United States

Department of

Agriculture

Natural

Resources

Conservation

Service

Soil Survey of

Choctaw County,

Alabama

In cooperation with

the Alabama Agricultural

Experiment Station and the

Alabama Soil and Water

Conservation Committee

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is the color map preceding the detailed soil maps, shows the survey area divided

into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and

management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map,

identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map

legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a

general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps follow the

general soil map. These maps

can be useful in planning the use

and management of small areas.

To find information about your

area of interest, locate that area

on the Index to Map Sheets,

which precedes the soil maps.

Note the number of the map

sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on

the map sheet. Note the map

units symbols that are in that

area. Turn to the Contents, which

lists the map units by symbol and

name and shows the page where

each map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the

Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs.

3

How to Use This Soil Survey
4

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the

Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The

address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov (click on “Technical Resources”).

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort

of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State

agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural

Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has

leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey.

Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1998. Soil names and

descriptions were approved in 1998. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this

publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1998. This survey was made

cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the Alabama Agricultural

Experiment Station, the Alabama Cooperative Extension System, the Alabama Soil and

Water Conservation Committee, and the Alabama Department of Agriculture and

Industries. The survey is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Choctaw

County Soil and Water Conservation District.

Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these

maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged,

maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a

larger scale.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs

and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability,

political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases

apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for

communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should

contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights,

Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C.

20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity

provider and employer.

Cover: Mt. Ararat, in the east-central part of the county, overlooks large expanses of

woodland. Woodland covers about 87 percent of the county. The forest industry is the backbone

of the local economy.
5

Contents

Cover ....................................................................... 1

How to Use This Soil Survey .................................. 3

Contents .................................................................. 5

Foreword ................................................................. 9

General Nature of the County .................................. 12

How This Survey Was Made ............................... 14

Survey Procedures ............................................. 16

General Soil Map Units ......................................... 17

1. Urbo-Mooreville-Una ..................................... 17

2. Lenoir-Izagora-Annemaine ............................ 18

3. Izagora-Ochlockonee-Kinston....................... 19

4. Savannah-Izagora-Luverne ........................... 20

5. Luverne-Smithdale ....................................... 21

6. Luverne-Smithdale-Boykin ............................ 22

7. Smithdale-Boykin-Luverne ............................ 23

8. Brantley-Okeelala-Smithdale ........................ 23

9. Brantley-Sumter-Maytag............................... 24

10. Wilcox-Mayhew .......................................... 25

11. Arundel-Cantuche-Smithdale ...................... 26

Detailed Soil Map Units ........................................ 29

AnA—Annemaine silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded ................................... 30

ArF—Arundel-Cantuche complex, 25 to 60

percent slopes, stony ................................... 31

AwE—Arundel-Williamsville complex, 15 to 35

percent slopes .............................................. 33

BbA—Bibb-Iuka complex, 0 to 1 percent

slopes, frequently flooded............................. 35

BeB—Bigbee loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent

slopes, rarely flooded ................................... 36

BgD2—Boswell fine sandy loam, 5 to 12

percent slopes, eroded ................................. 38

BkB—Boykin loamy fine sand, 1 to 5 percent

slopes .......................................................... 40

BnE2—Boykin-Luverne-Smithdale complex,

15 to 35 percent slopes, eroded ................... 41

BrE2—Brantley-Okeelala complex, 15 to 35

percent slopes, eroded ................................. 43

BrF—Brantley-Okeelala complex, 35 to 60

percent slopes .............................................. 45

CaA—Cahaba sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded ................................... 46

CoC2—Conecuh loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes, eroded .............................................. 48

FaA—Fluvaquents, ponded ................................. 50

FrA—Freest fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes .......................................................... 51

HaB—Halso silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes ....... 52

IzA—Izagora fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded ................................... 54

LaA—Latonia loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded ................................... 56

LdC2—Lauderdale-Arundel complex, 2 to 10

percent slopes, stony, eroded ....................... 57

LeA—Leeper silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent

slopes, frequently flooded............................. 59

LfA—Lenoir silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

rarely flooded................................................ 60

LgA—Louin silty clay, 0 to 2 percent slopes ....... 62

LhA—Lucedale fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes .............................................. 64

LnB—Luverne sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent

slopes .......................................................... 65

LnD2—Luverne sandy loam, 5 to 15 percent

slopes, eroded .............................................. 67

LnE2—Luverne sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent

slopes, eroded .............................................. 69

MaA—Mayhew silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes .......................................................... 71

MdA—McCrory-Deerford complex, 0 to 2

percent slopes, occasionally flooded ............ 72

MnB—McLaurin fine sandy loam, 2 to 5

percent slopes .............................................. 74

OKA—Ochlockonee, Kinston, and Iuka

soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently

flooded ......................................................... 76

OtB—Oktibbeha clay, 1 to 5 percent slopes ....... 78

Pt—Pits .............................................................. 80

RbD2—Rayburn silt loam, 5 to 15 percent

slopes, eroded .............................................. 80

RvA—Riverview loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

occasionally flooded ..................................... 82

SaA—Savannah silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes .......................................................... 84

SaB—Savannah silt loam, 2 to 5 percent

slopes .......................................................... 86

SmB—Smithdale sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent

slopes .......................................................... 87

SmD—Smithdale loamy fine sand, 5 to 15

percent slopes .............................................. 88
6

StD2—Sumter-Maytag complex, 3 to 8

percent slopes, eroded ................................. 90

StE2—Sumter-Maytag complex, 8 to 15

percent slopes, eroded ................................. 92

ToC2—Toxey-Brantley-Hannon complex, 3 to 8

percent slopes, eroded ................................. 94

UnA—Una clay, ponded ...................................... 97

UrB—Urbo-Mooreville-Una complex, gently

undulating, frequently flooded ....................... 98

WaB—Wadley loamy fine sand, 1 to 5

percent slopes ............................................ 101

WcB—Wilcox silty clay, 1 to 5 percent

slopes ........................................................ 102

WcD2—Wilcox silty clay, 5 to 15 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................ 104

WmC—Williamsville fine sandy loam, 2 to 8

percent slopes ............................................ 106

Prime Farmland .................................................. 109

Use and Management of the Soils ..................... 111

Crops and Pasture ............................................ 111

Yields per Acre ............................................. 113

Land Capability Classification ....................... 113

Landscaping and Gardening .............................. 114

Woodland Management and Productivity .......... 116

Recreation ........................................................ 117

Wildlife Habitat.................................................. 118

Engineering ....................................................... 120

Building Site Development............................ 121

Sanitary Facilities ......................................... 121

Construction Materials .................................. 122

Water Management....................................... 123

Soil Properties .................................................... 125

Engineering Index Properties ............................ 125

Physical and Chemical Properties .................... 126

Soil and Water Features .................................... 127

Physical and Chemical Analyses of

Selected Soils ............................................ 128

Engineering Index Test Data ............................. 128

Classification of the Soils................................... 129

Soil Series and Their Morphology .......................... 129

Annemaine Series ............................................ 129

Arundel Series .................................................. 130

Bibb Series ....................................................... 131

Bigbee Series ................................................... 132

Boswell Series .................................................. 132

Boykin Series ................................................... 133

Brantley Series ................................................. 134

Cahaba Series .................................................. 135

Cantuche Series ............................................... 135

Conecuh Series ................................................ 136

Deerford Series ................................................. 137

Freest Series .................................................... 138

Halso Series ..................................................... 139

Hannon Series .................................................. 140

Iuka Series ....................................................... 141

Izagora Series .................................................. 142

Kinston Series .................................................. 143

Latonia Series................................................... 143

Lauderdale Series ............................................. 144

Leeper Series ................................................... 145

Lenoir Series .................................................... 145

Louin Series...................................................... 146

Lucedale Series ................................................ 147

Luverne Series.................................................. 148

Mayhew Series ................................................. 149

Maytag Series .................................................. 150

McCrory Series ................................................. 151

McLaurin Series ................................................ 152

Mooreville Series .............................................. 153

Ochlockonee Series.......................................... 154

Okeelala Series ................................................ 154

Oktibbeha Series .............................................. 155

Rayburn Series ................................................. 156

Riverview Series ............................................... 157

Savannah Series .............................................. 158

Smithdale Series .............................................. 159

Sumter Series................................................... 159

Toxey Series ..................................................... 160

Una Series ........................................................ 161

Urbo Series ....................................................... 162

Wadley Series ................................................... 163

Wilcox Series ................................................... 163

Williamsville Series........................................... 164

Formation of the Soils ........................................ 167

Factors of Soil Formation .................................. 167

Parent Material ............................................. 167

Climate ......................................................... 167

Relief ............................................................ 168

Plants and Animals ...................................... 168

Time ............................................................. 168
7

Processes of Horizon Differentiation ................. 169

Geologic Processes.......................................... 169

Geologic Surfaces ............................................ 171

Geologic Structure ............................................ 173

References ........................................................... 175

Glossary .............................................................. 177

Tables .................................................................. 189

Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ........... 190

Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall ......... 191

Table 3.—Growing Season ................................ 191

Table 4.—Suitability and Limitations of

General Soil Map Units for Specified

Uses .......................................................... 192

Table 5.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent

of the Soils ................................................. 194

Table 6.—Land Capability Classes and Yields

per Acre of Crops ....................................... 195

Table 7.—Yields per Acre of Pasture and Hay ... 198

Table 8.—Woodland Management and

Productivity ................................................ 201

Table 9.—Recreational Development................. 207

Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat ................................ 212

Table 11.—Building Site Development .............. 216

Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities ............................ 221

Table 13.—Construction Materials ..................... 226

Table 14.—Water Management ......................... 230

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties .......... 234

Table 16.—Physical and Chemical Properties

of the Soils ................................................. 242

Table 17.—Soil and Water Features .................. 247

Table 18.—Physical Analyses of Selected

Soils ........................................................... 250

Table 19.—Chemical Analyses of Selected

Soils ........................................................... 252

Table 20.—Engineering Index Test Data ............ 254

Table 21.—Classification of the Soils ................ 255

Issued 2003

9

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in this survey

area. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also

highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the

impact of selected land uses on the environment.

This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, ranchers, foresters,

and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management

needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials,

engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use,

select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper

performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife

management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them

understand, protect, and enhance the environment.

Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose

special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is

intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land

treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users

identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations that affect various land uses. The

landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and

regulations.

Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are

seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too

unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly

suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly

suited to basements or underground installations.

These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil

survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil

is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described.

Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and

additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension System.

Robert N. Jones

State Conservationist

Natural Resources Conservation Service

Foreword

11

Choctaw County is in the southwestern part of

Alabama (fig. 1). The total area of the county is

589,470 acres, or about 912 square miles. About

582,000 acres consists of land areas and small

bodies of water. About 7,470 acres consists of large

areas of water in lakes and rivers. The county is

bordered on the west by Wayne, Clarke, and

Lauderdale Counties, Mississippi; on the north by

Sumter County, Alabama; on the east by Marengo

and Clarke Counties, Alabama; and on the south by

Washington County, Alabama. The Tombigbee River

forms the eastern border of Choctaw County.

Choctaw County is mostly rural. In 1994, it had

a population of 16,018 and Butler, the county seat

and largest town, had a population of 1,872 (Mobile

Press Register, 1995). The towns of Lisman,

Gilbertown, and Silas had populations of 481,

235, and 550, respectively. Other communities in

the county include Needham, Pennington, and

Toxey.

The major land use in the county is forestry. A

small acreage is used for cultivated crops, beef

cattle, aquaculture, hay, and pasture. The forest

products industry, which includes a large paper

mill in Pennington, is the mainstay of the local

economy.

This soil survey updates an earlier soil survey of

Choctaw County published in 1925 (Smith,

Lounsbury, and Stroud, 1925). It provides additional

information and larger maps, which show the soils in

greater detail.

Soil Survey of

Choctaw County, Alabama

By Sanderson Page

Fieldwork by Gregory R. Brannon, Shirley J. Brown, Rex H. Chandler, David J. Gray,

Delaney B. Johnson, Norman P. Marable, and Sanderson Page

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,

in cooperation with

the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, the Alabama Cooperative Extension

System, the Alabama Soil and Water Conservation Committee, the Alabama

Department of Agriculture and Industries, and the Choctaw County Commission

Figure 1.—Location of Choctaw County in Alabama.
12 Soil Survey

General Nature of the County

This section provides general information about the

survey area. It describes history and development;

transportation facilities; natural resources;

physiography, relief, and drainage; and climate.

History and Development

Choctaw County was created by an act of the

territorial legislature of Alabama on December 29,

1847. The county was formed from parts of Sumter and

Washington Counties. It consists of land originally

ceded to the United States by the Choctaw Nation

through the treaties of Mount Dexter in 1805 and

Dancing Rabbit in 1830 (Southern Historical News,

1986; Toulmin, LaMoreaux, and Lanphere, 1951). Butler

was selected as the county seat at the time the county

was established.

The county was named in honor of the Choctaw

Nation, which occupied the hills of the area and built

settlements long before the first Europeans arrived. In

the early part of the nineteenth century, settlers from

Georgia, Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and

South Carolina began to arrive. They were attracted to

the area by the mild climate, cheap land, and abundant

timber (Southern Historical News, 1986; Toulmin,

LaMoreaux, and Lanphere, 1951).

Early settlements, such as Tuscahoma Landing and

Oakchia, were mainly located in proximity to the

Tombigbee River. In 1925, the county had 25 landings

along the river, an average of 1 every 3 miles (Smith,

Lounsbury, and Stroud, 1925). The early part of the

20th century witnessed a shift in some of the

population centers as roads and railroads gradually

replaced the river as the chief arteries of commerce.

This shift included the communities of Halsell, Lisman,

Land, Gilbertown, Silas, and Cullomburg on a northsouth line and Cromwell, Jachin, and Pennington on an

east-west line.

 Bladon Springs, which is now home to a State park,

was once known as the “Saratoga of the South” (Mobile

Press Register, 1995). Famed for mineral waters that

were believed to have healing qualities, the baths at

Bladon Springs were visited by people from across the

Nation in the 1800’s. The water was also shipped in

barrels via the Tombigbee River to Mobile and from

there to ports around the world. It was marketed as a

remedy for many ailments.

Early settlers cultivated crops, including corn, sweet

potatoes, peanuts, cowpeas, velvet beans, cotton,

oats, and hay, and raised cattle, hogs, and poultry.

Early industries included feed and grain mills,

sawmills, and cotton gins. Early timber harvesting

centered on longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, and

bottomland hardwoods, such as oak, hickory, and

sweetgum. In the 1920’s, about 20 percent of the

county was cultivated. By 1948, the acreage had

increased to 40 to 50 percent (Smith, Lounsbury, and

Stroud, 1925; Toulmin, LaMoreaux, and Lanphere,

1951).

Transportation Facilities

Over the past 150 years, the major mode of

transportation in Choctaw County shifted from horse

and wagon through steamboat and railroad to

automobile. Each shift brought readjustment to the

settlement patterns and economy of the county.

Today, the major highways serving the county are

U.S. Highway 84, which passes east to west through

Silas and Isney; Alabama Highway 10, which passes

east to west through Butler and exits the northern

corner of the county near Yantley; and Alabama

Highway 17, which passes north to south through the

center of the county and serves Silas, Gilbertown, and

Butler. Numerous hard-surface county roads provide

access throughout the county.

Choctaw County is presently served by one railroad,

which provides freight service through Pennington and

Yantley in the northern part of the county. A municipal

airport near Butler serves small, private and

commercial aircraft.

The Tombigbee River has been a major avenue of

transportation throughout the history of the county. It is

navigable throughout its length in Choctaw County and

connects the Tennessee River system to ports on the

Gulf of Mexico and other inland water systems (fig. 2).

Port facilities are available nearby at Demopolis and

Jackson.

Natural Resources

Agriculture and forest products have sustained the

economy of the county over recorded history. Textile

manufacturing and a few other small industries have

also been in the county. Where cotton was once king,

the main agricultural enterprises are now beef cattle

and hog production. Significant growth has also occurred

in the pond-raised catfish and bait-fish industry.

 Timber is produced on about 87 percent of the land

area in the county. It provides raw material for local

sawmills and for pulp and paper producers. Woodland

also provides habitat for wild game, such as wild

turkey, white-tailed deer, and feral hogs. This game

attracts hunters from across the Nation. Loblolly pine

has largely replaced longleaf pine and shortleaf pine,

which were harvested by the early settlers.
Choctaw County, Alabama 13

In 1944, oil was discovered in the county and more

than 800,000 barrels were produced annually from 62

wells (Pashin et al., 1998; Toulmin, LaMoreaux, and

Lanphere, 1951). Today, about 6,000 barrels per month

are pumped from 25 wells.

Physiography, Relief, and Drainage

Choctaw County is in the East Gulf Coastal Plain

Section of the Coastal Plain physiographic province.

Gently rolling to strongly dissected, hilly topography

characterizes this area of the lower Coastal Plain.

The soils on the landscape are forming in outcrops

of Tertiary-aged material that consists primarily of

unconsolidated sand, silt, and clay and lesser amounts

of limestone, chalk, siltstone, and claystone. The

Tertiary-aged sediments are underlain by Mesozoic and

Cenozoic sedimentary rocks that dip southward at 20

to 40 feet per mile (Copeland, 1968). Sedimentary beds

that are resistant to erosion form southeasterly

trending hilly belts known as cuestas, which are

asymmetrical hogback ridges on which the steeper

slopes face northward and the opposing slope is long

and gentle.

Elevation ranges from about 30 feet above mean

sea level on the flood plain along the Tombigbee River

in the southeast corner of the county to about 553 feet

on Scott Mountain in the west-central part of the

county.

Choctaw County lies within two subdivisions of the

East Gulf Coastal Plain Section: the Southern Red

Hills and the Lime Hills. The Southern Red Hills make

up the northern two-thirds of the county. Several

somewhat parallel belts of high hills trend northwest to

southeast. These hills define the northward leading

edge of several cuestas that correspond to the up-dip

edge of the Nanafalia Formation in the northern part of

the county and to the Tuscahoma sand and

Hatchetigbee Formation in the central part. Elevations

on the upland ridgetops generally range from 200 to

400 feet, and relief is about 80 to 150 feet. South of the

hilly belts, the topography is more gently rolling and

Figure 2.—The Tombigbee River, which has served as a major avenue of transportation throughout the history of the county.

Tugboats pushing barge loads of oil, coal, sand, gravel, and lumber have replaced the steamboats transporting cotton and

passengers from earlier years.
14 Soil Survey

includes some comparatively smooth and nearly level

interstream divides that contain broad expanses of

high terraces.

The Southern Red Hills subdivision has two parts. In

the northeast corner of the county, a relatively smooth

area known as the “Flatwoods” corresponds to the

Porters Creek Formation. The southern part of the

Southern Red Hills contains an area known as the

“Buhrstone Hills.” This area is underlain by the

Tallahatta Formation and contains the most rugged

topography on the Alabama Coastal Plain. Summits

along the northern edge of the cuesta rise 150 to

nearly 400 feet above the major streams.

The Lime Hills subdivision is in the southern third of

the county. In some areas it is characterized by rugged

topography that is attributed to several geologic faults

in conjunction with underlying resistant beds of

limestone of Eocene and Oligocene age. The Lime Hills

comprise an area of soils that are distinctly different

from the other soils in the county. The soils in the Lime

Hills are forming in materials weathered from marl,

limestone, and chalk. Also, the Tallahatta Formation

reappears in the area of the Hatchetigbee Anticline in

the southeastern part of the county. Relief is

commonly 100 to 200 feet in this area.

The streams of Choctaw County dominantly drain

into the Tombigbee River. In the southwestern part of

the county, however, the Red Creek and other

tributaries flow into the Chickasawhay River in

Mississippi. The major tributaries of the Tombigbee

River, from north to south, are Kinterbish, Clear,

Yantley, Boguelichitto, Tuckabum, Wahalak, Tishlarka,

Tallawampa, Surveyors, Bogueloosa, Okatuppa, Puss

Cuss, Souwilpa, Turkey, Thompson, Sea Warrior, and

Seyouyah Creeks. Stream valleys generally are narrow

in the upper reaches and become broad flood plains

that have widely meandering stream channels in the

lower reaches.

Climate

Choctaw County has long, hot summers because

moist tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico persistently

covers the area. Winters are cool and fairly short. Cold

waves are rare and moderate in 1 or 2 days.

Precipitation is fairly heavy throughout the year, and

prolonged droughts are rare. Summer precipitation,

mainly afternoon thunderstorms, is usually adequate

for all crops.

Severe local storms, including tornadoes, strike

occasionally in or near the area. They are of short

duration and cause variable and spotty damage. Every

few years, in summer or autumn, a tropical

depression or a remnant of a hurricane that has

moved inland causes extremely heavy rains for 1 to 3

days.

Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation

for the survey area as recorded at Thomasville,

Alabama, in the period 1961 to 1990. Table 2 shows

probable dates of the first freeze in fall and the last

freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on length of the

growing season.

In winter, the average temperature is 47 degrees F

and the average daily minimum temperature is 35

degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which

occurred on January 22, 1985, is -1 degree. In summer,

the average temperature is 79 degrees and the average

daily maximum temperature is 90 degrees. The highest

recorded temperature, which occurred on June 26,

1930, is 108 degrees.

Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They are

equivalent to “heat units.” During the month, growing

degree days accumulate by the amount that the

average temperature each day exceeds a base

temperature (50 degrees F). The normal monthly

accumulation is used to schedule single or successive

plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring

and the first freeze in fall.

The total annual precipitation is about 58.5 inches.

Of this, 27 inches, or about 47 percent, usually falls in

April through September. The growing season for most

crops falls within this period. In 2 years out of 10, the

rainfall in April through September is less than 12

inches. The heaviest 1-day rainfall during the period of

record was 11.1 inches on March 12, 1935.

Thunderstorms occur on about 58 days each year, and

most occur in July.

The average seasonal snowfall is about 0.4 inch.

The greatest snow depth at any one time during the

period of record was 4 inches. On the average, no days

of the year have at least 1 inch of snow on the ground.

The number of such days varies greatly from year to

year.

The average relative humidity in midafternoon is

about 55 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the

average at dawn is about 89 percent. The sun shines

67 percent of the time possible in summer and 50

percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the south.

Average windspeed is highest, 7.8 miles per hour, in

March.

How This Survey Was Made

This survey was made to provide information about

the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area.

The information includes a description of the soils and

miscellaneous areas and their location and a

discussion of their suitability, limitations, and
Choctaw County, Alabama 15

management for specified uses. Soil scientists

observed the steepness, length, and shape of the

slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of

crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. They

dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is the

sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. The

profile extends from the surface down into the

unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. The

unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other

living organisms and has not been changed by other

biological activity.

The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey

area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the

geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural

vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and

miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind

of landform or with a segment of the landform. By

observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the

survey area and relating their position to specific

segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a

concept or model of how they were formed. Thus,

during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to

predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the kind

of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location on

the landscape.

Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge

into one another as their characteristics gradually

change. To construct an accurate soil map, however,

soil scientists must determine the boundaries between

the soils. They can observe only a limited number of

soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations,

supplemented by an understanding of the soilvegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to

verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to

determine the boundaries.

Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the

soil profiles that they studied. They noted color,

texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and

amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots,

reaction, and other features that enable them to

identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey

area and determining their properties, the soil

scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes

(units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each

taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with

precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a

basis for comparison to classify soils systematically.

Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification

used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind

and character of soil properties and the arrangement of

horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists

classified and named the soils in the survey area, they

compared the individual soils with similar soils in the

same taxonomic class in other areas so that they

could confirm data and assemble additional data based

on experience and research.

While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some

of the soils in the area generally are collected for

laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil

scientists interpret the data from these analyses and

tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and

the soil properties to determine the expected behavior

of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all

of the soils are field tested through observation of the

soils in different uses and under different levels of

management. Some interpretations are modified to fit

local conditions, and some new interpretations are

developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled

from other sources, such as research information,

production records, and field experience of specialists.

For example, data on crop yields under defined levels

of management are assembled from farm records and

from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of

soil.

Predictions about soil behavior are based not only

on soil properties but also on such variables as climate

and biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable

over long periods of time, but they are not predictable

from year to year. For example, soil scientists can

predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a

given soil will have a high water table within certain

depths in most years, but they cannot predict that a

high water table will always be at a specific level in the

soil on a specific date.

After soil scientists located and identified the

significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area,

they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial

photographs and identified each as a specific map unit.

Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, roads,

and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries

accurately.

This survey area was mapped at two levels of detail.

At the more detailed level, map units are narrowly

defined. Map unit boundaries were plotted and verified

at closely spaced intervals. At the less detailed level,

map units are broadly defined. Boundaries were plotted

and verified at wider intervals. In the legend for the

detailed soil maps, narrowly defined units are indicated

by symbols in which the first letter is a capital and the

second is lowercase. For broadly defined units, the first

and second letters are capitals.

The descriptions, names, and delineations of the

soils in this survey area do not fully agree with those of

the soils in adjacent survey areas. Differences are the

result of a better knowledge of soils, modifications in

series concepts, or variations in the intensity of

mapping or in the extent of the soils in the survey

areas.
16

Survey Procedures

The general procedures followed in making this

survey are described in the “National Soil Survey

Handbook” of the Natural Resources Conservation

Service. The earlier soil survey of Choctaw County and

“Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Choctaw

County, Alabama” were among the references used

(Smith, Lounsbury, and Stroud, 1925; Toulmin,

LaMoreaux, and Lanphere, 1951).

Before the field work began, preliminary boundaries

of landforms were plotted stereoscopically on high

altitude aerial photographs. United States Geological

Survey topographic maps and aerial photographs were

studied to relate land and image features.

Traverses were made on foot and by vehicle, at

variable intervals, depending on the complexity of the

soil landscape and geology. Soil examinations along

the traverses were made at intervals of 50, 100, or 300

feet, depending on the landscape and soil pattern

(Johnson, 1961; Steers and Hajek, 1979). Observations

of landforms, uprooted trees, vegetation, roadbanks,

and animal burrows were made continuously without

regard to spacing. Soil boundaries were determined on

the basis of soil examinations, observations, and photo

interpretation. The soil material was examined with the

aid of a spade, a hand auger, or a truck-mounted probe

to a depth of 5 feet or more. The pedons described as

typical were observed and studied in excavations.

Samples for chemical and physical analyses and

engineering test data were taken from the site of the

typical pedon of some of the major soils in the survey

area. The analyses were made by the Agronomy and

Soils Clay Mineralogy Laboratory, Auburn University,

Auburn, Alabama; the National Soil Survey Laboratory,

Lincoln, Nebraska; and the Alabama Department of

Highways and Transportation, Montgomery, Alabama.

The results of some of the analyses are published in

this soil survey report. Unpublished analyses and the

laboratory procedures can be obtained from the

laboratories.

High-altitude aerial photography base maps at a

scale of 1:24,000 were used for mapping of soil and

surface drainage in the field. Cultural features were

transferred from U.S. Geological Survey 7.5-minute

series topographic maps and were recorded from

visual observations. Soil mapping, drainage

patterns, and cultural features recorded on base maps

were then transferred to half-tone film positives by soil

scientists.
17

The general soil map at the back of this publication

shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of

soils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the

general soil map is a unique natural landscape.

Typically, it consists of one or more major soils or

miscellaneous areas and some minor soils or

miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils or

miscellaneous areas. The components of one map unit

can occur in another but in a different pattern.

The general soil map can be used to compare the

suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas of

suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise,

areas where the soils are not suitable can be identified.

Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable for

planning the management of a farm or field or for selecting

a site for a road or building or other structure. The soils in

any one map unit differ in slope, depth, drainage, and

other characteristics that affect management.

Each map unit is rated for cultivated crops, pasture

and hay, woodland, and urban uses in table 4.

Cultivated crops are those typically grown in the

survey area. Pasture and hay refer to improved, locally

grown grasses and legumes. Woodland refers to areas

of native or introduced trees. Urban uses include

residential, commercial, and industrial developments.

The boundaries of the general soil map units in

Choctaw County were matched, where possible, with

those of the previously completed surveys of Marengo

and Sumter Counties, Alabama, and Clarke and

Lauderdale Counties, Mississippi. In a few areas,

however, the lines do not join and the names of the

map units differ. These differences result mainly

because of changes in soil series concepts,

differences in map unit design, and changes in soil

patterns near survey area boundaries.

1. Urbo-Mooreville-Una

Dominantly level to gently undulating, somewhat poorly

drained, moderately well drained, and poorly drained

soils that have a loamy or clayey surface layer and a

clayey or loamy subsoil; on flood plains

Setting

Location in the survey area: Eastern part

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Flood plains along the Tombigbee River

Landform position: Urbo—intermediate positions on low

ridges and in shallow swales; Mooreville—high,

convex parts of low ridges; Una—low positions

between ridges (in swales and sloughs)

Slope: 0 to 3 percent

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 6

Urbo soils: 34 percent

Mooreville soils: 26 percent

Una soils: 25 percent

Minor soils: 15 percent, including Annemaine,

Bigbee, Cahaba, Latonia, Lenoir, and Riverview

soils

Soil Characteristics

Urbo

Surface layer: Dark grayish brown silty clay

Subsoil: Upper part—dark yellowish brown clay loam

that has grayish and brownish mottles; next part—

light brownish gray and gray clay loam that has

brownish mottles; lower part—light brownish gray

clay loam that has brownish and reddish mottles

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.0

to 2.0 feet from December through April

Slope: 0 to 1 percent

Parent material: Clayey alluvium

Mooreville

Surface layer: Very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil: Upper part—brown loam; next part—dark

yellowish brown and yellowish brown clay loam

that has grayish and brownish mottles; lower

part—yellowish brown loam that has grayish and

brownish mottles

Substratum: Upper part—mottled yellowish brown, light

brownish gray, and strong brown sandy clay loam;

lower part—mottled light brownish gray, yellowish

brown, and strong brown sandy loam

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

General Soil Map Units
18 Soil Survey

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1.5

to 3.0 feet from December through April

Slope: 0 to 3 percent

Parent material: Loamy alluvium

Una

Surface layer: Dark grayish brown and grayish brown

silty clay loam

Subsoil: Upper part—dark grayish brown clay and dark

gray silty clay loam having reddish and brownish

mottles; next part—mottled dark gray and brown

clay; lower part—grayish brown silty clay loam and

dark gray silty clay having brownish mottles

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at 2.0 feet above

the surface to a depth of 0.5 foot from December

through July

Slope: 0 to 1 percent

Parent material: Clayey alluvium

Minor soils

• The clayey, moderately well drained Annemaine soils

and the somewhat poorly drained Lenoir soils; on low

terraces

• The sandy Bigbee soils and the well drained, loamy

Cahaba and Latonia soils; on low terraces

• The loamy, well drained Riverview soils on the high

parts of natural levees

Use and Management

Major uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Cropland

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Pasture and hayland

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Woodland

Management concerns: Competition from undesirable

plants, restricted use of equipment, and seedling

mortality

Urban development

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

2. Lenoir-Izagora-Annemaine

Dominantly level and nearly level, somewhat poorly

drained and moderately well drained soils that have a

loamy surface layer and a clayey or loamy subsoil; on

low terraces

Setting

Location in the survey area: Parallel to the Tombigbee

River in the northern part of the county

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Low terraces

Landform position: Lenoir—flat to slightly concave

slopes; Izagora and Annemaine—slightly convex

slopes

Slope: 0 to 2 percent

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 2

Lenoir soils: 40 percent

Izagora and similar soils: 25 percent

Annemaine soils: 10 percent

Minor soils: 25 percent, including Bigbee, Cahaba,

Latonia, Una, and Urbo soils

Soil Characteristics

Lenoir

Surface layer: Dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown loam that has

grayish and brownish mottles; next part—grayish

brown clay loam and clay having brownish and

reddish mottles; lower part—light brownish gray

clay that has reddish and brownish mottles

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1.0

to 2.5 feet from January through March

Slope: 0 to 2 percent

Parent material: Clayey sediments

Izagora

Surface layer: Brown fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown loam

Subsoil: Upper part—brownish yellow loam; next part—

yellowish brown loam and light yellowish brown

clay loam having brownish, reddish, and grayish

mottles; lower part—yellowish brown silty clay

loam that has grayish, reddish, and brownish

mottles

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2.0

to 3.0 feet from January through March

Slope: 0 to 2 percent

Parent material: Loamy sediments

Annemaine

Surface layer: Brown silt loam

Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red clay; next part—

yellowish red clay that has brownish, reddish, and

grayish mottles; lower part—red clay loam that has

brownish and grayish mottles

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained
Choctaw County, Alabama 19

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1.5

to 2.5 feet from January through March

Slope: 0 to 2 percent

Parent material: Stratified clayey and loamy sediments

Minor soils

• The loamy, well drained Cahaba and Latonia soils

and the sandy Bigbee soils; on the slightly higher, more

convex parts of the terraces

• The poorly drained, clayey Una soils in old oxbows,

sloughs, and other shallow depressions

• The somewhat poorly drained, clayey Urbo soils on

flood plains

Use and Management

Major uses: Hayland, pasture, cropland, woodland,

and wildlife habitat

Cropland

Management concerns: Wetness

Pasture and hayland

Management concerns: Wetness

Woodland

Management concerns: Competition from undesirable

plants and restricted use of equipment

Urban development

Management concerns: Flooding, wetness, restricted

permeability, and low strength

3. Izagora-Ochlockonee-Kinston

Dominantly level and nearly level, moderately well

drained, well drained, and poorly drained soils that

have a loamy surface layer and a loamy subsoil or

substratum; on low terraces and flood plains

Setting

Location in the survey area: Parallel to large streams

throughout the county

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Izagora—low terraces; Ochlockonee and

Kinston—flood plains

Landform position: Izagora—slightly convex slopes;

Ochlockonee—high, convex parts of natural

levees; Kinston—low, flat to concave slopes and

shallow depressions

Slope: 0 to 2 percent

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 10

Izagora and similar soils: 40 percent

Ochlockonee soils: 18 percent

Kinston and similar soils: 17 percent

Minor soils: 25 percent, including Annemaine, Bibb,

Cahaba, Deerford, Iuka, Latonia, Leeper, and

McCrory soils

Soil Characteristics

Izagora

Surface layer: Brown fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown loam

Subsoil: Upper part—brownish yellow loam; next part—

yellowish brown loam and light yellowish brown

clay loam having brownish, reddish, and grayish

mottles; lower part—yellowish brown silty clay

loam that has grayish, reddish, and brownish

mottles

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2.0

to 3.0 feet from January through March

Slope: 0 to 2 percent

Parent material: Loamy sediments

Ochlockonee

Surface layer: Dark brown and dark yellowish brown

sandy loam

Substratum: Upper part—very pale brown loamy fine

sand; next part—yellowish brown fine sandy loam;

lower part—light yellowish brown loamy fine sand

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 3.0

to 5.0 feet from December through April

Slope: 0 to 1 percent

Parent material: Loamy and sandy alluvium

Kinston

Surface layer: Very dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

and dark grayish brown sandy loam having

brownish mottles

Subsoil: Upper part—light brownish gray loam that has

brownish and reddish mottles; next part—greenish

gray sandy clay loam that has brownish and

reddish mottles; lower part—greenish gray clay

loam that has brownish mottles

Substratum: Dark bluish gray clay loam that has

reddish mottles

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to

a depth of 1.0 foot from December through May

Slope: 0 to 1 percent

Parent material: Loamy alluvium
20 Soil Survey

Minor soils

• The clayey Annemaine soils on low terraces

• The poorly drained Bibb soils in shallow depressions

• The well drained Cahaba and Latonia soils on low

terraces

• The moderately well drained Iuka soils on the

intermediate parts of natural levees

• The somewhat poorly drained Leeper soils on flood

plains in the southwestern part of the county

• The poorly drained McCrory and somewhat poorly

drained Deerford soils on low terraces

Use and Management

Major uses: Pasture, hayland, woodland, and wildlife

habitat

Cropland

Management concerns: Izagora—wetness;

Ochlockonee and Kinston—flooding and wetness

Pasture and hayland

Management concerns: Izagora—wetness;

Ochlockonee and Kinston—flooding and wetness

Woodland

Management concerns: Izagora—restricted use of

equipment and competition from undesirable

plants; Ochlockonee and Kinston—restricted use

of equipment, seedling survival, and competition

from undesirable plants

Urban development

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

4. Savannah-Izagora-Luverne

Dominantly nearly level to strongly sloping, moderately

well drained and well drained soils that have a loamy

surface layer and a loamy or clayey subsoil; on

terraces and uplands

Setting

Location in the survey area: Northern and southern

parts

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Savannah—high stream terraces; Izagora—

low stream terraces; Luverne—uplands

Landform position: Savannah—broad, nearly level

ridgetops and gently sloping side slopes; Izagora—

nearly level, slightly convex slopes; Luverne—

gently sloping ridgetops and strongly sloping side

slopes

Slope: Dominantly 0 to 5 percent, but ranges from 0 to

15 percent

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 9

Savannah soils: 48 percent

Izagora soils: 15 percent

Luverne soils: 10 percent

Minor soils: 27 percent, including Bibb, Deerford,

Iuka, McCrory, and Smithdale soils

Soil Characteristics

Savannah

Surface layer: Dark grayish brown and brown silt loam

Subsurface layer: Light olive brown silt loam

Subsoil: Upper part—dark yellowish brown and

yellowish brown loam that has reddish, brownish,

and grayish mottles; next part—yellowish brown

loam fragipan that has brownish, reddish, and

grayish mottles; lower part—yellowish brown clay

loam that has brownish, grayish, and reddish

mottles

Depth class: Moderately deep to a root restricting

fragipan

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5

to 3.0 feet from January through March

Slope: 0 to 5 percent

Parent material: Loamy sediments

Izagora

Surface layer: Brown fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown loam

