qualities of the Venator Soil

Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches

Runoff: Very rapid

Hazard of erosion: Very high

Rock Outcrop

Type of rock: Sedimentary

Contrasting Inclusions

• Prill soils on foot slopes

• Kaskela soils on foot slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Droughtiness, Rock outcrop, slope, and aspect

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation and the shallow rooting

depth of the Venator soil limit the choice of species for

range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas

suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by

livestock.

• Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock

distribution and make range seeding with ground

equipment impractical.

• Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited

to grazing in hot periods during the grazing

season.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• JD Clayey South 12-16 PZ (South Exposure)

92—Peahke extremely channery loam, 2

to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Peahke soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from sedimentary rock with an

influence of volcanic ash

Elevation: 4,000 to 4,500 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, greenleaf

manzanita, snowbrush ceanothus, western

fescue, and tailcup lupine
116 Soil Survey

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—20 to 25 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F

• Frost-free period—80 to 110 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—very dark gray extremely channery

loam

4 to 32 inches—dark brown extremely channery loam

32 inches—fractured sedimentary rock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 1 to 3 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kusu soils on concave side slopes

• Rock outcrop on shoulders and upper side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction,

seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, plant

competition, and fire damage

Livestock grazing

• Seepage

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• The surface layer has a moderate compaction

hazard because of the content of rock fragments.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make

planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce

seedling survival.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth, high content of rock

fragments in the soil, and exposed topography.

• If stands of timber are opened by shelterwood cuts,

the risk of windthrow may increase.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency are likely to result from fires that have

moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should

be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts

to the soil.

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on this soil generally is

impractical because of the risk of seepage.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO-PSME/PUTR-CEVE (Mutton)

93—Peahke extremely channery loam, 30

to 55 percent slopes

Composition

Peahke soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from sedimentary rock with an

influence of volcanic ash

Elevation: 4,000 to 4,500 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, greenleaf

manzanita, snowbrush ceanothus, western

fescue, and tailcup lupine

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—20 to 25 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F

• Frost-free period—80 to 110 days
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 117

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—very dark gray extremely channery

loam

4 to 32 inches—dark brown extremely channery loam

32 inches—fractured sedimentary rock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 1 to 3 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop on convex side slopes

• Kusu soils on concave foot slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction,

seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, plant

competition, and fire damage

Livestock grazing

• Slope

Use and Management

Timber production

• Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are

subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or

adequate water bars, or both, are provided.

• Disturbance of this soil may result in instability of

the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the

slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best

suited.

• Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and

hinder yarding.

• The surface layer has a moderate compaction

hazard because of the content of rock fragments.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make

planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce

seedling survival.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth, high content of rock

fragments in the soil, and exposed topography.

• If stands of timber are opened by shelterwood cuts,

the risk of windthrow may increase.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency are likely to result from fires that have

moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should

be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts

to the soil.

Livestock grazing

• Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock

distribution.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO-PSME/PUTR-CEVE (Mutton)

94—Pelton-Willowdale complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Pelton soil: 50 percent

Willowdale soil: 40 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Bars and channels

Landform: Flood plains

Parent material: Alluvium derived from mixed sources

Elevation: 1,100 to 1,600 feet

Native plants: Basin wildrye, bluegrass, slender

wheatgrass, and basin big sagebrush

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days
118 Soil Survey

Typical Profile of the Pelton Soil

0 to 4 inches—very dark gray sandy loam

4 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly

sandy loam

10 to 18 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

18 to 47 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly sandy

clay loam

47 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly loamy

sand

Properties and Qualities of the Pelton Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow

Hazard of erosion: Slight

Depth to water table: More than 6 feet

Frequency of flooding: Rare

Typical Profile of the Willowdale Soil

0 to 24 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

24 to 48 inches—very dark brown loam

48 to 60 inches—variegated sand and gravel

Properties and Qualities of the Willowdale

Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 7 to 10 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow

Hazard of erosion: Slight

Depth to water table: More than 6 feet

Frequency of flooding: Rare

Contrasting Inclusions

• Pelton very stony sandy loam on alluvial fans

• Riverwash adjacent to channels

Major Uses

• Cropland and livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

Cropland

• Permeability, leaching, groundwater contamination,

and soil compaction

Livestock grazing

• Seepage and soil compaction

Use and Management

Cropland

• Low annual precipitation restricts annual cropping

unless supplemental irrigation is used.

• Because of the moderately slow permeability of the

subsoil in the Pelton soil, care should be taken to

prevent excessive irrigation rates that may lead to

overland flow.

• Leaching of applied fertilizers and chemicals and

groundwater contamination may occur on the

Willowdale soil because of the rapid permeability of

the substratum.

• The loam surface layer of the Willowdale soil is

subject to compaction from excessive tillage.

• Reduce soil compaction by returning crop residue

to the soil and keeping tillage at a minimum.

Livestock grazing

• Pond development generally is impractical because

of the risk of seepage.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Range Site

• Loamy Bottom (Moist Bottom)

95—Pinhead very gravelly sandy loam,

warm, 0 to 12 percent slopes

Composition

Pinhead soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Broad benches

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash

Elevation: 3,400 to 5,300 feet

Native plants: Western hemlock, Pacific silver fir,

Douglas fir, western white pine, common

beargrass, Pacific rhododendron, and big

huckleberry

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—70 to 100 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—36 to 38 degrees F

• Frost-free period—20 to 45 days

Typical Profile

0 to 18 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

18 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

gravelly sandy loam
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 119

30 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Jojo soils on convex benches and gently sloping

side slopes

• Pinhead very stony sandy loam on convex benches

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Plant competition

Use and Management

Timber production

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil

less and helps to maintain productivity.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• TSHE/RHMA, TSHE/XETE, and ABAM/XETE

96—Pinhead very gravelly sandy loam,

warm, 12 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Pinhead soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash

Elevation: 3,400 to 5,300 feet

Native plants: Western hemlock, Pacific silver fir,

Douglas fir, western white pine, common

beargrass, Pacific rhododendron, and big

huckleberry

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—70 to 100 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—36 to 38 degrees F

• Frost-free period—20 to 45 days

Typical Profile

0 to 18 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

18 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

gravelly sandy loam

30 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Jojo soils on convex side slopes

• Piumpsha soils on concave side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Equipment operability, soil displacement, and plant

competition
120 Soil Survey

Use and Management

Timber production

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy has been opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• TSHE-XETE and TSHE-RHMA

97—Pinhead very gravelly sandy loam,

warm, 30 to 65 percent slopes

Composition

Pinhead soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash

Elevation: 3,400 to 5,300 feet

Native plants: Western hemlock, Pacific silver fir,

Douglas fir, western white pine, common

beargrass, Pacific rhododendron, and big

huckleberry

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—70 to 100 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—36 to 38 degrees F

• Frost-free period—20 to 45 days

Typical Profile

0 to 18 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

18 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

gravelly sandy loam

30 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Jojo soils on convex side slopes

• Rock outcrop on shoulders

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil

displacement, and plant competition

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best

suited.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 121

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• TSHE/XETE and TSHE/RHMA

98—Pinhead very stony sandy loam,

warm, 12 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Pinhead soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash

Elevation: 4,000 to 5,600 feet

Native plants: Pacific silver fir, mountain hemlock,

Douglas fir, western white pine, common

beargrass, and big huckleberry.

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—70 to 100 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—36 to 38

degrees F

• Frost-free period—20 to 45 days

Typical Profile

0 to 18 inches—dark brown very stony sandy

loam

18 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

gravelly sandy loam

30 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Jojo soils on convex side slopes

• Rock outcrop on shoulders

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Equipment operability, soil displacement, seedling

mortality, plant competition, and fire damage

Use and Management

Timber production

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with

felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use

of equipment.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make

planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce

seedling survival.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the soil.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• ABAM/XETE
122 Soil Survey

99—Pinhead-Jojo complex, 0 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Pinhead soil: 50 percent

Jojo soil: 35 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Pinhead—level and concave

benches; Jojo—convex benches and shoulders

on ridgetops

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite, pyroclastic ashflow, and

volcanic ash

Elevation: 4,200 to 6,400 feet

Native plants: Mountain hemlock, lodgepole pine,

western white pine, subalpine fir, big huckleberry,

common beargrass, and grouse blueberry

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—80 to 110 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—34 to 36 degrees F

• Frost-free period—10 to 30 days

Typical Profile of the Pinhead Soil

0 to 18 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

18 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

gravelly sandy loam

30 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly sandy loam

Properties and Qualities of the Pinhead Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Typical Profile of the Jojo Soil

0 to 7 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam

7 to 32 inches—reddish brown very gravelly and

extremely gravelly sandy loam and loamy sand

32 inches—pyroclastic ashflow

Properties and Qualities of the Jojo Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Piumpsha soils on concave benches

• Rock outcrop on shoulders

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Pinhead and Jojo—windthrow hazard and plant

competition

• Jojo—equipment operability, seedling mortality, and

fire damage

Use and Management

Timber production

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil

less and helps to maintain productivity.

• Stones or boulders on the surface of the Jojo soil

can interfere with felling, yarding, and other operations

involving the use of equipment.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• Cold winds and frost heaving may increase

seedling mortality.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

on the Jojo soil because of inadequate moisture in the

soil.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the Jojo soil

make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and

reduce seedling survival.

• Trees are subject to moderate or severe windthrow

damage during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth, high content of rock

fragments, and exposed topography.

• If stands of timber are opened by shelterwood cuts,

the risk of windthrow may increase.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the Jojo soil.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 123

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this unit to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• TSME/XETE, TSME-PICO/ARNE, TSME-PICO/

VASC, and TSME-PICO-ALBA2

100—Pinhead-Jojo complex, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Pinhead soil: 60 percent

Jojo soil: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Pinhead—concave side slopes

and foot slopes; Jojo—convex side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite, pyroclastic ashflow, and

volcanic ash

Elevation: 4,200 to 6,400 feet

Native plants: Mountain hemlock, lodgepole pine,

western white pine, subalpine fir, big huckleberry,

common beargrass, and grouse blueberry

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—80 to 110 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—34 to 36 degrees F

• Frost-free period—10 to 30 days

Typical Profile of the Pinhead Soil

0 to 18 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

18 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

gravelly sandy loam

30 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly sandy loam

Properties and Qualities of the Pinhead Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Typical Profile of the Jojo Soil

0 to 7 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam

7 to 32 inches—reddish brown very gravelly and

extremely gravelly sandy loam and loamy sand

32 inches—pyroclastic ashflow

Properties and Qualities of the Jojo Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Piumpsha soils on concave side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Pinhead and Jojo—equipment operability, soil

displacement, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard,

and plant competition

• Jojo—fire damage

Use and Management

Timber production

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Stones or boulders on the surface of the Jojo soil

can interfere with felling, yarding, and other operations

involving the use of equipment.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• Cold winds and frost heaving may increase

seedling mortality.

• The seedling mortality rate on the Jojo soil may be

high in summer because of inadequate moisture in the

soil.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the Jojo soil

make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and

reduce seedling survival.

• Trees are subject to moderate or severe windthrow

damage during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth, high content of rock

fragments, and exposed topography.

• If stands of timber are opened by shelterwood cuts,

the risk of windthrow may increase.
124 Soil Survey

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the Jojo soil.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this unit to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at

least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75

percent crown closure should be left in some

areas of this unit to provide escape and thermal cover

for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• TSME/XETE, TSME-PICO/ARNE, TSME-PICO/

VASC, and TSME-PICO-ALBA2

101—Pipp very cobbly sandy loam, 12 to

30 percent slopes

Composition

Pipp soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,800 to 3,800 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir,

snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry,

golden chinkapin, and starflower

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43

degrees F

• Frost-free period—60 to 90 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown very cobbly sandy

loam

12 to 51 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

stony sandy loam

51 inches—fractured andesite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 4 to 7 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Simnasho soils on convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Equipment operability, soil displacement, seedling

mortality, and plant competition

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least

30 acres in size and with at least 70 percent

crown closure should be left in some areas of

this soil to provide escape and thermal cover for

elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at

least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75

percent crown closure should be left in some

areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover

for deer.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 125

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• MIXED CONIFER/SYMPH and MIXED CONIFER/

CEVE

102—Pipp very cobbly sandy loam, 30 to

65 percent slopes

Composition

Pipp soil: 80 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,800 to 3,800 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir,

snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry,

golden chinkapin, and starflower

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43

degrees F

• Frost-free period—60 to 90 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown very cobbly sandy

loam

12 to 51 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

stony sandy loam

51 inches—fractured andesite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 4 to 7 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Simnasho soils on convex side slopes

• Rock outcrop on shoulders and upper side

slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Erosion hazard, equipment operability, soil

displacement, seedling mortality, and plant competition

Use and Management

Timber production

• Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are

subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or

adequate water bars, or both, are provided.

• Disturbance of this soil may result in instability of

the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the

slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best

suited.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, and trees at

least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent

crown closure should be left in some areas of this soil

to provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• MIXED CONIFER/SYMPH and MIXED CONIFER/

CEVE

103—Pipp very stony sandy loam, 12 to

30 percent slopes

Composition

Pipp soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains
126 Soil Survey

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,600 to 5,000 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir,

snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry,

golden chinkapin, and starflower

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F

• Frost-free period—60 to 90 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown very stony sandy

loam

12 to 51 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

stony sandy loam

51 inches—fractured andesite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 4 to 7 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Simnasho soils on convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Equipment operability, soil displacement, seedling

mortality, plant competition, and fire damage

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with

felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use

of equipment.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make

planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce

seedling survival.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the soil.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• MIXED CONIFER/SYMPH and MIXED CONIFER/

CEVE

104—Pipp very stony sandy loam, 30 to

65 percent slopes

Composition

Pipp soil: 80 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,600 to 5,000 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir,

snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry,

golden chinkapin, and starflower

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43

degrees F

• Frost-free period—60 to 90 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown very stony sandy

loam
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 127

12 to 51 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely stony

sandy loam

51 inches—fractured andesite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 4 to 7 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Simnasho soils on convex side slopes

• Rock outcrop on shoulders and upper side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Erosion hazard, equipment operability, soil

displacement, seedling mortality, plant competition,

and fire damage

Use and Management

Timber production

• Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are

subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or

adequate water bars, or both, are provided.

• Disturbance of this soil may result in instability of

the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the

slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best

suited.

• Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with

felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use

of equipment.

• Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and

hinder yarding.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make

planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce

seedling survival.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency are likely to result from fires that have

moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should

be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts

to the soil.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• MIXED CONIFER/SYMPH and MIXED CONIFER/

CEVE

105—Pipp very stony sandy loam, low

precipitation, 12 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Pipp soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,200 to 3,600 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, antelope

bitterbrush, snowbrush ceanothus, and Idaho

fescue

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—25 to 30 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F

• Frost-free period—70 to 100 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown very stony sandy

loam

12 to 51 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

stony sandy loam

51 inches—fractured andesite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained
128 Soil Survey

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 4 to 7 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Simnasho soils on convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Equipment operability, soil displacement, seedling

mortality, plant competition, and fire damage

Livestock grazing

• None

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with

felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use

of equipment.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make

planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce

seedling survival.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the soil.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, and trees at

least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent

crown closure should be left in some areas of this soil

to provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO-PSME/PUTR-CEVE

106—Pipp very stony sandy loam, low

precipitation, 30 to 65 percent slopes

Composition

Pipp soil: 80 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,200 to 3,600 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, antelope

bitterbrush, snowbrush ceanothus, and Idaho

fescue

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—25 to 30 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F

• Frost-free period—70 to 100 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown very stony sandy

loam

12 to 51 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

stony sandy loam

51 inches—fractured andesite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 4 to 7 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Simnasho soils on convex side slopes

• Rock outcrop on shoulders and upper side slopes
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 129

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Erosion hazard, equipment operability, soil

displacement, seedling mortality, plant competition,

and fire damage

Livestock grazing

• Rock outcrop and slope

Use and Management

Timber production

• Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are

subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or

adequate water bars, or both, are provided.

• Disturbance of this soil may result in instability of

the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the

slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best

suited.

• Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with

felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use

of equipment.

• Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and

hinder yarding.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make

planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce

seedling survival.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency are likely to result from fires that have

moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should

be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts

to the soil.

Livestock grazing

• The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas

suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by

livestock.

• Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock

distribution.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, and trees at

least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO-PSME/PUTR-CEVE

107—Piumpsha-Jojo complex, 2 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Piumpsha soil: 60 percent

Jojo soil: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Piumpsha—benches and

concave side slopes; Jojo—shoulders and convex

side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite, pyroclastic ashflow, and

volcanic ash

Elevation: 4,200 to 6,400 feet

Native plants: Mountain hemlock, lodgepole pine,

western white pine, subalpine fir, big huckleberry,

common beargrass, and grouse blueberry

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—80 to 110 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—34 to 36 degrees F

• Frost-free period—10 to 30 days

Typical Profile of the Piumpsha Soil

0 to 8 inches—very dark brown gravelly sandy loam

8 to 27 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly sandy

loam

27 to 60 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam

Properties and Qualities of the Piumpsha Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 4 to 8 inches
130 Soil Survey

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Typical Profile of the Jojo Soil

0 to 7 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam

7 to 32 inches—reddish brown very gravelly sandy

loam

32 inches—pyroclastic ashflow

Properties and Qualities of the Jojo Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Pinhead soils on concave side slopes and foot

slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Piumpsha and Jojo—equipment operability, soil

displacement, seedling mortality, and windthrow

hazard

• Jojo—fire damage

• Piumpsha—soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• Stones or boulders on the surface of the Jojo soil

can interfere with felling, yarding, and other operations

involving the use of equipment.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• The surface layer of the Piumpsha soil is subject to

a moderate soil compaction hazard because of the

texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• Cold winds and frost heaving may increase

seedling mortality.

• The seedling mortality rate on the Jojo soil may be

high in summer because of inadequate moisture in the

soil.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the Jojo soil

make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and

reduce seedling survival.

• Trees are subject to moderate or severe windthrow

damage during periods of strong winds because of

restricted rooting depth, high content of rock

fragments, and exposed topography.

• If stands of timber are opened by shelterwood cuts,

the risk of windthrow may increase.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the Jojo soil.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this unit to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at

least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75

percent crown closure should be left in some

areas of this unit to provide escape and thermal cover

for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• TSME-PICO-ABLA2 and TSME-PICO/ARNE

108—Prill gravelly silty clay loam, 30 to 55

percent slopes

Composition

Prill soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Foothills

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from tuff

Elevation: 2,400 to 3,800 feet
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 131

Native plants: Antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue,

bluebunch wheatgrass, Oregon white oak, and

western juniper

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50

degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile

0 to 6 inches—black gravelly silty clay loam

6 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly clay

28 to 35 inches—brown extremely cobbly silty clay

35 inches—tuff

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kaskela soils on concave side slopes

• Rock outcrop on convex side slopes and shoulders

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Slope, Rock outcrop, and soil compaction

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock

distribution and make range seeding with ground

equipment impractical.

• The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas

suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by

livestock.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Juniper-Oak Clayey

109—Prill-Kaskela complex, 2 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Prill soil: 60 percent

Kaskela soil: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Prill—convex, north-facing side

slopes; Kaskela—concave, north-facing side

slopes

Landform: Foothills

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sedimentary rock and tuff

Elevation: 2,400 to 3,800 feet

Native plants: Antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue,

bluebunch wheatgrass, Oregon white oak, and

western juniper

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile of the Prill Soil

0 to 6 inches—black gravelly silty clay loam

6 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly clay

28 to 35 inches—brown extremely cobbly silty clay

35 inches—tuff

Properties and Qualities of the Prill Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Typical Profile of the Kaskela Soil

0 to 4 inches—dark brown clay

4 to 31 inches—dark reddish brown clay

31 to 42 inches—reddish brown clay loam

42 inches—sedimentary rock

Properties and Qualities of the Kaskela Soil

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 6 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high
132 Soil Survey

Contrasting Inclusions

• Fawnspring soils on concave, forested side slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Shrink-swell potential and soil compaction

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• If this unit is seeded, use plants that tolerate the

high shrink-swell potential.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Juniper-Oak Clayey

110—Prill-Kaskela-Rock outcrop complex,

2 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Prill soil: 40 percent

Kaskela soil: 25 percent

Rock outcrop: 25 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Prill—convex, south-facing side

slopes; Kaskela—concave, south-facing side

slopes

Landform: Foothills

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sedimentary rock and tuff

Elevation: 2,400 to 4,200 feet

Native plants: Antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch

wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, western juniper, and

ponderosa pine

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile of the Prill Soil

0 to 6 inches—black gravelly silty clay loam

6 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly clay

28 to 35 inches—brown extremely cobbly silty clay

35 inches—tuff

Properties and Qualities of the Prill Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Typical Profile of the Kaskela Soil

0 to 4 inches—dark brown clay

4 to 31 inches—dark reddish brown clay

31 to 42 inches—reddish brown clay loam

42 inches—sedimentary rock

Properties and Qualities of the Kaskela Soil

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 6 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Rock Outcrop

Type of rock: Sedimentary

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kishwalk soils on convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Shrink-swell potential, droughtiness, Rock outcrop,

and soil compaction

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• If this unit is seeded, use plants that tolerate the

high shrink-swell potential.

• Low annual precipitation limits the choice of

species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Seeding the more favorable areas of this unit may
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 133

be difficult or impractical because of the pattern in

which they occur with the less favorable areas.

• The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas

suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by

livestock.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• JD Shrubby Mountain South 12-16 PZ (Shrubby

South Exposure)

111—Prill-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 55

percent slopes

Composition

Prill soil: 60 percent

Rock outcrop: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Foothills

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from tuff

Elevation: 2,400 to 4,200 feet

Native plants: Antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch

wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, western juniper, and

ponderosa pine

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile of the Prill Soil

0 to 6 inches—black gravelly silty clay loam

6 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly clay

28 to 35 inches—brown extremely cobbly silty clay

35 inches—tuff

Properties and Qualities of the Prill Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Rock Outcrop

Type of rock: Sedimentary

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kishwalk soils on convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Droughtiness, slope, Rock outcrop, and soil

compaction

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation limits the choice of

species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock

distribution and make range seeding with ground

equipment impractical.

• The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas

suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by

livestock.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• JD Shrubby Mountain South 12-16 PZ (Shrubby

South Exposure)

112—Racing sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Racing soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Drainageways

Landform: Mountain basins

Parent material: Mixed ash and alluvium derived from

mixed sources

Elevation: 3,000 to 5,000 feet

Native plants: Engelmann spruce, lodgepole pine,

sedges, and rushes

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—80 to 110 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—34 to 36 degrees F

• Frost-free period—10 to 30 days
134 Soil Survey

Typical Profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown sandy loam

7 to 11 inches—black muck

11 to 22 inches—dark gray silt loam

22 to 41 inches—light brownish gray very gravelly clay

loam

41 to 51 inches—grayish brown extremely gravelly

sand

51 to 60 inches—grayish brown very gravelly sandy

loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: 6 to 10 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow

Hazard of erosion: Slight

Depth to water table: 12 inches above the surface to

12 inches below the surface in April through June

Frequency of flooding: None

Contrasting Inclusions

• Mariel soils in nonforested areas

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Equipment operability, soil compaction, soil

displacement, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard,

and plant competition

Use and Management

Timber production

• The seasonal high water table restricts the use of

equipment to midsummer when the soil is dry.

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil

less and helps to maintain productivity.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• This soil is subject to a moderate soil compaction

hazard because of the texture and the high water

table.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• Cold winds and freezing of the surface layer

increase seedling mortality.

• Trees are subject to severe windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because the rooting

depth is restricted by the high water table.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8

to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire,

or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• To reduce siltation and maintain temperatures of

streams, areas of this soil adjacent to perennial

streams and bogs need to be maintained as buffers.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIEN-PICO/CAREX-JUNCU

113—Rockly extremely gravelly silt loam,

2 to 20 percent slopes

Composition

Rockly soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Scablands

Landform: Mesas

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt with an

influence of loess in the upper part

Elevation: 2,400 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat,

onespike oatgrass, lomatium, and squirreltail

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely

gravelly silt loam

3 to 9 inches—dark brown very cobbly silt loam and

extremely cobbly silty clay loam

9 inches—basalt
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 135

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very shallow (4 to 10 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 4 to 10 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bodell soils on side slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Depth to bedrock and droughtiness

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on this soil generally is

impractical because of the limited soil depth.

• Shallow rooting depth limits the choice of species

for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

Wildlife habitat

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Very Shallow 14-18 PZ

114—Rockly-Watama complex, 0 to 8

percent slopes

Composition

Rockly soil: 60 percent

Watama soil: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Rockly—scablands of patterned

ground; Watama—mounds of patterned ground

(fig. 15)

Landform: Mesas

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt with an

influence of loess in the upper part

Elevation: 2,400 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Rockly—Sandberg bluegrass,

buckwheat, onespike oatgrass, lomatium, and

squirreltail; Watama—Idaho fescue, bluebunch

wheatgrass, buckwheat, big sagebrush, antelope

bitterbrush, and western juniper

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile of the Rockly Soil

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony silt

loam

3 to 9 inches—dark brown very cobbly silt loam and

extremely cobbly silty clay loam

9 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Rockly Soil

Depth: Very shallow (4 to 10 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 4 to 10 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Figure 15.—Typical area of Rockly-Watama complex, 0 to 8

percent slopes. This landscape is an example of

patterned ground, locally referred to as "biscuit

scabland."

Typical Profile of the Watama Soil

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam

11 to 21 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

21 to 37 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

37 inches—basalt
136 Soil Survey

Properties and Qualities of the Watama Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 8 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Wapinitia soils on large mounds

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Rockly—depth to bedrock, droughtiness, and

surface stones

• Rockly and Watama—soil compaction

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on the Rockly soil generally is

impractical because of the limited soil depth.

• Shallow rooting depth of the Rockly soil limits the

choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant

varieties.

• Range seeding with ground equipment is

impractical because of the stones on the surface of

the Rockly soil.

• Seeding the more favorable areas of this unit is

difficult or impractical because of the pattern in which

they occur with the less favorable areas.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Rockly—Very Shallow 14-18 PZ

• Watama—Loamy 12-16 PZ (Juniper Rolling Hills)

115—Rubble land-Rock outcrop complex,

30 to 80 percent slopes

Composition

Rubble land: 55 percent

Rock outcrop: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15

Setting

Landscape position: Side slopes

Landform: Canyons and mountains

Parent material: Basalt and andesite

Elevation: 1,400 to 5,000 feet

Native plants: Scattered conifers and hardwoods,

shrubs, forbs, and grasses

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 110 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—34 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—10 to 160 days

Contrasting Inclusions

• Ruckles and Waterbury soils at the lower elevations

• Jojo and Piumpsha soils at the higher elevations

Major Uses

• Wildlife habitat, rock quarries, and recreational rock

climbing

116—Ruckles-Rock outcrop complex, 55

to 80 percent slopes

Composition

Ruckles soil: 60 percent

Rock outcrop: 25 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from basalt and tuff

Elevation: 1,200 to 2,800 feet

Native plants: Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch

wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, western juniper,

and antelope bitterbrush

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile of the Ruckles Soil

0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very cobbly loam

4 to 8 inches—very dark brown extremely gravelly clay

loam

8 to 18 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay

18 inches—tuff

Properties and Qualities of the Ruckles Soil

Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 137

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches

Runoff: Very rapid

Hazard of erosion: Very high

Rock Outcrop

Type of rock: Basalt

Contrasting Inclusions

• Ruclick soils on concave side slopes

• Day soils on foot slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Depth to bedrock, droughtiness, surface cobbles,

slope, and aspect

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation and shallow rooting depth

limit the choice of species for range seeding to

drought-tolerant varieties.

• Steep slopes and cobbles on the surface may

adversely affect livestock distribution and make range

seeding with ground equipment impractical.

• The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas

suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by

livestock.

• Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to

grazing in hot periods during the grazing season.

Range Site

• Droughty South 9-12 PZ (Droughty South

Exposure)

117—Ruckles-Simas complex, 40 to 80

percent slopes

Composition

Ruckles soil: 40 percent

Simas soil: 35 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 25 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Ruckles—convex, north-facing

side slopes; Simas—concave, north-facing side

slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Ruckles—residuum and colluvium

derived from basalt and tuff; Simas—residuum

and colluvium derived from sedimentary rock with

an influence of loess

Elevation: 1,400 to 2,400 feet

Native plants: Ruckles—bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho

fescue, big sagebrush, and western juniper;

Simas—bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, big

sagebrush, and Sandberg bluegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile of the Ruckles Soil

0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very cobbly silt loam

4 to 8 inches—very dark brown extremely gravelly clay

loam

8 to 18 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay

18 inches—tuff

Properties and Qualities of the Ruckles Soil

Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Typical Profile of the Simas Soil

0 to 9 inches—very dark brown cobbly silt loam

9 to 35 inches—dark brown clay

35 to 60 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay loam

Properties and Qualities of the Simas Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 6 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Ruclick soils on concave side slopes

• Day soils on foot slopes

• Rock outcrop on upper, convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat
138 Soil Survey

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Ruckles and Simas—droughtiness and slope

• Ruckles—surface cobbles and depth to bedrock

• Simas—soil compaction

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation and the shallow rooting

depth of the Ruckles soil limit the choice of species for

range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Steep slopes and cobbles on the surface may

adversely affect livestock distribution and make range

seeding with ground equipment impractical.

• Grazing on the Simas soil during wet periods can

cause soil compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Ruckles—Shallow North 10-12 PZ

• Simas—Droughty North 10-12 PZ (Droughty North

Exposure)

118—Ruckles-Simas-Rock outcrop

complex, 40 to 80 percent slopes

Composition

Ruckles soil: 40 percent

Simas soil: 25 percent

Rock outcrop: 25 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Ruckles—convex, south-facing

side slopes; Simas—concave, south-facing side

slopes

Landform: Canyons (fig. 16)

Parent material: Ruckles—residuum and colluvium

derived from basalt and tuff; Simas—residuum

and colluvium derived from sedimentary rock with

an influence of loess

Elevation: 1,200 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Ruckles—bluebunch wheatgrass,

Sandberg bluegrass, Wyoming big sagebrush,

antelope bitterbrush, and western juniper;

Simas—bluebunch wheatgrass, big sagebrush,

Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, and western

juniper

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile of the Ruckles Soil

0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam

4 to 18 inches—very dark brown very stony clay

18 inches—tuff

Properties and Qualities of the Ruckles Soil

Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Typical Profile of the Simas Soil

0 to 9 inches—very dark brown very stony loam

9 to 35 inches—dark brown clay

35 to 60 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay loam

Properties and Qualities of the Simas Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 6 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Rock Outcrop

Type of rock: Basalt

Figure 16.—Area of Ruckles-Simas-Rock outcrop complex, 40

to 80 percent slopes, along the Deschutes River.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 139

Contrasting Inclusions

• Ruclick soils on concave side slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Ruckles and Simas—droughtiness, surface stones,

Rock outcrop, slope, and aspect

• Ruckles—depth to bedrock

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation and the shallow rooting

depth of the Ruckles soil limit the choice of species for

range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas

suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by

livestock.

• Steep slopes and stones on the surface may

adversely affect livestock distribution and make range

seeding with ground equipment impractical.

• Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to

grazing in hot periods during the grazing season.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Ruckles—Droughty South 9-12 PZ (Droughty

South Exposure)

• Simas—South 10-12 PZ (Juniper South Exposure)

119—Ruclick-Ruckles complex, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Ruclick soil: 50 percent

Ruckles soil: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Ruclick—concave, south-facing

side slopes; Ruckles—convex, south-facing side

slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from basalt and tuff

Elevation: 1,200 to 2,800 feet

Native plants: Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch

wheatgrass, and Sandberg bluegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile of the Ruclick Soil

0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam

4 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly

silty clay loam

14 to 37 inches—dark brown very cobbly and

extremely cobbly clay

37 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Ruclick Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Typical Profile of the Ruckles Soil

0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very cobbly loam

4 to 8 inches—very dark brown extremely gravelly clay

loam

8 to 18 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay

18 inches—tuff

Properties and Qualities of the Ruckles Soil

Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Simas soils on foot slopes

• Rock outcrop on shoulders

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Ruclick and Ruckles—droughtiness, surface stones

and cobbles, and Rock outcrop

• Ruckles—depth to bedrock
140 Soil Survey

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation and the shallow rooting

depth of the Ruckles soil limit the choice of species for

range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Range seeding with ground equipment is

impractical because of the stones and cobbles on the

surface.

• The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas

suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by

livestock.

Range Site

• Ruclick—South 10-12 PZ (Juniper South Exposure)

• Ruckles—Droughty South 9-12 PZ (Droughty

South Exposure)

120—Ruclick-Ruckles complex, 30 to 55

percent slopes

Composition

Ruclick soil: 50 percent

Ruckles soil: 40 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Ruclick—concave, south-facing

side slopes; Ruckles—convex, south-facing side

slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from basalt and tuff

Elevation: 1,200 to 2,800 feet

Native plants: Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch

wheatgrass, and Sandberg bluegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile of the Ruclick Soil

0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam

4 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly

silty clay loam

14 to 37 inches—dark brown very cobbly and

extremely cobbly clay

37 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Ruclick Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Typical Profile of the Ruckles Soil

0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very cobbly loam

4 to 8 inches—very dark brown extremely gravelly clay

loam

8 to 18 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay

18 inches—tuff

Properties and Qualities of the Ruckles Soil

Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Simas soils on foot slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Ruclick and Ruckles—droughtiness, surface stones

and cobbles, slope, and aspect

• Ruckles—depth to bedrock

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation and the shallow rooting

depth of the Ruckles soil limit the choice of species for

range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Steep slopes and stones and cobbles on the

surface may adversely affect livestock distribution and

make range seeding with ground equipment

impractical.

• Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to

grazing in hot periods during the grazing season.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 141

Range Site

• Ruclick—South 10-12 PZ (Juniper South Exposure)

• Ruckles—Droughty South 9-12 PZ (Droughty

South Exposure)

121—Sagley-Kishwalk complex, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Sagley soil: 50 percent

Kishwalk soil: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Sagley—concave, north-facing

side slopes; Kishwalk—convex, north-facing side

slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from basalt with an influence of loess

in the upper part

Elevation: 1,800 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass,

Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, and milkvetch

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile of the Sagley Soil

0 to 18 inches—black silt loam

18 to 50 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly

clay loam

50 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Sagley Soil

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 4 to 8 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Typical Profile of the Kishwalk Soil

0 to 14 inches—very dark brown very cobbly silt loam

14 to 31 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony

and extremely stony clay loam

31 to 38 inches—brown extremely stony clay

38 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Kishwalk Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Waterbury soils on shoulders and convex side

slopes

• Loamy soils on concave foot slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Sagley and Kishwalk—soil compaction

• Kishwalk—surface cobbles

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Range seeding with ground equipment is

impractical on the Kishwalk soil because of the

cobbles on the surface.

• Seeding the more favorable areas of this

unit may be difficult or impractical because of the

pattern in which they occur with the less favorable

areas.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• JD North 12-16 PZ (North Exposure)

122—Sagley-Kishwalk complex, 30 to 55

percent slopes

Composition

Sagley soil: 50 percent

Kishwalk soil: 40 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Sagley—concave, north-facing

side slopes; Kishwalk—convex, north-facing side

slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived
142 Soil Survey

dominantly from basalt with an influence of loess

in the upper part

Elevation: 1,800 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass,

Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, and milkvetch

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile of the Sagley Soil

0 to 18 inches—black silt loam

18 to 50 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly

clay loam

50 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Sagley Soil

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 4 to 8 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Typical Profile of the Kishwalk Soil

0 to 14 inches—very dark brown very cobbly silt

loam

14 to 31 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony

and extremely stony clay loam

31 to 38 inches—brown extremely stony clay

38 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Kishwalk Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kaskela soils on foot slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Sagley and Kishwalk—slope and soil compaction

(fig. 17)

• Kishwalk—surface cobbles

Figure 17.—Canyon along the Warm Springs River that is used

for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. SagleyKishwalk complex, 30 to 55 percent slopes, in

foreground, and Waterbury-Rock outcrop complex, 55 to

80 percent slopes, on canyon walls in background.

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Steep slopes and cobbles on the surface of the

Kishwalk soil may adversely affect livestock

distribution and make range seeding with ground

equipment impractical.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Sagley—JD Clayey South 12-16 PZ

• Kishwalk—JD North 12-16 PZ (North Exposure)

123—Shiva fine sandy loam, 0 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Shiva soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Slightly convex ridgetops

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 143

Elevation: 2,200 to 2,800 feet

Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass,

buckwheat, big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush,

and western juniper

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—very dark brown fine sandy loam

4 to 18 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam

18 to 44 inches—dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

44 to 60 inches—brown very gravelly fine sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Soils that are moderately deep to bedrock and are

on convex shoulders

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Seepage

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on this soil generally is

impractical because of the risk of seepage.

Wildlife habitat

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Loamy 12-16 PZ (Juniper Rolling Hills)

124—Shiva fine sandy loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Shiva soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice

Elevation: 2,200 to 2,800 feet

Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass,

antelope bitterbrush, big sagebrush, and western

juniper

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—very dark brown fine sandy loam

4 to 18 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam

18 to 44 inches—dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

44 to 60 inches—brown very gravelly fine sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Moderately deep, ashy soils on convex side

slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• None
144 Soil Survey

Use and Management

Wildlife habitat

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Sandy North 9-12 PZ (Sandy North Exposure)

125—Shiva fine sandy loam, 30 to 55

percent slopes

Composition

Shiva soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice

Elevation: 2,200 to 2,800 feet

Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass,

antelope bitterbrush, big sagebrush, and western

juniper

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—very dark brown fine sandy loam

4 to 18 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam

18 to 44 inches—dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam

44 to 60 inches—brown very gravelly fine sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Moderately deep, ashy soils on convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Slope

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock

distribution and make range seeding with ground

equipment impractical.

Wildlife habitat

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Sandy North 9-12 PZ (Sandy North Exposure)

126—Simas-Antoken complex, 2 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Simas soil: 50 percent

Antoken soil: 40 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Landform: Canyons and foothills

Parent material: Simas—residuum and colluvium

derived from sedimentary rock with an influence

of loess; Antoken—residuum and colluvium

derived from basalt with an influence of loess

Elevation: 1,400 to 2,400 feet

Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue,

Sandberg bluegrass, and big sagebrush

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile of the Simas Soil

0 to 9 inches—very dark brown cobbly silt loam

9 to 35 inches—dark brown clay

35 to 60 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay loam

Properties and Qualities of the Simas Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 145

Available water capacity: 6 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Typical Profile of the Antoken Soil

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely

cobbly silt loam

6 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly

silty clay loam

10 to 30 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay and silty

clay

30 to 60 inches—light brown extremely cobbly loam

and extremely stony sandy loam

Properties and Qualities of the Antoken Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Day soils on concave foot slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Simas and Antoken—droughtiness

• Simas—soil compaction

• Antoken—surface cobbles

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation limits the choice of

species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Range seeding with ground equipment is

impractical because of the cobbles on the surface of

the Antoken soil.

• Seeding the more favorable areas of this unit

may be difficult or impractical because of the

pattern in which they occur with the less favorable

areas.

• Grazing on the Simas soil during wet periods can

cause soil compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Droughty North 10-12 PZ (Droughty North

Exposure)

127—Simas-Ruckles-Antoken complex, 2

to 40 percent slopes

Composition

Simas soil: 40 percent

Ruckles soil: 25 percent

Antoken soil: 25 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Figure 18.—Typical area of Simas-Ruckles-Antoken complex, 2

to 40 percent slopes, in foreground.

Setting

Landscape position: Side slopes

Landform: Canyons and foothills (fig. 18)

Parent material: Simas—residuum and colluvium

derived from sedimentary rock with an

influence of loess;

Ruckles—residuum and colluvium derived from

basalt and tuff;

Antoken—residuum and colluvium derived from

basalt with an influence of loess

Elevation: 1,400 to 2,400 feet

Native plants: Simas and Ruckles—bluebunch

wheatgrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, Sandberg

bluegrass, western juniper, and antelope

bitterbrush; Antoken—bluebunch wheatgrass,

Idaho fescue, big sagebrush, and Sandberg

bluegrass
146 Soil Survey

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile of the Simas Soil

0 to 9 inches—very dark brown cobbly silt loam

9 to 35 inches—dark brown clay

35 to 60 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay loam

Properties and Qualities of the Simas Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 6 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Typical Profile of the Ruckles Soil

0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very cobbly silt loam

4 to 8 inches—very dark brown extremely gravelly clay

loam

8 to 18 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay

18 inches—tuff

Properties and Qualities of the Ruckles Soil

Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Typical Profile of the Antoken Soil

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely

cobbly silt loam

6 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly

silty clay loam

10 to 30 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay and silty

clay

30 to 60 inches—brown extremely cobbly loam and

extremely cobbly loam

Properties and Qualities of the Antoken Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Day soils on foot slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Simas, Antoken, and Ruckles—droughtiness

• Simas—soil compaction

• Antoken and Ruckles—surface cobbles

• Ruckles—depth to bedrock

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on the Ruckles soil generally is

impractical because of the limited soil depth.

• Low annual precipitation and the shallow rooting

depth of the Ruckles soil limit the choice of species for

range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Range seeding with ground equipment is

impractical because of the cobbles on the surface of

the Ruckles and Antoken soils.

• Seeding the more favorable areas of this unit may

be difficult or impractical because of the pattern in

which they occur with the less favorable areas.

• Grazing on the Simas soil during wet periods can

cause soil compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Simas—South 10-12 PZ (Juniper South Exposure)

• Ruckles—Droughty South 9-12 PZ (Droughty

South Exposure)

• Antoken—Droughty North 10-12 PZ (Droughty

North Exposure)

128—Simnasho very cobbly sandy loam,

12 to 40 percent slopes

Composition

Simnasho soil: 80 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Side slopes of drainageways

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 147

dominantly from andesite with a mantle of volcanic

ash

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,600 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, antelope

bitterbrush, snowbrush ceanothus, and Idaho

fescue

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—25 to 30 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F

• Frost-free period—70 to 100 days

Typical Profile

0 to 16 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy loam

16 to 24 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy

loam

24 to 33 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly loam

33 inches—weathered andesite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Smiling soils on concave toe slopes

• Rock outcrop on shoulders

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil

displacement, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard,

and plant competition

Livestock grazing

• Rock outcrop

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth and high content of rock

fragments in this soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Livestock grazing

• The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas

suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by

livestock.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO-PSME/PUTR-CEVE

129—Skooker gravelly loam, 8 to 20

percent slopes

Composition

Skooker soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Shoulders and side slopes of

drainageways

Landform: Glacial outwash plains

Parent material: Glacial outwash with an influence of

volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush,

Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie

junegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches
148 Soil Survey

• Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile

0 to 16 inches—very dark brown gravelly loam

16 to 31 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay loam

31 to 50 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly silty

clay loam

50 inches—fractured sandstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 4 to 10 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Tolius soils on concave side slopes

• Hehe soils on convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction,

seedling mortality, and plant competition

Livestock grazing

• Soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil

less and helps to maintain productivity.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• The surface layer is subject to a severe soil

compaction hazard because of the texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Livestock grazing

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO/PUTR

130—Skooker-Tolius complex, 0 to 8

percent slopes

Composition

Skooker soil: 50 percent

Tolius soil: 35 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Skooker—convex benches and

drainageways; Tolius—level and concave benches

Landform: Glacial outwash plains

Parent material: Glacial outwash with an influence of

volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush,

Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie

junegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49

degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile of the Skooker Soil

0 to 16 inches—very dark brown gravelly

loam

16 to 31 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay

loam
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 149

31 to 50 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly silty

clay loam

50 inches—fractured sandstone

Properties and Qualities of the Skooker Soil

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 4 to 10 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Typical Profile of the Tolius Soil

0 to 23 inches—very dark brown loam

23 to 49 inches—dark brown sandy clay loam and

sandy loam

49 to 60 inches—brown loam

Properties and Qualities of the Tolius Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 7 to 11 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Milldam soils on nonforested benches

• Tenwalter soils on nonforested scablands

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Equipment operability, soil compaction, seedling

mortality, and plant competition

Livestock grazing

• Soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil

less and helps to maintain productivity.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• The surface layer is subject to a severe soil

compaction hazard because of the texture and the low

content of rock fragments.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Livestock grazing

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO/PUTR

131—Skoven-Lavey complex, 2 to 15

percent slopes

Composition

Skoven soil: 60 percent

Lavey soil: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Skoven—scablands of patterned

ground; Lavey—mounds of patterned ground

Landform: Low foothills

Parent material: Loess over colluvium derived from

sedimentary rock and tuff

Elevation: 1,400 to 2,400 feet

Native plants: Skoven—Sandberg bluegrass,

buckwheat, bluebunch wheatgrass, lomatium, and

squirreltail; Lavey—bluebunch wheatgrass,

Sandberg bluegrass, big sagebrush, antelope

bitterbrush, and western juniper

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days
150 Soil Survey

Typical Profile of the Skoven Soil

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely

gravelly silt loam

3 to 8 inches—dark brown very gravelly silty clay

loam

8 to 11 inches—reddish brown extremely gravelly clay

11 to 21 inches—weathered tuff

21 inches—welded tuff

Properties and Qualities of the Skoven Soil

Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Typical Profile of the Lavey Soil

0 to 5 inches—dark brown gravelly silt loam

5 to 21 inches—dark grayish brown clay

21 to 25 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay loam

25 to 28 inches—weathered tuff

28 inches—welded tuff

Properties and Qualities of the Lavey Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Madras soils in level areas

Major Use

• Livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Skoven and Lavey—droughtiness

• Skoven—depth to bedrock

• Lavey—soil compaction

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on the Skoven soil generally is

impractical because of the limited soil depth.

• Low annual precipitation and the shallow

rooting depth of the Skoven soil limit the choice of

species for range seeding to drought-tolerant

varieties.

• Grazing on the Lavey soil during wet periods can

cause soil compaction and damage plants.

Range Site

• Skoven—Buckwheat Scabland 9-12 PZ

• Lavey—Droughty Loam 8-10 PZ (Arid Rolling Hills)

132—Smiling-Simnasho complex, 0 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Smiling soil: 50 percent

Simnasho soil: 40 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Smiling—level and concave

benches; Simnasho—convex benches and side

slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite with a mantle of

volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,600 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, antelope

bitterbrush, snowbrush ceanothus, and Idaho

fescue

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—25 to 30 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F

• Frost-free period—70 to 100 days

Typical Profile of the Smiling Soil

0 to 9 inches—dark brown sandy loam

9 to 33 inches—dark brown sandy loam

33 to 56 inches—brown gravelly loam

56 inches—weathered andesite

Properties and Qualities of the Smiling Soil

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 8 to 12 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Typical Profile of the Simnasho Soil

0 to 16 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam

16 to 24 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy loam

24 to 33 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly loam

33 inches—weathered andesite
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 151

Properties and Qualities of the Simnasho Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Pipp soils on convex benches and side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Smiling and Simnasho—plant competition

• Smiling—soil compaction and soil displacement

• Simnasho—equipment operability, seedling

mortality, and windthrow hazard

Livestock grazing

• Soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil

less and helps to maintain productivity.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• Stones on the surface can interfere with felling,

yarding, and other operations involving the use of

equipment.

