FILED U.S. COURT OF AP P EALS E LEV EN T HC IRC U IT FEB RUARY 14 , 2006 THOMAS K. KAH

N CLERK [ DO NO T P UB L I S H] I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 05- 13206 N on -A rgum entC al endar

________________________ D . C. D o c k e tN o . 0 4 - 0 0 1 5 6 - CR- CB U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s S H A N N O N M C C U L L O U G H , a .k .a . S h a n n o n M c C u llo u g h B o y in g to n , D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f o rth e So u th e rn D i s tr i c to f A l ab a ma

_________________________ ( F e b r u ar y 14, 2006) B e f o r e A N D E R S O N , B I R C H a n d C A RN E S , C ir c u it J u d g e s . P E R C U R I A M: S ha nnon M c C ul l ough appe a l s he rc onvi c t i ons f ortr a ns por t i ng a nd ha rbor i ng2

a n i l l e g a l a l i e n i n v i o l a t i o n o f 8 U . S. C. § 1 3 2 4 ( a ) ( 1 ) ( A ) ( i i ) a n d ( i i i ) . W e a f f i rm. I n 2 0 0 3 , M c C u llo u g h a n d h e rb o y f r ie n d , R o s a lio V e n e g a s S a n c h e z , a M e x ic a n c itiz e n , w e r e liv in g to g e th e ra t M c C u llo u g h ’s h o u s e in F o le y , A lab a m a . In D ec em ber of 200 3, V enegas re turned t o M exi co t o v i si thi s f am i l y. In Ja nu ary of 2004, M c C ul l ough tr a ve l e d t o M e xi c o a nd he l pe d V e ne ga s obt a i n a B - 2 vi s i t or vi saso thathe coul d com e bac k t o the U ni t ed S t at es . M cC ul l ou gh then a c c om pa ni e d V e ne ga s t o the bor de ra tH i da l go, T e xa s . O n J a nua ry 6, 2004, the U ni t ed S t at es C ust om s a nd B order P rot ec t i on O ff i ce (“ U S C B P ”) deni ed V enegas pe rm i s s i on t o e nt e rthe U ni t e d S t a t e s be c a us e he ha d pr e vi ous l y e nt e r e d the coun tryi l l egal l y. T he U S C B P ca ncel l ed V enegas ’ vi si t or vi sa , i nform ed hi m that h e c o u ld n o t le g a lly e n te rth e U n ite d S ta te s , a n d a llo w e dh im to r e tu rn to M e x ic o . O n M ar ch 5, 20 04 , S eni or B order P atrol A gentK evi n D ou gl as l ea rned that V e n e g a s h a d r e tu rn e d to F o le y , A lab a m aa n d w a s a g a in liv in g w ith M c C u llo u g h . A dm i ni s tr a t i ve c he c ks r e ve a l e d tha tV e ne ga s w a s notl e ga l l y a dm i tt e d i nt o the Un i t e d S t a t e s . On M ay10 , 20 04 , D ou gl as st op ped V enegas af t erhe l ef t M cC ul l ou gh ’ s r es i dence and qu es t i on ed hi m . V enegas t ol d D ou gl as thathe had e nt e r e d the U ni t e d S t a t e s i l l e ga l l y a tH i da l go, T e xa s i n F e brua ry of 2004. I n a sw orn w ri tt en st at em ent , V enegas st at ed thatM cC ul l ou gh , kn ow i ng thathe w as an i l l e ga l a l i e n, ha d pi c ke d hi m up i n H ous t on a nd pa i d a s m uggl e rf ortr a ns por t i ng3

hi m t o the U ni t ed S t at es . D ou gl as l at ersw ore i n an aff i davi tthathe di d n otcoer ce V e n e g a s in to p r o v id in g th e s ta te m e n t. V e ne ga s w a s i nf

orm e d tha the c oul d be c ha r ge d a dm i ni s tr a t i ve l y f or v io la tin g im m ig r a tio n la w s , o rh e c o u ld w a iv e h is p r o c e d u r a l d u e p r o c e s s r ig h ts a nd be e l i gi bl e f

ora n i m m e di a t e , vol unt a ry r e turn t o M e xi c o. V e ne ga s c hos e the l a tt e ra nd w a s r e turne d t o M e xi c o on M a y 13, 2004. M c C ul l ough w a s i ndi c t e d on one c ountof