Subsoil: Upper part—brownish yellow loam; next part—

yellowish brown loam and light yellowish brown

clay loam having brownish, reddish, and grayish

mottles; lower part—yellowish brown silty clay

loam that has grayish, reddish, and brownish

mottles

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2.0

to 3.0 feet from January through March

Slope: 0 to 2 percent

Parent material: Loamy alluvium

Luverne

Surface layer: Yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer: Brownish yellow sandy loam

Subsoil: Upper part—red clay; next part—red clay that

has brownish mottles; lower part—yellowish red

clay loam that has reddish, brownish, and grayish

mottles

Substratum: Yellowish red clay loam that has reddish,

brownish, and grayish mottles
Choctaw County, Alabama 21

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope: 1 to 15 percent

Parent material: Stratified loamy and clayey sediments

Minor soils

• The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained

Iuka soils on narrow flood plains

• The poorly drained McCrory and somewhat poorly

drained Deerford soils on low terraces

• The well drained, loamy Smithdale soils on side

slopes

Use and Management

Major uses: Pasture, hayland, woodland, homesites,

and cultivated crops

Cropland

Management concerns: Savannah—wetness,

erodibility, and low fertility; Izagora—wetness;

Luverne—erodibility and low fertility

Pasture and hayland

Management concerns: Savannah—wetness,

erodibility, and low fertility; Izagora—wetness;

Luverne—erodibility and low fertility

Woodland

Management concerns: Restricted use of equipment

and competition from undesirable plants

Urban development

Management concerns: Savannah—wetness, restricted

permeability, and low strength; Izagora—flooding,

wetness, restricted permeability, and low strength;

Luverne—shrink-swell, restricted permeability, and

low strength

5. Luverne-Smithdale

Dominantly gently sloping to strongly sloping, well

drained soils that have a loamy or sandy surface layer

and a clayey or loamy subsoil; on uplands

Setting

Location in the survey area: Northern and southern

parts

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Uplands

Landform position: Gently sloping ridgetops and

moderately sloping to steep side slopes

Slope: Dominantly 1 to 15 percent, but ranges from 1

to 35 percent

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 17

Luverne and similar soils: 55 percent

Smithdale soils: 25 percent

Minor soils: 20 percent, including Bibb, Boykin,

Conecuh, Halso, Iuka, Izagora, Savannah, and

Williamsville soils

Soil Characteristics

Luverne

Surface layer: Yellowish brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer: Brownish yellow sandy loam

Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red sandy clay; lower

part—red sandy clay loam

Substratum: Upper part—mottled red and light

brownish gray sandy clay loam; lower part—

mottled grayish brown, light brownish gray, and red

sandy clay loam

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope: 1 to 35 percent

Parent material: Stratified loamy and clayey sediments

Smithdale

Surface layer: Dark brown loamy fine sand

Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown fine sandy

loam

Subsoil: Upper part—red sandy clay loam; lower part—

yellowish red sandy loam

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope: 2 to 35 percent

Parent material: Loamy sediments

Minor soils

• The poorly drained Bibb and Kinston soils and the

moderately well drained Iuka soils; on narrow flood

plains

• The clayey, moderately well drained Conecuh and

Halso soils on gently sloping and moderately sloping

side slopes and ridgetops

• The moderately well drained Izagora and Savannah

soils on stream terraces

• The clayey Williamsville soils on ridgetops in the

southern part of the county

Use and Management

Major uses: Woodland, pasture, hayland, homesites,

and wildlife habitat

Cropland

Management concerns: Erodibility and low fertility
22 Soil Survey

Pasture and hayland

Management concerns: Erodibility, low fertility, and

restricted use of equipment

Woodland

Management concerns: Competition from undesirable

plants

Urban development

Management concerns: Luverne—slope, shrink-swell,

restricted permeability, and low strength;

Smithdale—slope

6. Luverne-Smithdale-Boykin

Dominantly gently sloping to steep, well drained soils

that have a loamy or sandy surface layer and a clayey

or loamy subsoil; on uplands

Setting

Location in the survey area: Northern part

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Uplands

Landform position: Narrow, gently sloping ridgetops and

moderately sloping to steep side slopes

Slope: 1 to 35 percent

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 12

Luverne soils: 65 percent

Smithdale soils: 15 percent

Boykin soils: 10 percent

Minor soils: 10 percent, including Bibb, Iuka,

Izagora, and Wadley soils

Soil Characteristics

Luverne

Surface layer: Yellowish brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer: Brownish yellow sandy loam

Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red sandy clay; lower

part—red sandy clay loam

Substratum: Upper part—mottled red and light

brownish gray sandy clay loam; lower part—

mottled grayish brown, light brownish gray, and red

sandy clay loam

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope: 1 to 35 percent

Parent material: Stratified loamy and clayey sediments

Smithdale

Surface layer: Dark brown loamy fine sand

Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown fine sandy

loam

Subsoil: Upper part—red sandy clay loam; lower part—

yellowish red sandy loam

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0

feet

Slope: 2 to 35 percent

Parent material: Loamy sediments

Boykin

Surface layer: Dark grayish brown loamy fine sand

Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown loamy fine

sand

Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red sandy clay loam;

next part—strong brown fine sandy loam that has

reddish mottles; lower part—strong brown sandy

clay loam that has grayish and reddish mottles

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope: 2 to 35 percent

Parent material: Sandy and loamy sediments

Minor soils

• The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained

Iuka soils on narrow flood plains

• The moderately well drained Izagora soils on low

terraces

• The sandy, excessively drained Wadley soils on

ridgetops

Use and Management

Major uses: Woodland, pasture, and wildlife habitat

Cropland

Management concerns: Luverne and Smithdale—

erodibility, restricted use of equipment, and low

fertility; Boykin—droughtiness, restricted use of

equipment, erodibility, and low fertility

Pasture and hayland

Management concerns: Luverne and Smithdale—

erodibility, restricted use of equipment, and low

fertility; Boykin—droughtiness, low fertility, and

restricted use of equipment

Woodland

Management concerns: Competition from undesirable

plants, erodibility, restricted use of equipment, and

seedling survival

Urban development

Management concerns: Luverne—shrink-swell,

restricted permeability, low strength, and slope;

Smithdale—slope; Boykin—slope and

droughtiness
Choctaw County, Alabama 23

7. Smithdale-Boykin-Luverne

Dominantly gently sloping to steep, well drained soils

that have a loamy or sandy surface layer and a loamy

or clayey subsoil; on uplands

Setting

Location in the survey area: Southern part

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Uplands

Landform position: Narrow, gently sloping ridgetops and

strongly sloping to steep side slopes

Slope: Dominantly 15 to 35 percent, but ranges from 1

to 35 percent

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 17

Smithdale soils: 35 percent

Boykin soils: 25 percent

Luverne and similar soils: 20 percent

Minor soils: 20 percent, including Arundel, Bibb,

Cantuche, Iuka, Wadley, and Williamsville soils

Soil Characteristics

Smithdale

Surface layer: Brown and light yellowish brown loamy

sand

Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown loamy sand

Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red sandy loam; next

part—red sandy clay loam; lower part—red sandy

loam

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope: 2 to 35 percent

Parent material: Loamy sediments

Boykin

Surface layer: Dark grayish brown loamy fine sand

Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown loamy fine

sand

Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red sandy clay loam;

next part—strong brown fine sandy loam that has

reddish mottles; lower part—strong brown sandy

clay loam that has grayish and reddish mottles

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope: 2 to 35 percent

Parent material: Sandy and loamy sediments

Luverne

Surface layer: Dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer: Brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil: Upper part—red clay loam that has brownish

mottles; next part—red clay loam that has

brownish mottles; lower part—red clay loam that

has brownish mottles and grayish fragments of

weathered shale

Substratum: Red sandy clay loam that has brownish

mottles and grayish fragments of shale

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope: 1 to 35 percent

Parent material: Stratified loamy and clayey sediments

Minor soils

• The moderately deep Arundel and shallow Cantuche

soils on the lower parts of side slopes

• The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained

Iuka soils on narrow flood plains

• The sandy, excessively drained Wadley soils on high

ridgetops

• The clayey Williamsville soils on gently sloping and

moderately sloping ridgetops

Use and Management

Major uses: Woodland, wildlife habitat, and pasture

Cropland

Management concerns: Smithdale and Luverne—

erodibility, restricted use of equipment, and low

fertility; Boykin—droughtiness, restricted use of

equipment, and low fertility

Pasture and hayland

Management concerns: Smithdale and Luverne—

erodibility, restricted use of equipment, and low

fertility; Boykin—droughtiness, restricted use of

equipment, and low fertility

Woodland

Management concerns: Competition from undesirable

plants, erodibility, restricted use of equipment, and

seedling survival

Urban development

Management concerns: Smithdale—slope; Boykin—

slope and droughtiness; Luverne—shrink-swell,

restricted permeability, low strength, and slope

8. Brantley-Okeelala-Smithdale

Dominantly gently sloping to very steep, well drained

soils that have a loamy or sandy surface layer and a

clayey or loamy subsoil; on uplands

Setting

Location in the survey area: Southern part
24 Soil Survey

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Uplands

Landform position: Brantley—gently sloping ridgetops

and moderately steep to very steep side slopes;

Okeelala—moderately steep to very steep side

slopes; Smithdale—narrow, gently sloping ridgetops

Slope: 2 to 60 percent

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 10

Brantley and similar soils: 42 percent

Okeelala soils: 18 percent

Smithdale soils: 15 percent

Minor soils: 25 percent, including Bibb, Boswell,

Freest, Hannon, Iuka, Leeper, and Toxey soils

Soil Characteristics

Brantley

Surface layer: Dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil: Upper part—reddish brown clay loam; next

part—yellowish red clay loam; lower part—strong

brown sandy clay loam that has brownish mottles

Substratum: Strong brown sandy loam that has reddish

mottles

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope: 3 to 60 percent

Parent material: Loamy and clayey sediments

Okeelala

Surface layer: Very dark grayish brown loamy sand

Subsurface layer: Yellowish brown loamy sand

Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red sandy loam; next

part—yellowish red sandy clay loam; lower part—

yellowish red sandy loam

Substratum: Yellowish red sandy loam

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope: 15 to 60 percent

Parent material: Loamy sediments

Smithdale

Surface layer: Dark brown loamy fine sand

Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown fine sandy

loam

Subsoil: Upper part—red sandy clay loam; lower part—

yellowish red sandy loam

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope: 2 to 5 percent

Parent material: Loamy sediments

Minor soils

• The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained

Iuka soils on narrow flood plains

• The moderately well drained, clayey Boswell soils on

the lower parts of side slopes

• The moderately well drained Freest soils on terraces

• The clayey Hannon and Toxey soils on gently

sloping and moderately sloping ridgetops and

benches

• The somewhat poorly drained Leeper soils on flood

plains

Use and Management

Major uses: Woodland, wildlife habitat, and pasture

Cropland

Management concerns: Brantley and Okeelala—

restricted use of equipment and erodibility;

Smithdale—erodibility and low fertility

Pasture and hayland

Management concerns: Brantley and Okeelala—

erodibility and restricted use of equipment;

Smithdale—erodibility and low fertility

Woodland

Management concerns: Brantley—erodibility, restricted

use of equipment, and competition from

undesirable plants; Okeelala—erodibility and

restricted use of equipment; Smithdale—no

significant concerns

Urban development

Management concerns: Brantley—restricted

permeability, slope, low strength, and erodibility;

Okeelala—slope and erodibility; Smithdale—no

significant concerns

9. Brantley-Sumter-Maytag

Dominantly gently sloping to steep, well drained and

moderately well drained soils that have a loamy

surface layer and a clayey subsoil; on uplands

Setting

Location in the survey area: Southwestern part

Landscape: Blackland Prairie

Landform: Uplands

Landform position: Brantley—gently sloping and

moderately sloping ridgetops and moderately steep

and steep side slopes; Sumter and Maytag—gently

sloping and moderately sloping ridgetops and

strongly sloping side slopes

Slope: 3 to 35 percent
Choctaw County, Alabama 25

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 1.5

Brantley and similar soils: 35 percent

Sumter soils: 21 percent

Maytag soils: 18 percent

Minor soils: 26 percent, including Boswell, Hannon,

Leeper, Louin, Okeelala, Oktibbeha, and Wadley

soils

Soil Characteristics

Brantley

Surface layer: Dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil: Upper part—reddish brown clay loam; next

part—yellowish red clay loam; lower part—strong

brown sandy clay loam that has brownish mottles

Substratum: Strong brown sandy loam that has reddish

mottles

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope: 3 to 35 percent

Parent material: Loamy and clayey sediments

Sumter

Surface layer: Dark grayish brown silty clay loam

Subsoil: Upper part—light yellowish brown silty clay;

next part—pale yellow silty clay that has brownish

and yellowish mottles; lower part—light gray clay

that has brownish and yellowish mottles

Bedrock layer: Soft limestone (chalk)

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope: 3 to 15 percent

Parent material: Alkaline, loamy and clayey residuum

derived from soft limestone (chalk)

Maytag

Surface layer: Dark grayish brown silty clay loam

Subsoil: Upper part—light yellowish brown silty clay

that has yellowish mottles; next part—light

yellowish brown and light gray silty clay that has

brownish and yellowish mottles; lower part—light

yellowish brown and light gray silty clay loam that

has yellowish mottles

Substratum: Upper part—light gray silty clay that has

brownish mottles; lower part—light yellowish brown

silty clay that has yellowish mottles

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope: 3 to 15 percent

Parent material: Alkaline, clayey residuum derived from

soft limestone (chalk)

Minor soils

• The moderately well drained, clayey Boswell soils on

the lower parts of side slopes

• The loamy Freest soils on terraces

• The somewhat poorly drained Leeper soils on flood

plains

• The loamy Okeelala soils on side slopes at the lower

elevations

• The moderately well drained, clayey Hannon and

Oktibbeha soils on ridgetops

• The sandy, excessively drained Wadley soils on high

ridgetops

Use and Management

Major uses: Pasture, hayland, woodland, and wildlife

habitat

Cropland

Management concerns: Brantley—erodibility and

restricted use of equipment; Sumter and Maytag—

erodibility and tilth

Pasture and hayland

Management concerns: Brantley—erodibility and

restricted use of equipment; Sumter and Maytag—

erodibility

Woodland

Management concerns: Brantley—erodibility, restricted

use of equipment, and competition from

undesirable plants; Sumter and Maytag—seedling

survival, unsuited to pine trees because of excess

alkalinity

Urban development

Management concerns: Brantley—slope, restricted

permeability, and low strength; Sumter—shrinkswell, depth to bedrock, and low strength;

Maytag—shrink-swell, restricted permeability, low

strength, and cutbanks cave

10. Wilcox-Mayhew

Dominantly nearly level to strongly sloping, somewhat

poorly drained and poorly drained soils that have a

clayey or loamy surface layer and a clayey subsoil; on

uplands

Setting

Location in the survey area: Northeastern part

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Uplands
26 Soil Survey

Landform position: Wilcox—narrow, gently sloping

ridgetops and gently sloping to moderately steep

side slopes; Mayhew—broad, nearly level

ridgetops

Slope: 0 to 15 percent

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 0.5

Wilcox and similar soils: 80 percent

Mayhew soils: 10 percent

Minor soils: 10 percent, including Bibb, Iuka,

Luverne, and Savannah soils

Soil Characteristics

Wilcox

Surface layer: Brown silty clay

Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red clay; next part—red

clay that has grayish mottles; lower part—light

brownish gray clay that has reddish and brownish

mottles

Substratum: Gray clay that has brownish mottles

Bedrock layer: Clayey shale

Depth class: Deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5

to 3.0 feet from January through March

Slope: 1 to 15 percent

Parent material: Acid, clayey sediments and the

underlying shale

Mayhew

Surface layer: Dark brown silty clay loam and silty clay

Subsoil: Upper part—light brownish gray silty clay that

has brownish and yellowish mottles; next part—

grayish brown silty clay that has brownish and

reddish mottles; lower part—light brownish gray

clay that has brownish and reddish mottles

Bedrock layer: Clayey shale

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at the surface to a

depth of 1.0 foot from January through March

Slope: 0 to 2 percent

Parent material: Acid, clayey sediments and the

underlying shale

Minor soils

• The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained

Iuka soils on narrow flood plains

• The well drained Luverne soils on high parts of

ridgetops

• The loamy Savannah soils on high terraces

Use and Management

Major uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Cropland

Management concerns: Wilcox—erodibility and tilth;

Mayhew—wetness and tilth

Pasture and hayland

Management concerns: Wilcox—erodibility; Mayhew—

wetness

Woodland

Management concerns: Restricted use of equipment,

seedling survival, and competition from

undesirable plants

Urban development

Management concerns:, Wilcox—shrink-swell, slope,

restricted permeability, and low strength;

Mayhew—shrink-swell, wetness, restricted

permeability, and low strength

11. Arundel-Cantuche-Smithdale

Dominantly gently sloping to very steep, moderately

deep soils that have a loamy surface layer and a

clayey subsoil; shallow soils that have a loamy surface

layer and a loamy subsoil; and very deep soils that

have a sandy surface layer and a loamy subsoil; on

uplands

Setting

Location in the survey area: Central and southern parts

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Uplands

Landform position: Narrow, gently sloping ridgetops and

steep and very steep side slopes

Slope: 2 to 60 percent

Composition

Percent of the survey area: 15

Arundel and similar soils: 35 percent

Cantuche and similar soils: 21 percent

Smithdale and similar soils: 15 percent

Minor soils: 29 percent, including Bibb, Boykin,

Iuka, Lauderdale, Luverne, Rayburn, Wadley,

and Williamsville soils

Soil Characteristics

Arundel

Surface layer: Dark brown loam

Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red clay; lower part—

yellowish red clay that has brownish mottles

Bedrock layer: Weathered siltstone (buhrstone)
Choctaw County, Alabama 27

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope: 2 to 60 percent

Parent material: Clayey sediments and the underlying

claystone or siltstone (buhrstone)

Cantuche

Surface layer: Dark grayish brown very channery sandy

loam

Subsurface layer: Dark grayish brown very channery

loam

Bedrock layer: Weathered siltstone (buhrstone)

Depth class: Shallow

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0

feet

Slope: 25 to 60 percent

Parent material: Residuum from claystone or siltstone

(buhrstone)

Smithdale

Surface layer: Brown loamy sand

Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown loamy sand

Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red sandy loam; next

part—red sandy clay loam; lower part—red

sandy loam

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Slope: 2 to 35 percent

Parent material: Loamy sediments

Minor soils

• The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained

Iuka soils on narrow flood plains

• The sandy Boykin and Wadley soils on high

ridgetops

• The poorly drained McCrory soils on low terraces

• The shallow Lauderdale soils on narrow ridgetops

• The very deep, clayey Luverne and Williamsville

soils on high ridgetops and upper side slopes

• The deep, clayey Rayburn soils on toeslopes

Use and Management

Major uses: Woodland, wildlife habitat, and pasture

Cropland

Management concerns: Restricted use of equipment

and erodibility

Pasture and hayland

Management concerns: Restricted use of equipment,

erodibility, and low fertility

Woodland

Management concerns: Arundel and Cantuche—

erodibility, restricted use of equipment, and

seedling survival; Smithdale—restricted use of

equipment and erodibility

Urban development

Management concerns: Arundel—slope, restricted

permeability, shrink-swell, and depth to rock;

Cantuche—depth to rock, slope, and small stones;

Smithdale—slope

29

The map units delineated on the detailed maps at

the back of this survey represent the soils or

miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit

descriptions in this section, along with the maps, can

be used to determine the suitability and potential of a

unit for specific uses. They also can be used to plan

the management needed for those uses. More

information about each map unit is given under the

heading “Use and Management of the Soils.”

A map unit delineation on a map represents an area

dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or

miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and

named according to the taxonomic classification of the

dominant soils or miscellaneous areas. Within a

taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for

the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however,

the soils and miscellaneous areas are natural

phenomena, and they have the characteristic variability

of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some

observed properties may extend beyond the limits

defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a

single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped

without including areas of other taxonomic classes.

Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils

or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and some

“included” areas that belong to other taxonomic

classes.

Most included soils have properties similar to those

of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus

they do not affect use and management. These are

called noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They may

or may not be mentioned in the map unit description.

Other included soils and miscellaneous areas,

however, have properties and behavioral

characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to

require different management. These are called

contrasting, or dissimilar, inclusions. They generally are

in small areas and could not be mapped separately

because of the scale used. Some small areas of

strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are

identified by a special symbol on the maps. The

included areas of contrasting soils or miscellaneous

areas are mentioned in the map unit descriptions. A

few included areas may not have been observed, and

consequently they are not mentioned in the

descriptions, especially where the pattern was so

complex that it was impractical to make enough

observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous

areas on the landscape.

The presence of included areas in a map unit in no

way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data.

The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure

taxonomic classes but rather to separate the

landscape into landforms or landform segments that

have similar use and management requirements. The

delineation of such segments on the map provides

sufficient information for the development of resource

plans, but if intensive use of small areas is planned,

onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the

soils and miscellaneous areas.

An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name

in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes

general facts about the unit and gives the principal

hazards and limitations to be considered in planning for

specific uses.

Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make

up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the

surface layer, all the soils of a series have major

horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, and

arrangement.

Soils of one series can differ in texture of the

surface layer, slope, stoniness, degree of erosion, and

other characteristics that affect their use. On the basis

of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil

phases. Most of the areas shown on the detailed soil

maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil

phase commonly indicates a feature that affects use or

management. For example, Savannah silt loam, 2 to 5

percent slopes, is a phase of the Savannah series.

Some map units are made up of two or more major

soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are

complexes or undifferentiated groups.

A complex consists of two or more soils or

miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in

such small areas that they cannot be shown separately

on the maps. The pattern and proportion of the soils or

miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all areas.

Arundel-Cantuche complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes,

stony, is an example.

An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more

Detailed Soil Map Units
30 Soil Survey

soils or miscellaneous areas that could be mapped

individually but are mapped as one unit because

similar interpretations can be made for use and

management. The pattern and proportion of the soils or

miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not uniform.

An area can be made up of only one of the major soils

or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made up of all of

them. Ochlockonee, Kinston, and Iuka soils, 0 to 1

percent slopes, frequently flooded, is an

undifferentiated group in this survey area.

This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such

areas have little or no soil material and support little or

no vegetation. Pits is an example.

Table 5 gives the acreage and proportionate extent

of each map unit. Other tables give properties of the

soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for

many uses. The Glossary defines many of the terms

used in describing the soils or miscellaneous areas.

AnA—Annemaine silt loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded

Setting

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Low stream terraces along the Tombigbee

River and other major streams

Landform position: Slightly convex slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong

Size of areas: 10 to 300 acres

Composition

Annemaine and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—brown silt loam

Subsoil:

4 to 19 inches—yellowish red clay

19 to 35 inches—yellowish red clay that has brownish,

reddish, and grayish mottles

35 to 65 inches—red clay loam that has brownish and

grayish mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1.5

to 2.5 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Flooding: Rare

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The somewhat poorly drained Lenoir soils in the

slightly lower, less convex positions

• The poorly drained Bibb soils and the loamy Iuka

soils; on narrow flood plains

• The loamy Cahaba and Izagora soils in the slightly

higher positions

• The poorly drained Una soils in depressions

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of Annemaine soils that have a

surface layer of fine sandy loam or loam

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and pasture

Other uses: Cropland, hayland, and wildlife habitat

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, grain

sorghum, and cotton

Management concerns: Wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Installing and maintaining an artificial drainage

system reduces wetness and improves productivity.

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Dallisgrass, tall fescue,

coastal bermudagrass, and bahiagrass

Management concerns: Wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during

wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the

pasture in good condition.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use and

competition from undesirable plants
Choctaw County, Alabama 31

Management measures and considerations:

• Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked

equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and

compaction.

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping,

prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to

control competition from unwanted plants.

• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent

to streams helps to control siltation and provides

shade for the surface of the water.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—poor

Management concerns: Equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and

suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every

three years, rotated among several small tracts of

land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for

deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail

and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• Constructing dwellings on elevated, well-compacted

fill material helps to minimize damage from the

flooding.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

guidance regarding sanitary facilities.

• Increasing the size of the absorption field improves

system performance.

• Installing distribution lines during dry periods

minimizes smearing and sealing of trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed help to overcome the low

strength of the natural soil material.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 9W for loblolly pine

ArF—Arundel-Cantuche complex,

25 to 60 percent slopes, stony

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Hillslopes in the central and southern parts

of the county

Landform position: Arundel—convex to slightly

concave side slopes; Cantuche—convex nose

slopes, side slopes, and shoulder slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 40 to 1,200 acres

Composition

Arundel and similar soils: 50 percent

Cantuche and similar soils: 35 percent

Dissimilar soils: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Arundel

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—dark brown loam

Subsoil:

4 to 13 inches—yellowish red clay

13 to 21 inches—yellowish red clay

21 to 32 inches—yellowish red clay that has brownish

mottles

Bedrock:

32 to 80 inches—weathered, light gray and pale brown

siltstone

Cantuche

Surface layer:

0 to 11 inches—dark grayish brown very channery

sandy loam and very channery loam

Bedrock:

11 to 80 inches—weathered, light brownish gray

siltstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Arundel—moderately deep; Cantuche—

shallow
32 Soil Survey

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Arundel—very slow; Cantuche—moderate

Available water capacity: Arundel—moderate;

Cantuche—very low

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: Arundel—high; Cantuche—low

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: Arundel—20 to 40 inches to soft

bedrock; Cantuche—10 to 20 inches to soft

bedrock

Minor Components

Dissimilar:

• The sandy Boykin soils on the upper and lower parts

of slopes

• The very deep Luverne and Smithdale soils on

narrow ridges and the upper and lower parts of slopes

• The deep, moderately well drained Rayburn soils in

saddles and on toeslopes

• The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained

Iuka soils on narrow flood plains

• Cantuche soils on short slopes of more than 60

percent

• Arundel soils that have a slope of less than 25

percent

• Scattered areas of rock outcrop

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of clayey soils that have more rock

fragments in the subsoil than the Arundel soils

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland

Other uses: Wildlife habitat

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited for crop production because of the very

steep slope and stoniness. A site that has better

suited soils should be selected.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited for pasture and hay because of the very

steep, complex slope and stoniness. A site that

has better suited soils should be selected.

Woodland

Suitability: Poorly suited (fig. 3)

Productivity class: Arundel—very high for loblolly pine;

Cantuche—high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and

seedling survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Installing broad base dips, water bars, and culverts

helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and

landings. Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted

grasses and legumes helps to control erosion and the

siltation of streams.

• Establishing a permanent plant cover on roads and

landings after the completion of logging helps to control

erosion and the siltation of streams.

• Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the

contour helps to overcome the slope limitations.

• Using cable logging helps to minimize the need for

road and trail construction, especially in areas where

the slope is more than about 50 percent.

Figure 3.—An area of Arundel-Cantuche complex, 25 to 60

percent slopes, stony, that supports a mixed stand of

pine and hardwood. Soils on steep slopes are

susceptible to downslope movement. The bent and

twisted tree trunks shown here are a result of downslope

movement and the compensating tree growth.
Choctaw County, Alabama 33

• Planting during wet periods or during periods when

the soil is moist for extended periods increases the

seedling survival rate.

Wildlife habitat

Potential of the Arundel soil to support habitat for:

Openland wildlife—fair; woodland wildlife—good;

wetland wildlife—very poor

Potential of the Cantuche soil to support habitat for:

Openland wildlife—poor; woodland wildlife and

wetland wildlife—very poor

Management concerns: Equipment use and erodibility

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Urban development

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited as a site for urban development because

of the very steep slopes and the depth to rock. A

site that has better suited soils should be

selected.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 9R—for loblolly pine in

areas of the Arundel soil; 7R—for loblolly pine in

areas of the Cantuche soil

AwE—Arundel-Williamsville

complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Hillslopes in the southern part of the county

Landform position: Arundel—convex to slightly

concave slopes on the lower parts of side slopes;

Williamsville—convex nose slopes, shoulder

slopes, and the upper parts of side slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 10 to 200 acres

Composition

Arundel and similar soils: 60 percent

Williamsville and similar soils: 25 percent

Dissimilar soils: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Arundel

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—very dark gray and dark grayish brown

sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 14 inches—dark reddish brown clay that has soft

fragments of siltstone

14 to 28 inches—dark reddish brown clay that has soft

fragments of siltstone

Substratum:

28 to 36 inches—light olive brown silty clay loam that

has soft fragments of siltstone

Bedrock:

36 to 80 inches—weathered siltstone

Williamsville

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

4 to 15 inches—red clay

15 to 36 inches—dark red clay loam

36 to 50 inches—red sandy clay loam

50 to 62 inches—red and light yellowish brown clay

loam

Substratum:

62 to 80 inches—pale olive loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Arundel—moderately deep; Williamsville—

very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Arundel—very slow; Williamsville—

moderately slow

Available water capacity: Arundel—moderate;

Williamsville—high

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: Arundel—high; Williamsville—

moderate

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: Arundel—20 to 40 inches to soft

bedrock; Williamsville—more than 60 inches

Other distinctive properties: Williamsville—greenish

glauconitic sand in the substratum
34 Soil Survey

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The sandy Boykin soils on narrow ridges and the

upper parts of slopes

• The loamy Smithdale soils on narrow ridges and the

upper parts of slopes

• The deep, moderately well drained Rayburn soils on

toeslopes

• The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained

Iuka soils on narrow flood plains

• The shallow Lauderdale soils on narrow ridges and

shoulder slopes

• Arundel soils that have a slope of more than 35

percent

Similar soils:

• Soils that are similar to the Williamsville soil but that

do not have glauconitic sands in the subsoil or

substratum

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other uses: Pasture and homesites

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited for crop production because of the steep,

complex slopes. A site that has better suited soils

should be selected.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and

bahiagrass

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas.

• Fencing livestock away from streams helps to

prevent steambank erosion and sedimentation.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Arundel—erodibility, equipment

use, and seedling survival; Williamsville—

erodibility and equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• Installing broad base dips, water bars, and culverts

helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings.

Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted grasses and

legumes and establishing a permanent plant cover on

roads and landings after the completion of logging help

to control erosion and the siltation of streams.

• Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the

contour helps to overcome the slope limitations.

• Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in these

soils.

• Logging when the soil has the proper moisture

content helps to prevent rutting in the surface layer and

the root damage caused by compaction.

• Special site preparation, such as harrowing and

bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the

seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling

growth.

• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent

to streams helps to control siltation and provides

shade for the surface of the water.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair;

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very poor

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Arundel—shrink-swell and

slope; Williamsville—slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling

with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevents the damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.
Choctaw County, Alabama 35

• Structures can be designed to conform to the natural

slope.

• Land grading or shaping prior to construction

minimizes the damage caused by surface flow of water

and reduces the hazard of erosion.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Arundel—depth to rock,

restricted permeability, and slope; Williamsville—

restricted permeability and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

guidance regarding sanitary facilities.

• Managing this map unit as a site for septic tank

absorption fields is difficult because of the restricted

depth of the soils.

• Installing the absorption fields in areas of the deeper

Williamsville soil, increasing the size of the field, and

installing the distribution lines on the contour can

improve system performance.

• Installing distribution lines during dry periods

minimizes smearing and sealing of trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Arundel—shrink-swell, low

strength, and slope; Williamsville—low strength

and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the

soil.

• Designing roads to conform to the contour and

providing adequate water-control structures, such as

culverts, help to maintain the stability of the road.

• Removing as much of the clay that has a high

shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the

thickness of the base aggregate improve soil

performance.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 9R—for loblolly pine in

areas of the Arundel soil; 10R—for loblolly pine in

areas of the Williamsville soil

BbA—Bibb-Iuka complex, 0 to 1

percent slopes, frequently flooded

Setting

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Narrow flood plains

Landform position: Bibb—flat or concave slopes on

the lower parts of flood plains; Iuka—convex

slopes on the high and intermediate parts of

natural levees

Shape of areas: Long and narrow

Size of areas: 20 to 500 acres

Composition

Bibb and similar soils: 50 percent

Iuka and similar soils: 35 percent

Dissimilar soils: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Bibb

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

3 to 9 inches—gray sandy loam that has brownish

mottles

9 to 15 inches—gray sandy loam that has brownish

mottles and strata of loamy sand

15 to 45 inches—light brownish gray sandy loam that

has yellowish mottles

45 to 60 inches—light brownish gray loamy sand

Iuka

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

9 to 18 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

18 to 29 inches—light yellowish brown sandy loam that

has grayish and brownish mottles

29 to 42 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam that has

grayish and yellowish mottles

42 to 60 inches—light gray sandy loam that has

brownish and yellowish mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Bibb—poorly drained; Iuka—

moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: Bibb—apparent, at a depth

of 0.5 to 1.0 foot from December through April;

Iuka—apparent, at a depth of 1.0 to 3.0 feet from

December through April

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: Frequent

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Medium

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches
36 Soil Survey

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The moderately well drained Izagora soils and well

drained Cahaba and Latonia soils; on high knolls and

remnants of stream terraces

• The well drained Ochlockonee soils on the slightly

higher parts of natural levees

Similar soils:

• Soils that are similar to the Bibb and Iuka soils but

that have more clay in the substratum

• Very poorly drained soils in depressions

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other uses: Pasture and hayland

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited for crop production because of the flooding

and wetness. A site that has better suited soils

should be selected.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Suited to pasture and poorly suited to

hayland

Commonly grown crops: Common bermudagrass and

bahiagrass

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Although most flooding occurs during the winter and

spring, livestock and hay may be damaged during any

time of the year.

• Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during

wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the

pasture in good condition.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or renovation

of pasture and hayland, applying lime and fertilizer on

the basis of soil testing increases the availability of

nutrients to plants and maximizes productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine and

hardwoods

Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling

survival, and competition from undesirable plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked

equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and

compaction.

• Harvesting timber during the summer reduces the

risk of damage from the flooding.

• Bedding the Bibb soil prior to planting helps to

establish seedlings and increases the seedling survival

rate.

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping and the

application of herbicides, help to control competition

from unwanted plants.

• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent

to streams helps to control siltation and provides

shade for the surface of the water, thereby improving

aquatic habitat.

Wildlife habitat

Potential of the Bibb soil to support habitat for:

Openland wildlife and woodland wildlife—fair;

wetland wildlife—good

Potential of the Iuka soil to support habitat for:

Openland wildlife—fair; woodland wildlife—good;

wetland wildlife—poor

Management concerns: Equipment use and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and

suitable understory plants.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Urban development

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited as a site for urban development because of

the flooding. A site that has better suited soils

should be selected.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Vw

Woodland ordination symbol: 9W—for loblolly pine in

areas of the Bibb soil; 11W—for loblolly pine in

areas of the Iuka soil

BeB—Bigbee loamy sand, 0 to 5

percent slopes, rarely flooded

Setting

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Low stream terraces and natural levees

along the Tombigbee River and other major

streams
Choctaw County, Alabama 37

Landform position: Flat to convex slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong

Size of areas: 10 to 150 acres

Composition

Bigbee and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—dark brown loamy sand

Substratum:

6 to 23 inches—brown loamy sand

23 to 45 inches—light yellowish brown fine sand

45 to 59 inches—brownish yellow sand

59 to 70 inches—very pale brown sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Rapid

Available water capacity: Low

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 3.5

to 6.0 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: Rare

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The loamy Riverview and Ochlockonee soils in the

slightly lower positions on natural levees

• The clayey Urbo soils in narrow drainageways and in

depressions

• The loamy Cahaba, Izagora, and Latonia soils in the

slightly lower positions on stream terraces

• The poorly drained Kinston soils in depressions

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of sandy soils that have thin strata

of loamy material in the substratum

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other uses: Cropland, hayland, and pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn and watermelons

Management concerns: Equipment use, droughtiness,

nutrient leaching, and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Using equipment that has low-pressure tires reduces

the slippage and rutting caused by the high content of

sand in the soil.

• Using supplemental irrigation and planting crop

varieties that are adapted to droughty conditions

increase production.

• Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, crop residue

management, and crop rotations that include grasses

and legumes increase available water capacity,

minimize crusting, and improve fertility.

• Using split applications increases the effectiveness

of fertilizer and herbicides.

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Suited

Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and

bahiagrass

Management concerns: Equipment use, droughtiness,

nutrient leaching, and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Using equipment that has low-pressure tires reduces

the slippage and rutting caused by the high content of

sand.

• Using split applications increases the effectiveness

of fertilizer and herbicides.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: High for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Seedling survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting high-quality seedlings in a shallow furrow

increases the seedling survival rate.

• Using improved varieties of loblolly pine increases

productivity.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair;

woodland wildlife—poor; wetland wildlife—very poor

Management concerns: Droughtiness

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.
38 Soil Survey

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• Constructing dwellings on elevated, well-compacted

fill material helps to minimize damage from the

flooding.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and poor filtering

capacity

Management measures and considerations:

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

guidance regarding sanitary facilities.

• Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a

sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table

improves system performance.

• Measures that improve filtering capacity should be

considered. The soil readily absorbs, but does not

adequately filter, effluent.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• Well-compacted fill material can be used as a road

base to help elevate roads above the flooding.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: 7S for loblolly pine

BgD2—Boswell fine sandy loam, 5

to 12 percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Hillslopes in the southern part of the county

Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 10 to 80 acres

Composition

Boswell and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar soils: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

4 to 16 inches—red clay

16 to 22 inches—mottled reddish brown, brownish gray,

and dark red silty clay

22 to 58 inches—light brownish gray silty clay that has

reddish and brownish mottles

58 to 80 inches—light brownish gray clay that has

reddish and brownish mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: High

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: High

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Other distinctive properties: Slickensides in the lower

part of the subsoil

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The loamy Okeelala soils on the upper parts of

slopes

• The alkaline Maytag and Sumter soils on the lower

parts of slopes

• Oktibbeha and Hannon soils, which are alkaline in

the lower part of the subsoil, on the lower parts of

slopes

• Boswell soils that have a slope of more than 12

percent

Similar soils:

• Somewhat poorly drained, clayey soils on the

smoother slopes

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other uses: Pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited
Choctaw County, Alabama 39

Commonly grown crops: Corn and small grains

Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue

management, stripcropping, and sod-based rotations

reduce the hazard of further erosion, stabilize the soils,

control surface runoff, and maximize infiltration of

water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited to pasture and suited to hayland

Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass, tall

fescue, and bahiagrass

Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care should be taken to prevent further

erosion when pastures are renovated or seedbeds are

established.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when hay is harvested.

