* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

MAR 24 1999

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

JORDAN F. MILLER

CORPORATION, a California

corporation and; JORDAN F.

MILLER, an individual,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

MID-CONTINENT AIRCRAFT

SERVICE, INC., an Oklahoma

corporation; JET CENTER TULSA,

INC., an Oklahoma corporation,

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 98-5104

(D.C. No. 95-CV-469-B)

(N.D. Okla.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before BALDOCK , BARRETT , and HENRY , Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
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argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f) and 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

Plaintiff Jordan F. Miller Corporation (Miller) appeals from a final order of

the district court denying its motion for attorney’s fees and costs after a jury

verdict awarding it a net recovery against defendants Mid-Continent Aircraft

Service, Inc. (Mid-Continent) and Jet Center Tulsa, Inc. (Jet Center). We

exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.

BACKGROUND

Miller brought a diversity suit alleging negligence, breach of contract, and

breach of warranty claims arising out of its purchase of a used Cessna 421B

aircraft from Mid-Continent and Jet Center. Defendants filed breach of contract

counterclaims. 

A series of pre-trial rulings reduced Miller’s potential recovery. Claims for

damages connected with the left landing gear were dismissed as a sanction for

failing to preserve the allegedly damaged component parts for inspection. See

Jordan F. Miller Corp. v. Mid-Continent Aircraft Serv., Inc. , No. 97-5089, 1998

WL 68879 at **1, **7 (10th Cir. Feb. 20, 1998) (unpublished order and judgment

entered on interlocutory appeal, agreeing with the district court that Miller should

be held responsible for the spoliation of evidence and affirming the order of

dismissal). On a claim concerning alleged defects in the plane’s right engine,
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Miller failed to comply with the requirements for disclosure of expert testimony.

See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B). The court entered an order striking the testimony

of the expert on that claim, then granted defendants’ motion for partial summary

judgment based on lack of causation evidence. In a mandamus petition filed in

this court, Miller sought an order directing the district court to withdraw the entry

of partial summary judgment and permit testimony of the expert witness. The

petition was denied on February 13, 1998. 

Trial went forward on the remainder of Miller’s contentions that the plane

had not been delivered in airworthy condition. Miller sought damages of

approximately $350,000. The jury returned a verdict in Miller’s favor, awarding

damages of $20,500 against Mid-Continent and $25,000 against Jet Center. The

jury also returned verdicts in favor of defendants on their counterclaim, providing

an offset of $5,909.27 for Mid-Continent and $10,000 for Jet Center. Miller’s net

judgment was $29,590.73. Post-trial, Miller filed a motion for attorney fees in

the amount of $118,662.50 and costs in the amount of $37,769.54. The district

court denied the motion and this appeal followed. 
1 The district court set out two grounds for denying Miller’s attorney fees:

(1) the imposition of sanctions under Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(f) and (2) the lack of

entitlement to fees under Oklahoma law, see Okla. Stat. tit. 12, §§ 936, 939

(1988). Because we determine that the Rule 16(f) provides a basis for the court’s

ruling, we do not address the parties’ argument concerning the application of

Oklahoma law. We do note, however, that Oklahoma cases suggest that attorney

fees are “mandatory.” American Superior Feeds, Inc. v. Mason Warehouse, Inc. ,

943 P.2d 171, 173 (Okla. Ct. App. 1997). 

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DENIAL OF ATTORNEY FEES

We review the district court’s denial of attorney fees as a sanction pursuant

to Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(f) for an abuse of discretion, considering the totality of the

circumstances, assessing supporting factual findings under the clear error

standard, see Olcott v. Delaware Flood Co. , 76 F.3d 1538, 1557 (10th Cir. 1996),

and examining the legal analysis de novo, see Utah Women's Clinic, Inc. v.

Leavitt , 136 F.3d 707, 709 (10th Cir. 1998). 1 The question on appeal is not

whether the reviewing court would have chosen the sanction as an original matter

but whether the district court abused its discretion in doing so. See National

Hockey League v. Metropolitan Hockey Club, Inc. , 427 U.S. 639, 642 (1976). 