• The surface layer of the Smiling soil is subject to a

moderate soil compaction hazard because of the

texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• The seedling mortality rate on the Simnasho soil

may be high in summer because of inadequate

moisture in the soil.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the Simnasho

soil make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult

and reduce seedling survival.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth and high content of rock

fragments in the Simnasho soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Livestock grazing

• Grazing on the Smiling soil during wet periods can

cause soil compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this unit to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO-PSME/PUTR-CEVE

133—Smiling-Simnasho complex, high

precipitation, 0 to 12 percent slopes

Composition

Smiling soil: 50 percent

Simnasho soil: 40 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Smiling—level and concave

benches; Simnasho—convex benches and side

slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite with a mantle of

volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,600 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir,

snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry,

golden chinkapin, and starflower

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43

degrees F

• Frost-free period—60 to 90 days
152 Soil Survey

Typical Profile of the Smiling Soil

0 to 9 inches—dark brown sandy loam

9 to 33 inches—dark brown sandy loam

33 to 56 inches—brown gravelly loam

56 inches—weathered andesite

Properties and Qualities of the Smiling Soil

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 8 to 12 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Typical Profile of the Simnasho Soil

0 to 16 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam

16 to 24 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy loam

24 to 33 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly loam

33 inches—weathered andesite

Properties and Qualities of the Simnasho Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Pipp soils on convex benches and side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Smiling and Simnasho—plant competition

• Smiling—soil compaction and soil displacement

• Simnasho—windthrow hazard and equipment

operability

Use and Management

Timber production

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil

less and helps to maintain productivity.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• Stones on the surface can interfere with felling,

yarding, and other operations involving the use of

equipment.

• The surface layer of the Smiling soil is subject to a

moderate soil compaction hazard because of the

texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• The seedling mortality rate on the Simnasho soil

may be high in summer because of inadequate

moisture in the soil.

• Large amounts of rock fragments in the Simnasho

soil make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult

and reduce seedling survival.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth and high content of rock

fragments in the Simnasho soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

establishment of trees.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this unit to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• MIXED CONIFER/SYMPH and MIXED CONIFER/

CEVE

134—Sorf very gravelly loam, 30 to 55

percent slopes

Composition

Sorf soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Foothills
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 153

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sedimentary rock with an influence of loess

Elevation: 1,400 to 2,400 feet

Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big

sagebrush, Thurber needlegrass, western juniper,

and antelope bitterbrush

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

6 to 23 inches—dark brown clay

23 to 26 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam

26 inches—calcareous tuff

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Simas soils on concave side slopes

• Ruckles soils on convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Droughtiness, slope, and aspect

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation limits the choice of

species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock

distribution and make range seeding with ground

equipment impractical.

• Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to

grazing in hot periods during the grazing season.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• South 10-12 PZ (Juniper South Exposure)

135—Sorf-Simas complex, 2 to 30 percent

slopes

Composition

Sorf soil: 50 percent

Simas soil: 40 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Sorf—convex, south-facing side

slopes; Simas—concave, south-facing side slopes

Landform: Foothills

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sedimentary rock with an influence of loess

Elevation: 1,400 to 2,400 feet

Native plants: Wyoming big sagebrush, Thurber

needlegrass, western juniper, and antelope

bitterbrush

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile of the Sorf Soil

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

6 to 23 inches—dark brown clay

23 to 26 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam

26 inches—calcareous tuff

Properties and Qualities of the Sorf Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Typical Profile of the Simas Soil

0 to 9 inches—very dark brown silt loam

9 to 35 inches—dark brown clay

35 to 60 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay loam

Properties and Qualities of the Simas Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 6 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high
154 Soil Survey

Contrasting Inclusions

• Day soils on foot slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Droughtiness and soil compaction

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation limits the choice of

species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• South 10-12 PZ (Juniper South Exposure)

136—Spilyay-Bodell complex, 2 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Spilyay soil: 50 percent

Bodell soil: 40 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Spilyay—concave benches and

side slopes; Bodell—scablands

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from semiconsolidated conglomerate,

tuff, and basalt with an influence of volcanic ash in

the upper part

Elevation: 2,200 to 3,400 feet

Native plants: Spilyay—ponderosa pine, antelope

bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass,

and prairie junegrass; Bodell—Sandberg

bluegrass, onespike oatgrass, bluebunch

wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile of the Spilyay Soil

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly

loam

8 to 15 inches—dark brown clay loam

15 to 41 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

41 to 60 inches—dark brown silt loam

Properties and Qualities of the Spilyay Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 8 to 11 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Typical Profile of the Bodell Soil

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very stony loam

4 to 14 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly clay

loam

14 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Bodell Soil

Depth: Shallow (12 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 12 to 20 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Happus soils on concave side slopes

Major Uses

• Spilyay—timber production and wildlife habitat

• Bodell—livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Spilyay—equipment operability, soil compaction,

seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, plant

competition, and fire damage

Livestock grazing

• Bodell—depth to bedrock and soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 155

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• The Spilyay soil is subject to a severe soil

compaction hazard because of the texture of the

surface layer and the clayey subsoil.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth in this soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the soil.

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on the Bodell soil generally is

impractical because of the limited soil depth.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO/PUTR

Range Site

• Moist Scabland 14-18 PZ

137—Suppah very gravelly sandy loam,

12 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Suppah soil: 90 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from volcanic ash and pumice

Elevation: 1,600 to 2,800 feet

Native plants: Big sagebrush, needleandthread,

antelope bitterbrush, western juniper, and

Sandberg bluegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark brown very gravelly sandy

loam

10 to 26 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly and

extremely gravelly sandy loam

26 to 60 inches—light gray pumice

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Moderately deep to pumice (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Ruclick soils on concave side slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Seepage and droughtiness

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on this soil generally is

impractical because of the risk of seepage.

• Low annual precipitation limits the choice of

species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

Wildlife habitat

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.
156 Soil Survey

Range Site

• Pumice Hills 8-10 PZ (Sand Hills)

138—Suppah-Ruclick complex, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Suppah soil: 55 percent

Ruclick soil: 35 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Suppah—convex, south-facing

side slopes; Ruclick—concave, south-facing side

slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Suppah—residuum and colluvium

derived from volcanic ash and pumice; Ruclick—

residuum and colluvium derived from basalt and

tuff

Elevation: 1,600 to 2,800 feet

Native plants: Suppah—big sagebrush,

needleandthread, antelope bitterbrush, western

juniper, and Sandberg bluegrass; Ruclick—

bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big sagebrush,

Thurber needlegrass, western juniper, and

antelope bitterbrush

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile of the Suppah Soil

0 to 10 inches—very dark brown very gravelly sandy

loam

10 to 26 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly and

extremely gravelly sandy loam

26 to 60 inches—light gray pumice

Properties and Qualities of the Suppah Soil

Depth: Moderately deep to pumice (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Typical Profile of the Ruclick Soil

0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam

4 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly

silty clay loam

14 to 37 inches—dark brown very cobbly and

extremely cobbly clay

37 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Ruclick Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bakeoven soils on scablands

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Suppah and Ruclick—droughtiness

• Suppah—seepage

• Ruclick—surface stones

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on the Suppah soil generally is

impractical because of the risk of seepage.

• Low annual precipitation limits the choice of

species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Range seeding with ground equipment is

impractical on the Ruclick soil because of the stones

on the surface.

• Seeding the more favorable areas of this unit may

be difficult or impractical because of the pattern in

which they occur with the less favorable areas.

Wildlife habitat

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Suppah—Pumice Hills 8-10 PZ (Sand Hills)

• Ruclick—South 10-12 PZ (Juniper South Exposure)

139—Teewee loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

Composition

Teewee soil: 80 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 157

Setting

Landscape position: Level and concave benches

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from andesite or basalt with an influence of

volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,300 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush,

Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie

junegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49

degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile

0 to 11 inches—dark brown loam

11 to 18 inches—dark brown loam

18 to 43 inches—dark brown clay loam

43 to 53 inches—dark brown very stony clay loam

53 inches—weathered andesite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 7 to 11 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Hehe soils on convex benches and side slopes

• Bodell soils on scablands

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil compaction, seedling mortality, and plant

competition

Livestock grazing

• Soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil

less and helps to maintain productivity.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• The surface layer is subject to a severe soil

compaction hazard because of the texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Livestock grazing

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO/PUTR

140—Teewee-Bodell-Logsprings complex,

0 to 8 percent slopes

Composition

Teewee soil: 40 percent

Bodell soil: 30 percent

Logsprings soil: 25 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Teewee—convex benches;

Bodell—convex scablands; Logsprings—concave

benches

Landform: Mountains and foothills

Parent Material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from sedimentary rock, basalt, and

andesite with an influence of volcanic ash in the

upper part

Elevation: 2,600 to 2,800 feet

Native plants: Teewee—ponderosa pine, antelope

bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass,

and prairie junegrass; Bodell—onespike oatgrass,

Sandberg bluegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, and

Idaho fescue; Logsprings—ponderosa pine,
158 Soil Survey

antelope bitterbrush, mule's-ear, and prairie

smoke

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile of the Teewee Soil

0 to 11 inches—dark brown loam

11 to 18 inches—dark brown loam

18 to 43 inches—dark brown clay loam

43 to 53 inches—dark brown very stony clay loam

53 inches—weathered andesite

Properties and Qualities of the Teewee Soil

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 7 to 11 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Typical Profile of the Bodell Soil

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam

4 to 14 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly clay

loam

14 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Bodell Soil

Depth: Shallow (12 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 12 to 20 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Typical Profile of the Logsprings Soil

0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown loam

10 to 21 inches—brown loam

21 to 30 inches—dark brown clay

30 to 36 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly sandy

clay loam

36 to 64 inches—dark brown loam

Properties and Qualities of the Logsprings

Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 8 to 13 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Fawnspring soils in drainageways

Major Uses

• Teewee, Bodell, and Logsprings—livestock grazing

and wildlife habitat

• Teewee and Logsprings—timber production

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Teewee and Logsprings—soil compaction, seedling

mortality, and plant competition

Livestock grazing

• Bodell—depth to bedrock

• Teewee, Bodell, and Logsprings—soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil

less and helps to maintain productivity.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• This unit is subject to a severe soil compaction

hazard because of the texture of the surface layer and

the clayey subsoil.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees on the Teewee soil.

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on the Bodell soil generally is

impractical because of the limited soil depth.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 159

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• Teewee—PIPO/PUTR

• Logsprings—PIPO/GETR-WYAM (Mutton)

Range Site

• Bodell—Moist Scabland 14-18 PZ

141—Tenwalter-Kahneeta complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Tenwalter soil: 55 percent

Kahneeta soil: 35 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Tenwalter—scablands;

Kahneeta—drainageways

Landform: Outwash plains

Parent material: Residuum derived from glacial

outwash with an influence of loess in the upper

part

Elevation: 2,800 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Tenwalter—Sandberg bluegrass,

buckwheat, onespike oatgrass, lomatium, and

squirreltail; Kahneeta—tufted hairgrass, rushes,

sedges, and bluegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile of the Tenwalter Soil

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly

silt loam

11 to 15 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly clay

15 to 27 inches—duripan

27 to 60 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay

Properties and Qualities of the Tenwalter Soil

Depth: Shallow to a duripan (10 to 20 inches); very

deep to bedrock (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 3 inches

Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches

Runoff: Slow

Hazard of erosion: Slight

Typical Profile of the Kahneeta Soil

0 to 4 inches—black very cobbly silt loam

4 to 16 inches—dark brown very cobbly silty clay loam

16 to 25 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay

25 to 38 inches—duripan

38 to 60 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay

Properties and Qualities of the Kahneeta Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 30 inches) to a

duripan; very deep to bedrock (more than 60

inches)

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 30 inches

Runoff: Slow

Hazard of erosion: Slight

Depth to water table: 6 to 18 inches below the surface

in March through June

Contrasting Inclusions

• Millcreek soils on mounds

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Tenwalter and Kahneeta—surface cobbles and soil

compaction

• Tenwalter—depth to duripan

• Kahneeta—high water table

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• If seeding is needed on the Kahneeta soil, select

plants that tolerate seasonal wetness

• Pond development on the Tenwalter soil generally is

impractical because of the limited soil depth.

• Range seeding with ground equipment is

impractical because of cobbles on the surface.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Tenwalter—Very Shallow 14-18 PZ

• Kahneeta—Mountain Meadow
160 Soil Survey

142—Tenwalter-Milldam complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Tenwalter soil: 60 percent

Millcreek soil: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Tenwalter—scablands of

patterned ground; Milldam—mounds of patterned

ground

Landform: Outwash plains

Parent material: Residuum derived from glacial

outwash with an influence of loess in the upper

part

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Tenwalter—Sandberg bluegrass,

buckwheat, onespike oatgrass, lomatium, and

squirreltail; Milldam—Idaho fescue, bluebunch

wheatgrass, antelope bitterbrush, Sandberg

bluegrass, and buckwheat

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile of the Tenwalter Soil

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly

silt loam

11 to 15 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly clay

15 to 27 inches—duripan

27 to 60 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay

Properties and Qualities of the Tenwalter Soil

Depth: Shallow to a duripan (10 to 20 inches); very

deep to bedrock (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 3 inches

Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches

Runoff: Slow

Hazard of erosion: Slight

Typical Profile of the Milldam Soil

0 to 10 inches—very dark brown silt loam

10 to 34 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

34 to 37 inches—brown cobbly clay

37 to 51 inches—duripan

51 to 60 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay

Properties and Qualities of the Milldam Soil

Depth: Moderately deep to a duripan (30 to 40

inches); very deep to bedrock (more than 60

inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 8 inches

Potential rooting depth: 30 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow

Hazard of erosion: Slight

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kahneeta soils in concave drainageways

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Tenwalter and Milldam—soil compaction

• Tenwalter—depth to duripan and surface cobbles

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on the Tenwalter soil generally is

impractical because of the limited soil depth.

• Range seeding with ground equipment is

impractical because of the cobbles on the surface of

the Tenwalter soil.

• Seeding the more favorable areas of this unit is

difficult or impractical because of the pattern in which

they occur with the less favorable areas.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Some areas of this unit provide critical winter range

for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Tenwalter—Very Shallow 14-18 PZ

• Milldam—Shrubby Loam 12-16 PZ (Shrubby

Rolling Hills)

143—Tolius loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes

Composition

Tolius soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Nearly level benches

Landform: Glacial outwash plains

Parent material: Glacial outwash with an influence of

volcanic ash
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 161

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush,

Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie

junegrass

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile

0 to 23 inches—very dark brown loam

23 to 49 inches—dark brown sandy clay loam and

sandy loam

49 to 60 inches—brown loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 7 to 11 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Skooker soils on shoulders and side slopes of

drainageways

• Milldam soils in nonforested areas

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil compaction, seedling mortality, and plant

competition

Livestock grazing

• Soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil

less and helps to maintain productivity.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• The surface layer has a severe compaction hazard

because of the texture.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Livestock grazing

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at

least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75

percent crown closure should be left in some

areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover

for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO/PUTR

144—Typic Vitricryands, 2 to 70 percent

slopes

Composition

Typic Vitricryands: 75 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 25 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Side slopes

Landform: Mt. Jefferson and Olallie Butte

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from rhyolite, andesite, pyroclastic

ashflow, and volcanic ash

Elevation: 5,000 to 7,000 feet

Native plants: Scattered, stunted conifers and shrubs,

forbs, and grasses

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—80 to 110 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—34 to 36

degrees F

• Frost-free period—10 to 30 days

Reference Profile

0 to 8 inches—dark brown extremely stony sandyloam

8 to 18 inches—very dark gray extremely cobbly

loamy sand

18 to 29 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely

cobbly sand

29 to 60 inches—very dark brown pyroclastic ashflow
162 Soil Survey

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Moderately deep to very deep (20 to 60 inches

or more)

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: 2 to 7 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 60 inches

Runoff: Slow to very rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Jojo and Piumpsha soils on lower, concave side

slopes and in concave pockets

• Rubble land on convex side slopes

Major Use

• Wildlife habitat

145—Venator-Rock outcrop complex, 2 to

30 percent slopes

Composition

Venator soil: 60 percent

Rock outcrop: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sedimentary rock

Elevation: 1,600 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue,

buckwheat, western juniper, and antelope

bitterbrush

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile of the Venator Soil

0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely

channery loam

4 to 18 inches—dark brown very channery and

extremely channery loam

18 inches—fractured sedimentary rock

Properties and Qualities of the Venator Soil

Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Rock Outcrop

Type of rock: Sedimentary

Contrasting Inclusions

• Oldsferry soils on concave side slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Depth to bedrock, Rock outcrop, and droughtiness

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on this unit generally is

impractical because of the limited soil depth.

• Low annual precipitation and the shallow rooting

depth limit the choice of species for range seeding to

drought-tolerant varieties.

• The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas

suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by

livestock.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• JD Clayey South 12-16 PZ (South Exposure)

146—Vitrandic Haploxerolls, 0 to 8

percent slopes

Composition

Vitrandic Haploxerolls: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Drainageways

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Alluvium derived from mixed sources

with an influence of volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,800 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir,

common snowberry, golden chinkapin, and

starflower

Climatic factors:
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 163

• Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F

• Frost-free period—60 to 90 days

Reference Profile

0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly loam

5 to 35 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

35 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

sandy clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained to somewhat excessively

drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 6 to 10 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Millerflat soil on stream terraces

• Simnasho soils on side slopes of drainageways

Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Equipment limitations, soil compaction, seedling

mortality, and plant competition

Use and Management

Timber production

• Conventional methods of harvesting timber

generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground

equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil

less and helps to maintain productivity.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• Logging may be restricted during November

through April because of soil wetness.

• The surface layer is subject to a severe soil

compaction hazard because of the texture and the low

content of rock fragments.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• Skid trails and landings that are not intended for

permanent use should be ripped when the soil is dry.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• To compensate for the expected high mortality

rate, plant larger seedlings or a higher number of

seedlings.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Competing vegetation can be reduced by

mechanical or chemical treatment.

Wildlife habitat

• Forage for big game animals can be produced for

10 years or more after the canopy is opened by

logging, fire, or other disturbance.

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure

should be left in some areas of this soil to provide

escape and thermal cover for elk.

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this soil to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• To reduce siltation and maintain temperatures of

streams, areas of this soil adjacent to perennial

streams may need to be maintained as buffers.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• MIXED CONIFER/SYMPH

147—Wakamo-Rock outcrop complex, 2

to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Wakamo soil: 50 percent

Rock outcrop: 35 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Wakamo—ridgetops and convex

side slopes; Rock outcrop—shoulders and upper

side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from sedimentary rock with an

influence of volcanic ash

Elevation: 2,600 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, Oregon

white oak, common snowberry, and heartleaf

arnica

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days
164 Soil Survey

Typical Profile of the Wakamo Soil

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

11 to 15 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly clay

loam

15 to 18 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly clay

18 inches—fractured sedimentary rock

Properties and Qualities of the Wakamo Soil

Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Rock Outcrop

Type of rock: Sedimentary

Contrasting Inclusions

• Mowako soils on concave side slopes

• Venator soils on nonforested, convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction,

seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, and plant

competition

Livestock grazing

• Depth to bedrock and Rock outcrop

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and

hinder yarding.

• This unit is subject to a severe soil compaction

hazard because of the texture of the surface layer and

the clayey subsoil.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Trees are subject to severe windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth, high content of rock

fragments, and exposed topography.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on this unit generally is

impractical because of the limited soil depth.

• The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas

suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by

livestock.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at

least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75

percent crown closure should be left in some

areas of this unit to provide escape and thermal cover

for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO-PSME/SYMPH (Mutton)

148—Walsey-Axford complex, 30 to 55

percent slopes

Composition

Walsey soil: 60 percent

Axford soil: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Walsey—convex, north-facing

side slopes; Axford—concave, north-facing side

slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from basalt with an influence of loess

Elevation: 1,200 to 2,800 feet

Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg

bluegrass, Idaho fescue, big sagebrush, and

milkvetch

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 165

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile of the Walsey Soil

0 to 11 inches—very dark brown extremely cobbly silt

loam

11 to 19 inches—dark brown very cobbly silty clay

loam

19 to 39 inches—brown very gravelly loam and

extremely gravelly silt loam

39 inches—weathered basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Walsey Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Typical Profile of the Axford Soil

0 to 11 inches—very dark brown silt loam

11 to 24 inches—dark brown clay loam

24 to 46 inches—yellowish brown silt loam and

gravelly silt loam

46 inches—weathered basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Axford Soil

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 6 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Antoken soils on foot slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Walsey and Axford—droughtiness, slope, and soil

compaction

• Walsey—surface cobbles

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation limits the choice of

species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Steep slopes and cobbles on the surface of the

Walsey soil may adversely affect livestock distribution

and make range seeding with ground equipment

impractical.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Droughty North 10-12 PZ (Droughty North

Exposure)

149—Wapinitia silt loam, 0 to 8 percent

slopes

Composition

Wapinitia soil: 85 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Nearly level benches

Landform: Mesas

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt with an

influence of loess in the upper part

Elevation: 2,400 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch

wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, Sandberg bluegrass,

and buckwheat

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile

0 to 14 inches—black silt loam

14 to 22 inches—dark brown silt loam

22 to 44 inches—dark brown clay loam

44 to 58 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

58 inches—basalt

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 7 to 12 inches

Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate
166 Soil Survey

Contrasting Inclusions

• Watama soils on moderately deep mounds

• Rockly soils on scablands

Major Uses

• Cropland and livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

Cropland

• Permeability, soil compaction, and slope

Livestock grazing

• Soil compaction

Use and Management

Cropland

• In summer, irrigation is needed for maximum

production of most crops.

• Because of the moderately slow permeability of the

subsoil, care should be taken to prevent excessive

irrigation rates that may lead to overland flow.

• To avoid overirrigating and leaching of plant

nutrients, applications of irrigation water should be

adjusted to the soil moisture content, the water intake

rate, and the needs of the crop grown.

• The silt loam surface layer in this soil is subject to

compaction from excessive tillage.

• Reduce soil compaction by returning crop residue

to the soil and keeping tillage at a minimum.

• Care should be taken when using surface irrigation

on slopes of more than 3 percent.

Livestock grazing

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and displacement and damage plants.

Range Site

• Shrubby Loam 12-16 PZ (Shrubby Rolling Hills)

150—Watama-Rockly complex, 0 to 8

percent slopes

Composition

Watama soil: 65 percent

Rockly soil: 25 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Watama—mounds of patterned

ground; Rockly—scablands of patterned ground

Landform: Mesas

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt with an

influence of loess in the upper part

Elevation: 2,400 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Watama—Idaho fescue, bluebunch

wheatgrass, buckwheat, big sagebrush, antelope

bitterbrush, and western juniper; Rockly—

Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, onespike

oatgrass, lomatium, and squirreltail

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50

degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile of the Watama Soil

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam

11 to 21 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

21 to 37 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

37 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Watama Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 8 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Typical Profile of the Rockly Soil

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony silt

loam

3 to 9 inches—dark brown very cobbly silt loam and

extremely cobbly silty clay loam

9 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Rockly Soil

Depth: Very shallow (4 to 10 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 4 to 10 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Wapinitia soils on large mounds

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Watama and Rockly—soil compaction
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 167

• Rockly—depth to bedrock, droughtiness, and

surface stones

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on the Rockly soil generally is

impractical because of the limited soil depth.

• Shallow rooting depth of the Rockly soil limits the

choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant

varieties.

• Range seeding with ground equipment is

impractical because of the stones on the surface of

the Rockly soil.

• Seeding the more favorable areas of this unit may

be difficult or impractical because of the pattern in

which they occur with the less favorable areas.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Watama—Loamy 12-16 PZ (Juniper Rolling Hills)

• Rockly—Very Shallow 14-18 PZ

151—Watama-Rockly complex, leveled, 0

to 3 percent slopes

Composition

• Variable because of land leveling

Setting

Landscape position: Leveled patterned ground

Landform: Mesas

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt with an

influence of loess in the upper part

Elevation: 2,400 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Watama—Idaho fescue, bluebunch

wheatgrass, buckwheat, big sagebrush, antelope

bitterbrush, and western juniper; Rockly—

Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, onespike

oatgrass, lomatium, and squirreltail

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile of the Watama Soil

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam

11 to 21 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

21 to 37 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

loam

37 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Watama Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 8 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow

Hazard of erosion: Slight

Typical Profile of the Rockly Soil

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony silt

loam

3 to 9 inches—dark brown very cobbly silt loam and

extremely cobbly silty clay loam

9 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Rockly Soil

Depth: Very shallow (4 to 10 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 4 to 10 inches

Runoff: Slow

Hazard of erosion: Slight

Figure 19.—Established stand of intermediate wheatgrass in

an area of Watama-Rockly complex, leveled, 0 to 3

percent slopes. Mutton Mountains in background.

Major Uses

• Cropland and livestock grazing (fig. 19)
168 Soil Survey

Major Management Limitations

Cropland

• Watama and Rockly—permeability and soil

compaction

• Rockly—depth to bedrock

Livestock grazing

• Soil compaction

Use and Management

Cropland

• In summer, irrigation is needed for maximum

production of most crops.

• Because of the moderately slow permeability of the

subsoil, care should be taken to prevent excessive

irrigation rates that may lead to overland flow.

• To avoid overirrigating and leaching of plant

nutrients, applications of irrigation water should be

adjusted to the soil moisture content, the water intake

rate, and the needs of the crop grown.

• The silt loam surface layer in this soil is subject to

compaction from excessive tillage.

• Reduce soil compaction by returning crop residue

to the soil and keeping tillage at a minimum.

Livestock grazing

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Range Site

• Watama—Loamy 12-16 PZ (Juniper Rolling Hills)

• Rockly—Very Shallow 14-18 PZ

152—Watama-Rockly complex, gravelly, 0

to 8 percent slopes

Composition

Watama soil: 70 percent

Rockly soil: 25 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Watama—mounds of patterned

ground; Rockly—scablands of patterned ground

Landform: Mesas

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt with an

influence of loess in the upper part

Elevation: 2,400 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Watama—Idaho fescue, bluebunch

wheatgrass, buckwheat, big sagebrush, antelope

bitterbrush, and western juniper;

Rockly—Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat,

onespike oatgrass, lomatium, and squirreltail

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile of the Watama Soil

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly silt

loam

11 to 21 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

21 to 37 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

37 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Watama Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 8 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Typical Profile of the Rockly Soil

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely

gravelly silt loam

3 to 9 inches—dark brown very cobbly silt loam and

extremely cobbly silty clay loam

9 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Rockly Soil

Depth: Very shallow (4 to 10 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 4 to 10 inches

Runoff: Slow or medium

Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate

Contrasting Inclusions

• Tenwalter soils on glacial outwash plains

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Watama—soil compaction

• Rockly—depth to bedrock and droughtiness

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on the Rockly soil generally is

impractical because of the limited soil depth.

• Shallow rooting depth of the Rockly soil limits the

choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant

varieties.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 169

• Grazing on the Watama soil during wet periods can

cause soil compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On noncritical winter and summer range, 20

percent of the available animal-unit-months should be

allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Watama—Loamy 12-16 PZ (Juniper Rolling Hills)

• Rockly—Very Shallow 14-18 PZ

153—Watama-Rockly-Prill complex, 2 to

30 percent slopes

Composition

Watama soil: 40 percent

Rockly soil: 25 percent

Prill soil: 25 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Watama—mounds of patterned

ground; Rockly—scablands of patterned ground;

Prill—convex side slopes

Landform: Mesas and foothills

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from basalt and tuff with an influence of loess in

the upper part

Elevation: 2,400 to 3,400 feet

Native plants: Watama—Idaho fescue, bluebunch

wheatgrass, buckwheat, big sagebrush, antelope

bitterbrush, and western juniper; Rockly—

Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, onespike

oatgrass, lomatium, and squirreltail; Prill—Idaho

fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, antelope

bitterbrush, Oregon white oak, western juniper,

and buckwheat

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile of the Watama Soil

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam

11 to 21 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

21 to 37 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

37 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Watama Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 8 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Typical Profile of the Rockly Soil

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony silt

loam

3 to 9 inches—dark brown very cobbly silt loam and

extremely cobbly silty clay loam

9 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Rockly Soil

Depth: Very shallow (4 to 10 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 4 to 10 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Typical Profile of the Prill Soil

0 to 6 inches—black gravelly silty clay loam

6 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly clay

28 to 35 inches—brown extremely cobbly silty clay

35 inches—tuff

Properties and Qualities of the Prill Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Wapinitia soils on mounds

• Kaskela soils on concave side slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Watama, Rockly, and Prill—soil compaction

• Rockly—depth to bedrock and surface stones

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on the Rockly soil generally is

impractical because of the limited soil depth.

• Range seeding with ground equipment is

impractical on the Rockly soil because of the stones

on the surface.

• Seeding the more favorable areas of this
170 Soil Survey

unit may be difficult or impractical because of the

pattern in which they occur with the less favorable

areas.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• Watama—Loamy 12-16 PZ (Juniper Rolling Hills)

• Rockly—Very Shallow 14-18 PZ

• Prill—Juniper-Oak Clayey

154—Waterbury-Kishwalk complex, 2 to

30 percent slopes

Composition

Waterbury soil: 45 percent

Kishwalk soil: 35 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Waterbury—convex, south-facing

side slopes; Kishwalk—concave, south-facing side

slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt and

rhyolite

Elevation: 1,800 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue,

buckwheat, western juniper, and antelope

bitterbrush

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile of the Waterbury Soil

0 to 3 inches—very dark brown extremely stony loam

3 to 8 inches—very dark brown very stony clay loam

8 to 16 inches—dark brown extremely stony clay

16 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Waterbury Soil

Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Typical Profile of the Kishwalk Soil

0 to 14 inches—very dark brown very stony loam

14 to 31 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony

and extremely stony clay loam

31 to 38 inches—brown extremely stony clay

38 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Kishwalk Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 7 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Slow to rapid

Hazard of erosion: Slight to high

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kaskela soils on foot slopes

• Prill soils on foot slopes

• Rock outcrop on shoulders

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Waterbury—depth to bedrock

• Waterbury and Kishwalk—droughtiness and

surface stones

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on the Waterbury soil

generally is impractical because of the limited soil

depth.

• Low annual precipitation and the shallow

rooting depth of the Waterbury soil limit the choice

of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant

varieties.

• Range seeding with ground equipment is

impractical because of the stones on the surface.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the

available animal-unit-months should be allocated to

wildlife.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 171

Range Site

• JD Clayey South 12-16 PZ (South Exposure)

155—Waterbury-Rock outcrop complex,

55 to 80 percent slopes

Composition

Waterbury soil: 60 percent

Rock outcrop: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes

Landform: Canyons

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt and

rhyolite

Elevation: 1,800 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue,

buckwheat, western juniper, and antelope

bitterbrush

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Typical Profile of the Waterbury Soil

0 to 3 inches—very dark brown extremely stony loam

3 to 8 inches—very dark brown very stony clay loam

8 to 16 inches—dark brown extremely stony clay

16 inches—basalt

Properties and Qualities of the Waterbury Soil

Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches

Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Rock Outcrop

Type of rock: Basalt

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kishwalk soils on concave side slopes and foot

slopes

Major Uses

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat (see fig. 17,

page 142)

Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing

• Droughtiness, surface stones, slope, Rock outcrop,

and aspect

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Low annual precipitation and shallow rooting depth

limit the choice of species for range seeding to

drought-tolerant varieties.

• Steep slopes and stones on the surface may

adversely affect livestock distribution and make range

seeding with ground equipment impractical.

• The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas

suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by

livestock.

• Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to

grazing in hot periods during the grazing season.

Wildlife habitat

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Range Site

• JD Clayey South 12-16 PZ (South Exposure)

156—Willowdale loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Willowdale soil: 80 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Bars and channels

Landform: Flood plains

Parent material: Alluvium derived from mixed sources

Elevation: 1,100 to 1,600 feet

Native plants: Basin wildrye, bluegrass, slender

wheatgrass, and basin big sagebrush

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F

• Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 24 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

24 to 48 inches—very dark brown loam

48 to 60 inches—variegated sand and gravel
172 Soil Survey

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 7 to 10 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow

Hazard of erosion: Slight

Depth to water table: More than 6 feet

Frequency of flooding: Rare

Contrasting Inclusions

• Pelton soils on back swamps

• Riverwash adjacent to channels

Major Uses

• Cropland and livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

Cropland

• Leaching, groundwater contamination, and soil

compaction

Livestock grazing

• Seepage and soil compaction

Use and Management

Cropland

• Low annual precipitation restricts annual cropping

unless supplemental irrigation is used.

• To avoid overirrigating and leaching of plant

nutrients, applications of irrigation water should be

adjusted to the soil moisture content, the water intake

rate, and the needs of the crop grown.

• Leaching of applied fertilizers and chemicals and

groundwater contamination may occur on this soil

because of the rapid permeability of the substratum.

• The loam surface layer in this soil is subject to

compaction from excessive tillage.

• Reduce soil compaction by returning crop residue

to the soil and keeping tillage at a minimum.

Livestock grazing

• Pond development on this soil generally is

impractical because of the risk of seepage.

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Range Site

• Loamy Bottom (Moist Bottom)

157—Xerofluvents, 0 to 3 percent slopes

Composition

Xerofluvents: 80 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Small, irregular areas along

major streams that include low flood plains,

islands, bars, overflow channels, and oxbows

Landform: Stream terraces

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 1,400 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Grasses, sedges, shrubs, hardwoods,

and conifers

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—9 to 16 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 52

degrees F

• Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Reference Profile

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly silt

loam

6 to 15 inches—brown very gravelly loam

15 to 31 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly sandy

clay loam

31 to 43 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly sandy

loam

43 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly loamy

sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Variable

Permeability: Moderately slow to very rapid

Available water capacity: Variable

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Slow

Hazard of erosion: Slight

Depth to water table: 12 to 36 inches below the

surface in December through May

Frequency of flooding: Occasional

Contrasting Inclusions

• Pelton soils on flood plains

• Riverwash adjacent to channels

Major Uses

• Wildlife habitat
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 173

Major Management Limitations

• Streamside degradation

Use and Management

Wildlife habitat

• Because most areas of these soils are adjacent to

the Warm Springs River, above the fish hatchery,

areas adjacent to perennial streams may need to be

maintained as buffers to reduce siltation and maintain

temperatures of streams.

158—Yawkola-Jorn-Rock outcrop

complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Yawkola soil: 35 percent

Jorn soil: 30 percent

Rock outcrop: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 5 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Yawkola—concave, south-facing

side slopes; Jorn—convex, south-facing side

slopes; Rock outcrop—shoulders and convex,

south-facing side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sedimentary rock with an influence of

volcanic ash in the upper part

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, Oregon

white oak, antelope bitterbrush, and Idaho fescue

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile of the Yawkola Soil

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

silt loam

11 to 40 inches—dark brown very gravelly silty clay

40 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly silt

loam

Properties and Qualities of the Yawkola Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Typical Profile of the Jorn Soil

0 to 5 inches—very dark brown cobbly silt loam

5 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly silty

clay loam

12 to 21 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay

21 to 24 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay

24 inches—sedimentary rock

Properties and Qualities of the Jorn Soil

Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches

Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches

Runoff: Medium or rapid

Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Rock Outcrop

Type of rock: Sedimentary

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bodell soils on shoulders and convex side slopes

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Yawkola and Jorn—soil erosion, equipment

operability, soil compaction, seedling mortality, and

plant competition

• Yawkola—fire damage

• Jorn—windthrow hazard

Livestock grazing

• Soil compaction

Use and Management

Timber production

• Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or

accumulating slash on the surface.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and

hinder yarding.

• This unit has a moderate or severe soil compaction

hazard because of the texture of the surface layer and

the clayey subsoil.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the
174 Soil Survey

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage

during periods of strong winds because of the

restricted rooting depth of the Jorn soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the Yawkola soil.

Livestock grazing

• Grazing during wet periods can cause soil

compaction and damage plants.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO-PSME/PUTR (Mutton)

159—Yawkola-Rock outcrop complex, 30

to 55 percent slopes

Composition

Yawkola soil: 55 percent

Rock outcrop: 30 percent

Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Yawkola—concave, south-facing

side slopes; Rock outcrop—convex, south-facing

side slopes

Landform: Mountains

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sedimentary rock with an influence of

volcanic ash in the upper part

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, Oregon

white oak, antelope bitterbrush, and Idaho fescue

Climatic factors:

• Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches

• Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49

degrees F

• Frost-free period—90 to 120 days

Typical Profile of the Yawkola Soil

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

11 to 40 inches—dark brown very gravelly silty clay

40 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly silt

loam

Properties and Qualities of the Yawkola Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches)

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches

Runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Rock Outcrop

Type of rock: Sedimentary

Contrasting Inclusions

• Jorn soils on convex side slopes

• Logsprings soils on nearly level benches

Major Uses

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife

habitat

Major Management Limitations

Timber production

• Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction,

soil displacement, seedling mortality, plant

competition, and fire damage

Livestock grazing

• Slope and aspect

Use and Management

Timber production

• Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks

are subject to rilling and gullying unless plant

cover or adequate water bars, or both, are

provided.

• Disturbance of this unit may result in instability

of the slope. The factors that affect the stability of

the slope should be evaluated before the soil is

disturbed.

• Because of the steepness of slope, logging

systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best

suited.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 175

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy

base rock.

• Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and

hinder yarding.

• This unit is subject to a moderate soil compaction

hazard because of the texture of the surface

 layer.

• Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction.

• Use designated skid trails to minimize soil

compaction.

• Using machinery only in areas covered with slash

or brush reduces soil displacement.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer

because of inadequate moisture in the soil.

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition

from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial

reestablishment of trees.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency may result from fires that have moderate

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to

the soil.

Livestock grazing

• Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock

distribution.

• Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited

to grazing in hot periods during the grazing

season.

Wildlife habitat

• Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown

closure should be left in some areas of this unit to

provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available

animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant

Association

• PIPO-PSME/PUTR (Mutton)

177

In this section, prime farmland is defined and

discussed and the prime farmland soils in this survey

area are listed.

Prime farmland is of major importance in

providing the nation’s short- and long-range needs for

food and fiber. The acreage of high-quality farmland is

limited, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture

recognizes that government at local, state, and federal

levels, as well as individuals, must encourage and

facilitate the wise use of our nation’s prime farmland.

Prime farmland soils, as defined by the U.S.

Department of Agriculture, are soils that are best

suited to producing food, seed, forage, fiber, and

oilseed crops. Such soils have properties that are

favorable for the economic production of sustained

high yields of crops. The soils need only to be treated

and managed using acceptable farming methods.

Adequate moisture and a sufficiently long growing

season are required. Prime farmland soils produce

the highest yields with minimal inputs of energy and

economic resources, and farming these soils results in

the least damage to the environment.

Prime farmland soils may presently be in use as

cropland, pasture, or woodland, or they may be in

other uses. They either are used for producing food

and fiber or are available for these uses. Urban or

built-up land, public land, and water areas cannot be

considered prime farmland. Urban or built-up land is

any contiguous unit of land 10 acres or more in size

that is used for such purposes as housing, industrial,

and commercial sites and as sites for institutions or

public buildings, small parks, golf courses, cemeteries,

railroad yards, airports, sanitary landfills, sewage

treatment plants, and water control structures. Public

land is land not available for farming in national

forests, national parks, military reservations, and state

parks.

Prime farmland soils commonly get an adequate

and dependable supply of moisture from precipitation

or irrigation. Temperature and length of growing

season are favorable, and level of acidity or alkalinity

is acceptable. The soils have few, if any, rocks and

are permeable to water and air. They are not

excessively erodible or saturated with water for long

Prime Farmland

periods and are not flooded during the growing

season. The slope ranges mainly from 0 to 6 percent.

Soils that have a high water table, are subject to

flooding, or are droughty may qualify as prime

farmland soils if the limitations are overcome by

drainage, flood control, or irrigation. Onsite evaluation

is necessary to determine the effectiveness of

corrective measures. More information on the criteria

for prime farmland soils can be obtained at the local

office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service.

A recent trend in land use has been the

conversion of prime farmland to urban and industrial

uses. The loss of prime farmland to other uses puts

pressure on lands that are less productive than prime

farmland.

About 18,238 acres, or approximately 3 percent of

the survey area, would meet the requirements for

prime farmland if an adequate and dependable supply

of irrigation water were available.

The following map units meet the soil

requirements for prime farmland when irrigated. On

some soils included in the list, measures should be

used to overcome a hazard or limitation, such as

flooding, wetness, or droughtiness. The location of

each map unit is shown on the detailed soil maps at

the back of this publication. Soil qualities that affect

use and management are described in the section

“Detailed Soil Map Units.” This list does not constitute

a recommendation for a particular land use.

Map Soil Name

Symbol

 25 Drybed silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes

 77 Madras loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes

 80 Maupin silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes

 89 Olallie clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

 (where drained)

 94 Pelton-Willowdale complex, 0 to 3

 percent slopes

 149 Wapinitia silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes

 156 Willowdale loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

179

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of

the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust

land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural

resources and the environment. Also, it can help

avoid soil-related failures in land uses.

In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists,

conservationists, engineers, and others collect

extensive field data about the nature and behavioral

characteristics of the soils. They collect data on

erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that

affect various soil uses and management. Field

experience and collected data on soil properties and

performance are used as a basis in predicting soil

behavior.

Information in this section can be used to plan the

use and management of soils for crops and pasture;

as rangeland and woodland; as sites for buildings,

sanitary facilities, highways and other transportation

systems, and parks and other recreation facilities; and

for wildlife habitat. It can be used to identify the

potentials and limitations of each soil for specific land

uses and to help prevent construction failures caused

by unfavorable soil properties.

Planners and others using soil survey information

can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on

productivity and on the environment in all or part of the

survey area. The survey can help planners to

maintain or create a land use pattern in harmony with

the natural soil.

Contractors can use this survey to locate sources

of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use

it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very

firm soil layers can cause difficulty in excavation.

Health officials, highway officials, engineers and

others may also find this survey useful. The survey

can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and

locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds,

playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs.

Crops and Pasture

General management needed for crops and for

hay and pasture is suggested in this section. The

system of land capability classification used by the

Natural Resources Conservation Service is explained,

Use and Management of the Soils

and the estimated yields of the main crops and hay

and pasture plants commonly grown are listed for

each soil. Planners of management systems for

individual fields or farms should consider the detailed

information given in the description of each soil under

the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific

information can be obtained from the local office of the

Natural Resources Conservation Service or the

Cooperative Extension Service.

Approximately 26,000 acres of the survey area

has favorable soil characteristics and climatic

conditions for crop production. Currently, about 600

acres is used for crops. Of this, about 240 acres is

irrigated. The majority of this cropland is adjacent to

Tenino Creek and the Warm Springs River. Potential

cropland is scattered throughout the eastern half of

the survey area, but the majority of it is on Mill Creek

Flat, Schoolie Flat, and Webster Flat and adjacent to

Tenino and Dry Creeks.

Soils have properties that affect their response to

use and management. Susceptibility to erosion by

water, leaching and groundwater contamination, and

soil compaction are important considerations in the

management of areas used for crops and pasture.

Proper irrigation water management also is important.

Erosion results in the loss of organic matter,

breakdown of soil structure, and change in soil texture

through the loss of silt and clay, all of which degrade

soil tilth and productivity. The replacement of soil lost

through erosion takes many years. Many structural,

management, and vegetative practices are used to

reduce or control water erosion. Use of cover crops or

crop residue reduces the impact of raindrops and

decreases the erosive energy of water. Plant cover

also allows water to infiltrate the soil profile instead of

running off the surface and causing accelerated

erosion. Slope is an important factor in determining

the hazard of water erosion. Soils that have slopes of

more than 3 percent are more susceptible to erosion,

and thus more protection is needed.

In summer, irrigation is needed for maximum

production of most crops. Various crops require

differing amounts of water for full production.

Adequate water is needed during critical growth

stages to maintain high production or desirable crop
180 Soil Survey

quality. Among the soil characteristics that affect the

choice of irrigation systems are the available water

capacity and the water intake rate. Available water

capacity is the amount of water a soil can store for

crop growth. Available water capacity is dependent

upon soil texture, depth to bedrock, total rock fragment

content, and organic matter content. The water intake

rate is determined by the soil texture, soil structure,

and organic matter content. Sandy soils have a high

water intake rate and a low available water capacity,

but clayey soils absorb water slowly and have a

relatively high available water capacity.

 Sprinkler irrigation is a suitable method of

applying water. Use of this method permits the even,

controlled application of water, reduces runoff, and

minimizes the risk of erosion. To avoid overirrigating

and leaching of plant nutrients and chemicals,

applications of irrigation water should be adjusted to

the available water capacity, the water intake rate, and

the needs of the crop grown.

Returning crop residue to the soil and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures helps to maintain organic

matter content and soil tilth and reduces the risk of

compaction.

The survey area has a wide range of soils and

climatic conditions that influence the management of

areas used for crops and pasture.

The Drybed, Madras (see fig. 14, page 102),

Pelton, and Willowdale soils have the most favorable

characteristics and climatic conditions for irrigated

crop production. These soils are on flood plains and

terraces adjacent to Dry and Tenino Creeks and the

Warm Springs and Deschutes Rivers. Elevation is

1,100 to 2,400 feet. The mean annual precipitation is

9 to 12 inches, the mean annual air temperature is 50

to 52 degrees F, and the frost-free period is 110 to 160

days. Potential crops that can be grown under

irrigation include winter wheat, barley, alfalfa hay, and

pasture.

The Drybed soils are moderately fine textured and

are very deep to bedrock, the Madras soils are

moderately fine textured and are moderately deep to

bedrock, the Pelton soils are moderately coarse

textured and are very deep to mixed alluvium, and the

Willowdale soils are medium textured and are deep to

variegated sand and gravel. The Drybed, Madras, and

Pelton soils are limited by the slow permeability of the

subsoil, which contributes to overland flow if the

irrigation rate exceeds the permeability rate.

Soil material transported by water carries

associated nutrients and chemicals into waterways

and reservoirs and reduces water quality. As a result

of the texture of the surface layer, the Drybed, Madras,

and Willowdale soils are subject to compaction from

excessive tillage and from grazing when the soils are

wet. The Drybed and Madras soils are susceptible to

water erosion if surface irrigation is used in areas that

have slopes of more than 3 percent. The Willowdale

soils are limited by moderate permeability, which may

result in leaching and subsequent groundwater

contamination from plant nutrients and chemicals.