• Fencing livestock away from creeks and streams

helps to prevent streambank erosion and

sedimentation.

• Using rotational grazing and implementing a well

planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to

maintain the pasture and increase productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: High for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling

survival, and competition from undesirable

plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Logging when the soil has the proper moisture

content helps to prevent rutting in the surface layer and

the root damage caused by compaction.

• Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in the soil.

• Special site preparation, such as harrowing and

bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the

seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling

growth.

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping,

prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to

control competition from unwanted plants.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair;

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very

poor

Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling

with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevents the damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

guidance regarding sanitary facilities.

• Increasing the size of the absorption field improves

system performance.

• Installing distribution lines during dry periods helps to

control smearing and sealing of trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength, shrink-swell, and

cutbanks cave

Management measures and considerations:

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed,

compacting the roadbed, designing roads to conform to

the natural slope, removing as much of the clay that

has a high shrink-swell potential as possible, and

increasing the thickness of the base aggregate

improve soil performance.

• Designing roads that incorporate water-control

structures, such as culverts, broad base dips, and

waterbars, helps to prevent slippage of cut and fill

slopes.
40 Soil Survey

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 8C for loblolly pine

BkB—Boykin loamy fine sand, 1 to

5 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Ridgetops

Landform position: Convex slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 150 acres

Composition

Boykin and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar soils: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—brown loamy fine sand

Subsurface layer:

5 to 22 inches—light yellowish brown loamy sand

Subsoil:

22 to 33 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam

33 to 43 inches—yellowish red fine sandy loam

43 to 47 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam

47 to 51 inches—red fine sandy loam

51 to 80 inches—yellowish red fine sandy loam that

has grayish and brownish mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface

layers and moderate in the subsoil

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• Scattered areas of the somewhat excessively

drained Wadley soils, which have sandy surface and

subsurface layers having a combined thickness of

more than 40 inches

• The loamy Smithdale and McLaurin soils in the

slightly lower positions

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of Boykin soils that have a surface

layer of loamy sand or sand

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and pasture

Other uses: Cropland and hayland

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, watermelons,

and truck crops

Management concerns: Droughtiness, nutrient

leaching, and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, crop residue

management, and crop rotations that include grasses

and legumes increase available water capacity,

minimize crusting, and improve fertility.

• Using supplemental irrigation and planting crop

varieties that are adapted to droughty conditions

increase production.

• Using split applications increases the effectiveness

of fertilizer and herbicides.

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and

bahiagrass

Management concerns: Droughtiness, nutrient

leaching, and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Using supplemental irrigation and plant varieties that

are adapted to droughty conditions increase

production.

• Using split applications increases the effectiveness

of fertilizer and herbicides.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited
Choctaw County, Alabama 41

Productivity class: High for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Seedling survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting high-quality seedlings in a shallow furrow

increases the seedling survival rate.

• Using improved varieties of loblolly pine increases

productivity.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair;

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very

poor

Management concerns: Droughtiness and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

dwellings.

Septic tank absorption field

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

additional guidance regarding sanitary facilities.

• Increasing the size of the absorption field improves

system performance.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

local roads and streets.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIs

Woodland ordination symbol: 8S for loblolly pine

BnE2—Boykin-Luverne-Smithdale

complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes,

eroded

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Hillslopes

Landform position: Boykin—convex nose slopes, upper

parts of side slopes, and footslopes; Luverne and

Smithdale—shoulder slopes, side slopes, and

footslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 20 to 1,000 acres

Composition

Boykin and similar soils: 40 percent

Luverne and similar soils: 25 percent

Smithdale and similar soils: 25 percent

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Boykin

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown loamy fine sand

Subsurface layer:

3 to 33 inches—light yellowish brown loamy fine sand

Subsoil:

33 to 48 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam

48 to 60 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam that

has reddish mottles

60 to 80 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that

has grayish and reddish mottles

Luverne

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 7 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 19 inches—red clay loam that has brownish

mottles

19 to 36 inches—red clay loam that has brownish

mottles

36 to 49 inches—red clay loam that has brownish

mottles and grayish fragments of shale

Substratum:

49 to 80 inches—red sandy clay loam that has

yellowish mottles and grayish fragments of

shale
42 Soil Survey

Smithdale

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—brown and light yellowish brown loamy

sand

Subsurface layer:

6 to 13 inches—light yellowish brown loamy sand

Subsoil:

13 to 23 inches—yellowish red sandy loam

23 to 38 inches—red sandy clay loam

38 to 48 inches—red sandy clay loam

48 to 80 inches—red sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Boykin—rapid in the surface and

subsurface layers and moderate in the subsoil;

Luverne—moderately slow; Smithdale—moderate

in the upper part of the subsoil and moderately

rapid in the lower part

Available water capacity: Boykin—low; Smithdale—

moderate; Luverne—high

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: Boykin and Smithdale—low;

Luverne—moderate

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The moderately deep Arundel soils on the upper or

lower parts of slopes

• The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained

Iuka soils on narrow flood plains

• The somewhat excessively drained Wadley soils in

positions similar to those of the Boykin soil

• Luverne and Smithdale soils that have a slope of

more than 35 percent or less than 15 percent

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of soils that are similar to the

Luverne and Smithdale soils but that have less clay in

the substratum

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other uses: Pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited for crop production because of the slope.

A site that has better suited soils should be

selected.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and

bahiagrass

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

droughtiness, and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care should be taken to prevent further

erosion when pastures are renovated or seedbeds are

established.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas.

• Using rotational grazing and implementing a well

planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to

maintain the pasture and increase productivity.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: Boykin—high for loblolly pine;

Luverne and Smithdale—very high for loblolly

pine

Management concerns: Boykin—seedling survival;

Luverne and Smithdale—erodibility, equipment

use, and competition from undesirable

plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Installing broad base dips, water bars, and culverts

helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and

landings. Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted

grasses and legumes helps to control erosion and the

siltation of streams.

• Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the

contour helps to overcome the slope limitations.

• Using tracked or low-pressure ground equipment

helps to control rutting and root compaction during

harvesting.

• Using equipment that has wide tires or crawler-type

equipment and harvesting in the drier summer months

improve trafficability.

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping,

prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to

control competition from unwanted plants.

• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent

to streams helps to control siltation and provides

shade for the surface of the water.
Choctaw County, Alabama 43

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair;

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very

poor

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Structures can be designed to conform to the natural

slope.

• Land grading or shaping prior to construction

minimizes the damage caused by surface flow of water

and reduces the hazard of erosion.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Boykin and Smithdale—slope;

Luverne—restricted permeability and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

guidance regarding sanitary facilities.

• Increasing the size of the absorption field and

installing distribution lines on the contour improve

system performance.

• Installing distribution lines during dry periods

minimizes smearing and sealing of trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Boykin and Smithdale—slope;

Luverne—low strength and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the

soil.

• Designing roads to conform to the contour and

providing adequate water-control structures, such as

culverts, help to maintain the stability of the road.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 8R—for loblolly pine in

areas of the Boykin soil; 9R—for loblolly pine in

areas of the Luverne and Smithdale soils

BrE2—Brantley-Okeelala complex,

15 to 35 percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Hillslopes in the southern part of the county

Landform position: Brantley—side slopes; Okeelala—

nose slopes, footslopes, and shoulder slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 10 to 1200 acres

Composition

Brantley and similar soils: 55 percent

Okeelala and similar soils: 30 percent

Dissimilar soils: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Brantley

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

2 to 4 inches—reddish brown clay loam

4 to 15 inches—red clay

15 to 34 inches—yellowish red clay loam

34 to 54 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that

has brownish mottles

Substratum:

54 to 65 inches—strong brown sandy loam that has

reddish mottles

Okeelala

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown loamy sand

Subsurface layer:

2 to 12 inches—yellowish brown loamy sand

Subsoil:

12 to 16 inches—yellowish red sandy loam

16 to 30 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam

30 to 52 inches—yellowish red sandy loam
44 Soil Survey

Substratum:

52 to 80 inches—yellowish red sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Brantley—slow; Okeelala—moderate

Available water capacity: Brantley—high; Okeelala—

moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: Brantley—moderate; Okeelala—

low

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar:

• Boswell soils that have a thicker solum than that of

the Brantley and Okeelala soils and that have high

shrink-swell potential; on the lower parts of slopes

• Hannon and Toxey soils that have high shrink-swell

potential; on shoulder slopes and the upper parts of

slopes

• Scattered areas of moderately deep Sumter soils

• The sandy Wadley soils on narrow ridgetops

• The poorly drained Bibb and somewhat poorly

drained Leeper soils on narrow flood plains

• Scattered areas of limestone outcrop

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of soils that are similar to the

Brantley soil but that have an alkaline substratum

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other uses: Pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited for crop production because of the slope. A

site that has better suited soils should be selected.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and

bahiagrass

Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care should be taken to prevent further

erosion when pastures are renovated or seedbeds are

established.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Brantley—erodibility,

equipment use, seedling survival, and competition

from undesirable plants; Okeelala—erodibility and

equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• Installing broad base dips, water bars, and culverts

helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and

landings. Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted

grasses and legumes helps to control erosion and the

siltation of streams.

• Establishing a permanent plant cover on roads and

landings after the completion of logging helps to control

erosion and the siltation of streams.

• Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the

contour helps to overcome the slope limitations.

• Using tracked or low-pressure ground equipment

helps to control rutting and root compaction during

harvesting.

• Site preparation practices, such as prescribed

burning and applying herbicides, reduce competition

from unwanted plants.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair;

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very

poor

Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.
Choctaw County, Alabama 45

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Structures can be designed to conform to the natural

slope.

• Land grading or shaping prior to construction

minimizes the damage caused by surface flow of water

and reduces the hazard of erosion.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Brantley—restricted

permeability and slope; Okeelala—slope

Management measures and considerations:

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

guidance regarding sanitary facilities.

• Increasing the size of the absorption field and

installing distribution lines on the contour improve

system performance.

• Installing distribution lines during dry periods

minimizes smearing and sealing of trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Brantley—low strength, slope,

and cutbanks cave; Okeelala—slope and cutbanks

cave

Management measures and considerations:

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the soil.

• Designing roads to conform to the contour and

providing adequate water-control structures, such as

culverts, help to maintain the stability of the road.

• Designing roads to incorporate structures that

remove excess water improves the stability of the

cutbanks, which are subject to slumping.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 9R for loblolly pine

BrF—Brantley-Okeelala complex,

35 to 60 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Hillslopes in the southern part of the county

Landform position: Brantley—side slopes; Okeelala—

nose slopes, footslopes, and shoulder slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 10 to 800 acres

Composition

Brantley and similar soils: 55 percent

Okeelala and similar soils: 30 percent

Dissimilar soils: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Brantley

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—very dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

10 to 46 inches—yellowish red sandy clay

Substratum:

46 to 80 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam that

has olive and reddish mottles

Okeelala

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—very dark brown and brown fine sandy

loam

Subsurface layer:

6 to 16 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

16 to 27 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam

27 to 40 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam

47 to 61 inches—strong brown loam

Substratum:

61 to 74 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

74 to 80 inches—pale brown sandy loam that has dark

sand grains

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Brantley—slow; Okeelala—moderate

Available water capacity: Brantley—high; Okeelala—

moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: Brantley—moderate; Okeelala—

low

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar:

• Hannon and Toxey soils that have high shrink-swell

potential; on shoulder slopes and the upper parts of

slopes
46 Soil Survey

• Scattered areas of moderately deep Sumter soils

• The sandy Wadley soils on narrow ridgetops

• Boswell soils, which have high shrink-swell potential,

on the lower parts of slopes

• The poorly drained Bibb soils on narrow flood plains

• Scattered areas of limestone outcrop

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of soils that are similar to the

Brantley soil but that have an alkaline substratum

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland

Other uses: Wildlife habitat

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited for crop production because of the very

steep slope. A site that has better suited soils

should be selected.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited for pasture and hay because of the very

steep, highly dissected slope. A site that has

better suited soils should be selected.

Woodland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Productivity class: High for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Brantley—erodibility,

equipment use, seedling survival, and competition

from undesirable plants; Okeelala—erodibility and

equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• Installing broad base dips, water bars, and culverts

helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and

landings. Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted

grasses and legumes helps to control erosion and the

siltation of streams.

• Establishing a permanent plant cover on roads and

landings after the completion of logging helps to control

erosion and the siltation of streams.

• Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the

contour helps to overcome the slope limitations.

• Using cable logging helps to minimize the need for

road and trail construction, especially in areas where

the slope is more than about 50 percent.

• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent

to streams helps to control siltation and provides

shade for the surface of the water.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—

poor; woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—

very poor

Management concerns: Erodibility and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Urban development

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited as a site for urban development because of

the slope. A site that has better suited soils should

be selected.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 8R for loblolly pine

CaA—Cahaba sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded

Setting

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Low stream terraces along the Tombigbee

River and other major streams

Landform position: Flat to convex slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong

Size of areas: 5 to 150 acres

Composition

Cahaba and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar soils: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

9 to 13 inches—strong brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

13 to 29 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam
Choctaw County, Alabama 47

29 to 38 inches—red sandy clay loam

38 to 50 inches—yellowish red sandy loam

Substratum:

50 to 60 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoil

and moderately rapid in the lower part

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: Rare

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The yellowish brown Latonia soils that have less clay

in the subsoil than the Cahaba soil but that are in

similar positions

• The moderately well drained Izagora soils in the

slightly lower positions

• The sandy Bigbee soils in positions similar to those

of the Cahaba soil

• The clayey Annemaine soils in the slightly lower

positions

• The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained

Iuka soils on narrow flood plains

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of Cahaba soils that have a surface

layer of loamy sand

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and pasture

Other uses: Cropland, hayland, and wildlife habitat

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, grain

sorghum, cotton, and watermelons

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

management of cropland.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and

bahiagrass (fig. 4)

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

management of pasture and hayland.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Competition from undesirable

plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping,

prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to

control competition from unwanted plants.

• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent

to streams helps to control siltation and provides

shade for the surface of the water.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very

poor

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

wildlife habitat.

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and

suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every

three years, rotated among several small tracts of

land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for

deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail

and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• Constructing dwellings on elevated, well-compacted

fill material helps to minimize damage from the

flooding.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• Septic tank absorption fields do not function properly

during periods of flooding and may be damaged by

floodwater.

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

guidance regarding sanitary facilities.
48 Soil Survey

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• Well-compacted fill material can be used as a road

base to help elevate roads above the flooding.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: I

Woodland ordination symbol: 10A for loblolly pine

CoC2—Conecuh loam, 3 to 8

percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Hillslopes in the northern part of the county

Landform position: Slightly concave to convex side

slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 10 to 250 acres

Composition

Conecuh and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

Subsoil:

5 to 13 inches—red clay

13 to 20 inches—red clay that has brownish mottles

20 to 27 inches—mottled light brownish gray, reddish

brown, and red clay

Figure 4.—An area of Cahaba sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded. This well drained soil is well suited to

bermudagrass and bahiagrass hay.
Choctaw County, Alabama 49

27 to 48 inches—light brownish gray clay that has

reddish and brownish mottles

Substratum:

48 to 58 inches—light olive gray clay that has brownish

mottles

58 to 76 inches—light olive gray clay loam that has

brownish mottles

Bedrock:

76 to 80 inches—light olive gray clayey shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: High

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Other distinctive properties: Slickensides in the lower

part of the subsoil

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The well drained Luverne soils on the upper parts of

slopes

• Scattered areas of soils that are moderately deep to

shale

• The poorly drained Bibb soils on narrow flood plains

Similar soils:

• The deep Halso soils on the upper parts of slopes

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other uses: Pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn and small grains

Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue

management, stripcropping, and sod-based rotations

reduce the hazard of further erosion, stabilize the soils,

control surface runoff, and maximize infiltration of

water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass,

bahiagrass, white clover, and red clover

Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care should be taken to prevent further

erosion when pastures are renovated or seedbeds are

established.

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope reduces the hazard of erosion and increases the

rate of germination.

• Fencing livestock away from creeks and streams

helps to prevent streambank erosion and

sedimentation.

• Using rotational grazing and implementing a well

planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to

maintain the pasture and increase productivity.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling

survival, and competition from undesirable

plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Logging when the soil has the proper moisture

content helps to prevent rutting in the surface layer and

the root damage caused by compaction.

• Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in the soil.

• Special site preparation, such as harrowing and

bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the

seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling

growth.

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping,

prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to

control competition from unwanted plants.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very

poor

Management concerns: Equipment use and erodibility

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and
50 Soil Survey

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling

with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevents the damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

guidance regarding sanitary facilities.

• Increasing the size of the absorption field improves

system performance.

• Installing distribution lines during dry periods helps to

control smearing and sealing of trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell, low strength, and

cutbanks cave

Management measures and considerations:

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the

soil.

• Removing as much of the clay that has a high

shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the

thickness of the base aggregate improve soil

performance.

• Designing roads that incorporate water-control

structures, such as culverts, broad base dips, and

waterbars, helps to prevent slippage of cut and fill

slopes.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 9C for loblolly pine

FaA—Fluvaquents, ponded

Setting

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Flood plains and low terraces

Landform position: Oxbows, sloughs, swales, and other

depressional areas

Shape of areas: Rounded or oblong

Size of areas: 10 to 80 acres

Composition

Fluvaquents and similar inclusions: 95 percent

Dissimilar soils: 5 percent

Typical Profile

No typical pedon has been selected.

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Permeability: Variable

Available water capacity: Variable

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at 2.0 feet above

the surface to a depth of 1.0 foot from December

through July

Shrink-swell potential: Variable

Flooding: Frequent

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: High

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The moderately well drained Iuka and Izagora soils

and the somewhat poorly drained Lenoir soils; on small

knolls and along edges of mapped areas

Similar soils:

• Poorly drained soils that are not subject to longduration ponding.

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited for crop production because of the flooding,

ponding, and wetness. A site that has better suited

soils should be selected.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely
Choctaw County, Alabama 51

limited for pasture and hay because of the

flooding, ponding, and wetness. A site that has

better suited soils should be selected.

Woodland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Productivity class: High for water tupelo and baldcypress

Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling

survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Using low-pressure ground equipment helps to

prevent rutting of the surface and the damage caused

to tree roots by compaction.

• Harvesting timber during the summer reduces the

risk of damage from flooding.

• Maintaining drainageways and planting trees that are

tolerant of wetness increase the seedling survival rate.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—poor; wetland wildlife—good

Management concerns: Equipment use, ponding

flooding, and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Urban development

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited as a site for urban development because of

the flooding, ponding, and wetness. A site that has

better suited soils should be selected.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIw

Woodland ordination symbol: None assigned

FrA—Freest fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes

Setting

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Stream terraces in the southern part of the

county

Landform position: Flat and slightly convex slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong

Size of areas: 5 to 150 acres

Composition

Freest and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 6 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 12 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam

12 to 18 inches—yellowish brown loam

18 to 29 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam that

has grayish and reddish mottles

29 to 46 inches—yellowish red clay loam that has

grayish and reddish mottles

46 to 61 inches—mottled strong brown, gray, and dark

red clay

61 to 80 inches—mottled light gray, strong brown, and

reddish brown clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5

to 2.5 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The somewhat poorly drained Leeper soils on narrow

flood plains

• Savannah soils that have a fragipan; on higher knolls

• The poorly drained Bibb soils on narrow flood plains

Similar soils:

• A Freest soil that has a slope of more than 2 percent

• Scattered areas of soils that are similar to the Freest

soil but that are loamy in the lower part of the subsoil

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other uses: Pasture and hayland

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, and small grain

Management concerns: Wetness and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Installing and maintaining an artificial drainage

system reduces wetness and improves productivity.
52 Soil Survey

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Dallisgrass, tall fescue,

coastal bermudagrass, bahiagrass, and white

clover

Management concerns: Wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during

wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the

pasture in good condition.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use and

competition from undesirable plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked

equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and

compaction.

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping,

prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to

control competition from unwanted plants.

• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent

to streams helps to control siltation and provides

shade for the surface of the water, thereby improving

aquatic habitat.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—poor

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

wildlife habitat.

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and

suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every

three years, rotated among several small tracts of

land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for

deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail

and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling

with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevents the damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

guidance regarding sanitary facilities.

• Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a

sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table

and increasing the size of the field improve system

performance.

• Installing distribution lines during dry periods helps to

control smearing and sealing of trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the

soil.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 10W for loblolly pine

HaB—Halso silt loam, 1 to 3

percent slopes

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Ridgetops in the northern part of the county

Landform position: Slightly convex slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 200 acres

Composition

Halso and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar soils: 15 percent
Choctaw County, Alabama 53

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam

2 to 6 inches—reddish brown silty clay loam

Subsoil:

6 to 12 inches—red clay

12 to 22 inches—red clay that has yellowish, reddish,

and grayish mottles

22 to 30 inches—yellowish red clay that has grayish,

reddish, and yellowish mottles

Substratum:

30 to 45 inches—light brownish gray clay loam that

has brownish mottles

Bedrock:

45 to 80 inches—light brownish gray shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: High

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: High

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches to soft shale

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The well drained Luverne soils in the slightly higher

positions

• The poorly drained Kinston soils in depressions and

narrow drainageways

Similar soils:

• The very deep Conecuh soils on the lower parts of

slopes or in saddles

• Scattered areas of clayey soils that are moderately

deep over bedrock

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other uses: Pasture and hayland

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn, small grains, and truck

crops

Management concerns: Erodibility, tilth, and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Terraces and diversions, contour tillage, no-till

planting, and crop residue management reduce the

hazard of erosion, help to control surface runoff, and

maximize rainfall infiltration.

• Tilling when the soil has the proper moisture content

helps to prevent clodding and crusting and increases

infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass,

bahiagrass, and white clover

Management concerns: Wetness and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Using rotational grazing and implementing a well

planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to

maintain the pasture and increase productivity.

• Restricted grazing during wet periods helps to

prevent compaction and keeps the pasture in good

condition.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling

survival, and competition from undesirable plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Logging when the soil has the proper moisture

content helps to prevent rutting in the surface layer and

the root damage caused by compaction.

• Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in the soil.

• Special site preparation, such as harrowing and

bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the

seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling

growth.

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping,

prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to

control competition from unwanted plants.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very

poor
54 Soil Survey

Management concerns: Equipment use and erodibility

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling

with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevents the damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

guidance regarding sanitary facilities.

• Increasing the size of the absorption field improves

system performance.

• Installing distribution lines during dry periods

helps to control smearing and sealing of trench

walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell and low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the

soil.

• Removing as much of the clay that has a high

shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the

thickness of the base aggregate improve soil

performance.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 9C for loblolly pine

IzA—Izagora fine sandy loam, 0 to

2 percent slopes, rarely flooded

Setting

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Low stream terraces along the Tombigbee

River and other major streams

Landform position: Flat and slightly convex slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong

Size of areas: 10 to 200 acres

Composition

Izagora and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsurface:

7 to 13 inches—light yellowish brown loam

Subsoil:

13 to 22 inches—brownish yellow loam

22 to 27 inches—yellowish brown loam that has

brownish and grayish mottles

27 to 36 inches—yellowish brown loam that has

brownish, reddish, and grayish mottles

36 to 47 inches—light yellowish brown clay loam that

has brownish, reddish, and grayish mottles

47 to 65 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam that

has grayish, reddish, and brownish mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2.0

to 3.0 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: Rare

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The well drained Cahaba soils in the slightly higher

positions

• The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained

Iuka soils on narrow flood plains
Choctaw County, Alabama 55

• The poorly drained McCrory and somewhat poorly

drained Deerford soils in the lower positions

• The clayey Annemaine soils in positions similar to

those of the Izagora soil or slightly lower

• The somewhat poorly drained Lenoir soils in the

slightly lower, less convex positions

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of moderately well drained, loamy

soils that decrease in content of clay with depth

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and pasture

Other uses: Cropland and wildlife habitat

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, grain

sorghum, and cotton

Management concerns: Wetness and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Installing and maintaining an artificial drainage

system reduces wetness and improves productivity.

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Tall fescue, coastal

bermudagrass, bahiagrass, and white clover

Management concerns: Wetness and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during

wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the

pasture in good condition.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Competition from undesirable

plants and equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping,

prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to

control competition from unwanted plants.

• Logging when the soil has the proper moisture

content helps to prevent rutting in the surface layer and

the root damage caused by compaction.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—poor

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

wildlife habitat.

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and

suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every

three years, rotated among several small tracts of

land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for

deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail

and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• Constructing dwellings on elevated, well-compacted

fill material helps to minimize damage from the

flooding.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

guidance regarding sanitary facilities.

• Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a

sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table

and increasing the size of the field improve system

performance.

• Installing distribution lines during dry periods helps to

control smearing and sealing of trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the

soil.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 10W for loblolly pine
56 Soil Survey

LaA—Latonia loamy sand, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded

Setting

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Low stream terraces along the Tombigbee

River and other major streams

Landform position: Slightly convex slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong

Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres

Composition

Latonia and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar soils: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown loamy sand

Subsoil:

6 to 15 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

15 to 43 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

Substratum:

43 to 53 inches—brownish yellow loamy sand

53 to 68 inches—brownish yellow sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: Rare

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The moderately well drained Izagora soils in the

slightly lower positions

• The sandy Bigbee soils on small knolls

• The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained

Iuka soils on narrow flood plains

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of Latonia soils that have a surface

layer of sandy loam

• Scattered areas of loamy soils that have reddish

colors in the subsoil

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other uses: Cropland, hayland, and pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, grain

sorghum, cotton, and watermelons

Management concerns: Droughtiness and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Leaving crop residue on the surface helps to

conserve soil moisture.

• Using supplemental irrigation and planting crop

varieties that are adapted to droughty conditions

increase production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and

bahiagrass

Management concerns: Droughtiness and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Using supplemental irrigation and plant varieties that

are adapted to droughty conditions increase

production.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Competition from undesirable

plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping,

prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to

control competition from unwanted plants.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very

poor

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

wildlife habitat.

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and
Choctaw County, Alabama 57

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and

suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every

three years, rotated among several small tracts of

land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for

deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail

and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• Constructing dwellings on elevated, well-compacted

fill material helps to minimize damage from the

flooding.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Poor filtering capacity

Management measures and considerations:

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

guidance regarding sanitary facilities.

• Measures that improve filtering capacity should be

considered. The soil readily absorbs, but does not

adequately filter, effluent.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• Well-compacted fill material can be used as a road

base to help elevate roads above the flooding.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIs

Woodland ordination symbol: 9A for loblolly pine

LdC2—Lauderdale-Arundel

complex, 2 to 10 percent slopes,

stony, eroded

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Narrow ridgetops in the central and southern

parts of the county

Landform position: Lauderdale—convex ridge crests

and shoulder slopes; Arundel—convex ridge

crests, saddles, and side slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 60 acres

Composition

Lauderdale and similar soils: 45 percent

Arundel and similar soils: 40 percent

Dissimilar soils: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Lauderdale

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

3 to 7 inches—yellowish brown clay loam

7 to 16 inches—yellowish brown clay loam

Bedrock:

16 to 80 inches—weathered, grayish brown and

yellowish brown claystone

Arundel

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

grayish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 23 inches—yellowish red clay

23 to 34 inches—pale olive silty clay loam that has

brownish mottles

Bedrock:

34 to 80 inches—weathered, pale olive claystone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Lauderdale—shallow; Arundel—

moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: Lauderdale—low; Arundel—

moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: Lauderdale—moderate;

Arundel—high

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: Lauderdale—10 to 20 inches to soft

bedrock; Arundel—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• Cantuche soils that are in positions similar to those

of the Lauderdale soil but that have more rock

fragments
58 Soil Survey

• The very deep Smithdale and Luverne soils on high

knolls

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of soils that have more rock

fragments in the subsoil than the Arundel soils

• Scattered areas of clayey soils that do not have soft

bedrock within a depth of 40 inches

• Scattered areas of shallow, clayey soils

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other uses: Pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited for crop production because of erodibility,

restricted rooting depth, surface stoniness, and

slope. A site that has better suited soils should be

selected.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Suited to pasture and poorly suited to

hayland

Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and

bahiagrass

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and

restricted rooting depth

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care should be taken to prevent further

erosion when pastures are renovated or seedbeds are

established.

• The slope and surface stoniness may limit

equipment use in the steeper areas when hay is

harvested.

• Because of the shallow rooting depth in areas of the

Lauderdale soil, managing this map unit in an

economical manner for pasture and hay is difficult.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: Lauderdale—high for loblolly pine;

Arundel—very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Lauderdale—seedling survival;

Arundel—equipment use and seedling survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Logging when the soil has the proper moisture

content helps to prevent rutting of the surface and the

damage caused to tree roots by compaction.

• Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in the

Arundel soil.

• Special site preparation, such as harrowing and

bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the

seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling

growth.

• Maintaining plant litter on the surface increases

water infiltration and reduces the seedling mortality

rate.

• Planting during wet periods or during periods when

the soil is moist for extended periods increases the

seedling survival rate.

Wildlife habitat

Potential of the Lauderdale soil to support habitat for:

Openland wildlife—poor; woodland wildlife—fair;

wetland wildlife—very poor

Potential of the Arundel soil to support habitat for:

Openland wildlife and woodland wildlife—good;

wetland wildlife—very poor

Management concerns: Equipment use and erodibility

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Lauderdale—shrink-swell and

depth to rock; Arundel—shrink-swell

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling

with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevents the damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

• The soft bedrock underlying the soils in this map unit

does not require special equipment for excavation.

Packing or revegetating the bedrock, however, is

difficult if it is used in fill slopes. Areas where the

bedrock has been removed are also difficult to

revegetate.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited
Choctaw County, Alabama 59

Management concerns: Depth to rock and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit is severely limited for septic tank

absorption fields because of the very slow permeability

and the restricted depth to rock.

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

additional guidance.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Lauderdale—suited; Arundel—poorly suited

Management concerns: Lauderdale—depth to rock and

shrink-swell; Arundel—shrink-swell and low

strength

Management measures and considerations:

• The soft bedrock underlying the soils in this map

unit does not require special equipment for excavation.

Packing or revegetating the bedrock, however, is

difficult if it is used in fill slopes. Areas where the

bedrock has been removed are also difficult to

revegetate.

• Removing as much of the clay that has a high

shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the

thickness of the base aggregate improve soil

performance.

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the soil.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVs

Woodland ordination symbol: 6D—for loblolly pine in

areas of the Lauderdale soil; 9C—for loblolly pine

in areas of the Arundel soil

LeA—Leeper silty clay loam, 0 to 1

percent slopes, frequently flooded

Setting

Landscape: Blackland Prairie

Landform: Flood plains in the southwestern part of the

county

Landform position: Flat and slightly concave slopes

Shape of areas: Long and narrow

Size of areas: 200 to 2,500 acres

Composition

Leeper and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar soils: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay loam

Subsoil:

4 to 12 inches—dark grayish brown clay loam that has

brownish and grayish mottles

12 to 21 inches—dark grayish brown clay that has

brownish mottles

21 to 30 inches—dark gray silty clay that has brownish

mottles

30 to 45 inches—gray clay that has brownish mottles

Substratum:

45 to 60 inches—light olive brown clay that has

brownish and grayish mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.0

to 2.0 feet from December through April

Shrink-swell potential: High

Flooding: Frequent

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Medium

Natural fertility: High

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Other distinctive properties: Slightly acid to mildly

alkaline throughout the profile

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The moderately well drained Freest soils on low

knolls

• Poorly drained soils in depressions

Similar soils:

• Moderately well drained, clayey soils on slightly

convex slopes

• Leeper soils that have a loamy or sandy surface layer

Land Use

Dominant uses: Pasture and hayland

Other uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Because of the potential for flooding during the

growing season, managing this map unit for cultivated

crops is difficult.

• Using well maintained open ditches and diversions to

divert and remove excess water improves productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Suited
60 Soil Survey

Commonly grown crops: Common bermudagrass, tall

fescue, dallisgrass, Johnsongrass, and white clover

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Although most flooding occurs during the winter and

spring, livestock and hay may be damaged during any

time of the year.

• Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during

wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the

pasture in good condition.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: High for water oak

Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling

survival, and competition from undesirable plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked

equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and

compaction.

• Harvesting timber during the summer reduces the

risk of damage from the flooding.

• Bedding the soil prior to planting helps to establish

seedlings and increases the seedling survival rate.

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping and the

application of herbicides, help to control competition

from unwanted plants.

• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent

to streams helps to control siltation and provides

shade for the surface of the water, thereby improving

aquatic habitat.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

wetland wildlife—fair; woodland wildlife—good

Management concerns: Equipment use and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and

suitable understory plants.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Urban development

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited as a site for urban development because of

the flooding. A site that has better suited soils

should be selected.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVw

Woodland ordination symbol: 6W for water oak

LfA—Lenoir silt loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded

Setting

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Low stream terraces along the Tombigbee

River and other major streams

Landform position: Flat and slightly convex slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong

Size of areas: 10 to 300 acres

Composition

Lenoir and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 8 inches—yellowish brown silt loam that has

grayish and brownish mottles

Subsoil:

8 to 19 inches—grayish brown clay loam that has

brownish and reddish mottles

19 to 38 inches—grayish brown clay that has brownish

and reddish mottles

38 to 68 inches—light brownish gray clay that has

reddish and brownish mottles

68 to 80 inches—light brownish gray clay that has

brownish and reddish mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1.0

to 2.5 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Flooding: Rare

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Medium

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The moderately well drained Annemaine soils in the

slightly higher, more convex positions
Choctaw County, Alabama 61

• The loamy Cahaba and Izagora soils in the slightly

higher positions

• The poorly drained Una soils in depressions

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of Lenoir soils that have a surface

layer of fine sandy loam or loam

• Scattered areas of somewhat poorly drained, clayey

soils that decrease in content of clay with depth

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, grain

sorghum, and cotton

Management concerns: Wetness and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Using well maintained open ditches and diversions

to divert and remove excess water improves

productivity.

• Delaying spring planting helps to prevent the

clodding and rutting caused by wetness.

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Dallisgrass, tall fescue,

coastal bermudagrass, bahiagrass, and white

clover

Management concerns: Wetness and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during

wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the

pasture in good condition.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited (fig. 5)

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use and

competition from undesirable plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked

equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and

compaction.

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping,

prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to

control competition from unwanted plants.

• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent

to streams helps to control siltation and provides

shade for the surface of the water.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—fair

Management concerns: Equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and

suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every

three years, rotated among several small tracts of

land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for

deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail

and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Constructing dwellings on elevated, well-compacted

fill material helps to minimize damage from the

flooding.

• Building structures on the highest part of the

landscape and using an artificial drainage system

reduce the risk of damage from wetness.

• Installing a subsurface drainage system helps to

lower the seasonal high water table.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

guidance regarding sanitary facilities.

• Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a

sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table

and increasing the size of the field improve system

performance.
62 Soil Survey

• Installing distribution lines during dry periods

minimizes smearing and sealing of trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the

soil.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 9W for loblolly pine

LgA—Louin silty clay, 0 to 2

percent slopes

Setting

Landscape: Blackland Prairie

Landform: Broad upland flats in the southwestern part

of the county

Landform position: Flat and slightly concave slopes

that have slight gilgai microrelief

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 10 to 75 acres

Composition

Louin and similar soils: 90 percent

Figure 5.—Loblolly pine seedlings in an area of Lenoir silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded. In Choctaw County, many

areas that previously were used for pasture or cultivated crops have been converted to pine woodland.
Choctaw County, Alabama 63

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—very dark gray silty clay

2 to 8 inches—dark gray clay

Subsoil:

8 to 14 inches—dark yellowish brown clay that has

grayish mottles

14 to 30 inches—mottled light brownish gray, yellowish

red, and red clay

30 to 38 inches—brownish yellow and gray clay that

has yellowish mottles

38 to 54 inches—brownish yellow and gray clay

Substratum:

54 to 76 inches—light gray clay

Bedrock:

76 to 80 inches—soft, light gray limestone (chalk)

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.0

to 2.0 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Very high

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Medium

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Other distinctive properties: Depth to a horizon that is

neutral or alkaline is more than 36 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The moderately well drained Hannon and Oktibbeha

soils in the slightly higher, more convex positions

• Poorly drained soils in depressions

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of soils that have more clay in the

subsoil than the Louin soil

Land Use

Dominant uses: Pasture and hayland

Other uses: Woodland

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, grain

sorghum, and cotton

Management concerns: Equipment use and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Using well maintained open ditches and diversions to

divert and remove excess water improves productivity.

• Delaying spring planting and tilling when the soil has

the proper moisture content help to prevent clodding

and rutting.

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Suited

Commonly grown crops: Tall fescue, dallisgrass,

Johnsongrass, bahiagrass, and white clover

Management concerns: Equipment use and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Using rotational grazing and implementing a well

planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to

maintain the pasture and increase productivity.

• Using equipment when the soil has the proper

moisture content helps to prevent rutting and

compaction of the surface.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: High for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling

survival, and competition from undesirable plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked

equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and

compaction.

• Special site preparation, such as harrowing and

bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the

seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling

growth.