tr a ns por t a t i on of

a n i l l e ga l a l i e n a nd one c ountof ha rbor i ng a nd c o n c e a lin g a n ille g a l a lie n o n J u ly 2 9 , 2 0 0 4 . O n N o v em b er8 , 2 0 0 4 , th e g o v er n m en t sen t a lett erto M cC u ll o u g h ’s a tto rn e y , R ig u e rR . S ilv a , s ta tin g th a t it h a d f ile d f o rp e rm is s io n f

o rV e n e g a s to r e e n te rth e U n ite d S ta te s a s a w itn e s s a n d w o u ld p a y f o rh is tr a v e l a n d lo d g in g . T he gove rnm e ntr e que s t e d tha tS i l va pr ovi de a ddi t i ona l c ont a c ti nf or m a t i on f

or V e ne ga s , i nc l udi ng hi s f ul l na m e , a ddr e s s , t e l e phone num be r s , a nd a ny uni que id e n tif y in g n u m b e r s , b e f

o r e N o v e m b e r1 2 , 2 0 0 4 , s o th a t it c o u ld c o m p le te h is tr a v e l a rr a n g e m e n ts . O n N ove m be r12, 2004, M c C ul l ough f i l e d a m ot i on t o di s m i s s the i ndi c tm e nt , a l l e gi ng tha tA ge ntD ougl a s ha d a rr a nge d f orV e ne ga s t o l e a ve the U n i t e d St a t e s b e f

o r e s h e h a d a n o p p o r tu n i ty t o d e p o s e a n d c r o s s e x a mi n e h i m, com prom i si ng her abi l i ty t o o bt ai n evi dence for herdefe nse. In supp ortof her4

m ot i on , M cC ul l ou gh fi l ed the af fi davi tof S i l va, i n w hi ch he sw ore thathe had m a d e n u m e r o u s a tte m p ts to c o n ta c t V e n e g a s in M e x ic o , b u t w a s ab le to s p e a k w ith hi m on l y once because he di d n othave a t el epho ne and l i ved i n a re m ot e a re a w i tho uta m ai l i ng addres s. S i l va st at ed thatV enegas had t ol d h i m thatthe sw orn s ta te m e n t h e g a v e to D o u g la s w a s f a ls e a n d c o e r c e d , a n d th a t h e h a d n e v e rto ld D ou gl as thatM cC ul l ou gh kn ew thathe w as an i l l egal al i en. S i l va further s t at ed tha the di d notha ve the r e s our c e s ort i m e t o s e c ur e c ont a c ti nf or m a t i on f

or V e n e g a s . A ta N ove m be r30, 2004 he a r i ng on M c C ul l ough’ s m ot i on t o di s m i s s the in d ic tm e n t, th e d is tr ic t c o u r t s ta te d th a t it w a s M c C u llo u g h ’s b u r d e n to p r o v e th a t, a tthe t i m e the gove rnm e ntf a c i l i t a t e d V e ne ga s ’ r e turn t o M e xi c o, hi s t e s t i m ony w ou l d h ave been fa vo rabl e t o h er . T he courtob se rved thatthe go vernm enthad tr i e d t o br i ng V e ne ga s t o the U ni t e d S t a t e s f ortr i a l . M c C ul l ough s t a t e d tha tthe fo u r d ays th e g o v ern m en th ad g i v en h er w as n o ten o u g h t i m e t o o b t ai n V en eg as’ c ont a c ti nf

orm a t i on, a nd tha ts he onl y kne w “ ha l f ” of the i nf or m a t i on r e que s t e d by the gove rnm e nt . T he gove rnm e ntr e s ponde d tha ti tha d be e n i n c ont a c tw i th S i l va s i nc e A ugus torS e pt e m be ra nd ha d di s c us s e d the ne e d f orm or e i nf

orm a t i on about V enegas on se vera l occa si on s, and thatthe N ov em ber 12, 20 04 deadl i ne w as chosen t o g i ve the go vernm entenou gh t i m e t o b ri ng V enegas t o the U ni t ed S t at es5