The Maupin, Olallie, Wapinitia, and Watama soils

also have favorable characteristics and climatic

conditions for crop production. These soils are on

nearly level to gently sloping mesas.

The Maupin soils are dominantly northeast and

south of Warm Springs, adjacent to the Deschutes

River. Elevation is 2,000 to 2,400 feet. The mean

annual precipitation is 9 to 12 inches, the mean annual

air temperature is 50 to 52 degrees, and the frost-free

period is 110 to 160 days. Potential crops that can be

grown on the Maupin soils include winter wheat,

barley, alfalfa hay, and pasture.

The Olallie, Wapinitia, and Watama soils are

dominantly on Mill Creek Flat and Schoolie Flat. Most

areas of the Olallie soils are adjacent to Sidwalter

Buttes. Elevation is 2,400 to 3,000 feet. The mean

annual precipitation is 12 to 16 inches, the mean

annual air temperature is 48 to 50 degrees, and the

frost-free period is 100 to 140 days. Potential crops

that can be grown on the Wapinitia and Watama soils

include winter wheat, barley, alfalfa hay, and pasture.

Potential crops that can be grown on the Olallie soils if

artificial drainage is provided are alfalfa hay and

pasture.

The Maupin soils are medium textured and are

moderately deep to a duripan; the Olallie soils are

moderately fine textured, very deep to mixed alluvium,

and poorly drained; the Wapinitia soils are moderately

fine textured and are deep to bedrock; and the

Watama soils are moderately fine textured and are

moderately deep to bedrock. The Maupin soils are

limited by moderate permeability and depth to a

duripan, which may result in leaching and subsequent

groundwater contamination from plant nutrients and

chemicals. The Olallie soils are limited by a high water

table, which can affect the season of use unless

artificial drainage is provided. The Wapinitia and

Watama soils are limited by slow permeability in the

subsoil, which contributes to overland flow if the

irrigation rate exceeds the permeability rate. Because

of the texture of the surface layer, the Maupin, Olallie,

Wapinitia, and Watama soils are subject to compaction

from excessive tillage and from grazing when the soils

are wet. The Maupin, Wapinitia, and Watama soils are

susceptible to water erosion if surface irrigation is

used in areas that have slopes of more than 3 percent.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 181

Yields per Acre

The average yields per acre that can be expected

of the principal crops under a high level of

management are shown in table 5. In any given year,

yields may be higher or lower than those indicated in

the table because of variations in rainfall and other

climatic factors.

The yields are based mainly on the experience

and records of farmers, conservationists, and

extension agents. Available yield data from nearby

counties and results of field trials and demonstrations

are also considered.

The management needed to obtain the indicated

yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil

and the crop grown. Management can include

drainage, erosion control, and protection from flooding;

the proper planting and seeding rates; suitable highyielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage;

control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects;

favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen,

phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each

crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure,

and green-manure crops; and harvesting methods that

ensure the smallest possible loss.

For yields of irrigated crops, it is assumed that the

irrigation system is adapted to the soils and to the

crops grown, that good quality irrigation water is

uniformly applied as needed, and that tillage is kept to

a minimum.

The estimated yields reflect the productive

capacity of each soil for each of the principal crops.

Yields are likely to increase as new production

technology is developed. The productivity of a given

soil compared with that of other soils, however, is not

likely to change.

Land Capability Classification

Land capability classification shows, in a

general way, the suitability of soils for most kinds

of field crops. Crops that require special

management are excluded. The soils are grouped

according to their limitations for field crops, the

risk of damage if they are used for crops, and

the way they respond to management. The

grouping does not take into account major and

generally expensive landforming that would change

slope, depth, or other characteristics of the soils,

nor does it consider possible but unlikely major

reclamation projects. Capability classification is

not a substitute for interpretations designed to

show suitability and limitations of groups of soils

for rangeland, for woodland, and for engineering

purposes.

In the capability system, soils generally are

grouped at three levels: capability class, subclass,

and unit. Only class and subclass are used in this

survey. These levels are defined in the following

paragraphs.

Capability classes, the broadest groups are

designated by Roman numerals I through VIII. The

numerals indicate progressively greater limitations and

narrower choices for practical use. The classes are

defined as follows:

Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their

use.

Class II soils have moderate limitations that

reduce the choice of plants or that require moderate

conservation practices.

Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce

the choice of plants or that require special

conservation practices, or both.

Class IV soils have very severe limitations that

reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful

management, or both.

Class V soils are not likely to erode but have other

limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use.

Class VI soils have severe limitations that make

them generally unsuitable for cultivation.

Class VII soils have very severe limitations that

make them unsuitable for cultivation.

Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have

limitations that nearly preclude their use for

commercial crop production.

Capability subclasses are soil groups within one

class. They are designated by adding a small letter,

e, w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, IIe.

The letter e shows that the main limitation is risk of

erosion unless close-growing plant cover is

maintained; w shows that water in or on the soil

interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some soils

the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial

drainage); s shows that the soil is limited mainly

because it is shallow, droughty, or stony; and c, used

in only some parts of the United States, shows that the

chief limitation is climate that is very cold or very dry.

In class I there are no subclasses because the

soils of this class have few limitations. Class V

contains only the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c

because the soils in class V are subject to little or no

erosion. They have other limitations that restrict their

use to pasture, rangeland, woodland, wildlife habitat,

or recreation.

The capability classification for each soil is given

in table 5.
182 Soil Survey

Rangeland and Grazeable Forest Land

By David Smith, range conservationist, Bureau of Indian

Affairs.

Rangeland and grazeable forest land comprise

approximately 450,000 acres, or about 69 percent of

the survey area. Grazing by domestic livestock

historically has been significant in the development of

the land and the lifestyles of the Warm Springs Tribes.

Although the number of livestock has declined in

recent years, grazing by cattle and horses still is vital

to the local economy and to the individual ranchers in

the area.

Historically, livestock grazing in the survey area

began in 1860 when settlers and traders introduced

horses, sheep, and cattle into central Oregon. Tribal

members primarily used horses as a means of

transportation and cattle as a supplemental food

source.

In the early 1900’s, large bands of sheep owned

by tribal members and non-Indians were introduced

into the area. The sheep extensively grazed the

forested areas and river canyons. By 1926, several

bands totaling 6,600 head had been driven from

railheads in Portland, Oregon. These bands grazed in

the high mountainous areas between Mt. Hood and Mt.

Jefferson and in the Mutton Mountains and the

Deschutes River Basin. In 1931, the Tribal Council of

the Warm Springs Tribes decided to reserve their

grazing lands exclusively for livestock owned by tribal

members. Leases held by non-Indian sheep and

cattle producers were terminated, and they have not

been renewed.

The number of tribal members involved in

livestock and agricultural production grew steadily

between 1900 and 1984. Entire families were involved

in the care, maintenance, and movement of livestock

herds and in farming. Livestock were grazed in the

lower, nonforested areas in winter and spring, and

they were slowly and systematically moved onto the

higher grazeable forest land in summer and fall.

Families moved their living facilities, called “summer

camps,” as the herds were moved. Livestock grazing in

the forested areas of the survey area was reduced

significantly in the early 1960’s with the construction of

the “APW” fence. Grazing since has been limited

primarily to areas at the lower elevations.

The number of cattle and horses grazing on tribal

land and individually owned Indian land has varied

significantly over the past decade. The number of

livestock climbed to a high of 2,500 cattle and 1,700

horses between 1900 and 1961, but the number was

reduced significantly by severe winters or by

wholesale liquidation of stock by individual owners.

In 1984 a significant reduction in the number of

horses resulted from a program initiated by the

Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation

and the Bureau of Indian Affairs. This program, known

as the Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) Program, was

conducted between 1980 and 1983 to curb this

infectious disease in horses. The program effectively

reduced the horse population by 50 percent.

An increase in herd management by individual

livestock owners and by grazing districts has led to

further reductions in uncontrolled livestock

populations. Overall, livestock populations have

rebounded since 1984 because most of the ranches in

the area are traditional cow-calf and mare-colt

operations.

Grazing Allotments

The rangeland and grazeable forest land in the

survey area are subdivided into eight distinct grazing

units. These units are defined by natural topographic

boundaries and fencelines. Most of the grazing units

are subdivided into two or more pastures by interior

fences. Grazing systems that regularly rotate livestock

and incorporate “traditional use areas” are used on

these pastures by tribal livestock owners. A few small,

isolated, individually owned allotments do not have

fenced subdivisions. These allotments are used

primarily by the landowners during a specific season.

Many upland areas in the grazing units have plant

communities that receive little, if any, use because of a

lack of water or a low level of management. Annual

grazing plans and ongoing range development

programs are being used to effectively manage this

upland forage through herding, fencing, water

developments, and livestock management practices.

Primary goals of the tribes include proper use of

the forage in the survey area and reduction of use in

areas where livestock have concentrated in the past,

such as riparian areas. More intensive management

and resource education programs are being used to

help control use of the riparian areas. Any long-term

changes in the number of livestock or season of use

are subject to the specifications of updated grazing

plans approved by the Tribal Council.

Grazing Districts

The survey area is divided into eight grazing

districts. Boundaries were set by Tribal Council

Resolution for the Sidwalter, Boulder/Miller Flat/Dry

Creek/Webster, Metolius, and 4-H Grazing Districts.

Since the development of the Range and Agriculture

Plan in 1984, the boundaries of the Simnasho/Log

Springs, Mutton Mountain, and Tenino Grazing
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 183

Districts officially have been defined. The McQuinn

Act set the boundaries of the Wapinitia Grazing

District.

Grazing districts were established by Tribal

Council Resolution to govern and regulate grazing in

the survey area. Through the adoption of Ordinance

66, the Tribal Council established a method whereby

grazing districts would manage the grazing land under

the Tribal Comprehensive Plan and Ordinances to

protect the grazing resources.

Ordinance 66 provided the following:

1. Tribal livestock owners in each grazing area

would present, in writing for approval by the Tribal

Council, a document stating their organization and

operating procedures.

2. After approval of the organization and

operating procedures, grazing districts and the Tribal/

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Range and Agriculture

Department would develop 5-year goals and an initial

annual grazing plan for approval by the Tribal Natural

Resources Director, the Tribal Council, and the Tribal

Superintendent. Subsequent annual plans would be

approved by the Natural Resources Director.

3. After approval of the grazing plan, a grazing

authorization would be issued by the Tribal Council

and Superintendent to the grazing district with the

specific conditions of the 5-year plan.

4. The Tribal/BIA Range and Agriculture

Department would be responsible for assisting grazing

districts with development and implementation of the

plan and for monitoring the operations to ensure the

accomplishment of the grazing plan.

Grazing Management

As described in the preceding paragraphs, each

grazing district meets with the Tribal/BIA Range and

Agriculture Department to discuss and prepare an

annual grazing plan. Annual grazing plans are guides

for stock rotations within the pastures that meet the

biological needs of the forage species; meet the

developmental needs, such as water developments,

fencing, and enforcement problems; establish work

priorities; and schedule grazing rotations that eliminate

resource use conflicts among grazing stock and

wildlife, cultural food plants, fisheries, and riparian

areas.

The Tribal/BIA Range and Agriculture

Department annually assists in monitoring the

condition of the forage, the patterns of use, and

 the sale and movement of livestock within the

districts.

Management Concerns

This section provides information about concerns

and limitations that are important to the management

of livestock grazing in the survey area. More

information is given in the section “Detailed Soil Map

Units.”

Aspect is the direction in which a slope faces.

North-facing slopes are cooler, more productive, and

slower in development of new growth than other

slopes. During hot periods in summer, north-facing

slopes are preferred by livestock because they are

cooler and the forage stays green until later in

summer.

South-facing slopes generally have the opposite

characteristics of north-facing slopes. South-facing

slopes are poorly suited to livestock grazing during hot

periods in summer, and they produce less forage for

grazing. Most east- and west-facing slopes have soil

and site characteristics similar to those of south-facing

slopes.

Slope affects livestock use and the feasibility of

range improvement. Steep slopes are less preferred

for grazing than gentle slopes. Slopes of more than 50

percent, such as those on canyonsides, generally are

used very little even if the forage is abundant, because

livestock prefer the gentler slopes. Light use of the

steep slopes generally is anticipated, however, and

proper stocking rates should be determined

accordingly.

Rock outcrop normally supports very little

vegetation. In areas that have a significant amount

of Rock outcrop, the capacity of the land for grazing

is reduced proportionately. Livestock access also

may be restricted in these areas, further reducing

the available forage, unless access trails are

developed.

Droughtiness reduces forage production and limits

the choice of plants for seeding to drought-tolerant

species. Droughtiness is a result of low annual

precipitation or of soil characteristics such as coarse

texture, shallow depth, or a high content of gravel or

stones, all of which restrict available water capacity.

Some soil characteristics affect the use and

management of rangeland. Soil texture affects water

infiltration rates and the susceptibility of the soil to

damage from mechanical operations. Soil

temperature affects the rate of plant growth and

maturation. Heavy-textured soils have a slow

infiltration rate, have a higher rate of runoff, and may

be damaged easily by grazing during wet periods.

Coarse-textured soils are susceptible to wind erosion
184 Soil Survey

if left bare. Soil characteristics should be considered

in range management activities such as the timing,

duration, and intensity of grazing to ensure the

protection of plant and soil resources.

Water is the primary limiting factor in the

development and improvement of grazing land in the

survey area. Although abundant water is available in

perennial streams and natural springs, development of

these sources has been limited over the years. Water

is a key element in the proper management of grazing

sites and in the protection and enhancement of the

plant communities.

Conflicts of land use among grazing areas,

anadromous fish spawning areas, riparian areas, and

cultural plant-gathering sites increase when there is a

shortage of water during periods of continuous

drought. An aggressive resource enhancement

program has been undertaken by the Warm Springs

Tribes to reduce these conflicts and to improve water

conditions on grazing land. Using modern technology,

the tribes have improved water conditions and

reduced the conflicts in the use of the land resources

by developing water sources for livestock and wildlife.

These developments include construction of deep

wells and pipelines and troughs, use of an aggressive

spring development program in areas of rangeland,

use of solar-powered pumping systems, use of big

game guzzlers to capture precipitation and channel it

to watering troughs, use of hydro-ram pumping

systems to divert water away from sensitive riparian

areas and stream channels for use by livestock, and

construction of stock dams to capture overland flow.

Fencing is another key element in an effective

grazing management program. It is used to properly

distribute livestock across a grazing area and to

properly time the use of forage. Many methods of

fencing can be used, including subdividing large

grazeable areas into smaller units.

The tribes have been constructing fences to

divide each of the large grazing districts into more

manageable units. Approximately 30 miles of fence

were built annually between 1984 and 1991. Dividing

the land into small units by using fences and natural

boundaries helps to improve grazing management.

There are still some large areas of more than 45,000

acres in the survey area, and additional fencing is

needed to improve the movement of herds and the

use of forage in these areas.

Forage Resources

The survey area is unique in its diversity and

complexity of plant community types and forage

species, which is illustrated by the general vegetation

map included at the back of this publication. In

addition to the historic and economic importance of

rangeland for livestock grazing, it is also important for

soil protection, flood control, water production, wildlife

habitat, fishery habitat, and recreational opportunities

and as a source of firewood and juniper boughs.

Rangeland and grazeable forest land produce

edible native plants that are essential to the diet and

culture of the Warm Springs Tribes. Plants gathered

for food and medicine include roots, berries, moss,

herbs, and bulbs.

The lower elevation rangeland consists of general

soil map units 1, 2, 3, and 4. The plant communities

range from high condition communities that support

Sandberg bluegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, and

Idaho fescue to low condition communities that

support dominantly medusahead and cheatgrass. The

plant communities that are in poor condition and are

dominantly annual grasses are a direct result of

prolonged, heavy grazing from the 1880's to the

1930's and from farming activities that were

abandoned in the early 1960's.

The middle elevation grazeable forest land

consists of general soil map units 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and

11. It includes forest land in the pine and pine/

Douglas fir zones. The plant communities within these

zones range from bunchgrass/bitterbrush communities

to pine/bitterbrush and pine/Douglas fir/elk sedge

communities. Primary forage species include

Sandberg bluegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho

fescue, bitterbrush, and elk sedge. Lower condition

communities generally are dominated by squirreltail,

cheatgrass, and some medusahead. Within the

timbered areas, snowbrush ceanothus and greenleaf

manzanita are shrub species that flourish following

disturbances such as logging and fire. Some moist

meadows that yield large quantities of grasses and

forbs are in these areas.

High elevation grazeable forest land consists of

general soil map unit 12. It includes forest land

ranging from the Douglas fir/sedge zone to the true fir

zone. Although grazing is limited in these areas, the

forage is important to wildlife. The primary forage

species are sedges, snowbrush ceanothus, greenleaf

manzanita, golden chinkapin, big huckleberry, and

common snowberry. Moist or wet meadows are

common, and they produce large quantities of camas,

sedges, rushes, and grasses.

Forage Production

Forage production varies from site to site.

Characteristics such as precipitation, soil types, plant

community ecological conditions, soil surface
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 185

conditions, and overstory canopy closures contribute

directly to the production of forage.

Approximately 60 percent of the rangeland in the

survey area is producing less than half of its natural

potential. Past grazing and farming activities,

catastrophic fires, and drought have significantly

altered the structure and production of the plant

communities.

In areas that have similar climate and topography,

differences in the kind and amount of vegetation

produced on range sites are closely related to soil

types. Effective management is based on the

relationship between the soils and the vegetation and

availability of water.

Range site management requires a knowledge of

soil characteristics and the associated potential

natural plant community. It also requires an evaluation

of the present range condition. Range condition is

determined by comparing the present plant community

with the potential native plant community on a

particular range site. The more closely the existing

community resembles the potential community, the

better the range condition. Range condition is an

ecological rating only. It does not infer value of the

present plant community for a given use.

Table 6 shows, for each soil that is used as

rangeland or grazeable forest land or is suitable for

these uses, the range site; the total annual production

of vegetation in favorable, normal, and unfavorable

years; the characteristic vegetation; and the average

percentage of each species. Explanation of the

column headings in table 6 follows.

A range site is a distinctive kind of rangeland that

produces a characteristic natural plant community that

differs from natural plant communities on other range

sites in kind, amount, and proportion of range plants.

The relationship between soils and vegetation was

established during this survey; thus, range sites

generally can be determined directly from the soil

map. Soil properties that affect moisture supply and

plant nutrients have the greatest influence on the

productivity of range plants. Soil reaction, salt content,

and a seasonal water table are also important.

Total production is the amount of vegetation that

can be expected to grow annually on well managed

rangeland that is supporting the potential natural plant

community. It includes all vegetation, whether or not it

is palatable to grazing animals. It includes the current

year’s growth of leaves, twigs, and fruit of woody

plants. It does not include the increase in stem

diameter of trees and shrubs. It is expressed in

pounds per acre of air-dry vegetation for favorable,

normal, and unfavorable years. In a favorable year,

the amount and distribution of precipitation and the

temperatures make growing conditions substantially

better than average. In a normal year, growing

conditions are about average. In an unfavorable year,

growing conditions are well below average, generally

because of low available soil moisture.

Dry weight is the total annual yield per acre of airdry vegetation. Yields are adjusted to a common

percent of air-dry moisture content. The relationship

of green weight to air-dry weight varies according to

such factors as exposure, amount of shade, recent

rains, and unseasonable dry periods.

Characteristic vegetation, the grasses, forbs,

and shrubs that make up most of the potential

natural plant community on each soil, is listed by

common name. Under composition, the expected

percentage of the total annual production is given for

each species making up the characteristic vegetation.

The amount that can be used as forage depends on

the kinds of grazing animals and on the grazing

season.

An objective in range site management is to

manage grazing so that the plants growing on a site

are similar in kind and amount to the potential natural

plant community for that site, while improving the

overall ecological condition of the plant community.

Management that improves range condition generally

results in the optimal production of vegetation, a

reduction in undesirable brush species, conservation

of water, and reduced erosion. Sometimes, however,

based upon the needs of the tribes and the objectives

for the land in a given area, range conditions below the

ecological potential meet grazing needs, provide for

wildlife habitat, and adequately protect soil and water

resources.

Special Provisions for Listing Range Sites

In 1983 a survey was conducted on the Warm

Springs Indian Reservation of all low-elevation

rangeland and some middle-elevation grazeable forest

land. The survey included all low-elevation grass,

shrub, and juniper plant associations as well as

grazeable forest land in the middle-elevation pine

timber associations.

In order to maintain continuity between range data

collected in the 1983 survey and the range sites

identified and described in this survey, a special

nomenclature was used in the section “Detailed Soil

Map Units.” Where applicable, the range site names

from the 1983 survey are in parentheses following the

new range site names. These are included at the end

of each map unit description. By identifying both range

site names in this report, previously mapped range

sites can be compared and contrasted with the
186 Soil Survey

potential native plant community identified in each of

the current range site descriptions.

General Vegetation Zones

The general vegetation map at the back of this

publication shows broad areas, or zones, that have

distinctive patterns of native plant community types.

The use of these zones permits a focus on

geographical differences in climate and vegetation and

the generalization of complex local vegetation

patterns. The zones also provide a basis for broad

management interpretations. The map should be used

in conjunction with information in the sections “General

Soil Map Units” and “Detailed Soil Map Units.”

Vegetation zones may cover large geographical

areas, but a single set of potential native plant

communities is throughout the zone. Vegetative

patterns usually are predictable within the zones,

since they are related to local features, such as

aspect, soils, and landforms. Macroclimate generally

is relatively similar throughout a given zone. Climate

and the associated landscapes and plant communities

are expected to differ from zone to zone.

Forest Land Management and

Productivity

By Craig M. Ziegler, area forester, Natural Resources

Conservation Service.

The forest land in the survey area varies greatly.

Not only do the tree species differ, but the soils,

topography, and precipitation also differ. There are

approximately 320,000 acres of commercial forest

land, mainly in the western half of the survey area.

The Mutton Mountains, which are in the northeastern

part, also are forested. Precipitation in the forested

areas ranges from 14 to 110 inches. The topography

ranges from nearly level and gently sloping areas on

the eastern edge of the forest land to very steep

mountainsides in the western and southern parts of

the forest land. The elevation ranges from 2,000 to

6,400 feet, which is at the timberline on Mt. Jefferson.

The principal forest cover is the interior ponderosa

pine type. It is in the driest areas, which are mainly in

the eastern, central, and southern parts of the forest

land. It also is on south aspects at the higher

elevations. Other species that are included in this

cover type are Douglas fir, western larch, grand fir,

incense cedar, and western juniper. At the middle

elevations are the interior Douglas fir and grand fir

cover types. Tree species of lesser extent in these

types are ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, western

larch, and subalpine fir. Many cover types are at the

higher elevations, but the coastal true fir/hemlock type

is most common. The most prevalent species in this

type are Pacific silver fir, noble fir, western hemlock,

Douglas fir, and western white pine. Other cover types

at high elevations include mountain hemlock,

lodgepole pine, western hemlock, and Engelmann

spruce/subalpine fir.

Many diseases and insects affect the forests, and

they can be a problem in individual stands of trees.

Damage can vary from year to year.

The western spruce budworm (Choristoneura

occidentalis) defoliates Douglas fir, grand fir, noble fir,

and Pacific silver fir. Occasional defoliation can

reduce tree growth, but defoliation for 2 to 3

consecutive years can cause death. The mountain

pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) commonly

attacks all species of pine, and the western pine

beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomus) commonly attacks

ponderosa pine. These beetles can be a severe

problem in overstocked stands of ponderosa pine and

lodgepole pine. The larch casebearer (Coleophora

laricella) attacks western larch, and the pine engraver

beetle (Ips pini) commonly attacks ponderosa pine

and occasionally other pines.

Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium spp.) is a very

destructive forest parasite that attacks western larch,

ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas fir, and

western hemlock. This parasite lives off the host by

absorbing food through roots that penetrate the bark

of the tree. Laminated root rot (Phellinus weirii)

commonly attacks Douglas fir, grand fir, noble fir, and

mountain hemlock. It can be a severe problem in

locally isolated areas of forest land. This root rot

occasionally also attacks western hemlock, western

larch, and Engelmann spruce. White pine blister rust

(Cronartium ribicola) attacks western white pine, and

western gall rust (Endocronartium harknessii)

commonly attacks lodgepole pine and ponderosa pine.

Armillaria rot (Armillaria mellea) and Indian paint

fungus (Echinodontium tinctorium) commonly attack

all species of pine.

Tables 7 and 8 provide important information to

forest land managers as they seek ways to maximize

the use of forest land. The information can be used to

help make sound management decisions. Only the

soils suitable for producing timber are listed in these

tables.

In table 7, the potential productivity of common

trees on a soil is expressed as a site index. This index

is determined by taking height and age measurements

on selected trees within stands of a given species.

The procedures for determining site index of various

species are given in the site index publications used
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 187

for this survey (1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18,

24). The site index applies to fully stocked, even-aged

stands. The highest timber yields can be expected

from areas that have the highest site indexes. Site

index values can be converted into estimated yields at

various ages by carefully using the appropriate yield

tables.

Species preferred for wood production are those

that are planted for reforestation or are allowed to

regenerate naturally. The desired product, topographic

position, and individual preference are only some of

the factors that can influence the choice of adapted

trees for reforestation.

Table 8 can serve as a quick reference for forest

land interpretations. The soils are rated for a number

of factors to be considered in woodland management.

Slight, moderate, and severe indicate the degree of

the major soil limitations. For each soil that has a

rating of moderate or severe, additional information is

given in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.”

Sheet and Rill Erosion

Definition. Sheet and rill erosion ratings refer to

the risk of off-road soil loss after fire, grazing, or forest

management activities that expose the soil.

Ratings. Slight indicates that no particular erosion

control measures are needed under ordinary

conditions, moderate indicates that some erosion

control measures are needed, and severe indicates

that special precautions are needed to control erosion

in most silvicultural activities.

Factors considered. Sheet and rill erosion ratings

are determined by considering the amount and

intensity of rainfall, the recovery rate of plant cover,

soil erodibility (K factor), soil loss tolerance (T factor),

and percent slope. Soil loss tolerance is defined as

the maximum amount of erosion at which the quality of

a soil as a medium for plant growth can be maintained.

Management implications. A rating of severe

indicates the need for special harvesting systems or

alternative site preparation techniques and proper

timing.

Cut and Fill Erosion

Definition. Cut and fill erosion ratings refer to the

risk that soil loss may occur from road cuts and fills.

This rating does not consider dry ravel.

Ratings. Cuts and fills should be seeded. A rating

of slight indicates that no other preventative measures

are needed under ordinary conditions, moderate

indicates that erosion control measures are needed

under certain conditions, and severe indicates that

erosion control practices are needed under most

conditions.

Factors considered. The hazard of cut and fill

erosion can be determined by considering the amount

and intensity of rainfall, soil erodibility (K factor) of the

exposed horizons, and angle and length of the slopes.

The risk of erosion becomes greater as the length of

cuts and fills and the weighted K factor value increase.

Management implications. Erosion control

practices, such as seeding, mulching, and using

sediment traps, may be needed.

Equipment Operability

Definition. Equipment operability ratings refer to

the difficulty of using wheeled or tracked ground

equipment because of certain soil, topographic, or

climatic characteristics.

Ratings. Slight indicates that equipment use may

be restricted because of wetness for a period of as

long as 3 months in a normal year. The kind of

equipment and season of use normally are not

restricted because of site features. Moderate

indicates that equipment use is limited because of one

or more site features. Equipment use may be

restricted by slope, stones, soil wetness, soil

instability, extremes in soil texture (clayey or sandy), or

a combination of two or more factors. Equipment use

is restricted by soil wetness for a period of 3 to 6

months in a normal year. Severe indicates that the

kind of equipment or the season of use is severely

restricted because of one or more site features.

Equipment use is restricted by soil wetness for a

period of more than 6 months in a normal year.

Factors considered. Trafficability, soil-related

physical impediments, steepness of slope, and soil

wetness are the main factors that result in equipment

limitations. As slope gradient and length increase, use

of wheeled equipment becomes more difficult. Use of

wheeled and tracked equipment is impractical on the

steepest slopes. Soil wetness, especially in areas of

fine-textured soils, can severely limit the use of

equipment and make harvesting practical only during

periods when the soils are dry or frozen. Extreme soil

textures commonly affect the use of equipment.

Organic soil, clay, and loose sand are subject to

trafficability problems. Boulders and stones also may

limit the use of equipment.

Management implications. Equipment operability

limitations indicate a need for choosing the proper

equipment and for properly timing operations to avoid

seasonal limitations.
188 Soil Survey

Soil Compaction

Definition. Soil compaction ratings refer to the risk

that damage to the soil structure will occur as a result

of equipment use during periods when the soils are

wet or moist.

Ratings. Slight indicates that no special

equipment is needed and the season of use generally

is not restricted. Moderate indicates that there

may be some seasonal restrictions on the use of

ground equipment. Use of cable yarding systems

may be advisable. Severe indicates the need for

extreme caution. Some restorative practices, such as

ripping or discing, may be needed following harvest

activities.

Factors considered. Surface texture, coarse

fragment content, and plasticity are soil

characteristics considered in the compaction

ratings. The ratings assume that the soil is wet or

moist. Soil compaction decreases air spaces in the

soil. Air and water movement thus are reduced,

restricting root growth and increasing the risk of

surface erosion.

Management implications. Compaction should

be considered during silvicultural activities. Use of

designated skid trails and protection of the duff layer

are needed to minimize damage to the soil. A

moderate or severe rating indicates the need to

carefully choose the proper equipment and to be

aware of seasonal limitations.

Soil Displacement

Definition. Soil displacement ratings refer

tto the risk of gouging, scraping, or pushing soil

from its natural position by mechanical means.

It most often is associated with mechanical slash

disposal, tractor yarding operations, and site

preparation.

Ratings. Slight indicates that equipment use is

not restricted. Special precautions generally are not

needed. Moderate indicates that the use of

specialized equipment, such as a brush rake, is

needed for mechanical slash disposal, site

preparation, and other activities that disturb the soil.

Severe indicates that extreme caution is advised if

practices that disturb the soil are used.

Factors considered. The texture of the surface

layer and the amount of rock fragments in the upper

12 inches influence how readily the soil will hold

together when pushed as a result of contact with

machinery or logs. Slope is a factor because more

maneuvering of machinery is needed in the steeper

areas. Soil moisture is assumed to be at field

capacity or drier.

Management implications. Restrictions on

equipment use because of the soil displacement

hazard indicate the need to closely monitor activities

that disturb the soil, such as mechanical slash

disposal and site preparation, or to use alternative

methods. In areas where excessive soil displacement

has occurred, plant recovery rates may be impaired.

Prolonged exposure of bare soil may result in

increased erosion and further deterioration of

the site.

Seedling Mortality

Definition. Seedling mortality ratings refer

to the risk of death of natural or planted tree

seedlings as a result of soil or topographic

characteristics. Plant competition and

damage by animals are not considered in the

ratings.

Ratings. The ratings apply to naturally occurring

seedlings and to healthy, dormant bare-root or

containerized seedlings from good stock that are

properly planted during a period of sufficient moisture.

Slight indicates that no problem is expected under

normal conditions. Moderate indicates that some

problems of mortality can be expected. Extra

precautions are advised. Severe indicates that the

rate of mortality will be high. Extra precautions are

essential for successful reforestation.

Factors considered. Seedling mortality ratings are

determined by the following factors.

• Soil chemistry. This influences the amount and

kind of nutrients available to plants and affects the

availability of water in the soil.

• Soil drainage. This indicates the degree,

frequency, and duration of soil wetness.

• Available water capacity. The amount of

water held in the soil for plant use is determined

by the available water capacity and effective rooting

depth of the soil. The amount of water held in the

upper 20 inches is used as an indicator of

droughtiness.

• Temperature and moisture regime. Seedlings

can survive in areas that have a low available water

capacity if the frequency and duration of rainfall are

sufficient.

• Slope and aspect. Seedling mortality may be

affected by the high temperatures and rate of

evaporation associated with steep, south-facing

slopes.

Management implications. To offset

seedling mortality, it may be necessary to use

larger than normal planting stock, special site

preparation, surface drainage, or reinforcement

plantings.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 189

Windthrow

Definition. Windthrow ratings refer to the risk of

trees being tipped over and partially or fully uprooted

by strong winds during periods when the soil is moist

or wet.

Ratings. Slight indicates that trees normally are

not blown down by the wind. Moderate indicates that

occasionally a tree may be blown down during periods

when the soil is wet and the winds are moderate or

strong. Severe indicates that many trees may be

blown down during periods when the soil is wet and

the winds are moderate or strong (see fig.13, page

99).

Factors considered. This rating considers the soil

characteristics that affect the development of tree

roots and the ability of the soil to hold trees firmly.

Rooting depth may be restricted because of a high

water table, underlying bedrock, or an impervious

layer. Loose soil may result in poor anchoring of roots.

Management implications. Moderate and severe

ratings indicate the need for care in harvesting and

thinning forest stands. Use of seed tree systems or

regeneration with isolated single trees or groups of

trees is not practical in areas that are subject to a

moderate or severe windthrow hazard. Periodic

salvage of windblown trees may be needed in these

areas. Adequate road and trail systems are needed

for salvage operations.

Plant Competition

Definition. Plant competition ratings refer to

the likelihood of an invasion of plants sufficient to

delay or prevent establishment of adapted tree

seedlings.

Ratings. Slight indicates that competing

vegetation will have little, if any, effect on the

establishment and development of seedlings.

Moderate indicates that uncontrolled competition from

understory vegetation may retard natural or planted

reforestation, but it will not prevent the eventual

development of fully stocked stands. Severe indicates

that uncontrolled competition from understory

vegetation can be expected to prevent natural or

planted reforestation.

Factors considered. Climate and soil

characteristics can result in plant competition

problems. Commonly, the key to predicting plant

competition is the quantity and proximity of seed

sources of undesirable plants or the quantity of

unwanted brush rootstock that will resprout after

harvesting.

Management implications. Moderate and severe

ratings indicate the need for careful and thorough site

preparation and the potential need for mechanical or

chemical treatment to retard the growth of competing

vegetation. Reforestation for tree crop production

should be established before competing plants can

invade.

Fire Damage

Definition. Fire damage ratings refer to the risk

that a fire of moderate fireline intensity (116 to 520

btu's/sec/ft), which is likely in a clearcut slash burn,

will have a negative impact on the nutrient content and

the physical and biotic characteristics of the soil.

Ratings. Slight indicates that negative impacts to

soil characteristics are not expected. Moderate

indicates that negative impacts, such as nonwettability

and excessive erosion, may occur. Extra caution is

advised in planning prescribed fires. Severe indicates

that negative impacts are likely to occur. Extreme

caution is advised in planning prescribed fires.

Factors considered. Fire damage ratings are

determined by the following factors.

• Surface layer thickness. Soils that have a

shallow surface layer may not have the capacity to

absorb the effects of fire and may be prone to slower

recovery rates.

• Slope. The steeper slopes are more likely to

erode if the protective layer of duff is burned off.

• Soil texture and coarse fragment content.

Texture affects soil erodibility, plant recovery rates, and

productivity. Coarse-textured soils transmit heat to a

greater depth in a shorter period of time and are more

prone to water repellency. Soils that have a high

content of gravel or stones respond to fire similarly to

coarse-textured soils. Medium-textured soils have a

higher inherent available water capacity and are more

likely to be cooler and more productive.

• Organic matter content. Soils that have an

organic matter content of less than 2 percent usually

are prone to slow recovery rates. Soils that have a

high organic matter content generally are more

resistant to sheet and rill erosion. These soils also

have a higher available water capacity and are more

likely to be cooler for longer periods during the year.

Management implications. Combustion of aboveand below-ground organic matter volatilizes nutrients,

reduces soil organic matter content, and in some soils

increases water repellency. Populations of some soil

organisms are at least temporarily reduced by the

initial high soil temperatures during fire and by

subsequent changes in the chemical and physical
190 Soil Survey

properties of the soil. It may be necessary to consider

use of winter burning and alternate lighting

techniques, monitoring of the moisture content of fuel,

yarding of unmerchantable material, elimination of

prescribed burns, and use of erosion control

measures following burning.

Recreation

The soils of the survey area are rated in table 9

according to limitations that affect their suitability for

recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil

features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the

surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered.

Not considered in the ratings, but important in

evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of

the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic

quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water

impoundment sites, and access to public sewerlines.

The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent

and the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also

important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for

recreation use by the duration and intensity of flooding

and the season when flooding occurs. In planning

recreation facilities, onsite assessment of the height,

duration, intensity, and frequency of flooding is

essential.

In table 9, the degree of soil limitation is

expressed as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight

means that soil properties generally are favorable and

that limitations are minor and easily overcome.

Moderate means that limitations can be overcome or

alleviated by planning, design, or special maintenance.

Severe means that soil properties are unfavorable and

that limitations can be offset only by costly soil

reclamation, special design, intensive maintenance,

limited use, or by a combination of these measures.

The information in table 9 can be supplemented

by other information in this survey; for example,

interpretations for dwellings without basements and for

local roads and streets in table 10 and interpretations

for septic tank absorption fields in table 11.

Camp areas require site preparation such as

shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas,

stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and

installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp

areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some

vehicular traffic. The best soils are gently sloping and

are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of

use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders,

absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not

dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders

can greatly increase the cost of constructing

campsites.

Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most

vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and

parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm

when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to

flooding during the period of use, and do not have

slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of

shaping sites or of building access roads and parking

areas.

Playgrounds require soils that can withstand

intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level

and are not wet or subject to flooding during the

season of use. The surface is free of stones and

boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry.

If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over bedrock

or a hardpan should be considered.

Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding

should require little or no cutting and filling. The best

soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty

when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than

once a year during the period of use. They have

moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on

the surface.

Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and

some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be

required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are

firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not

subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use.

They have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders

on the surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or

greens is not considered in rating the soils.

Wildlife Habitat

By Terry A. Luther, wildlife biologist, Confederated Tribes of the

Warm Springs Reservation.

The soils in the survey area provide habitat for

many kinds of fish and wildlife. The kinds and

numbers of most wildlife species in the area are

related to the kinds of soil. This relationship is

influenced primarily by the kinds of plant communities,

the topography, and the land use.

The general soil map units have been grouped

according to their potential to provide similar kinds of

wildlife habitat. These groups and the kinds of fish and

wildlife present are described in the following

paragraphs.

Group 1 (general soil map unit 1). This group

consists of warm, dry soils on terraces and low

foothills adjacent to the Deschutes and Warm Springs

Rivers and the Dry, Shitike, and Tenino Creeks, at the

eastern boundary of the survey area. The native

vegetation is mainly basin wildrye, bluebunch

wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, basin big
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 191

sagebrush, and various forbs. The soils in this group

are used for irrigated crops, livestock grazing, and

homesite development. The riparian areas in this

group along with adjacent areas of cropland provide

the best habitat for wildlife habitat. Wildlife commonly

found in areas of this group include California quail,

ring-necked pheasant, mourning dove, waterfowl,

beaver, and mink.

The Deschutes and Warm Springs Rivers and

Shitike Creek provide important habitat for Chinook

salmon, steelhead trout, bull trout, and rainbow trout.

The potential is good for improvement of the

habitat in this group by using agricultural and

herbaceous plantings and by properly managing

existing riparian vegetation.

Group 2 (general soil map units 2, 3, and 4). This

group consists of warm, dry soils on high foothills, in

canyons, and on mesas on the eastern side of the

survey area. The native vegetation is mainly

bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Wyoming

big sagebrush, and various forbs. The soils in this

group are used for livestock grazing, and they provide

important forage for herds of deer that winter on the

mesas and in the canyons adjacent to the Deschutes

River. Other wildlife commonly found in areas of this

group include chukar, badger, and coyote.

The Warm Springs River and Shitike Creek

provide important habitat for Chinook salmon,

steelhead trout, bull trout, and rainbow trout.

The potential is good for improvement of the

habitat in this group by burning, seeding native or

adapted plants, and properly managing existing

vegetation.

Group 3 (general soil map units 5, 6, and 7). This

group consists of warm, moist soils in canyons and on

mesas on the eastern side of the survey area. The

native vegetation is mainly bluebunch wheatgrass,

Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, and various forbs.

The soils in this group are used for livestock grazing,

and they provide important forage for deer in winter.

Other wildlife commonly found in areas of this group

include badger, turkey, and coyote.

The Warm Springs River and Beaver, Mill,

and Shitike Creeks provide important habitat for

Chinook salmon, steelhead trout, bull trout, and

rainbow trout.

The potential is good for improvement of the

habitat by burning, seeding native or adapted plants,

and properly managing existing vegetation.

Group 4 (general soil map unit 8). This group

consists of warm, moist soils on outwash plains on

Miller and Mill Creek Flats, in the central part of the

survey area. The native vegetation is mainly

bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, antelope

bitterbrush, buckwheat, ponderosa pine, and various

forbs. The soils in this group are used for livestock

grazing and timber production. They also provide

important forage for deer in winter and for elk that

winter in the Beaver Creek Prairie area. Other wildlife

commonly found in areas of this group include badger,

turkey, and coyote.

The Warm Springs River and Mill and Boulder

Creeks provide important habitat for Chinook salmon,

steelhead trout, bull trout, and rainbow trout.

The potential is good for improvement of the

habitat by burning, seeding native or adapted plants,

and properly managing existing vegetation.

Group 5 (general soil map units 9, 10, and 11).

This group consists of warm, moist soils on foothills

and mountains in the central and northeastern part of

the survey area. The native vegetation is mainly Idaho

fescue, antelope bitterbrush, common snowberry,

ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, and various forbs. The

soils in this group are used for livestock grazing and

timber production. They also provide important forage

for deer and elk in winter, and some areas provide

important habitat for elk calving. Other wildlife

commonly found in areas of this group include eagles,

hawks, turkey, rabbits, grey squirrel, porcupine, black

bear, cougar, and bobcat.

Boulder and Shitike Creeks provide important

habitat for steelhead trout, bull trout, and rainbow trout.

The potential is good for improvement of the

habitat by burning, seeding native or adapted plants,

and properly managing existing vegetation. The

habitat for big game can be improved by creating more

dense stands of timber by removing fewer trees during

thinning or by not thinning at all in some areas. The

more dense stands provide escape and thermal cover

for deer and elk. General soil map unit 10 also

supports habitat that has the potential for

reintroduction of desert bighorn sheep.

Group 6 (general soil map unit 12). This group

consists of cool, moist soils at the lower elevations

of the Cascade Mountains, on the western side

of the survey area. The native vegetation is mainly

Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, grand fir, snowbrush

ceanothus, common snowberry, and various forbs.

The soils in this group are used for timber production

and wildlife habitat. They also provide important

forage for deer and elk in mild winters. Stands

of old-growth timber in this group provide critical

habitat for the threatened northern spotted owl.

Other wildlife commonly found in areas of this

group include black bear, grey squirrel, and ruffed

grouse.
192 Soil Survey

The Warm Springs River and Mill Creek provide

important habitat for spawning Chinook salmon and

steelhead trout. A small area of this group at the

southern end of the survey area, along Jefferson and

Mariel Creeks and the Metolius River, provide

important spawning habitat for kokanee salmon and

bull trout. Badger, Boulder, Jefferson, and Shitike

Creeks also provide habitat for rainbow trout.

The habitat for big game in this group can be

improved by creating more dense stands of timber by

removing fewer trees during thinning or by not thinning

at all in some areas. The more dense stands provide

escape and thermal cover for elk and deer.

Group 7 (general soil map unit 13). This group

consists of cool, wet soils at the middle elevations of

the Cascade Mountains, on the western side of the

survey area. The native vegetation is mainly Douglas

fir, western hemlock, Pacific silver fir, queencup

beadlily, vine maple, and various forbs. The soils in

this group are used for timber production and wildlife

habitat. They also provide important summer forage

for elk and deer and important habitat for elk calving.

Stands of old-growth timber provide critical habitat for

the threatened northern spotted owl. Other wildlife

commonly found in areas of this group include black

bear, pileated woodpecker, and blue grouse.

The Warm Springs River and Beaver Creek

provide important spawning habitat for Chinook

salmon and steelhead trout as well as habitat for bull

trout and rainbow trout.

The habitat for big game can be improved by

clearcutting in some areas, which provides excellent

summer forage, and by creating dense stands of

timber by removing fewer trees during thinning or not

thinning at all in some areas. The dense stands

provide escape and thermal cover for elk and deer.

Group 8 (general soil map units 14 and 15). This

group consists of cold, wet soils at the high elevations

of the Cascade Mountains, on the western boundary

of the survey area. The native vegetation is mainly

Douglas fir, western hemlock, mountain hemlock,

lodgepole pine, common beargrass, big huckleberry,

grouse blueberry, and Pacific rhododendron. This

group provides important summer forage for elk and

deer and important habitat for elk calving. Stands of

old-growth timber in general soil map unit 14 also

provide critical habitat for the threatened northern

spotted owl. Other wildlife commonly found in areas of

this group include black bear, cougar, pine martin, and

snowshoe hare.

Trout Lake provides habitat for rainbow trout.

Most of the other high mountain lakes provide habitat

for brook trout.

The habitat for big game in general soil map unit

14 can be improved by clearcutting in some areas,

which provides excellent summer forage, and by

creating dense stands of timber by removing fewer

trees during thinning or not thinning at all in some

areas. The dense stands provide escape and thermal

cover for elk and deer.

Native Food Plants

Native foods, including wild roots, fruits, stems,

and leaves as well as fish and game, are an important

part of the cultural life of the Warm Springs Tribes.

Roots are dug from early in spring through late in

summer. Fruit, especially huckleberries, is harvested

in summer and fall.

The Warm Springs Tribes annually observe two

religious feasts of thanksgiving—the Root Feast in

spring and the Huckleberry Feast early in fall (16)—

that are based on important native foods.

There are nine native food plants that are

significant culturally to the Warm Springs Tribes. These

include bitterroot, Canby’s desert parsley, biscuitroot,

blue camas, Indian carrot, wild celery, big huckleberry,

chokecherry, and black lichen.

Bitterroot, also known as “Pe ah ke” or macaroni

root, is the most popular root. Bitterroot is cooked in

water similar to potatoes or served fresh with salmon.

This plant grows in dry, rocky places and commonly is

on the Bakeoven soils.

Canby’s desert parsley, or “Luksh,” is a variety of

biscuitroot. It is cooked fresh or is dried and pounded

into meal for use in “palm” cakes. This plant grows on

dry, rocky hillsides and flats and commonly is on the

Bakeoven and Rockly soils.

Biscuitroot, also known as “Coush” or bread root,

is the most abundant root harvested in the survey

area. It is cooked fresh or is chopped, dried, and

stored for later use. The small, dry pellets are used in

soups or meat broths and provide a slight thickening

similar to potatoes or meal. This plant grows on dry,

rocky hillsides and flats and commonly is on the

Bakeoven and Rockly soils.