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping,

prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to

control competition from unwanted plants.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair;

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—poor

Management concerns: Equipment use and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts
64 Soil Survey

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and shrink-swell

Management measures and considerations:

• Constructing dwellings on raised, well-compacted fill

material reduces the risk of damage from wetness.

• Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling

with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevents the damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit is severely limited as a site for septic

tank absorption fields.

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

additional guidance.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell, low strength, and

cutbanks cave

Management measures and considerations:

• Removing as much of the clay that has a high shrinkswell potential as possible and increasing the thickness

of the base aggregate improve soil performance.

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the soil.

• Designing roads to incorporate structures that

remove excess water improves the stability of the

cutbanks, which are subject to slumping.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 8C for loblolly pine

LhA—Lucedale fine sandy loam, 0

to 2 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Ridgetops in the southwestern part of the

county

Landform position: Convex slopes

Shape of areas: Oblong

Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres

Composition

Lucedale and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

5 to 8 inches—dark red sandy clay loam

8 to 17 inches—dark red clay loam

17 to 80 inches—dark red sandy clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• Lucedale soils that have a slope of more than 2

percent

• Poorly drained soils in shallow depressions

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of loamy soils that do not have dark

red colors throughout the subsoil

• Scattered areas that have more clay in the subsoil

than the Lucedale soil

Land Use

Dominant uses: Pasture, hayland, and homesites

Other uses: Woodland and cropland

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn, cotton, soybeans, and

truck crops

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

management of cropland.
Choctaw County, Alabama 65

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and

bahiagrass

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

management of pasture and hayland.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

management of woodland.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very

poor

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

wildlife habitat.

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and

suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every

three years, rotated among several small tracts of

land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for

deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail

and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

dwellings.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

septic tank absorption fields.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

local roads and streets.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: I

Woodland ordination symbol: 9A for loblolly pine

LnB—Luverne sandy loam, 1 to 5

percent slopes

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Narrow ridgetops

Landform position: Convex slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 150 acres

Composition

Luverne and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

5 to 11 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam

Subsoil:

11 to 18 inches—red clay

18 to 29 inches—red clay that has yellowish mottles

29 to 42 inches—yellowish red clay loam that has

reddish, yellowish, and grayish mottles

Substratum:

42 to 65 inches—yellowish red clay loam that has

reddish, brownish, and grayish mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: High

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The sandy Boykin soils on small knolls

• Luverne soils that have a slope of more than 5

percent

• The loamy Smithdale soils in the slightly higher

positions

• The moderately well drained Conecuh and Halso

soils in the slightly lower, less convex positions

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of soils that have less clay in the

substratum than the Luverne soil
66 Soil Survey

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other uses: Pasture, hayland, cropland, and

homesites

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn, cotton, soybeans, and

truck crops

Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Terraces and diversions, stripcropping, contour

tillage, no-till planting, and crop residue management

reduce the hazard of erosion, help to control surface

runoff, and maximize rainfall infiltration.

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass,

bahiagrass, tall fescue, red clover, and white

clover

Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope reduces the hazard of erosion and increases the

rate of germination.

• Using rotational grazing and implementing a well

planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to

maintain the pasture and increase productivity.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited (fig. 6)

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use and

competition from undesirable plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Logging when the soil has the proper moisture

content helps to prevent rutting in the surface layer and

the root damage caused by compaction.

• Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in the

soil.

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping,

prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to

control competition from unwanted plants.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very

poor

Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling

with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevents the damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

guidance regarding sanitary facilities.

• Increasing the size of the absorption field improves

system performance.

• Installing distribution lines during dry periods helps to

control smearing and sealing of trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the

soil.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 9C for loblolly pine
Choctaw County, Alabama 67

LnD2—Luverne sandy loam, 5 to

15 percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Hillslopes

Landform position: Convex side slopes, backslopes,

and shoulder slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 20 to 300 acres

Composition

Luverne and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar soils: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 10 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam

Subsoil:

10 to 15 inches—yellowish red sandy clay

15 to 29 inches—red sandy clay

29 to 49 inches—red sandy clay loam

Substratum:

49 to 59 inches—mottled red and light brownish gray

sandy clay loam

59 to 66 inches—mottled grayish brown, light brownish

gray, and red sandy clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: High

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Figure 6.—A well managed stand of loblolly pine in an area of Luverne sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes. Most areas of this soil

are used for timber production and as habitat for turkey and deer.
68 Soil Survey

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The moderately well drained Conecuh and Halso

soils on the lower parts of slopes

• The sandy Boykin soils on narrow ridges and on the

upper parts of slopes

• The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained

Iuka soils on narrow flood plains

• The loamy Smithdale soils in positions similar to

those of the Luverne soils

• Luverne soils that have a slope of more than 15

percent

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of soils that have less clay in the

substratum than the Luverne soil

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other uses: Pasture and hayland

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Commonly grown crops: None

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue

management, stripcropping, and sod-based rotations

reduce the hazard of further erosion, stabilize the soils,

control surface runoff, and maximize infiltration of

water.

• The complexity of the slope limits the use of

terraces.

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Suited

Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass,

bahiagrass, tall fescue, red clover, and white

clover

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care should be taken to prevent further

erosion when pastures are renovated or seedbeds are

established.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when hay is harvested.

• Fencing livestock away from creeks and streams

helps to prevent streambank erosion and

sedimentation.

• Using rotational grazing and implementing a well

planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to

maintain the pasture and increase productivity.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling

survival, and competition from undesirable plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Logging when the soil has the proper moisture

content helps to prevent rutting in the surface layer and

the root damage caused by compaction.

• Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in the

soil.

• Special site preparation, such as harrowing and

bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the

seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling

growth.

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping,

prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to

control competition from unwanted plants.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very

poor

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by
Choctaw County, Alabama 69

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope and shrink-swell

Management measures and considerations:

• Structures can be designed to conform to the natural

slope.

• Land grading or shaping prior to construction

minimizes the damage caused by surface flow of water

and reduces the hazard of erosion.

• Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling

with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevents the damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

guidance regarding sanitary facilities.

• Increasing the size of the absorption field improves

system performance.

• Installing distribution lines during dry periods helps to

control smearing and sealing of trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Low strength and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the

soil.

• Designing roads to conform to the contour and

providing adequate water-control structures, such as

culverts, help to maintain the stability of the road.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 9C for loblolly pine

LnE2—Luverne sandy loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Hillslopes

Landform position: Convex side slopes, backslopes,

and toeslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 40 to 300 acres

Composition

Luverne and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar soils: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 10 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam

Subsoil:

10 to 15 inches—yellowish red sandy clay

15 to 29 inches—red sandy clay

29 to 49 inches—red sandy clay loam

Substratum:

49 to 59 inches—mottled red and light brownish gray

sandy clay loam

59 to 66 inches—mottled grayish brown, light brownish

gray, and red sandy clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: High

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The moderately deep Arundel soils on the lower

parts of slopes

• The sandy Boykin soils on narrow ridges and the

upper parts of slopes

• The moderately well drained Conecuh and Halso

soils on the lower parts of slopes

• The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained

Iuka soils on narrow flood plains

• The loamy Smithdale soils in positions similar to

those of the Luverne soil

• A Luverne soil that has a slope of less than 15

percent or more than 35 percent

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of soils that have less clay in the

substratum than the Luverne soil

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland

Other uses: Wildlife habitat
70 Soil Survey

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited for crop production because of the slope. A

site that has better suited soils should be selected.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Poorly suited to pasture and unsuited to

hayland

Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and

bahiagrass

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas.

• Fencing livestock away from streams helps to

prevent steambank erosion and sedimentation.

• Using rotational grazing and implementing a well

planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to

maintain the pasture and increase productivity.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

seedling mortality, and competition from

undesirable plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Installing broad base dips, water bars, and culverts

helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and

landings.

• Establishing a permanent plant cover on roads and

landings after the completion of logging helps to control

erosion and the siltation of streams.

• Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the

contour helps to overcome the slope limitations.

• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent

to streams helps to control siltation and provides

shade for the surface of the water.

• Site preparation practices, such as prescribed

burning and applying herbicides, reduce competition

from unwanted plants.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair;

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very

poor

Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Structures can be designed to conform to the natural

slope.

• Land grading or shaping prior to construction

minimizes the damage caused by surface flow of water

and reduces the hazard of erosion.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability and

slope

Management measures and considerations:

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

guidance regarding sanitary facilities.

• Increasing the size of the absorption field and

installing distribution lines on the contour improve

system performance.

• Installing distribution lines during dry periods

minimizes smearing and sealing of trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Low strength and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the

soil.

• Designing roads to conform to the contour and

providing adequate water-control structures, such as

culverts, help to maintain the stability of the road.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 9R for loblolly pine
Choctaw County, Alabama 71

MaA—Mayhew silty clay loam, 0 to

2 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Broad ridgetops in the northeastern part of

the county

Landform position: Flat to concave slopes that have

gilgai microrelief

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 20 to 300 acres

Composition

Mayhew and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

2 to 6 inches—dark brown silty clay

Subsoil:

6 to 22 inches—light brownish gray silty clay that has

brownish and yellowish mottles

22 to 42 inches—grayish brown silty clay that has

brownish and reddish mottles

42 to 60 inches—light brownish gray clay that has

brownish and reddish mottles

Bedrock:

60 to 80 inches—weathered shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at the surface to a

depth of 1.0 foot from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: High

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Medium

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: 60 or more inches to soft shale

Other distinctive properties: Slickensides in the lower

part of the subsoil

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The somewhat poorly drained Wilcox soils in the

slightly higher, more convex positions

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, and grain

sorghum

Management concerns: Equipment use and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Using equipment when the soil has the proper

moisture content helps to prevent the rutting and

compaction of the surface caused by the high content

of clay.

• Installing a drainage system that includes open

ditches and land shaping increase productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Suited

Commonly grown crops: Tall fescue, bahiagrass,

dallisgrass, and white clover

Management concerns: Equipment use and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Using equipment when the soil has the proper

moisture content helps to prevent the rutting and

compaction of the surface caused by the high content

of clay.

• Using rotational grazing and implementing a well

planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to

maintain the pasture and increase productivity.

• Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during

wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the

pasture in good condition.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling

survival, and competition from undesirable plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Using low-pressure ground equipment and logging

when the soil has the proper moisture content help to

prevent rutting of the surface and the damage caused

to tree roots by soil compaction.

• Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in the soil.

• Bedding the soil prior to planting helps to establish

seedlings and increases the seedling survival rate.

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping,

prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to

control competition from unwanted plants.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife,

woodland wildlife, and wetland wildlife—fair

Management concerns: Wetness and equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving
72 Soil Survey

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and

suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every

three years, rotated among several small tracts of

land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for

deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail

and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and shrink-swell

Management measures and considerations:

• Constructing dwellings on raised, well-compacted

fill material reduces the risk of damage from

wetness.

• Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling

with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevents the damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit is severely limited as a site for septic

tank absorption fields.

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

additional guidance.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell, low strength,

wetness, and cutbanks cave

Management measures and considerations:

• Removing as much of the clay that has a high

shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the

thickness of the base aggregate improve soil

performance.

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the

soil.

• Constructing roads on raised, well-compacted fill

material helps to overcome the wetness.

• Designing roads to incorporate structures that

remove excess water improves the stability of the

cutbanks, which are subject to slumping.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 9W for loblolly pine

MdA—McCrory-Deerford complex,

0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally

flooded

Setting

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Low stream terraces

Landform position: McCrory—slightly concave slopes;

Deerford—slightly convex slopes in the slightly

higher positions

Shape of areas: Oblong

Size of areas: 5 to 250 acres

Composition

McCrory and similar soils: 65 percent

Deerford and similar soils: 25 percent

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical Profile

McCrory

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

4 to 10 inches—grayish brown and light brownish gray

loam that has brownish mottles

10 to 22 inches—gray clay loam that has brownish and

grayish mottles

22 to 36 inches—light brownish gray clay loam that

has brownish mottles

36 to 50 inches—light brownish gray clay loam that

has brownish and reddish mottles

50 to 63 inches—light brownish gray sandy clay loam

that has brownish and yellowish mottles

Substratum:

63 to 80 inches—light brownish gray very fine sandy

loam that has brownish mottles

Deerford

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 7 inches—grayish brown very fine sandy loam that

has brownish mottles

7 to 10 inches—light brownish gray and pale brown

very fine sandy loam that has brownish mottles
Choctaw County, Alabama 73

Subsoil:

10 to 20 inches—light olive brown sandy clay loam and

light yellowish brown very fine sandy loam having

grayish and brownish mottles

20 to 27 inches—light olive brown sandy clay loam and

light gray very fine sandy loam having grayish and

yellowish mottles

27 to 35 inches—light olive brown clay loam and light

gray very fine sandy loam having grayish and

brownish mottles

35 to 49 inches—light brownish gray loam that has

brownish and yellowish mottles

49 to 61 inches—light brownish gray very fine sandy

loam that has brownish mottles

Substratum:

61 to 80 inches—light gray very fine sandy loam that

has brownish mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: McCrory—poorly drained; Deerford—

somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: McCrory—perched, at a

depth of 0.5 to 1.0 foot from December through

April; Deerford—perched, at a depth of 0.5 to 1.5

feet from December through April

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: Occasional

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Medium

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Other distinctive properties: The subsoil contains a

significant amount of exchangeable sodium.

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The moderately well drained Izagora soils in the

slightly higher positions

• The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained

Iuka soils on narrow flood plains

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of soils that are similar to the

McCrory and Deerford soils but that do not have a

significant amount of exchangeable sodium within a

depth of 40 inches

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other uses: Pasture and hayland

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Commonly grown crops: Soybeans and grain sorghum

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Harvesting row crops as soon as possible reduces

the risk of damage from the flooding.

• Installing and maintaining a drainage system that

includes open ditches, perforated tile, or land shaping

increases productivity of these soils.

• Tilling when the soil has the proper moisture content

helps to prevent clodding and crusting.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Suited

Commonly grown crops: Bahiagrass, common

bermudagrass, and white clover

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Although most flooding occurs during the winter and

spring, livestock and hay may be damaged during any

time of the year.

• Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during

wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the

pasture in good condition.

• Using rotational grazing and implementing a

well planned schedule of clipping and harvesting

help to maintain the pasture and increase

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: McCrory—high for loblolly pine;

Deerford—very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use and

competition from undesirable plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Because of the elevated content of exchangeable

sodium, which hinders growth and causes higher

than normal mortality in seedlings and mature

trees, managing this map unit for loblolly pine is

difficult.

• Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked

equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and

compaction.

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping,

prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to

control competition from unwanted plants.

• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent

to streams helps to control siltation and provides

shade for the surface of the water, thereby improving

aquatic habitat.
74 Soil Survey

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife,

woodland wildlife, and wetland wildlife—fair

Management concerns: Equipment use and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by planting

or encouraging the growth of oak trees and suitable

understory plants. Prescribed burning every three years,

rotated among several small tracts of land, can increase

the amount of palatable browse for deer and the number

of seed-producing plants for quail and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Urban development

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited as a site for urban development because of

the flooding, wetness, and restricted permeability.

A site that has better suited soils should be

selected.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVw

Woodland ordination symbol: 6W—for water oak in

areas of the McCrory soil; 9W—for loblolly pine in

areas of the Deerford soil

MnB—McLaurin fine sandy loam, 2

to 5 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Broad ridgetops in the southwestern part of

the county

Landform position: Convex slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 15 to 150 acres

Composition

McLaurin and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar soils: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—dark grayish brown and brown fine

sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

6 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

9 to 14 inches—yellowish red fine sandy loam

14 to 22 inches—red loam

22 to 36 inches—yellowish red fine sandy loam

36 to 48 inches—yellowish red fine sandy loam and

light brown loamy fine sand

48 to 80 inches—yellowish red sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0

feet

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• Scattered areas of Smithdale soils that have more

clay in the upper part of the subsoil than the McLaurin

soil

• The sandy Boykin and Wadley soils on small knolls

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of a McLaurin soil that has a surface

layer of loamy sand or loamy fine sand

Land Use

Dominant uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland

Other uses: Woodland and homesites

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn, small grains, soybeans,

truck crops, and watermelons

Management concerns: Erodibility, droughtiness, and

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Terraces and diversions, stripcropping, contour

tillage, no-till planting, and crop residue management

reduce the hazard of erosion, help to control surface

runoff, and maximize rainfall infiltration.

• Supplemental irrigation increases crop production.

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.
Choctaw County, Alabama 75

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited (fig. 7)

Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass,

bahiagrass, and red clover

Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope reduces the hazard of erosion and increases the

rate of germination.

• Using rotational grazing and implementing a well

planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to

maintain the pasture and increase productivity.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: High for loblolly pine

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

management of woodland.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very

poor

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

wildlife habitat.

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and

suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every

three years, rotated among several small tracts of

land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for

Figure 7.—An area of McLaurin fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes. This soil is well suited to pasture, hay, and cultivated

crops.
76 Soil Survey

deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail

and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

dwellings.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

septic tank absorption fields.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

local roads and streets.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 8A for loblolly pine

OKA—Ochlockonee, Kinston, and

Iuka soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes,

frequently flooded

Setting

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Broad flood plains

Landform position: Ochlockonee and Iuka—convex

slopes on high and intermediate parts of natural

levees; Kinston—flat to concave slopes on the

lower parts of flood plains

Shape of areas: Long and narrow

Size of areas: 200 to 3,000 acres

Composition

The composition of this map unit is variable.

Some areas consist mainly of the Ochlockonee

soil, some consist mainly of Kinston or Iuka soils,

and others contain all three soils in variable

proportions.

The composition of a representative unit is

Ochlockonee and similar soils, 40 percent; Kinston

and similar soils, 30 percent; Iuka and similar soils,

20 percent; and dissimilar soils, 10 percent.

Typical Profile

Ochlockonee

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown

sandy loam

Substratum:

10 to 14 inches—very pale brown loamy fine sand

14 to 30 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam

30 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown loamy fine sand

Kinston

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark grayish

brown fine sandy loam that has brownish mottles

Substratum:

4 to 12 inches—light brownish gray loam that has

brownish and reddish mottles

12 to 15 inches—greenish gray sandy clay loam that

has reddish mottles

15 to 29 inches—greenish gray sandy clay loam that

has brownish and reddish mottles

29 to 33 inches—greenish gray clay loam that has

brownish mottles

33 to 60 inches—dark bluish gray clay loam that has

reddish mottles

Iuka

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

6 to 15 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

that has brownish mottles

15 to 22 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam that

has brownish and grayish mottles

22 to 32 inches—yellowish brown loam that has

grayish and brownish mottles

32 to 60 inches—light brownish gray loam that has

brownish mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Ochlockonee—well drained; Kinston—

poorly drained; Iuka—moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Ochlockonee and Iuka—

moderate; Kinston—high

Seasonal high water table: Ochlockonee—apparent, at

a depth of 3.0 to 5.0 feet from December through

April; Kinston—apparent, at the surface to a depth

of 1.0 foot from December through May; Iuka—

apparent, at a depth of 1.0 to 3.0 feet from

December through April
Choctaw County, Alabama 77

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: Frequent for brief periods, mainly in winter

and spring

Content of organic matter in the surface layer:

Ochlockonee—low; Kinston and Iuka—medium

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The loamy Cahaba, Izagora, and Latonia soils on low

knolls and remnants of terraces

• The sandy Bigbee and loamy Riverview and

Mooreville soils in positions similar to those of the

Ochlockonee soil

• Very poorly drained or ponded soils in depressions

Similar soils:

• Somewhat poorly drained, loamy soils in positions

similar to those of the Iuka soil

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other uses: Pasture and hayland

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited for crop production because of the flooding

and wetness. A site that has better suited soils

should be selected.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Suited to pasture and poorly suited to

hayland

Commonly grown crops: Common bermudagrass,

bahiagrass, and white clover

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Although most flooding occurs during the winter and

spring, livestock and hay may be damaged during any

time of the year.

• Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during

wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the

pasture in good condition.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or renovation

of pasture and hayland, applying lime and fertilizer on

the basis of soil testing increases the availability of

nutrients to plants and maximizes productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling

survival, competition from undesirable plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked

equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and

compaction.

• Harvesting timber during the summer reduces the

risk of damage from the flooding.

• Bedding the Kinston soil prior to planting helps to

establish seedlings and increases the seedling survival

rate.

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping and the

application of herbicides, help to control competition

from unwanted plants.

• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent

to streams helps to control siltation and provides

shade for the surface of the water, thereby improving

aquatic habitat.

Wildlife habitat

Potential of the Ochlockonee soil to support habitat for:

Openland wildlife—fair; woodland wildlife—good;

wetland wildlife—very poor

Potential of the Kinston soil to support habitat for:

Openland wildlife and woodland wildlife—poor;

wetland wildlife—fair

Potential of the Iuka soil to support habitat for:

Openland wildlife—fair; woodland wildlife—good;

wetland wildlife—poor

Management concerns: Equipment use, flooding, and

wetness (fig. 8)

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and

suitable understory plants.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Urban development

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited as a site for urban development because of

the flooding and wetness. A site that has better

suited soils should be selected.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Vw

Woodland ordination symbol: 11W—for loblolly pine in

areas of the Ochlockonee and Iuka soils; 9W—for

loblolly pine in areas of the Kinston soil
78 Soil Survey

OtB—Oktibbeha clay, 1 to 5

percent slopes

Setting

Landscape: Blackland Prairie

Landform: Broad ridgetops in the southwestern part of

the county

Landform position: Slightly convex slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 10 to 60 acres

Composition

Oktibbeha and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—brown clay

Subsoil:

2 to 17 inches—yellowish red clay that has reddish and

brownish mottles

17 to 24 inches—brown clay that has reddish, grayish,

and brownish mottles

24 to 36 inches—yellowish brown clay that has grayish

mottles

36 to 61 inches—brownish yellow and pale brown silty

clay that has grayish and yellowish mottles

Substratum:

61 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown soft limestone

(chalk)

Figure 8.—Bottomland hardwood forest in an area of Ochlockonee, Kinston, and Iuka soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently

flooded. Such areas provide habitat for deer, turkey, squirrel, songbirds, and waterfowl. Flooding and wetness are

limitations affecting most uses.
Choctaw County, Alabama 79

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: Very high

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Medium

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Other distinctive properties: Alkaline at a depth of 30 to

50 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The alkaline Maytag and Sumter soils on the upper

parts of slopes

• The somewhat poorly drained Louin soils in the

slightly lower, more concave positions

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of soils that have limestone bedrock

at a depth of 40 to 60 inches

• Scattered areas of reddish, clayey soils that are

alkaline within a depth of 30 inches

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and pasture

Other uses: Wildlife habitat

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, small grains,

and truck crops

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and

tilth

Management measures and considerations:

• Stripcropping, contour tillage, no-till planting, and

crop residue management reduce the hazard of

erosion, help to control surface runoff, and maximize

rainfall infiltration.

• Using equipment when the soil has the proper moisture

content helps to prevent the rutting and compaction of

the surface caused by the high content of clay.

• Tilling when the soil has the proper moisture content

helps to prevent clodding and crusting and increases

infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Tall fescue, dallisgrass,

Johnsongrass, bahiagrass, and white clover

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and

root penetration

Management measures and considerations:

• Using rotational grazing and implementing a well

planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to

maintain the pasture and increase productivity.

• Using equipment when the soil has the proper

moisture content helps to prevent the rutting and

compaction of the surface caused by the high content

of clay.

• A rotation that includes perennial grasses and

legumes helps to penetrate and break up the clayey

root zone.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Seedling survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Special site preparation, such as harrowing and

bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the

seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling

growth.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair;

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very poor

Management concerns: Equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited
80 Soil Survey

Management concerns: Shrink-swell

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling

with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevents the damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit is severely limited as a site for septic

tank absorption fields.

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

additional guidance.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential, low

strength, and cutbanks cave

Management measures and considerations:

• Removing as much of the clay that has a high

shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the

thickness of the base aggregate improve soil

performance.

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the

soil.

• Designing roads to incorporate structures that

remove excess water improves the stability of the

cutbanks, which are subject to slumping.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 9C for loblolly pine

Pt—Pits

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Ridgetops, hillslopes, and terraces

Landform position: Summits, shoulder slopes, side

slopes, and interfluves

Shape of areas: Rectangular or horseshoe shaped

Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres

Composition

Pits: 90 percent

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

This map unit consists of open excavations from

which the original soil and underlying material have

been removed for use at another location. Typically, the

remaining material consists of strata of sand, gravel,

and mixed earthy materials. No typical pedon has been

selected.

Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Variable

Drainage class: Variable

Permeability: Variable

Available water capacity: Variable

Depth to seasonal high water table: Variable

Shrink-swell potential: Variable

Flooding: None to rare

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Very low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Other distinctive properties: Discontinuous layers,

streaks, or pockets of variable texture

Minor Components

Dissimilar:

• Boykin, Luverne, Smithdale, Wadley, and

Williamsville soils near edges of mapped areas on

uplands

• Bigbee, Cahaba, Izagora, and Savannah soils on

edges of mapped areas on terraces

• Small depressions that are intermittently ponded

Land Use

Dominant uses: Source of sand, gravel, clay, and fill

material

Other uses: Unsuited to most other uses

Extensive reclamation efforts are required to make

areas suitable for use as cropland, pasture, hayland,

woodland, or homesites or for wildlife habitat. Onsite

investigation and testing are needed to determine the

suitability of areas of this unit for any use.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: None assigned

RbD2—Rayburn silt loam, 5 to 15

percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Hillslopes in the southern part of the county

Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 400 acres

Composition

Rayburn and similar soils: 85 percent
Choctaw County, Alabama 81

Dissimilar soils: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—dark brown silt loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 5 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

5 to 12 inches—red clay

12 to 19 inches—yellowish red clay that has reddish

and grayish mottles

19 to 34 inches—light olive gray silty clay

34 to 43 inches—light olive gray silty clay that has

brownish mottles

43 to 55 inches—light olive gray silty clay that has

yellowish mottles

Bedrock:

55 to 65 inches—weathered, light olive gray siltstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2.5

to 4.5 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: High

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches to soft bedrock

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The loamy Smithdale soils and very deep Luverne

soils; on narrow ridges

• The moderately deep, well drained Arundel soils on

the upper parts of slopes

• The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained

Iuka soils on narrow flood plains

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of clayey soils that are very deep

over bedrock

• Rayburn soils that have a slope of more than 15

percent

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other uses: Pasture and hayland

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn and small grains

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and

tilth

Management measures and considerations:

• Contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue

management, stripcropping, and sod-based rotations

reduce the hazard of further erosion, stabilize the soils,

control surface runoff, and maximize infiltration of

water.

• The complexity of the slope limits the use of

terraces.

• Tilling when the soil has the proper moisture content

helps to prevent clodding and crusting and increases

infiltration of water.

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited to pasture and suited to hayland

Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass,

bahiagrass, tall fescue, and white clover

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care should be taken to prevent further

erosion when pastures are renovated or seedbeds are

established.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when hay is harvested.

• Using rotational grazing and implementing a well

planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to

maintain the pasture and increase productivity.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

seedling mortality, and competition from

undesirable plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Installing broad base dips, water bars, and culverts

helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and

landings. Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted

grasses and legumes helps to control erosion and the

siltation of streams.

• Logging when the soil has the proper moisture

content helps to prevent rutting in the surface layer and

the root damage caused by compaction.
82 Soil Survey

• Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in the soil.

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping,

prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to

control competition from unwanted plants.

• Special site preparation, such as harrowing and

bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the

seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling

growth.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very poor

Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Slope and shrink-swell

Management measures and considerations:

• Structures can be designed to conform to the natural

slope.

• Land grading or shaping prior to construction

minimizes the damage caused by surface flow of water

and reduces the hazard of erosion.

• Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling

with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevents the damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability and

wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit is severely limited as a site for septic

tank absorption fields.

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

guidance regarding sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell and low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Removing as much of the clay that has a high

shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the

thickness of the base aggregate improve soil

performance.

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the

soil.

• Designing roads to conform to the contour and

providing adequate water-control structures, such as

culverts, help to maintain the stability of the road.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 9C for loblolly pine

RvA—Riverview loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes, occasionally

flooded

Setting

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Natural levees along the Tombigbee River

Landform position: Flat and slightly convex slopes

Shape of areas: Long and narrow

Size of areas: 20 to 500 acres

Composition

Riverview and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar soils: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark brown loam

Subsoil:

5 to 9 inches—brown loam

9 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam

12 to 33 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

33 to 51 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

51 to 61 inches—brown fine sandy loam

61 to 80 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High
Choctaw County, Alabama 83

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 3.0

to 5.0 feet from December through April

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: Occasional

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The sandy Bigbee soils in the slightly higher, more

convex positions

• The clayey, somewhat poorly drained Urbo soils in

the lower positions

• The poorly drained Una soils in small depressions

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of loamy soils that have less clay in

the subsoil than the Riverview soil

• Scattered areas of loamy soils that have a buried

surface layer within a depth of 20 to 40 inches

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other uses: Cropland, hayland, and pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Cotton, corn, soybeans, and

grain sorghum (fig. 9)

Management concerns: Flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• Although most flooding occurs during the winter

months, crop loss can occur during the growing

season.

• Harvesting row crops as soon as possible reduces

the risk of damage from the flooding.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass,

bahiagrass, and white clover

Figure 9.—An area of Riverview loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded. Good crops of cotton and soybeans can be

produced in areas of this soil in most years. The flooding, however, delays planting or damages crops in some years. The

woodland in the background is an area of Urbo-Mooreville-Una complex, gently undulating, frequently flooded.
84 Soil Survey

Management concerns: Flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• Although most flooding occurs during the winter and

spring, livestock and hay may be damaged during any

time of the year.

• Using rotational grazing and implementing a well

planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to

maintain the pasture and increase productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• Harvesting timber during the summer reduces the

risk of damage from the flooding.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—poor

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

wildlife habitat.

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and

suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every

three years, rotated among several small tracts of

land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for

deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail

and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited as a site for urban development because of

the flooding. A site that has better suited soils

should be selected.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Flooding and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

guidance regarding sanitary facilities.

• Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a

sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table

improves system performance.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Flooding

Management measures and considerations:

• Well-compacted fill material can be used as a road

base to help elevate roads above the flooding.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 11A for loblolly pine

SaA—Savannah silt loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes

Setting

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: High stream terraces

Landform position: Flat and slightly convex slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 20 to 150 acres

Composition

Savannah and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—dark grayish brown and brown silt loam

Subsurface layer:

7 to 11 inches—light olive brown silt loam

Subsoil:

11 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

24 to 30 inches—yellowish brown loam that has

reddish, brownish, and grayish mottles

30 to 65 inches—yellowish brown loam fragipan that

has brownish, reddish, and grayish mottles

65 to 80 inches—yellowish brown clay loam that has

brownish, grayish, and reddish mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Moderately deep to a root restricting

fragipan

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5

to 3.0 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low
Choctaw County, Alabama 85

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The poorly drained Bibb soils on narrow flood plains

• Izagora soils, which do not have a fragipan, in the

lower positions

• The well drained Smithdale soils, which do not have

a fragipan, on the slightly higher knolls

• Savannah soils that have a slope of more than 2

percent

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of Savannah soils that have a

surface layer of fine sandy loam or loam

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland, pasture, and hayland

Other uses: Cropland and homesites

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn, cotton, soybeans, and

grain sorghum

Management concerns: Wetness, root penetration, and

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Installing and maintaining an artificial drainage

system reduces wetness and improves productivity.

• Chisel plowing and subsoiling help to break through

hardpans, increasing root penetration and rainfall

infiltration.

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Bahiagrass and coastal

bermudagrass

Management concerns: Wetness, root penetration, and

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during

wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the

pasture in good condition.

• Chisel plowing and subsoiling when seedbeds are

prepared help to break through hardpans, increasing

root penetration and rainfall infiltration.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Competition from undesirable

plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping,

prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to

control competition from unwanted plants.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—poor

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

wildlife habitat.

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by planting

appropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plant

cover, or promoting the natural establishment of

desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years,

rotated among several small tracts of land, can increase

the amount of palatable browse for deer and the number

of seed-producing plants for quail and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Installing a subsurface drainage system helps to

lower the seasonal high water table.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

guidance regarding sanitary facilities.

• Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a

sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table

and increasing the size of the field improve system

performance.

• Installing distribution lines during dry periods

minimizes smearing and sealing of trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited
86 Soil Survey

Management concerns: Low strength and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the

soil.

• Constructing roads on raised, well-compacted fill

material helps to overcome the wetness.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 9W for loblolly pine

SaB—Savannah silt loam, 2 to 5

percent slopes

Setting

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: High stream terraces

Landform position: Convex side slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 10 to 150 acres

Composition

Savannah and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—dark grayish brown and brown silt

loam

Subsurface layer:

7 to 11 inches—light olive brown silt loam

Subsoil:

11 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

24 to 30 inches—yellowish brown loam that has

reddish, brownish, and grayish mottles

30 to 65 inches—yellowish brown loam fragipan that

has brownish, reddish, and grayish mottles

65 to 80 inches—yellowish brown clay loam that has

brownish, grayish, and reddish mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Moderately deep to a root restricting

fragipan

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5

to 3.0 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The poorly drained Bibb soils on narrow flood plains

• Izagora soils, which do not have a fragipan, in

positions similar to those of the Savannah soil

• The well drained Smithdale soils, which do not have

a fragipan, on the upper parts of slopes

• Savannah soils that have a slope of less than 2

percent

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of Savannah soils that have a

surface layer of fine sandy loam or loam

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland, pasture, and hayland

Other uses: Cropland and homesites

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn, cotton, soybeans, and

grain sorghum

Management concerns: Erodibility, droughtiness, and

root penetration

Management measures and considerations:

• Terraces and diversions, contour tillage, no-till

planting, and crop residue management reduce the

hazard of erosion, help to control surface runoff, and

maximize rainfall infiltration.

• Chisel plowing and subsoiling help to break through

hardpans, increasing root penetration and rainfall

infiltration.

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Bahiagrass and coastal

bermudagrass

Management concerns: Wetness, root penetration, and

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during

wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the

pasture in good condition.

• Chisel plowing and subsoiling when seedbeds are

prepared help to break through hardpans, increasing

root penetration and rainfall infiltration.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and
Choctaw County, Alabama 87

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Competition from undesirable

plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping,

prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to

control competition from unwanted plants.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—poor

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

wildlife habitat.

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Installing a subsurface drainage system helps to

lower the seasonal high water table.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

guidance regarding sanitary facilities.

• Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a

sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table

and increasing the size of the field improve system

performance.

• Installing distribution lines during dry periods

minimizes smearing and sealing of trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Low strength and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed,

compacting the roadbed, and designing roads to

conform to the natural slope improves soil

performance.

• Constructing roads on raised, well-compacted fill

material helps to overcome the wetness.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 9W for loblolly pine

SmB—Smithdale sandy loam, 2 to

5 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Ridgetops

Landform position: Convex slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 250 acres

Composition

Smithdale and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar soils: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—brown sandy loam

Subsoil:

5 to 36 inches—red sandy clay loam

36 to 58 inches—red sandy clay loam

58 to 65 inches—red sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoil

and moderately rapid in the lower part

Available water capacity: High

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches
88 Soil Survey

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The sandy Boykin and Wadley soils on small knolls

• The clayey Luverne and Williamsville soils on the

lower parts of slopes

• The moderately deep Arundel soils on the lower

parts of slopes and in saddles

• Smithdale soils that have a slope of more than 5

percent

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of reddish or brownish soils that

have less clay in the subsoil than the Smithdale soil

• Scattered areas of soils that are loamy sand or sand

in the lower part of the subsoil

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other uses: Pasture, hayland, cropland, and

homesites

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn, watermelons, and truck

crops

Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Terraces and diversions, stripcropping, contour

tillage, no-till planting, and crop residue management

reduce the hazard of erosion, help to control surface

runoff, and maximize rainfall infiltration.

• The complexity of the slope limits the use of

terraces in narrow areas of the map unit.

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and

bahiagrass

Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope reduces the hazard of erosion and increases the

rate of germination.

• Using rotational grazing and implementing a well

planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to

maintain the pasture and increase productivity.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

management of woodland.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very

poor

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

wildlife habitat.

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and

suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every

three years, rotated among several small tracts of

land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for

deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail

and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

dwellings.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

septic tank absorption fields.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

local roads and streets.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 9A for loblolly pine

SmD—Smithdale loamy fine sand,

5 to 15 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain
Choctaw County, Alabama 89

Landform: Hillslopes

Landform position: Convex side slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 10 to 300 acres

Composition

Smithdale and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar soils: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark brown loamy fine sand

Subsurface layer:

5 to 13 inches—light yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

13 to 49 inches—red sandy clay loam

49 to 65 inches—yellowish red sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoil

and moderately rapid in the lower part

Available water capacity: High

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The sandy Boykin and Wadley soils on narrow ridges

and on the upper parts of slopes

• The clayey Luverne and Williamsville soils on the

lower parts of slopes

• The moderately deep Arundel soils on the lower

parts of slopes

• Smithdale soils that have a slope of more than 15

percent

• The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well drained

Iuka soils on narrow flood plains

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of reddish or brownish soils that

have less clay in the subsoil than the Smithdale soil

• Scattered areas of a Smithdale soil that has a

surface layer of sandy loam or fine sandy loam

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland

Other uses: Pasture and hayland

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn, watermelons, and small

grains

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Terraces and diversions, conservation tillage,

stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue

management, and a rotation that includes soil

conserving crops reduce the hazard of erosion, help to

control surface runoff, and maximize rainfall infiltration.

• Cultivation should be restricted to the less sloping

areas.

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited to pasture; suited to hayland

Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and

bahiagrass

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and

fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when hay is harvested.