before the tri al , w hi ch w as sc hedu l ed for N ov em ber 30, 20 04 . M cC ul l ou gh then a r g u e d th a t th e g o v e rn m e n t h a d a c te d in b a df a ith b y a llo w in g V e n e g a s to le a v e . T he c our tr e s ponde d: “ W ha t. . . di f f e r e nc e doe s i tm a ke tha tthe r e w a s ba d f a i th, a r g u ab ly , e v e n if

e v e ry th in g y o u s a y is tru e a n d th a t . . . a m o u n ts to b a d f a ith , if in fa ctatthe t i m e the st at em ent s he m ade w er e f avorabl e t o the go vernm ent ? ” T h e d i stri ctco u rten t ered an o rd er d en yi n g M cC u l l o u g h ’ s m o t i o n t o d i sm i ss the i ndi c tm e nt , f

i ndi ng tha tthe r e w a s a n i ns uf f i c i e ntba s i s t o s uppor tthe a l l e ga t i ons i n the m ot i on. A f t e ra be nc h tr i a l , the di s tr i c tc our tf ound M c C ul l ough gui l ty on both c ount s of the i ndi c tm e nt . T he di s tr i c tc our ts e nt e nc e d M c C ul l ough to o n e d a y o f

im p r is o n m e n t a n d f

o u rm o n th s o f

h o m e c o n f

in e m e n t. O n appe a l , M c C ul l ough c ont e nds tha tthe di s tr i c tc our tabus e d i t s di s c r e t i on in d e n y in g h e rm o tio n to d is m is s th e in d ic tm e n t b e c a u s e s h e w a s d e n ie d h e rS ix th A m en d m en tri g h tt o co n fro n tw i tn esses w h en th e g o v ern m en tfaci l i t at ed V en eg as’ r e turn t o M e xi c o. S he a r gue s tha ts he w a s notr e qui r e d t o pr ove tha tthe go vernm enthad act ed i n b ad fa i th i n al l ow i ng V enegas t o l ea ve, and thatthe court erre d w hen i tt oo k thi s f ac t or i nt o con si dera t i on . S he ar gu es thatshe m ade a pl a us i bl e s how i ng tha tV e ne ga s ’ t e s t i m ony w oul d ha ve be e n m a t e r i a l a nd fa vo rabl e bec ause S i l va’ s a ff i davi tes t abl i shed thatV enegas w ou l d h ave t es t i fi ed thathi s s t at em entw as coer ce d and thatM cC ul l ou gh had n o k no w l edge thathe w as6

a n i l l e ga l a l i e n. F i na l l y , s he a r gue s tha ti f s he m us tpr ove ba d f

a i th, the gove rnm e nt ’ s a c t i ons i n a l l ow i ng V e ne ga s t o l e a ve e xhi bi t e d ba d f a i th. W e r e vi e w a di s tr i c tc our t ’ s de ni a l of a m ot i on t o di s m i s s a n i ndi c tm e ntf or an abuse of di sc re t i on . U ni t ed S t at es v. W al do n, 36 3 F . 3d 11 03 , 11 08 (11th C i r. 2 0 0 4 ) , c e r t. d e n ie d , 1 2 5 S . C t. 2 0 8 ( 2 0 0 4 ) . T h e C o n s titu tio n p r o v id e s th a t, “[ i]n a ll cr i m i nal prosec ut i on s, the ac cuse d shal l enj oy the ri gh t. . . t o h ave c om pu l sory proces s f or ob t ai ni ng w i tness es i n h i s f avor. ” U . S . C on st . , A m end. V I. In U ni t ed S t a t e s v. V a l e nz ue l a - B e rna l , 458 U . S . 858, 872, 102 S . C t . 3440, 3449 ( 1982) , the S u p re m e C o u rt co n sid er ed th is issu e a n d co n clu d ed th at th e e x ec u ti v e b ra n ch ’s r e s pons i bi l i ty t o e xe c ut e i m m i gr a t i on pol i c y “ j us t i f i e s the pr om ptde por t a t i on of i l l egal -a l i en w i tness es up on the [e ] xecut i ve’ s goo d-fa i th d et erm i nat i on thatthey pos s e s s no e vi de nc e f

a vor abl e t o the de f

e nda nti n a c r i m i na l pr os e c ut i on. ” T he C our ts t a t e d tha tthe m e r e f a c tof de por t a t i on w a s note nough f ora vi ol a t i on of