Blue camas, or “Wa ka mo,” grows in damp

places. The blue blossoms must be observable

at the time of harvest to avoid selecting the deadly

white-flowering death camas. Blue camas should

be peeled, and it can be eaten fresh or dried in

the sun for year-round use. Frequently, dried

camas is cooked with dried biscuitroot. Camas

most commonly is in meadows of the ponderosa

pine zone, in areas associated with the Dahl,

Kahneeta, and Olallie soils.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 193

Indian carrot, also known as “Saw-wictk” or wild

carrot, is eaten raw or cooked when fresh. It also is

dried and pounded into meal for use in “palm” cakes.

This plant is in meadows of the ponderosa pine zone,

in areas associated with the Dahl, Kahneeta, and

Logsprings soils.

Wild celery, or “Cum-see,” is not preserved in any

way. The stem is eaten fresh during the season, which

usually lasts from April through June. This plant

commonly is on hillsides and meadows of the

ponderosa pine zone, in areas associated with the

Logsprings and Dahl soils.

Big huckleberries, or “We Woo no Wash,” are

important in the rituals and festivals of the Warm

Springs Tribes and are used fairly regularly in their

diet. In season, they are eaten fresh. They also are

canned, frozen, sun dried, or barbecued for use during

the rest of the year. This plant is in areas of the Jojo

and Pinhead soils, from Olallie Butte north to the

survey area boundary. It is most abundant in forests

that have an open canopy.

Chokecherries, or “T-mish,” can be eaten fresh in

season, which is during August, but most are

preserved for later use. Chokecherries are not very

abundant in the survey area, and they usually are

associated with soils along drainageways, such as

those of the Millerflat series and Vitrandic Haploxerolls

and Xerofluvents.

Black lichen, or “Koonts,” is differentiated from

other lichens by it hairy characteristic. It is soaked in

water, cooked in a pit, and cut into small bars that are

frozen or are ground and dried. The bars are cooked

in water with a little flour and sugar and eaten as a

dessert. Black lichen grows on fir, pine, and juniper

trees and most commonly is near Simnasho Butte.

Because of the way it grows, it cannot be correlated to

any particular soil type.

Engineering

This section provides information for planning land

uses related to urban development and to water

management. Soils are rated for various uses, and

the most limiting features are identified. The ratings

are given for building site development, sanitary

facilities, construction materials, and water

management. The ratings are based on observed

performance of the soils and on the estimated data

and test data in the “Soil Properties” section.

Information in this section is intended for land use

planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for

planning site investigations prior to design and

construction. The information, however, has

limitations. For example, estimates and other data

generally apply only to that part of the soil within a

depth of 5 or 6 feet. Because of the map scale, small

areas of different soils may be included within the

mapped areas of a specific soil.

The information is not site specific and does not

eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils

or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in

the design and construction of engineering works.

Government ordinances and regulations that

restrict certain land uses or impose specific design

criteria were not considered in preparing the

information in this section. Local ordinances and

regulations need to be considered in planning, in site

selection, and in design.

Soil properties, site features, and observed

performance were considered in determining the

ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil

survey, determinations were made about grain-size

distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction,

depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 to 6

feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal

high water table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural

soil structure aggregation, and soil density. Data were

collected about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of

the sand and silt fractions, and the kind of adsorbed

cations. Estimates were made for erodibility,

permeability, corrosivity, shrink-swell potential,

available water capacity, and other behavioral

characteristics affecting engineering uses.

This information can be used to (1) evaluate the

potential of areas for residential, commercial,

industrial, and recreation uses; (2) make preliminary

estimates of construction conditions; (3) evaluate

alternative routes for roads, streets, highways,

pipelines, and underground cables; (4) evaluate

alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank

absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; (5) plan

detailed onsite investigations of soils and geology; (6)

locate potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and

topsoil; (7) plan drainage systems, irrigation systems,

ponds, terraces, and other structures for soil and

water conservation; and (8) predict performance of

proposed small structures and pavements by

comparing the performance of existing similar

structures on the same or similar soils.

The information in the tables, along with the soil

maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in

this survey, can be used to make additional

interpretations.

Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a

special meaning in soil science and are defined in the

“Glossary.”
194 Soil Survey

Building Site Development

Table 10 shows the degree and kind of soil

limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings

with and without basements, small commercial

buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and

landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if

soil properties and site features generally are

favorable for the indicated use and limitations are

minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil properties

or site features are not favorable for the indicated use

and special planning, design, or maintenance is

needed to overcome or minimize the limitations; and

severe if soil properties or site features are so

unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special

design, significant increases in construction costs, and

possibly increased maintenance are required. Special

feasibility studies may be required where the soil

limitations are severe.

Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to

a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves,

utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The

ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and

observed performance of the soils. The ease of

digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth

to bedrock, a cemented pan, or a very firm dense

layer; stone content; soil texture; and slope. The time

of the year that excavations can be made is affected

by the depth to a seasonal high water table and the

susceptibility of the soil to flooding. The resistance of

the excavation walls or banks to sloughing or caving is

affected by soil texture and the depth to the water

table.

Dwellings and small commercial buildings are

structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed

soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family

dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are

made for small commercial buildings without

basements, for dwellings with basements, and for

dwellings without basements. The ratings are based

on soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding,

shrink-swell potential, and organic layers can cause

the movement of footings. A high water table, depth to

bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, and

flooding affect the ease of excavation and

construction. Landscaping and grading that require

cuts and fills of more than 5 to 6 feet are not

considered.

Local roads and streets have an all-weather

surface and carry automobile and light truck traffic all

year. They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a

base of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil

material; and a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills

generally are limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings

are based on soil properties, site features, and

observed performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock

or to a cemented pan, a high water table, flooding,

large stones, and slope affect the ease of excavating

and grading. Soil strength (as inferred from the

engineering classification of the soil), shrink-swell

potential, frost action potential, and depth to a high

water table affect the traffic-supporting capacity.

Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf

and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established

and maintained. The ratings are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to

bedrock or to a cemented pan, the available water

capacity in the upper 40 inches, and the content of

salts, sodium, and sulfidic materials affect plant

growth. Flooding, wetness, slope, stoniness, and the

amount of sand, clay, or organic matter in the surface

layer affect trafficability after vegetation is established.

Sanitary Facilities

Table 11 shows the degree and kind of soil

limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields,

sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations

are considered slight if soil properties and site features

generally are favorable for the indicated use and

limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if

soil properties or site features are not favorable for the

indicated use and special planning, design, or

maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the

limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features

are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that

special design, significant increases in construction

costs, and possibly increased maintenance are

required.

Table 11 also shows the suitability of the soils for

use as daily cover for landfills. A rating of good

indicates that soil properties and site features are

favorable for the use and good performance and low

maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil

properties and site features are moderately favorable

for the use and one or more soil properties or site

features make the soil less desirable than the soils

rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil

properties or site features are unfavorable for the use

and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires

special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration.

Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which

effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil

through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that

part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is

evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties,

site features, and observed performance of the soils.

Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 195

a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of the

effluent. Large stones and bedrock or a cemented

pan interfere with installation.

Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank

absorption fields, including excessively slow

absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside

seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can

be polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or

fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of

the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the

water table is near the surface. There must be

unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field

to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances

require that this material be of a certain thickness.

Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed

to hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the

solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly

level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments

of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to

hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly

impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides

is required to minimize seepage and contamination of

ground water.

Table 11 gives ratings for the natural soil that

makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and,

generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the surface

layer are excavated to provide material for the

embankments. The ratings are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope,

permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to

a cemented pan, flooding, large stones, and content of

organic matter.

Excessive seepage because of rapid permeability

of the soil or a water table that is high enough to raise

the level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to

function unsatisfactorily. Pollution results if seepage is

excessive or if floodwater overtops the lagoon. A high

content of organic matter is detrimental to proper

functioning of the lagoon because it inhibits aerobic

activity. Slope, bedrock, and cemented pans can

cause construction problems, and large stones can

hinder compaction of the lagoon floor.

Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is

disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types

of landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the

waste is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted,

and covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at

the site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in

successive layers on the surface of the soil. The

waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a

thin layer of soil from a source away from the site.

Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy

vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground

water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation

needs to be considered.

The ratings in table 11 are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Permeability, depth to bedrock or to a

cemented pan, a high water table, slope, and flooding

affect both types of landfill. Texture, stones and

boulders, highly organic layers, soil reaction, and

content of salts and sodium affect trench type landfills.

Unless otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to that

part of the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For

deeper trenches, a limitation rated slight or moderate

may not be valid. Onsite investigation is needed.

Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is

used to cover compacted solid waste in an area type

sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite,

transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste.

Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and

slope affect the ease of removing and spreading the

material during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty

soils that are free of large stones or excess gravel are

the best cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or

cloddy and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are

subject to wind erosion.

After soil material has been removed, the soil

material remaining in the borrow area must be thick

enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water

table to permit revegetation. The soil material used as

final cover for a landfill should be suitable for plants.

The surface layer generally has the best workability,

more organic matter, and the best potential for plants.

Material from the surface layer should be stockpiled for

use as the final cover.

Construction Materials

Table 12 gives information about the soils as a

source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils

are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and

topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable

source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on

soil properties and site features that affect the removal

of the soil and its use as construction material.

Normal compaction, minor processing, and other

standard construction practices are assumed. Each

soil is evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet.

Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one

place and used in road embankments in another

place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of

roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6

feet high and less exacting in design than higher

embankments.

The ratings are for the soil material below the

surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed
196 Soil Survey

that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and

spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting

suitability within their profile. The table showing

engineering index properties provides detailed

information about each soil layer. This information can

help to determine the suitability of each layer for use

as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized

with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings.

The ratings are based on soil properties, site

features, and observed performance of the soils. The

thickness of suitable material is a major consideration.

The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a

high water table, and slope. How well the soil

performs in place after it has been compacted and

drained is determined by its strength (as inferred from

the engineering classification of the soil) and shrinkswell potential.

Soils rated good contain significant amounts of

sand or gravel, or both. They have at least 5 feet of

suitable material, low shrink-swell potential, few

cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less.

Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils

rated fair are more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized

particles and have a plasticity index of less than 10.

They have moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of

15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to the water

table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity

index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential,

many stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They

are wet, and the depth to the water table is less than 1

foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but

the material is less than 3 feet thick.

Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable

for commercial use with a minimum of processing.

Sand and gravel are used in many kinds of

construction. Specifications for each use vary widely.

In table 12, only the probability of finding material in

suitable quantity is evaluated. The suitability of the

material for specific purposes is not evaluated, nor are

factors that affect excavation of the material.

The properties used to evaluate the soil as a

source of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes

(as indicated by the engineering classification of the

soil), the thickness of suitable material, and the

content of rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and

stratification are given in the taxonomic unit

descriptions. Gradation of grain sizes is given in the

table on engineering index properties.

A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of

clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is

as much as 12 percent silty fines. This material must

be at least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by

weight, large stones. All other soils are rated as an

improbable source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock,

such as shale and siltstone, are not considered to be

sand and gravel.

Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation

can be established and maintained. The upper 40

inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also

evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow

area.

Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by

such properties as soil reaction, available water

capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading,

and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a

water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable

material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected

by slope, a water table, rock fragments, bedrock, and

toxic material.

Soils rated good have friable, loamy material

to a depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of

stones and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and

have slopes of less than 8 percent. They are low in

content of soluble salts, are naturally fertile or respond

well to fertilizer, and are not so wet that excavation is

difficult.

Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that

have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have

only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that

have an appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or

soluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15

percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation is

difficult.

Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have

less than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large

amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes

of more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal water

table at or near the surface.

The surface layer of most soils generally is

preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter

content. Organic matter greatly increases the

absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for

plant growth.

Water Management

Table 13 gives information on the soil properties

and site features that affect water management. The

degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond

reservoir areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and

aquifer-fed excavated ponds. The limitations are

considered slight if soil properties and site features

generally are favorable for the indicated use and

limitations are minor and are easily overcome;

moderate if soil properties or site features are not

favorable for the indicated use and special planning,

design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or

minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties or
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 197

site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to

overcome that special design, significant increase in

construction costs, and possibly increased

maintenance are required.

This table also gives for each soil the restrictive

features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and

diversions, and grassed waterways.

Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or

embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low

seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The

seepage potential is determined by the permeability of

the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other

permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the

storage capacity of the reservoir area.

Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised

structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet

high, constructed to impound water or to protect land

against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a

source of material for embankment fill. The ratings

apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a

depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will

be uniformly mixed and compacted during

construction.

The ratings do not indicate the ability of the

natural soil to support an embankment. Soil

properties to a depth even greater than the height of

the embankment can affect performance and safety of

the embankment. Generally, deeper onsite

investigation is needed to determine these properties.

Soil material in embankments must be resistant to

seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable

compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features

include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high

content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts

or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of

usable material. It also affects trafficability.

Aquifer-fed excavated ponds are pits or dugouts

that extend to a ground-water aquifer or to a depth

below a permanent water table. Excluded are ponds

that are fed only by surface runoff and embankment

ponds that impound water 3 feet or more above the

original surface. Excavated ponds are affected by

depth to a permanent water table, permeability of the

aquifer, and quality of the water as inferred from the

salinity of the soil. Depth to bedrock and the content

of large stones affect the ease of excavation.

Drainage is the removal of excess surface and

subsurface water from the soil. How easily and

effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to

bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other layers that

affect the rate of water movement; permeability; depth

to a high water table or depth of standing water if the

soil is subject to ponding; slope; susceptibility to

flooding; subsidence of organic layers; and the

potential for frost action. Excavating and grading and

the stability of ditchbanks are affected by depth to

bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope,

and the hazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity of

the soil after drainage is adversely affected by extreme

acidity or by toxic substances in the root zone, such as

salts, sodium, or sulfur. Availability of drainage outlets

is not considered in the ratings.

Irrigation is the controlled application of water to

supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The

design and management of an irrigation system are

affected by depth to the water table, the need for

drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake

rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The

construction of a system is affected by large stones

and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan. The

performance of a system is affected by the depth of

the root zone, the amount of salts or sodium, and soil

reaction.

Terraces and diversions are embankments or a

combination of channels and ridges constructed

across a slope to reduce erosion and conserve

moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large

stones, and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan

affect the construction of terraces and diversions. A

restricted rooting depth, a severe hazard of wind or

water erosion, an excessively coarse texture, and

restricted permeability adversely affect maintenance.

Grassed waterways are natural or constructed

channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct

surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large

stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bed rock or to a

cemented pan affect the construction of grassed

waterways. A hazard of wind erosion, low available

water capacity, restricted rooting depth, toxic

substances such as salts or sodium, and restricted

permeability adversely affect the growth and

maintenance of the grass after construction.

199

Data relating to soil properties are collected

during the course of the soil survey. The data and

the estimates of soil and water features listed in tables

are explained on the following pages.

Soil properties are determined by field

examination of the soils and by laboratory index

testing of some benchmark soils. Established

standard procedures are followed. During the

survey, many shallow borings are made and

examined to identify and classify the soils and

to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples

are taken from some typical profiles and tested

in the laboratory to determine grain-size

distribution, plasticity, and compaction

characteristics.

Estimates of soil properties are based on field

examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the

survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of

similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field

observations, verify properties that cannot be

estimated accurately by field observation, and help to

characterize key soils.

The estimates of soil properties shown in the

tables include the range of grain-size distribution and

Atterberg limits, the engineering classifications, and

the physical and chemical properties of the major

layers of each soil. Pertinent soil and water features

also are given.

Engineering Index Properties

Table 14 gives estimates of the engineering

classification and of the range of index properties for

the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most

soils have layers of contrasting properties within the

upper 5 to 6 feet.

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each

layer is indicated. The range in depth and information

on other properties of each layer are given for each

taxonomic unit under the heading “Taxonomic Units

and Their Morphology.”

Texture is given in the standard terms used by the

U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are

defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and

clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2

millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil

that is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and

less than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles

coarser than sand is as much as 15 percent, an

appropriate modifier is added; for example, “gravelly.”

Textural terms are defined in the “Glossary.”

Classification of the soils is determined according

to the Unified soil classification system (4) and the

system adopted by the American Association of State

Highway and Transportation Officials (3).

The Unified system classifies soils according to

properties that affect their use as construction

material. Soils are classified according to grain-size

distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in

diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit,

and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils

are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and

SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and

OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting

engineering properties of two groups can have a dual

classification; for example, SP-SM.

The AASHTO system classifies soils according to

those properties that affect roadway construction and

maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral

soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified

in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the

basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and

plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained

and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other

extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly

organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of

visual inspection.

Rock fragments larger than 10 inches in diameter

and 3 to 10 inches in diameter are indicated as a

percentage of the total soil on a dry-weight basis. The

percentages are estimates determined mainly by

converting volume percentage in the field to weight

percentage.

Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated

sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3

inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The

sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard

Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074

millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on

laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area

Soil Properties
200 Soil Survey

and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the

field.

Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits)

indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The

estimates are based on test data from the survey area

or from nearby areas and on field examination.

The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid

limit, and plasticity index are rounded to the nearest 5

percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and Atterberg

limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 percentage

points) across classification boundaries, the

classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the

table.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Table 15 shows estimates of some characteristics

and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates

are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey

area. The estimates are based on field observations

and on test data for these and similar soils.

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each

layer is indicated. The range in depth and information

on other properties of each layer are given for each

taxonomic unit under the heading “Taxonomic Units

and Their Morphology.”

Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil

particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in

diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of

each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by

weight, of the soil material that is less than 2

millimeters in diameter.

The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the

fertility and physical condition of the soil. They

determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and

to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell

potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil

dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and

kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving

operations.

Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry)

per unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is

at field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content

at 1/3 bar moisture tension. Weight is determined

after drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table,

the estimated moist bulk density of each major soil

horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of

soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell

potential, available water capacity, total pore space,

and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a

soil indicates the pore space available for water and

roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict

water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density

is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic

matter, and soil structure.

Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to

transmit water or air. The estimates indicate the rate

of downward movement of water when the soil is

saturated. They are based on soil characteristics

observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity,

and texture. Permeability is considered in the design

of soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption

fields and in construction where the rate of water

movement under saturated conditions affects

behavior.

Available water capacity refers to the quantity of

water that the soil is capable of storing for use by

plants. The capacity for water storage is given in

inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil

layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil

properties that affect the retention of water and the

depth of the root zone. The most important properties

are the content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk

density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is

an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to

be grown and in the design and management of

irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an

estimate of the quantity of water actually available to

plants at any given time.

Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity

and is expressed as a range in pH values. The range

in pH of each major horizon is based on many field

tests. For many soils, values have been verified by

laboratory analyses. Soil reaction is important in

selecting crops and other plants, in evaluating soil

amendments for fertility and stabilization, and in

determining the risk of corrosion.

Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume

change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture.

Volume change occurs mainly because of the

interaction of clay minerals with water and varies with

the amount and type of clay minerals in the soil. The

size of the load on the soil and the magnitude of the

change in soil moisture content influence the amount

of swelling of soils in place. Laboratory

measurements of swelling of undisturbed clods were

made for many soils. For others, swelling was

estimated on the basis of the kind and amount of clay

minerals in the soil and on measurements of similar

soils.

If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to

very high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage

to buildings, roads, and other structures. Special

design is often needed.

Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the

change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture

content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 201

change is based on the soil fraction less than 2

millimeters in diameter. The classes are low, a change

of less than 3 percent; moderate, 3 to 6 percent; and

high, more than 6 percent. Very high, more than 9

percent, is sometimes used.

Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a

soil to sheet and rill erosion. Factor K is one of six

factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation

(USLE) to predict the average rate of soil loss by sheet

and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The

estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt,

very fine sand, sand, and organic matter (as much as

4 percent) and on soil structure and permeability. The

estimates are modified by the presence of rock

fragments. Values of K range from 0.02 to 0.69. The

higher the value the more susceptible the soil is to

sheet and rill erosion.

Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum

average rate of soil erosion by wind or water that can

occur without affecting crop productivity over a

sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per year.

Wind erodibility groups are made up of soils that

have similar properties affecting their resistance to

wind erosion in cultivated areas. The groups indicate

the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion and the

amount of soil lost. Soils are grouped according to the

amount of stable aggregates 0.84 millimeters in size.

These are represented idealistically by USDA textural

classes. Soils containing rock fragments can occur in

any group.

Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in

the soil at various stages of decomposition. In table

15, the estimated content of organic matter is

expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil

material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

The content of organic matter of a soil can be

maintained or increased by returning crop residue to

the soil. Organic matter affects the available water

capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of

nitrogen and other nutrients for crops.

Soil and Water Features

Tables 16 gives estimates of various water

features. The estimates are used in land use planning

that involves engineering considerations.

Hydrologic soil groups are used to estimate runoff

from precipitation. Soils not protected by vegetation

are assigned to one of four groups. They are grouped

according to the intake of water when the soils are

thoroughly wet and receive precipitation from longduration storms.

The four hydrologic soil groups are:

Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low

runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist

mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained

sand or gravelly sand. These soils have a high rate of

water transmission.

Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate

when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of

moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or

well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to

moderately coarse texture. These soils have a

moderate rate of water transmission.

Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when

thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a

layer that impedes the downward movement of water

or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture.

These soils have a slow rate of water transmission.

Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate

(high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These

consist chiefly of clay that has high shrink-swell

potential, soils that have a permanent high water

table, soils that have a claypan or clay layer at or near

the surface, and soils that are shallow over nearly

impervious material. These soils have a very slow rate

of water transmission.

Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is

caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from

adjacent slopes, or by tides. Shallow water standing

for short periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not

considered to be flooding. Standing water in swamps

and marshes or in closed depressional areas is

considered to be ponding rather than flooding.

Table 16 gives the frequency and duration of

flooding and the time of year when flooding is most

likely to occur. Frequency, duration, and probable

dates of occurrence are estimated. Frequency is

expressed as none, rare, occasional, or frequent.

None means that flooding is not probable; rare that it is

unlikely but possible under unusual weather conditions

(the chance of flooding is 0 to 5 percent in any year);

occasional that it occurs infrequently under normal

weather conditions (the chance of flooding is 5 to 50

percent in any year); and frequent that it occurs often

under normal weather conditions (the chance of

flooding is more than 50 percent in any year).

Duration is expressed as very brief (less than 2

days), brief (2 to 7 days), long (7 days to 1 month),

and very long (more than 1 month). The time of year

that flooding is most likely to occur is expressed in

months. November-May, for example, means that

flooding can occur during the period November

through May. About two-thirds to three-fourths of all

flooding occurs during the stated period.

The information is based on evidence in the soil

profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay
202

deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic

matter content with increasing depth; and absence of

distinctive horizons, which is characteristic of soils that

are not subject to flooding.

Also considered are local information about the

extent and level of flooding and the relation of each

soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on

the extent of flooding based on soil data is less

specific than that provided by detailed engineering

surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific

flood frequency levels.

High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of

a saturated zone in the soil in most years. The depth

given applies to undrained soils. The estimates are

based mainly on the evidence of a saturated zone,

namely grayish colors or mottles in the soil. Indicated

in table 16 are the depth to the seasonal high water

table; the kind of water table—that is, perched,

artesian, or apparent; and the months of the year that

the water table usually is highest. A water table that is

seasonally high for less than 1 month is not indicated

in the table.

An apparent water table is a thick zone of free

water in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which

water stands in an uncased borehole after adequate

time is allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil.

An artesian water table is under hydrostatic head,

generally below an impermeable layer. When this

layer is penetrated, the water level rises in an uncased

borehole. A perched water table is water standing

above an unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or

perched, water table is separated from a lower water

table by a dry zone.

The two numbers in the column showing depth to

the water table indicate the normal range in depth to a

saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot.

The first numeral in the range indicates the highest

water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth

indicates that the water table is above the surface of

the soil. “More than 6.0” indicates that the water table

is below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of

6 feet for less than a month.

Table 17 gives estimates of various soil features.

The estimates are used in land use planning that

involves engineering considerations.

Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within

a depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many

 soil borings and on observations during soil

mapping. The rock is either soft or hard. If the

rock is soft or fractured, excavations can be

made with trenching machines, backhoes, or small

rippers. If the rock is hard or massive, blasting or

special equipment generally is needed for

excavation.

A cemented pan is a cemented or indurated

subsurface layer at a depth of 5 feet or less. Such a

pan causes difficulty in excavation. Pans are classified

as thin or thick. A thin pan is less than 3 inches thick

if continuously indurated or less than 18 inches thick

if discontinuous or fractured. Excavations can be

made by trenching machines, backhoes, or small

rippers. A thick pan is more than 3 inches thick if

continuously indurated or more than 18 inches thick

if discontinuous or fractured. Such a pan is so thick

or massive that blasting or special equipment is

needed in excavation.

Potential frost action is the likelihood of upward or

lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation of

segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the

subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of strength on

thawing. Frost action occurs when moisture moves

into the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature,

texture, density, permeability, content of organic

matter, and depth to the water table are the most

important factors considered in evaluating the

potential for frost action. It is assumed that the

soil is not insulated by vegetation or snow and is

not artificially drained. Silty and highly structured,

clayey soils that have a high water table in winter

are most susceptible to frost action. Well drained,

very gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least

susceptible. Frost heave and low soil strength during

thawing cause damage mainly to pavements and

other rigid structures.

Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced

electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or

weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of

corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors

as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and

electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion

of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium

content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the

soil. Special site examination and design may be

needed if the combination of factors creates a severe

hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations that

intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more

susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations

that are entirely within one kind of soil or within one

soil layer.

For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion,

expressed as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil

drainage class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near

field capacity, and electrical conductivity of the

saturation extract.

For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also

expressed as low, moderate, or high. It is based on

soil texture, acidity, and amount of sulfates in the

saturation extract.
203

The system of soil classification used by the

National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories

(19). Beginning with the broadest, these categories

are the order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family,

and series. Classification is based on soil properties

observed in the field or inferred from those

observations or from laboratory measurements. Table

18 shows the classification of the soils in the survey

area. The categories are defined in the following

paragraphs.

ORDER. Twelve soil orders are recognized. The

differences among orders reflect the dominant soilforming processes and the degree of soil formation.

Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An

example is Mollisol.

SUBORDER. Each order is divided into

suborders primarily on the basis of properties that

influence soil genesis and are important to plant

growth or properties that reflect the most important

variables within the orders. The last syllable in the

name of a suborder indicates the order. An example is

Xeroll (Xer, meaning xeric moisture regime, plus oll,

from Mollisol).

GREAT GROUP Each suborder is divided into

great groups on the basis of close similarities in kind,

arrangement, and degree of development of

pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature

regimes; and base status. Each great group is

identified by the name of a suborder and by a prefix

that indicates a property of the soil. An example is

Haploxerolls (Hapl, meaning minimal horizonation,

plus xerolls, the suborder of the Mollisols that have a

xeric moisture regime).

SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic

subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or

extragrades. The typic is the central concept of the

great group; it is not necessarily the most extensive.

Intergrades are transitions to other orders, suborders,

or great groups. Extragrades have some properties

that are not representative of the great group but do

not indicate transitions to any other known kind of soil.

Each subgroup is identified by one or more adjectives

preceding the name of the great group. The adjective

Typic identifies the subgroup that typifies the great

group. An example is Typic Haploxerolls.

FAMILY. Families are established within a

subgroup on the basis of physical and chemical

properties and other characteristics that affect

management. Mostly the properties are those of

horizons below plow depth where there is much

biological activity. Among the properties and

characteristics considered are particle-size class,

mineral content, temperature regime, thickness of the

root zone, consistence, moisture equivalent, slope,

and permanent cracks. A family name consists of the

name of a subgroup preceded by terms that indicate

soil properties. An example is loamy-skeletal, mixed,

mesic Typic Haploxerolls.

SERIES. The series consists of soils that have

similar horizons in their profile. The horizons are

similar in color, texture, structure, reaction,

consistence, mineral and chemical composition, and

arrangement in the profile. The texture of the surface

layer or of the substratum can differ within a series.

Taxonomic Units and Their

Morphology

In this section, each taxonomic unit recognized in

the survey area is described. The descriptions are

arranged in alphabetic order.

Characteristics of the soil and the material in

which it formed are identified for each unit. A pedon, a

small three-dimensional area of soil, that is typical of

the unit in the survey area is described. The detailed

description of each soil horizon follows standards in

the Soil Survey Manual (20). Many of the technical

terms used in the descriptions are defined in Keys to

Soil Taxonomy (19). Unless otherwise stated, colors in

the descriptions are for moist soil. Following the

pedon description is the range of important

characteristics of the soils in the unit.

The map units of each taxonomic unit are

described in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.”

Allingham Series

The Allingham series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on stream terraces. These soils formed

in mixed alluvium and glacial outwash with a mantle of

Classification of the Soils
204 Soil Survey

volcanic ash. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 35 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 42 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Allingham sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 2,500 feet

east and 1,500 feet north of the southwest corner of

sec. 34, T. 11 S., R. 9 E.

Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;

moderate medium platy structure; soft, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine, fine, and

medium roots and common coarse roots; many

very fine, fine, and medium irregular pores and

common coarse irregular pores; 5 percent gravel;

moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy

loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak fine

subangular blocky structure parting to weak thin

platy structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few

medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular

pores and few medium tubular pores; 5 percent

gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth

boundary.

2Bwb1—15 to 22 inches; dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium roots;

common very fine, fine, and medium tubular

pores; 5 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2);

clear smooth boundary.

2Bwb2—22 to 33 inches; dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) gravelly loam, light yellowish brown

(10YR 6/4) dry; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, sticky and

plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common

very fine and fine tubular pores; many iron and

manganese coatings on peds; 15 percent gravel;

slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary.

3Btb—33 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) very gravelly clay loam, light yellowish

brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak medium subangular

blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, sticky and

plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common

very fine and fine tubular pores; common distinct

clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 30

percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; slightly

acid (pH 6.2).

Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth

to glacial outwash is 20 to 40 inches. The umbric

epipedon is 10 to 18 inches thick.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 2 to 4 dry. It

is 0 to 10 percent gravel.

The 2Bwb horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5

or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

5 to 15 percent gravel.

The 3Btb horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5

or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 4 or 5 moist or dry. It is

clay loam or loam and is 30 to 40 percent gravel and

10 to 20 percent cobbles.

Antoken Series

The Antoken series consists of very deep, well

drained soils in canyons. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from

basalt with an influence of loess in the upper part.

Slopes are 2 to 55 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Antoken extremely cobbly silt

loam in an area of Simas-Antoken complex, 2 to 30

percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 2,500 feet

east and 1,000 feet north of the southwest corner of

sec. 10, T. 8 S., R. 13 E.

A—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

extremely cobbly silt loam, grayish brown

(10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium platy structure

parting to moderate fine granular structure; slightly

hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very

fine and fine roots and few medium and coarse

roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores and

few medium and coarse irregular pores; 50

percent cobbles and 15 percent gravel; neutral

(pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary.

AB—6 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) very cobbly silty clay loam, grayish

brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots;

many very fine and fine tubular pores and few

medium and coarse tubular pores; 40 percent

cobbles and 10 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2);

abrupt smooth boundary.

2Bt1—10 to 17 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very

cobbly clay, brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; strong
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 205

medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm,

sticky and plastic; many very fine and fine roots

and few medium and coarse roots; common very

fine and fine tubular pores and few medium and

coarse tubular pores; common prominent clay

films on faces of peds and lining pores; 25 percent

cobbles and 10 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2);

clear smooth boundary.

2Bt2—17 to 22 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) very

cobbly silty clay, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm,

sticky and plastic; many very fine and fine roots

and common medium and coarse roots; many

very fine and fine tubular pores and common

medium and coarse tubular pores; common

prominent clay films on faces of peds and lining

pores; 25 percent cobbles and 10 percent gravel;

neutral (pH 7.4); clear smooth boundary.

2Btk—22 to 30 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) very cobbly

silty clay, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine

and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular

pores; few distinct clay films on faces of peds;

slightly effervescent; 35 percent cobbles and 15

percent gravel; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); clear

smooth boundary.

3Bk1—30 to 38 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) extremely

cobbly loam, pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few

very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine

tubular pores; violently effervescent with soft

masses of secondary lime; 40 percent cobbles, 15

percent stones, and 15 percent gravel; moderately

alkaline (pH 8.4); gradual smooth boundary.

3Bk2—38 to 60 inches; light brown (7.5YR 6/4)

extremely stony sandy loam, pinkish white

(7.5YR 8/2) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine and fine

roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores;

violently effervescent with soft masses of

secondary lime; 25 percent stones, 40 percent

cobbles, and 15 percent gravel; moderately

alkaline (pH 8.4).

Depth to bedrock and depth of the solum are

more than 60 inches. The mollic epipedon is 10 to 20

inches thick. Depth to secondary calcium carbonates

is 20 to 30 inches. The particle-size control section is

50 to 60 percent clay and 35 to 50 percent rock

fragments.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 50 to

60 percent cobbles and 10 to 20 percent gravel. The

horizon is slightly acid or neutral.

The AB horizon has color similar to that of the A

horizon. The AB horizon is very cobbly silty clay loam

or extremely cobbly silt loam. It is 40 to 50 percent

cobbles and 10 to 20 percent gravel. The horizon is

slightly acid or neutral.

The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is

silty clay or clay. It is 25 to 35 percent cobbles, 10 to

20 percent gravel, and 0 to 5 percent stones. The 2Bt

horizon is neutral to moderately alkaline.

The 3Bk horizon has value of 5 or 6 moist and 7

or 8 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is

strongly effervescent or violently effervescent and has

5 to 10 percent calcium carbonate equivalent. It is 30

to 40 percent cobbles, 15 to 25 percent stones, and 15

to 20 percent gravel.

Aridic Haploxerolls

Aridic Haploxerolls are very deep, well drained

soils on terrace escarpments. These soils formed in

medium- to coarse-textured alluvium derived from

mixed sources with an influence of volcanic ash.

Slopes are 30 to 80 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 51 degrees F.

Reference pedon of Aridic Haploxerolls, 30 to 80

percent slopes; 2,500 feet south and 1,000 feet east of

the northwest corner of sec. 30, T. 9 S., R. 12 E.

A1—0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) very stony loam, grayish brown (10YR

5/2) dry; weak fine and medium granular

structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many

very fine and fine tubular pores; 20 percent

cobbles, 20 percent gravel, and 10 percent

stones; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary.

A2—10 to 17 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

cobbly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine and

medium subangular blocky structure parting to

weak fine granular structure; soft, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and

fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; 30 percent cobbles, 20 percent gravel, and

5 percent stones; neutral (pH 7.2); clear smooth

boundary.

2C1—17 to 33 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3)

extremely gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3)

dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores; 40
206 Soil Survey

percent gravel, 10 percent cobbles, and 10

percent stones; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); abrupt

smooth boundary.

2C2—33 to 38 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3)

extremely gravelly sandy clay loam, brown

(10YR 5/3) dry; massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky

and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; few very

fine tubular pores; 50 percent gravel and 20

percent cobbles; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); clear

wavy boundary.

2C3—38 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3)

extremely gravelly sandy loam, yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; 50

percent gravel and 20 percent cobbles; neutral

(pH 7.2).

Depth to waterlain sediment or paralithic volcanic

tuff of the Deschutes Formation is more than 60

inches. Depth to the 2C horizon ranges from 15 to 40

inches or more. The profile has mollic colors to a

depth of 38 inches, but the organic carbon content is

less than 0.6 percent below a depth of 17 inches.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It

typically is very stony loam. It is 15 to 50 percent

gravel, 20 to 40 percent cobbles, and 10 to 20 percent

stones.

The 2C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. The

upper part is sandy clay loam or sandy loam, and the

lower part is sandy loam or loamy sand. The horizon

is 30 to 60 percent gravel, 10 to 30 percent cobbles,

and 0 to 10 percent stones.

Axford Series

The Axford series consists of deep, well drained

soils in canyons. These soils formed in residuum and

colluvium derived dominantly from basalt with an

influence of loess in the upper part. Slopes are 2 to 55

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 10

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Axford silt loam in an area of

Walsey-Axford complex, 30 to 55 percent slopes, in an

area of rangeland; 2,050 feet north and 3,000 feet east

of the southwest corner of sec. 11, T. 8 S., R. 13 E.

A1—0 to 5 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt

loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak

fine subangular blocky structure parting to weak

fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky

and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and

few medium roots; many very fine and fine

irregular pores and few medium irregular pores; 5

percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth

boundary.

AB—5 to 11 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt

loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; many very fine and fine roots and few

medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular

pores and few medium tubular pores; 5 percent

gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—11 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay

loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

firm, sticky and plastic; many very fine and fine

roots and few medium roots; many very fine and

fine tubular pores and few medium tubular pores;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5

percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); gradual smooth

boundary.

Bt2—15 to 24 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay

loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine, fine, and

medium roots; few very fine, fine, and medium

tubular pores; common distinct clay films on faces

of peds; 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear

smooth boundary.

2Bk1—24 to 33 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few

very fine, fine, and medium roots; few very fine,

fine, and medium tubular pores; few faint clay films

on faces of peds; slightly effervescent; soft

masses of segregated lime in blotches; 10 percent

gravel; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); clear smooth

boundary.

2Bk2—33 to 46 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly silt

loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; weak fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very

fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular

pores; strongly effervescent; soft masses of

segregated lime in blotches; 10 percent cobbles

and 20 percent gravel; moderately alkaline

(pH 8.4); gradual smooth boundary.

2Cr—46 inches; weathered basalt; violently

effervescent with disseminated lime in fractures.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 207

Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. The mollic

epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. Depth to secondary

carbonates is 20 to 30 inches. The particle-size

control section averages 27 to 35 percent clay and 15

to 30 percent fine sand or coarser material.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 0 to

10 percent gravel. The horizon is slightly acid or

neutral.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is

silty clay loam or clay loam and is 0 to 10 percent

gravel and 0 to 5 percent cobbles. The Bt horizon is

neutral or mildly alkaline.

The 2Bk horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6

or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

loam, gravelly loam, or silt loam and is 10 to 20

percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. It is

slightly effervescent to strongly effervescent and is

moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline.

Bakeoven Series

The Bakeoven series consists of very shallow,

well drained soils on mesas. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from

basalt. Slopes are 0 to 15 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Bakeoven very cobbly loam, 2 to

15 percent slopes; 2,000 feet north and 500 west of

the southeast corner of sec. 20, T. 6 S., R. 13 E.

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very

cobbly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak

very fine and fine granular structure; soft, very

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine

and fine roots and common medium and coarse

roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores and

common medium and coarse irregular pores; 35

percent cobbles and 15 percent gravel; slightly

acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth boundary.

BA—3 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) very cobbly loam, brown (10YR 5/3)

dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and

common medium and coarse roots; many very

fine and fine tubular pores and common medium

tubular pores; 40 percent cobbles and 15 percent

gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary.

Bw—6 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) extremely

cobbly clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; many very

fine and fine roots and few medium and coarse

roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores and

few medium tubular pores; few faint discontinuous

clay films on faces of rock fragments; 50 percent

cobbles and 25 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6);

abrupt smooth boundary.

R—9 inches; basalt.

Depth to bedrock is 6 to 10 inches. The particlesize control section averages 20 to 30 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is very

cobbly loam, extremely gravelly loam, or extremely

stony loam and is 0 to 30 percent stones, 20 to 40

percent cobbles, and 10 to 50 percent gravel.

The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value

of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4

moist or dry. It is loam or clay loam. It is 30 to 50

percent cobbles and 15 to 30 percent gravel.

Belrick Series

The Belrick series consists of very deep,

somewhat excessively drained soils on glacial

moraines. These soils formed in glacial till and

volcanic ash. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 50 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 41 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Belrick fine sandy loam in an

area of Douthit-Belrick complex, 12 to 30 percent

slopes, in an area of woodland; 2,500 feet west and

400 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 31, T. 10

S., R. 9 E.

Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A1—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

fine sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure parting

to weak fine granular; soft, very friable, nonsticky

and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots;

many very fine and fine irregular pores; 5 percent

gravel; moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear smooth

boundary.

A2—5 to 15 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) fine sandy loam, yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) dry; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many

very fine and fine tubular pores; 5 percent gravel;

slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary.

2C1—15 to 25 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) cobbly

fine sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry;

massive; soft, very friable, nonsticky and
208 Soil Survey

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few

medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular

pores and few medium tubular pores; 10 percent

cobbles and 10 percent gravel; slightly acid

(pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary.

2C2—25 to 37 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) cobbly

fine sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry;

massive; soft, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine, fine, and medium

roots; common very fine, fine, and medium tubular

pores; 10 percent cobbles and 5 percent gravel;

slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary.

3Bwb—37 to 48 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

stony sandy loam, light yellowish brown

(10YR 6/4) dry; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky

and nonplastic; common very fine, fine, and

medium roots; common very fine, fine, and

medium tubular pores; 30 percent stones, 20

percent cobbles, and 10 percent gravel; slightly

acid (pH 6.2); gradual smooth boundary.

3C1—48 to 58 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3)

extremely stony sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; few very fine roots; few very fine

tubular pores; 30 percent stones, 30 percent

cobbles, and 10 percent gravel; slightly acid

(pH 6.2); clear wavy boundary.

3C2—58 to 65 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) extremely

stony sand, gray (10YR 6/1) dry; single grain;

loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; 40 percent

cobbles, 20 percent stones, and 10 percent

gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2).

Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth

to buried glacial till is 20 to 40 inches. The particlesize control section averages 10 to 15 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry. It

is 0 to 10 percent gravel.

The 2C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry.

It is 0 to 10 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent

cobbles.

The 3Bwb horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5

or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

20 to 30 percent cobbles, 15 to 30 percent stones, and

10 to 20 percent gravel.

The 3C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 6 or

7 dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 4 moist or dry. It is 20

to 40 percent cobbles, 15 to 30 percent stones, and 10

to 20 percent gravel.

The Belrick soils in this survey area are a

taxadjunct to the Belrick series because they have a

slightly warmer mean summer soil temperature. This

difference, however, does not significantly affect use

and management.

Bluesters Series

The Bluesters series consists of very deep,

excessively drained soils on cinder cones. These soils

formed in volcanic ash and cinders. Slopes are 15 to

40 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 35

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

42 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Bluesters gravelly sandy loam,

15 to 40 percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 1,000

feet west and 1,200 feet south of the northeast corner

of sec. 9, T. 8 S., R. 9 E.

Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine

granular structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine, fine, and medium

roots; many very fine, fine, and medium irregular

pores; 25 percent gravel-sized cinders and 10

percent cinders that are 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in

diameter; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 10 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) gravelly

sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very

fine and fine roots and few medium and coarse

roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores and

few medium and coarse tubular pores; 30 percent

gravel-sized cinders and 10 percent cinders that

are 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter; neutral

(pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary.

C—10 to 18 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

gravelly sandy loam, reddish brown (5YR 5/4)

dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky

and nonplastic; common fine and medium

roots; common fine and medium tubular pores;

30 percent gravel-sized cinders and 15 percent

cinders that are 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in

diameter; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth

boundary.

2C—18 to 60 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) cinders,

light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) dry; single grain;

loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine

and fine roots; many fine vesicular pores; neutral

(pH 6.6).

Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth

to cinders is 15 to 20 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR,

value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma

of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 20 to 30 percent
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 209

basaltic gravel-sized cinders and 10 to 20 percent

cinders that are 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of

3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 moist

or dry. It is 25 to 35 percent basaltic gravel-sized

cinders and 10 to 20 percent cinders that are 0.5 to

2.0 millimeters in diameter.

The 2C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of

4 to 7 moist or dry, and chroma of 4 to 8 moist or dry.

It is 80 to 95 percent basaltic gravel-sized cinders.

Boardflower Series

The Boardflower series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from

sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic ash in

the upper part. Slopes are 2 to 20 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 18 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 47 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Boardflower loam, 2 to 20

percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 600 feet east

and 2,000 feet north of the southwest corner of sec.

26, T. 6 S., R. 11 E.

Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) loam, light

brown (7.5YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium platy

structure parting to moderate medium granular;

slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

many very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots;

many very fine, fine, medium, and coarse irregular

pores; 5 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.3);

gradual smooth boundary.

BA—8 to 25 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) loam,

light brown (7.5YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; many very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse irregular pores; 5 percent

gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); gradual smooth

boundary.

Bt1—25 to 34 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay

loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/3) dry; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; very

hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine,

fine, and medium roots and few coarse roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores and few

medium tubular pores; common distinct clay films

on faces of peds and lining pores; 10 percent

gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); abrupt smooth

boundary.

2Bt2—34 to 60 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay,

light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; weak medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; extremely

hard, extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic;

few very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots

along faces of peds; few very fine, fine, and

medium tubular pores; continuous prominent clay

films on faces of peds and lining pores; neutral

(pH 7.0).

Depth to sedimentary rock is more than 60 inches.

Depth to the discontinuity is 25 to 35 inches. The

lower part of the particle-size control section averages

35 to 45 percent clay and 0 to 10 percent gravel. The

profile has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 0 to

10 percent gravel.

The BA horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 6 or

7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 15

to 25 percent clay and 0 to 10 percent gravel.

The Bt1 horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 6 or

7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

clay loam or silty clay loam and is 30 to 40 percent

clay and 0 to 10 percent gravel.

The 2Bt2 horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 6

or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

clay or silty clay and is 40 to 50 percent clay and 0 to 5

percent gravel.

Bodell Series

The Bodell series consists of shallow, well drained

soils on mountains. These soils formed in residuum

and colluvium derived dominantly from basalt with an

influence of volcanic ash in the upper part. Slopes are

0 to 55 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 18 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Bodell very cobbly loam, 30 to 55

percent slopes; 1,200 feet west and 600 south of the

northeast corner of sec. 3, T. 6 S., R. 11 E.

A—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very cobbly

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; weak fine and

medium granular structure; soft, friable, nonsticky

and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots;

many very fine and fine irregular pores; 20

percent cobbles and 20 percent gravel; slightly

acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—4 to 10 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very

gravelly loam, brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; soft, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots and few medium roots; many very fine and

fine tubular pores and few medium tubular pores;
210 Soil Survey

30 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; neutral

(pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—10 to 14 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3)

extremely gravelly clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/3)

dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots

and few medium and coarse roots; many very fine

and fine tubular pores and few medium tubular

pores; 50 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles;

neutral (pH 6.6); abrupt wavy boundary.

2R—14 inches; basalt.

Depth to bedrock is 12 to 20 inches. The particlesize control section averages 18 to 30 percent clay.

The mollic epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is very

cobbly loam or very stony loam and is 10 to 30

percent gravel, 10 to 30 percent cobbles, and 0 to 35

percent stones.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 10

to 60 percent gravel, 10 to 55 percent cobbles, and 0

to 15 percent stones.