“An abuse of discretion occurs only when the trial court bases its decision on an

erroneous conclusion of law or where there is no rational basis in the evidence for

the ruling.” Callicrate v. Farmland Indus., Inc. , 139 F.3d 1336, 1339 (10th Cir.

1998) (quotation omitted).
2 Rule 16(f) provides, in pertinent part: 

Sanctions . If a party or party’s attorney fails to obey a scheduling or

pretrial order . . . , the judge, upon motion or the judge’s own

initiative, may make such orders with regard thereto as are just, and

among others any of the orders provided in Rule 37(b)(2)(B), (C),

(D). In lieu of or in addition to any other sanction, the judge shall

require the party or the attorney representing the party or both to pay

the reasonable expenses incurred because of any noncompliance with

this rule, including attorney’s fees, unless the judge finds that the

noncompliance was substantially justified or that other circumstances

make an award of expenses unjust. 

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 Rule 16(f) is implicated when there has been a violation of an existing 

pre-trial order. Lillie v. United States , 40 F.3d 1105, 1110 (10th Cir. 1994). 2

 

“The award of fees and expenses for noncompliance . . . is discretionary, and the

amount and impact of a monetary sanction should depend on the seriousness of

the violation and where the fault lies, i.e. with counsel or client.” Olcott , 76 F.3d

at 1557 (quoting Turnbull v. Wilcken , 893 F.2d 256, 259 (10th Cir. 1990) (per

curiam)). “[I]n the absence of a finding of bad faith, there must be a sufficient

nexus between noncompliance with the rules and the amount of fees and expenses

awarded as a sanction.” Id. Bad faith, in this context, means a voluntary,

intentional refusal to comply with a pretrial order. Cf. M.E.N. Co. v. Control

Fluidics, Inc. , 834 F.2d 869, 872-73 (10th Cir. 1987) (concerning entry of default

judgment for failure to abide by pretrial orders or provide discovery). 
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In ruling on Miller’s request for attorney fees, the district court pointed out

general shortcomings in plaintiff’s litigation of its case. The court also

catalogued repeated instances of voluntary failure to comply with pretrial rulings,

which it attributed to both counsel and the client. Specifically, the court found

that plaintiff’s representative, Jordan Miller, “blatantly” disregarded an in limine

order “not to refer to his terminal cancer only minutes after he was so instructed.” 

Appellant’s Supp. at 155-56. Counsel and other witnesses made reference to

other prohibited subjects, such as an offer of settlement, right-engine damages,

and the concept of fraud. See id. at 156. In addition, counsel wasted judicial

resources by “show[ing] up at trial with his exhibits in total disarray,” in spite of

the court’s spending “in excess of five hours in three different pretrial

conferences going through every objection to every exhibit.” Id. The court

concluded that, for these transgressions, counsel and Jordan Miller deserved to be

sanctioned under Rule 16(f) for their failure to abide by pretrial orders. Id. at

156-57. 

 Although the district court did not explicitly use the term “bad faith,” its

findings attest to willful noncompliance with particular pretrial orders. 

Therefore, the court was not required to limit its sanction to those expenses and

attorney’s fees directly attributable to the defendants’ abuse of the legal process. 

Cf. Olcott , 76 F.3d at 1557. After scrutinizing the record on appeal, we are
3 Section 1332(b), as in effect at the time this lawsuit was filed, provided:

(continued...)

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cannot say that the district court abused its considerable discretion and, therefore, 

the denial of attorney fees is sustained. 

DENIAL OF COSTS

Similarly, we review the district court’s ruling on Miller’s request for costs

pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d) for abuse of discretion. See, e.g. , AeroTech,

Inc. v. Estes , 110 F.3d 1523, 1526 (10th Cir. 1997). The underlying interpretation

of a statute is a question of law subject to de novo review. See Rushton v. State

Bank of S. Utah (In re Gledhill) , 164 F.3d 1338, 1340 (10th Cir. 1999).