the C om pul s ory P r oc e s s C l a us e of the S i xth A m e ndm e ntorthe D ue P r oc e s s C l a us e of the F i f th A m e ndm e nt . I d. “ A vi ol a t i on of the s e pr ovi s i ons r e qui r e s s om e s how i ng thatthe evi dence l ostw ou l d b e both m at er i al and favorabl e t o the defense . ” I d. In othe rw or ds , the de f

e nda ntm us ts how “ s om e r e a s onabl e ba s i s t o be l i e ve tha tthe de por t e d w i tne s s w oul d t e s t i f y t o m a t e r i a l a nd f

a vor abl e f

a c t s . ” U ni t e d S t a t e s v. S ai nt i l , 75 3 F . 2d 98 4, 98 7 (11 th C i r. 19 85 ) ( i nt ernal m arks om i tt ed).7

M c C ul l ough ha s nots a t i s f i e d thi s bur de n. F i r s t , the r e c or d doe s nots how tha tV e ne ga s w a s de por t e d. S e e i d. ( not i ng tha tgi vi ng a n i l l e ga l a l i e n the opt i on of e ith e rle a v in g v o lu n ta r ily o rb e in g d e ta in e d d o e s n o t a m o u n t to d e p o r ta tio n ) . V e ne ga s , l i ke the i l l e ga l a l i e n i n S a i nt i l , w a s gi ve n the opt i on of l e a vi ng v o lu n ta r ily o rb e in g d e ta in e d . S e c ond, i tappe a r s tha tthe di s tr i c tc our t ’ s r e a s on f orr e qui r i ng M c C ul l ough t o s how tha tV e ne ga s ’ t e s t i m ony w oul d ha ve be e n f a vor abl e t o he rw he n the gove rnm e nta l l ow e d hi m t o l e a ve w a s ba s e d on i t s c onc e rn tha tthe gove rnm e nt had n otac t ed i n b ad fa i th. T he S up re m e C ou rtand thi s C ou rthave sugg es t ed that bad fai th i s a n i m po rt antconsi dera t i on i n d et erm i ni ng w hether aconst i tut i on al vi ol a t i on ha s oc c urr e d. S e e V a l e nz ue l a - B e rna l , 458 U . S . a t872; 102 S . C t . a t3449 ( s ta tin g th a t it is p e rm is s ib le f o rth e g o v e rn m e n t to d e p o r t a n ille g a l- a lie n w itn e s s if the gove rnm e ntha s m a de a good f a i th de t e rm i na t i on tha tthe w i tne s s pos s e s s e s no evi dence fa vo rabl e t o a cr i m i nal defe nd ant ); U ni t ed S t at es v. A vi l a- D om i ng uez, 610 F . 2d 1266, 1270 ( 5th C i r . 1980) ( not i ng, upon de ny i ng r e l i e f , tha t“ the [ g] ove rnm e ntne i the ra c t e d i n ba d f a i th norpurpos e f

ul l y de pr i ve d de f

e nda nt s of th e irr ig h ts ” ) . T h e g o v e rn m e n t d id n o t a c t in b a d f a ith w h e n it a llo w e d V e n e g a s to le a v e th e U n ite d S ta te s v o lu n ta r ily b e c a u s e a t th a t tim e , V e n e g a s h a d o n ly p r o v id e d in c r im in a tin g s ta te m e n ts ab o u t M c C u llo u g h a n d th e r e w a s n o r e a s o n to8

be l i e ve tha tA ge ntD ougl a s ha d c oe r c e d the s e s t a t e m e nt s . F ur the rm or e , the gove rnm e ntm a de e ve ry e f f or tt o pr oc ur e V e ne ga s ’ appe a r a nc e f ortr i a l , c ont a c t i ng S ilv a o n s e v e r a l o c c a s io n s r e g a r d in g V e n e g a s ’ c o n ta c t in f o rm a tio n . B e c a us e the e vi de nc e s how s V e ne ga s w a s notde por t e d a nd tha tthe g o v e rn m e n t d id n o t a c t in b a d f a ith in a llo w in g h im to le a v e , th e d is tr ic t c o u r t d id notabus e i t s di s c r e t i on by de ny i ng M c C ul l ough’ s m ot i on t o di s m i s s the in d ic tm e n t. AF F I RME D.