Booten Series

The Booten series consists of very deep, well

drained soils in canyons. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from

volcanic ash and pumice. Slopes are 0 to 65 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 17 inches, and

the mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees

F.

Typical pedon of Booten loam, 0 to 12 percent

slopes, in an area of woodland; 1,200 feet west and

2,300 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 10, T.

10 S., R. 11 E.

Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A1—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate

fine and medium granular structure; soft, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots and common medium roots; common very

fine, fine, and medium irregular pores; 5 percent

gravel-sized pumice; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear

smooth boundary.

A2—6 to 13 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very

fine, fine, and medium roots and common coarse

roots; many very fine, fine, and medium tubular

pores; 5 percent gravel-sized pumice; slightly acid

(pH 6.4); clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—13 to 23 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many

very fine, fine, and medium roots and few coarse

roots; many very fine, fine, and medium tubular

pores; few distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5

percent gravel-sized pumice; slightly acid (pH 6.4);

clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—23 to 30 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loam,

pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

very fine and fine roots and few medium and

coarse roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores and few medium and coarse tubular pores;

few distinct clay films on faces of peds; 15 percent

gravel-sized pumice; neutral (pH 6.6); clear

smooth boundary.

Bt3—30 to 44 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

gravelly clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few

very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 30

percent gravel-sized pumice; neutral (pH 6.8);

clear smooth boundary.

C—44 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely

gravelly sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

massive; slightly hard, firm, nonsticky and

nonplastic; few very fine roots; few very fine

tubular pores; 65 percent gravel-sized pumice;

neutral (pH 6.8)

Depth to the bedrock is more than 60 inches. The

mollic epipedon is 10 to 15 inches thick. The particlesize control section is 18 to 30 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and

4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It

is 0 to 10 percent gravel-sized pumice and 10 to 20

percent pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in

diameter.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is

loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam and is 5 to 35

percent gravel-sized pumice. It is slightly acid or

neutral.

The C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

sandy loam or loam and is 40 to 70 percent gravelsized pumice. It is slightly acid or neutral.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 211

Dahl Series

The Dahl series consists of very deep, moderately

well drained soils in basins. These soils formed in

mixed alluvium and colluvium derived dominantly from

sedimentary rock. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is about 18 inches, and the

mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Dahl silty clay, 0 to 3 percent

slopes, in an area of rangeland; 400 feet south and

300 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 23, T. 6

S., R. 11 E.

A—0 to 3 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay,

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; strong thick platy

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; many very

fine and fine roots and common medium and

coarse roots; many very fine and fine irregular

pores and common medium and coarse irregular

pores; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary.

Bss1—3 to 20 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay,

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; strong coarse

prismatic structure; extremely hard, extremely

firm, very sticky and very plastic; many very fine

and fine roots and common medium and coarse

roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores and

common medium and coarse irregular pores;

many intersecting slickensides; neutral (pH 7.0);

clear smooth boundary.

Bss2—20 to 27 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

clay, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong coarse

subangular blocky structure; extremely hard,

extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic; many

very fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

many very fine, fine, and medium tubular pores;

many intersecting slickensides; neutral (pH 7.0);

clear smooth boundary.

Bss3—27 to 35 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay

loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; hard, very

firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine

roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores;

many intersecting slickensides; neutral (pH 7.2);

clear smooth boundary.

2Bw—35 to 45 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam,

very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very

fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular

pores; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4) clear smooth

boundary.

3Bkss—45 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay

loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; common faint

dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) mottles;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine and

fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores;

common intersecting slickensides; strongly

effervescent with segregated lime in seams;

moderately alkaline (pH 7.9).

Depth to sedimentary rock is more than 60 inches.

Depth to the 3Bkss horizon is 40 to 55 inches. The

particle-size control section averages 35 to 55 percent

clay.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry.

The Bss horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5

or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 moist or dry. It is

silty clay or clay.

The 2Bw horizon has value of 5 or 6 moist and 6

or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

silt loam or loam.

The 3Bkss horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6

or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline.

Day Series

The Day series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on foothills. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from

sedimentary rock. Slopes are 0 to 55 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is about 10 inches, and the

mean annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Day clay in an area of Day

complex, 8 to 40 percent slopes, in an area of

rangeland; 4,000 feet north and 4,050 feet west of the

southeast corner of sec. 10, T. 8 S., R. 13 E.

A—0 to 8 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay, dark

reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) dry; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure parting to strong thick

platy; hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic;

many very fine and fine roots and common

medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular

pores and common medium tubular pores; mildly

alkaline (pH 7.6); gradual wavy boundary.

AB—8 to 16 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay, dark

reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) dry; weak coarse

subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm,

very sticky and very plastic; common very fine

and fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); clear smooth

boundary.

ABkss—16 to 39 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay,

dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) dry; weak coarse

prismatic structure; very hard, very firm, very
212 Soil Survey

sticky and very plastic; few very fine, fine, and

medium roots; few very fine and fine tubular

pores; many intersecting slickensides; slightly

effervescent; few very fine blotches of segregated

lime; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); clear smooth

boundary.

Bkss—39 to 49 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay, dark

reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) dry; massive; hard,

firm, sticky and plastic; common intersecting

slickensides; few very fine roots; few very fine

tubular pores; strongly effervescent; few very fine

blotches of segregated lime; moderately alkaline

(pH 8.4); clear smooth boundary.

Bk—49 to 60 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay loam, dark

red (2.5YR 3/6) dry; massive; hard, firm, sticky

and plastic; strongly effervescent; common very

fine blotches of segregated lime; moderately

alkaline (pH 8.4).

Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The

profile has hue of 10R to 5YR. The particle-size

control section averages 60 to 70 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5

dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. It is silty

clay loam, silty clay, or clay and is 0 to 30 percent

stones and 0 to 20 percent cobbles.

The AB horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist or dry

and chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. It is mildly alkaline

to strongly alkaline.

The Bk horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist or dry

and chroma of 4 to 6 moist or dry. It is clay, clay loam,

or silty clay loam.

Douthit Series

The Douthit series consists of very deep,

somewhat excessively drained soils on glacial

moraines. These soils formed in glacial till and

volcanic ash. Slopes are 0 to 65 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 50 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 41 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Douthit very cobbly sandy loam

in an area of Douthit-Belrick complex, 12 to 30 percent

slopes, in an area of woodland; 2,200 feet west and

500 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 31, T. 10

S., R. 9 E.

Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A1—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very cobbly

sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry;

weak very fine and fine granular structure; soft,

very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very

fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many

very fine and fine irregular pores and few medium

irregular pores; 20 percent gravel, 10 percent

cobbles, and 5 percent stones; moderately acid

(pH 6.0); clear smooth boundary.

A2—5 to 16 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very

cobbly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

many very fine and fine roots and few medium

roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores and

few medium tubular pores; 25 percent gravel and

15 percent cobbles; moderately acid (pH 6.0);

clear wavy boundary.

2C1—16 to 26 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3)

extremely stony sandy loam, yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine, fine,

and medium roots; common very fine, fine, and

medium tubular pores; 30 percent stones, 20

percent cobbles, and 20 percent gravel;

moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear smooth boundary.

2C2—26 to 49 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3)

extremely stony sandy loam, yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine, fine,

and medium roots; common very fine, fine, and

medium tubular pores; 30 percent stones, 30

percent cobbles, and 20 percent gravel; slightly

acid (pH 6.2); clear wavy boundary.

3C3—49 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely

cobbly loamy sand, light yellowish brown

(10YR 6/4) dry; massive; hard, firm, nonsticky

and nonplastic; 40 percent cobbles, 20 percent

gravel, and 10 percent stones; moderately acid

(pH 5.8);

Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The

particle-size control section averages 10 to 15 percent

clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry. It

is very cobbly sandy loam or very stony sandy loam

and is 15 to 25 percent gravel, 10 to 20 percent

cobbles, and 0 to 30 percent stones.

The 2C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 20

to 30 percent stones, 20 to 35 percent cobbles, and 10

to 20 percent gravel.

The 3C horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6 or

7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

loamy sand or sand and is 30 to 50 percent cobbles,

10 to 30 percent stones, and 10 to 20 percent gravel.

The Douthit soils in this survey area are a

taxadjunct to the Douthit series because they have a

slightly warmer mean summer soil temperature. This
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 213

difference, however, does not significantly affect use

and management.

Drybed Series

The Drybed series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on stream terraces. These soils formed

in alluvium derived from mixed sources with an

influence of loess in the upper part. Slopes are 0 to 8

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 10

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Drybed silt loam, 0 to 8 percent

slopes, in an area of rangeland; 500 feet west and

1,500 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 18, T. 9

S., R. 13 E.

A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt

loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; moderate thin

platy structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine, fine, and medium

roots; common very fine, fine, and medium

irregular pores; 3 percent gravel; mildly alkaline

(pH 7.4); clear smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 13 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt

loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

moderate thick platy structure; slightly hard, firm,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very

fine, fine, and medium roots; common very fine,

fine, and medium tubular pores; 3 percent gravel;

mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); clear smooth boundary.

Btk1—13 to 22 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) silty clay loam, grayish brown

(10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and

plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common very

fine and fine tubular pores; common faint clay

films on faces of peds; slightly effervescent with

segregated lime in filaments or threads; 3 percent

gravel; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); clear smooth

boundary.

Btk2—22 to 29 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

strong medium subangular blocky structure; very

hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine

and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular

pores; common distinct clay films on faces of peds

and lining pores; strongly effervescent with

segregated lime in seams; 3 percent gravel;

strongly alkaline (pH 8.8); clear smooth boundary.

2Ck1—29 to 40 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy clay

loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; massive; very

hard, very firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

violently effervescent with segregated lime in

blotches; 3 percent gravel; strongly alkaline

(pH 8.8); gradual smooth boundary.

2Ck2—40 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) sandy clay loam, light gray (10YR 7/2)

dry; massive; hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic;

violently effervescent with disseminated lime and

segregated lime in blotches; 3 percent gravel;

moderately alkaline (pH 8.4).

Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The

mollic epipedon is 10 to 15 inches thick. Depth to

secondary carbonates is 10 to 20 inches. The

particle-size control section averages 27 to 35 percent

clay and 15 to 30 percent fine sand and coarser

material.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 0 to

5 percent gravel and 1 to 2 percent organic matter.

The Btk horizon has value of 2 to 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is

silty clay loam or clay loam and is 0 to 5 percent gravel

and less than 1 percent organic matter.

The 2Ck horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6

or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is

sandy clay loam or loam and is 0 to 5 percent gravel.

Dryhollow Series

The Dryhollow series consists of very deep, well

drained soils in canyons. These formed in residuum

and colluvium derived dominantly from volcanic ash

and pumice. Slopes are 0 to 55 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Dryhollow loam, 12 to 30 percent

slopes, in an area of rangeland; 1,800 feet west and

400 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 16, T. 11

S., R. 12 E.

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam,

dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine

subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine

granular; soft, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many

very fine and fine irregular pores; 5 percent

gravel-sized pumice and 10 percent pumice that is

0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter; neutral (pH 7.0);

clear smooth boundary.

BA—3 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few

medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular
214 Soil Survey

pores and few medium tubular pores; 10 percent

gravel-sized pumice and 10 percent pumice that is

0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter; neutral (pH 7.2);

clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—11 to 20 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic;

common very fine and fine roots and few medium

roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores

and few medium tubular pores; 10 percent gravelsized pumice and 10 percent pumice that is 0.5 to

2.0 millimeters in diameter; neutral (pH 7.2); clear

smooth boundary.

Bw2—20 to 35 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) cobbly

sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very

fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores and few

medium tubular pores; 10 percent cobbles, 10

percent gravel-sized pumice, and 10 percent

pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter;

mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); clear smooth boundary.

C1—35 to 47 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loam,

light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; massive;

hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine

and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular

pores; 25 percent gravel-sized pumice and 15

percent pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in

diameter; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); gradual smooth

boundary.

C2—47 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly

loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few very fine

and fine tubular pores; slightly effervescent; 40

percent gravel-sized pumice and 15 percent

pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter;

mildly alkaline (pH 7.6).

Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The

mollic epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. The particlesize control section averages 10 to 18 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 5 to

15 percent gravel-sized pumice and 5 to 15 percent

pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and

4 to 6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

It is loam or sandy loam and is 5 to 15 percent

gravel-sized pumice, 0 to 10 percent cobbles, and

 5 to 15 percent pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in

diameter. It is neutral or mildly alkaline.

The C horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is loam

or sandy loam and is 20 to 40 percent gravel-sized

pumice and 10 to 20 percent pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0

millimeters in diameter. It is neutral or mildly alkaline.

Eaglespring Series

The Eaglespring series consists of deep, well

drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from

sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic ash.

Slopes are 12 to 80 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 14 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 49 degrees F.

 Typical pedon of Eaglespring channery loam, 30

to 55 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 2,000

feet west and 250 feet north of the southeast corner of

sec. 25, T. 7 S., R. 12 E.

A—0 to 7 inches; black (10YR 2/1) channery loam,

very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; weak fine granular

structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

many very fine and fine roots and common

medium roots; many very fine and fine irregular

pores and common medium irregular pores; 30

percent channers; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth

boundary.

AB—7 to 13 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very

channery loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure

parting to weak fine granular; soft, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots and common medium roots; many very fine

and fine tubular pores and common medium

tubular pores; 45 percent channers; neutral

(pH 6.6); clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—13 to 31 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3)

extremely channery sandy loam, brown

(10YR 4/3) dry; weak very fine and fine

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very

fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores and few

medium tubular pores; 70 percent channers;

neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—31 to 43 inches; dark yellowish brown

(10YR 3/4) extremely channery loam, yellowish

brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak very fine and fine

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine and

fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; 75

percent channers; neutral (pH 6.8); clear wavy

boundary.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 215

R—43 inches; fractured sedimentary rock.

Depth to fractured bedrock is 40 to 60 inches.

The mollic epipedon is 20 to 35 inches thick. The

particle-size control section averages 18 to 25 percent

clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 15 to

35 percent channers.

The AB horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or

4 dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 25

to 50 percent channers.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is

sandy loam or loam and is 60 to 75 percent channers.

Evick Series

The Evick series consists of shallow, somewhat

excessively drained soils on south-facing canyonsides.

These soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from tuff with an influence of volcanic ash.

Slopes are 30 to 65 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 17 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Evick gravelly loamy sand in an

area of Evick-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 65 percent

slopes; 2,000 feet west and 2,100 feet south of the

northeast corner of sec. 18, T. 10 S., R. 11 E.

Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) gravelly

loamy sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak

fine granular structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and

common medium and coarse roots; many very

fine and fine irregular pores and common medium

and coarse irregular pores; 25 percent gravel;

neutral (pH 6.6); gradual smooth boundary.

Bw—3 to 11 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

gravelly loamy sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

common very fine, fine, medium, and coarse

roots; common very fine, fine, medium, and

coarse tubular pores; 30 percent gravel; neutral

(pH 6.6); abrupt smooth boundary.

R—11 inches; tuff.

Depth to tuff is 10 to 14 inches. The particle-size

control section averages 5 to 10 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 20 to

30 percent gravel.

The Bw horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 6 or

7 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is 25

to 35 percent gravel.

Fawnspring Series

The Fawnspring series consists of deep, well

drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from

sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic ash.

Slopes are 2 to 30 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 18 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 47 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Fawnspring very gravelly silt

loam in an area of Littlefawn-Fawnspring complex, 2 to

30 percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 400 feet

east and 700 feet north of the southwest corner of sec.

19, T. 7 S., R. 13 E.

Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) very

gravelly silt loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

dry; moderate fine subangular blocky structure

parting to moderate fine granular; slightly hard,

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine

and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots;

many very fine and fine tubular pores and few

medium tubular pores; 40 percent gravel; neutral

(pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary.

Bw—3 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) very gravelly silty clay loam, dark gray

(10YR 4/1) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots;

many very fine and fine tubular pores and few

medium and coarse tubular pores; many organic

stains on faces of peds and lining pores; 40

percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); abrupt

smooth boundary.

2Bt1—8 to 16 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) clay,

brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; strong very coarse

subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm,

very sticky and very plastic; common very fine,

fine, and medium roots and few coarse roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores and few

medium tubular pores; many prominent clay films

on faces of peds and lining pores; 10 percent

gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth

boundary.

2Bt2—16 to 26 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) clay,

brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; strong very coarse

subangular blocky structure; extremely hard,

extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic; few
216 Soil Survey

very fine, fine, and medium roots; few very fine

and fine tubular pores; continuous prominent clay

films on faces of peds and lining pores; 5 percent

gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth

boundary.

3C1—26 to 34 inches; weak red (10R 4/4) clay, red

(2.5YR 4/6) dry; massive; extremely hard,

extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic; few

very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine

tubular pores; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth

boundary.

3C2—34 to 43 inches; weak red (10R 4/4) clay, red

(2.5YR 4/6) dry; massive; hard, firm, sticky and

plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few very fine

and fine tubular pores; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear

smooth boundary.

3Cr—43 inches; sedimentary rock.

Depth to sedimentary rock ranges from 40 to 60

inches. Depth to the discontinuity is 8 to 15 inches.

The mollic epipedon is 20 to 35 inches thick. The

particle-size control section averages 50 to 60 percent

clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 25 to

40 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles.

The Bw horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 moist or dry. It is silt

loam or silty clay loam and is 25 to 40 percent gravel

and 0 to 10 percent cobbles.

The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 moist or dry. It is

clay or silty clay and is 0 to 10 percent gravel.

The 3C horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 10R, value of

4 or 5 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 4 to 6 moist

or dry. It is clay or silty clay and is 0 to 10 percent

gravel.

Grenet Series

The Grenet series consists of moderately deep,

somewhat excessively drained soils on mountains.

These soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived

from tuff and volcanic ash. Slopes are 0 to 65 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 35 inches, and

the mean annual air temperature is 42 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Grenet very gravelly sandy

loam, 12 to 30 percent slopes, in an area of woodland;

2,500 feet east and 2,000 feet north of the southwest

corner of sec. 20, T. 6 S., R. 10 E.

Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs

A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very

gravelly sandy loam, light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium granular

structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few

medium and coarse roots; many very fine and fine

irregular pores and few medium and coarse

irregular pores; 35 percent gravel; strongly acid

(pH 5.4); clear wavy boundary.

AB—4 to 12 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very

gravelly sandy loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure parting

to weak medium granular; soft, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots and few medium and coarse roots; many

very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium

and coarse tubular pores; 50 percent gravel;

strongly acid (pH 5.4); clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—12 to 21 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

extremely gravelly sandy loam, white (10YR 8/1)

dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft,

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very

fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores; 60 percent gravel and 5 percent

cobbles; strongly acid (pH 5.2); clear smooth

boundary.

 Bw2—21 to 36 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

extremely gravelly loamy sand, white (10YR 8/1)

dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft,

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very

fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores; 70 percent gravel and 5 percent

cobbles; strongly acid (pH 5.4); clear smooth

boundary.

Cr—36 inches; tuff.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile

has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. The particle-size control

section averages 10 to 18 percent clay and is 35 to 80

percent rock fragments.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 35 to

50 percent gravel.

 The Bw horizon has value of 5 or 6 moist and 7

or 8 dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is

sandy loam or loamy sand and is 50 to 70 percent

gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles.

Happus Series

The Happus series consists of soils that are

moderately deep to pumice and are somewhat

excessively drained. These soils are on toe slopes of

canyons. They formed in residuum and colluvium

derived dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice.

Slopes are 12 to 30 percent. The mean annual
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 217

precipitation is about 17 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Happus very gravelly sandy

loam, 12 to 30 percent slopes, in an area of woodland;

1,000 feet east and 1,500 feet north of the southwest

corner of sec. 7, T. 11 S., R. 11 E.

Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very gravelly

sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry;

weak fine granular structure; soft, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine, fine, and

medium roots; many very fine, fine, and medium

irregular pores; 45 percent gravel-sized pumice

and 10 percent pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0

millimeters in diameter; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear

smooth boundary.

AB—2 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

gravelly sandy loam, light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots and few medium and coarse roots; many

very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium

and coarse tubular pores; 50 percent gravel-sized

pumice and 10 percent pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0

millimeters in diameter; neutral (pH 6.8); clear

smooth boundary.

Bw1—9 to 17 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely

gravelly sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and

common medium and coarse roots; many very

fine and fine tubular pores and common medium

and coarse tubular pores; 65 percent gravel-sized

pumice and 15 percent pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0

millimeters in diameter; neutral (pH 6.6); clear

smooth boundary.

Bw2—17 to 29 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely

gravelly loamy sand, light yellowish brown

(10YR 6/4) dry; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

common very fine and fine roots; common very

fine and fine tubular pores; 80 percent gravelsized pumice and 15 percent pumice that is 0.5 to

2.0 millimeters in diameter; neutral (pH 6.6);

abrupt wavy boundary.

 C—29 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) fragmental

pumice, white (10YR 8/2) dry.

Depth to fragmental pumice is 20 to 40 inches.

The particle-size control section averages 5 to 10

percent clay, 65 to 85 percent gravel-sized pumice,

and 30 to 40 percent volcanic glass.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and

chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 40 to 55 percent

gravel-sized pumice and 5 to 15 percent pumice that is

0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and

6 or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry.

It is sandy loam or loamy sand. It is 65 to 80 percent

gravel-sized pumice and 10 to 20 percent pumice

that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter.

The C horizon has value of 7 or 8 moist or dry and

chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry.

Hehe Series

The Hehe series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived from andesite or

basalt with an influence of volcanic ash. Slopes are 0

to 65 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about

20 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is

about 47 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Hehe very stony loam in an area

of Hehe-Teewee complex, 0 to 12 percent slopes, in

an area of woodland; 1,300 feet west and 900 feet

south of the northeast corner of sec. 36, T. 8 S.,

R. 10 E.

Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very stony

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure parting to

weak fine granular; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky

and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and

few medium roots; many very fine and fine

irregular pores and few medium irregular pores;

30 percent stones and 20 percent cobbles;

moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear smooth boundary

A2—4 to 11 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) very stony

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very

fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores; common

organic coatings on faces of peds; 30 percent

stones and 20 percent cobbles; slightly acid

(pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary.
218 Soil Survey

Bt1—11 to 19 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very

bouldery loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common

very fine and fine tubular pores; common distinct

clay films on faces of peds; 25 percent boulders,

10 percent stones, and 15 percent cobbles;

slightly acid (pH 6.2); gradual irregular boundary.

Bt2—19 to 38 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very

bouldery clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common

very fine and fine tubular pores; common distinct

clay films on faces of peds; 25 percent boulders,

10 percent stones, and 15 percent cobbles;

slightly acid (pH 6.4); abrupt wavy boundary.

Cr—38 inches; weathered andesite.

Depth to weathered bedrock is 20 to 40 inches.

The profile has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. The mollic

epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. The particle-size

control section averages 20 to 35 percent clay and 35

to 70 percent rock fragments.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is very

stony loam or very cobbly loam. The horizon is 5 to 35

percent stones, 10 to 30 percent cobbles, 0 to 10

percent gravel, and 0 to 5 percent boulders. It is 2 to 4

percent organic matter.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

loam or clay loam. It is 10 to 25 percent boulders, 10

to 20 percent stones, 15 to 25 percent cobbles, and 0

to 5 percent gravel.

Howash Series

The Howash series consists of very deep,

somewhat excessively drained soils on mountains.

These soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash. Slopes

are 12 to 65 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 65 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 40 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Howash very gravelly sandy

loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes, in an area of woodland;

2,600 feet west and 600 feet south of the northeast

corner of sec. 13, T. 6 S., R. 9 E.

Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A1—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

very gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to

weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots and few medium roots; many very fine and

fine irregular pores; 35 percent gravel and 10

percent cobbles; moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear

smooth boundary.

A2—5 to 14 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

common very fine and fine roots and few medium

roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 40

percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles;

moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—14 to 22 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly

sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and

few medium roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores; 35 percent gravel and 10 percent

cobbles; moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear smooth

boundary.

Bw2—22 to 32 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly

sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and

few medium roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores; 35 percent gravel and 15 percent

cobbles; moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear smooth

boundary.

Bw3—32 to 48 inches; dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) very cobbly loam, light yellowish

brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and

fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; 30 percent gravel and 20 percent cobbles;

moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear smooth boundary.

C—48 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

extremely cobbly loam, light yellowish brown

(10YR 6/4) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and

fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; 50

percent cobbles, 15 percent gravel, and 20

percent soft andesite fragments; strongly acid

(pH 5.4).

Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The

particle-size control section is 35 to 55 percent rock

fragments, and it averages 10 to 18 percent clay. The

umbric epipedon is 10 to 15 inches thick.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is very

gravelly sandy loam, very cobbly sandy loam, and
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 219

very stony sandy loam. The horizon is 10 to 45

percent gravel, 0 to 30 percent cobbles, and 0 to 30

percent stones.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

loam or sandy loam. The horizon is 25 to 35 percent

gravel, 10 to 30 percent cobbles, and 0 to 10 percent

stones.

 The C horizon is loam or sandy loam. It is 30 to

50 percent cobbles, 15 to 25 percent gravel, and 0 to 5

percent stones.

Jojo Series

The Jojo series consists of moderately deep,

somewhat excessively drained soils on mountains.

These soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from pyroclastic ashflow, andesite, and

volcanic ash. Slopes are 0 to 70 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 90 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 36 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Jojo very stony sandy loam in an

area of Pinhead-Jojo complex, 12 to 30 percent

slopes, in an area of woodland; 2,000 feet north and

100 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 25, T. 8

S., R. 8 E.

Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) very stony

sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; weak fine and

medium subangular blocky structure parting to

weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots and few medium roots; many very fine and

fine irregular pores and few medium irregular

pores; 35 percent stones, 10 percent cobbles, and

10 percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.8); clear

wavy boundary.

2C1—7 to 18 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) very

gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry;

massive; hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic;

common very fine and fine roots; common very

fine and fine tubular pores; 40 percent gravel, 10

percent cobbles, and 5 percent stones;

moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear smooth boundary.

2C2—18 to 28 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4)

extremely gravelly sandy loam, light brown

(7.5YR 6/4) dry; massive; hard, firm, nonsticky

and nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; few

very fine and fine tubular pores; 50 percent gravel

and 20 percent cobbles; moderately acid (pH 5.6);

clear wavy boundary.

2C3—28 to 32 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4)

extremely gravelly loamy sand, light reddish

brown (5YR 6/4) dry; massive; hard, firm,

nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; few

very fine tubular pores; 55 percent gravel and 15

percent cobbles; strongly acid (pH 5.5); abrupt

wavy boundary.

2Cr1—32 to 36 inches; dusky red (2.5YR 3/2)

pyroclastic ashflow.

3Cr2—36 to 60 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

pyroclastic ashflow.

Depth to pyroclastic ashflow or andesite is 20 to

40 inches. The particle-size control section averages

less than 15 percent clay, and it is 40 to 80 percent

rock fragments.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

3 or 4 moist or dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry.

It is very stony sandy loam or very bouldery sandy

loam. The horizon is 0 to 30 percent boulders, 10 to

40 percent stones, 5 to 10 percent cobbles, and 5 to

10 percent gravel.

The 2C horizon has hue of 2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR;

value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry; and chroma of 3

or 4 moist or dry. It is sandy loam or loamy sand and

is 35 to 55 percent gravel, 10 to 20 percent cobbles,

and 0 to 5 percent stones.

The 2Cr horizon is pyroclastic ashflow or highly

weathered andesite.

Jorn Series

The Jorn series consists of moderately deep, well

drained soils on concave mountainsides. These soils

formed in residuum and colluvium derived dominantly

from sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic

ash in the upper part. Slopes are 2 to 55 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is about 18 inches, and the

mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Jorn cobbly silt loam in an area

of Yawkola-Jorn-Rock outcrop complex, 2 to 30

percent slopes; 1,000 feet north and 500 feet east of

the southwest corner of sec. 11, T. 6 S., R. 11 E.

A—0 to 5 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) cobbly

silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate

medium platy structure; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine,

fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very fine,

fine, medium, and coarse irregular pores; 10

percent cobbles and 5 percent gravel; neutral

(pH 7.0); gradual smooth boundary.

Bt1—5 to 12 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) gravelly silty clay loam, grayish brown

(10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic;
220 Soil Survey

many very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots;

many very fine, fine, medium, and coarse tubular

pores; common distinct clay films on faces of peds

and lining pores; 5 percent cobbles and 10

percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth

boundary.

Bt2—12 to 21 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

silty clay, grayish brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate

medium prismatic structure parting to moderate

medium subangular blocky; very hard, very firm,

very sticky and very plastic; common very fine

and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores and few

medium and coarse tubular pores; many

prominent clay films on faces of peds and lining

pores; 20 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear

smooth boundary.

2Bt3—21 to 24 inches; dark yellowish brown

(10YR 3/4) gravelly silty clay, yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; very hard, very firm, sticky and

plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few very fine

and fine tubular pores; many prominent clay films

on faces of peds and lining pores; 15 percent hard

gravel and 50 percent soft gravel-sized fragments;

neutral (pH 6.6); gradual wavy boundary.

2Crt—24 inches; sedimentary rock with prominent clay

films in fractures.

Depth to sedimentary rock is 20 to 40 inches. The

mollic epipedon is 20 to 30 inches thick, and it

includes the upper part of the Bt horizon. The profile

has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. The particle-size control

section is 30 to 50 percent clay, but the weighted

average is 35 to 45 percent.

The A horizon has value 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 10 to

20 percent cobbles and 5 to 10 percent gravel.

The Bt1 horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is

silty clay loam or clay loam and is 30 to 40 percent

clay. It is 5 to 15 percent gravel and 5 to 10 percent

cobbles.

The Bt2 horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is

silty clay or clay and is 40 to 50 percent clay. It is 15 to

30 percent gravel and 0 to 5 percent cobbles.

The 2Bt3 horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4

or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

silty clay or clay and is 40 to 50 percent clay. It is 15 to

30 percent hard gravel and 30 to 50 percent soft

gravel-sized fragments.

Kahneeta Series

The Kahneeta series consists of soils that are

moderately deep to a duripan and are somewhat

poorly drained. These soils are on outwash plains.

They formed in alluvium and glacial outwash with an

influence of loess in the upper part. Slopes are 0 to 3

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 14

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Kahneeta very cobbly silt loam in

an area of Tenwalter-Kahneeta complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 500 feet east

and 2,000 feet north of the southwest corner of sec.

23, T. 8 S., R. 10 E.

A—0 to 4 inches; black (10YR 2/1) very cobbly silt

loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak fine and

medium subangular blocky structure parting to

weak fine granular; soft, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and

few medium roots; many very fine and fine

irregular pores; 30 percent cobbles and 15

percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear

smooth boundary.

BA—4 to 9 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

cobbly silty clay loam, dark grayish brown

(10YR 4/2) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very

fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores; 15 percent cobbles and 15 percent

gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth

boundary.

Bt1—9 to 16 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very

cobbly silty clay loam, brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry;

common fine distinct dark reddish brown

(5YR 3/4) mottles; moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and

plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common

very fine and fine tubular pores; many distinct clay

films on faces of peds and lining pores; 25 percent

cobbles and 20 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6);

abrupt wavy boundary.

2Bt2—16 to 25 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) extremely

cobbly clay, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; common

medium distinct dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

mottles; strong medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky

and very plastic; few very fine roots; few very fine

tubular pores; many prominent clay films on faces

of peds and lining pores; 40 percent cobbles and
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 221

25 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); abrupt smooth

boundary.

2Btqm—25 to 38 inches; indurated and strongly

cemented duripan; extremely hard, very fine silica

cap 1 millimeter thick; many prominent clay films

in fractures; clay and silica pendants on bottom of

fractures; neutral (pH 7.2); abrupt wavy boundary.

2Btq—38 to 60 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) extremely

cobbly clay, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; massive; hard,

firm, sticky and plastic; many prominent clay films

on faces of rock fragments; 60 percent cobbles

and 20 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0).

Depth to the duripan is 20 to 30 inches. Depth to

bedrock is more than 60 inches. The mollic epipedon

is 10 to 20 inches thick. The particle-size control

section is 30 to 50 percent clay, but the weighted

average is more than 35 percent.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 20 to

30 percent cobbles and 15 to 30 percent gravel.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value

of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3

moist or dry. It is silty clay loam or clay loam and is 30

to 40 percent clay. The horizon is 10 to 30 percent

cobbles and 20 to 30 percent gravel. It has few faint to

common medium distinct mottles. The horizon is

slightly acid or neutral.

The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value

of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3

or 4 moist or dry. It has 40 to 50 percent clay, and is

20 to 40 percent cobbles, and 20 to 40 percent gravel.

Mottles range from few fine distinct to common

medium distinct. It is slightly acid or neutral.

 The 2Btqm horizon is indurated and has 1- to 2-

millimeter-thick laminar bands or is strongly cemented

and indurated in the upper part. The horizon is 10 to

25 inches thick.

The 2Btq horizon is silty clay or clay and is 40 to

50 percent clay. It is 40 to 60 percent cobbles and 10

to 20 percent gravel.

Kaskela Series

 The Kaskela series consists of deep, well drained

soils on foothills. These soils formed in residuum and

colluvium derived dominantly from sedimentary rock.

Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 14 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Kaskela clay in an area of PrillKaskela-Rock outcrop complex, 2 to 30 percent

slopes, in an area of rangeland; 400 feet west and

1,700 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 13, T. 7

S., R. 12 E.

A—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay, dark

gray (5YR 4/1) dry; moderate very fine and fine

subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm,

very sticky and very plastic; common very fine

and fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary.

Bt—4 to 10 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) clay,

dark gray (5YR 4/1) dry; strong fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; extremely hard,

extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic;

common very fine, fine, and medium roots;

common very fine, fine, and medium tubular

pores; continuous prominent clay films on faces of

peds and lining pores; neutral (pH 6.8); clear

smooth boundary.

Bss1—10 to 19 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2)

clay, dark gray (5YR 4/1) dry; strong medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; extremely

hard, extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic;

few fine and medium roots; few very fine, fine, and

medium tubular pores; common intersecting

slickensides; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth

boundary.

Bss2—19 to 31 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) clay,

dark reddish gray (5YR 4/2) dry; strong medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure; very

hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; few fine and

medium roots; few fine and medium tubular pores;

common intersecting slickensides; neutral

(pH 6.6); clear smooth boundary.

Bk—31 to 42 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay

loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/3) dry; weak fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very

fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular

pores; strongly effervescent with disseminated

lime; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); clear smooth

boundary.

Cr—42 inches; weathered sedimentary rock.

Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. The profile

has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR. The particle-size control

section averages 60 to 70 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 dry. It is clay or cobbly

clay and is 0 to 10 percent gravel and 0 to 30 percent

cobbles.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist or dry

and chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 0 to 10 percent

gravel and 0 to 5 percent cobbles.
222 Soil Survey

The Bss horizon has color similar to that of the Bt

horizon. It has moderate or strong blocky structure

and common or many intersecting slickensides. It is 0

to 10 percent gravel and 0 to 5 percent cobbles.

The Bk horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

silty clay loam or clay loam and is 30 to 40 percent

clay. It is moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline.

Kishwalk Series

The Kishwalk series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils in canyons. These soils formed in

colluvium derived dominantly from basalt and rhyolite.

Slopes are 2 to 80 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 13 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Kishwalk very stony loam in an

area of Waterbury-Kishwalk complex, 2 to 30 percent

slopes, in an area of rangeland; 500 feet east and

1,200 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 27, T.

8 S., R. 12 E.

A—0 to 5 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very

stony loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to

weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; 20

percent stones, 10 percent cobbles, and 10

percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth

boundary.

BA—5 to 14 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) very stony loam, grayish brown

(10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

and fine roots; many very fine and fine tubular

pores; 20 percent stones, 15 percent cobbles,

and 10 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear

smooth boundary.

Bt1—14 to 23 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) very stony clay loam, brown

(10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and plastic; common very fine and

fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; common distinct clay films on faces of peds

and lining pores; 30 percent stones, 15 percent

cobbles, and 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0);

clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—23 to 31 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3)

extremely stony clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common

very fine and fine roots; common very fine and

fine tubular pores; many distinct clay films on

faces of peds and lining pores; 40 percent stones,

15 percent cobbles, and 5 percent gravel; neutral

(pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary.

Bt3—31 to 38 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely

stony clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; strong

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine and

fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; many

prominent clay films on faces of peds and lining

pores; 50 percent stones, 20 percent cobbles, and

5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); abrupt wavy

boundary.

R—38 inches; basalt.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The mollic

epipedon is 20 to 30 inches thick. The particle-size

control section averages 35 to 55 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is very

stony loam or very cobbly silt loam. The horizon is 5

to 30 percent stones, 10 to 35 percent cobbles, and 10

to 20 percent gravel.

The Bt1 and Bt2 horizons have value of 3 or 4

moist and 4 or 5 dry, and they have chroma of 2 to 4

moist or dry. These horizons are silty clay loam or clay

loam. They are 15 to 40 percent stones, 10 to 30

percent cobbles, and 5 to 10 percent gravel.

The Bt3 horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

clay or silty clay. The horizon is 20 to 50 percent

stones, 10 to 35 percent cobbles, and 5 to 10 percent

gravel.

Kuckup Series

The Kuckup series consists of very deep,

excessively drained soils on cinder cones. These soils

formed in volcanic ash and cinders. Slopes are 15 to

40 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 95

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

35 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Kuckup gravelly sandy loam, 15

to 40 percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 2,500

feet west and 1,000 feet south of the northeast corner

of sec. 20, T. 6 S., R. 9 E.

Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine

granular structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine, fine, and medium
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 223

roots; many very fine, fine, and medium irregular

pores; 25 percent gravel-sized cinders and 10

percent cinders that are 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in

diameter; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth

boundary.

Bw1—6 to 13 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3)

gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few

medium and coarse roots; many very fine and fine

tubular pores and few medium and coarse tubular

pores; 25 percent gravel-sized cinders and 10

percent cinders that are 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in

diameter; neutral

(pH 6.6); clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—13 to 29 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

gravelly sandy loam, reddish brown (5YR 5/4) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common fine and medium roots;

common fine and medium tubular pores; 30

percent gravel-sized cinders and 15 percent

cinders that are 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter;

neutral (pH 6.8); gradual wavy boundary.

2C—29 to 60 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) cinders,

light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) dry; single grain;

loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine and

fine roots; common very fine and fine vesicular

pores; less than 10 percent of voids are filled;

neutral (pH 6.8).

Depth to the 2C horizon is 20 to 30 inches. Depth

to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The upper part of

the particle-size control section averages 20 to 35

percent cinders, and the lower part averages 90

percent cinders or more.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 moist

or dry. It is 20 to 30 percent gravel-sized cinders and

5 to 10 percent clay.

The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value

of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4

moist or dry. It is 25 to 35 percent gravel-sized cinders

and 5 to 15 percent clay.

The 2C horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 5YR or 2.5YR;

value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry; and chroma of 2

to 6 moist or dry. It is 80 to 100 percent gravel-sized

cinders.

Kusu Series

The Kusu series consists of deep, well drained

soils on mountains. These soils formed in residuum

and colluvium derived dominantly from tuff and

volcanic ash. Slopes are 2 to 65 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 30 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Kusu very gravelly loam, 30 to 55

percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 1,000 feet

east and 3,000 feet north of the southwest corner of

sec. 30, T. 7 S., R. 13 E.

Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs

A—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

very gravelly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;

weak fine granular structure; soft, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores; 35

percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth

boundary.

AB—4 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; soft, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; 25

percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth

boundary.

Bw1—14 to 22 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) very

gravelly sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; soft,

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine

and fine roots and common medium roots; many

very fine and fine tubular pores and common

medium tubular pores; 35 percent gravel; slightly

acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—22 to 32 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3)

extremely gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3)

dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

many very fine and fine roots and common

medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular

pores and common medium tubular pores; 65

percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); gradual

smooth boundary.

Bw3—32 to 51 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely

gravelly loam, light pale brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common

very fine and fine tubular pores; 20 percent

cobbles and 65 percent gravel; slightly acid

(pH 6.2); clear wavy boundary.

R—51 inches; fractured tuff.

Depth to tuff is 40 to 60 inches. The particle-size

control section averages 15 to 25 percent clay. It is

neutral to moderately acid.
224 Soil Survey

The A and AB horizons have value of 2 or 3 moist

and 4 or 5 dry, and they have chroma of 2 to 4 moist

or dry. They are very gravelly loam and very gravelly

sandy loam and are 35 to 50 percent gravel.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 6 to

7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

loam or sandy loam and is 35 to 65 percent gravel and

0 to 20 percent cobbles.

Kutcher Series

The Kutcher series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from

andesite with a mantle of volcanic ash in the upper

part. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 65 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 40 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Kutcher very cobbly sandy loam

in an area of Mackatie-Kutcher complex, low

precipitation, 0 to 12 percent slopes, in an area of

woodland; 1,200 feet north and 500 feet west of the

southeast corner of sec. 29, T. 5 S., R. 10 E.

Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) very cobbly

sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry; moderate

medium granular structure; soft, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots and few medium and coarse roots; many

very fine and fine irregular pores and few medium

and coarse irregular pores; 25 percent cobbles,

10 percent gravel, and 5 percent stones;

moderately acid (pH 5.8); clear smooth boundary.

AB—5 to 18 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very

cobbly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; soft, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots and few medium and coarse roots; many

very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium

tubular pores; 25 percent cobbles, 10 percent

gravel, and 5 percent stones; moderately acid

(pH 5.6); clear smooth boundary.

2Bt1—18 to 28 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4)

extremely cobbly loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few

medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores and few medium tubular pores; few faint

clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 60

percent cobbles and 5 percent stones; strongly

acid (pH 5.4); clear smooth boundary.

2Bt2—28 to 38 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) extremely

cobbly clay loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few

very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine

tubular pores; common distinct clay films on faces

of peds and lining pores; 60 percent cobbles and

10 percent stones; moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear

wavy boundary.

2Cr—38 inches; weathered andesite.

Depth to weathered andesite is 20 to 40 inches.

The profile has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. The particlesize control section is 35 to 85 percent rock fragments.

The upper part is 10 to 15 percent clay, and the lower

part is 25 to 35 percent clay. The profile is moderately

acid or strongly acid.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 5 to

10 percent gravel, 25 to 35 percent cobbles, and 5 to

10 percent stones.

Texture of the AB horizon is similar to that of

the A horizon. The AB horizon has value of 3 or

4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or

4 moist or dry. It is 5 to 10 percent gravel, 25

to 35 percent cobbles, and 5 to 10 percent

stones.

The 2Bt horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

loam or clay loam and is 60 to 70 percent cobbles, 5 to

10 percent stones, and 0 to 5 percent gravel.

Lavey Series

The Lavey series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on low foothills. These soils formed

in loess over colluvium derived from sedimentary rock

or tuff. Slopes are 2 to 15 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Lavey gravelly silt loam, 2 to 15

percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 100 feet east

and 300 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 25,

T. 9 S. R. 12 E.

A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/2) gravelly silt

loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak

medium platy structure parting to weak fine

granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and

fine roots; common very fine and fine irregular

pores; 20 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear

smooth boundary.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 225

Bt1—5 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty

clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine,

fine, and medium roots; common very fine and

fine tubular pores; many faint clay films on faces

of peds and lining pores; 5 percent gravel; mildly

alkaline (pH 7.4); clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—12 to 21 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

clay, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; strong medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure; very

hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few

very fine, fine, and medium roots; few very fine

and fine tubular pores; many prominent clay films

on faces of peds and lining pores; 10 percent

gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.0); clear wavy

boundary.

Btk—21 to 25 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

silty clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very

fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular

pores; common faint clay films on faces of peds

and lining pores; slightly effervescent with

segregated lime in soft masses 1 to 2 millimeters

in diameter; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); abrupt

wavy boundary.

2Crkq—25 to 28 inches; paralithic tuff with coatings of

silica and calcium carbonate; strongly

effervescent with disseminated lime.

2R—28 inches; welded tuff of the Deschutes

Formation.

Depth to a Crkq horizon over a lithic contact is 20

to 40 inches. The mollic epipedon is 10 to 15 inches

thick. Depth to secondary carbonates is 20 to 36

inches. The particle-size control section averages 35

to 45 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and

4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

It is gravelly silt loam or very cobbly silty clay loam

and is 15 to 30 percent gravel and 0 to 40 percent

cobbles.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is

silty clay loam or clay and is 5 to 15 percent gravel and

0 to 5 percent cobbles. It is neutral or mildly alkaline.

The Btk horizon has hue of 10YR to 5YR, value of

4 or 5 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4

moist or dry. It is silty clay loam or clay and is 0 to 10

percent gravel.

The 2Crkq horizon is paralithic tuff or waterlain

sediment of the Deschutes Formation. It is strongly

effervescent or violently effervescent.

Lickskillet Series

The Lickskillet series consists of shallow, well

drained soils in canyons. These soils formed in

colluvium derived dominantly from basalt. Slopes are

15 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 10 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Lickskillet extremely stony loam,

40 to 70 percent slopes; 1,400 feet east and 1,000

south of the northwest corner of sec. 21, T. 6 S.,

R. 13 E.

A—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

extremely stony loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry;

weak very fine and fine granular structure; soft,

very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very

fine and fine roots and common medium and

coarse roots; many very fine and fine irregular

pores and common medium and coarse irregular

pores; 35 percent stones, 15 percent cobbles, and

20 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear

smooth boundary.

BA—4 to 9 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

extremely stony loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and

common medium and coarse roots; many very

fine and fine tubular pores and common medium

tubular pores; 30 percent stones, 15 percent

cobbles, and 15 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8);

clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—9 to 15 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2)

extremely stony clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and

few medium and coarse roots; many very fine and

fine tubular pores and few medium tubular pores;

45 percent stones, 10 percent cobbles, and 25

percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); gradual wavy

boundary.

Bw2—15 to 18 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/3) extremely

stony clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate

fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and plastic; many very fine

and fine roots and few medium roots; many very

fine and fine irregular pores and few medium

irregular pores; few faint clay films on rock

fragments; 45 percent stones, 10 percent cobbles,

and 25 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); abrupt

smooth boundary

2R—18 inches; basalt.
226 Soil Survey

Depth to bedrock is 12 to 20 inches. The particlesize control section averages 20 to 30 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 20 to

35 percent stones, 15 to 30 percent cobbles, and 15 to

25 percent gravel.

