United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit

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No. 13-1585

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United States of America,

lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

James Jones Howard,

lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant.

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 Appeal from United States District Court 

for the Southern District of Iowa - Des Moines

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 Submitted: November 18, 2013

 Filed: June 11, 2014

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Before WOLLMAN, COLLOTON, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.

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COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.

James Howard pleaded guilty to unlawful possession of a firearm as a

previously convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). Based on Howard’s

criminal history, the district court sentenced Howard to the statutory minimum

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The Honorable James E. Gritzner, Chief Judge, United States District Court

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for the Southern District of Iowa.
sentence of fifteen years’ imprisonment under the Armed Career Criminal Act

(“ACCA”). See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). Howard appeals, arguing that neither of his

sexual-abuse convictions qualifies as a violent felony under the ACCA, and that the

Act’s residual clause is unconstitutionally vague. We affirm.

Under the ACCA, a defendant convicted pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) is

subject to a minimum sentence of fifteen years if he has sustained at least three

previous convictions for a violent felony, a serious drug offense, or both. Id.

§ 924(e). The Act defines “violent felony” to include “any crime punishable by

imprisonment for a term exceeding one year” that is “burglary, arson, or extortion,

involves use of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious

potential risk of physical injury to another.” Id. § 924(e)(2)(B). 

Howard does not dispute that he sustained two qualifying convictions, one for

first-degree theft and another for second-degree murder. But he contendsthat neither

of his sexual-abuse convictions—a 1988 Arkansas conviction for first-degree carnal

abuse and a 1992 Iowa conviction for third-degree sexual abuse—constitutes a third

violent felony, because neither is similar in kind, or degree of risk posed, to the

offenses enumerated in § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). The district court, citing this court’s

decisions in United States v. Dawn, 685 F.3d 790 (8th Cir. 2012), United States v.

Scudder, 648 F.3d 630, 633 (8th Cir. 2011), and United States v. Mincks, 409 F.3d

898, 900 (8th Cir. 2005), ruled that both of these convictions fell within the ACCA’s

residual clause. We review that determination de novo. United States v. Whaley, 552

F.3d 904, 905 (8th Cir. 2009).

The Arkansas statute under which Howard was convicted, Arkansas Code § 5-

14-104 (1988), provided that “[a] person commits carnal abuse in the first degree if,

being eighteen (18) years old or older, he engages in sexual intercourse or deviate

sexual activity with another person not his spouse who islessthan fourteen (14) years

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old.” Court records showed that Howard was convicted for engaging in sexual

intercourse with the victim. PSR ¶ 24.

Under the residual clause of the ACCA, a crime qualifies as a violent felony

if it “involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to

another.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). We reasoned in Dawn that “[s]exual contact

between parties of differing physical and emotional maturity carries a substantial risk

that physical force may be used in the course of committing the offense.” 685 F.3d

at 796–97 (internal quotation omitted). That is especially so where, as here, the

victim must be of a tender age (younger than fourteen years) and the sexual offender

must be an adult aged at least eighteen years. The younger the victim, and the larger

the age difference between perpetrator and victim, the greater the likely disparity in

physical and emotional maturity between the parties. The risk of injury arises, one

court explained, because these offenses “typically occur in close quarters, and are

generally perpetrated by an adult upon a victim who is not only smaller, weaker, and

less experienced, but is also generally susceptible to acceding to the coercive power

of adult authority figures.” United States v. Sherwood, 156 F.3d 219, 221 (1st Cir.

1998) (internal quotation omitted). The parties have not presented empirical data

about physical injuries arising from sexual offenses committed against minors, cf.

Chambers v. United States, 555 U.S. 122, 129 (2009), but our prior decisions in

Dawn, Scudder, and Minks align with the Second Circuit’s intuitive belief that “given

the peculiar susceptibility of minors to coercion by adults into sexual acts, we think

it more likely that violent and aggressive force will actually be employed in the

course of committing the crime at issue here than in the course of committing an

ordinary burglary.” United States v. Daye, 571 F.3d 225, 234 (2d Cir. 2009).

Consistent with our holding in Dawn that a comparable conviction under

Arkansas Code § 5-14-125(a) (2002) was a “crime of violence” based on the nearlyidentical residual clause in USSG § 4B1.2(a), see 685 F.3d at 798, we conclude that

Howard’s conviction under the Arkansas carnal-abuse statute qualifies as a violent

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felony. As the Arkansas conviction is sufficient to make Howard an armed career

criminal, we need not address whether his conviction for sexual abuse under Iowa

Code § 709.4(2)(c)(4) (1992)—which involves a victim aged fourteen or fifteen

years—qualifies as a violent felony. Cf. United States v. Owens, 672 F.3d 966,

970–72 (11th Cir. 2012) (statutory rape under Alabama law involving sexual

intercourse with a victim between twelve and sixteen years old is not a violent

felony); United States v. Harris, 608 F.3d 1222, 1230–33 (11th Cir. 2010) (violation

of Florida sexual battery statute involving sexual contact with a victim under sixteen

years old is not a violent felony); United States v. Christensen, 559 F.3d 1092,

1093–95 (9th Cir. 2009) (statutory rape under Washington law involving sexual

intercourse with a victim between fourteen and sixteen years old is not a violent

felony).

Howard’s argument that the residual clause of the ACCA is unconstitutionally

vague is foreclosed by precedent. See Sykes v. United States, 131 S. Ct. 2267, 2277

(2011); James v. United States, 550 U.S. 192, 210 n.6 (2007); United States v. Evans,

738 F.3d 935, 936 (8th Cir. 2014) (per curiam).

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The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

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