United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 

04-1489 

WARNER-LAMBERT COMPANY, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

v. 

UNITED STATES, 

Defendant-Appellee. 

 

Patrick D. Gill, Rode & Qualey, of New York, New York, argued for plaintiffappellant. Of counsel on the brief were John S. Rode and Eleanore Kelly-Kobayashi. 

Bruce N. Stratvert, Attorney, International Trade Field Office, Commercial 

Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, of New York, New 

York, argued for defendant-appellee. With him on the brief were Peter D. Keisler, 

Assistant Attorney General, David M. Cohen, Director, and Barbara S. Williams, 

Attorney in Charge. Of counsel on the brief was Chi S. Choy, Office of Assistant Chief 

Counsel, United States Customs and Border Protection, of New York, New York. 

Appealed from: United States Court of International Trade 

Senior Judge Nicholas Tsoucalas 
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 

04-1489 

WARNER-LAMBERT COMPANY, 

 Plaintiff-Appellant, 

v. 

UNITED STATES, 

 Defendant-Appellee. 

___________________________ 

 DECIDED: May 11, 2005 

___________________________ 

Before RADER, SCHALL, and BRYSON, Circuit Judges. 

RADER, Circuit Judge. 

 The United States Court of International Trade sustained the United States 

Customs Service determination to classify Warner-Lambert’s imported Certs® “Powerful 

Mints” under Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS) subheading 

2106.90.99, as a “food preparation not elsewhere specified or included.” Customs had 

proposed this classification if the Court of International Trade found, as a matter of fact, 

that the mints are sugar-free. Warner-Lambert instead sought classification under 

HTSUS subheading 3306.90.00, “Preparations for oral or dental hygiene . . . Other,” 

which would be free of duty. Because Customs’ classification of Warner-Lambert’s 

Certs Powerful Mints within subheading 2106.90.99 of the Harmonized Tariff ®

Schedules of the United States (HTSUS) does not persuade under the appropriate 

standard, this court reverses. 
I. 

Warner-Lambert markets Certs® Powerful Mints as a product to freshen the 

breath, and in particular to eliminate oral malodor. The product contains sorbitol,

maltodextrin, aspartame, magnesium stearate, “Retsyn®,” and blue food coloring.

Retsyn® contains flavoring, partially hydrogenated cottonseed oil, and copper gluconate. 

Warner-Lambert presented expert evidence that Certs® is “an effective breath 

freshening product” because it stimulates salivary flow, which controls malodor by 

purging. Further testimony indicated that the product contains flavors that mask 

malodor and copper gluconate that breaks down odor-producing volatile compounds. 

Finally, the product contains cottonseed oil to absorb odor-producing volatile 

compounds. 

Customs presented expert evidence that the product does not contain 

ingredients considered by professionals to remove bacteria and bacterial products 

contributing to oral diseases. Accordingly, Customs argues that the product “does not 

promote oral hygiene.” Customs’ expert did note, however, that saliva is an effective 

cleansing solution that dissolves malodorous compounds and helps to mechanically

remove bacteria and volatile compounds from the mouth. 

The Court of International Trade considered a monograph entitled “Over-theCounter Oral Health Care and Discomfort Drugs: Establishment of a Monograph,” 47 

Fed. Reg. 22,760 (May 25, 1982), published by the Food and Drug Administration 

(FDA). This monograph summarized the conclusions of a professional panel of the 

FDA that evaluated ingredients in oral health care preparations sold without

prescription. The monograph stated that “hygienic measures” to control malodor 

04-1489 2
included “various cosmetic preparations, such as odoriferous mouthwashes and 

gargles, and lozenges. Some of the products employed contain antimicrobial and other 

active ingredients for which therapeutic claims are made in addition to cosmetic claims.”

Id. at 22,842. The monograph also stated that malodor may be controlled by purging,

masking, chemical neutralization, or bacterial inhibition. Id. at 22,843-44. 

The Court of International Trade weighed this evidence and consulted definitions

for “preparations” and “hygiene” from medical and general dictionaries. The trial court 

concluded that, because “hygiene” “relates to the presence of health,” preparations for

oral hygiene are “medicines made ready for the practice of preserving the health of the 

mouth or oral cavity.” Warner-Lambert Co. v. United States, 343 F. Supp. 2d 1315,

1320 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2004). Therefore, the court concluded that cosmetic products 

“must reach an antimicrobial result to be considered a preparation for oral or dental 

hygiene.” Id. Because Certs® Powerful Mints do not contain an antimicrobial agent, the 

trial court declined to classify them as a preparation for oral hygiene under HTSUS 

33.06. Id. at 1321. 

II. 

The parties do not dispute material facts about these imports. This court’s review 

of their classification reduces to a determination of the proper meaning and scope of the 

HTSUS terms. That determination is a matter of statutory interpretation, i.e., a question 

of law. See SGI, Inc. v. United States, 122 F.3d 1468, 1471 (Fed. Cir. 1997). This 

court construes a tariff term according to its common and commercial meanings– 

presumably the same. To discern the commercial meaning of a tariff term, this court 

may consult dictionaries, scientific authorities, and other reliable information sources.