 The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value

of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3

moist or dry. It is 30 to 50 percent stones, 10 to 30

percent gravel, and 10 to 20 percent cobbles.

Littlefawn Series

The Littlefawn series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from

sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic ash.

Slopes are 2 to 55 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 18 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 47 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Littlefawn gravelly loam in an

area of Littlefawn-Fawnspring complex, 2 to 30

percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 1,000 feet

east and 2,000 feet north of the southwest corner of

sec. 16, T. 7 S., R. 13 E.

Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A1—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak

fine and medium granular structure parting to

weak thin platy; soft, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and

few medium roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores; 15 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8);

clear smooth boundary.

A2—3 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak

very fine and fine subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

common very fine and fine roots and few medium

roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 30

percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth

boundary.

Bw—10 to 17 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loam,

pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

very fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores; 15

percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth

boundary.

 2Bt1—17 to 22 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly silty

clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine and

fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds and

lining pores; 30 percent gravel; slightly acid

(pH 6.2); clear wavy boundary.

3Bt2—22 to 32 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3)

gravelly clay, brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; massive;

extremely hard, extremely firm, very sticky and

very plastic; few fine and medium roots; few fine

tubular pores; continuous prominent clay

films on faces of peds and lining pores;

20 percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 6.0);

abrupt wavy boundary.

3Cr—32 inches; sedimentary rock.

Depth to sedimentary rock is 20 to 40 inches.

Depth to the discontinuity is 14 to 20 inches. The

particle-size control section is 35 to 50 percent clay

and 20 to 35 percent rock fragments.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

2 or 3 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 moist

or dry. It is 15 to 30 percent gravel.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value

of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3

moist or dry. It is 15 to 35 percent gravel.

The 2Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value

of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3

moist or dry. It is silty clay loam or clay loam and is 35

to 40 percent clay. It is 20 to 35 percent gravel and 0

to 5 percent cobbles.

The 3Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is

clay or silty clay and is 40 to 50 percent clay. It is 20 to

35 percent gravel and 0 to 5 percent cobbles.

Logsprings Series

The Logsprings series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils on benches of foothills.

These soils formed in alluvium and colluvium over

residuum derived dominantly from sedimentary rock

with an influence of volcanic ash in the upper part.

Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 18 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 47 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Logsprings loam, 0 to 8 percent

slopes, in an area of woodland; 2,300 feet east and

2,500 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 16, T.

6 S., R. 11 E.

A—0 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry;

moderate medium platy structure; slightly hard,

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 227

and fine roots and common medium and coarse

roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores and

common medium and coarse irregular pores; few

fine faint organic stains on faces of peds and

lining pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0);

gradual smooth boundary.

Bt1—10 to 21 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/2) loam, pinkish

gray (7.5YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

and fine roots and common medium and coarse

roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores and

common medium and coarse tubular pores;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds and

lining pores; few fine faint organic stains on faces

of peds and lining pores; 10 percent gravel;

slightly acid (pH 6.4); abrupt smooth boundary.

2Bt2—21 to 30 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) clay,

light brown (7.5YR 6/3) dry; strong coarse

prismatic structure; very hard, very firm, very

sticky and very plastic; common very fine, fine,

and medium roots; common very fine, fine, and

medium tubular pores; continuous prominent clay

films on faces of peds and lining pores; common

very fine and fine manganese stains; many

distinct organic stains on faces of peds and lining

pores; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth

boundary.

3Bt3—30 to 36 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/3)

extremely gravelly sandy clay loam, light brown

(7.5YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; very hard, very firm, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and

fine roots and few medium roots; common very

fine and fine tubular pores and few medium

tubular pores; many distinct clay films on faces of

peds and lining pores; many distinct organic

stains on faces of peds and lining pores; 65

percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth

boundary.

4BCt—36 to 64 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) loam,

pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium

and fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm,

nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine and

coarse roots along faces of peds; common very

fine and fine tubular pores; many faint clay films

on faces of peds; many organic stains on faces of

peds; 5 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2).

Depth to sedimentary rock is more than 60 inches.

Depth to the discontinuity is 20 to 30 inches. The

upper part of the particle-size control section is 20 to

27 percent clay, and the lower part is 40 to 50 percent

clay. The profile has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 0 to

5 percent gravel.

The Bt1 horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 6 or

7 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 20

to 27 percent clay and is 0 to 10 percent gravel.

The 2Bt2 horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 6

or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

clay or silty clay and is 40 to 50 percent clay.

The 3Bt3 horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6

or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

sandy clay loam or clay loam and is 30 to 40 percent

clay. It is 60 to 70 percent gravel.

The 4BCt horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6

or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is

loam or silt loam and is 10 to 20 percent clay. It is 0 to

10 percent gravel.

Mackatie Series

The Mackatie series consists of deep, well

drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from

andesite with a mantle of volcanic ash in the upper

part. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 65 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 40 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Mackatie sandy loam in an area

of Mackatie-Kutcher complex, low precipitation, 0 to 12

percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 3,000 feet

west and 2,000 feet north of the southeast corner of

sec. 20, T. 5 S., R. 10 E.

Oi—3 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and

twigs.

A—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) sandy loam,

brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; weak medium subangular

blocky structure parting to weak fine granular

structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few

medium and coarse roots; many very fine and fine

irregular pores and few medium and coarse

irregular pores; 5 percent gravel and 5 percent

cobbles; strongly acid (pH 5.4); clear smooth

boundary.

AB—6 to 18 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sandy

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots and few medium and coarse roots; many

very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium

and coarse tubular pores; 5 percent gravel and 5

percent cobbles; strongly acid (pH 5.3); clear

smooth boundary.
228 Soil Survey

2Bt1—18 to 28 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam,

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very

fine and fine roots and few medium and coarse

roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores and

few medium tubular pores; few faint clay films on

faces of peds and lining pores; 10 percent gravel;

strongly acid (pH 5.4); clear smooth boundary.

2Bt2—28 to 41 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam,

light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate

coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, firm,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very

fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores and few

medium tubular pores; common distinct clay films

on faces of peds and lining pores; 10 percent

gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.9); abrupt smooth

boundary.

3C—41 to 51 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely

cobbly clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

dry; massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; 50 percent cobbles and 20 percent gravel;

strongly acid (pH 5.2); clear wavy boundary.

3Cr—51 inches; weathered andesite.

Depth to weathered andesite is 40 to 60 inches.

The profile has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. The upper part

of the particle-size control section averages 10 to 15

percent clay, and the lower, contrasting part averages

25 to 35 percent clay. The profile is moderately acid or

strongly acid.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 0 to

10 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles.

Texture of the AB horizon is similar to that of the A

horizon. The AB horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and

4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It

is 0 to 10 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles.

The 2Bt horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

loam or clay loam and is 10 to 20 percent gravel and 0

to 10 percent cobbles.

The 3C horizon, where present, has color similar

to that of the 2Bt2 horizon. The 3C horizon is 45 to 60

percent cobbles and 10 to 20 percent gravel.

Madras Series

The Madras series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on low foothills. These soils formed

in loess over colluvium derived from sedimentary rock

or tuff. Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Madras loam, 0 to 8 percent

slopes, in an area of rangeland; 2,000 feet north and

1,000 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 13, T.

12 S., R. 9 E.

A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate

very thin platy structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky

and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots

and few medium roots; few very fine and fine

irregular pores; neutral (pH 6.8); clear wavy

boundary.

A2—4 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; soft, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very

fine and fine roots and few medium roots; few very

fine and fine tubular pores; neutral (pH 6.8); clear

wavy boundary.

Bt1—10 to 16 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm,

sticky and plastic; few very fine, fine, and medium

roots; common very fine tubular pores; few faint

clay films on faces of peds and lining pores;

neutral (pH 7.2); gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—16 to 25 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few

very fine roots; common very fine tubular pores;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds and

lining pores; 10 percent gravel and 5 percent

pumice fragments 1 to 5 millimeters in diameter;

mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—25 to 33 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine roots;

common very fine tubular pores; common distinct

clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 2

percent cobbles and 10 percent pumice fragments

1 to 5 millimeters in diameter; mildly alkaline

(pH 7.6); abrupt smooth boundary.

 2Crkq—33 to 35 inches; paralithic tuff with coatings of

silica and calcium carbonate; strongly

effervescent with disseminated lime.

2R—35 inches; welded tuff of the Deschutes

Formation.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 229

Depth to hard bedrock is 22 to 40 inches. The

mollic epipedon is 10 to 15 inches thick. The particlesize control section averages 27 to 35 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 0 to

10 percent gravel and 10 to 30 percent volcanic glass.

 The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 0

to 10 percent gravel and 0 to 5 percent cobbles.

The 2Crkq horizon is paralithic tuff or waterlain

sediment of the Deschutes Formation. It is strongly

effervescent or violently effervescent.

Mariel Series

The Mariel series consists of very deep, very

poorly drained organic soils in mountain bogs. These

soils formed in organic material. Slopes are 0 to 3

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 95

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

35 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Mariel mucky peat, 0 to 3

percent slopes, 3,000 feet west and 500 feet north of

the southeast corner of sec. 8, T. 9 S., R. 9 E.

Oe1—0 to 7 inches; black (10YR 2/1) hemic material,

rubbed and pressed; about 100 percent unrubbed

fibers, 40 percent rubbed; many very fine, fine,

and medium roots; strongly acid (pH 5.4); gradual

smooth boundary.

Oe2—7 to 14 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

hemic material, rubbed and pressed; about 90

percent unrubbed fibers, 30 percent rubbed; many

very fine and fine roots; strongly acid (pH 5.4);

clear wavy boundary.

Oe3—14 to 34 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1)

hemic material, rubbed and pressed; about 60

percent unrubbed fibers, 25 percent rubbed; many

very fine roots; strongly acid (pH 5.4); clear

smooth boundary.

Oa—34 to 60 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

sapric material, rubbed and pressed, about 40

percent unrubbed fibers, 10 percent rubbed; many

very fine roots; strongly acid (pH 5.2);

Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth

to sapric material is 28 to 35 inches.

 The surface tier has chroma of 1 or 2 moist. It is

80 to 100 percent unrubbed fibric material and 30 to

40 percent rubbed. The subsurface tier has value 2 or

3 moist and chroma of 1 or 2 moist. More than half of

this tier is 50 to 60 percent unrubbed hemic material

and 25 to 35 percent rubbed hemic material.

The bottom tier has value 2 to 4 moist and

chroma of 1 or 2 moist. It is 30 to 50 percent

unrubbed sapric material and 5 to 15 percent rubbed

sapric material.

Maupin Series

The Maupin series consists of soils that are

moderately deep to a duripan and are well drained.

These soils are on mesas. They formed in loess.

Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Maupin silt loam in an area of

Bakeoven-Maupin complex, 0 to 8 percent slopes, in

an area of rangeland; 2,500 feet north and 1,500 feet

east of the southwest corner of sec. 2, T. 9 S., R. 13 E.

A—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine

subangular blocky structure parting to weak

moderate granular; soft, very friable, nonsticky

and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots;

many very fine and fine irregular pores; 3 percent

gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary.

AB—4 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam,

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; soft, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

and fine roots and few medium roots; many very

fine and fine tubular pores and few medium

tubular pores; 3 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8);

clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—7 to 14 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very

fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores and few

medium tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral

(pH 7.3); clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—14 to 20 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt

loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; strong medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly

sticky and plastic; common very fine, fine, and

medium roots; common very fine, fine, and

medium tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; mildly

alkaline (pH 7.6); clear smooth boundary.

Bk—20 to 25 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loam,

pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine subangular

blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; few very fine roots; few very fine

tubular pores; strongly effervescent with
230 Soil Survey

segregated lime in blotches; 25 percent gravel;

moderately alkaline (pH 7.9); abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bkqm—25 to 31 inches; indurated duripan; platy

structure; extremely hard, very firm; continuous

silica laminar cap 1 millimeter thick; violently

effervescent; abrupt smooth boundary.

2R—31 inches; basalt.

Depth to bedrock is 25 to 40 inches. Depth to the

duripan is 20 to 30 inches. The mollic epipedon is 10

to 15 inches thick.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 0 to

10 percent gravel.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry. It is silt loam or loam and is 0 to 10 percent

gravel.

The Bk horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6 or

7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is silt

loam or loam and is 20 to 30 percent gravel.

The Bkqm horizon is indurated throughout. It is 5

to 10 inches thick.

Milldam Series

The Milldam series consists of soils that are

moderately deep to a duripan and are well drained.

These soils are on outwash plains. They formed in

glacial outwash with an influence of loess in the upper

part. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 14 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Milldam silt loam in an area of

Milldam-Tenwalter complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in

an area of rangeland; 2,200 feet west and 1,300 feet

north of the southeast corner of sec. 18, T. 8 S.,

R. 11 E.

A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt

loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak thin

platy structure parting to weak fine granular; soft,

very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very

fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine

irregular pores; 2 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH

6.2); gradual smooth boundary.

A2—2 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many

very fine and fine irregular pores; 2 percent

gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth

boundary.

Bt1—10 to 34 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very

fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores and few

medium tubular pores; many distinct clay films on

faces of peds and lining pores; 2 percent gravel;

neutral (pH 6.8); clear wavy boundary.

2Bt2—34 to 37 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) cobbly clay,

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine,

fine, and medium roots; few very fine, fine, and

medium tubular pores; continuous prominent clay

films on faces of peds and lining pores; 15 percent

cobbles and 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8);

abrupt wavy boundary.

2Btqm—37 to 51 inches; duripan; indurated and

strongly cemented; extremely hard and very firm;

silica cap 1 millimeter thick; many prominent clay

films in fractures; pendants of clay and silica on

bottom of fractures; neutral (pH 7.2); abrupt wavy

boundary.

2Btq—51 to 60 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) extremely

cobbly clay, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; massive; hard,

firm and brittle, sticky and plastic; many prominent

clay films on faces of rock fragments; 60 percent

cobbles and 20 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0).

Depth to the duripan is 30 to 40 inches. Depth to

bedrock is more than 60 inches. The mollic epipedon

is 20 to 35 inches thick. The particle-size control

section is 27 to 40 percent clay, but the weighted

average is less than 35 percent.

 The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 0

to 5 percent gravel.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is silt

loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam and is 25 to 30

percent clay. It is 0 to 10 percent gravel. It is slightly

acid or neutral.

The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value

of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4

moist or dry. It is clay or silty clay loam and is 35 to 45

percent clay. The horizon is 10 to 20 percent cobbles

and 0 to 10 percent gravel. It is slightly acid or neutral.

The 2Btqm horizon is indurated and has a 1- to 2-

millimeter-thick laminar cap or is strongly cemented in

the upper few inches. It is 10 to 25 inches thick.

The 2Btq horizon is clay or silty clay and is 40 to

50 percent clay. It is 40 to 60 percent cobbles and 10

to 20 percent gravel.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 231

Millerflat Series

The Millerflat series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils on stream terraces.

These soils formed in alluvium derived from mixed

sources with an influence of volcanic ash. Slopes are

0 to 3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about

35 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is

about 42 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Millerflat loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes, in an area of woodland; 1,500 feet west and

2,000 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 14,

T. 6 S., R. 10 E.

Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A1—0 to 6 inches; very dark brown (7.5YR 2/2) loam,

dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; weak medium platy

structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

many very fine and fine roots and few medium

and coarse roots; many very fine and fine irregular

pores and few medium and coarse irregular pores;

10 percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.8); clear

smooth boundary.

A2—6 to 14 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) loam,

brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots and few medium and coarse roots; many

very fine and fine irregular pores and few medium

and coarse irregular pores; 5 percent gravel;

moderately acid (pH 5.8); clear smooth boundary.

A3—14 to 22 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) loam,

brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry; weak medium subangular

blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky

and nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots

and few medium roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; 5

percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear

smooth boundary.

Bw1—22 to 29 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/3)

loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/3) dry; few fine

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) mottles;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very

fine and fine roots and few medium roots; ommon

very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium

tubular pores; moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear

smooth boundary.

Bw2—29 to 35 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/3) loam, light

brown (7.5YR 6/3) dry; common fine distinct dark

brown (7.5YR 3/2) and strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

mottles; moderate medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; hard, firm, nonsticky and

nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; few very

fine and fine tubular pores; 5 percent gravel;

moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear smooth boundary.

2Bt1—35 to 48 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) extremely

gravelly sandy clay loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/3)

dry; many fine distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) and

strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) mottles; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine

tubular pores; few faint thin clay films on rock

fragments and faces of peds; 55 percent gravel

and 10 percent cobbles; moderately acid (pH 5.6);

clear wavy boundary

2Bt2—48 to 60 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) extremely

gravelly sandy clay loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/3)

dry; many fine distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/2)

mottles; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic;

few very fine and fine tubular pores; many distinct

clay films on rock fragments and faces of peds; 60

percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles;

moderately acid (pH 5.6).

Depth to stratified gravelly and sandy alluvium is

more than 60 inches. The particle-size control section

is 45 to 80 percent rock fragments and 25 to 35

percent clay. The mollic epipedon is 20 to 30 inches

thick. Depth to mottles that have chroma of 2 or less

is 20 to 30 inches. Depth to the 2Bt horizon is 30 to 40

inches.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 0 to

10 percent gravel.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is

loam or silt loam and is 15 to 20 percent clay. It is 0 to

10 percent gravel.

The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value

of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4

moist or dry. It is sandy clay loam or clay loam and is

45 to 80 percent gravel and 5 to 20 percent cobbles.

Mowako Series

The Mowako series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from

sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic ash.

Slopes are 30 to 80 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 17 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Mowako extremely channery

loam, 30 to 55 percent slopes, in an area of woodland;

1,000 feet east and 1,500 feet north of the southwest

corner of sec. 23, T. 7 S., R. 13 E.
232 Soil Survey

Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

extremely channery loam, dark grayish brown

(10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; soft,

very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very

fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine

irregular pores; 65 percent channers; slightly acid

(pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary.

AB—3 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) extremely

channery loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate

fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine

and fine roots and few medium roots; many very

fine and fine tubular pores and few medium

tubular pores; 65 percent channers; slightly acid

(pH 6.4); clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—9 to 16 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3)

extremely channery loam, brown (10YR 5/3)

dry; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; hard, firm, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and

few medium roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores and few medium tubular pores;

organic stains on faces of peds; 65 percent

channers; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth

boundary.

Bw2—16 to 23 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely

channery loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

many very fine and fine roots and few medium

roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores and

few medium tubular pores; organic stains on faces

of peds; 70 percent channers; neutral (pH 6.8);

clear smooth boundary.

Bw3—23 to 27 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely

channery loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very

fine, fine, and medium roots; few very fine, fine,

and medium tubular pores; organic stains on

faces of peds; 70 percent channers; neutral

(pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary.

R—27 inches; fractured sedimentary rock.

Depth to sedimentary rock is 20 to 40 inches. The

mollic epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. The particlesize control section averages 18 to 30 percent clay

and more than 65 percent rock fragments.

The A and AB horizons have value of 2 or 3 moist

and 4 or 5 dry, and they have chroma of 2 or 3 moist

or dry. They are 60 to 70 percent channers.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

loam or clay loam and is 18 to 30 percent clay. It is 65

to 80 percent channers.

Mutton Series

The Mutton series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from tuff

with an influence of volcanic ash. Slopes are 12 to 80

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 18

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

47 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Mutton gravelly loam in an area

of Mutton-Littlefawn complex, 30 to 55 percent slopes,

in an area of woodland; 500 feet east and 400 feet

north of the southwest corner of sec. 11, T. 7 S.,

R. 13 E.

Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A—0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

gravelly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak

fine granular structure; very soft, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots and common medium roots; many very fine

and fine irregular pores and common medium

irregular pores; 20 percent gravel; neutral (pH

6.8); clear smooth boundary.

 BA—8 to 17 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3)

gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine, fine, and medium

roots; common very fine, fine, and medium

tubular pores; 30 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6);

clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—17 to 28 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, firm, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and

few medium roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores and few medium tubular pores;

organic stains on faces of peds and lining pores;

35 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear

smooth boundary.

Bw2—28 to 36 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, firm, nonsticky and

nonplastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots;

few very fine, fine, and medium tubular pores;

organic stains on faces of peds and lining pores;

45 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear

smooth boundary.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 233

Bw3—36 to 44 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3)

extremely gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; few

very fine, fine, and medium roots; few very fine,

fine, and medium tubular pores; organic stains on

faces of peds and lining pores; 65 percent gravel;

slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary.

2Bt—44 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely

stony silty clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

weak fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common distinct

clay film on faces of peds and lining pores; 40

percent stones, 20 percent cobbles, and 10

percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2).

Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The

particle-size control section is 15 to 25 percent clay.

The profile has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 20 to

35 percent gravel.

The BA horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 30

to 40 percent gravel.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 35

to 65 percent gravel.

The 2Bt horizon has value of 4 to 6 moist or dry. It

is silty clay loam or clay loam. The horizon is 10 to 40

percent stones, 15 to 20 percent cobbles, and 10 to 20

percent gravel.

Olallie Series

The Olallie series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils on flood plains. These soils formed in

alluvium derived from mixed sources. Slopes are 0 to

3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 14

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Olallie clay loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes, in a pasture; 1,500 feet east and 2,200 feet

south of the northwest corner of sec. 5, T. 8 S.,

R. 11 E.

Ap1—0 to 3 inches; black (10YR 2/1) clay loam, very

dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; many fine

distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) mottles; weak medium

platy structure parting to weak fine granular;

slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots;

many very fine and fine tubular pores; 5 percent

gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); gradual smooth

boundary.

Ap2—3 to 13 inches; black (10YR 2/1) clay loam, very

dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; many fine

distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) mottles; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

very fine and fine roots; common very fine and

fine tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; slightly acid

(pH 6.4); clear wavy boundary.

Bw—13 to 23 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very

gravelly clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

dry; many fine distinct reddish brown (5YR 4/4)

mottles; black (10YR 2/1) organic stains;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine and fine roots; many very fine

and fine tubular pores; 30 percent gravel and 5

percent cobbles; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth

boundary.

2C1—23 to 33 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3)

extremely gravelly fine sandy loam, brown

(10YR 5/3) dry; many fine distinct reddish brown

(5YR 4/4) mottles; massive; hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and

fine roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores;

60 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; neutral

(pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary.

2C2—33 to 44 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3)

extremely gravelly fine sandy loam, brown

(10YR 5/3) dry; many fine distinct reddish brown

(5YR 4/4) mottles; massive; slightly hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine roots; common

fine tubular pores; 50 percent gravel and 20

percent cobbles; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth

boundary.

3C—44 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) extremely

gravelly loamy sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

many distinct reddish brown (5YR 4/4) mottles;

massive; hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

70 percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles; neutral

(pH 7.0).

Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The

mollic epipedon is 25 to 40 inches thick. The particlesize control section is 20 to 35 percent clay, and it

averages 35 to 55 percent rock fragments. The profile

has common fine distinct mottles to many fine

prominent mottles throughout.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 27 to

35 percent clay and 0 to 10 percent gravel.

The Bw horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and

4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 moist or dry. It is

clay loam or silty clay loam and is 27 to 35 percent

clay. It is 25 to 40 percent gravel and 5 to 10 percent

cobbles.
234 Soil Survey

The 2C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to

6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 15

to 25 percent clay. It is 40 to 60 percent gravel and 5

to 20 percent cobbles.

The 3C horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 4 to

6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

sandy loam or loamy sand and is 5 to 10 percent clay.

It is 60 to 70 percent gravel and 5 to 15 percent

cobbles.

Oldsferry Series

The Oldsferry series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from

sedimentary rock. Slopes are 30 to 80 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is about 13 inches, and the

mean annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Oldsferry extremely channery

loam in an area of Oldsferry-Venator complex, 30 to

55 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 1,000 feet

west and 1,500 feet north of the southeast corner of

sec. 36, T. 7 S., R. 12 E.

A—0 to 5 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

extremely channery loam, grayish brown

(10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine subangular structure

parting to weak fine granular structure; soft,

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine

and fine roots; many very fine and fine irregular

pores; 65 percent channers; neutral (pH 6.8);

clear smooth boundary.

A2—5 to 12 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) extremely channery loam, dark brown

(10YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many

very fine and fine tubular pores; 65 percent

channers; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth

boundary.

Bw1—12 to 21 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3)

extremely channery loam, yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and

fine roots and few medium roots; common very

fine and fine tubular pores and few medium

tubular pores; 70 percent channers; neutral (pH

6.6); clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—21 to 35 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely

channery loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; 70 percent channers; slightly acid

(pH 6.4); gradual wavy boundary.

R—35 inches; fractured sedimentary rock

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The particlesize control section averages 15 to 25 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 60 to

70 percent channers.

 The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5

or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

50 to 70 percent channers.

Peahke Series

The Peahke series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from

sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic ash.

Slopes are 2 to 55 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 23 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 43 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Peahke extremely channery

loam, 2 to 30 percent slope, in an area of woodland;

500 feet west and 2,000 feet south of the northeast

corner of sec. 22, T. 7 S., R. 13 E.

Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs

A—0 to 4 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) extremely

channery loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;

weak fine granular structure; soft, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots and few medium roots; many very fine and

fine irregular pores and few medium irregular

pores; 65 percent channers; slightly acid (pH 6.2);

clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—4 to 13 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3)

extremely channery loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure parting

to moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard;

friable; nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine,

fine, and medium roots; many very fine, fine, and

medium tubular pores; 65 percent channers;

slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—13 to 32 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

extremely channery loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3)

dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine roots and common fine

and medium roots; many very fine tubular pores

and common fine and medium tubular pores; 75

percent channers; neutral (pH 6.6); gradual wavy

boundary.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 235

R—32 inches; fractured sedimentary rock.

Depth to sedimentary rock is 20 to 40 inches. The

mollic epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. The particlesize control section averages 18 to 30 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 moist or dry. It is 60 to

70 percent channers.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is

loam or clay loam and is 60 to 75 percent channers.

Pelton Series

The Pelton series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on flood plains. These soils formed in

alluvium derived from mixed sources. Slopes are 0 to

3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 10

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

51 degrees F.

 Typical pedon of Pelton sandy loam in an area of

Pelton-Willowdale complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in

an area of rangeland; 2,000 feet east and 2,200 feet

north of the southwest corner of sec. 21, T. 8 S.,

R. 14 E.

A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) sandy

loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate

thin and medium platy structure parting to

moderate fine and medium granular; soft, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores; 5

percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.9); gradual smooth

boundary.

A2—4 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) gravelly sandy loam, grayish brown

(10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many

very fine and fine tubular pores; 15 percent gravel;

neutral

(pH 7.0); abrupt smooth boundary.

2Bw—10 to 18 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very

gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

few very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine

tubular pores; 45 percent gravel and 5 percent

cobbles; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); abrupt smooth

boundary.

2C1—18 to 37 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2)

extremely cobbly sandy clay loam, brown

(7.5YR 5/3) dry; massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky

and nonplastic; few very fine roots; few very fine

tubular pores; 50 percent cobbles and 30 percent

gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); clear smooth

boundary.

2C2—37 to 47 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2)

extremely cobbly sandy clay loam, brown

(7.5YR 5/4) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots;

few very fine tubular pores; 40 percent cobbles

and 30 percent gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4);

clear smooth boundary.

2C3—47 to 60 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/3)

extremely cobbly loamy sand, brown (7.5YR 5/4)

dry; single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic;

few very fine roots; 40 percent cobbles and 30

percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2).

Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth

to the discontinuity is 10 to 20 inches. The particlesize control section averages 18 to 25 percent clay,

more than 50 percent sand, and 40 to 85 percent rock

fragments.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 5 to

10 percent gravel and 0 to 5 percent cobbles.

The A2 horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is

very gravelly sandy loam or sandy loam and is 10 to

25 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles.

The 2Bw horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4

or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

It is 40 to 50 percent gravel and 5 to 15 percent

cobbles.

The 2C horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. The

upper part is sandy clay loam, and the lower part is

sandy loam or loamy sand. The horizon is 40 to 50

percent cobbles and 25 to 40 percent gravel.

Pinhead Series

The Pinhead series consists of very deep,

somewhat excessively drained soils on mountains.

These soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived

dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash. Slopes

are 0 to 65 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 90 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 36 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Pinhead very gravelly sandy

loam, warm, 0 to 12 percent slopes, in an area of

woodland; 1,500 feet south and 2,500 feet east of the

northwest corner of sec. 14, T. 6 S., R. 9 E.

Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) very gravelly

sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak fine
236 Soil Survey

granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few

medium and coarse roots; many very fine and fine

irregular pores and few medium and coarse

irregular pores; 40 percent gravel and 5 percent

cobbles; moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear smooth

boundary.

AB—8 to 18 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very

gravelly sandy loam, dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) dry; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few

medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular

pores and few medium tubular pores; 40 percent

gravel and 10 percent cobbles; strongly acid

(pH 5.5); clear smooth boundary.

Bw—18 to 30 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

extremely gravelly sandy loam, yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and

fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; 50 percent gravel and 20 percent cobbles;

strongly acid (pH 5.5); clear wavy boundary.

C1—30 to 38 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

extremely cobbly sandy loam, yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) dry; massive; hard, firm, nonsticky and

nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; few very

fine and fine tubular pores; 30 percent cobbles

and 40 percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.6);

clear wavy boundary.

C2—38 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

extremely cobbly sandy loam, light yellowish

brown (10YR 6/4) dry; massive; hard, firm,

nonsticky and nonplastic; 30 percent cobbles, 30

percent gravel, and 15 percent stones; moderately

acid (pH 5.6)

Depth to andesite is more than 60 inches. The

particle-size control section is 45 to 80 percent rock

fragments and 10 to 15 percent clay. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. It is moderately acid or

strongly acid.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is very

gravelly sandy loam, very bouldery sandy loam, or

very stony sandy loam. It is 5 to 55 percent gravel, 5

to 20 percent cobbles, 0 to 30 percent stones, and 0 to

30 percent boulders.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 45

to 80 percent rock fragments, of which 30 to 50

percent is gravel and 15 to 30 percent is cobbles.

The C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

loamy sand or sandy loam. It is 60 to 85 percent rock

fragments, of which 20 to 30 percent is cobbles, 30 to

40 percent is gravel, and 10 to 15 percent is stones.

Pipp Series

The Pipp series consists of deep, somewhat

excessively drained soils on mountains. These soils

formed in residuum and colluvium derived dominantly

from andesite and volcanic ash. Slopes are 12 to 65

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 32

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

43 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Pipp very stony sandy loam, 30

to 65 percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 1,500

feet north and 2,500 feet west of the southeast corner

of sec. 9, T. 9 S., R. 9 E.

Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A1—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very

stony sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry;

moderate medium granular structure; soft, very

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine

and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots;

many very fine and fine irregular pores and few

medium and coarse irregular pores; 30 percent

stones, 10 percent cobbles, and 10 percent

gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.8); clear smooth

boundary.

A2—3 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very stony

sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

moderate medium granular structure; soft, very

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine

and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots;

many very fine and fine tubular pores and few

medium and coarse tubular pores; 30 percent

stones, 10 percent cobbles, and 10 percent

gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.8 ); clear smooth

boundary.

Bw1—12 to 20 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely

stony sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft,

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine

and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots;

many very fine and fine tubular pores and few

medium and coarse tubular pores; 40 percent

stones and 15 percent cobbles; moderately acid

(pH 5.6 ); clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—20 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) extremely stony sandy loam, light

yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate fine
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 237

and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; common

very fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores

and few medium tubular pores; 35 percent

stones, 20 percent cobbles, and 20 percent

gravel; strongly acid (pH 5.4 ); clear smooth

boundary.

Bw3—32 to 51 inches; dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) extremely stony sandy loam, light

yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very

fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores; 50 percent stones and 20 percent

cobbles; moderately acid (pH 5.6); gradual wavy

boundary.

R—51 inches; fractured andesite

Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. The profile

has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. The particle-size control

section averages 10 to 18 percent clay. The mollic

epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is very

stony sandy loam or very cobbly sandy loam. The

horizon is 10 to 40 percent stones, 5 to 40 percent

cobbles, and 0 to 10 percent gravel.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 30

to 50 percent stones, 10 to 20 percent cobbles, and 0

to 10 percent gravel.

Piumpsha Series

The Piumpsha series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived from andesite with a

mantle of volcanic ash in the upper part. Slopes are 2

to 40 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about

95 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is

about 35 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Piumpsha gravelly sandy loam in

an area of Piumpsha-Jojo complex, 2 to 30 percent

slopes, in an area of woodland; 1,500 feet west and

2,500 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 29, T.

10 S., R. 9 E.

Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and

twigs.

A1—0 to 5 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

gravelly sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry;

weak fine granular structure; soft, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots and common medium and coarse roots;

many very fine and fine irregular pores and

common medium and coarse irregular pores; 15

percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear

smooth boundary.

A2—5 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to

weak very fine and fine granular structure; soft,

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very

fine, fine, and medium roots and few coarse roots;

common very fine, fine, and medium tubular

pores; 15 percent gravel; moderately acid

(pH 6.0); clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—8 to 22 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

gravelly sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic;

common very fine and fine roots and few medium

roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores

and few medium tubular pores; 15 percent gravel;

moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—22 to 27 inches; dark yellowish brown

(10YR 3/4) gravelly sandy loam, light yellowish

brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and

fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; 20 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles;

moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear smooth boundary.

2Bt1—27 to 43 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly

loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common

very fine and fine tubular pores; common faint clay

films on faces of peds and lining pores; 15 percent

gravel; moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear smooth

boundary.

2Bt2—43 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly

clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic;

common very fine and few fine roots; common

very fine and few fine tubular pores; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining

pores; 20 percent gravel; moderately acid

(pH 6.0).

Depth to bedrock and depth of the solum are 60

inches or more. The particle-size control section

averages less than 35 percent total rock fragments.

The upper part is 10 to 15 percent clay, and the lower

part is 20 to 30 percent clay.
238 Soil Survey

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry. It

is gravelly sandy loam or very bouldery sandy loam

and is 15 to 25 percent gravel and 0 to 30 percent

cobbles.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 15

to 35 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles.

The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

loam or clay loam and is 15 to 40 percent gravel and 0

to 10 percent cobbles. The horizon is moderately acid

or strongly acid.

Prill Series

The Prill series consists of moderately deep, well

drained soils on foothills. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from tuff

and sedimentary rock. Slopes are 2 to 55 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 14 inches, and

the mean annual air temperature is about 49 degrees

F.

Typical pedon of Prill gravelly silty clay loam in an

area of Prill-Kaskela-Rock outcrop complex, 2 to 30

percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 2,500 feet

east and 2,000 feet north of the southwest corner of

sec. 10, T. 7 S., R. 13 E.

A—0 to 6 inches; black (10YR 2/1) gravelly silty clay

loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, sticky and plastic; many very fine and

fine roots and few medium roots; many very fine

and fine tubular pores and few medium tubular

pores; 15 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); abrupt

smooth boundary.

2Bt1—6 to 14 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) gravelly clay, dark grayish brown

(10YR 4/2) dry; moderate coarse prismatic

structure parting to strong medium and coarse

subangular blocky; very hard, very firm, very

sticky and very plastic; common very fine and fine

roots and few medium roots; common very fine

and fine tubular pores and few medium tubular

pores; many prominent clay films on faces of peds

and lining pores; 20 percent gravel; neutral

(pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary.

2Bt2—14 to 20 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

clay, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; strong medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; very hard,

very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very

fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular

pores; many prominent clay films on faces of peds

and lining pores; 25 percent gravel; neutral

(pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary.

2Bt3—20 to 28 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly

clay, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; very hard,

very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very

fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular

pores; many prominent clay films on faces of peds

and lining pores; 30 percent gravel; neutral

(pH 6.6); gradual wavy boundary.

3Bt4—28 to 35 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely

cobbly silty clay, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very

fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular

pores; common distinct clay films on faces of peds

and lining pores; 70 percent cobbles and 5

percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); gradual wavy

boundary.

3Cr—35 inches; tuff.

Depth to tuff or sedimentary rock is 20 to 40

inches. Depth to the discontinuity is 5 to 15

inches. The mollic epipedon is 20 to 30 inches

thick. The profile has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. The

particle-size control section averages 50 to 60 percent

clay.

The A horizon has value 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 30 to

40 percent clay and is 15 to 25 percent gravel and 0 to

5 percent cobbles.

The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 2 to 4 dry.

It is 15 to 30 percent gravel and 0 to 5 percent

cobbles.

 The 3Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5

or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

clay or silty clay and is 40 to 70 percent cobbles and 0

to 10 percent gravel.

Racing Series

The Racing series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils in mountain basins. These soils formed

in mixed ash and alluvium derived from mixed

sources. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 95 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 35 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Racing sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 2,000 feet

west and 500 feet north of the southeast corner of sec.

8, T. 9 S., R. 9 E.

Oi—3 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 239

A—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) sandy loam,

dark brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; common distinct

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; weak medium

granular structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine, fine, medium, and

coarse roots; many very fine, fine, medium, and

coarse irregular pores; moderately acid (pH 5.8);

clear smooth boundary.

Oa—7 to 11 inches; black (N 2/0) muck, rubbed and

pressed, very dark gray (7.5YR 3/1) dry; about 40

percent fibers, 5 percent rubbed; weak medium

platy structure; very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine, fine, medium, and

coarse roots; moderately acid (pH 5.8); clear

smooth boundary.

Bg1—11 to 16 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silt loam,

light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; common

distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6 ) and

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) mottles; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

very fine and fine roots and few medium and

coarse roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores and few medium tubular pores; common

faint organic coatings on faces of peds and lining

pores; 5 percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.6);

clear smooth boundary.

Bg2—16 to 22 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

silty clay loam, white (10YR 8/1) dry; many distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; strong coarse

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and

fine roots and few medium roots; common very

fine and fine tubular pores and few medium

tubular pores; moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear

smooth boundary.

2Bg3—22 to 30 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

very gravelly clay loam, light gray (10YR 7/1) dry;

many distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic;

few very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine

tubular pores; 40 percent gravel; moderately acid

(pH 5.6); gradual wavy boundary.

2Bg4—30 to 41 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

extremely gravelly loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry;

many distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

mottles; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; 60 percent gravel; moderately acid

(pH 5.6); clear wavy boundary.

3Cg1—41 to 51 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

extremely gravelly sand, very pale brown

(10YR 7/3) dry; many distinct dark yellowish

brown (10YR 4/6) mottles; weakly cemented with

iron; massive; very hard, very firm, nonsticky and

nonplastic; 80 percent gravel; 20 percent ironmanganese concretions; moderately acid (pH 5.6)

clear wavy boundary.

3Cg2—51 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very

gravelly sandy loam, light gray (10YR 7/1) dry;

many distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

mottles; massive; hard; firm, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; 50 percent gravel; moderately acid

(pH 5.6).

Depth to the weakly cemented substratum is 40 to

60 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

The particle-size control section averages 20 to 30

percent clay, more than 15 percent fine sand or

coarser material, and less than 35 percent total rock

fragments. The profile is mottled throughout.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry. It

has moist bulk density of 0.80 to 0.90 grams per

centimeter and has andic properties.

The Oa horizon, where present, has value of 2 or

3 moist or dry and chroma of 0 to 2 moist or dry.

 The Bg horizon has value of 4 to 6 moist and 6 to

8 dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is silt

loam or silty clay loam and is 0 to 5 percent gravel.

 The 2Bg horizon has value of 5 or 6 moist and 7

or 8 dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is

clay loam or loam and is 35 to 80 percent gravel.

The 3Cg1 horizon has value of 5 or 6 moist and 7

or 8 dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist and 2 or 3

dry. It is 60 to 85 percent gravel and 15 to 25 percent

iron-manganese concretions.

The 3Cg2 horizon has value of 5 or 6 moist and 7

or 8 dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is

sandy loam or loam and is 35 to 80 percent gravel.

Rockly Series

The Rockly series consists of very shallow, well

drained soils on mesas. These soils formed in

colluvium derived dominantly from basalt with an

influence of loess in the upper part. Slopes are 0 to 30

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 14

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Rockly very stony silt loam in an

area of Watama-Rockly complex, 0 to 8 percent

slopes, in an area of rangeland; 1,900 feet east and

2,100 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 8, T. 9

S., R. 12 E.

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

very stony silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

dry; weak thin and medium platy structure; soft,
240 Soil Survey

very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common

very fine and fine roots; common very fine and

fine tubular pores; 40 percent stones and 10

percent cobbles; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth

boundary.

 Bw1—3 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

cobbly silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

common very fine and fine roots; common very

fine and fine tubular pores; 35 percent cobbles

and 15 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); clear

smooth boundary.

Bw2—7 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) extremely

cobbly silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very

fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular

pores; 50 percent cobbles and 25 percent gravel;

neutral (pH 6.8); abrupt wavy boundary.

2R—9 inches; basalt.

Depth to bedrock is 4 to 10 inches. The particlesize control section averages 20 to 30 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 0 to

30 percent stones, 10 to 20 percent cobbles, and 10 to

55 percent gravel.

The Bw horizon has chroma of 2 to 4 moist and 4

or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

silt loam or silty clay loam and is 30 to 50 percent

cobbles and 15 to 25 percent gravel. In some pedons,

faint clay films line pores in a thin layer above the

bedrock.

Ruckles Series

The Ruckles series consists of shallow, well

drained soils in canyons. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from

basalt or tuff. Slopes are 2 to 80 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Ruckles very cobbly loam in an

area of Ruclick-Ruckles complex, 12 to 30 percent

slopes, in an area of rangeland; 1,000 feet west and

1,500 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 1,

T. 9 S., R. 12 E.

A—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very

cobbly loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

weak thin platy structure; soft, friable, nonsticky

and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and

few medium roots; many very fine and fine

irregular pores and few medium irregular pores;

30 percent cobbles and 15 percent gravel; neutral

(pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—4 to 8 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

extremely gravelly clay loam, dark grayish brown

(10YR 4/2) dry; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic;

common very fine, fine, and medium roots;

common very fine, fine, and medium tubular

pores; common distinct films on faces of peds; 20

percent cobbles and 45 percent gravel; neutral

(pH 6.8); abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt2—8 to 18 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

gravelly clay, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong

medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm,

sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few

very fine and fine tubular pores; many prominent

clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 15

percent cobbles and 35 percent gravel; neutral

(pH 6.6); clear smooth boundary.

R—18 inches; tuff.

Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The particlesize control section averages 35 to 60 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is very

cobbly loam, very stony loam, or very cobbly silt loam.

It is 15 to 30 percent cobbles, 0 to 20 percent stones,

and 5 to 20 percent gravel.

The Bt1 horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is

clay loam or clay. It is 25 to 45 percent gravel, 10 to

20 percent cobbles, and 0 to 10 percent stones.

The Bt2 horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 25

to 45 percent gravel, 10 to 20 percent cobbles, and 0

to 20 percent stones.

Ruclick Series

The Ruclick series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils in canyons. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from

basalt or tuff. Slopes are 12 to 55 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Ruclick very stony loam in an

area of Ruclick-Ruckles complex, 30 to 55 percent

slopes, in an area of rangeland; 2,000 feet north and

1,500 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 21,

T. 8 S., R. 13 E.

A—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very

stony loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak

fine subangular blocky structure parting to weak

fine granular; soft, friable, nonsticky and
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 241

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many

very fine and fine irregular pores; 25 percent

stones, 25 percent cobbles, and 5 percent gravel;

neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—4 to 14 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) very cobbly silty clay loam, brown

(10YR 5/3) dry; strong medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very

fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores; common distinct clay films on faces

of peds and lining pores; 30 percent cobbles and

20 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth

boundary.

Bt2—14 to 24 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) very

cobbly clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

strong medium subangular blocky structure; very

hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine

and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular

pores; many prominent clay films on faces of peds

and lining pores; 30 percent cobbles and 20

percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth

boundary.

Bt3—24 to 37 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely

cobbly clay, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine and

fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 30

percent cobbles and 30 percent gravel; neutral

(pH 6.6); clear smooth boundary.

R—37 inches; basalt.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The particlesize control section averages 35 to 50 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 10 to

30 percent stones, 15 to 25 percent cobbles, and 5 to

15 percent gravel.

The Bt1 horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is

clay loam or silty clay loam. The horizon is 20 to 40

percent cobbles, 10 to 20 percent gravel, and 0 to 5

percent stones.

The Bt2 and Bt3 horizons have value of 3 or 4

moist and 5 or 6 dry, and they have chroma of 3 or 4

moist or dry. They are 30 to 40 percent cobbles, 10 to

30 percent gravel, and 0 to 5 percent stones.

Sagley Series

The Sagley series consists of deep, well drained

soils in canyons. These soils formed in residuum and

colluvium derived dominantly from basalt with an

influence of loess in the upper part. Slopes are 12 to

55 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 13

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Sagley silt loam in an area of

Sagley-Kishwalk complex, 30 to 55 percent slopes, in

an area of rangeland; 600 feet north and 1,500 feet

east of the southwest corner of sec. 28, T. 8 S.,

R. 12 E.

A—0 to 7 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silt loam, very dark

grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; 5

percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth

boundary.

AB—7 to 18 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt

loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores; 5

percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth

boundary.

 Bt1—18 to 26 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) very cobbly clay loam, brown

(10YR 4/3) dry; moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and

fine roots and few medium roots; common very

fine and fine tubular pores and few medium

tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds

and lining pores; 30 percent cobbles and 15

percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth

boundary.

Bt2—26 to 34 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) cobbly clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3)

dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic;

few very fine, fine, and medium roots; few very

fine, fine, and medium tubular pores; common

faint clay films on faces of peds and lining pores;

15 percent cobbles and 15 percent gravel; neutral

(pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary.

Bt3—34 to 50 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

cobbly clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine and

fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores;

many distinct clay films on faces of peds and

lining pores; 40 percent cobbles and 15 percent

gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); abrupt wavy boundary.

R—50 inches; basalt.
242 Soil Survey

Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. The particlesize control section averages 27 to 35 percent clay

and more than 35 percent total rock fragments. The

mollic epipedon is 20 to 30 inches thick.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 0 to

10 percent gravel.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is

silty clay loam or clay loam and is 15 to 50 percent

cobbles and 10 to 25 percent are gravel.

Shiva Series

The Shiva series consists of very deep, well

drained soils in canyons. They formed in residuum

and colluvium derived dominantly from volcanic ash

and pumice. Slopes are 0 to 55 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 13 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Shiva fine sandy loam, 30 to 55

percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 300 feet east

and 1,100 feet north of the southwest corner of sec.

23, T. 9 S., R. 11 E.