“Rule 54 creates a presumption that the district court will award costs to

the prevailing party.” Cantrell v. International Bhd. of Elec. Workers , 69 F.3d

456, 459 (10th Cir.1995) (en banc). “Because a denial of costs is a severe

penalty, there must be some apparent reason to penalize the party if costs are to

be denied.” AeroTech , 110 F.3d at 1526-27 (further quotation omitted). Here,

the district court supplied a statutory reason for its denial of costs: Miller’s

recovery was less than the applicable jurisdictional amount of $50,000 and, under

28 U.S.C. § 1332(b), a prevailing plaintiff in a diversity suit may be denied an

award of costs or even taxed costs if its recovery does not satisfy the

jurisdictional amount. 3

 
3

(...continued)

Except when express provision therefor is otherwise made in a

statute of the United States, where the plaintiff who files the case

originally in the Federal courts is finally adjudged to be entitled to

recover less than the sum or value of $50,000, computed without

regard to any setoff or counterclaim to which the defendant may be

adjudged to be entitled, and exclusive of interest and costs, the

district court may deny costs to the plaintiff and, in addition, may

impose costs on the plaintiff.

The statute was amended October 16, 1996, to reflect the new jurisdictional

amount of $75,000. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(b) (1998). 

 

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Miller argues that under the circumstances of this case, § 1332(b) does not

provide a valid basis for the district court’s action. Its theory is that § 1332(b)

may be used only against plaintiffs who inflate their claims in order to invoke

federal jurisdiction, not against those whose eventual recovery falls short for

some other reason. Miller points out that the allegations in its complaint

unquestionably supported damages in excess of $50,000, but that the court’s

dismissal orders reduced the jury award. 

We disagree with Miller’s legal premise. When interpreting a statute, we

begin with the plain language of the statute itself, and if the terms are

unambiguous, our inquiry normally ends. See United States v. Romero , 122 F.3d

1334, 1337 (10th Cir. 1997), cert. denied , 118 S. Ct. 1310 (1998). The language

of § 1332 is not ambiguous. The statute clearly grants the district court discretion
4 Miller’s citation to dicta in Edgar v. Fred Jones Lincoln-Mercury of Okla.

City, Inc. , 524 F.2d 162, 165 (10th Cir. 1975) is inapposite. In that case, we held

that, because the district court erred in excluding a punitive damages claim, it also

erred in assessing costs against the plaintiff for failure to meet the jurisdictional

minimum. 

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to deny costs if the plaintiff “is finally adjudged to be entitled to recover less

than” the jurisdictional amount. It focuses on the plaintiff’s ultimate recovery,

not its potential damages.

We recognize that the legislative history of § 1332(b) demonstrates an

intent to deter plaintiffs from filing cases in federal court when the amount in

controversy is, or is likely to be, less than the jurisdictional amount. See

Breeland v. Hide-a-Way Lake, Inc. , 585 F.2d 716, 722 n.11 (5th Cir. 1978); see

also Dr. Franklin Perkins Sch. v. Freeman , 741 F.2d 1503, 1525 (7th Cir. 1984)

(quoting S. Rep. No. 1830, 85 Cong., 2d Sess. reprinted in 1958 U.S. Code & Ad.

News 3099, 3103). The plain language of the statute, however, does not limit its

application to instances in which plaintiffs deliberately inflate their claims. The

statute leaves the determination on allocation of costs to the discretion of the

judge. It does not preclude an award of costs if the district court determines that

a plaintiff was acting in good faith when it invoked diversity jurisdiction, in spite

of a limited recovery. Nevertheless, it does not require the court to make express

findings on the issue. 4 Under the circumstances of this case, the district court

acted within its discretion in denying Miller’s request for an award of costs. 
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AFFIRMED. 

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

PER CURIAM