See Mead Corp. v. United States, 283 F.3d 1342, 1346 (Fed. Cir. 2002). The HTSUS 

04-1489 3
Explanatory Notes themselves are not binding, but are “generally indicative of the 

proper interpretation of . . . the Harmonized Tariff System.” Lynteq, Inc. v. United 

States, 976 F.2d 693, 699 (Fed. Cir. 1992). 

This court defers to a classification ruling by Customs following the principles in 

Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134 (1944). Mead Corp. v. United States, 533 U.S.

218, 219-20 (2001). Under Skidmore, the degree of deference depends on the 

thoroughness evident in the classification ruling; the validity of the reasoning that led to 

the classification; consistency of the classification with earlier and later 

pronouncements; the formality with which the particular ruling was established; and 

other factors that supply a “power to persuade.” Skidmore, 323 U.S. at 140. Although

according deference, this court has an independent responsibility to decide the legal 

issue of the proper meaning and scope of HTSUS terms. See Rocknel Fastener, Inc. v. 

United States, 267 F.3d 1354, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2001). 

III. 

 

The terms in HTSUS determine the scope of the imports covered by the 

categories. Heading 33.06 provides for: 

Preparations for oral or dental hygiene, including denture fixative pastes 

and powders; yarn used to clean between the teeth (dental floss), in 

individual retail packages: Dentifrices: Yarn used to clean between the 

teeth (dental floss): Other. 

The court below found that the phrase “preparations for oral or dental hygiene” is not 

defined in any standard or technical lexicon. For guidance on this phrase, the court 

resorted to the FDA monograph, which states, as noted above, that the use of 

odoriferous cosmetic preparations without antimicrobial agents is a hygienic measure. 

See Monograph, at 22,842. The monograph states that “only antimicrobial ingredients

04-1489 4
known to be effective against the causative microorganisms are effective in 

suppressing the malodor,” Id. at 22,844, but it does not state anywhere that “hygiene”

requires antimicrobial action. The trial court, not the monograph, connected “health”

with “hygiene.” Nothing in the monograph, or in the dictionaries consulted by the court, 

requires that identification. “Hygiene” might lead to “health”--but it is not “health” itself.

The trial court simply read too much into the monograph. 

Further, the court’s interpretation discounts both the Explanatory Notes to 

Chapter 33 and the examples in Heading 33.06 itself. The Chapter Notes specify that 

the products of Heading 33.06 need not “contain subsidiary pharmaceutical or

disinfectant constituents,” nor be held out “as having therapeutic or prophylactic value.”

World Customs Organization, Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System

613 (3d ed. 2002). The Explanatory Note to Heading 33.06 further specifies that the 

heading encompasses “[m]outh washes and oral perfumes.” Id. at 620. Therefore, the 

Notes accompanying this heading do not require antimicrobial agents in “preparations

for oral or dental hygiene.” To the contrary, the Notes expressly encompass “oral 

perfumes” within the heading. In sum, the Court of International Trade went too far in 

requiring that a product under Heading 33.06 include an antimicrobial agent. 

IV. 

As noted earlier, Customs proposed to classify Certs® Powerful Mints under

HTSUS Heading 2106.90.99. In assessing the deference appropriate for this action,

this court examines Headquarters Ruling Letter No. HQ 963764 of January 11, 2002. 

In HQ 963764 Customs considered the appropriateness of classifying Certs® Powerful 

Mints under Headings 17.04 (“sugar confectionery . . . not containing cocoa”); 21.06 

04-1489 5
(“[f]ood preparations not elsewhere specified or included”); and 33.06 (“preparations for

oral or dental hygiene”). Customs also based its decision on the FDA monograph, The 

Random House Dictionary of the English Language (n.d.), and the Explanatory Notes.

In its analysis of the FDA monograph, Customs did not acknowledge that the 

monograph does not require a malodor preparation to contain an antimicrobial agent,

although the monograph does not suggest that only antibacterial products are 

“hygienic.” Further, although Customs quoted the dictionary definition of “hygiene” as

“a condition or practice conducive to the preservation of health, as cleanliness,” it 

overlooked the uncontested facts that Certs® Powerful Mints effect a cleansing action. 

To justify its proposed classification under Headings 17.04 or 21.06, Customs

stated simply: “The Certs® Cool Mint Drops consist essentially of sugar.” HQ 963764,

at 7. This dismissive analysis neglects not only those chemical components of the 

mints which achieve the breakdown and absorption function, but also the cleansing 

effect of the purging activity. In sum, Customs’ proposed classification carried little 

power to persuade because it overlooked some characteristics of the imports and read 

the term “hygiene” too narrowly to remain consistent with the Explanatory Notes. 

V. 

For these reasons, this court holds that Warner-Lambert’s Certs® Powerful Mints

properly fall under heading 33.06 of the HTSUS. The justification for Customs’ desired 

alternative classification lacks the power to persuade under Skidmore. Because the 

imported articles belong under Heading 33.06 of the HTSUS, this court reverses the 

decision of the Court of International Trade. 

04-1489 6
COSTS 

Each party shall bear its own costs. 

REVERSED

04-1489 7