A—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) fine

sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores; 5

percent gravel-sized pumice and 10 percent

pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter;

slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth boundary.

 BA—4 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) fine sandy loam, dark grayish brown

(10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky

and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots;

many very fine and fine tubular pores; 5 percent

gravel-sized pumice and 10 percent pumice that is

0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter; neutral (pH 6.6);

clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—9 to 18 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine

sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very

fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many

very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium

tubular pores; 10 percent gravel-sized pumice and

10 percent pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in

diameter; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth

boundary.

Bw2—18 to 28 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

fine sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; many

very fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

many very fine and fine tubular pores and few

medium tubular pores; 15 percent gravel-sized

pumice and 10 percent pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0

millimeters in diameter; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear

smooth boundary.

Bw3—28 to 44 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

fine sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, firm, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and

few medium roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; 20

percent gravel-sized pumice and 10 percent

pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter;

neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth boundary.

C—44 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 3/3) very gravelly

fine sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

massive; hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic;

common very fine and fine roots and few medium

roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores

and few medium tubular pores; 35 percent gravelsized pumice and 15 percent pumice that is 0.5 to

2.0 millimeters in diameter; mildly alkaline

(pH 7.6).

Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The

mollic epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. The particlesize control section averages 10 to 18 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 5 to

10 percent gravel-sized pumice and 5 to 20 percent

pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and

4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

It is loam or fine sandy loam. The horizon is 5

to 25 percent gravel-sized pumice and 10 to 25

percent pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in

diameter.

The C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is loam

or fine sandy loam and is 20 to 40 percent gravelsized pumice and 15 to 30 percent pumice that is 0.5

to 2.0 millimeters in diameter.

Simas Series

The Simas series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on foothills. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from

sedimentary rock with an influence of loess in the

upper part. Slopes are 2 to 80 percent. The mean
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 243

annual precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Simas silt loam in an area of

Simas-Antoken complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes, in an

area of rangeland; 2,000 feet west and 2,500 feet

south of the northeast corner of sec. 2, T. 8 S., R. 13 E.

A1—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt

loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak

fine subangular blocky structure parting to weak

fine granular; soft, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots;

many very fine and fine irregular pores; neutral

(pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary.

A2—3 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common

very fine and fine tubular pores; neutral (pH 7.2);

abrupt smooth boundary.

2Bt1—9 to 18 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay,

dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; strong medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; very hard,

very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very

fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular

pores; many prominent clay films on faces of peds

and lining pores; 5 percent gravel; mildly alkaline

(pH 7.4); gradual smooth boundary.

2Bt2—18 to 26 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay,

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; very hard,

very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very

fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular

pores; many prominent clay films on faces of peds

and lining pores; 5 percent gravel; moderately

alkaline (pH 8.4); abrupt smooth boundary.

2Btk—26 to 35 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay,

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine

roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; many

distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining

pores; strongly effervescent with segregated lime

in soft masses and seams; 10 percent gravel;

moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); clear smooth

boundary.

2Bk1—35 to 46 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

gravelly clay loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3)

dry; massive; hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; strongly effervescent with

disseminated lime; 30 percent gravel; moderately

alkaline (pH 8.4); gradual smooth boundary.

2Bk2—46 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

gravelly clay loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3)

dry; massive; hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; violently effervescent with

disseminated lime; 15 percent gravel; moderately

alkaline (pH 8.4).

Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The

particle-size control section averages 50 to 60 percent

clay. The mollic epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick, and

it may include the upper part of the argillic horizon.

The A horizon has value 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry. It is silt loam, cobbly silt loam, or very stony loam.

The horizon is 0 to 20 percent gravel, 0 to 20 percent

cobbles, and 0 to 20 percent stones.

The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 0

to 15 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles.

The 2Btk horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5

or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

0 to 20 percent gravel and 0 to 15 percent cobbles.

The 2Bk1 horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6

or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

clay or clay loam and is 15 to 40 percent gravel and 0

to 15 percent cobbles. The horizon is strongly

effervescent to violently effervescent.

Simnasho Series

The Simnasho series consists of moderately

deep, well drained soils on mountains. These soils

formed in residuum and colluvium derived dominantly

from andesite with a mantle of volcanic ash in the

upper part. Slopes are 0 to 40 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 32 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F.

 Typical pedon of Simnasho very stony sandy

loam in an area of Smiling-Simnasho complex,

high precipitation, 0 to 12 percent slopes, in an

area of woodland; 2,000 feet west and 500 feet

north of the southeast corner of sec. 35, T. 10 S.,

R. 9 E.

Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very stony

sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; weak fine

granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few

medium and coarse roots; many very fine and fine

irregular pores and few medium and coarse

irregular pores; 30 percent stones and 20 percent

cobbles; moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear smooth

boundary.
244 Soil Survey

AB—7 to 16 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very

stony sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very

fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many

very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium

tubular pores; 30 percent stones and 20 percent

cobbles; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth

boundary.

Bw—16 to 24 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very

cobbly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and

few medium roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; 30

percent cobbles; 10 percent stones; slightly acid

(pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary.

2Btb—24 to 33 inches; dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) extremely cobbly loam, pale brown

(10YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky

and slightly plastic; few fine and medium roots;

few fine and medium tubular pores; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining

pores; 45 percent cobbles and 20 percent stones;

slightly acid (pH 6.4); gradual wavy boundary.

2Cr—33 inches; weathered andesite.

Depth to weathered andesite is 20 to 40 inches.

The profile has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. The particlesize control section is 35 to 85 percent rock fragments.

The upper part is 10 to 15 percent clay, and the lower

part is 25 to 35 percent clay. The horizon is slightly

acid or moderately acid.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is very

stony sandy loam or very cobbly sandy loam, and is 5

to 40 percent stones, 10 to 30 percent cobbles, and 0

to 10 percent gravel.

Texture of the AB horizon is similar to that of the A

horizon. The AB horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and

4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 0 to

5 percent gravel, 20 to 40 percent cobbles, and 10 to

20 percent stones.

The 2Btb horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5

or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

loam or clay loam. The horizon is 0 to 5 percent

gravel, 30 to 50 percent cobbles, and 10 to 25 percent

stones.

Skooker Series

The Skooker soils consists of deep, well drained

soils on outwash plains. These soils formed in glacial

outwash with an influence of volcanic ash. Slopes are

0 to 20 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 18 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Skooker gravelly loam, 8 to 20

percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 1,500 feet

east and 300 feet south of the northwest corner of sec.

29, T. 7 S., R. 11 E.

Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry;

moderate thick platy structure parting to moderate

coarse granular; soft, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and

few medium and coarse roots; common very fine

and fine irregular pores and few medium and

coarse irregular pores; 20 percent gravel; neutral

(pH 7.0); clear wavy boundary.

A2—4 to 16 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) gravelly loam, grayish brown

(10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure parting to

moderate medium granular structure; slightly

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine, fine, and medium roots;

common very fine, fine, and medium tubular

pores; 20 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear

smooth boundary.

Bt1—16 to 31 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm,

sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine

roots and few medium roots; common very fine

and fine tubular pores and few medium tubular

pores; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds; 30 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.3);

gradual smooth boundary.

Bt2—31 to 50 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3)

extremely cobbly silty clay loam, brown

(10YR 5/3) dry, moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few

fine and medium roots; few fine and medium

tubular pores; common distinct clay films on faces

of peds; 25 percent cobbles and 40 percent

gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.3); gradual wavy

boundary.

2Cr—50 inches; highly fractured sandstone.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 245

Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. The profile

has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. The mollic epipedon is 20

to 30 inches thick, and it may include the upper part of

the argillic horizon. The particle-size control section

averages 27 to 35 percent clay.

 The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 20

to 30 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. It is

2 to 3 percent organic matter.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is

silty clay loam or clay loam. The Bt1 horizon is 20 to

30 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. The

Bt2 horizon is 25 to 35 percent cobbles and 30 to 40

percent gravel.

Skoven Series

The Skoven series consists of shallow, well

drained soils on low foothills. These soils formed in

loess and colluvium over sedimentary rock or tuff.

Slopes are 0 to 15 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Skoven extremely gravelly silt

loam in an area of Skoven-Lavey complex, 2 to 15

percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 1,000 feet

south and 2,500 feet west of the northeast corner of

sec. 9, T. 8 S., R. 13 E.

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

extremely gravelly silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

moderate medium platy structure parting to weak

fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots and few medium roots; many very fine and

fine irregular pores and few medium irregular

pores; 70 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear

smooth boundary.

Bt1—3 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

gravelly silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common

very fine and fine roots; common very fine and

fine tubular pores; many distinct clay films on

faces of peds and lining pores; 50 percent gravel;

neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—8 to 11 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4)

extremely gravelly clay, yellowish red (5YR 5/6)

dry; strong fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic;

few very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine

tubular pores; continuous prominent clay films on

faces of peds and lining pores; 70 percent gravel;

neutral (pH 6.8); abrupt smooth boundary.

2Crkq—11 to 21 inches; paralithic tuff with coatings of

silica and calcium carbonate.

2R—21 inches; welded tuff of the Deschutes

Formation

Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The particlesize control section averages 35 to 45 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 60 to

80 percent gravel. It is 10 to 30 percent volcanic

glass.

The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR or 10YR;

value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry; and chroma of 3

to 6 moist or dry. It is silty clay loam or clay and is 40

to 70 percent gravel.

The 2Crkq horizon is paralithic tuff or waterlain

sediment of the Deschutes Formation.

Smiling Series

The Smiling series consists of deep, well drained

soils on mountains. These soils formed in residuum

and colluvium derived dominantly from andesite with a

mantle of volcanic ash in the upper part. Slopes are 0

to 12 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about

32 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is

about 43 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Smiling sandy loam, in an area of

Smiling-Simnasho complex, high precipitation, 0 to 12

percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 1,300 feet

east and 500 feet north of the southwest corner of sec.

3, T. 11 S., R. 9 E.

Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A1—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) sandy

loam, brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; weak medium

granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and

common medium roots; many very fine and fine

irregular pores and common medium irregular

pores; 3 percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 6.0);

clear smooth boundary.

A2—3 to 9 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) sandy

loam, brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; weak fine

subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine

granular; soft, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and

common medium roots; many very fine and fine

tubular pores and common medium tubular pores;

5 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear

smooth boundary.
246 Soil Survey

 Bw1—9 to 15 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sandy

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine

subangular blocky structure; soft, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots and few medium and coarse roots; many

very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium

and coarse tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; slightly

acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—15 to 33 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sandy

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; soft, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots and few medium and coarse roots; many

very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium

and coarse tubular pores; 10 percent gravel;

slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth boundary.

2Btb1—33 to 43 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly

loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate

medium subangular structure; slightly hard, firm,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very

fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores; common faint clay films on faces of

peds; 20 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles;

moderately acid (pH 6.0); gradual wavy boundary.

2Btb2—43 to 56 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly

loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) slightly hard,

firm; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

very fine and few fine roots; common very fine

and few fine tubular pores; common distinct clay

films on faces of peds and lining pores; 20 percent

gravel and 10 percent cobbles; moderately acid

(pH 6.0); clear smooth boundary.

2Cr—56 inches; weathered andesite.

Depth to weathered andesite is 40 to 60 inches.

The profile has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. The upper part

of the particle-size control section is 10 to 15 percent

clay, and the contrasting, lower part is 25 to 35 percent

clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 0 to

10 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 0

to 10 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles.

The 2Btb horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5

or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

loam or clay loam and is 10 to 20 percent gravel and

0 to 10 percent cobbles.

Sorf Series

 The Sorf series consists of moderately deep, well

drained soils on foothills. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from

sedimentary rock with an influence of loess. Slopes

are 2 to 55 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 10 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 51 degrees F.

 Typical pedon of Sorf very gravelly loam in an

area of Sorf-Simas complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes, in

an area of rangeland; 4,000 feet east and 4,050 feet

south of the northwest corner of sec. 3, T. 8 S.,

R. 13 E.

A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

very gravelly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;

weak very fine subangular blocky structure

parting to weak very fine granular; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many

very fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

many very fine and fine irregular pores and few

medium irregular pores; 40 percent gravel and 10

percent cobbles; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth

boundary.

A2—2 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

very gravelly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; many very

fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores and few

medium tubular pores; 35 percent gravel; neutral

(pH 7.0); abrupt wavy boundary.

2Bt1—6 to 17 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay,

brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; strong coarse subangular

blocky structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky

and very plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few

very fine and fine tubular pores; many distinct clay

films on faces of peds and lining pores; 5 percent

gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); gradual wavy boundary.

2Bt2—17 to 23 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay,

brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; strong medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm,

very sticky and very plastic; few very fine and fine

roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores;

continuous prominent clay films on faces of peds

and lining pores; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); clear

wavy boundary.

2Btk—23 to 26 inches; dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/6) clay loam, yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; very hard, very firm, sticky and

plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few very fine

and fine tubular pores; common distinct clay films

on faces of peds and lining pores; strongly

effervescent; soft masses of segregated lime;

moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); clear wavy

boundary.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 247

2Cr—26 inches; calcareous tuff; violently effervescent

with disseminated lime.

Depth to tuff ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Depth

to the discontinuity is 5 to 15 inches. The particle-size

control section averages 50 to 60 percent clay and

less than 35 percent total rock fragments. The profile

has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR.

The A horizon has value 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 35 to

50 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles.

The 2Bt horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 moist or dry. It is 0

to 10 percent gravel.

The 2Btk horizon or the 2Bk horizon, where

present, has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and it

has chroma of 5 or 6 moist or dry. It is 0 to 10 percent

gravel. It is strongly effervescent or violently

effervescent.

Spilyay Series

The Spilyay series consists of very deep, well

drained soils in canyons. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from

semiconsolidated conglomerate and tuff. Slopes are 0

to 30 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about

17 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is

about 48 degrees F.

 Typical pedon of Spilyay very cobbly loam in an

area of Spilyay-Bodell complex, 2 to 30 percent

slopes, 1,500 feet west and 2,500 north of the

southeast corner of sec. 16, T. 10 S., R. 11 E.

Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A—0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

very cobbly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;

moderate medium granular structure parting to

moderate very fine subangular blocky; soft, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; many very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse irregular pores; 25 percent

cobbles and 20 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8);

abrupt smooth boundary.

2Bt1—8 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and

plastic; common very fine, fine, medium, and

coarse roots; common very fine, fine, medium,

and coarse tubular pores; common distinct clay

films on faces of peds and lining pores; 10 percent

gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary.

2Bt2—15 to 21 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay,

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; strong medium

prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse

subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm,

sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine

roots and few medium and coarse roots; common

very fine and fine tubular pores; many prominent

clay films on faces of peds and lining pores;

neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary.

2Bt3—21 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) clay, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

dry; strong medium subangular blocky structure;

very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; common

very fine and fine roots and few medium and

coarse roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; many prominent clay films on faces of peds

and lining pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH

7.0); gradual wavy boundary.

2Bt4—32 to 41 inches; dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) clay, light yellowish brown

(10YR 6/4) dry; moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm,

sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few

very fine and fine tubular pores; many prominent

clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 5

percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); gradual wavy

boundary.

2BCt—41 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam,

light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; massive;

hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common distinct clay films along broken planes; 5

percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0).

Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The

mollic epipedon is 10 to 15 inches thick. The particlesize control section averages 35 to 55 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 20 to

30 percent cobbles and 15 to 25 percent gravel.

The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 0

to 10 percent gravel.

The 2BCt horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5

or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

silt loam or loam and is 0 to 10 percent gravel.

Suppah Series

The Suppah series consists of soils that are

moderately deep to pumice and are somewhat

excessively drained. These soils are in canyons. They

formed in residuum and colluvium derived dominantly

from volcanic ash and pumice. Slopes are 12 to 30

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 10

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

51 degrees F.
248 Soil Survey

Typical pedon of Suppah very gravelly sandy

loam, 12 to 30 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland;

2,200 feet west and 1,400 feet south of the northeast

corner of sec. 10, T. 10 S., R. 12 E.

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very

gravelly sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

dry; weak fine granular structure; soft, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots and few medium roots; many very fine and

fine irregular pores and few medium irregular

pores; 50 percent gravel-sized pumice and 10

percent pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in

diameter; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary.

AB—3 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) very gravelly sandy loam, pale brown

(10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few

medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular

pores and few medium tubular pores; 45 percent

gravel-sized pumice and 10 percent pumice that is

0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter; neutral (pH 7.1);

clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—10 to 18 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

very gravelly sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3)

dry; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few

medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular

pores and few medium tubular pores; 55 percent

gravel-sized pumice and 15 percent pumice that is

0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter; neutral (pH 7.3);

clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—18 to 26 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3)

extremely gravelly sandy loam, light yellowish

brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate fine subangular

blocky structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and

few medium roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores and few medium tubular pores;

slightly effervescent with disseminated lime; 70

percent gravel-sized pumice and 15 percent

pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter;

slightly acid (pH 6.5); abrupt wavy boundary.

C—26 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) pumice,

white (10YR 8/2) dry.

Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth

to fragmental pumice is 20 to 40 inches. The upper 20

to 40 inches of the particle-size control section

averages 5 to 10 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 45 to

55 percent gravel-sized pumice and 5 to 15 percent

pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 6 or

7 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is

sandy loam or loamy sand. It is 45 to 80 percent

gravel-sized pumice and 10 to 20 percent pumice that

is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter.

The C horizon has value of 7 or 8 moist or dry,

and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is

fragmental pumice and is less than 10 percent

particles that are less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

Teewee Series

The Teewee series consists of deep, well drained

soils on mountains. These soils formed in residuum

and colluvium derived from andesite or basalt with an

influence of volcanic ash. Slopes are from 0 to 12

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 20

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

47 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Teewee loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes, in an area of woodland, 2,500 feet west and

1,600 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 36,

T. 8 S., R. 10 E.

Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) loam,

brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry; weak fine subangular

blocky structure parting to weak fine granular

structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

many very fine and fine roots and few medium

roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores and

few medium irregular pores; moderately acid

(pH 6.0); clear smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 11 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) loam,

brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine, fine,

and medium roots and few coarse roots; common

very fine, fine, and medium tubular pores and few

coarse tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; slightly

acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—11 to 18 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) loam,

brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very

fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores and few

medium tubular pores; common distinct clay films

on faces of peds; 5 percent gravel; slightly acid

(pH 6.4); clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—18 to 27 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 249

and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine, fine, and medium roots;

common very fine, fine, and medium tubular

pores; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds; 10 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4);

clear smooth boundary.

Bt3—27 to 43 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure; very

hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine and

fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores;

many distinct clay films on faces of peds; 10

percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth

boundary.

Bt4—43 to 53 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very

stony clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

very hard, very firm, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; few fine roots; few fine tubular pores;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 20

percent stones, 20 percent cobbles, and 10

percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); gradual wavy

boundary.

2Cr—53 inches; weathered andesite.

Depth to weathered bedrock is 40 to 60 inches.

The profile has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. The mollic

epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. The particle-size

control section averages 25 to 35 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 0 to

10 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. It is 2

to 4 percent organic matter.

The Bt1, Bt2, and Bt3 horizons have value of 3 or

4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and they have chroma of 3 or 4

moist or dry. They are loam or clay loam and are 0 to

10 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles.

The Bt4 horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 4 or 5 moist or dry. It is 0

to 15 percent gravel, 10 to 20 percent cobbles, and 10

to 20 percent stones.

Tenwalter Series

The Tenwalter series consists of soils that are

shallow to a duripan and are well drained. These soils

are on outwash plains. They formed in glacial outwash

with an influence of loess in the upper part. Slopes

are 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 14 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Tenwalter very cobbly silt loam in

an area of Milldam-Tenwalter complex, 0 to 3 percent

slopes, in an area of rangeland; 2,200 feet west and

1,300 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 18,

T. 8 S., R. 11 E.

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

very cobbly silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure parting

to weak fine granular; soft, very friable, nonsticky

and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots;

many very fine and fine irregular pores; 30

percent cobbles and 20 percent gravel; slightly

acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary.

BA—3 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

cobbly silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common

very fine and fine tubular pores; 30 percent

cobbles and 10 percent gravel; slightly acid

(pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary.

2Bt—11 to 15 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4)

extremely cobbly clay, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry;

strong fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm,

sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine

roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores;

many prominent clay films on faces of peds and

lining pores; 50 percent cobbles and 15 percent

gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); abrupt smooth

boundary.

2Btqm—15 to 27 inches; duripan; indurated and

strongly cemented; extremely hard and very

brittle; silica cap 1 millimeter thick; many

prominent clay films in fractures; pendants of clay

and silica on bottom of fractures; neutral (pH 7.2);

abrupt wavy boundary.

2Btq—27 to 60 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) extremely

cobbly clay, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; massive; hard,

firm and brittle, sticky and plastic; weak silica

cementation; many prominent clay films on faces

of rock fragments; 60 percent cobbles and 20

percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0).

Depth to the duripan is 10 to 20 inches. Depth to

bedrock is more than 60 inches. The mollic epipedon

is 10 to 15 inches thick. The particle-size control

section averages 35 to 45 percent clay.

 The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and

4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It

is 25 to 40 percent cobbles and 10 to 20 percent

gravel.

The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value

of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4

moist or dry. It is silty clay loam or clay and is 40 to 60

percent cobbles and 10 to 20 percent gravel.
250 Soil Survey

The 2Btqm horizon is indurated with 1- to 2-

millimeter-thick laminar bands, or it is strongly

cemented and is indurated in the upper part. It is 10 to

25 inches thick.

The 2Btq horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 10YR,

value of 4 to 6 moist or dry, and chroma of 4 or 5 moist

or dry. It is clay or silty clay and is 40 to 60 percent

cobbles and 10 to 20 percent gravel. The horizon is

weakly cemented or strongly cemented.

Tolius Series

The Tolius series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on outwash plains. These soils formed in

glacial outwash with an influence of volcanic ash.

Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 18 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Tolius loam, 0 to 8 percent

slopes, in an area of woodland; 650 feet east and 200

feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 6, T. 9 S.,

R. 11 E.

Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A1—0 to 5 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam,

dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak very fine

subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine

granular; soft, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many

very fine and fine irregular pores; neutral (pH 6.6);

clear smooth boundary.

A2—5 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

many very fine and fine roots; many very fine and

fine tubular pores; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth

boundary.

A3—11 to 23 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and

fine roots and few medium roots; common very

fine and fine tubular pores; neutral (pH 6.8); clear

smooth boundary.

Bt1—23 to 35 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy

clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine and fine roots and few medium

roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds and

lining pores; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth

boundary.

Bt2—35 to 49 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common fine and medium roots; common fine

tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds

and lining pores; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth

boundary.

C—49 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam, pale

brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, firm,

nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine and

medium roots; common fine tubular pores; 10

percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0).

Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. A

weakly cemented duripan is below a depth of 60

inches in some pedons. The mollic epipedon is 20 to

30 inches thick, and it may include the upper part of

the argillic horizon. The particle-size control section

averages 18 to 30 percent clay. It is slightly acid or

neutral.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 0 to

10 percent gravel and 2 to 3 percent organic matter.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam and is 0 to 15

percent gravel.

The C horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. It is loam

or sandy loam and is 10 to 30 percent gravel and 0 to

15 percent cobbles.

Typic Vitricryands

Typic Vitricryands are moderately deep to deep,

excessively drained soils on mountains. These soils

formed in residuum and colluvium derived dominantly

from pyroclastic ashflow, andesite, and volcanic ash.

Slopes are 2 to 70 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 95 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 35 degrees F.

Reference pedon of Typic Vitricryands, 2 to 70

percent slopes; 2,500 feet south and 2,500 feet west

of the northeast corner of sec. 25, T. 10 S., R. 8 E.

A—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) extremely

stony sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak

fine and medium subangular blocky structure

parting to weak fine granular; soft, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots and few medium roots; many very fine and

fine irregular pores and few medium irregular
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 251

pores; 30 percent stones, 20 percent cobbles, and

20 percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.8); clear

wavy boundary.

2C1—8 to 18 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1)

extremely cobbly loamy sand, light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and

fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; 30 percent gravel, 30 percent cobbles, and

5 percent stones; moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear

smooth boundary.

2C2—18 to 29 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) extremely cobbly sand, pale brown

(10YR 6/3) dry; loose; nonsticky and nonplastic;

few very fine and fine roots; 40 percent cobbles,

30 percent gravel, and 5 percent stones;

moderately acid (pH 5.6); abrupt wavy boundary.

3Cr—29 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

pyroclastic ashflow.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 60 inches.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It

typically is sandy loam. The horizon is 30 to 40

percent stones, 10 to 30 percent cobbles, and 10 to 40

percent gravel.

The 2C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to

6 dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 moist or dry. It is

sandy loam, loamy sand, or sand. The horizon is 30 to

50 percent cobbles, 10 to 30 percent gravel, and 0 to

20 percent stones.

The 3Cr horizon is pyroclastic ashflow or highly

weathered andesite.

Venator Series

The Venator series consists of shallow, well

drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from

sedimentary rock. Slopes are 2 to 80 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is about 13 inches, and the

mean annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F.

 Typical pedon of Venator extremely channery

loam in an area of Venator-Rock outcrop complex, 2 to

30 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 1,300 feet

east and 100 feet north of the southwest corner of sec.

1, T. 8 S., R. 12 E.

A—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

extremely channery loam, grayish brown

(10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine subangular blocky

structure parting to weak fine granular; soft, very

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine

and fine roots; many very fine and fine irregular

pores; 65 percent channers; neutral (pH 7.0);

clear smooth boundary.

AB—4 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

channery loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and

fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; 50 percent channers; neutral (pH 6.8);

clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—7 to 13 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

channery loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

common very fine and fine roots; common very

fine and fine tubular pores; 50 percent channers;

neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—13 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown

(10YR 3/4) extremely channery loam, yellowish

brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine

roots; few very fine tubular pores; 75 percent

channers; slightly acid (pH 6.4); gradual wavy

boundary.

R—18 inches; fractured sedimentary rock.

Depth to bedrock is 12 to 20 inches. The mollic

epipedon is 7 to 15 inches thick. The particle-size

control section averages 15 to 25 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 60 to

70 percent channers.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist and dry. It is

50 to 75 percent channers.

Vitrandic Haploxerolls

Vitrandic Haploxerolls are very deep, well drained

to somewhat excessively drained soils in narrow

drainageways of mountains. These soils formed in

medium- to coarse-textured alluvium derived from

mixed sources with an influence of volcanic ash.

Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 28 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 45 degrees F.

Reference pedon of Vitrandic Haploxerolls, 0 to 8

percent slopes; 2,000 feet north and 1,000 feet east of

the southwest corner of sec. 26, T. 7 S., R. 10 E.

A—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

very gravelly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;

weak fine and medium granular structure; soft,

very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very
252 Soil Survey

fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine tubular

pores; 25 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles;

moderately acid (pH 5.8); clear smooth boundary.

AB—5 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak

fine and medium subangular blocky structure

parting to weak fine granular; soft, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and

fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; 30 percent gravel, 10 percent cobbles, and

5 percent stones; moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear

smooth boundary.

Bw1—11 to 20 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3)

extremely gravelly loamy sand, brown (10YR 5/3)

dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common

very fine and fine roots; common very fine and

fine tubular pores; 40 percent gravel, 15 percent

cobbles, and 10 percent stones; slightly acid (pH

6.4); clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—20 to 35 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) very

gravelly silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common very fine roots; few very fine

tubular pores; 40 percent gravel and 10 percent

cobbles; neutral (pH 6.6); clear wavy boundary.

C—35 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

very gravelly sandy clay loam, yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) dry; massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky

and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; 40 percent

gravel and 10 percent cobbles; neutral (pH 7.2).

Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 moist or dry. It

typically is loam. The horizon is 20 to 40 percent

gravel, 10 to 20 percent cobbles, and 0 to 5 percent

stones.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is

sandy loam, loamy sand, loam, or silt loam. The

horizon is 25 to 50 percent gravel, 10 to 20 percent

cobbles, and 0 to 10 percent stones.

The C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is

sandy clay loam, clay loam, sandy loam, or loam. The

horizon is 30 to 60 percent gravel, 10 to 30 percent

cobbles, and 0 to 10 percent stones.

Wakamo Series

The Wakamo series consists of shallow, well

drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from

sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic ash.

Slopes are 2 to 30 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 18 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 47 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Wakamo very gravelly loam

in an area of Wakamo-Rock outcrop complex, 2 to

30 percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 3,000

east and 800 feet south of the northwest corner

of sec. 14, T. 7 S., R. 13 E.

Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs.

A1—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

very gravelly loam, light brownish gray (10YR 5/2)

dry; weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores; 45

percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth

boundary.

A2—3 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and

few medium roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; 50

percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth

boundary.

Bt1—11 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3)

extremely gravelly clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3)

dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; few fine and medium roots; few fine and

medium tubular pores; few distinct clay films on

faces of peds and lining pores; 60 percent gravel;

neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—15 to 18 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3)

extremely gravelly clay, brown (10YR 5/3)

dry; strong fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic;

few fine and medium roots; few fine and

medium tubular pores; many distinct clay

films on faces of peds and lining pores; 70 percent

gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); abrupt smooth

boundary.

R—18 inches; fractured sedimentary rock.

Depth to sedimentary rock is 10 to 20 inches. The

mollic epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. The particlesize control section averages 35 to 50 percent clay

and 60 to 70 percent rock fragments.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 35 to

55 percent gravel.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 253

The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

clay loam or clay and is 60 to 70 percent gravel.

Walsey Series

The Walsey series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils in canyons. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from

basalt with an influence of loess in the upper part.

Slopes are 2 to 55 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Walsey extremely cobbly silt

loam in an area of Walsey-Axford complex, 30 to 55

percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 1,500 feet

north and 1,500 feet west of the southeast corner of

sec. 11, T. 8 S., R. 13 E.

A—0 to 6 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

extremely cobbly silt loam, dark grayish brown

(10YR 4/2) dry; moderate medium granular

structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

many very fine, fine, and medium roots; many

very fine, fine, and medium irregular pores; 45

percent cobbles and 25 percent gravel; neutral

(pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary.

AB—6 to 11 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

extremely cobbly silt loam, dark grayish brown

(10YR 4/2) dry; moderate very fine and fine

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine,

fine, and medium roots; many very fine, fine, and

medium tubular pores; 40 percent cobbles and 20

percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth

boundary.

Bt—11 to 19 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

cobbly silty clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

dry; strong medium subangular blocky structure;

hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; common very

fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores and few

medium tubular pores; common distinct blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and

few medium roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores; neutral (pH 7.0); clear wavy

boundary.

Bt1—22 to 35 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure; hard,

firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

very fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores; common

faint clay films on faces of peds; neutral (pH 7.2);

clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—35 to 44 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; few fine roots; few very fine and fine

tubular pores; many distinct clay films on faces of

peds and lining pores; 5 percent gravel; mildly

alkaline (pH 7.4); clear smooth boundary.

2C—44 to 58 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; few very fine and fine tubular pores; 10

percent gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); abrupt

smooth boundary.

2R—58 inches; basalt with discontinuous silica cap 1

millimeter thick.

Depth to basalt ranges from 40 to 60 inches. The

mollic epipedon is 20 to 35 inches thick. The particlesize control section averages 27 to 35 percent clay.

 The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 0

to 10 percent gravel.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

clay loam or silty clay loam and is 0 to 10 percent

gravel.

Watama Series

The Watama series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on mesas. These soils formed in

colluvium derived dominantly from basalt with an

influence of loess in the upper part. Slopes are 0 to 30

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 14

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

49 degrees F.

 Typical pedon of Watama silt loam in an area of

Watama-Rockly complex, 0 to 8 percent slopes, in an

area of rangeland; 200 feet east and 300 feet south of

the northwest corner of sec. 24, T. 8 S., R. 11 E.

A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak thin

and medium platy structure; soft, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores;

neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky
254 Soil Survey

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores; neutral

(pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—11 to 21 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3)

silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common very fine and fine roots and

few medium roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores; neutral (pH 7.2); clear smooth

boundary.

Bw2—21 to 28 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty

clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine and fine roots; common very

fine and fine tubular pores; mildly alkaline

(pH 7.4); clear smooth boundary.

Bw3—28 to 37 inches; dark yellowish brown

(10YR 3/4) silty clay loam, yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine

roots; few very fine tubular pores; mildly alkaline

(pH 7.4); abrupt wavy boundary.

2R—37 inches; basalt.

Depth to basalt is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. The mollic epipedon is 20 to

30 inches thick. The particle-size control section

averages 20 to 30 percent clay.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and

4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

It has platy or subangular blocky structure. It is silt

loam or gravelly silt loam and is 0 to 20 percent

gravel.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and

5 or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry.

It is silt loam, gravelly silt loam, or silty clay loam

and is 0 to 20 percent gravel and 0 to 5 percent

cobbles.

Waterbury Series

 The Waterbury series consists of shallow, well

drained soils in canyons. These soils formed in

colluvium derived dominantly from basalt. Slopes are

2 to 80 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 13 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 49 degrees F.

 Typical pedon of Waterbury extremely stony loam

in an area of Waterbury-Kishwalk complex, 2 to 30

percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 1,800 feet

east and 2,500 feet south of the northwest corner of

sec. 21, T. 8 S., R. 12 E.

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

extremely stony loam, dark grayish brown

(10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine subangular blocky

structure parting to weak fine granular; slightly

hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very

fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine

irregular pores; 40 percent stones, 20 percent

cobbles, and 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0);

clear smooth boundary.

AB—3 to 8 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very

stony clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

dry; moderate fine subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common

very fine and fine tubular pores; 30 percent

stones, 20 percent cobbles, and 5 percent gravel;

neutral (pH 6.8); abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—8 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) extremely stony clay, grayish brown

(10YR 5/2) dry; strong medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common

very fine and fine roots; common very fine and

fine tubular pores; many prominent clay films on

faces of peds and lining pores; 45 percent stones

and 20 percent cobbles; neutral (pH 6.6); clear

smooth boundary.

Bt2—11 to 16 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4)

extremely stony clay, brown (7.5YR 4/4)

dry; strong coarse subangular blocky structure;

very hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic;

few very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores;

many prominent clay films on faces of peds and

lining pores; 50 percent stones and 20 percent

cobbles; neutral (pH 6.6); abrupt smooth

boundary.

R—16 inches; basalt.

Depth to bedrock is 12 to 20 inches. The particlesize control section averages 50 to 60 percent clay.

The mollic epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 30 to

45 percent stones, 10 to 30 percent cobbles, and 5 to

10 percent gravel.

The AB horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is

clay loam or silty clay loam. The horizon is 20 to 30

percent stones, 10 to 20 percent cobbles, and 5 to 10

percent gravel.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value

of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 255

moist or dry. It is 30 to 50 percent stones, 10 to 20

percent cobbles, and 5 to 10 percent gravel.

Willowdale Series

The Willowdale series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on flood plains. These soils formed in

alluvium derived from mixed sources. Slopes are 0 to

3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 10

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Willowdale loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes, in an area of rangeland; 890 feet west and 110

feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 17, T. 9 S., R.

15 E.

Ap1—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;

weak fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very

fine roots; many very fine irregular pores; slightly

effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); clear

smooth boundary.

Ap2—5 to 11 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; massive;

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common fine roots; many very fine tubular pores;

slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2);

clear smooth boundary.

Ak1—11 to 18 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak coarse

prismatic structure and weak medium subangular

blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; common very fine roots; many very

fine tubular pores; strongly effervescent with

segregated lime in soft masses; 15 percent

pumice sand; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); abrupt

wavy boundary.

Ak2—18 to 24 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak

coarse prismatic structure and moderate medium

subangular blocky; hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; common very fine roots; many very

fine tubular pores; strongly effervescent with

segregated lime in soft masses; 10 percent

pumice sand; moderately alkaline (pH 8.3); abrupt

wavy boundary.

ACk—24 to 40 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;

weak coarse prismatic structure; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

very fine roots; many very fine tubular pores;

strongly effervescent with segregated lime in soft

masses; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); clear wavy

boundary.

Ck1—40 to 48 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam,

pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; massive; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very

fine roots; many very fine tubular pores; strongly

effervescent with segregated lime in soft masses;

moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); clear smooth

boundary.

2Ck2—48 to 60 inches; variegated sand and gravel;

loose; nonsticky and nonplastic; strongly

effervescent with disseminated lime; moderately

alkaline (pH 8.4).

Depth to the 2Ck horizon is 40 to 60 inches.

Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The

particle-size control section is 0 to 10 percent sandsized pumice and 18 to 27 percent clay.

The Ap horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or

4 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 0

to 10 percent gravel.

The Ak and ACk horizons have value of 2 or 3

moist and 4 or 5 dry, and they have chroma of 2 or 3

moist or dry. They are loam, gravelly sandy loam, or

sandy loam and are 0 to 20 percent gravel.

The Ck1 horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5

or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is

sandy clay loam, sandy loam, or loam and is 0 to 20

percent gravel and 0 to 5 percent cobbles.

Xerofluvents

Xerofluvents are very deep, somewhat poorly

drained to well drained soils on flood plains. These

soils formed in medium textured or moderately fine

textured alluvium derived from mixed sources. Slopes

are 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 12 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 50 degrees F.

Reference pedon of Xerofluvents, 0 to 3 percent

slopes; 1,100 feet south and 600 feet east of the

northwest corner of sec. 28, T. 8 S., R. 12 E.

A1—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

gravelly silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;

weak fine and medium granular structure; soft,

very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very

fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine tubular

pores; 15 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles;

neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary.

A2—6 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly

loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak fine

and medium subangular blocky structure parting
256 Soil Survey

to weak fine granular structure; soft, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and

fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; 30 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles;

mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); abrupt smooth boundary.

2C1—15 to 31 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2)

extremely cobbly sandy clay loam, brown

(7.5YR 5/3) dry; massive; hard, firm, slightly

sticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; few very

fine tubular pores; 50 percent cobbles and 30

percent gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); clear

smooth boundary.

2C2—31 to 43 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2)

extremely cobbly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4)

dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; few very fine roots; few very fine

tubular pores; 40 percent cobbles and 30 percent

gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); gradual wavy

boundary.

2C3—43 to 60 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/3)

extremely cobbly loamy sand, brown (7.5YR 5/4)

dry; single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic;

few very fine roots; 40 percent cobbles and 30

percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2).

Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth

to the 2C horizon is 15 to 40 inches or more.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is

sandy loam, loam, or silt loam. The horizon is 10 to 30

percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles.

The 2C horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is

sandy clay loam, loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand.

The horizon is 15 to 50 percent gravel and 10 to 40

percent cobbles.

Yawkola Series

The Yawkola series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on mountainsides. These soils formed

in residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from

sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic

ash in the upper part. Slopes are 2 to 55 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 18 inches, and

the mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees

F.

Typical pedon of Yawkola very gravelly silt loam in

an area of Yawkola-Jorn-Rock outcrop complex, 2 to

30 percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 100 feet

west and 1,800 feet north of the southeast corner of

sec. 24, T. 6 S., R. 11 E.

Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs

A1—0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 2/2)

very gravelly silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

dry; moderate medium platy structure; slightly

hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very

fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very

fine, fine, medium, and coarse irregular pores; 30

percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles; neutral

(pH 6.8); abrupt smooth boundary.

A2—7 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) very gravelly silt loam, grayish brown

(10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium and fine

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; many very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse irregular pores; 35 percent

gravel and 15 percent cobbles; neutral (pH 6.8);

abrupt smooth boundary.

2Bt1—11 to 30 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

gravelly silty clay, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong

coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate

medium subangular blocky; extremely hard,

extremely firm, sticky and plastic; many very fine

and fine roots and common medium and coarse

roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores and

common medium and coarse tubular pores;

continuous prominent clay films on faces of peds

and lining pores; 35 percent gravel and 15 percent

cobbles; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth

boundary.

2Bt2—30 to 40 inches; dark yellowish brown

(10YR 3/4) extremely gravelly silty clay,

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; very

hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; common very

fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores; continuous prominent clay films on

faces of peds and lining pores; common fine

manganese stains; 45 percent gravel and 20

percent cobbles; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear

smooth boundary.

3Bt3—40 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) gravelly silt loam, light yellowish brown

(10YR 6/4) dry; moderate medium and fine

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine

roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores;

common distinct clay films; 25 percent gravel;

slightly acid (pH 6.2).

Depth to sedimentary rock is more than 60 inches.

The mollic epipedon is 20 to 30 inches thick, and it

includes all or part of the argillic horizon. The particlesize control section is 40 to 50 percent clay and 45 to

70 percent rock fragments.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 257

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 10 to

20 percent clay and is 25 to 40 percent gravel and 5 to

15 percent cobbles.

The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or

5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

silty clay or clay and is 40 to 50 percent clay. It is 35 to

50 percent gravel and 10 to 25 percent cobbles.

The 3Bt horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or

6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is silt

loam or loam and is 20 to 27 percent clay. It is 20 to

30 percent gravel.

259

Soil is the collection of natural bodies on the

Earth’s surface that contains living matter and is

capable of supporting plants (5). The nature of a soil

depends upon the combination and interaction of five

factors—climate, plant and animal life, parent material,

topography, and time.

The relative influence of each factor varies from

place to place, and in some places a single factor can

determine most properties of the soil. Parent material,

climate, and topography are responsible for most

differences in the soils in this survey area.

In this section the soil-forming factors of climate

and plant and animal life are discussed separately.

The factors of time, parent material, and topography

are grouped together and discussed under the

heading “Geomorphic Surfaces and Soil

Development.”

Climate

Climate, particularly moisture and temperature,

greatly influences soil formation. The chemical and

physical reactions taking place in the soil largely are

influenced by climate. Water dissolves soluble

material in the soil, and it transports material from one

part of the soil to another. Water is necessary for the

growth of plants and soil organisms that contribute

organic matter to the soil.

Temperature affects the rate of chemical reactions

and of physical breakdown as a result of the freezing

of water. Freezing and thawing of water cause

expansion and contraction and influence the

movement of soil particles and rock fragments in the

soil. The kind and amount of living organisms in and

on the soil determine the kind and amount of organic

matter added to the soil. The rate of decomposition of

the organic matter is influenced by temperature and

moisture.

In this survey area, there are five major moisture

and temperature zones that greatly influence soil

genesis.

In moisture and temperature zone 1, summers are

hot and dry and winters are cool and moist. The

growing season is long; plant growth begins early in

spring and continues through midsummer. Elevation is

1,100 to 2,800 feet, and the average annual

precipitation is about 9 to 12 inches. The soils in this

zone have an aridic moisture regime and a mesic soil

temperature regime (19). The soils are dominantly in

general soil map units 1, 2, 3, and 4.

On the young surfaces in zone 1, such as flood

plains, the soils are moist for long periods, which

allows for abundant plant growth and organic matter

accumulation. Cumulic Haploxerolls and Torrifluventic

Haploxerolls have formed on these surfaces. On the

older surfaces, such as terraces, arid foothills, and

canyons, the soil-forming factors have been active for

long periods of time. Aridic Calcic Argixerolls, Aridic

Argixerolls, Aridic Palexerolls, and Lithic Argixerolls

have formed on these surfaces. On the active

surfaces in this zone, Lithic Haploxerolls have formed.

In moisture and temperature zone 2, summers are

hot and dry and winters are cool and wet. The

growing season is long; plant growth begins late in

spring and continues through late in summer. The

soils in this zone have a xeric moisture regime and a

mesic soil temperature regime. Elevation is 1,800 to

3,800 feet, and the average annual precipitation is

about 12 to 25 inches. The soils are dominantly in

general soil map units 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. They

are on foothills, mesas, outwash plains, and mountains

and in canyons. These soils support contrasting

vegetative types that are adapted to the various soils

and their topography.

On the younger, active surfaces in zone 2, soil

formation is minimal. Pachic Haploxerolls, Ultic

Haploxerolls, Vitrandic Haploxerolls, and Lithic

Haploxerolls have formed on these surfaces. On the

older, metastable and stable surfaces, the soil-forming

factors have been active for long periods of time.

Pachic Argixerolls, Pachic Palexerolls, Vitrandic

Argixerolls, Typic Durixerolls, Vitrandic Haploxeralfs,

and Alfic Vitrixerands have formed on these surfaces.

In moisture and temperature zone 3, summers are

hot and dry and winters are cold and wet. The

growing season is shorter than that in warmer areas at

the lower elevations. The soils in this zone have a

xeric moisture regime and a frigid soil temperature

regime. Elevation is 2,200 to 4,500 feet, and the

average annual precipitation is about 20 to 40 inches.

Formation of the Soils
260 Soil Survey

The soils are on stream terraces and mountains and

are in general soil map unit 12.

On the younger, active surfaces in zone 3, soil

formation is minimal. Ultic Haploxerolls, Typic

Vitrixerands, and Humic Vitrixerands have formed on

these surfaces. On the older, metastable and stable

surfaces, the soil-forming factors have been active for

long periods of time. Pachic Ultic Argixerolls and Alfic

Vitrixerands have formed on these surfaces.

In moisture and precipitation zone 4, summers are

warm and moist and winters are cool and wet and are

characterized by abundant rain and snow. The

growing season is shorter than that in warmer areas at

the lower elevations. The soils in this zone have a udic

moisture regime and a frigid soil temperature regime.

Elevation is 3,000 to 5,600 feet, and the average

annual precipitation is 40 to 90 inches. The soils are

dominantly in general soil map unit 13.

This zone is typified by active surfaces on steep

mountains, where Typic Udivitrands have formed, and

by stable benches, where Alfic Udivitrands have

formed.

In moisture and precipitation zone 5, summers are

cool and moist and winters are cold and wet and are

characterized by abundant snow. The growing season

is very short as compared to that of the lower

elevations. The soils in this zone have a udic moisture

regime and a cryic soil temperature regime. Elevation

is 4,200 to 10,500 feet, and the average annual

precipitation is 70 to 110 inches. The soils are

dominantly in general soil map units 14 and 15.

This zone is typified by active surfaces on steep

mountains, where Vitric Haplocryands and Typic

Vitricryands have formed, and by stable benches,

where Alfic Vitricryands have formed.

Living Organisms

Living organisms, especially the higher plants, are

active in soil formation. The changes they bring about

depend mainly on the life processes peculiar to each

kind of organism. The kinds of organisms that live on

and in the soil are determined, in turn, by climate;

parent material; topography, or relief; and the age of

the soil. In this survey area, climate is the dominant

soil-forming factor that affects vegetation.