• Fencing livestock away from creeks and streams

helps to prevent streambank erosion and sedimentation.

• Using rotational grazing and implementing a well

planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to

maintain the pasture and increase productivity.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

management of woodland.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very

poor

Management concerns: Equipment use and erodibility

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.
90 Soil Survey

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and

suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every

three years, rotated among several small tracts of

land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for

deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail

and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Structures can be designed to conform to the natural

slope.

• Land grading or shaping prior to construction

minimizes the damage caused by surface flow of water

and reduces the hazard of erosion.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Installing distribution lines on the contour improves

performance of septic tank absorption fields.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Designing roads to conform to the contour and

providing adequate water-control structures, such

as culverts, help to maintain the stability of the

road.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 9A for loblolly pine

StD2—Sumter-Maytag complex, 3

to 8 percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landscape: Blackland Prairie

Landform: Narrow ridgetops in the southwestern part of

the county

Landform position: Convex ridge crests and side

slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 10 to 150 acres

Composition

Sumter and similar soils: 50 percent

Maytag and similar soils: 40 percent

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Sumter

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay loam

Subsoil:

5 to 10 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay

10 to 17 inches—pale yellow silty clay that has

brownish and yellowish mottles

17 to 27 inches—light gray clay that has brownish and

yellowish mottles

Bedrock:

27 to 80 inches—soft limestone (chalk)

Maytag

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay loam

Subsoil:

5 to 11 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay that

has yellowish mottles

11 to 30 inches—light yellowish brown and light gray

silty clay that has yellowish mottles

30 to 42 inches—light yellowish brown and light gray

silty clay that has brownish mottles

42 to 52 inches—light yellowish brown and light gray

silty clay loam that has yellowish mottles

Substratum:

52 to 70 inches—light gray silty clay that has brownish

mottles

70 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay that

has yellowish mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Sumter—moderately deep; Maytag—very

deep

Drainage class: Sumter—well drained; Maytag—

moderately well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: Sumter—low; Maytag—

moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: High

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Medium

Natural fertility: High

Depth to bedrock: Sumter—20 to 40 inches to soft

bedrock; Maytag—more than 60 inches
Choctaw County, Alabama 91

Other distinctive properties: Alkaline reaction and

accumulations of calcium carbonate throughout the

profile

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• Scattered areas of soils that are shallow over soft

bedrock

• Oktibbeha and Hannon soils, which are acid in the

upper part of the subsoil, on the lower parts of slopes

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of alkaline soils that have bedrock

at a depth of 40 to 60 inches

• Scattered areas of soils that are similar to the

Sumter soil but that have less clay and more

glauconitic sand in the subsoil

Land Use

Dominant uses: Pasture and hayland

Other uses: Woodland and homesites

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Commonly grown crops: Soybeans and small grains

Management concerns: Erodibility and tilth

Management measures and considerations:

• Contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue

management, stripcropping, and sod-based rotations

reduce the hazard of further erosion, stabilize the soil,

control surface runoff, and maximize infiltration of

water.

• Incorporating crop residue into the soil or leaving

residue on the surface and tilling during dry periods

help to minimize clodding and crusting and maximize

infiltration of water.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Suited (fig. 10)

Commonly grown crops: Tall fescue, dallisgrass,

Johnsongrass, and bahiagrass

Management concerns: Sumter—erodibility and

droughtiness; Maytag—erodibility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope reduces the hazard of erosion and increases the

rate of germination.

• Special care should be taken to prevent further

erosion when pastures are renovated or seedbeds are

established.

• Because of the restricted rooting depth in the Sumter

soil and the low available water capacity, managing

this map unit in an economical manner for pasture and

hay is difficult.

• Using rotational grazing and implementing a well

planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to

maintain the pasture and increase productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited to eastern redcedar; unsuited to

loblolly pine

Productivity class: Moderate for eastern redcedar

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and

seedling survival

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit is unsuited to pine production because

the soils are too alkaline.

• Planting appropriate species as recommended by a

forester helps to maximize productivity and to ensure

planting success.

• Installing broad base dips, water bars, and culverts

helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and

landings. Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted

grasses and legumes helps to control erosion and the

siltation of streams.

• Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in these

soils.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—fair; wetland wildlife—very poor

Management concerns: Equipment use and erodibility

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling

with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen

foundations and prevents the damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Sumter—depth to rock and
92 Soil Survey

restricted permeability; Maytag—restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit is severely limited as a site for septic

tank absorption fields.

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

additional guidance.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Sumter—shrink-swell and low

strength; Maytag—shrink-swell, low strength, and

cutbanks cave

Management measures and considerations:

• Removing as much of the clay that has a high

shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the

thickness of the base aggregate improve soil

performance.

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the soil.

• Designing roads to incorporate structures that

remove excess water improves the stability of the

cutbanks, which are subject to slumping.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 3C for eastern redcedar

StE2—Sumter-Maytag complex, 8

to 15 percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landscape: Blackland Prairie

Landform: Hillslopes in the southwestern part of the

county

Figure 10.—An area of Sumter-Maytag complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes, eroded, which is suited to pasture and hay.
Choctaw County, Alabama 93

Landform position: Convex side slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 15 to 200 acres

Composition

Sumter and similar soils: 45 percent

Maytag and similar soils: 40 percent

Dissimilar soils: 15 percent

Typical Profile

Sumter

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—dark gray silty clay loam

2 to 6 inches—grayish brown clay

Subsoil:

6 to 11 inches—light olive brown and grayish brown

clay

11 to 24 inches—light brownish gray silty clay that has

yellowish mottles

24 to 29 inches—light gray clay that has brownish

mottles

Bedrock:

29 to 80 inches—soft limestone (chalk)

Maytag

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay loam

2 to 6 inches—light olive brown silty clay

Subsoil:

6 to 10 inches—pale yellow clay that has brownish

mottles

10 to 24 inches—pale yellow and pale olive clay that

has brownish and yellowish mottles

24 to 50 inches—pale yellow clay that has brownish

and grayish mottles

Substratum:

50 to 80 inches—light gray silty clay loam that has

yellowish mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Sumter—moderately deep; Maytag—very

deep

Drainage class: Sumter—well drained; Maytag—

moderately well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: Sumter—low; Maytag—

moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: High

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Medium

Natural fertility: High

Depth to bedrock: Sumter—20 to 40 inches to soft

bedrock; Maytag—more than 60 inches

Other distinctive properties: Alkaline reaction and

accumulations of calcium carbonate throughout the

profile

Minor Components

Dissimilar:

• Scattered areas of soils that are shallow over soft

bedrock

• Oktibbeha and Hannon soils, which are acid in the

upper part of the subsoil, on the lower parts of

slopes

• The somewhat poorly drained Leeper soils on narrow

flood plains

• Scattered areas of limestone rock outcrop

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of alkaline soils that have bedrock

at a depth of 40 to 60 inches

• Scattered areas of soils that are similar to the

Sumter soil but that have less clay and more

glauconitic sand in the subsoil

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other uses: Pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited for crop production because of the slope,

erosion, and poor tilth. A site that has better suited

soils should be selected.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Suited to pasture and poorly suited to

hayland

Commonly grown crops: Tall fescue, dallisgrass,

Johnsongrass, and bahiagrass

Management concerns: Sumter—erodibility, equipment

use, and droughtiness; Maytag—erodibility and

equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care should be taken to prevent further

erosion when pastures are renovated or seedbeds are

established.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when hay is harvested.

• Because of the restricted rooting depth in the Sumter

soil and the low available water capacity, managing

this map unit in an economical manner for pasture and

hay is difficult.
94 Soil Survey

Woodland

Suitability: Suited to eastern redcedar; unsuited to

loblolly pine

Productivity class: Moderate for eastern redcedar

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and

seedling survival

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit is unsuited to pine timber production

because the soils are too alkaline.

• Planting appropriate species as recommended by a

forester helps to maximize productivity and to ensure

planting success.

• Installing broad base dips, water bars, and culverts

helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and

landings. Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted

grasses and legumes helps to control erosion and the

siltation of streams.

• Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in these

soils.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—fair; wetland wildlife—very poor

Management concerns: Equipment use and erodibility

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling

with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen

foundations and prevents the damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

• Structures can be designed to conform to the natural

slope.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Sumter—depth to rock and

restricted permeability; Maytag—restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit is severely limited as a site for septic

tank absorption fields.

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

additional guidance.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Sumter—shrink-swell and low

strength; Maytag—shrink-swell, low strength, and

cutbanks cave

Management measures and considerations:

• Removing as much of the clay that has a high

shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the

thickness of the base aggregate improve soil

performance.

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the

soil.

• Designing roads to incorporate structures that

remove excess water improves the stability of the

cutbanks, which are subject to slumping.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 3C for eastern redcedar

ToC2—Toxey-Brantley-Hannon

complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes,

eroded

Setting

Landscape: Blackland Prairie

Landform: Narrow ridgetops and benches in the

southwestern part of the county

Landform position: Toxey—ridge crests and side

slopes; Brantley—convex knolls and the upper

parts of slopes; Hannon—slightly convex ridge

crests and side slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres

Composition

Toxey and similar soils: 45 percent

Brantley and similar soils: 30 percent

Hannon and similar soils: 20 percent

Dissimilar soils: 5 percent

Typical Profile

Toxey

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—very dark gray clay
Choctaw County, Alabama 95

Subsoil:

3 to 15 inches—olive brown and pale olive clay that

has brownish mottles

15 to 24 inches—pale olive silty clay that has brownish

mottles

Substratum:

24 to 44 inches—pale yellow silty clay

44 to 80 inches—stratified brownish yellow silty clay

loam and pale olive and strong brown clay loam

Brantley

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

2 to 8 inches—brown sandy clay

8 to 21 inches—red clay

21 to 40 inches—yellowish red and strong brown clay

loam

40 to 66 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that

has reddish mottles

Substratum:

66 to 92 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that

has reddish, brownish, and grayish mottles

Hannon

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—dark brown clay

Subsoil:

3 to 13 inches—red clay

13 to 24 inches—red clay that has brownish and

grayish mottles

24 to 29 inches—light olive brown clay that has grayish

mottles

Substratum:

29 to 80 inches—stratified olive yellow clay loam and

light gray silty clay loam having brownish mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Toxey and Hannon—moderately well

drained; Brantley—well drained

Permeability: Toxey and Hannon—very slow; Brantley—

slow

Available water capacity: Brantley—high; Toxey and

Hannon—moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: Toxey—high; Brantley—

moderate; Hannon—very high

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Toxey

and Hannon—medium; Brantley—low

Natural fertility: Toxey and Hannon—medium;

Brantley—low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Depth to an alkaline horizon: Toxey—10 to 35 inches;

Brantley—more than 60 inches; Hannon—15 to 30

inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar:

• The moderately deep Sumter soils in positions

similar to those of the Toxey soil

• The loamy Okeelala soils on high knolls

• Scattered areas of shallow soils and limestone rock

outcrop

• Loamy and clayey soils that have a slope of more

than 8 percent

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of clayey soils that are moderately

deep or deep over soft limestone bedrock

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other uses: Pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn and small grains

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and

tilth

Management measures and considerations:

• Contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue

management, stripcropping, and sod-based rotations

reduce the hazard of further erosion, stabilize the soil,

control surface runoff, and maximize infiltration of

water.

• Using equipment when the soil has the proper

moisture content helps to prevent the rutting and

compaction of the surface caused by the high content

of clay.

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Suited

Commonly grown crops: Tall fescue, bahiagrass,

dallisgrass, and Johnsongrass

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, root

penetration, and tilth

Management measures and considerations:

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope reduces the hazard of erosion and increases the

rate of germination.
96 Soil Survey

• A rotation that includes perennial grasses and

legumes helps to penetrate and break up the clayey

root zone.

• Using rotational grazing and implementing a well

planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to

maintain the pasture and increase productivity.

• Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during

wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the

pasture in good condition.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: High for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling

mortality, and competition from undesirable

species

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting an appropriate species as recommended by

a forester helps to maximize productivity and to ensure

planting success.

• Logging when the soil has the proper moisture

content helps to prevent rutting of the surface and

the damage caused to tree roots by soil compaction

(fig. 11).

• Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in these

soils.

• Special site preparation, such as harrowing and

bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the

seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling

growth.

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping,

prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to

control competition from unwanted plants.

Wildlife habitat

Potential of the Toxey soil to support habitat for:

Openland wildlife and wetland wildlife—poor;

woodland wildlife—fair

Potential of the Brantley soil to support habitat for:

Openland wildlife and woodland wildlife—good;

wetland wildlife—very poor

Potential of the Hannon soil to support habitat for:

Openland wildlife—fair; woodland wildlife—good;

wetland wildlife—poor

Management concerns: Equipment use and erodibility

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by planting

appropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plant

cover, or promoting the natural establishment of

desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years,

rotated among several small tracts of land, can increase

the amount of palatable browse for deer and the number

of seed-producing plants for quail and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Toxey and Hannon—poorly suited;

Brantley—suited

Figure 11.—A road in an area of the Toxey-Brantley-Hannon

complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes, eroded. Roads and trails

in areas of this map unit become almost impassable

during wet weather. Timber management and

harvesting operations should be planned for the drier

periods of the year.
Choctaw County, Alabama 97

Management concerns: Shrink-swell

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling

with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen

foundations and prevents the damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Toxey and Hannon—unsuited; Brantley—

poorly suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit is severely limited as a site for septic

tank absorption fields.

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

additional guidance.

• Onsite investigation is needed to identify which

areas in the unit are most suitable for septic tank

absorption fields.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Toxey—shrink-swell and low

strength; Brantley—low strength and cutbanks

cave; Hannon—shrink-swell, low strength, and

cutbanks cave

Management measures and considerations:

• Removing as much of the clay that has a high

shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the

thickness of the base aggregate improve soil

performance.

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the

soil.

• Designing roads to incorporate structures that

remove excess water improves the stability of the

cutbanks, which are subject to slumping.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 7C—for loblolly pine in

areas of the Toxey soil; 8A—for loblolly pine in

areas of the Brantley soil; 8C—for loblolly pine in

areas of the Hannon soil

UnA—Una clay, ponded

Setting

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Flood plains

Landform position: Oxbows, sloughs, swales, and other

depressional areas

Shape of areas: Oblong

Size of areas: 5 to 120 acres

Composition

Una and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—dark gray clay that has brownish

mottles

Subsoil:

4 to 15 inches—gray clay that has brownish, reddish,

and grayish mottles

15 to 60 inches—gray clay that has brownish and

yellowish mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at 2.0 feet above

the surface to a depth of 0.5 foot from December

to July

Shrink-swell potential: High

Flooding: Frequent

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Medium

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The somewhat poorly drained Urbo soils in the

slightly higher, more convex positions

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of Una soils that have a loamy

surface layer

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited for crop production because of the flooding,

ponding, and wetness. A site that has better suited

soils should be selected.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited for pasture and hay because of the

flooding, ponding, and wetness. A site that has

better suited soils should be selected.
98 Soil Survey

Woodland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Productivity class: High for water tupelo and

baldcypress

Management concerns: Equipment use and

competition from undesirable plants

Management measures and considerations:

• The best method for reforesting areas of this soil is

by managing for natural regeneration of hardwoods.

• Logging when the soil has the proper moisture

content and using low-pressure ground equipment help

to control rutting and the root damage caused by

compaction.

• Harvesting timber during the summer reduces the

risk of damage from flooding.

• Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in the soil.

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping and the

application of herbicides, help to control competition

from unwanted plants.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—very poor; wetland wildlife—

good

Management concerns: Equipment use, ponding,

flooding, and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers and by creating

openings in the canopy. The openings encourage the

growth of seed-producing grasses and forbs.

Urban development

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited as a site for urban development because of

the flooding, ponding, and wetness. A site that has

better suited soils should be selected.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 6W for water tupelo

UrB—Urbo-Mooreville-Una

complex, gently undulating,

frequently flooded

Setting

Landscape: Coastal Plain

Landform: Flood plains along the Tombigbee River

Landform position: Urbo—lower parts of low ridges and

in shallow swales; Mooreville—high parts of low

ridges; Una—swales and sloughs (fig. 12)

Shape of areas: Oblong

Size of areas: 100 to 12,000 acres

Composition

Urbo and similar soils: 40 percent

Mooreville and similar soils: 35 percent

Una and similar soils: 15 percent

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Urbo

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay

Subsoil:

9 to 14 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam that

has grayish and brownish mottles

14 to 26 inches—light brownish gray clay loam that

has brownish mottles

26 to 43 inches—gray clay loam that has brownish

mottles

43 to 67 inches—light brownish gray clay loam that

has brownish and reddish mottles

67 to 80 inches—light brownish gray clay that has

reddish and brownish mottles

Mooreville

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

3 to 8 inches—brown loam

8 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam

18 to 41 inches—yellowish brown clay loam that has

grayish and brownish mottles

41 to 51 inches—yellowish brown loam that has

grayish and brownish mottles

Substratum:

51 to 72 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light

brownish gray, and strong brown sandy clay loam

72 to 80 inches—mottled light brownish gray, yellowish

brown, and strong brown sandy loam

Una

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown and grayish brown

silty clay loam

Subsoil:

5 to 15 inches—dark grayish brown clay that has

brownish and reddish mottles
Choctaw County, Alabama 99

Figure 12.—An area of Urbo-Mooreville-Una complex, gently undulating, frequently flooded. Una soils, ponded, are in the low

swales in the foreground. The Urbo and Mooreville soils are on the low ridges in the background. The swollen or enlarged

lower trunks of the baldcypress trees are adaptations that help the trees tolerate the excessive wetness of the Una soils.
100 Soil Survey

15 to 27 inches—dark gray silty clay loam that has

brownish mottles

27 to 41 inches—mottled dark gray and brown clay

41 to 49 inches—grayish brown silty clay loam that

has brownish mottles

49 to 60 inches—dark gray silty clay that has brownish

mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Urbo—somewhat poorly drained;

Mooreville—moderately well drained; Una—poorly

drained

Permeability: Urbo and Una—very slow; Mooreville—

moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: Urbo—perched, at a depth

of 1.0 to 2.0 feet from December through April;

Mooreville—apparent, at a depth of 1.5 to 3.0 feet

from December through April; Una—perched, at 2.0

feet above the surface to a depth of 0.5 foot from

December through July

Shrink-swell potential: Urbo and Una—high;

Mooreville—moderate

Flooding: Frequent

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Urbo

and Mooreville—medium; Una—high

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The clayey, moderately well drained Annemaine soils

and the somewhat poorly drained Lenoir soils; on low

knolls and remnants of terraces

• The loamy, well drained Cahaba and Latonia and

moderately well drained Izagora soils; on low knolls

and remnants of terraces

• The sandy Bigbee soils in the slightly higher

positions on low ridges

Similar soils:

• Clayey, moderately well drained soils that have a

brownish subsoil

• Well drained, loamy soils on high parts of low ridges

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Other uses: Cropland and pasture

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited for crop production because of the flooding

and wetness. A site that has better suited soils

should be selected.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Suited to pasture and poorly suited to

hayland

Commonly grown crops: Common bermudagrass,

bahiagrass, and white clover

Management concerns: Equipment use, flooding, and

wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Using equipment when the soil has the proper

moisture content helps to prevent the rutting and

compaction of the surface caused by the high content

of clay.

• Although most flooding occurs during the winter and

spring, livestock and hay may be damaged during any

time of the year.

• Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during

wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the

pasture in good condition.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited to loblolly pine and hardwood

Productivity class: Urbo and Mooreville—very high for

loblolly pine; Una—high for water tupelo and

baldcypress

Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling

survival, and competition from undesirable

plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked

equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and

compaction.

• Harvesting timber during the summer reduces the

risk of damage from the flooding.

• Bedding the Urbo and Una soils prior to planting

helps to establish seedlings and increases the seedling

survival rate.

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping and the

application of herbicides, help to control competition

from unwanted plants.

• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent

to streams helps to control siltation and provides

shade for the surface of the water, thereby improving

aquatic habitat.

Wildlife habitat

Potential of the Urbo soil to support habitat for:

Openland wildlife, woodland wildlife, and wetland

wildlife—fair

Potential of the Mooreville soil to support habitat for:

Openland wildlife—fair; woodland wildlife—good;

wetland wildlife—poor
Choctaw County, Alabama 101

Potential of the Una soil to support habitat for:

Openland wildlife and woodland wildlife—very poor;

wetland wildlife—good

Management concerns: Equipment use and wetness

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and

suitable understory plants.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Urban development

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: This map unit is severely

limited as a site for urban development because of

the flooding and wetness. A site that has better

suited soils should be selected.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Vw

Woodland ordination symbol: 10W for loblolly pine in

areas of the Urbo soil; 11W for loblolly pine in

areas of the Mooreville soil; 6W for water tupelo in

areas of the Una soil

WaB—Wadley loamy fine sand, 1

to 5 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Ridgetops

Landform position: Convex slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres

Composition

Wadley and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—dark grayish brown loamy fine sand

Subsurface layer:

7 to 21 inches—light yellowish brown loamy sand

21 to 37 inches—pale brown loamy sand

37 to 55 inches—reddish yellow loamy sand

Subsoil:

55 to 73 inches—yellowish red sandy loam

73 to 80 inches—red sandy clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface

layers and moderate in the subsoil

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0

feet

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The loamy Smithdale and clayey Luverne soils on

the lower parts of slopes

• Wadley soils that have a slope of more than 5

percent

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of sandy soils that do not have a

loamy subsoil within a depth of 80 inches

• Scattered areas of soils that have a loamy subsoil

within a depth of 20 to 40 inches

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland

Other uses: Pasture and hayland

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Commonly grown crops: Truck crops and watermelons

Management concerns: Droughtiness, nutrient

leaching, and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, crop residue

management, and crop rotations that include grasses

and legumes increase available water capacity and

improve fertility.

• Using supplemental irrigation and planting crop

varieties that are adapted to droughty conditions

increase production.

• Using split applications increases the effectiveness

of fertilizer and herbicides.

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.
102 Soil Survey

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Suited

Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and

bahiagrass

Management concerns: Droughtiness, nutrient

leaching, and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Using supplemental irrigation and plant varieties that

are adapted to droughty conditions increase

production.

• Using split applications increases the effectiveness

of fertilizer and herbicides.

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: High for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Seedling survival

Management measures and considerations:

• Planting high-quality seedlings in a shallow furrow

increases the seedling survival rate.

• Using improved varieties of loblolly pine increases

productivity.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair;

woodland wildlife—poor; wetland wildlife—very poor

Management concerns: Droughtiness and equipment

use

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

dwellings.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns: No significant limitations affect

septic tank absorption fields.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Cutbanks cave

Management measures and considerations:

• Cutbanks are unstable and are subject to slumping.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: 8S for loblolly pine

WcB—Wilcox silty clay, 1 to 5

percent slopes

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Narrow ridgetops in the northeastern part of

the county

Landform position: Slightly convex slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 15 to 200 acres

Composition

Wilcox and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay

Subsoil:

3 to 9 inches—red clay

9 to 13 inches—red clay that has grayish mottles

13 to 20 inches—red clay that has grayish and

brownish mottles

20 to 35 inches—light brownish gray clay that has

reddish and brownish mottles

Substratum:

35 to 60 inches—grayish brown clayey shale and

grayish brown clay

Bedrock:

60 to 80 inches—weathered clayey shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Very slow
Choctaw County, Alabama 103

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5

to 3.0 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Very high

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches to soft bedrock

Other distinctive properties: Slickensides in the lower

part of the subsoil

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The poorly drained Mayhew soils in slightly concave

positions

• The well drained Luverne soils on the higher knolls

• Wilcox soils that have a slope of more than 5

percent

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of soils that do not have soft

bedrock within a depth of 60 inches

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, and grain

sorghum

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and

tilth

Management measures and considerations:

• Stripcropping, contour tillage, no-till planting, and

crop residue management reduce the hazard of

erosion, help to control surface runoff, and maximize

rainfall infiltration.

• Using equipment when the soil has the proper

moisture content helps to prevent the rutting and

compaction of the surface caused by the high content

of clay.

• Incorporating crop residue into the surface layer or

leaving residue on the surface and tilling when the soil

has the proper moisture content minimize clodding and

crusting and maximize infiltration of water.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Tall fescue, dallisgrass,

coastal bermudagrass, bahiagrass, and white

clover

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and

root penetration

Management measures and considerations:

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope reduces the hazard of erosion and increases the

rate of germination.

• Using equipment when the soil has the proper moisture

content helps to prevent the rutting and compaction of

the surface caused by the high content of clay.

• Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during

wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the

pasture in good condition.

• A rotation that includes perennial grasses and

legumes helps to penetrate and break up the clayey

root zone.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling

survival, and competition from undesirable plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked

equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and

compaction.

• Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in the soil.

• Special site preparation, such as harrowing and

bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the

seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling

growth.

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping,

prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to

control competition from unwanted plants.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—poor

Management concerns: Equipment use and tilth

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and

suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every

three years, rotated among several small tracts of

land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for

deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail

and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell
104 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling

with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevents the damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit is severely limited as a site for septic

tank absorption fields.

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

additional guidance.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell, low strength, and

cutbanks cave

Management measures and considerations:

• Removing as much of the clay that has a high shrinkswell potential as possible and increasing the thickness

of the base aggregate improve soil performance.

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the soil.

• Designing roads to incorporate structures that

remove excess water improves the stability of the

cutbanks, which are subject to slumping.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 9C for loblolly pine

WcD2—Wilcox silty clay, 5 to 15

percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Hillslopes in the northeastern part of the

county

Landform position: Convex side slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 40 to 300 acres

Composition

Wilcox and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay

Subsoil:

3 to 9 inches—red clay

9 to 13 inches—red clay that has grayish mottles

13 to 20 inches—red clay that has grayish and

brownish mottles

20 to 35 inches—light brownish gray clay that has

reddish and brownish mottles

Substratum:

35 to 60 inches—grayish brown clayey shale and

grayish brown clay

Bedrock:

60 to 80 inches—weathered clayey shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5

to 3.0 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Very high

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches to soft bedrock

Other distinctive properties: Slickensides in the lower

part of the subsoil

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The poorly drained Bibb and Una soils in narrow

drainageways

• The well drained Luverne soils on narrow ridges and

on the upper parts of slopes

• Wilcox soils that have a slope of more than 15

percent

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of soils that do not have soft

bedrock within a depth of 60 inches

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn, soybeans, and grain

sorghum

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and

tilth

Management measures and considerations:

• Contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue

management, stripcropping, and sod-based rotations
Choctaw County, Alabama 105

reduce the hazard of further erosion, stabilize the soil,

control surface runoff, and maximize infiltration of

water.

• Using equipment when the soil has the proper

moisture content helps to prevent the rutting and

compaction of the surface caused by the high content

of clay.

• Incorporating crop residue into the surface layer or

leaving residue on the surface and tilling when the soil

has the proper moisture content minimize clodding and

crusting and maximize infiltration of water.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Suited to pasture and poorly suited to

hayland

Commonly grown crops: Tall fescue, coastal

bermudagrass, bahiagrass, dallisgrass, and white

clover

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and

root penetration

Management measures and considerations:

• Special care should be taken to prevent further

erosion when pastures are renovated or seedbeds are

established.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper

areas when hay is harvested.

• Using equipment when the soil has the proper

moisture content helps to prevent the rutting and

compaction of the surface caused by the high content

of clay.

• A rotation that includes perennial grasses and

legumes helps to penetrate and break up the clayey

root zone.

• Using rotational grazing and implementing a well

planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to

maintain the pasture and increase productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use,

seedling mortality, and competition from

undesirable plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent

to streams helps to control siltation and provides

shade for the surface of the water, thereby improving

aquatic habitat.

• Installing broad base dips, water bars, and culverts

helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and

landings. Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted

grasses and legumes helps to control erosion and the

siltation of streams.

• Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked

equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and

compaction.

• Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet

periods because of the high content of clay in the soil.

• Special site preparation, such as harrowing and

bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces the

seedling mortality rate, and increases early seedling

growth.

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping,

prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to

control competition from unwanted plants.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—poor

Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and

suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every

three years, rotated among several small tracts of

land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for

deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail

and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell and slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling

with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevents the damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

• Structures can be designed to conform to the

contour and natural shape of the slope or can be built

in the less sloping areas.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Unsuited

Management concerns: Wetness and restricted

permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• This map unit is severely limited as a site for septic

tank absorption fields.

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

additional guidance.
106 Soil Survey

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell, low strength, and

cutbanks cave

Management measures and considerations:

• Removing as much of the clay that has a high

shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the

thickness of the base aggregate improve soil

performance.

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the

soil.

• Designing roads to incorporate structures that

remove excess water improves the stability of the

cutbanks, which are subject to slumping.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 9C for loblolly pine

WmC—Williamsville fine sandy

loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape: Uplands on the Coastal Plain

Landform: Narrow ridgetops in the southern part of the

county

Landform position: Crests and shoulder slopes

Shape of areas: Irregular

Size of areas: 20 to 200 acres

Composition

Williamsville and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

5 to 14 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

14 to 17 inches—yellowish red and yellowish brown

fine sandy loam

17 to 43 inches—dark red and red clay

43 to 59 inches—red sandy clay loam

Substratum:

59 to 80 inches—red sandy clay loam that has olive

brown mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: High

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Flooding: None

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Other distinctive properties: Greenish glauconitic sand

in the substratum

Minor Components

Dissimilar soils:

• The sandy Boykin soils on small knolls

• The moderately deep Arundel soils and deep,

moderately well drained Rayburn soils; in saddles and

on the lower parts of slopes

• The loamy Smithdale soils on the slightly higher

parts of ridgetops

Similiar:

• Scattered areas of clayey soils that do not have

greenish, glauconitic sand in the substratum

Land Use

Dominant uses: Woodland

Other uses: Pasture and hayland

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Commonly grown crops: Corn, small grains, and truck

crops

Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Stripcropping, contour tillage, no-till planting, and

crop residue management reduce the hazard of

erosion, help to control surface runoff, and maximize

rainfall infiltration.

• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil

testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants

and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and

bahiagrass

Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the

slope reduces the hazard of erosion and increases the

rate of germination.
Choctaw County, Alabama 107

• During the establishment, maintenance, or

renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and

fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the

availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes

productivity.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine

Management concerns: Equipment use and

competition from undesirable plants

Management measures and considerations:

• Logging when the soil has the proper moisture

content helps to prevent rutting in the surface layer and

the root damage caused by compaction.

• Site preparation practices, such as chopping,

prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to

control competition from unwanted plants.

Wildlife habitat

Potential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife and

woodland wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—very poor

Management concerns: Erodibility and fertility

Management measures and considerations:

• Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a

place to rest.

• Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

• Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide open water

areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Dwellings

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns: Shrink-swell

Management measures and considerations:

• Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling

with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen

buildings and prevents the damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

Septic tank absorption fields

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Restricted permeability

Management measures and considerations:

• The local Health Department can be contacted for

guidance regarding sanitary facilities.

• Increasing the size of the absorption field and

placing the distribution lines on the contour improve

system performance.

• Installing distribution lines during dry periods helps to

control smearing and sealing of trench walls.

Local roads and streets

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: Low strength

Management measures and considerations:

• Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and

compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the

soil.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 10C for loblolly pine

109

Prime farmland is one of several kinds of

important farmland defined by the U.S. Department

of Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting

the Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food

and fiber. Because the supply of high-quality

farmland is limited, the U.S. Department of

Agriculture recognizes that responsible levels of

government, as well as individuals, should

encourage and facilitate the wise use of our Nation’s

prime farmland.

Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department

of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination

of physical and chemical characteristics for producing

food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is

available for these uses. It could be cultivated land,

pastureland, woodland, or other land, but it is not

urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil

qualities, growing season, and moisture supply are

those needed for the soil to economically produce

sustained high yields of crops when proper

management, including water management, and

acceptable farming methods are applied. In general,

prime farmland has an adequate and dependable

supply of moisture from precipitation or irrigation, a

favorable temperature and growing season,

acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an acceptable salt and

sodium content, and few or no rocks. It is permeable

to water and air. It is not excessively erodible or

saturated with water for long periods, and it either is

not frequently flooded during the growing season or

is protected from flooding. The slope ranges mainly

from 0 to 5 percent. More detailed information about

the criteria for prime farmland is available at the

local office of the Natural Resources Conservation

Service.

About 158,000 acres in the survey area, or nearly 27

percent of the total acreage, meets the soil

requirements for prime farmland. Scattered areas of

this land are throughout the county, mainly in general

soil map units 2, 3, 4, and 5, which are described

under the heading “General Soil Map Units.” Less than

3,000 acres of this prime farmland is used for crops.

The crops grown on this land include cotton, corn,

soybeans, and grain sorghum.

The map units in the survey area that are

considered prime farmland are listed at the end of this

section. This list does not constitute a recommendation

for a particular land use. On some soils included in the

list, measures that overcome a hazard or limitation,

such as flooding, wetness, and droughtiness, are

needed. Onsite evaluation is needed to determine

whether or not the hazard or limitation has been

overcome by corrective measures. The extent of each

listed map unit is shown in table 5. The location is

shown on the detailed soil maps at the back of this

publication. The soil qualities that affect use and

management are described under the heading “Detailed

Soil Map Units.”

The map units that meet the requirements for prime

farmland are:

AnA Annemaine silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

rarely flooded

CaA Cahaba sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

rarely flooded

FrA Freest fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes

HaB Halso silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes

IzA Izagora fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

rarely flooded

LaA Latonia loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

rarely flooded

LfA Lenoir silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely

flooded

LgA Louin silty clay, 0 to 2 percent slopes

LhA Lucedale fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes

LnB Luverne sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes

MnB McLaurin fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes

OtB Oktibbeha clay, 1 to 5 percent slopes

RvA Riverview loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

occasionally flooded

SaA Savannah silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes

SaB Savannah silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes

SmB Smithdale sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes

WcB Wilcox silty clay, 1 to 5 percent slopes

Prime Farmland

111

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of

the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust

land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural

resources and the environment. Also, it can help to

prevent soil-related failures in land uses.

In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists,

conservationists, engineers, and others collect extensive

field data about the nature and behavioral characteristics

of the soils. They collect data on erosion, droughtiness,

flooding, and other factors that affect various soil uses

and management. Field experience and collected data

on soil properties and performance are used as a basis

in predicting soil behavior.

Information in this section can be used to plan the

use and management of soils for crops and pasture; as

rangeland and woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary

facilities, highways and other transportation systems,

and parks and other recreational facilities; and for

wildlife habitat. It can be used to identify the potentials

and limitations of each soil for specific land uses and

to help prevent construction failures caused by

unfavorable soil properties.

Planners and others using soil survey information can

evaluate the effect of specific land uses on productivity

and on the environment in all or part of the survey area.

The survey can help planners to maintain or create a

land use pattern in harmony with the natural soil.

Contractors can use this survey to locate sources of

sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use it to

identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very firm soil

layers can cause difficulty in excavation.

Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and

others may also find this survey useful. The survey

can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and

locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds,

playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs.

Crops and Pasture

Kenneth M. Rogers, conservation agronomist, and Ben L.

Moore, resource conservationist, Natural Resources

Conservation Service, helped to prepare this section.

General management needed for crops and pasture

is suggested in this section. The estimated yields of

the main crops and pasture plants are listed for each

soil, the system of land capability classification used

by the Natural Resources Conservation Service is

explained, and the crops or pasture plants best suited

to the soils, including some not commonly grown in the

county, are identified.

Planners of management systems for individual

fields or farms should consider the detailed information

given in the description of each soil under the heading

“Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific information can be

obtained from the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension

System.

Choctaw County is predominantly woodland with

small, scattered farms. The acreage of cultivated crops

and pasture has been decreasing for many years. The

trend is towards forestation of the remaining cropland

and pastureland. In 1996, less than 3,000 acres was

used as cropland in the county. Cotton, corn,

watermelons, and small grains were the main crops.

About 19,000 tons of hay was harvested from 7,600

acres in 1996 (Alabama Department of Agriculture and

Industries, 1997).

The production of food and fiber could be increased

in the county. The rolling and hilly terrain and the small

size of the areas that are economically suited to row

cropping are the main limitations. About 210,000 acres

of potentially good cropland is being used as pasture

and woodland. Yields could be increased by applying

the most current technology on the land that is

currently being cultivated. This soil survey can help

land users make sound land management decisions

and facilitate the application of crop production

technology.

The field crops that are suited to the soils and

climate of Choctaw County include many that are not

commonly grown because of economic considerations.

Cotton, corn, and soybeans are the main row crops.

Grain sorghum, wheat, sunflowers, vegetable crops,

and other similar crops can be grown. The specialty

crops that can be grown in the county include sweet

corn, okra, peas, sweet potatoes, melons, blueberries,

and pecans. McLaurin, Smithdale, Lucedale, and

Savannah soils are well suited to specialty crops.

Additional information regarding specialty crops can be

obtained from the local office of the Cooperative

Use and Management of the Soils
112 Soil Survey

Extension System or the Natural Resources

Conservation Service.

Erosion is a major concern on about one-half of the

cropland in Choctaw County. In areas where the slope

is more than 2 percent, erosion is a hazard. The

sloping soils that are currently being cultivated and that

are subject to accelerated erosion include Luverne,

McLaurin, Savannah, and Smithdale soils.

Erosion can reduce productivity and can result in

the pollution of streams. Productivity is reduced as the

surface layer erodes and more of the subsoil is

incorporated into the plow layer. Erosion of the surface

layer can result in the loss of soil fertility by the direct

removal of plant nutrients and organic matter. Loss of

the surface layer is especially damaging on soils that

have a clayey subsoil, including Luverne and

Williamsville soils, and on soils that have a fragipan

that restricts rooting depth, including Savannah soils.

Sediment from erosion also causes off-site damage.