Plants provide a cover that helps to reduce

erosion and stabilize the soil surface. Leaves, twigs,

roots, and the remains of entire plants accumulate on

the surface of soils and are decomposed by microorganisms, earthworms, and other soil fauna. Plant

roots widen cracks in the underlying rock, permitting

water to penetrate. The uprooting of trees by wind

also mixes soil layers and loosens the underlying

material. Plants contribute to important processes,

such as organic matter accumulation, mixing of the

profile, cycling of nutrients, stabilization of soil

structure, and addition of nitrogen.

In this survey area, the soils formed under two

major types of plant cover. Grasses and shrubs are

dominant in the warmer, more dry areas, and conifer

forests are dominant in the cooler, more moist areas.

Small animals, earthworms, insects, and microorganisms influence the formation of soils in several

ways. They mix organic matter into the mineral soil

material and accelerate the decomposition of organic

matter by breaking down the remains of plants. Small

animals burrow into the soil and mix the layers.

Earthworms and other small invertebrates feed on the

organic matter in the upper few inches of soil material.

They slowly, but continually, mix the soil material and

alter its chemistry. Bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms hasten the weathering of rocks and the

decomposition of organic matter.

Conditions in the survey area are generally

favorable for most organisms. Earthworms are very

common in all areas except in the cooler frigid and

cryic soil temperature zones. Small animals, such as

gophers, moles, and ground squirrels, are common

throughout the survey area.

Man has also played a prominent role in soil

development by leveling agricultural soils on Schoolie

Flat and in The Island area.

Geomorphic Surfaces and Soil

Development

Geomorphic surfaces consist of a landform or

group of landforms that represent an episode of

landscape development. In general, landforms exhibit

more soil development as the age of the landscape

increases. The kind of soil associated with a surface

is the result of the interaction of parent material,

climate, topography, and living organisms. In soil

genesis, the factor of time is considered a constant.

The major landforms recognized in the survey

area are flood plains, terraces, foothills, canyons,

mesas, outwash plains, and mountains.

Within the major upland landforms (foothills,

canyons, mesas, outwash plains, and mountains),

three significant gradient breaks have been

recognized and correspond to active, metastable, and

stable slopes (15). In general, soils that exhibit the

least amount of soil development formed on active

slopes, soils that exhibit stronger development formed

on metastable slopes, and soils that exhibit the

strongest soil development formed on stable slopes.

Differences among the active, metastable, and stable
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 261

slopes are reflected in the composition of the parent

material and the slope gradients.

Flood plains. This is the oldest surface related to

the present drainage systems in the survey area.

Most of this surface has morphology typical of

abandoned flood plains of aggrading streams, and it is

characterized by bar and channel topography with a

defined backswamp in some areas. Relief between

the bars and channels is largely a result of the

competence of the stream that flowed through the

area. This surface is dominantly adjacent to the

Deschutes River, the Warm Springs River, and Shitike

Creek, generally at elevations of 1,100 to 1,600 feet.

Geomorphically, it is between the active flood plain,

which was too insignificant to be recognized in this

survey area, and the older terraces above the valley

floors. It is considered to be middle to early Holocene.

Sediment associated with this surface is dominantly

fine sand and clay, and it commonly is underlain by

stratified sand and gravel at a depth of 4 to 6 feet.

Horizon development in the soils on the flood

plains is mainly limited to the accumulation of organic

matter. Cumulic Haploxerolls, such as the Willowdale

soils, are dominant on this surface. These soils have a

mollic epipedon and an irregular decrease in organic

matter as depth increases. Torrifluventic Haploxerolls,

such as the Pelton soils, also are common on this

surface. These soils have a cambic horizon, which is

an indication of some soil development. Other soils

associated with flood plains are Cumulic Endoaquolls,

such as the Olallie soils.

Stream terraces. This surface occurs as older

stream terraces adjacent to major streams in the

survey area. It is above the valley floors and consists

of the lowest terraces not related to the present

drainage systems. The most extensive area of this

surface exhibits low relief and slight incision by

drainageways. This surface is dominantly adjacent to

Dry Creek, Tenino Creek, Dry Hollow Creek, and the

Warm Springs River, at elevations of about 1,200 to

2,000 feet. Geomorphically, it is between the flood

plains and low foothills and is considered to be late

Pleistocene. Sediment associated with this surface is

dominantly silt and clay.

Soils on this surface exhibit stronger development

than the soils on younger geomorphic surfaces in the

survey area. This is partially because of the time

available for pedogenesis to take place. Aridic Calcic

Argixerolls, such as the Drybed soils, are dominant on

this surface. These soils have a well-developed argillic

horizon and an accumulation of carbonates in the

subsoil.

Low foothills. This surface is the oldest

geomorphic surface related to the major streams in

the survey area. It occurs as remnants of extensive

flats that have been dissected to form rolling

topography above the main valley floor. It is

dominantly adjacent to Tenino Creek and Dry Creek

and on fans adjacent to the higher foothills of the

Mutton Mountains. Elevation is about 1,400 to 2,400

feet. Geomorphically, this surface is between the

stream terraces and foothills of canyons and

mountains. It is considered to be early to middle

Pleistocene because of its position on the landscape.

Typically, these low foothills have gently sloping tops

and highly dissected sides that have slopes of 30 to 80

percent.

Soils on this surface exhibit much stronger

development than the soils on other geomorphic

surfaces in the survey area because of the older age

of the surface and, therefore, the time available for

pedogenesis to take place. Aridic Calcic Argixerolls,

such as the Lavey soils, are dominant on this surface.

These soils are clayey and have a strongly developed

argillic horizon and an accumulation of calcium

carbonates in the subsoil. The soils are underlain by

welded tuff of the Deschutes Formation. Other soils

associated with this surface are Aridic Argixerolls,

such as the Madras and Skoven soils.

High foothills. This surface is on the oldest

geological formation in the survey area, the Clarno

Formation, which is considered to be middle Eocene

and early Oligocene, or about 30 to 50 million years

old. It consists of very resistant andesitic and basaltic

rock, breccia, tuff, and tuffaceous siltstone. In many

places, the top layer of the Clarno Formation is

distinctive soft, reddish residual clay or silt saprolite

(23). This surface is dominantly adjacent to the

Mutton Mountains and Laughlin Hills and below

canyonsides in the eastern part of the survey area.

Elevation is about 1,400 to 3,800 feet. Slopes range

from 0 to 55 percent, but they typically are less than

30 percent.

The degree of soil development on this surface

reflects long periods of geologic time. Soils on these

stable slopes exhibit strong development, are clayey,

and do not have rock fragments in the profile. Soils

associated with this surface are Chromic Haploxererts,

such as the Day soils; Typic Haploxererts, such as the

Kaskela soils; Pachic Palexerolls, such as the Prill

soils; Aridic Palexerolls, such as the Simas soils; and

Xeric Paleargids, such as the Sorf soils.

Canyons. This surface occurs on fluvial and

lacustrine sediment of the Deschutes Formation,
262 Soil Survey

which was deposited 2 to 6 million years ago.

Included in the formation are welded tuff as well as

interbedded basalt flows that form rimrock (fig. 20).

The canyons trend west to east and are represented

by precipitous walls 400 to 800 feet high. They are

dominantly along major drainageways in the eastern

half of the survey area, from the Mutton Mountains

south to the Metolius River. Elevation is about 1,200

to 3,000 feet. Slopes range from 12 to 80 percent, but

they typically are less than 55 percent.

Figure 20.—A cross section of various depositions along

Seekseequa Creek, showing the complex geology in the

survey area. The three major deposits are tuff composed

of sand-sized ashfall in the lower third, various debrisflow deposits in the middle third, and columnar basalt of

the Columbia River Basalt Group in the upper third.

Soils on these metastable slopes exhibit moderate

development, are loamy or clayey, and have a high

content of rock fragments in the profile. Soils on

north-facing slopes have an influence of loess in the

surface layer and a significant amount of organic

matter. Soils associated with this surface are Pachic

Argixerolls, such as the Kishwalk and Sagley soils;

Aridic Calcic Argixerolls, such as the Axford and

Walsey soils; Aridic Argixerolls, such as the Ruclick

soils; and Vitrandic Argixerolls, such as the Booten

soils.

Other soils associated with this surface, typically

in areas that have slopes of more than 55 percent, are

Lithic Haploxerolls, such as the Lickskillet soils, and

Lithic Argixerolls, such as the Waterbury and Ruckles

soils.

In the southeastern corner of the survey area,

where the rimrock has been eroded, deep beds of

pumice are exposed and the soils reflect properties of

those on active slopes. The soils in this area exhibit

very little development, are sandy or loamy, and have

an influence of volcanic ash throughout the profile.

Soils associated with this area are Vitrandic

Haploxerolls, such as the Shiva soils; Vitritorrandic

Haploxerolls, such as the Dryhollow soils; Vitrandic

Xerochrepts, such as the Happus soils; and

Vitrixerandic Haplocambids, such as the Suppah soils.

Mesas. This surface occurs as nearly level to

gently rolling mesas underlain by basalt flows from

Cascade Range shield volcanoes of the early

Pliocene. It is in the central part of the survey area,

flanked by the Cascade Range to the west and

precipitous canyons to the east. Also included in this

surface are small areas of the Columbia River Basalt

Group, northeast of Warm Springs and north of the

Mutton Mountains, that consist of Miocene flood basalt

flows. Elevation is about 2,500 to 3,600 feet. Slopes

range from 0 to 8 percent.

This surface represents a kind of ground surface

that commonly occurs under glacial influence. It is

referred to as patterned ground, locally called “biscuit

scabland” (see fig. 15, page 135). The main climatic

significance of the soil patterns on this surface is that

frozen ground apparently existed in front of the

continental glacier during glacial invasion. A regular

pattern of polygonal fractures could have formed in

ground frozen to a uniform depth as a result of

contraction during periods of subfreezing

temperatures. Ice wedges could have formed in these

fractures if the temperature fluctuated but generally

remained below freezing (12). As the climate became

warmer and the front of the continental glacier

retreated northward, the ice wedges apparently began

to melt. The runoff could have caused the erosion and

modification of the polygons, or mounds. Also, frost

heaving probably mixed the genetically formed

horizons. The removal of large amounts of mineral soil

in the formation of the mounds is evident from the

scabland that surrounds the mounds. The soils in the

scablands formed mainly in remnants of material not

removed during the thawing of the ice wedges and in

material more recently washed from the mounds.

Although this surface is stable, the soils exhibit

weak development, are silty, and have an influence of

loess in the surface layer. Soils associated with this

surface are Lithic Haploxerolls, such as the Bakeoven

and Rockly soils; Pachic Haploxerolls, such as the

Watama soils; and Pachic Argixerolls, such as the

Wapinitia soils. Soils on the part of this surface

associated with the Columbia River Basalt Group are

Haploduridic Durixerolls, such as the Maupin soils.

Outwash plains. This surface occurs as

Pleistocene glacial outwash deposits underlain by
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 263

basalt flows from shield volcanoes of the early

Pliocene. It is in the central part of the survey area,

flanked by the Cascade Mountains to the west and

basalt mesas to the east. Elevation is about 2,500 to

3,000 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 20 percent, but

they typically are less than 8 percent.

Soils on this stable surface exhibit moderate to

strong development, are loamy or clayey, and have an

influence of loess and volcanic ash in the surface

layer. Soils associated with this surface are Typic

Durixerolls, such as the Milldam soils; Palexerollic

Durixerolls, such as the Tenwalter soils; Argic

Duraquolls, such as the Kahneeta soils; and Vitrandic

Argixerolls, such as the Skooker and Tolius soils.

Mutton Mountains. This surface occurs on the

John Day and Clarno Formations, the oldest

geological formations in the survey area. The John

Day Formation overlies the Clarno Formation and was

formed in late Oligocene and early Miocene, or about

20 to 30 million years ago. It consists of air-fallen and

waterlain ash, tuff, ashflow, welded tuff, and rhyolitic

flows. The Clarno Formation was formed in middle

Eocene and early Oligocene, or about 30 to 50 million

years ago. It consists of very resistant andesitic and

basaltic rock, breccia, tuff, and tuffaceous siltstone. In

many places, the top layer of the Clarno Formation is

a distinctive soft, reddish residual clay or silt saprolite

(5). North-facing slopes on this surface have deposits

of air-fallen ash on the surface as a result of recent

eruptions in the Cascade Range. This surface is in the

northeastern corner of the survey area, and it is

composed of the Mutton Mountains and Laughlin Hills.

Elevation is about 1,200 to 4,500 feet. On the John

Day Formation, slopes range from 2 to 80 percent but

they typically are more than 30 percent. On the

Clarno Formation, slopes range from 2 to 55 percent

but they typically are less than 30 percent.

Soils on the active slopes associated with the

John Day Formation exhibit weak development, are

ashy or loamy, and have a high content of rock

fragments in the profile. Soils associated with these

slopes are Typic Haploxerolls, such as the Oldsferry

soils; Ultic Haploxerolls, such as the Mowako soils;

Vitrandic Haploxerolls, such as the Eaglespring and

Peahke soils; and Typic Vitrixerands, such as the Kusu

soils.

Soils on the stable slopes associated with the

Clarno Formation exhibit strong development, are

ashy or clayey, and typically do not have rock

fragments in the profile. Soils associated with these

slopes are Pachic Palexerolls, such as the Fawnspring

and Yawkola soils; Vitrandic Haploxeralfs, such as the

Boardflower, Littlefawn, Logsprings, and Mutton soils;

and Vitrandic Argixerolls, such as the Jorn soils.

Cascade Mountains. This surface occurs on

andesite flows from Cascade Range volcanoes of the

late Pliocene that are buried in volcanic ash from

recent eruptions in the Cascade Range. This surface

encompasses the entire Cascade Range, in the

western third of the survey area, and it occurs as

broad, level to rolling lava flows with precipitous side

slopes along major drainageways. Elevation is about

2,600 to 10,500 feet. On the stable tops and

metastable shoulders of this surface, slopes range

from 0 to 40 percent but they typically are less than 30

percent. On the active, precipitous side slopes of

drainageways, slopes range from 12 to 70 percent but

they typically are more than 30 percent.

Soils on the stable and metastable slopes of this

surface exhibit moderate development in the subsoil,

and they typically have a low content of rock

fragments in the profile. Soils associated with these

slopes are Vitrandic Argixerolls, such as the Hehe and

Teewee soils; Alfic Vitrixerands, such as the Simnasho

and Smiling soils; Alfic Udivitrands, such as the

Kutcher and Mackatie soils; and Alfic Vitricryands,

such as the Piumpsha soils.

Soils on the active slopes of this surface exhibit

weak development and have a high content of rock

fragments in the profile. The volcanic ash in the soils

at the high elevations exhibits a higher degree of

weathering than that in the soils at the lower

elevations. Soils associated with the active slopes are

Humic Vitrixerands, such as the Pipp soils; Typic

Vitrixerands, such as the Grenet and Kusu soils; Typic

Udivitrands, such as the Howash soils; Typic

Vitricryands, such as the Jojo soils; and Vitric

Haplocryands, such as the Pinhead soils.

265

(1) Alexander, R.R. 1967. Site index for Engelmann spruce. R.P. RM-32.

(2) Alexander, R.R. 1967. Site indexes for lodgepole pine with correction for stand

density: Instructions for field use. R.P. RM-24.

(3) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1982.

Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and

testing. Ed. 13, 2 vols.

(4) American Society for Testing and Materials. 1985. Standard test method for

classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2497.

(5) Balster, C.A., and R.B. Parsons. 1968. Geomorphology and soils, Willamette

Valley, Oregon. OR Agric. Exp. Sta. Spec. Rep. 265.

(6) Barnes, G.H. 1962. Yield of even-aged stands of western hemlock. Tech.

Bull.1273.

(7) Cochran, P.H. 1979. Site index and height growth curves for managed, evenaged stands of Douglas fir east of the Cascades in Oregon and Washington. R.P.

PNW-251.

(8) Cochran, P.H. 1979. Site index and height growth curves for managed, even-aged

stands of white or grand fir east of the Cascades in Oregon and Washington. R.P.

PMW-251.

(9) Haig, I.T. 1932. Second-growth yield, stand, and volume tables for the western

white pine type. Tech. Bull. 323.

(10) Herman, F.R., R.O. Curtis, and D.J. DeMears. 1978. Height growth and site index

estimates for noble fir in high elevation forests of the Oregon-Washington

Cascades. R.P. PNW-243.

(11) Hoyer, Gerald E., and Francis R. Herman. 1989. Height-age and site index

curves for Pacific silver fir in the Pacific Northwest. R.P. PNW-418.

(12) Kaatz, M.H. 1959. Patterned ground in central Washington: A preliminary report.

Northwest Sci. 33:145-146.

(13) McArdle, R.E., W.H. Meyer, and D. Bruce. 1961. The yield of Douglas fir in the

Pacific Northwest. Tech. Bull. 201.

(14) Meyer, W.H. 1938. Yield of even-aged stands of ponderosa pine. Tech. Bull. 630.

References
266

(15) Nettleton, W.D., R.B. Parsons, A.O. Ness, and F.W. Gelderman. 1982. Spodosols

along the southwest Oregon coast. Soil Sci Soc. Am. Proc. 34: 485-491.

(16) Oregon State University Extension Service. 1980. Nutritive values of native

foods of Warm Springs Indians. Ext. Circ. 809.

(17) Schmidt, W.C. 1976. Ecology and silviculture of western larch. Tech. Bull. 1520.

(18) Society of American Foresters. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States

and Canada.

(19) United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation

Service. 1996. Keys to soil taxonomy. 7th ed.

(20) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1951. Soil

survey manual. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18. (Supplements replacing pp. 173-188

issued May 1962)

(21) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1970. Soil

survey of Trout Creek-Shaniko Area, Oregon.

(22) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982. Soil

survey of Wasco County, Oregon, Northern Part.

(23) United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. Water resources of

the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon. Water Resour. Invest. 76-26, pp.

4.

(24) Wiley, K.N. 1970. Site index curves for western hemlock in the Pacific

Northwest. Weyerhauser For. Pap.17.
267

Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single

mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as

granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds.

Clods are aggregates produced by tillage or

logging.

Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay,

deposited on land by streams.

Animal-unit-month (AUM). The amount of forage

required by one mature cow of approximately

1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1

month.

Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim

after the removal of soil for construction and other

uses. Revegetation and erosion control are

extremely difficult.

Ash. Fine, pyroclastic material less than 2 millimeters

in all dimensions.

Ashflow. A highly heated mixture of volcanic gases

and ash that moves down the flank of a volcano

or along the surface of the ground. It is produced

by the explosive disintegration of viscous lava

in a volcanic crater or by the explosive emission

of gas-charged ash from a fissure or group of

fissures. The solid material in a typical

ashflow generally is unsorted and includes

volcanic dust, pumice, scoria, and blocks in

addition to ash.

Available water capacity (available moisture

capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water

available for use by most plants. It is commonly

defined as the difference between the amount of

soil water at field moisture capacity and the

amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed

as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity,

in inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer

is expressed as:

Very low.............................................. 0 to 3

Low..................................................... 3 to 6

Moderate ............................................ 6 to 9

High .................................................. 9 to 12

Very high ................................More than 12

Bar and channel relief. The microrelief common to

flood plains and relatively young alluvial terraces.

Over time, the microrelief becomes subdued as

the higher lying bars erode into the channels. The

ridgelike bars commonly consist of accumulations

of coarse-textured sediment, and the channels

are finer textured material. The relief between the

bars and channels largely is related to the

competence of the stream.

Basal area. The area of a cross section of a tree,

generally referring to the section at breast height

and measured outside the bark. It is a measure of

stand density, commonly expressed in square

feet.

Base saturation. The degree to which material

having cation-exchange properties is saturated

with exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, K),

expressed as a percentage of the total cationexchange capacity.

Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and

other unconsolidated material or that is exposed

at the surface.

Bog. Waterlogged, spongy ground consisting

primarily of mosses and including acidic, decaying

vegetation, such as sphagnum, sedges, and

heaths, that develops into peat.

Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream,

subject to flooding.

Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60

centimeters) in diameter.

Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet

above the ground surface; the point on a tree

where diameter measurements are ordinarily

taken.

Brush management. Use of mechanical, chemical,

or biological methods to reduce or eliminate

competition of woody vegetation to allow

understory grasses and forbs to recover or to

make conditions favorable for reseeding. Brush

management increases production of forage and

thus reduces the risk of erosion. It can improve

the habitat for some species of wildlife.

Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to a

nearby central area for transport to a processing

facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use of

a drum, a pole, and wire cables in an arrangement

similar to that of a rod and reel used for fishing.

To reduce friction and soil disturbance, felled trees

Glossary
268 Soil Survey

generally are reeled in while one end is lifted or

the entire log is suspended.

Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium

carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium

carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with

cold, dilute hydrochloric acid.

Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs.

Canyon. A long, deep, narrow, steep-sided valley with

high, precipitous walls in an area of high local

relief.

Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity.

The common soil cations are calcium, potassium,

magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen.

Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of

exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil,

expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100

grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some

other stated pH value. The term, as applied to

soils, is synonymous with base-exchange

capacity but is more precise in meaning.

Channery soil. A soil that is, by volume, more than

15 percent thin, flat fragments of sandstone,

shale, slate, limestone, or schist as much as 6

inches along the longest axis. A single piece is

called a channer.

Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation

by use of chemicals.

Cinder cone. A conical hill formed by the

accumulation of volcanic ejecta, generally with

slopes of more than 20 percent.

Cinders. Uncemented vitric, vesicular, pyroclastic

material more than 2 millimeters in at least one

dimension, with an apparent specific gravity

(including vesicles) of more than 1.0 and less than

2.0.

Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less

than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil

textural class, soil material that is 40 percent clay

or more, less than 45 percent sand, and less than

40 percent silt.

Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the

surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root

channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin.

Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that

contains much more clay than the horizons above

it. A claypan commonly is hard when dry and

plastic or stiff when wet.

Climax plant community. The plant community on a

given site that will become established if present

environmental conditions do not change and the

site is properly managed.

Coarse fragments. Mineral or rock particles larger

than 2 millimeters in diameter.

Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand.

Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly

rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25

centimeters) in diameter.

Cobbly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35

percent, by volume, rounded or partially rounded

rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25

centimeters) in diameter. Very cobbly soil material

is 35 to 60 percent of these rock fragments, and

extremely cobbly soil material is more than 60

percent.

Colluvium. Soil material, rock fragments, or both,

moved by creep, slide, or local wash and

deposited at the base of steep slopes.

Compaction, soil. An alteration of soil structure that

ultimately can affect the biological and chemical

properties of soil. Soil compaction decreases

voids and increases bulk density.

Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil

or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate

pattern or so small in area that it is not practical to

map them separately at the selected scale of

mapping. The pattern and proportion of the soils

or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in

all areas.

Compressible (in tables). Excessive decrease in

volume of soft soil under load.

Concretions. Grains, pellets, or nodules of various

sizes, shapes, and colors consisting of

concentrated compounds or cemented soil grains.

The composition of most concretions is unlike that

of the surrounding soil. Calcium carbonate and

iron oxide are common compounds in

concretions.

Conglomerate. A coarse grained, clastic rock

composed of rounded to subangular rock

fragments more than 2 millimeters in diameter. It

commonly has a matrix of sand and finer textured

material. Conglomerate is the consolidated

equivalent of gravel.

Consistence, soil. The “feel” of the soil and the ease

with which a lump can be crushed by the fingers.

Terms commonly used to describe consistence

are:

Loose.—Noncoherent when dry or moist; does

not hold together in a mass.

Friable.—When moist, crushes easily under

gentle pressure between thumb and forefinger

and can be pressed together into a lump.

Firm.—When moist, crushes under moderate

pressure between thumb and forefinger, but

resistance is distinctly noticeable.

Plastic.—Readily deformed by moderate pressure

but can be pressed into a lump; will form a “wire”

when rolled between thumb and forefinger.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 269

Sticky.—Adheres to other material and tends to

stretch somewhat and pull apart rather than to pull

free from other material.

Hard.—When dry, moderately resistant to

pressure; can be broken with difficulty between

thumb and forefinger.

Soft.—When dry, breaks into powder or individual

grains under very slight pressure.

Cemented.—Hard; little affected by moistening.

Control section. The part of the soil on which

classification is based. The thickness varies

among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that

part of the soil profile between depths of 10

inches and 40 or 80 inches.

Corrosive, soil. High risk of corrosion of uncoated

steel or of deterioration of concrete.

Crop residue management. Returning crop residue

to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure,

organic matter content, and fertility and helps to

control erosion.

Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI).

The average annual increase per acre in the

volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the total

volume of the stand by its age. As the stand

increases in age, the mean annual increment

continues to increase until mortality begins to

reduce the rate of increase. The point where the

stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth

is called the culmination of the mean annual

increment.

Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations

tend to cave in or slough.

Debris flow (mass movement). A general term for a

mass-movement landform and a process

characterized by a flowing mass of dominantly

coarse-grained material (particles more than 2

millimeters in diameter comprise more than 50

percent of the solid material) that has a high

degree of fluidity during movement.

Decreasers. The most heavily grazed climax range

plants. Because they are the most palatable, they

are the first to be destroyed by overgrazing.

Deferred grazing. Postponing or resting grazing for a

prescribed period.

Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the

surface for the specified use.

Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and

duration of periods of saturation or partial

saturation during soil formation as opposed to

altered drainage, which is commonly the result of

artificial drainage or irrigation but may be caused

by the sudden deepening of channels or the

blocking of drainage outlets. Seven classes of

natural soil drainage are recognized:

Excessively drained.—These soils have very high

and high hydraulic conductivity and low water

holding capacity. They are not suited to crop

production unless irrigated.

Somewhat excessively drained.—These soils

have high hydraulic conductivity and low water

holding capacity. Without irrigation, only a narrow

range of crops can be grown and yields are low.

Well drained.—These soils have intermediate

water holding capacity. They retain optimum

amounts of moisture, but they are not wet close

enough to the surface or long enough during the

growing season to adversely affect yields.

Moderately well drained.—These soils are wet

close enough to the surface or long enough that

planting or harvesting operations or yields of

some field crops are adversely affected unless

artificial drainage is provided. Moderately well

drained soils commonly have a layer with low

hydraulic conductivity, a wet layer relatively high in

the profile, additions of water from seepage, or a

combination of these.

Somewhat poorly drained.—These soils are wet

close enough to the surface or long enough that

planting or harvesting operations or crop growth is

markedly restricted unless artificial drainage is

provided. Somewhat poorly drained soils

commonly have a layer with low hydraulic

conductivity, a wet layer high in the profile,

additions of water from seepage, or a combination

of these.

Poorly drained.—These soils commonly are so

wet at or near the surface during a considerable

part of the year that field crops cannot be grown

under natural conditions. Poorly drained

conditions are caused by a saturated zone, a layer

with low hydraulic conductivity, seepage, or a

combination of these.

Very poorly drained.—These soils are wet to the

surface most of the time. They are wet enough to

prevent the growth of important crops (except

rice) unless artificially drained.

Drainageway. A general term for a channel or course

along which water moves from an area.

Duff. A generally firm organic layer on the surface of

mineral soils. It consists of fallen plant material

that is in the process of decomposition and

includes everything from the litter on the surface

to underlying pure humus.

Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution

or colloidal suspension from one place to another

within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost

material through eluviation are eluvial; those that

have received material are illuvial.
270 Soil Survey

Eolian soil material. Earthy parent material

accumulated through wind action; commonly

refers to sandy material in dunes or to loess in

blankets on the surface.

Ephemeral stream. A stream, or reach of a stream,

that flows only in direct response to precipitation.

It receives no long-continued supply from melting

snow or other source, and its channel is above the

water table at all times.

Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by

water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by

such processes as gravitational creep.

Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic

processes acting over long geologic periods and

resulting in the wearing away of mountains and

the building up of such landscape features as

flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural

erosion.

Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid

than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of the

activities of man or other animals or of a

catastrophe in nature, such as a fire, that exposes

the surface.

Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope

or cliff breaking the general continuity of more

gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from

erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp.

Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the

soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel

or sand for construction purposes.

Fan terrace. A relict alluvial fan, no longer a site of

active deposition, incised by younger and lower

alluvial surfaces.

Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water

into the soil.

Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to

provide plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and

in proper balance, for the growth of specified

plants when light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and

other growth factors are favorable.

Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed

of all organic soil material. Peat contains a large

amount of well preserved fiber that is readily

identifiable according to botanical origin. Peat

has the lowest bulk density and the highest

water content at saturation of all organic soil

material.

Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a

soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry

weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has

drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3

days after a soaking rain; also called normal field

capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary

capacity.

Fill slope. A sloping surface consisting of excavated

soil material from a road cut. It commonly is on

the downhill side of the road.

Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, and clay.

Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders

a stream and is subject to flooding unless

protected artificially.

Foothill. A steeply sloping upland that has relief of as

much as 1,000 feet (300 meters) and fringes a

mountan range or high-plateau escarpment.

Foot slope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill.

Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge.

Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition

and development because of given physical and

biological factors by which it may be differentiated

from other stands.

Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil

moisture. Frost action can damage roads,

buildings and other structures, and plant roots.

Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers

especially to the processes or soil-forming factors

responsible for the formation of the solum, or true

soil, from the unconsolidated parent material.

Glacier. A large mass of ice formed, at least in part,

on land by the compaction and recrystallization of

snow, creeping slowly downslope or outward in all

directions because of the stress of its own weight,

and surviving from year to year. Included are

small mountain glaciers as well as ice sheets that

are continental in size and ice shelves that float

on the ocean but are fed in part by ice formed on

land.

Glacial outwash (geology). Gravel, sand, and silt,

commonly stratified, deposited by glacial

meltwater.

Glacial till (geology). Unsorted, nonstratified glacial

drift consisting of clay, silt, sand, and boulders

transported and deposited by glacial ice.

Glaciofluvial deposits (geology). Material moved by

glaciers and subsequently sorted and deposited

by streams flowing from the melting ice. The

deposits are stratified and occur as kames,

eskers, deltas, and outwash plains.

Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as

much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6

centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a

pebble.

Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35

percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock

fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as

3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Very

gravelly soil material is 35 to 60 percent of these

rock fragments, and extremely gravelly soil

material is more than 60 percent.
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 271

Ground water (geology). Water filling all the

unblocked pores of the underlying material below

the water table.

Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by

running water and through which water ordinarily

runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a

gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is

an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to

be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser

depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary

tillage.

Hard rock. Rock that cannot be excavated except by

blasting or by the use of special equipment that is

not commonly used in construction.

Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil

material intermediate in degree of decomposition

between the less decomposed fibric material and

the more decomposed sapric material.

Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as

much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands,

commonly of limited summit area and having a

well-defined outline; hillsides generally have

slopes of more than 15 percent. The distinction

between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is

dependent on local usage.

Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to

the surface, having distinct characteristics

produced by soil-forming processes. In the

identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter

represents the major horizons. Numbers or

lowercase letters that follow represent

subdivisions of the major horizons. An

explanation of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil

Survey Manual.” The major horizons of mineral

soil are as follows:

O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and

decaying plant residue.

A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the

surface in which an accumulation of humified

organic matter is mixed with the mineral material.

Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was

originally part of a B horizon.

B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A

horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of

transition from the overlying A to the underlying C

horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive

characteristics such as (1) accumulation of clay,

sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these;

(2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or

browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4)

a combination of these.

E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the

main feature is loss of silicate clay, iron,

aluminum, or some combination of these.

C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer,

excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected

by soil-forming processes and does not have the

properties typical of the overlying soil material.

The material of a C horizon may be either like or

unlike that in which the solum formed. If the

material is known to differ from that in the solum,

the number 2 precedes the letter C.

R layer.—Consolidated rock beneath the soil. The

rock commonly underlies a C horizon, but it can

be directly below an A or a B horizon.

Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable

part of the organic matter in mineral soils.

Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped

according to their runoff potential. The main

consideration is the inherent capacity of bare soil

to permit infiltration. The slope and the kind of

plant cover are not considered but are separate

factors in predicting runoff. Soils are assigned to

four groups. In group A, at one extreme, are soils

that have a low runoff potential. They are mainly

deep, well drained, and sandy or gravelly. In

group D, at the other extreme, are soils that have

a very slow infiltration rate and thus a high runoff

potential. They have a claypan or clay layer at or

near the surface, have a permanent high water

table, or are shallow over nearly impervious

bedrock or other material. A soil is assigned to

two hydrologic groups if part of the acreage is

artificially drained and part is undrained.

Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a

molten or partially molten state. Major varieties

include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are

andesite, basalt, and granite.

Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one

horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally,

material is removed from an upper horizon and

deposited in a lower horizon.

Increasers. Species in the climax vegetation that

increase in amount as the more desirable plants

are reduced by close grazing. Increasers

commonly are the shorter plants and the less

palatable to livestock.

Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates

the surface of the soil at any given instant,

usually expressed in inches per hour. The rate

can be limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil

or the rate at which water is applied at the

surface.

Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the

soil under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial

rate; the rate decreases with application time.

Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a

constant but is a variable depending on the net
272 Soil Survey

irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in

inches per hour, is expressed as follows:

Less than 0.2 .......................... Very low

0.2 to 0.4 ....................................... Low

0.4 to 0.75 .................... Moderately low

0.75 to 1.25 ........................... Moderate

1.25 to 1.75 .................Moderately high

1.75 to 2.5 .................................... High

More than 2.5 ........................ Very high

Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream,

that flows for prolonged periods only when it

receives ground-water discharge or long,

continued contributions from melting snow or

other surface and shallow subsurface sources.

Invaders. On range, plants that encroach into an area

and grow after the climax vegetation has been

reduced by grazing. Generally, plants invade

following disturbance of the surface.

Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of

soil and loose rock, generally when wet or

saturated. The speed and distance of movement,

as well as the amount of soil and rock material,

vary greatly.

Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches

(7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones

adversely affect the specified use of the soil.

Light textured soil. Sand and loamy sand.

Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil

passes from a plastic to a liquid state.

Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay

particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less

than 52 percent sand particles.

Loess. Fine grained material, dominantly of silt-sized

particles, deposited by wind.

Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to

support loads.

Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam,

silt loam, or silt.

Mesa. A broad, nearly flat topped and commonly

isolated upland mass characterized by summit

widths that are more than the heights of bounding

erosional scarps.

Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in

mineralogical composition, chemical composition,

or structure by heat, pressure, and movement.

Nearly all such rocks are crystalline.

Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and

low in organic material. Its bulk density is more

than that of organic soil.

Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no

natural soil and supports little or no vegetation.

Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy

loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.

Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay

loam, or silty clay loam.

Moraine (geology). An accumulation of earth, stones,

and other debris deposited by a glacier. Some

types are terminal, lateral, medial, and ground.

Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil,

including the texture, structure, porosity,

consistence, color, and other physical, mineral,

and biological properties of the various horizons,

and the thickness and arrangement of those

horizons in the soil profile.

Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that

vary in number and size. Mottling generally

indicates poor aeration and impeded drainage.

Descriptive terms are as follows: abundance—

few, common, and many; size—fine, medium, and

coarse; and contrast—faint, distinct, and

prominent. The size measurements are of the

diameter along the greatest dimension. Fine

indicates less than 5 millimeters (about 0.2 inch);

medium, from 5 to 15 millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6

inch); and coarse, more than 15 millimeters (about

0.6 inch).

Mound. A low, rounded, natural or artificial hill of

earth.

Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface,

rising more than 1,000 feet above surrounding

lowlands, commonly of restricted summit area

(relative to a plateau) and generally having steep

sides and considerable bare rock surface. A

mountain can occur as a single, isolated mass or

in a group forming a chain or range.

Muck. Dark, finely divided, well decomposed organic

soil material. (See Sapric soil material.)

Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees

of three simple variables—hue, value, and

chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4

is a color in hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma

of 4.

Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value between 6.6

and 7.3. (See Reaction, soil.)

Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant

essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,

magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper,

boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and

water.

Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil

in various stages of decomposition.

Outcrop. That part of a geologic formation or

structure that appears at the surface of the Earth.

Outwash plain. A landform of mainly sandy or coarse

textured material of glaciofluvial origin. An
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 273

outwash plain is commonly smooth; where pitted,

it generally is low in relief.

Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes

the movement of water and the growth of roots.

For example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan,

plowpan, and traffic pan.

Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and

mineral material in which soil forms.

Patterned ground. A general term for any surface

exhibiting a discernibly ordered, more or less

symmetrical, morphological pattern of ground

and, where present, vegetation. Patterned ground

is characteristic of, but not confined to, permafrost

regions or areas subjected to intense frost action.

Patterned ground is classified by type of pattern

and presence or absence of sorting and includes

unsorted and sorted circles, nets, polygons, steps

and stripes, garlands, and solifluction features. In

permafrost regions, the most common macroform

is the ice wedge polygon and a common

microform is the unsorted circle. Stone polygons

generally form on slopes of less than 8 percent,

while garlands are on slopes of 8 to 15 percent

and stripes are on slopes of more than 15

percent.

Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely

undecomposed organic matter, that has

accumulated under excess moisture. (See Fibric

soil material.)

Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a

granule, a prism, or a block.

Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a

soil.” A pedon is three dimensional and large

enough to permit study of all horizons. Its area

ranges from about 10 to 100 square feet (1

square meter to 10 square meters), depending on

the variability of the soil.

Percolation. The downward movement of water

through the soil.

Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water

through the soil, adversely affecting the specified

use.

Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables

water to move downward through the profile.

Permeability, measured in inches per hour, is the

rate that water moves downward through the

saturated soil. Terms describing permeability are:

Very slow ......................... Less than 0.06

Slow........................................ 0.06 to 0.2

Moderately slow........................ 0.2 to 0.6

Moderate .................................. 0.6 to 2.0

Moderately rapid ....................... 2.0 to 6.0

Rapid ......................................... 6.0 to 20

Very rapid ...........................More than 20

Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on

features that affect its use and management. For

example, slope, stoniness, and thickness.

pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and

alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.)

Plasticity index. The numerical difference between

the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of

moisture content within which the soil remains

plastic.

Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil

changes from semisolid to plastic.

Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed

depressions. Unless the soils are artificially

drained, the water can be removed only by

percolation or evapotranspiration.

Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid permeability

or an impermeable layer near the surface, the soil

may not adequately filter effluent from a waste

disposal system.

Poor outlets (in tables). Refers to areas where

surface or subsurface drainage outlets are difficult

or expensive to install.

Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil

material consisting mainly of particles of nearly

the same size. Because there is little difference in

size of the particles, density can be increased

only slightly by compaction.

Potential native plant community. (See climax plant

community.)

Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth).

Depth to which roots could penetrate if the

content of moisture in the soil were adequate.

The soil has no properties restricting the

penetration of roots to this depth.

Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for

producing a specified plant or sequence of plants

under specific management.

Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending

through all its horizons and into the parent

material.

Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that

maintains enough cover to protect the soil and

maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the

desirable vegetation. This practice increases the

vigor and reproduction of the key plants and

promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch

necessary to conserve soil and water.

Pumice. A light-colored, vesicular, glassy rock

commonly having the composition of rhyolite.

It commonly is sufficiently buoyant to float on

water.

Pyroclastic. Pertaining to fragmental material

produced by usually explosive, aerial ejection of

clastic particles from a volcanic vent. Such

material may accumulate on land or under water.
274 Soil Survey

Range condition. The present composition of the

plant community on a range site in relation to

the potential natural plant community for that site.

Range condition is expressed as excellent,

good, fair, or poor on the basis of how much the

present plant community has departed from the

potential.

Rangeland. Land on which the potential natural

vegetation is predominantly grasses, grasslike

plants, forbs, or shrubs suitable for grazing or

browsing. It includes natural grasslands,

savannas, many wetlands, some deserts, tundras,

and areas that support certain forb and shrub

communities.

Range site. An area of rangeland where climate, soil,

and relief are sufficiently uniform to produce a

distinct natural plant community. A range site is

the product of all the environmental factors

responsible for its development. It is typified by an

association of species that differ from those on

other range sites in kind or proportion of species

or total production.

Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a

soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to

pH 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in

reaction because it is neither acid nor alkaline.

The degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as

pH values, are:

Extremely acid ........................... Below 4.5

Very strongly acid .......................4.5 to 5.0

Strongly acid...............................5.1 to 5.5

Medium acid ...............................5.6 to 6.0

Slightly acid ................................6.1 to 6.5

Neutral ........................................6.6 to 7.3

Mildly alkaline .............................7.4 to 7.8

Moderately alkaline.....................7.9 to 8.4

Strongly alkaline .........................8.5 to 9.0

Very strongly alkaline .............. 9.1 and higher

Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated,

weathered or partly weathered mineral material

that accumulated as consolidated rock

disintegrated in place.

Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated

erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and

not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm

machinery.

Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical

means during road construction. It is commonly

on the uphill side of the road.

Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a

diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example,

gravel, cobbles, stones, and boulders.

Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The

soil is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts

roots.

Root zone. The part of the soil that can be

penetrated by plant roots.

Rubble. Accumulation of loose angular rock

fragments, commonly overlying rock

outcroppings; the unconsolidated equivalent of

breccia.

Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream

channels from an area. The water that flows off

the surface of the land without sinking into the soil

is called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil

before reaching surface streams is called groundwater runoff or seepage flow from ground water.

Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral

fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters

in diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz.

As a soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or

more sand and not more than 10 percent clay.

Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly

sand-sized particles.

Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly

decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck

has the least amount of plant fiber, the highest

bulk density, and the lowest water content at

saturation of all organic soil material.

Saprolite (soil science). Unconsolidated residual

material underlying the soil and grading to hard

bedrock below.

Scabland. An elevated, flat, basalt-floored area with

little if any soil cover, sparse vegetation, and

usually deep, dry channels scoured into the

surface, especially by glacial meltwaters.

Scarification. The act of abrading, scratching,

loosening, crushing, or modifying the surface to

increase water absorption or to provide a more

tillable soil.

Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles

deposited from suspension in water. The main

kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate,

formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand;

shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed

from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are

many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited

sand is consolidated into sandstone.

Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through

the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified

use.

Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that

are almost alike, except for differences in texture

of the surface layer or of the underlying material.

All the soils of a series have horizons that are
Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 275

similar in composition, thickness, and

arrangement.

Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer

of soil material from the land surface by the action

of rainfall and runoff water.

Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when

dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and

swelling can damage roads, dams, building

foundations, and other structures. It can also

damage plant roots.

Shoulder. The landform position that forms the

uppermost inclined surface near the top of a

hillside. It comprises the transition zone from the

backslope to the summit. The surface is

dominantly convex and is erosional in origin.

Side slope. The slope bounding a drainageway and

lying between the drainageway and the adjacent

interfluve. It is generally linear along the slope

width, and overland flow is parallel down the

slope.

Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles

that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay

(0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine

sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class,

soil that is 80 percent or more silt and less than

12 percent clay.

Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly

silt-sized particles.

Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest

site based on the height of the dominant stand

at an arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if

the average height attained by dominant and

codominant trees in a fully stocked stand

at the age of 50 years is 75 feet, the site index

is 75.

Slickensides. Polished and grooved surfaces

produced by one mass sliding past another. In

soils, slickensides may occur at the bases of slip

surfaces on the steeper slopes; on faces of

blocks, prisms, and columns; and in swelling

clayey soils, where there is marked change in

moisture content.

Slippage (in tables). Soil mass susceptible to

movement downslope when loaded, excavated, or

wet.

Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the

horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical

distance divided by horizontal distance, then

multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a

drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance.

In this survey the following slope classes are

recognized:

Percent

Nearly level.......................................... 0 to 2

Gently sloping...................................... 2 to 5

Moderately sloping .............................. 5 to 9

Strongly sloping ................................. 9 to 15

Moderately steep ............................. 15 to 30

Steep ............................................... 30 to 50

Very steep .............................. 50 and higher

Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special

practices are required to ensure satisfactory

performance of the soil for a specific use.

Slow intake (in tables). The slow movement of water

into the soil.

Soft rock. Rock that can be excavated with trenching

machines, backhoes, small rippers, and other

equipment commonly used in construction.

Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the Earth’s

surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has

properties resulting from the integrated effect of

climate and living matter acting on earthy parent

material, as conditioned by relief over periods of

time.

Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C

horizon, in which the processes of soil formation

are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E,

and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of

the material in these horizons are unlike those of

the underlying material. The living roots and plant

and animal activities are largely confined to the

solum.

Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60

centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24

inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat.

Stony soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 percent,

by volume, rounded or partially rounded rock

fragments 10 to 24 inches in diameter. Very stony

soil material is 35 to 60 percent of these rock

fragments, and extremely stony soil material is

more than 60 percent.

Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil

particles into compound particles or aggregates.

The principal forms of soil structure are—platy

(laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates

longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with

rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular),

and granular. Structureless soils are either single

grain (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or

massive (the particles adhering without any

regular cleavage, as in many hardpans).

Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part

of the solum below plow depth.
276 Soil Survey

Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum.

Subsurface layer. Technically, the E horizon.

Generally refers to a leached horizon lighter in

color and lower in content of organic matter than

the overlying surface layer.

Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or

its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth

from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters).

Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the

“Ap horizon.”

Tephra. A collective term for all clastic volcanic

material that is ejected from a vent during an

eruption and transported through the air, including

volcanic ash, cinders, scoria, pumice, and blocks.

Tephra is a general term which, unlike many

volcaniclastic terms, does not denote properties

of composition, vesicularity, or grain size.

Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat

or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea.

Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt,

and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic

textural classes, in order of increasing proportion

of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy

loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay

loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and

clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam

classes may be further divided by specifying

“coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.”

Texture classes. The need for fine distinctions in the

texture of the soil layers results in a large number

of classes of soil texture. Often it is convenient to

speak generally of broad groups or classes of

texture (fig. 21). An outline of soil texture groups

follows. In some areas where soils are high in silt,

a fourth general class, silty soils, may be used for

silt and silt loam.

 Sandy soils

Coarse textured:

Sands—coarse sand, sand, fine sand,

 and very fine sand

 Loamy sands—loamy coarse sand, loamy sand,

 loamy fine sand, and loamy very fine sand

 Loamy soils

 Moderately coarse textured:

 Coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, and fine

 sandy loam

 Medium textured:

 Very fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam, and silt

 Moderately fine textured:

 Clay loam, sandy clay loam, and silty clay

 loam

 Clayey soils

 Fine textured:

 Sandy clay, silty clay, and clay

Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related

to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling

emergence, and root penetration.

Toe slope. The outermost inclined surface at the

base of a hill; part of a foot slope.

Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most

favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily

rich in organic matter and is used to topdress

roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining.

Tuff. Compacted deposit that is 50 percent or more

volcanic ash and dust.

Weathering. All physical and chemical changes

produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the

Earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These

changes result in disintegration and

decomposition of the material.

Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The

moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at

which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so

much that it does not recover when placed in a

humid, dark chamber.

Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees

by the wind.

Yarding. A logging term referring to moving a log from

the area in which it was cut to a landing or loading

area.

Yarding, cable. Moving a log with a suspended cable

rather than with a wheeled or tracked vehicle.

Figure 21.—U.S. Department of Agriculture textural

classification chart.

Sand—2.0 to 0.05 millimeters in diameter

Silt—0.05 to 0.002 millimeters in diameter

Clay—less than 0.002 millimeters in diameter