Controlling erosion on farmland minimizes the pollution

of streams and improves the quality of water for

municipal uses, for recreational uses, and for fish and

wildlife.

Erosion-control practices provide a protective plant

cover, increase the rate of water infiltration, and help to

control runoff. A cropping system that keeps plant

cover and crop residue on the surface for extended

periods can hold soil losses to amounts that do not

reduce the productive capacity of the soils. Including

grasses and legume into the cropping system helps to

control erosion in sloping areas and improves tilth for

the crops that follow in the rotation. The legumes also

increase nitrogen levels in the soils.

Applying a system of conservation tillage and

leaving crop residue on the surface increase the rate of

water infiltration and help to control runoff and erosion.

Using a no-till method of planting reduces the hazard of

erosion in sloping areas and is suitable on most of the

soils in the county.

Terraces and diversions help to control runoff and

reduce the hazard of erosion. They are most practical

on very deep, well drained soils that have a uniform

slope. Luverne, McLaurin, and Smithdale soils are

examples. Sandy soils, such as Boykin and Wadley

soils, are not suited to terracing because gullies form

easily when water is concentrated on the surface.

Grassed waterways or underground tile outlets are

essential in areas where terraces and diversions are

installed. Diversions can be used to intercept surface

runoff from hilly uplands and to divert the water around

the fields to vegetated disposal areas. Terraces and

diversions are less practical in areas of the soils on the

Blackland Prairie because of the high rate of runoff on

these soils. Maytag and Sumter soils are examples.

Contour farming is a very effective erosion-control

method in cultivated areas if used in conjunction with a

water-disposal system. It is best suited to soils that

have smooth, uniform slopes. Luverne, McLaurin, and

Smithdale soils are examples.

Soil blowing can be a hazard in early spring on

some soils in the uplands, especially if the soils are

dry and are not protected by a plant cover. However,

woodland areas acting as shelters generally dampen

the effects of soil blowing on all but the largest

cultivated tracts. The hazard of erosion is generally

highest after the seedbed has been prepared, after

planting, and when the plants are small. Tillage

methods that leave crop residue on the surface reduce

the hazard of soil blowing. Conventional planting

practices should include an implement that scratches

the surface and leaves a rough, irregular pattern. Also,

strips of close-growing crops are effective as

windbreaks. If possible, seedbed preparation should be

delayed until after the month of March, which is

generally windy. Additional information regarding the

design of erosion-control practices is available at the

local office of the Natural Resources Conservation

Service.

Choctaw County has an adequate amount of rainfall

for the commonly grown crops. Prolonged periods of

drought are rare, but the distribution of rainfall during

spring and summer results in droughty periods during

the growing season in most years. Irrigation may be

needed during these periods to reduce plant stress.

Most of the soils in the county that are commonly

cultivated are suitable for irrigation; however, the

amount of water applied should be regulated to prevent

excessive runoff. Some soils, such as Annemaine and

Luverne soils, have a slow rate of water infiltration,

which limits their potential for irrigation.

Most of the soils that are used for crops in the

county have a surface layer of sandy loam that is light

in color and low in content of organic matter. Regular

additions of crop residue, manure, and other organic

material can improve soil structure and minimize crust

formation, thereby improving the rate of water

infiltration.

The use of heavy tillage equipment can result in

compaction of subsurface layers in most of the soils

on the Coastal Plain. The compacted layers, which are

called plow pans or traffic pans, are generally 2 to 12

inches below the surface. They restrict the rate of

water infiltration and limit the growth of plant roots. The

soils that are likely to develop traffic pans include

Cahaba, Izagora, Lucedale, Luverne, Savannah,

Smithdale, and Williamsville soils.

Tilth is an important factor affecting plant growth

because it influences the rate of water infiltration into
Choctaw County, Alabama 113

the soil. Soils that have good tilth have sufficient

organic matter and a granular, porous surface layer.

Tilth is affected by the type of crop planted, past

farming practices, and the degree of erosion that has

occurred. Practices that maintain or increase the

content of organic matter are needed for all of the soils

that are used as cropland in the county.

Natural fertility is low in most of the soils in

Choctaw County. Soils on stream terraces, including

Cahaba and Izagora soils, and soils on flood plains,

including Riverview soils, have a slightly higher natural

fertility than the soils on uplands. Applications of

agricultural limestone are needed to neutralize acidity

in most of the soils. The alkaline soils on the Blackland

Prairie are exceptions. Leeper, Maytag, and Sumter

soils are examples. The crops grown in the county

respond well to applications of lime and fertilizer. The

levels of available phosphorus and potash are

generally low in most of the soils. Soils in some fields,

however, have a buildup of phosphorus or potassium

because of past applications of large quantities of

commercial fertilizer. Applications of lime and fertilizer

should be based on the results of soil tests. Leaching

is a concern in areas of sandy soils, such as Bigbee,

Boykin, and Wadley soils. Higher levels of nitrogen,

applied in split applications, should be used on these

soils. The Cooperative Extension System can help in

determining the kinds and amounts of fertilizer and

lime to apply.

Wetness is a management concern in areas of

Lenoir, Louin, Mayhew, and Urbo soils. If crops are to

be grown in areas of these soils, a drainage system is

needed to reduce the wetness.

Bahiagrass and improved bermudagrass are the

main perennial grasses grown for pasture and hay in

Choctaw County. Rye, ryegrass, and wheat are grown

as annual cool-season grass forage. Millets, sorghums,

and hybrid forage sorghums provide most of the annual

warm-season grass forage. These annuals are

generally grown in areas otherwise used as cropland.

They are grown for temporary grazing and for hay. Most

of the soils in the county are suited to arrowleaf clover,

white clover, crimson clover, ball clover, and other coolseason forage legumes, especially if agricultural

limestone is applied in proper amounts. The well

drained soils, such as Lucedale, Luverne, McLaurin,

Smithdale, and Williamsville soils, are well suited to

alfalfa, which is a warm-season legume.

A combination of management practices is needed

on all of the soils that are used as pasture or hayland.

These practices include proper grazing management,

control of weeds, proper application of fertilizer,

rotation grazing, and the scattering of animal

droppings. Overgrazing, low rates of application of

fertilizer, and acid soils are the main concerns for

pasture management in the county. They can result in

weak plants and poor stands that are quickly infested

with weeds. Maintaining a good, dense cover of the

desired pasture species helps to prevent the

establishment of weeds.

Yields per Acre

The average yields per acre that can be expected of

the principal crops under a high level of management

are shown in tables 6 and 7. In any given year, yields

may be higher or lower than those indicated in the table

because of variations in rainfall and other climatic

factors. The land capability classification of each map

unit also is shown in table 6.

The yields are based mainly on the experience and

records of farmers, conservationists, and extension

agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and

results of field trials and demonstrations are also

considered.

The management needed to obtain the indicated

yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil

and the crop. Management can include drainage,

erosion control, and protection from flooding; the proper

planting and seeding rates; suitable high-yielding crop

varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; control of

weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; favorable

soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen,

phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each

crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure,

and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures

the smallest possible loss.

The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity

of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are

likely to increase as new production technology is

developed. The productivity of a given soil compared

with that of other soils, however, is not likely to

change.

Crops other than those shown in the tables are

grown in the survey area, but estimated yields are not

listed because the acreage of such crops is small. The

local office of the Natural Resources Conservation

Service or of the Cooperative Extension System can

provide information about the management and

productivity of the soils for those crops.

Land Capability Classification

Land capability classification shows, in a general

way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field

crops. Crops that require special management are

excluded. The soils are grouped according to their

limitations for field crops, the risk of damage if they are
114 Soil Survey

used for crops, and the way they respond to

management. The criteria used in grouping the soils do

not include major and generally expensive landforming

that would change slope, depth, or other

characteristics of the soils, nor do they include

possible but unlikely major reclamation projects.

Capability classification is not a substitute for

interpretations designed to show suitability and

limitations of groups of soils for rangeland, for

woodland, and for engineering purposes.

In the capability system, soils are generally grouped

at three levels—capability class, subclass, and unit.

Only class and subclass are used in this survey.

Capability classes, the broadest groups, are

designated by numerals I through VIII. The numerals

indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower

choices for practical use. The classes are defined as

follows:

Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their

use.

Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce

the choice of plants or that require moderate

conservation practices.

Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce

the choice of plants or that require special

conservation practices, or both.

Class IV soils have very severe limitations that

reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful

management, or both.

Class V soils are not likely to erode but have other

limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use.

Class VI soils have severe limitations that make

them generally unsuitable for cultivation.

Class VII soils have very severe limitations that

make them unsuitable for cultivation.

Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have

limitations that nearly preclude their use for

commercial crop production.

Capability subclasses are soil groups within one

class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e,

w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, IIe. The

letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of

erosion unless close-growing plant cover is maintained;

w shows that water in or on the soil interferes with

plant growth or cultivation (in some soils the wetness

can be partly corrected by artificial drainage); s shows

that the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow,

droughty, or stony; and c, used in only some parts of

the United States, shows that the chief limitation is

climate that is very cold or very dry.

In class I there are no subclasses because the soils

of this class have few limitations. Class V contains

only the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c because

the soils in class V are subject to little or no erosion.

They have other limitations that restrict their use to

pasture, woodland, wildlife habitat, or recreation.

The capability classification of each map unit is

given in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units” and in

the yields table.

Landscaping and Gardening

Kenneth M. Rogers, conservation agronomist, Natural

Resources Conservation Service, helped prepare this section.

The soils in residential areas are used primarily as

sites for homes, driveways, and streets. Remaining

areas of each lot are commonly used for lawns, which

enhance the appearance of the homes; as gardens for

vegetables or flowers and shrubs; as orchards for fruits

and nuts; for recreational uses; as habitat for animals

and birds; for trees, which provide shade and promote

energy conservation; for vegetation and structures

designed to abate noise, enhance privacy, and provide

protection from the wind; and for septic tank absorption

fields. Because the outdoor areas are used for several

purposes, careful planning and a good understanding of

the soils are important.

This section contains general soil-related

information for landscaping and gardening. Other

information may be obtained from the local office of the

Cooperative Extension System or the Natural

Resources Conservation Service or from private

businesses that provide landscaping and related

services. The amount of soil information needed for

use in some areas is beyond the scope of this survey

and is more detailed than that provided at the map

scale used. Onsite investigation is needed in these

areas.

Most of the soils in the residential areas in Choctaw

County have been disturbed to some degree during

construction of houses, streets, driveways, and utility

service. This construction involved cutting and filling,

grading, and excavating. As a result, soil properties are

more variable and less predictable than they are in

undisturbed areas. Onsite examination is needed for

the planning of land uses in disturbed areas.

Some of the poorest soils for plant growth in the

county are Conecuh, Halso, Luverne, Wilcox, and

Williamsville soils that have had the surface layer

removed during grading. The exposed dense, firm

subsoil restricts root penetration, absorbs little rainfall,

and results in excessive runoff. These conditions are

common where these and similar soils are mapped as

complexes with urban land. Incorporating organic

matter into the soil improves tilth, increases the rate of

water infiltration, and provides a more desirable rooting

medium. Areas that are subject to intensive foot traffic
Choctaw County, Alabama 115

should be covered with gravel or a mulch, such as pine

bark or wood chips.

Some soils, such as Deerford, Lenoir, and

McCrory soils, are wet. The wetness limits the

selection of plants to those that are tolerant of a

high moisture content in the soil. Several methods

can be used to minimize the effects of the wetness.

Installing underground tile drains can lower the water

table in permeable soils. Bedding the surface layer

of slowly permeable soils, such as Lenoir soils,

helps to provide a satisfactory root zone for some

plants.

Some soils, such as Bigbee, Iuka, Kinston,

Mooreville, Ochlockonee, Riverview, Una, and Urbo

soils, are on flood plains. Most plants used for

gardening and landscaping can be grown on these

soils, but consideration should be given to the

effects of floodwater. Surface drainage is a

management concern because urban uses

commonly result in increased rates of surface

runoff, which increase the frequency and severity of

flooding. Advice and assistance regarding drainage

problems can be obtained from the Natural

Resources Conservation Service, municipal and

county engineering departments, and private

engineering companies.

Sandy soils, such as Bigbee, Boykin, and Wadley

soils, are droughty, have low fertility, and have a low

content of organic matter. Droughtiness limits the

selection of plants that can be grown unless irrigation

is provided. Additions of organic matter increase the

available water capacity and help to retain nutrients in

the root zone. Supplemental watering and split

applications of plant nutrients are recommended.

Applying a mulch, such as pine bark, wood chips, or

pine straw, or incorporating peat moss or welldecomposed manure into the soil provides a more

desirable medium for plant growth.

Natural fertility is low in most of the soils in

Choctaw County. Most of the soils, with the exception

of Maytag, Leeper, and Sumter soils, are strongly acid

or very strongly acid. Additions of ground limestone are

needed to neutralize the acidity of most of the soils.

The original surface layer contains the most plant

nutrients and has the most favorable pH for most

plants. In many areas, the fertility of the surface layer

has been improved by applications of lime and

fertilizer. If the surface layer is removed during

construction, the remaining soil is very acid and low in

available plant nutrients. Also, some nutrients are

unavailable for plant growth in acid soil conditions.

Disturbed soils generally need larger amounts of lime

and fertilizer, which should be applied according to the

results of soil tests and the type of plants grown.

Information on sampling for soil testing can be

obtained from the Cooperative Extension System, the

Natural Resources Conservation Service, and local

nurseries.

In the following paragraphs, some of the plants that

are used in landscaping and gardening and some

management relationships between the plants and the

soils are described. Information in this section should

be supplemented by consultations with specialists at

the Cooperative Extension System, the Natural

Resources Conservation Service, or private

landscaping and gardening businesses.

The grasses used for landscaping in Choctaw

County are mainly vegetatively propagated species,

such as zoysiagrass, hybrid bermudagrass, St.

Augustine grass, and centipede grass, and seeded

species, such as common bermudagrass and

centipede grass. The grasses commonly used for

short-term cover include ryegrass, rye, wheat,

sudangrass, and millet.

The vegetatively propagated plants are usually

planted as sprigs, plugs, or sod. Additions of topsoil

may be needed before planting in some areas. Also,

lime and fertilizer should be applied and incorporated

into the soil. The plants should be placed in close

contact with the soil, and the plantings should be

watered to ensure the establishment of the root

system. Centipede grass, St. Augustine grass, and

certain strains of zoysiagrass are moderately shade

tolerant. St. Augustine grass and zoysiagrass generally

require more maintenance than centipede grass. The

strains of hybrid bermudagrass are fast growing, but

they are not as tolerant of shade as St. Augustine

grass, centipede grass, or zoysiagrass.

Common perennial grasses that are established by

seeding include common bermudagrass and centipede

grass. Lime and fertilizer should be applied and

incorporated into the soil before seeding. Proper

planting depth is important when grasses are

established from seed.

Short-term vegetative cover is used to protect the

soil at construction sites or to provide cover between

the planting seasons of the desired grass species. The

most commonly used grasses for short-term cover are

ryegrass for cool seasons and sudangrass or millet for

warm seasons. These species are annuals and die

after the growing season. Periodical applications of

lime and fertilizer are needed on all types of grasses.

The kinds and amounts of lime and fertilizer to apply

should be based on the results of soil tests.

Vines can provide vegetative cover in moderately

shaded areas and in steep areas that cannot be

mowed. English ivy and periwinkle can be used for

ground cover or on walls and fences. All of these
116 Soil Survey

plants are propagated vegetatively, usually from potted

plants or sprigs.

Mulches can be used for ground cover in areas

where traffic is too heavy for grass cover, in areas

where shrubs and flowers are desired with additional

ground cover, and in densely shaded areas. Mulches

provide effective ground cover. They also provide

immediate cover to help control erosion in areas where

live vegetation is not desired. Effective mulches

include pine straw, small-grain straw, hay, composted

grass clippings, wood chips, pine bark, gravel, and

several manufactured materials. The type of mulch to

use depends to some extent on the hazard of erosion.

Mulches also can be used to conserve soil moisture

and to control weeds around trees, shrubs, and

flowers.

Shrubs are used primarily to enhance the

appearance of homesites. They also can be used to

control traffic. They can be effective in dissipating the

energy from raindrops and from runoff from roofs. Most

native and adapted species add variety to residential

settings. Reaction to acidity and fertility levels vary

greatly among shrub types.

Vegetable and flower gardens are important to many

individuals and businesses. However, the soils in areas

where homes and businesses are established may not

be suited to vegetables and flowers. Soils that have

been disturbed by construction may not be productive

unless topsoil is applied. Soils that have a slope of

more than 8 percent have poor potential for vegetable

gardening because of the hazard of erosion if the soils

are tilled. Generally, steeper soils have a thinner

surface layer. Flower gardening is possible in the

steeper areas, however, if mulches are used to help

control erosion. Incorporating composted tree leaves

and grass clippings into the soil improves fertility, tilth,

and moisture content. Additional information regarding

vegetable crops is included under the heading “Crops

and Pasture.”

Most garden plants grow best in soils that have a

pH level between 5.5 and 6.5 and that have a high

fertility level. Applying too much fertilizer or using

fertilizers that have the wrong combination of plant

nutrients can be avoided by soil testing, which is the

only effective method of determining the amount and

kind of fertilizer that should be applied. Information

regarding soil testing can be obtained from the local

office of the Cooperative Extension System or the

Natural Resources Conservation Service or from a

retail fertilizer business.

Trees are important in homesite landscaping.

Information regarding relationships between soils and

trees is available in the section “Woodland

Management and Productivity.” Special assistance

regarding urban forestry can be obtained from the

Alabama Forestry Commission.

Woodland Management and

Productivity

Jerry L. Johnson, forester, Natural Resources Conservation

Service, helped to prepare this section.

 Woodland makes up 508,700 acres, or about 87

percent of the total land area, in Choctaw County. The

acreage decreased by about 22,000 acres from 1982 to

1990, primarily because of urban and rural

development. Private individuals own 58 percent of the

woodland in the county. The forest industry and private

corporations own the other 42 percent (USDA, 1985;

USDA, 1991a).

The forest types in Choctaw County include 225,400

acres of loblolly-shortleaf pine, 98,300 acres of oakpine, 109,800 acres of oak-hickory, and 75,100 acres

of oak-gum-cypress. The county has about 219,700

acres of sawtimber, 127,200 acres of poletimber, and

161,800 acres of seedlings and saplings (Alabama

Department of Agriculture and Industries, 1997).

Most of the soils on the Coastal Plain and the acid

soils on the Blackland Prairie have a site index of 80 or

more for loblolly pine. The alkaline soils on the

Blackland Prairie, including Leeper, Maytag, and

Sumter soils, are not suited to pines. Because of long

periods of ponding, the Una soils and Fluvaquents are

also unsuited to pine trees. In Choctaw County, most

of the soils suitable for growing hardwoods, such as

cherrybark oak, water oak, and Nuttall oak, have a site

index of 85 or more for water oak.

Table 8 can be used by woodland owners or forest

managers in planning the use of soils for wood crops.

Only those soils suitable for wood crops are listed. The

table lists the ordination symbol for each soil. Soils

assigned the same ordination symbol require the same

general management and have about the same

potential productivity.

The first part of the ordination symbol, a number,

indicates the potential productivity of the soils for an

indicator tree species. The number indicates the

volume, in cubic meters per hectare per year, which

the indicator species can produce in a pure stand

under natural conditions. The number 1 indicates low

potential productivity; 2 or 3, moderate; 4 or 5,

moderately high; 6 to 8, high; 9 to 11, very high; and 12

to 39, extremely high. The second part of the symbol,

a letter, indicates the major kind of soil limitation. The

letter R indicates steep slopes; X, stoniness or

rockiness; W, excess water in or on the soil; D,

restricted rooting depth; C, clay in the upper part of the
Choctaw County, Alabama 117

soil; S, sandy texture; and F, a high content of rock

fragments in the soil. The letter A indicates that

limitations or restrictions are insignificant. If a soil has

more than one limitation, the priority is as follows: R,

X, W, D, C, S, and F.

In the table, slight, moderate, and severe indicate

the degree of the major soil limitations to be

considered in management.

Erosion hazard is the probability that damage will

occur as a result of site preparation and cutting where

the soil is exposed along roads, skid trails, and fire

lanes and in log-handling areas. Forests that have been

burned or overgrazed are also subject to erosion.

Ratings of the erosion hazard are based on the percent

of the slope. A rating of slight indicates that no

particular prevention measures are needed under

ordinary conditions. A rating of moderate indicates that

erosion-control measures are needed in certain

silvicultural activities. A rating of severe indicates that

special precautions are needed to control erosion in

most silvicultural activities.

Equipment limitation reflects the characteristics and

conditions of the soil that restrict use of the equipment

generally needed in woodland management or

harvesting. The chief characteristics and conditions

considered in the ratings are slope, stones on the

surface, rock outcrops, soil wetness, and texture of the

surface layer. A rating of slight indicates that under

normal conditions the kind of equipment and season of

use are not significantly restricted by soil factors. Soil

wetness can restrict equipment use, but the wet period

does not exceed 1 month. A rating of moderate

indicates that equipment use is moderately restricted

because of one or more soil factors. If the soil is wet,

the wetness restricts equipment use for a period of 1 to

3 months. A rating of severe indicates that equipment

use is severely restricted either as to the kind of

equipment that can be used or the season of use. If

the soil is wet, the wetness restricts equipment use for

more than 3 months.

Seedling mortality refers to the death of naturally

occurring or planted tree seedlings, as influenced by

the kinds of soil, soil wetness, or topographic

conditions. The factors used in rating the soils for

seedling mortality are texture of the surface layer,

depth to a seasonal high water table and the length of

the period when the water table is high, rock fragments

in the surface layer, effective rooting depth, and slope

aspect. A rating of slight indicates that seedling

mortality is not likely to be a problem under normal

conditions. Expected mortality is less than 25 percent.

A rating of moderate indicates that some problems

from seedling mortality can be expected. Extra

precautions are advisable. Expected mortality is 25 to

50 percent. A rating of severe indicates that seedling

mortality is a serious problem. Extra precautions are

important. Replanting may be necessary. Expected

mortality is more than 50 percent.

Plant competition ratings indicate the degree to

which undesirable species are expected to invade and

grow when openings are made in the tree canopy. The

main factors that affect plant competition are depth to

the water table and the available water capacity. A

rating of slight indicates that competition from

undesirable plants is not likely to prevent natural

regeneration or suppress the more desirable species.

Planted seedlings can become established without

undue competition. A rating of moderate indicates that

competition may delay the establishment of desirable

species. Competition may hamper stand development,

but it will not prevent the eventual development of fully

stocked stands. A rating of severe indicates that

competition can be expected to prevent regeneration

unless precautionary measures are applied.

The potential productivity of common trees on a soil

is expressed as a site index and as a volume number.

The site index is the average height, in feet, that

dominant and codominant trees of a given species

attain in a specified number of years. The site index

applies to fully stocked, even-aged, unmanaged

stands. Commonly grown trees are those that

woodland managers generally favor in intermediate or

improvement cuttings. They are selected on the basis

of growth rate, quality, value, and marketability. The

estimates of the productivity of the soils are based on

data acquired in the county and on published data

(Broadfoot and Krinard, 1959; Broadfoot, 1963; Coile

and Schumacher, 1953; USDA, 1976).

The volume is the yield likely to be produced by the

most important trees. This number, expressed as cords

per acre per year, indicates the amount of fiber

produced in a fully stocked, even-aged, unmanaged

stand.

The first species listed under common trees for a

soil is the indicator species for that soil. It generally is

the most common species on the soil and is the one

that determines the ordination class.

Trees to plant are those that are suitable for

commercial wood production.

Recreation

The soils of the survey area are rated in table 9

according to limitations that affect their suitability for

recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil

features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the

surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered.

Not considered in the ratings, but important in
118 Soil Survey

evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of

the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic

quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water

impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines.

The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent

and the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also

important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for

recreational uses by the duration and intensity of

flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In

planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of

the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of

flooding is essential.

In the table, the degree of soil limitation is

expressed as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight means

that soil properties are generally favorable and that

limitations are minor and easily overcome. Moderate

means that limitations can be overcome or alleviated

by planning, design, or special maintenance. Severe

means that soil properties are unfavorable and that

limitations can be offset only by costly soil

reclamation, special design, intensive maintenance,

limited use, or a combination of these measures.

The information in the table can be supplemented by

other information in this survey, for example,

interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table

12 and interpretations for dwellings without basements

and for local roads and streets in table 11.

Camp areas require site preparation, such as

shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas,

stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and

installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp

areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some

vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and

are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of

use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders,

absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not

dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders

can greatly increase the cost of constructing

campsites.

Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most

vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and

parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm

when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to

flooding during the period of use, and do not have

slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of

shaping sites or of building access roads and parking

areas.

Playgrounds require soils that can withstand

intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level

and are not wet or subject to flooding during the

season of use. The surface is free of stones and

boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry.

If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over bedrock

or a hardpan should be considered.

Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding

should require little or no cutting and filling. The best

soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty

when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than

once a year during the period of use. They have

moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on

the surface.

Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and

some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be

required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are

firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not

subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use.

They have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders

on the surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or

greens is not considered in rating the soils.

Wildlife Habitat

Tommy Counts, wildlife biologist, Natural Resources

Conservation Service, helped to prepare this section.

Choctaw County is dominantly a rural area and

has suitable habitat for many kinds of wildlife. It is

about 87 percent woodland and is interspersed with

areas of cultivated crops, pasture, and hay (USDA,

1991a). The Choctaw National Wildlife Refuge is in

the county. It borders about 7 miles of the

Tombigbee River in the southeastern part of the

county (USDI, 1996).

Choctaw County supports a variety of mammals,

reptiles, and birds. The common species of wild game

in the county are eastern wild turkey, bobwhite quail,

white-tailed deer, eastern cottontail rabbit, swamp

rabbit, feral hog, mourning dove, Canada geese, and

various species of ducks. The nongame wildlife

species include armadillos and various snakes.

Common furbearers include beaver, bobcat, coyote,

fox, opossum, mink, muskrat, nutria, otter, raccoon,

and skunk.

Marsh and wading birds include cattle egrets, great

egrets, great blue herons, green-backed herons,

yellow-crowned night herons, purple gallinules,

common moorhens, anhinga, and white ibis. Raptors

and allied species include turkey and black vultures;

red-tailed, broad-winged, and red-shouldered hawks;

barred and screech owls; and American kestrel.

Migratory birds are also found throughout the county.

They include bobolinks, song sparrow, pine siskin,

American goldfinch, indigo bunting, northern cardinal,

Carolina wren, bluebirds, and various warblers,

including the yellow, pine, hooded, and prothonotary.

Robins, thrushes, crows, blackbirds, bluejays,

meadowlarks, mockingbirds, and various woodpeckers

also inhabit the county.
Choctaw County, Alabama 119

The wildlife species in Choctaw County that the

Federal Government has listed as threatened or

endangered include the bald eagle, wood stork, gopher

tortoise, and American alligator.

In upland areas, the woodland generally consists of

loblolly pine, slash pine, longleaf pine, or mixed pines

and hardwoods. On the flood plains along streams and

rivers, the woodland consists of bottom land

hardwoods. The forest types and their associated plant

communities are of major importance to wildlife. Many

of these woodland areas are managed primarily to

provide habitat for various species of wildlife, such as

bobwhite quail, white-tailed deer, and turkey.

Management practices that benefit wildlife, including

prescribed burning, creating or maintaining openings in

the forest, and thinning stands, are common

throughout the county.

Areas of cultivated crops, hay, and pasture are

commonly interspersed with the woodland. The open

areas are very important to many species of wildlife.

The areas of cropland are primarily used for agricultural

commodities, such as cotton and corn. The pasture

and hayland generally are used for perennial grasses,

such as bahiagrass and bermudagrass.

Wetlands are used by many kinds of wildlife. Many

of the furbearers and wading birds depend almost

exclusively upon these areas. Natural depressions and

areas of saturated soils along creeks and rivers,

bodies of open water, and beaver ponds make up most

of the wetland areas in the county. They occur mostly

along Bogueloosa, Kinterbish, Okatuppa, Puss Cuss,

Souwilpa, Surveyor, Tallawampa, Tuckabum, Turkey,

Wahalak, and Yantley Creeks and in areas adjacent to

the Tombigbee River. The Choctaw National Wildlife

Refuge consists of 4,218 acres of bottom land

hardwood habitat along the Tombigbee River.

Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that

is available to wildlife as food and cover. They also

affect the construction of water impoundments. The

kind and abundance of wildlife depend largely on the

amount and distribution of food, cover, and water.

Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting

appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing

plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment

of desirable plants.

In table 10, the soils in the survey area are rated

according to their potential for providing habitat for

various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used

in planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas,

and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils

that are suitable for establishing, improving, or

maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in

determining the intensity of management needed for

each element of the habitat.

The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or

very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element

or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or

maintained. Few or no limitations affect management,

and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of

fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be

established, improved, or maintained in most places.

Moderately intensive management is required for

satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that

limitations are severe for the designated element or

kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or

maintained in most places, but management is difficult

and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates

that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are

very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be

expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat is

impractical or impossible.

The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the

following paragraphs.

Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and seedproducing herbaceous plants. Soil properties and

features that affect the growth of grain and seed crops

are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer,

available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface

stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil

moisture are also considerations. Examples of grain

and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, grain sorghum,

soybeans, rye, and millet.

Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial

grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and

features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes

are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer,

available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness,

flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture

are also considerations. Examples of grasses and

legumes are bahiagrass, Johnsongrass, clover,

lespedeza, chufa, and bermudagrass.

Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally

established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil

properties and features that affect the growth of these

plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface

layer, available water capacity, wetness, surface

stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil

moisture are also considerations. Examples of wild

herbaceous plants are dewberry, blackberry, goldenrod,

crotons, beggarweed, pokeweed, paspalums, ragweed,

and partridge pea.

Hardwood trees and woody understory produce nuts

or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and foliage.

Soil properties and features that affect the growth of

hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the root zone,

available water capacity, and wetness. Examples of

these plants are oak, yellow-poplar, blackcherry,

sweetgum, hawthorn, dogwood, persimmon, sassafras,
120 Soil Survey

sumac, holly, hickory, and blueberry. Examples of fruitproducing shrubs that are suitable for planting on soils

rated good are pyracantha, autumn olive, and

crabapple.

Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil

properties and features that affect the growth of

coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth

of the root zone, available water capacity, and

wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine,

redcedar, and baldcypress.

Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild

herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites.

Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded. Soil

properties and features affecting wetland plants are

texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction, slope,

and surface stoniness. Examples of wetland plants are

smartweed, wild millet, rushes, sedges, reeds,

barnyard grass, pondweed, cattails, and water shield.

Shallow water areas have an average depth of less

than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are

created by dams, levees, or other water-control

structures. Soil properties and features affecting

shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness,

surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples

of shallow water areas are marshes, waterfowl feeding

areas, beaver ponds, and other ponds.

The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described

in the following paragraphs.

Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland,

pasture, meadows, and areas that are overgrown with

grasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas

produce grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes,

and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these

areas include bobwhite quail, meadowlark, field

sparrow, cottontail, red fox, coyote, armadillo, dove,

killdeer, and hawks.

Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of

deciduous plants or coniferous plants or both and

associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous

plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas include wild

turkey, woodcock, thrushes, woodpeckers, squirrels,

gray fox, raccoon, deer, bear, bobcat, opossum, and

skunk.

Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy

or swampy shallow water areas. Some of the wildlife

attracted to such areas are ducks, geese, herons,

shore birds, muskrat, mink, otter, beaver, turtles, rails,

and kingfishers.

Engineering

This section provides information for planning land

uses related to urban development and to water

management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the

most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given

for building site development, sanitary facilities,

construction materials, and water management. The

ratings are based on observed performance of the soils

and on the estimated data and test data in the “Soil

Properties” section.

Information in this section is intended for land use

planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for

planning site investigations prior to design and

construction. The information, however, has limitations.

For example, estimates and other data generally apply

only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet.

Because of the map scale, small areas of different

soils may be included within the mapped areas of a

specific soil.

The information is not site specific and does not

eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils

or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in

the design and construction of engineering works.

Government ordinances and regulations that restrict

certain land uses or impose specific design criteria

were not considered in preparing the information in this

section. Local ordinances and regulations should be

considered in planning, in site selection, and in design.

Soil properties, site features, and observed

performance were considered in determining the ratings

in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil survey,

determinations were made about grain-size distribution,

liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, depth to

bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6 feet of the

surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal high water

table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural soil structure

aggregation, and soil density. Data were collected

about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of the sand

and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed cations.

Estimates were made for erodibility, permeability,

corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, available water

capacity, and other behavioral characteristics affecting

engineering uses.

This information can be used to evaluate the

potential of areas for residential, commercial,

industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary

estimates of construction conditions; evaluate

alternative routes for roads, streets, highways,

pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate alternative

sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank absorption fields,

and sewage lagoons; plan detailed onsite

investigations of soils and geology; locate potential

sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; plan

drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, terraces,

and other structures for soil and water conservation;

and predict performance of proposed small structures

and pavements by comparing the performance of

existing similar structures on the same or similar soils.
Choctaw County, Alabama 121

The information in the tables, along with the soil

maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in

this survey, can be used to make additional

interpretations.

Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a

special meaning in soil science and are defined in the

Glossary.

Building Site Development

Table 11 shows the degree and kind of soil

limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings

with and without basements, small commercial

buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and

landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if soil

properties and site features are generally favorable for

the indicated use and limitations are minor and easily

overcome; moderate if soil properties or site features

are not favorable for the indicated use and special

planning, design, or maintenance is needed to

overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil

properties or site features are so unfavorable or so

difficult to overcome that special design, significant

increases in construction costs, and possibly

increased maintenance are required. Special feasibility

studies may be required where the soil limitations are

severe.

Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a

maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves,

utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The

ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and

observed performance of the soils. The ease of

digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth

to bedrock or a very firm dense layer; stone content;

soil texture; and slope. The time of the year that

excavations can be made is affected by the depth to a

seasonal high water table and the susceptibility of the

soil to flooding. The resistance of the excavation walls

or banks to sloughing or caving is affected by soil

texture and depth to the water table.

Dwellings and small commercial buildings are

structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed

soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family

dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are

made for small commercial buildings without

basements, for dwellings with basements, and for

dwellings without basements. The ratings are based on

soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding,

shrinking and swelling, and organic layers can cause

the movement of footings. A high water table, depth to

bedrock, large stones, slope, and flooding affect the

ease of excavation and construction. Landscaping and

grading that require cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6

feet are not considered.

Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface

and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year.

They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base

of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and

a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally

limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on

soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock, a high

water table, flooding, large stones, and slope affect the

ease of excavating and grading. Soil strength (as

inferred from the engineering classification of the soil),

shrink-swell potential, and depth to a high water table

affect the traffic-supporting capacity.

Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf

and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established

and maintained. The ratings are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to

bedrock, the available water capacity in the upper 40

inches, and the content of salts, sodium, and sulfidic

materials affect plant growth. Flooding, wetness, slope,

stoniness, and the amount of sand, clay, or organic

matter in the surface layer affect trafficability after

vegetation is established.

Sanitary Facilities

Table 12 shows the degree and kind of soil

limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields,

sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations

are considered slight if soil properties and site features

are generally favorable for the indicated use and

limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if

soil properties or site features are not favorable for the

indicated use and special planning, design, or

maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the

limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features

are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that

special design, significant increases in construction

costs, and possibly increased maintenance are

required.

The table also shows the suitability of the soils for

use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good

indicates that soil properties and site features are

favorable for the use and good performance and low

maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil

properties and site features are moderately favorable

for the use and one or more soil properties or site

features make the soil less desirable than the soils

rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil

properties or site features are unfavorable for the use
122 Soil Survey

and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires

special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration.

Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which

effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil

through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that

part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is

evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties,

site features, and observed performance of the soils.

Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock, and

flooding affect absorption of the effluent. Large stones

and bedrock interfere with installation.

Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank

absorption fields, including excessively slow

absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside

seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can be

polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or

fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of

the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the

water table is near the surface. There must be

unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field

to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances

require that this material be of a certain thickness.

Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to

hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the

solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly

level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments

of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to

hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly

impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides

is required to minimize seepage and contamination of

ground water.

The table gives ratings for the natural soil that

makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and,

generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the

surface layer are excavated to provide material for

the embankments. The ratings are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance

of the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope,

permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock,

flooding, large stones, and content of organic

matter.

Excessive seepage resulting from rapid permeability

in the soil or a water table that is high enough to raise

the level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to

function unsatisfactorily. Pollution results if seepage is

excessive or if floodwater overtops the lagoon. A high

content of organic matter is detrimental to proper

functioning of the lagoon because it inhibits aerobic

activity. Slope and bedrock can cause construction

problems, and large stones can hinder compaction of

the lagoon floor.

Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is

disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of

landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste

is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and

covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the

site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in

successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste

is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin

layer of soil from a source away from the site.

Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy

vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of groundwater pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation

should be considered.

The ratings in the table are based on soil properties,

site features, and observed performance of the soils.

Permeability, depth to bedrock, a high water table,

slope, and flooding affect both types of landfill. Texture,

stones and boulders, highly organic layers, soil

reaction, and content of salts and sodium affect trench

landfills. Unless otherwise stated, the ratings apply

only to that part of the soil within a depth of about 6

feet. For deeper trenches, a limitation rated slight or

moderate may not be valid. Onsite investigation is

needed.

Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is

used to cover compacted solid waste in an area

sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite,

transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste.

Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope

affect the ease of removing and spreading the material

during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that are

free of large stones or excess gravel are the best

cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy

and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to

wind erosion.

After soil material has been removed, the soil

material remaining in the borrow area must be thick

enough over bedrock or the water table to permit

revegetation. The soil material used as the final cover

for a landfill should be suitable for plants. The surface

layer generally has the best workability, more organic

matter, and the best potential for plants. Material from

the surface layer should be stockpiled for use as the

final cover.

Construction Materials

Table 13 gives information about the soils as a

source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils

are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and

topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable

source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on

soil properties and site features that affect the removal

of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal

compaction, minor processing, and other standard

construction practices are assumed. Each soil is

evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet.
Choctaw County, Alabama 123

Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one

place and used in road embankments in another place.

In this table, the soils are rated as a source of roadfill

for low embankments, generally less than 6 feet high

and less exacting in design than higher

embankments.

The ratings are for the soil material below the

surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed

that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and

spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting

suitability within their profile. The table showing

engineering index properties provides detailed

information about each soil layer. This information can

help to determine the suitability of each layer for use

as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is

stabilized with lime or cement is not considered in

the ratings.

The ratings are based on soil properties, site

features, and observed performance of the soils. The

thickness of suitable material is a major consideration.

The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a

high water table, and slope. How well the soil performs

in place after it has been compacted and drained is

determined by its strength (as inferred from the

engineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swell

potential.

Soils rated good contain significant amounts of sand

or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of suitable

material, a low shrink-swell potential, few cobbles and

stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. Depth to the

water table is more than 3 feet. Soils rated fair are

more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized particles and

have a plasticity index of less than 10. They have a

moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of 15 to 25

percent, or many stones. Depth to the water table is 1

to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity index of

more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential, many

stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They are

wet and have a water table at a depth of less than 1

foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but the

material is less than 3 feet thick.

Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for

commercial use with a minimum of processing. They

are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications

for each use vary widely. In the table, only the

probability of finding material in suitable quantity is

evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific

purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect

excavation of the material.

The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source

of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as

indicated by the engineering classification of the soil),

the thickness of suitable material, and the content of

rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification

are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of

grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index

properties.

A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of

clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is

up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at

least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight,

large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable

source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as

shale, chalk, and siltstone, are not considered to be

sand and gravel.

Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation

can be established and maintained. The upper 40

inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also

evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow

area.

Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by

such properties as soil reaction, available water

capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading,

and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a

water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable

material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected by

slope, a water table, rock fragments, bedrock, and

toxic material.

Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a

depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones and

cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes of

less than 8 percent. They are low in content of soluble

salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to fertilizer,

and are not so wet that excavation is difficult.

Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that

have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have

only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that

have an appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or

soluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15

percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation is

difficult.

Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less

than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large

amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes

of more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high water

table at or near the surface.

The surface layer of most soils is generally

preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter

content. Organic matter greatly increases the

absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for

plant growth.

Water Management

Table 14 gives information on the soil properties and

site features that affect water management. The degree

and kind of soil limitations are given for pond reservoir

areas and for embankments, dikes, and levees. The
124

limitations are considered slight if soil properties and

site features are generally favorable for the indicated

use and limitations are minor and are easily overcome;

moderate if soil properties or site features are not

favorable for the indicated use and special planning,

design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or

minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties or

site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to

overcome that special design, significant increase in

construction costs, and possibly increased

maintenance are required.

This table also gives for each soil the restrictive

features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and

diversions, and grassed waterways.

Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or

embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low

seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The seepage

potential is determined by the permeability of the soil

and the depth to fractured bedrock or other permeable

material. Excessive slope can affect the storage

capacity of the reservoir area.

Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised

structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet

high, constructed to impound water or to protect land

against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a

source of material for embankment fill. The ratings

apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a

depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will

be uniformly mixed and compacted during

construction.

The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural

soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a

depth even greater than the height of the embankment

can affect performance and safety of the embankment.

Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to

determine these properties.

Soil material in embankments must be resistant to

seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable

compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features

include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high

content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts

or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of

usable material. It also affects trafficability.

Drainage is the removal of excess surface and

subsurface water from the soil. How easily and

effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to

bedrock or to other layers that affect the rate of water

movement; permeability; depth to a high water table or

depth of standing water if the soil is subject to ponding;

slope; susceptibility to flooding; subsidence of organic

layers; and the potential for frost action. Excavating

and grading and the stability of ditchbanks are affected

by depth to bedrock, large stones, slope, and the

hazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity of the soil

after drainage is adversely affected by extreme acidity

or by toxic substances in the root zone, such as salts,

sodium, and sulfur. Availability of drainage outlets is

not considered in the ratings.

Irrigation is the controlled application of water to

supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The

design and management of an irrigation system are

affected by depth to the water table, the need for

drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake

rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The

construction of a system is affected by large stones

and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan. The

performance of a system is affected by the depth of

the root zone, the amount of salts or sodium, and soil

reaction.

Terraces and diversions are embankments or a

combination of channels and ridges constructed across

a slope to control erosion and conserve moisture by

intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large stones, and

depth to bedrock affect the construction of terraces

and diversions. A restricted rooting depth, a severe

hazard of wind erosion or water erosion, an

excessively coarse texture, and restricted permeability

adversely affect maintenance.

Grassed waterways are natural or constructed

channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct

surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large

stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock affect

the construction of grassed waterways. A hazard of

wind erosion, low available water capacity, restricted

rooting depth, toxic substances such as salts and

sodium, and restricted permeability adversely affect

the growth and maintenance of the grass after

construction.
125

Data relating to soil properties are collected during

the course of the soil survey. The data and the

estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables,

are explained on the following pages.

Soil properties are determined by field examination

of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some

benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are

followed. During the survey, many shallow borings are

made and examined to identify and classify the soils

and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples are

taken from some typical profiles and tested in the

laboratory to determine grain-size distribution,

plasticity, and compaction characteristics. These

results are reported in table 20.

Estimates of soil properties are based on field

examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the

survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of

similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field

observations, verify properties that cannot be

estimated accurately by field observation, and help to

characterize key soils.

The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables

include the range of grain-size distribution and

Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the

physical and chemical properties of the major layers of

each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are

given.

Engineering Index Properties

Table 15 gives estimates of the engineering

classification and of the range of index properties for

the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most

soils have layers of contrasting properties within the

upper 5 or 6 feet.

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each

layer is indicated. The range in depth and information

on other properties of each layer are given for each soil

series under the heading “Soil Series and Their

Morphology.”

Texture is given in the standard terms used by the

U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are

defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and

clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2

millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil that

is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less

than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles

coarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, an

appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.”

Textural terms are defined in the Glossary.

Classification of the soils is determined according to

the Unified soil classification system (ASTM, 1993)

and the system adopted by the American Association

of State Highway and Transportation Officials

(AASHTO, 1986).

The Unified system classifies soils according to

properties that affect their use as construction

material. Soils are classified according to grain-size

distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in

diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit,

and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils

are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and

SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and

OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting

engineering properties of two groups can have a dual

classification, for example, CL-ML.

The AASHTO system classifies soils according to

those properties that affect roadway construction and

maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral

soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified

in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the

basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and

plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained

and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other

extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly

organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of

visual inspection.

If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and A7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4,

A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an additional

refinement, the suitability of a soil as subgrade material

can be indicated by a group index number. Group index

numbers range from 0 for the best subgrade material to

20 or higher for the poorest. The AASHTO classification

for soils tested is given in table 20.

Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated

sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3

inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The

sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard

Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074

Soil Properties
126 Soil Survey

millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on

laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area

and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the

field.

Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits)

indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The

estimates are based on test data from the survey area

or from nearby areas and on field examination.

The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit,

and plasticity index are generally rounded to the

nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and

Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2

percentage points) across classification boundaries,

the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the

table.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Table 16 shows estimates of some characteristics

and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates

are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey

area. The estimates are based on field observations

and on test data for these and similar soils.

Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil

particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in

diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of

each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by

weight, of the soil material that is less than 2

millimeters in diameter.

The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the

fertility and physical condition of the soil. They

determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and

to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell

potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil

dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and

kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving

operations.

Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per

unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at

field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at

1

/3-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after

drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the

estimated moist bulk density of each major soil horizon

is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of soil

material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell

potential, available water capacity, total pore space,

and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a

soil indicates the pore space available for water and

roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict

water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density

is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of

organic matter, and soil structure.

Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit

water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of

downward movement of water when the soil is

saturated. They are based on soil characteristics

observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity,

and texture. Permeability is considered in the design of

soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption

fields.

Available water capacity refers to the quantity of

water that the soil is capable of storing for use by

plants. The capacity for water storage is given in

inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil

layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil properties

that affect the retention of water and the depth of the

root zone. The most important properties are the

content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk density,

and soil structure. Available water capacity is an

important factor in the choice of plants or crops to be

grown and in the design and management of irrigation

systems. Available water capacity is not an estimate of

the quantity of water actually available to plants at any

given time.

Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and

is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH

of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For

many soils, values have been verified by laboratory

analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops

and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for

fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of

corrosion.

Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume

change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume

change occurs mainly because of the interaction of

clay minerals with water and varies with the amount

and type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the

load on the soil and the magnitude of the change in soil

moisture content influence the amount of swelling of

soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling of

undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For

others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind

and amount of clay minerals in the soil and on

measurements of similar soils.

If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to very

high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage to

buildings, roads, and other structures. Special design

is often needed.

Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the

change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture

content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The

classes are low, a change of less than 3 percent;

moderate, 3 to 6 percent; high, more than 6 percent;

and very high, greater than 9 percent.

Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil

to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six

factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation
Choctaw County, Alabama 127

(USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss

by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The

estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt,

sand, and organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil

structure and permeability. Values of K range from 0.02

to 0.64. Other factors being equal, the higher the value,

the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion

by water.

Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum

average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water

that can occur without affecting crop productivity over

a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per

year.

Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in the

soil at various stages of decomposition. In the table,

the estimated content of organic matter is expressed

as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is

less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

The content of organic matter in a soil can be

maintained or increased by returning crop residue to

the soil. Organic matter affects the available water

capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of

nitrogen and other nutrients for crops.

Soil and Water Features

Table 17 gives estimates of various soil and water

features. The estimates are used in land use planning

that involves engineering considerations.

Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of

runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four

groups according to the rate of water infiltration when

the soils are not protected by vegetation, are

thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from longduration storms.

The four hydrologic soil groups are:

Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low

runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist

mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained

sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate

of water transmission.

Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate

when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of

moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or

well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to

moderately coarse texture. These soils have a

moderate rate of water transmission.

Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when

thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a

layer that impedes the downward movement of water or

soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. These

soils have a slow rate of water transmission.

Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate

(high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These

consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell

potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that

have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, and

soils that are shallow over nearly impervious material.

These soils have a very slow rate of water

transmission.

Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is

caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from

adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short

periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered

flooding, and water standing in swamps and marshes

is considered ponding rather than flooding.

The table gives the frequency and duration of

flooding and the time of year when flooding is most

likely.

Frequency, duration, and probable dates of

occurrence are estimated. Frequency is expressed as

none, rare, occasional, and frequent. None means that

flooding is not probable; rare that it is unlikely but

possible under unusual weather conditions (the chance

of flooding is nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in any year);

occasional that it occurs, on the average, once or less

in 2 years (the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in

any year); and frequent that it occurs, on the average,

more than once in 2 years (the chance of flooding is

more than 50 percent in any year). Duration is

expressed as very brief if less than 2 days, brief if 2 to

7 days, long if 7 days to 1 month, and very long if

more than 1 month. Probable dates are expressed in

months. About two-thirds to three-fourths of all flooding

occurs during the stated period.

The information is based on evidence in the soil

profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay

deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic

matter content with increasing depth; and little or no

horizon development.

Also considered are local information about the

extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each

soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on

the extent of flooding based on soil data is less

specific than that provided by detailed engineering

surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific

flood frequency levels.

High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a

saturated zone in the soil in most years. The estimates

are based mainly on observations of the water table at

selected sites and on the evidence of a saturated

zone, namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphic

features) in the soil. Indicated in the table are the depth

to the seasonal high water table; the kind of water

table—that is, perched or apparent; and the months of

the year that the water table commonly is high. A water

table that is seasonally high for less than 1 month is

not indicated in the table.
128

An apparent water table is a thick zone of free water

in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water

stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is

allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. A

perched water table is water standing above an

unsaturated zone.

Two numbers in the column showing depth to the

water table indicate the normal range in depth to a

saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot.

The first numeral in the range indicates the highest

water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth

indicates that the water table is above the surface of

the soil. “More than 6.0” indicates that the water table

is below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of

6 feet for less than a month.

Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a

depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil

borings and on observations during soil mapping. The

rock is either soft or hard. If the rock is soft or

fractured, excavations can be made with trenching

machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the rock is

hard or massive, blasting or special equipment

generally is needed for excavation.

Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced

electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or

weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of

corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors

as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and

electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion

of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium

content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the

soil. Special site examination and design may be

needed if the combination of factors results in a severe

hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations that

intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more

susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that

are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil layer.

For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed

as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage

class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field

capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation

extract.

For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed

as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture,

acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation extract.

Physical and Chemical Analyses

of Selected Soils

The results of physical analyses of several typical

pedons in the survey area are given in table 18 and the

results of chemical analyses in table 19. The data are

for soils sampled at carefully selected sites. Unless

otherwise indicated, the pedons are typical of the

series. They are described in the section “Soil Series

and Their Morphology.” Soil samples were analyzed by

the Agronomy and Soils Clay Mineralogy Laboratory,

Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, or by the National

Soil Survey Laboratory, Natural Resources

Conservation Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Most determinations, except those for grain-size

analysis and bulk density, were made on soil material

smaller than 2 millimeters in diameter. Measurements

reported as percent or quantity of unit weight were

calculated on an ovendry basis. The methods used in

obtaining the data are indicated in the list that follows.

The codes in parentheses refer to published methods

(Hajek, Adams, and Cope, 1972; USDA, 1991b).

Sand—(0.05-2.0 mm fraction) weight percentages of

material less than 2 mm (3A1).

Silt—(0.002-0.05 mm fraction) pipette extraction,

weight percentages of all material less than 2 mm

(3A1).

Clay—(fraction less than 0.002 mm) pipette

extraction, weight percentages of material less than 2

mm (3A1).

Extractable bases—method of Hajek, Adams, and

Cope.

Extractable acidity—method of Hajek, Adams, and

Cope.

Cation-exchange capacity—sum of cations (5A3a).

Base saturation—method of Hajek, Adams, and

Cope.

Reaction (pH)—1:1 water dilution (8C1f).

Engineering Index Test Data

Table 20 shows laboratory test data for several

pedons sampled at carefully selected sites in the

survey area. The pedons are representative of the

series described in the section “Soil Series and Their

Morphology.” The soil samples were tested by the

Alabama Highway Department, Bureau of Materials

and Testing, Montgomery, Alabama.

The testing methods generally are those of the

American Association of State Highway and

Transportation Officials (AASHTO) or the American

Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

The tests and methods are AASHTO

classification—M 145 (AASHTO), D 3282 (ASTM);

Unified classification—D 2487 (ASTM); Mechanical

analysis—T 88 (AASHTO), D 422 (ASTM), D 2217

(ASTM); Liquid limit—T 89 (AASHTO), D 4318

(ASTM); Plasticity index—T 90 (AASHTO), D 4318

(ASTM); and Moisture density—T 99 (AASHTO), D

698 (ASTM).
129

The system of soil classification used by the

National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories

(USDA, 1975; USDA, 1996). Beginning with the

broadest, these categories are the order, suborder,

great group, subgroup, family, and series.

Classification is based on soil properties observed in

the field or inferred from those observations or from

laboratory measurements. Table 21 shows the

classification of the soils in the survey area. The

categories are defined in the following paragraphs.

ORDER. Twelve soil orders are recognized. The

differences among orders reflect the dominant soilforming processes and the degree of soil formation.

Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An

example is Ultisol.

SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders

primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil

genesis and are important to plant growth or properties

that reflect the most important variables within the

orders. The last syllable in the name of a suborder

indicates the order. An example is Udult (Ud, meaning

humid, plus ult, from Ultisol).

GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great

groups on the basis of close similarities in kind,

arrangement, and degree of development of pedogenic

horizons; soil moisture and temperature regimes; type

of saturation; and base status. Each great group is

identified by the name of a suborder and by a prefix

that indicates a property of the soil. An example is

Hapludults (Hapl, meaning minimal horizonation, plus

udult, the suborder of the Ultisols that has a udic

moisture regime).

SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic

subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or

extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central

concept of the great group; it is not necessarily the

most extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other

orders, suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have

some properties that are not representative of the

great group but do not indicate transitions to any

other taxonomic class. Each subgroup is identified

by one or more adjectives preceding the name of the

great group. The adjective Typic identifies the

subgroup that typifies the great group. An example

is Typic Hapludults.

FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup

on the basis of physical and chemical properties and

other characteristics that affect management.

Generally, the properties are those of horizons below

plow depth where there is much biological activity.

Among the properties and characteristics considered

are particle size, mineral content, soil temperature

regime, soil depth, and reaction. A family name

consists of the name of a subgroup preceded by terms

that indicate soil properties. An example is fine-loamy,

siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults.

SERIES. The series consists of soils within a family

that have horizons similar in color, texture, structure,

reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical

composition, and arrangement in the profile. An

example is the Cahaba series, which is a member of

the fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic

Hapludults

Soil Series and Their Morphology

In this section, each soil series recognized in the

survey area is described. Characteristics of the soil

and the material in which it formed are identified for

each series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area

of soil, that is typical of the series in the survey area is

described. The detailed description of each soil horizon

follows standards in the “Soil Survey Manual” (USDA,

1993). Many of the technical terms used in the

descriptions are defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (USDA,

1975) and in “Keys to Soil Taxonomy” (USDA, 1996).

Unless otherwise indicated, colors in the descriptions

are for moist soil. Following the pedon description is

the range of important characteristics of the soils in

the series.

The map units of each soil series are described in

the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.”

Annemaine Series

The Annemaine series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils that formed in stratified

clayey and loamy sediments. These soils are on low

stream terraces along the Tombigbee River and other

large streams. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These

Classification of the Soils
130 Soil Survey

soils are fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic

Hapludults.

Annemaine soils are geographically associated with

Cahaba, Izagora, Lenoir, and Urbo soils. Cahaba and

Izagora soils are in the slightly higher landscape

positions and are fine-loamy. The somewhat poorly

drained Lenoir soils are in the slightly lower, less

convex positions. The somewhat poorly drained Urbo

soils are on flood plains adjacent to areas of the

Annemaine soils.

Typical pedon of Annemaine silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded; about 1.5 miles east of

Pennington; 1,900 feet south and 270 feet west of the

northeast corner of sec. 12, T. 14 N., R. 1 E.

Ap—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; weak

medium granular structure; friable; many fine and

medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bt1—4 to 8 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine and medium roots; few faint

clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bt2—8 to 19 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay;

strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

few fine roots; common faint clay films on faces of

peds; common medium distinct yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) and red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt3—19 to 35 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay;

strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

few fine roots; common faint clay films on faces of

peds; many fine and medium distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 4/6) and red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation; common fine and medium distinct

light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt4—35 to 51 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay loam; strong

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine

roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds; many

fine and medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR

6/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation; common fine and medium distinct

light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt5—51 to 62 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay loam; strong

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint

clay films on faces of peds; many fine and medium

light gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; common

medium reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) masses of iron

accumulation; extremely acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt6—62 to 65 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay loam; weak

coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few

faint clay films on faces of peds; many fine and

medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions;

common fine and medium distinct reddish yellow

(7.5YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid.

The solum is more than 40 inches thick. Reaction

ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid throughout

the profile, except where the surface layer has been

limed.

The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. Some pedons have an A

horizon that has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and

chroma of 2 or 3.

The Bt horizon commonly has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR,

value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 6 to 8. In some pedons

the upper part of the horizon has a thin subhorizon that

has hue of 7.5YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 6 to

8. The quantity of redoximorphic accumulations in

shades of red and brown and redoximorphic depletions

in shades of gray ranges from none to common in the

upper part and is common or many in the lower part.

The texture is clay, silty clay, clay loam, or silty clay

loam.

The C horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 2.5YR to

10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 to 8; or it has

no dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades

of gray, brown, and red. It is sandy clay loam, sandy

loam, or loamy sand and is commonly stratified.

Arundel Series

The Arundel series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils that formed in acid, clayey

sediments and the underlying, level-bedded claystone

or siltstone bedrock. These soils are in the uplands on

narrow ridgetops and on side slopes. Slopes range

from 2 to 60 percent. These soils are fine, smectitic,

thermic Typic Hapludults.

Arundel soils are geographically associated with

Cantuche, Lauderdale, Luverne, Rayburn, Smithdale,

and Williamsville soils. Cantuche and Lauderdale soils

are in landscape positions similar to those of the

Arundel soils and are shallow over bedrock. Luverne,

Smithdale, and Williamsville soils are in landscape

positions similar to those of the Arundel soils but

are at higher elevations and do not have bedrock

within a depth of 80 inches. Also, Smithdale soils

are fine-loamy. Rayburn soils are in lower positions

than the Arundel soils and are deep over soft

bedrock.

Typical pedon of Arundel loam, in an area of

Arundel-Cantuche complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes,

stony; 0.5 mile northwest of Ararat; 700 feet south and
Choctaw County, Alabama 131

2,100 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 35, T. 12

N., R. 2 W.

A—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak

medium granular structure; friable; many fine,

medium, and coarse roots; 10 percent pararock

fragments of claystone; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bt1—4 to 13 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; common fine and medium roots; common

distinct reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay films on

faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—13 to 21 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay;

strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

common fine roots; common distinct reddish brown

(5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—21 to 32 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay;

strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

few fine roots; common distinct reddish brown

(5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; common

fine fragments of charcoal; 5 percent pararock

fragments of claystone; common medium distinct

light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) masses of iron

accumulation that are relic redoximorphic features;

very strongly acid; abrupt irregular boundary.

Cr—32 to 80 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) and pale

brown (10YR 6/3), weathered, level-bedded

claystone; massive; very firm; few fine roots

matted in fractures.

The thickness of the solum and the depth to

bedrock range from 20 to 40 inches. Reaction is

extremely acid or very strongly acid throughout the

profile, except where the surface layer has been limed.

The content of pararock fragments ranges from 0 to 15

percent throughout the profile. The fragments consist

mainly of claystone or siltstone, ranging from 1

/4 inch

to 10 inches in diameter.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 1 to 3. It is loam, fine sandy loam, or

sandy loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of

4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. The quantity of

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red and

brown ranges from none to common in the upper part

and from few to many in the lower part. The quantity of

redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray ranges

from none to common. The redoximorphic

accumulations and depletions are believed to be relic

features. The texture is clay or silty clay.

Some pedons have a BC or C horizon having hue of

7.5YR to 5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. The

horizon has few to many redoximorphic accumulations

in shades of red, brown, and yellow and redoximorphic

depletions in shades of gray. It is clay loam, silty clay

loam, clay, or silty clay.

The Cr horizon is weathered siltstone or claystone,

locally known as buhrstone. It is massive or has thick

platy rock structure. It can be cut with hand tools with

difficulty and is rippable by light equipment.

Bibb Series

The Bibb series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils that formed in stratified loamy and sandy

alluvium. These soils are in concave positions on low

parts of narrow flood plains. They are subject to

flooding for brief periods several times each year.

Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. These soils are coarseloamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermic Typic

Fluvaquents.

Bibb soils are geographically associated with Iuka,

Kinston, and Ochlockonee soils. The moderately well

drained Iuka soils and the well drained Ochlockonee

soils are in the slightly higher, more convex positions.

Kinston soils are in positions similar to those of the

Bibb soils and are fine-loamy.

Typical pedon of Bibb fine sandy loam, in an area of

Bibb-Iuka complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently

flooded; about 0.25 mile southeast of West Butler;

1,800 feet north and 50 feet west of the southeast

corner of sec. 25, T. 13 N., R. 4 W.

A—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine

sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; common fine and medium roots; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Cg1—3 to 9 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) sandy loam;

massive; very friable; common medium roots;

common fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of

iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Cg2—9 to 15 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sandy loam;

massive; very friable; common medium roots;

common thin strata of loamy sand; many fine

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and many

medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

masses of iron accumulation; few fine prominent

reddish brown (5YR 5/4) masses of iron

accumulation lining root channels; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Cg3—15 to 45 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

sandy loam; massive; very friable; common

medium roots; common thin strata of loamy

sand; common coarse prominent brownish
132 Soil Survey

yellow (10YR 6/6) irregularly shaped masses of

iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Cg4—45 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

loamy sand; massive; very friable; few medium

roots; common thin strata of sandy loam; very

strongly acid.

Reaction ranges from extremely acid to strongly

acid throughout.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and

chroma of 2 or 3.

The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5

or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few or common

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red and

brown. It is dominantly sandy loam, fine sandy loam,

silt loam, or loam throughout but can be sand, loamy

sand, and loamy fine sand in the lower part. Thin strata

of coarser and finer textured material are throughout

the profile.

Bigbee Series

The Bigbee series consists of very deep,

excessively drained soils that formed in sandy

alluvium. These soils are on low terraces and on high

parts of the natural levees along the Tombigbee River

and other large streams. They are subject to rare

flooding for brief periods during occurrences of

unusually high rainfall. Slopes range from 0 to 5

percent. These soils are thermic, coated Typic

Quartzipsamments.

Bigbee soils are geographically associated with

Cahaba, Latonia, Mooreville, Riverview, and Urbo soils.

Cahaba and Latonia soils are in positions similar to

those of the Bigbee soils on stream terraces and have

a loamy argillic horizon. Mooreville and Riverview soils

are in the slightly lower positions on flood plains and

are fine-loamy. The somewhat poorly drained Urbo soils

are in the lower, more concave positions on flood

plains and have a clayey subsoil.

Typical pedon of Bigbee loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent

slopes, rarely flooded; about 1.5 miles south of Lavaca;

700 feet south and 200 feet west of the northeast

corner of sec. 9, T. 13 N., R. 1 W.

Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loamy sand;

weak fine granular structure; very friable; common

fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

C1—6 to 23 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loamy sand;

single grained; loose; common fine roots; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C2—23 to 45 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

fine sand; single grained; loose; few fine roots; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C3—45 to 59 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sand;

single grained; loose; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

C4—59 to 70 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) sand;

single grained; loose; very strongly acid.

Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile, except in areas where lime has

been applied.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4,

and chroma of 2 to 4.

The upper part of the C horizon has hue of 10YR or

7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 or 5. It is fine

sand or loamy sand. The lower part has hue of 10YR,

value of 6 or 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is sand or fine

sand.

Boswell Series

The Boswell series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils that formed in acid,

clayey marine sediments. These soils are on side

slopes in the uplands in the southern part of the

county. Slopes range from 5 to 12 percent. These soils

are fine, mixed, active, thermic Vertic Paleudalfs.

Boswell soils are geographically associated with

Brantley, Maytag, Okeelala, Oktibbeha, and Sumter

soils. Brantley and Okeelala soils are in higher

landscape positions than those of the Boswell soils.

Brantley soils do not have vertic properties. Okeelala

soils are fine-loamy. Maytag, Oktibbeha, and Sumter

soils are in lower landscape positions than those of the

Boswell soils. Maytag soils are alkaline throughout.

Oktibbeha soils have smectitic mineralogy and are

alkaline in the lower part of the solum. Sumter soils are

moderately deep over soft limestone (chalk) bedrock.

Typical pedon of Boswell fine sandy loam, 5 to 12

percent slopes, eroded; about 2 miles southeast of

Isney; 1,200 feet north and 2,000 feet west of the

southeast corner of sec. 12, T. 9 N., R. 5 W.

Ap—0 to 4 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/3) fine sandy loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

many very fine and fine and few medium roots;

very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bt1—4 to 16 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure parting to

moderate fine subangular blocky; firm; common

very fine and few fine and medium roots; many

pressure faces; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—16 to 22 inches; 40 percent reddish brown (5YR

5/4), 35 percent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2), and

25 percent dark red (2.5YR 3/6) silty clay; strong

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine
Choctaw County, Alabama 133

and medium roots; many pressure faces; few faint

clay films on faces of peds; the dark red areas are

masses of iron accumulation, and the light

brownish gray areas are iron depletions; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btssg1—22 to 38 inches; light brownish gray (10YR

6/2) silty clay; moderate coarse subangular blocky

structure parting to strong medium angular blocky;

firm; few fine and medium roots; common large

intersecting slickensides that have faintly grooved

surfaces; few faint clay films on faces of peds;

many medium prominent dark red (2.5YR 3/6) and

common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR

5/6) masses of iron accumulation; extremely acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Btssg2—38 to 58 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

silty clay; moderate coarse subangular blocky

structure parting to strong medium angular blocky;

firm; few fine and medium roots; common large

slickensides that have prominent grooved

surfaces; few faint clay films on faces of peds; few

fine fragments of ironstone; many coarse

prominent dark red (10R 3/6) and few medium

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation; extremely acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Btssg3—58 to 80 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

clay; moderate medium angular blocky structure;

firm; common large slickensides that have

prominent grooved surfaces; few faint clay films on

faces of peds; few fine fragments of ironstone;

many coarse prominent dark red (10R 3/6) and few

medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

masses of iron accumulation; extremely acid.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction is

very strongly acid or strongly acid in the surface layer

and is extremely acid or very strongly acid in the

subsoil.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,

value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 or 3.

The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR

or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. The

lower part has the same range in colors as the upper

part, or it has no dominant matrix color and is

multicolored in shades of red, brown, and gray. The

quantity of redoximorphic accumulations in shades of

red or brown ranges from none to common. The texture

is clay loam, silty clay, or clay.

The Btssg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or

2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has

common or many redoximorphic accumulations in

shades of red, yellow, and brown. It is clay or silty clay.

The Btss horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 2.5YR,

value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 6 to 8; or it has no

dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of

gray, brown, and red. It has common or many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, brown,

and yellow and redoximorphic depletions in shades of

gray. It is clay or silty clay.

Boykin Series

The Boykin series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in sandy and loamy

sediments. These soils are on ridgetops and side

slopes in the uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 35

percent. These soils are loamy, siliceous, active,

thermic Arenic Paleudults.

Boykin soils are geographically associated with

Luverne, Smithdale, and Wadley soils. Luverne and

Smithdale soils are commonly in slightly lower

positions than those of the Boykin soils and do not

have a thick, sandy epipedon. Wadley soils are in

landscape positions similar to those of the Boykin soils

and have a sandy epipedon that is more than 40

inches thick.

Typical pedon of Boykin loamy fine sand, in an area

of Boykin-Luverne-Smithdale complex, 15 to 35

percent slopes, eroded; about 3 miles west-northwest

of Silas; 900 feet north and 1,600 feet east of the

southwest corner of sec. 34, T. 10 N., R. 4 W.

A—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loamy

fine sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

many fine, common medium, and few coarse

roots; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

E1—3 to 23 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

loamy fine sand; single grained; loose; common

fine and few medium and coarse roots; moderately

acid; clear smooth boundary.

E2—23 to 33 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

loamy fine sand; single grained; loose; common

very fine and few fine and medium roots; few

medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses

of iron accumulation; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bt1—33 to 48 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine and medium roots;

common faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—48 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) fine

sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few very fine roots; sand

grains coated and bridged with clay; common

coarse faint yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation that are relic redoximorphic features;

very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
134 Soil Survey

Bt3—60 to 80 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy

clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; firm; common faint clay films on faces of

peds; few fine prominent light gray (10YR 7/2) iron

depletions; common medium faint yellowish red

(5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; the iron

depletions and masses of iron accumulation are

relic redoximorphic features; very strongly acid.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction

ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid

throughout the profile, except in areas where lime has

been applied.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or

5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5

or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is loamy sand or loamy

fine sand.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of

4 or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. The quantity of

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, yellow,

and brown ranges from none to common. The

accumulations are assumed to be relic features. The

texture is fine sandy loam or sandy clay loam.

Brantley Series

The Brantley series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in clayey and loamy

sediments. These soils are on narrow ridgetops,

benches, and dissected side slopes in the uplands in

the southern part of the county. Slopes range from 3 to

60 percent. These soils are fine, mixed, active, thermic

Ultic Hapludalfs.

Brantley soils are geographically associated with

Boswell, Hannon, Maytag, Okeelala, Sumter, and

Toxey soils. Boswell and Hannon soils are in landscape

positions similar to those of the Brantley series but are

at slightly lower elevations and have vertic properties.

Maytag and Sumter soils are commonly in higher

positions than those of the Brantley soils and are

calcareous throughout. Okeelala soils are in landscape

positions similar to those of the Brantley soils and are

fine-loamy. Toxey soils are in landscape positions

similar to those of the Brantley soils but are at slightly

higher elevations, are alkaline within a depth of 10 to

35 inches, and have vertic properties.

Typical pedon of Brantley loam, in an area of

Brantley-Okeelala complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes,

eroded; about 4.3 miles south of Melvin; 500 feet south

and 400 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 2, T.

10 N., R. 5 W.

A—0 to 2 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam;

moderate fine granular structure; friable; common

fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

BA—2 to 4 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay loam;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; common fine and medium roots;

common medium distinct dark brown (10YR 3/3)

organic stains on faces of peds; very strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—4 to 15 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; weak coarse

prismatic structure parting to strong fine and

medium subangular blocky; firm; common fine and

few medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—15 to 23 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; few fine and medium roots;

common faint clay films on faces of peds; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—23 to 34 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine and medium roots;

common distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) clay films on

faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt4—34 to 54 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) sandy

clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; few medium roots; common

distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) clay films on faces of

peds; few medium distinct light yellowish brown

(10YR 6/4) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C—54 to 65 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy

loam; massive; friable; few medium distinct

yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60

inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile, except where the surface layer

has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,

value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is fine sandy

loam or loam.

The BA horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR to

10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is sandy

clay loam or clay loam.

The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR

to 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is

clay loam or clay. The lower part has hue of 5YR or

7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. It is

sandy clay loam or clay loam. In the Bt horizon, the

quantity of redoximorphic accumulations in shades of

brown, red, or yellow ranges from none to common.

The BC horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR to

10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. The
Choctaw County, Alabama 135

quantity of redoximorphic accumulations in shades of

brown or red ranges from none to common. The texture

is sandy clay loam or clay loam.

The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8; or it has no dominant matrix

color and is multicolored in shades of brown, red, and

yellow. It is sandy loam or sandy clay loam.

Cahaba Series

The Cahaba series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in loamy and sandy alluvium.

These soils are on low stream terraces. They are

subject to rare flooding during periods of unusually

heavy or prolonged rainfall. Slopes range from 0 to 2

percent. These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous,

semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults.

Cahaba soils are geographically associated with

Annemaine, Bigbee, Izagora, Latonia, Lenoir, and Urbo

soils. The moderately well drained Annemaine and

Izagora soils are in the slightly lower, less convex

positions. Annemaine soils have a clayey argillic

horizon. Izagora soils have a brownish subsoil. Bigbee

soils are in the slightly higher positions on natural

levees and are sandy throughout. Latonia soils are in

positions similar to those of the Cahaba soils and are

coarse-loamy. The somewhat poorly drained Lenoir

soils are in the lower positions and have a clayey

argillic horizon. The somewhat poorly drained Urbo

soils are on flood plains.

Typical pedon of Cahaba sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded; about 2.5 miles southeast of

Lavaca; 600 feet north and 300 feet east of the

southwest corner of sec. 10, T. 13 N., R. 1 W.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; few fine and medium roots; moderately

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

E—9 to 13 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy

loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; few

fine and medium roots; slightly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt1—13 to 22 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) sandy

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few medium roots; common faint

clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bt2—22 to 29 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few medium roots; common faint

clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bt3—29 to 38 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few medium roots; common faint clay films

on faces of peds; common medium faint yellowish

red (5YR 5/8) and few medium distinct reddish

yellow (7.5YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation

that are relic redoximorphic features; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

BC—38 to 50 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine flakes of mica; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

C—50 to 62 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) fine

sandy loam; massive; very friable; common fine

flakes of mica; strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 36 to 60

inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to

moderately acid throughout the profile, except where

the surface layer has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR, value

of 5, and chroma of 6 to 8; or it has hue of 10YR, value

of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is fine sandy loam or

sandy loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. It is loam, sandy clay loam,

or clay loam.

The BC horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 2.5YR to

7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. It is fine

sandy loam or sandy loam. In some pedons it has few

or common redoximorphic accumulations in shades of

yellow and brown. The accumulations are assumed to

be relic features.

The C horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is commonly stratified

with sandy and loamy material or has texture of fine

sandy loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand. In some

pedons it has few or common redoximorphic

accumulations in shades of yellow and brown. The

accumulations are assumed to be relic features.

Cantuche Series

The Cantuche series consists of shallow, well

drained soils that formed in material weathered from

claystone or siltstone. These soils are on steep or very

steep side slopes in highly dissected uplands. Slopes

range from 25 to 60 percent. These soils are loamyskeletal, mixed, active, acid, thermic, shallow Typic

Udorthents.

Cantuche soils are commonly associated with

Arundel, Lauderdale, Luverne, Rayburn, and Smithdale

soils. Arundel soils are in landscape positions similar

to those of the Cantuche soils, are moderately deep

over bedrock, and have a clayey argillic horizon.
136 Soil Survey

Lauderdale soils are on ridgetops and have an argillic

horizon. Luverne and Smithdale soils are in positions

similar to those of the Cantuche soils but are at higher

or lower elevations and are very deep. Rayburn soils

are in the lower positions and are deep over bedrock.

Typical pedon of Cantuche very channery sandy

loam, in an area of Arundel-Cantuche complex, 25 to

60 percent slopes, stony; about 0.5 mile northwest of

Ararat; 600 feet south and 2,200 feet east of the

northwest corner of sec. 35, T. 12 N., R. 2 W.

A1—0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very

channery sandy loam; weak fine granular structure;

very friable; many fine and medium roots; 35

percent pararock fragments of siltstone; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

A2—6 to 11 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) very

channery loam; friable; common fine and medium

roots; 40 percent pararock fragments of siltstone;

very strongly acid; irregular wavy boundary.

Cr—11 to 80 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/3) and light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) level-bedded siltstone;

massive; very firm; common fine roots in fractures,

which are 6 to 10 inches apart.

The depth to bedrock ranges from 10 to 20 inches.

Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile.

The A or A1 horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or

4, and chroma of 1 to 3. The A2 horizon, if it occurs,

has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma

of 2 or 3. The texture is very channery sandy loam,

extremely channery sandy loam, very channery loam,

or extremely channery loam.

The Cr is weathered siltstone or claystone, locally

known as buhrstone. It is massive or has thick platy

rock structure. It can be cut with hand tools with

difficulty and is rippable by light equipment.

Conecuh Series

The Conecuh series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils that formed in clayey

marine sediments. These soils are on side slopes in

the uplands in the northern part of the county. Slopes

range from 3 to 8 percent. These soils are fine,

smectitic, thermic Vertic Hapludults.

Conecuh soils are geographically associated with

Halso, Luverne, and Smithdale soils. The Halso and

Smithdale soils are in the higher positions on ridgetops

adjacent to areas of the Conecuh soils. Halso soils

have shale bedrock within a depth of 40 to 60 inches.

Smithdale soils are fine-loamy. Luverne soils are in

landscape positions similar to those of the Conecuh

soils, are well drained, and have mixed clay mineralogy.

Typical pedon of Conecuh loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes, eroded; about 3 miles northeast of Butler;

2,000 feet south and 1,000 feet west of the northeast

corner of sec. 2, T. 13 N., R. 2 W.

Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; many fine and few medium roots; very

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—5 to 13 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; strong fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few

fine and coarse roots; many distinct reddish brown

(5YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—13 to 20 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate

fine and medium angular blocky structure; firm; few

fine roots; few pressure faces; common distinct

reddish brown (5YR 5/4) clay films on faces of

peds; common fine and medium distinct light olive

brown (2.5Y 5/3) iron depletions; very strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—20 to 27 inches; 40 percent light brownish gray

(2.5Y 6/2), 30 percent reddish brown (5YR 5/4), 20

percent red (2.5YR 4/6), and 10 percent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; moderate coarse

subangular blocky structure; firm; few pressure

faces; few faint clay films on faces of peds; the

light brownish gray areas are iron depletions and

the reddish and brownish areas are masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Btssg1—27 to 41 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

clay; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure;

firm; few large intersecting slickensides that have

faintly grooved surfaces; few faint clay films on

faces of peds; common fine and medium distinct

red (2.5YR 4/6), reddish brown (5YR 5/4), and

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Btssg2—41 to 48 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

clay; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

firm; common large intersecting slickensides that

have distinctly grooved surfaces; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; few fine prominent red

(2.5YR 4/6) and common medium distinct strong

brown (7.5YR 5/8) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Cg1—48 to 58 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) clay;

massive; firm; few fine soft black (10YR 2/1)

masses (iron and manganese oxides); common

medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.
Choctaw County, Alabama 137

Cg2—58 to 76 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) clay

loam; massive; firm; few medium distinct dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/6), strong brown (7.5YR

5/8), and light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) masses

of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

Cr—76 to 80 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) clayey

shale; moderate medium platy rock structure; very

firm; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60

inches. The depth to soft shale bedrock is more than

60 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly

acid throughout the profile, except where the surface

layer has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 3 or 4.

The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR

or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The

quantity of redoximorphic accumulations in shades of

red and brown ranges from none to common. The lower

part of the Bt horizon has the same range in color as

the upper part, or it has no dominant matrix color and

is multicolored in shades of gray, brown, and red. The

quantity of redoximorphic accumulations in shades of

red and brown and redoximorphic depletions in shades

of gray is common or many. The texture is clay or silty

clay. In some pedons the upper part of the Bt horizon

has a thin layer of clay loam.

The Btssg horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 5

or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, brown,

and yellow. It is clay or silty clay.

The Cg horizon has the same range in color as the

Btssg horizon. It has few or common redoximorphic

accumulations in shades of brown and yellow. It is clay

loam, silty clay, or clay. The content of shale fragments

ranges from 0 to 15 percent.

The Cr horizon, if it occurs, is clayey shale. It has

platy rock structure. It can be cut with hand tools and

is rippable by light machinery.

Deerford Series

The Deerford series consists of very deep,

somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in loamy

sediments that contain appreciable amounts of

exchangeable sodium. These soils are on low terraces

and are subject to occasional flooding for brief periods.

Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are finesilty, mixed, active, thermic Albic Glossic Natraqualfs.

The Deerford soils in this survey area are

taxadjuncts to the Deerford series because the

exchangeable sodium percentage in the upper part of

the argillic horizon and the content of sand that is

coarser than very fine sand in the particle-size control

section are higher than is defined as the range of the

series. These differences, however, do not significantly

affect the use, management, or interpretations of the

soils. The Deerford soils in this survey area are fineloamy, mixed, active, thermic Albic Glossic

Natraqualfs.

Deerford soils are geographically associated with

Izagora, Kinston, and McCrory soils. Izagora soils are

on stream terraces at higher elevations than the

Deerford soils and do not have a natric horizon. The

poorly drained Kinston soils are on flood plains. The

poorly drained McCrory soils are in slightly lower, more

concave positions than those of the Deerford soils.

Typical pedon of Deerford loam, in an area of

McCrory-Deerford complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

occasionally flooded; about 3.25 miles southwest of

Jachin; 2,600 feet south and 100 feet west of the

northeast corner of sec. 17, T. 14 N., R. 2 W.

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many

fine and medium roots; extremely acid; clear

smooth boundary.

E—3 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very fine

sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common fine and medium

roots; common fine and medium faint pale brown

(10YR 6/3) masses of iron accumulation; strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

E/B—7 to 10 inches; 60 percent light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) very fine sandy loam (E); weak coarse

subangular blocky structure; very friable; 40

percent pale brown (10YR 6/3) very fine sandy

loam (B); weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common fine roots; common

fine faint light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) masses

of iron accumulation; strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Btn1—10 to 20 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6)

sandy clay loam; strong coarse columnar structure;

firm; common fine and very fine roots; continuous

faint clay films on vertical faces of peds; thin

seams of light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) very

fine sandy loam (E material) between columns; few

fine soft black masses (iron and manganese

oxides); many coarse distinct light gray (10YR 6/1)

iron depletions; common medium distinct yellowish

brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation;

slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btn2—20 to 27 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3)

sandy clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic

structure parting to moderate medium subangular

blocky; firm; few fine roots; continuous faint clay

films on vertical faces of peds; thin seams of light
138 Soil Survey

gray (10YR 7/2) very fine sandy loam between

prisms; few fine soft black masses (iron and

manganese oxides); many fine and medium

distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) iron

depletions; common fine distinct olive yellow (2.5Y

6/6) masses of iron accumulation; slightly alkaline;

clear wavy boundary.

Btn3—27 to 35 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) clay

loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting

to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm;

continuous faint clay films on vertical faces of

peds; thin seams of light gray (10YR 7/2) very fine

sandy loam between prisms; few fine soft black

masses (iron and manganese oxides); many

medium and coarse faint light brownish gray (2.5Y

6/2) iron depletions; common medium prominent

yellowish red (5YR 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR

5/6) masses of iron accumulation; moderately

alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

Btng—35 to 49 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to

moderate medium subangular blocky; firm;

continuous faint clay films on vertical faces of

peds; many medium distinct light olive brown (2.5Y

5/4) and olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) masses of iron

accumulation; moderately alkaline; clear wavy

boundary.

BC—49 to 61 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

very fine sandy loam; weak coarse subangular

blocky structure; friable; common fine faint light

yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) and common medium

distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; moderately alkaline; clear wavy

boundary.

C—61 to 80 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/1) very fine

sandy loam; massive; very friable; common fine

and medium distinct light yellowish brown (2.5Y

6/4) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) masses

of iron accumulation; moderately alkaline.

The solum is more than 40 inches thick.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and

chroma of 2 or 3. It is extremely acid to strongly acid.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5

or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. The quantity of

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and

red ranges from none to common. The texture is very

fine sandy loam or fine sandy loam. Reaction is very

strongly acid or strongly acid.

The E part of the E/B horizon, if it occurs, has hue

of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is

very fine sandy loam or fine sandy loam. The B part

has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma

of 3 to 6. The E/B horizon has few or common

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and

red and redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray.

The texture is very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam,

or sandy clay loam. Reaction is very strongly acid or

strongly acid.

The Btn horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5

or 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. It has common or many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown,

yellow, and red and redoximorphic depletions in shades

of gray. It is sandy clay loam or clay loam. Reaction

ranges from strongly acid to slightly acid in the upper

part and from neutral to moderately alkaline in the

lower part.

The Btng horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5

to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has common or many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown,

yellow, and red. It is loam, sandy clay loam, or clay

loam. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to moderately

alkaline.

The BC and C horizons have colors similar to those

of the Btng horizon. They have common or many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown,

yellow, and red. The texture is very fine sandy loam,

loam, or sandy clay loam. Reaction ranges from neutral

to moderately alkaline.

Freest Series

The Freest series consists of very deep, moderately

well drained soils that formed in loamy and clayey

sediments. These soils are on stream terraces in the

southern part of the county. Slopes range from 0 to 2

percent. These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous, active,

thermic Aquic Paleudalfs.

Freest soils are geographically associated with

Boswell, Brantley, Leeper, and Okeelala soils. Boswell,

Brantley, and Okeelala soils are on side slopes at the

higher elevations. Boswell and Brantley soils have a

clayey argillic horizon. Okeelala soils are fine-loamy.

The somewhat poorly drained Leeper soils are on flood

plains adjacent to areas of the Freest soils.

Typical pedon of Freest fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes; about 2.5 miles west of Toxey; 1,200

feet north and 2,400 feet east of the southwest corner

of sec. 23, T. 11 N., R. 4 W.

A—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine

sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; many fine and medium roots; strongly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

E—3 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam;

weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very

friable; many fine, medium, and coarse roots;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

BE—6 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine

sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky
Choctaw County, Alabama 139

structure; very friable; common fine and few

medium and coarse roots; strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bt1—12 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and few medium

roots; common faint clay films on faces of peds;

very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—18 to 29 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; few fine and medium roots;

common faint clay films on faces of peds; few fine

distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron

depletions; common medium prominent red (2.5YR

4/6) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—29 to 46 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

firm; few fine roots; common faint clay films on

faces of peds; many medium and coarse distinct

gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; few fine and

medium distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt4—46 to 61 inches; 40 percent strong brown (7.5YR

5/6), 35 percent gray (10YR 6/1), and 25 percent

dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay; weak coarse subangular

blocky structure; firm; common faint clay films on

faces of peds; few distinct light gray (10YR 7/1)

clay depletions on faces of peds; the areas of

strong brown and dark red are masses of iron

accumulation; the areas of gray are iron

depletions; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt5—61 to 80 inches; 40 percent light gray (5Y 7/2), 40

percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), and 20 percent

reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) clay; weak coarse

subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; the areas of light gray are

iron depletions; the areas of strong brown and

reddish brown are masses of iron accumulation;

very strongly acid.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 or 3. It is very strongly acid or

strongly acid, except in areas where lime has been

applied.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and

chroma of 3 or 4. It is sandy loam or fine sandy loam.

It is very strongly acid or strongly acid.

The BE horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value

of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is sandy loam, fine

sandy loam, or loam. It very strongly acid or strongly

acid.

The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 10YR,

value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 6. The quantity of

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and

red and redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray

ranges from none to common. The texture is clay loam,

sandy clay loam, or loam. Reaction ranges from very

strongly acid to moderately acid.

The lower part of the Bt horizon commonly has no

distinct matrix color and is multicolored in shades of

gray, brown, and red. The texture is clay loam or clay.

Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately

acid.

Halso Series

The Halso series consists of deep, moderately well

drained soils that formed in clayey sediments and the

underlying clayey shale. These soils are on ridgetops in

uplands in the northern part of the county. Slopes

range from 1 to 3 percent. These soils are fine,

smectitic, thermic Vertic Hapludults.

Halso soils are geographically associated with

Conecuh, Luverne, and Smithdale soils. Conecuh soils

are on side slopes adjacent to areas of the Halso soils

and are very deep over bedrock. Luverne soils are in

landscape positions similar to those of the Halso soils,

have mixed mineralogy, and are very deep. Smithdale

soils are in higher positions than those of the Halso

soils and are fine-loamy.

Typical pedon of Halso silt loam, 1 to 3 percent

slopes; about 3 miles northeast of Butler; 2,650 feet

south and 1,000 feet east of the northwest corner of

sec. 2, T. 13 N., R. 2 W.

Ap1—0 to 2 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt

loam; moderate fine granular structure; friable;

many very fine and fine and few medium roots;

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Ap2—2 to 6 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay

loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky

structure; firm; common fine and few medium

roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—6 to 12 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; strong fine

subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine and

few medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—12 to 22 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; common medium and coarse prominent

brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and many medium

distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation; few fine and medium prominent light

brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) iron depletions; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
140 Soil Survey

Bt3—22 to 30 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay;

weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few

fine roots; many medium and coarse prominent

light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) iron depletions; many

medium distinct red (2.5YR 4/8) and few medium

prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of

iron accumulation; extremely acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Cg—30 to 45 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

clay loam; massive; firm; common fine fragments

of shale; many medium faint light yellowish brown

(2.5Y 6/3) and few medium distinct yellowish

brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation;

extremely acid; abrupt irregular boundary.

Cr—45 to 80 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

clayey shale; strong medium platy rock structure;

common fine fractures in the upper part; very firm;

common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/6) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

masses of iron accumulation on faces of peds;

extremely acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 25 to 50

inches. The depth to soft shale bedrock ranges from 40

to 60 inches. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to

strongly acid throughout the profile, except where the

surface layer has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value

of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is silt loam or silty

clay loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The quantity of

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, brown,

and yellow and redoximorphic depletions in shades of

gray ranges from none to common in the upper part of

the Bt horizon and is common or many in the lower

part. The texture is dominantly clay or silty clay. In

some pedons, however, the upper part of the horizon

has a thin layer of clay loam.

The Cg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR to 5Y,

value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has common or

many redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red,

brown, and yellow. It is clay, clay loam, or silty clay

loam. Some pedons have a thin BC or CB horizon that

is similar in color and texture to the Cg horizon.

The Cr horizon is clayey shale. It is massive or has

platy rock structure. It can be cut with hand tools and

is rippable by light machinery.

Hannon Series

The Hannon series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils that formed in marine

sediments consisting of thin strata of acid clay

overlying strata of alkaline loamy and clayey

sediments and chalk and marl. These soils are on

narrow ridgetops and on benches in the uplands in the

southwestern part of the county. Slopes range from 3

to 8 percent. These soils are fine, smectitic, thermic

Chromic Hapluderts.

Hannon soils are geographically associated with

Brantley, Okeelala, and Toxey soils. Brantley soils are

acid throughout. They are in the slightly higher

positions on ridgetops or in the lower positions on side

slopes. Okeelala soils are in the lower side slope

positions and are fine-loamy. Toxey soils are in

positions similar to those of the Hannon soils and do

not have an argillic horizon.

Typical pedon of Hannon clay, in an area of ToxeyBrantley-Hannon complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes,

eroded; about 4.2 miles south of Melvin; 300 feet south

and 1,600 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 2, T.

10 N., R. 5 W.

A—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm;

common fine and medium roots; very strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

Btss1—3 to 13 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; weak

coarse prismatic structure parting to strong fine

and medium angular blocky; firm; common fine and

few medium roots; few large intersecting

slickensides that have faintly grooved surfaces;

strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Btss2—13 to 24 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; weak

coarse angular blocky structure; firm; few fine and

medium roots; common large intersecting

slickensides that have distinctly grooved surfaces;

common medium distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y

6/2) iron depletions on faces of peds; common

medium and coarse prominent light yellowish

brown (2.5Y 6/4) masses of iron accumulation

on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bkss—24 to 29 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4)

clay; weak coarse angular blocky structure parting

to moderate fine and medium angular blocky; firm;

few fine and medium roots; common large

intersecting slickensides that have distinct

grooved surfaces; few fine and medium soft

masses of calcium carbonate; common coarse

distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; many coarse prominent very dark

gray (5Y 3/1) stains (iron and manganese oxides)

on faces of peds; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth

boundary.

C1—29 to 36 inches; olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) clay loam;

massive; common fine and medium soft masses

of calcium carbonate; common medium distinct

light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) masses of iron
Choctaw County, Alabama 141

accumulation; strongly effervescent; moderately

alkaline; clear smooth boundary.

C2—36 to 80 inches; stratified olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6)

clay loam and light gray (2.5Y 7/2) silty clay loam;

weak thick platy rock structure; common fine and

medium soft masses of calcium carbonate;

common medium and coarse dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; violently

effervescent; moderately alkaline.

The depth to an alkaline horizon ranges from 15 to

30 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3

or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. It is very strongly acid or

strongly acid.

The Btss horizon, or Bt horizon, if it occurs, has hue

of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to

8. The quantity of redoximorphic depletions in shades

of gray and redoximorphic accumulations in shades of

brown and red ranges from none to common. The

texture is clay or silty clay. Reaction ranges from

strongly acid to slightly acid.

The Bkss horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 5

or 6, and chroma of 4 to 6. It has few or common soft

masses of calcium carbonate. The quantity of

redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray and

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and

red ranges from none to common. The texture is clay

or silty clay. Reaction is slightly alkaline or moderately

alkaline.

The C horizon is commonly stratified. It has hue of

2.5Y or 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 6. The

texture ranges from sandy loam to clay. The horizon is

massive or has platy rock structure. It has common or

many soft masses of calcium carbonate. The quantity

of redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray and

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown

and red ranges from none to common. Reaction is

slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline. In some

pedons, the C horizon has thin strata of chalk, marl,

or shell.

Iuka Series

The Iuka series consists of very deep, moderately

well drained soils that formed in stratified loamy and

sandy alluvium. These soils are on flood plains. They

are subject to frequent flooding for brief periods several

times each year. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. These soils

are coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermic

Aquic Udifluvents.

Iuka soils are geographically associated with Bibb,

Cahaba, Izagora, Kinston, and Ochlockonee soils. The

poorly drained Bibb and Kinston soils are in the slightly

lower, more concave positions on flood plains. Cahaba

and Izagora soils are on stream terraces adjacent to

areas of the Iuka soils and are fine-loamy. The well

drained Ochlockonee soils are in the slightly higher

positions on flood plains.

Typical pedon of Iuka fine sandy loam, in an area of

Ochlockonee, Kinston, and Iuka soils, 0 to 1 percent

slopes, frequently flooded; about 3.75 miles southwest

of Jachin; 1,000 feet north and 2,100 feet west of the

southeast corner of sec. 17, T. 14 N., R. 2 W.

A—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam;

weak medium granular structure; very friable; many

fine, medium, and coarse roots; very strongly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

C1—6 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

fine sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; many fine, medium, and

coarse roots; many coarse distinct light yellowish

brown (2.5Y 6/3) iron depletions; few medium

distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

C2—15 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine

sandy loam; massive; very friable; common fine

and medium roots; few fine brown and black

concretions (iron and manganese oxides); common

medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron

depletions; common medium faint yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C3—22 to 32 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam;

massive; friable; common fine roots; few fine brown

and black concretions (iron and manganese

oxides); common medium distinct light brownish

gray (10YR 6/2) and common medium faint brown

(10YR 5/3) iron depletions; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Cg—32 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

loam; massive; friable; few fine roots; many

medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid.

Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile, except where the surface layer

has been limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or

4, and chroma of 2 or 3.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR and value and

chroma of 4 to 6. It has few to many redoximorphic

accumulations in shades of yellow, brown, and red and

redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray. It is loam,

fine sandy loam, or sandy loam.

The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5

or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has common or many
142 Soil Survey

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, red,

and yellow. It is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or

silt loam.

Izagora Series

The Izagora series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils that formed in loamy

alluvial sediments. These soils are on low stream

terraces along the Tombigbee River and other major

streams. They are subject to rare flooding during

periods of unusually heavy or prolonged rainfall.

Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are

fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aquic

Paleudults.

Izagora soils are geographically associated with

Annemaine, Cahaba, Kinston, Lenoir, and McCrory

soils. Annemaine soils are in the slightly lower

positions and have a clayey argillic horizon. The poorly

drained Kinston soils are on flood plains. Cahaba soils

are in the slightly higher positions and have a reddish

argillic horizon. The somewhat poorly drained Lenoir

soils are in the slightly lower positions and have a

clayey argillic horizon. The poorly drained McCrory

soils are in the lower positions and have a natric

horizon.

Typical pedon of Izagora fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded; about 2.2 miles southsoutheast of Jachin; 2,500 feet north and 100 feet east

of the southwest corner of sec. 11, T. 14 N., R. 2 W.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam;

weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very

friable; many fine and very fine and few medium

roots; few charcoal fragments; very strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

E—7 to 13 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

very friable; common fine and medium roots;

common charcoal fragments; common medium

faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron depletions; few

fine distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of

iron accumulation; strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bt1—13 to 22 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8)

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films

on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—22 to 27 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to

moderate medium subangular blocky; friable;

common fine roots; common faint clay films on

faces of peds; few fine black concretions (iron and

manganese oxides); common light gray (10YR 7/2)

clay depletions on vertical faces of peds; common

medium distinct brown (10YR 5/3) and common

fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron

depletions; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR

5/6) masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—27 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting

to moderate medium subangular blocky; friable;

common fine roots; common faint clay films on

faces of peds; common light gray (10YR 7/2) clay

depletions on vertical faces of peds; common

medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

and red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation;

common medium distinct light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) iron depletions; strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bt4—36 to 47 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure

parting to moderate coarse subangular blocky;

firm; slightly brittle; common faint clay films on

faces of peds; common light gray (10YR 7/2) clay

depletions on faces of peds; common light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; many

medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and red

(2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt5—47 to 55 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty

clay loam; moderate medium prismatic structure

parting to moderate medium subangular blocky;

firm; common faint clay films on faces of peds;

common light gray (10YR 7/2) clay depletions on

faces of peds; common medium distinct light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; common

medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/8) and common

medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bt6—55 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty

clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting

to moderate medium subangular blocky; friable;

common faint clay films on faces of peds;

common medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron

depletions; common medium distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) and prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses

of iron accumulation; very strongly acid.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction

ranges from extremely acid to moderately acid

throughout the profile, except where the surface layer

has been limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 to 4.
Choctaw County, Alabama 143

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y,

value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. The texture is

sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam.

The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or

2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It has few

or common redoximorphic accumulations in shades of

brown and red and redoximorphic depletions in shades

of gray. It is loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam.

The lower part of the Bt horizon has colors similar to

those in the upper part, or it has no dominant matrix

color and is multicolored in shades of brown, gray, red,

and yellow. The extent of the gray increases with depth.

The lower part of the Bt horizon is clay loam, silty clay

loam, or clay.

Kinston Series

The Kinston series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils that formed in stratified alluvium. These

soils are in flat or concave positions on flood plains

along large streams. They are subject to frequent

flooding for brief periods several times each year. Slopes

are 0 to 1 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous,

semiactive, acid, thermic Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts.

Kinston soils are geographically associated with

Bigbee, Iuka, Izagora, McCrory, and Ochlockonee

soils. Bigbee soils are in the higher positions and are

sandy throughout. The moderately well drained Iuka

soils and the well drained Ochlockonee soils are in the

higher positions on flood plains and are coarse-loamy.

Izagora and McCrory soils are on stream terraces

adjacent to areas of the Kinston soil. Izagora soils are

moderately well drained. McCrory soils have a natric

horizon.

Typical pedon of Kinston fine sandy loam, in an area

of Ochlockonee, Kinston, and Iuka soils, 0 to 1 percent

slopes, frequently flooded; about 0.25 mile northwest

of Okatuppa; 1,000 feet north and 900 feet west of the

southeast corner of sec. 5, T. 11 N., R. 4 W.

A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

fine sandy loam; weak medium granular structure;

very friable; common fine and medium roots; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—2 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine

sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common medium roots;

common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

and very pale brown (10YR 7/4) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bg1—4 to 12 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

loam; massive; very friable; common medium

roots; common medium prominent strong brown

(7.5YR 4/6) and yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of

iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bg2—12 to 15 inches; greenish gray (5G 6/1) sandy

clay loam; massive; friable; common fine, medium,

and coarse roots; common fine, medium, and

coarse prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) and dark

red (2.5YR 3/6) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bg3—15 to 29 inches; greenish gray (5G 5/1) sandy

clay loam; massive; friable; few medium and

coarse roots; many medium prominent yellowish

brown (10YR 5/6) and red (2.5YR 4/8) masses of

iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bg4—29 to 33 inches; greenish gray (5BG 5/1) clay

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; few medium and coarse distinct yellowish

brown (10YR 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Cg—33 to 60 inches; dark bluish gray (5B 4/1) clay

loam; massive; firm; common fine and medium

prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid.

Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and

chroma of 1 or 2.

The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5G, value of 5

or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow,

brown, and red. It is sandy loam, loam, sandy clay

loam, or clay loam.

The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5B, value of 4 to

6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few or common

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow,

brown, and red. It is sandy loam, loam, sandy clay

loam, or clay loam. Some pedons have strata of sand,

loamy sand, or silt loam below a depth of 40 inches.

Latonia Series

The Latonia series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in loamy and sandy alluvium.

These soils are on low terraces along the Tombigbee

River and other large streams. Latonia soils are subject

to rare flooding during periods of unusually heavy or

prolonged rainfall. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.

These soils are coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive,

thermic Typic Hapludults.

Latonia soils are geographically associated with

Bigbee, Cahaba, Izagora, Lenoir, and Urbo soils.

Bigbee and Cahaba soils are in positions similar to

those of the Latonia soils. Bigbee soils are sandy
144 Soil Survey

throughout. Cahaba soils are fine-loamy. The

moderately well drained Izagora soils are in the slightly

lower positions and are fine-loamy. The somewhat

poorly drained Lenior soils are in the lower positions

and have a clayey argillic horizon. The somewhat

poorly drained Urbo soils are on flood plains.

Typical pedon of Latonia loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded; about 1 mile southeast of

Lavaca; 2,000 feet south and 2,200 feet west of the

northeast corner of sec. 3, T. 13 N., R. 1 W.

Ap—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loamy sand; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; few fine and medium roots; strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

BA—6 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy

loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very

friable; few fine roots; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt1—15 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few faint clay films on faces

of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—36 to 43 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few faint clay films on faces

of peds; sand grains coated and bridged with clay;

strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

C1—43 to 53 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

loamy sand; massive; very friable; common fine

streaks of very pale brown (10YR 7/3) sand grains;

very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

C2—53 to 68 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) sand;

single grained; loose; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 28 to 65

inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile, except where the surface layer

has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The BA or BE horizon, which occurs in most

pedons, has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma

of 4 to 6. The texture is sandy loam or fine sandy loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy loam, fine

sandy loam, or loam.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and

chroma of 4 to 8. It is loamy sand or sand.

Lauderdale Series

The Lauderdale series consists of shallow, well

drained soils that formed in residuum derived from

claystone or siltstone. These soils are in the uplands in

the central and southern parts of the county. They are

on narrow ridges and on shoulder slopes. Slopes range

from 2 to 10 percent. These soils are loamy, mixed,

active, thermic, shallow Typic Hapludults.

Lauderdale soils are geographically associated with

Arundel, Cantuche, Luverne, Smithdale, and

Williamsville soils. Arundel soils are in the lower

positions on steep side slopes and in positions on

ridges similar to those of the Lauderdale soils. Arundel

soils are moderately deep over bedrock and have a

clayey subsoil. Cantuche soils are in the lower

positions on steep side slopes. They do not have an

argillic horizon. Luverne, Smithdale, and Williamsville

soils are very deep over bedrock and are in positions

similar to those of the Lauderdale soils but at higher

elevations.

Typical pedon of Lauderdale silt loam, in an area of

Lauderdale-Arundel complex, 2 to 10 percent slopes,

stony, eroded; about 3.25 miles north of Bladon

Springs; 800 feet south and 800 feet east of the

northwest corner of sec. 7, T. 9 N., R. 2 W.

A—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt

loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many

fine and medium and few coarse roots; about 5

percent pararock fragments of siltstone; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—3 to 7 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine, medium, and

coarse roots; common faint clay films on faces of

peds; about 10 percent pararock fragments of

siltstone; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—7 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common faint clay films on faces

of peds; about 10 percent pararock fragments of

siltstone; extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Cr—16 to 80 inches; weathered grayish brown (10YR

5/2) and yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) siltstone;

massive; level-bedded; very firm; common fine,

medium, and coarse roots in fractures.

The thickness of the solum and the depth to

bedrock range from 10 to 20 inches. Reaction is

extremely acid or very strongly acid throughout the

profile.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and

chroma of 2 or 3. The content of pararock fragments

ranges from 5 to 15 percent.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is silty clay loam, clay

loam, or sandy clay loam. The content of pararock

fragments ranges from 5 to 15 percent.

The Cr horizon is weathered siltstone or claystone,
Choctaw County, Alabama 145

locally known as buhrstone. It is massive or has thick

platy rock structure. It can be excavated with difficulty

with hand tools and is rippable by light machinery.

Leeper Series

The Leeper series consists of very deep, somewhat

poorly drained soils that formed in clayey alluvium.

These soils are on flood plains and are subject to

flooding for brief periods several times each year,

mainly during winter and spring. Slopes are 0 to 1

percent. These soils are fine, smectitic, nonacid,

thermic Vertic Epiaquepts.

Leeper soils are geographically associated with

Brantley, Freest, Maytag, Okeelala, and Sumter soils.

Brantley, Maytag, Okeelala, and Sumter soils are on

uplands adjacent to areas of the Leeper soils and are

not subject to flooding. The moderately well drained

Freest soils are on stream terraces adjacent to areas

of the Leeper soils and are fine-loamy.

Typical pedon of Leeper silty clay loam, 0 to 1

percent slopes, frequently flooded; about 5 miles

southeast of Melvin; 300 feet north and 400 feet east

of the southwest corner of sec. 5, T. 10 N., R. 4 W.

Ap—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium

roots; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw—4 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam;

weak coarse prismatic structure parting to

moderate medium subangular blocky; firm;

common fine and few medium roots; few medium

distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses

of iron accumulation; few medium faint dark gray

(10YR 4/1) iron depletions; slightly alkaline; clear

wavy boundary.

Bg1—12 to 21 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2)

clay; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; few fine roots; few pressure faces;

few faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

organic stains in root channels and on vertical

faces of peds; few medium distinct very dark

brown (10YR 2/2) stains (iron and manganese

oxides) on faces of peds; few fine distinct dark

yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) masses of iron

accumulation; slightly alkaline; clear wavy

boundary.

Bg2—21 to 30 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) silty clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; few pressure faces; common medium

distinct very dark brown (10YR 2/2) stains (iron

and manganese oxides) on faces of peds;

common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown

(10YR 3/4) and few medium prominent yellowish

brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation;

slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

Bssg—30 to 45 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay; weak

coarse angular blocky structure; firm; few pressure

faces; few large intersecting slickensides that have

faintly grooved surfaces; common medium distinct

very dark brown (10YR 2/2) stains (iron and

manganese oxides) on faces of peds; many coarse

distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and

common coarse prominent strong brown (7.5YR

5/8) masses of iron accumulation; slightly alkaline;

gradual wavy boundary.

C—45 to 60 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) clay;

massive; firm; few pressure faces; common large

intersecting slickensides that have distinctly

grooved surfaces; common medium distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; common medium distinct grayish

brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions; slightly alkaline.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to more

than 60 inches. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to

moderately alkaline throughout the profile.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value

of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Some pedons near

stream channels have an overwash of coarser

materials. The layer of overwash is less than 10 inches

thick.

The Bw horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or

2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma 3; or it has no

dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of

brown and gray. It has few to many redoximorphic

accumulations in shades of brown and redoximorphic

depletions in shades of gray. It is clay loam, silty clay,

or clay.

The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to

6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown. It is

silty clay or clay.

The Bssg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or

2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has

common or many redoximorphic accumulations in

shades of brown or red. It is silty clay or clay.

The C horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 4 to

6, and chroma of 3 or 4. It has common or many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and

redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray. It is clay

loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay.

Lenoir Series

The Lenoir series consists of very deep, somewhat

poorly drained soils that formed in clayey sediments.

These soils are on low terraces along the Tombigbee

River and other major streams. Lenoir soils are subject
146 Soil Survey

to rare flooding during periods of unusually heavy or

prolonged rainfall. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.

These soils are fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aeric

Paleaquults.

Lenoir soils are geographically associated with

Annemaine, Cahaba, Izagora, and Urbo soils. The

moderately well drained Annemaine soils are in the

slightly higher, more convex positions and have a

reddish subsoil. The well drained Cahaba soils and the

moderately well drained Izagora soils are in the slightly

higher positions and are fine-loamy. Urbo soils are in

the lower positions on flood plains adjacent to areas of

the Lenoir soils and are subject to frequent flooding.

Typical pedon of Lenoir silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded; about 1 mile southeast of

Pennington; 600 feet south and 1,100 feet west of the

northeast corner of sec. 23, T. 14 N., R. 1 W.

Ap—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt

loam; moderate fine granular structure; very friable;

many fine and medium roots; very strongly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

BA—4 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine and medium roots; few

medium black weakly cemented nodules (iron and

manganese oxides); common medium and coarse

distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron

depletions; few medium distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Btg1—8 to 19 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; few fine and medium roots;

common faint clay films on faces of peds; few

medium black weakly cemented nodules (iron and

manganese oxides); many medium distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and few fine prominent

yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Btg2—19 to 38 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay;

moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; firm;

few fine and medium roots; common faint clay

films on faces of peds; many medium prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) and common medium

prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Btg3—38 to 68 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

clay; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure;

firm; few fine and medium roots; common faint clay

films on faces of peds; many fine and medium

prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) and few medium

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Btg4—68 to 80 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

clay; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure;

firm; few fine roots; common faint clay films on

faces of peds; common medium prominent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) and few medium prominent red

(2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid.

The solum is more than 72 inches thick. Reaction

ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid throughout

the profile, except where the surface layer has been

limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or

4, and chroma of 1 or 2.

The BA horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or

2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loam,

silt loam, or fine sandy loam.

The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5

or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2; or it has no dominant matrix

color and is multicolored in shades of gray, brown, and

red. It is clay loam, silty clay, or clay. Some pedons

have a thin Bt horizon above the Btg horizon. This Bt

horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 3 to 6. It has common or many

redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray and

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown,

yellow, or red.

Louin Series

The Louin series consists of very deep, somewhat

poorly drained soils that formed in acid, clayey

sediments overlying alkaline clays and soft limestone

(chalk). These soils are on uplands in the southwestern

part of the county. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.

These soils are fine, smectitic, thermic Aquic

Dystruderts.

Louin soils are geographically associated with

Boswell, Maytag, Oktibbeha, and Sumter soils.

Boswell soils are in higher positions than those of the

Louin soils, have mixed mineralogy, and are reddish in

the upper part of the solum. Maytag and Sumter soils

are commonly in higher positions than those of the

Louin soils and are alkaline throughout. Oktibbeha soils

are in the slightly higher, more convex positions and

are reddish in the upper part of the subsoil.

Typical pedon of Louin silty clay, 0 to 2 percent

slopes; about 0.8 mile southwest of Isney; 1,400 feet

north and 800 feet west of the southeast corner of sec.

3, T. 9 N., R. 5 W.

Ap1—0 to 2 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty

clay; strong fine subangular blocky structure; firm;
Choctaw County, Alabama 147

many fine and medium roots; very strongly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Ap2—2 to 8 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay; strong

fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

common fine and medium roots; few very dark

gray organic stains on faces of peds; very strongly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt—8 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

clay; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to

strong fine and medium subangular blocky; firm;

common fine and few medium roots; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; few fine black stains (iron

and manganese oxides) on faces of peds; many

medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron

depletions; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Btss1—14 to 30 inches; 40 percent light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2), 30 percent yellowish red (5YR 5/6),

and 30 percent red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine

and medium roots; common large intersecting

slickensides that have faintly grooved surfaces;

very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Btss2—30 to 38 inches; clay, brownish yellow (10YR

6/6) interior and gray (2.5Y 6/1) exterior; weak

coarse angular blocky structure parting to

moderate medium angular blocky; very firm; few

fine and medium roots; common large intersecting

slickensides that have distinct polished and

grooved surfaces; common coarse distinct

brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of iron

accumulation; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bkss—38 to 54 inches; clay, brownish yellow (10YR

6/6) interior and gray (2.5Y 6/1) exterior; weak

coarse angular blocky structure parting to

moderate fine and medium angular blocky; firm;

few fine roots; common large intersecting

slickensides that have prominent grooved and

polished surfaces; few fine and medium soft

masses and nodules of calcium carbonate;

violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear

irregular boundary.

C—54 to 76 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) clay; massive;

firm; many fine and medium soft masses and

nodules of calcium carbonate; common medium

prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of

iron accumulation; violently effervescent;

moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary.

2Cr—76 to 80 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) soft

limestone (chalk); moderate thick platy rock

structure; very firm; violently effervescent;

moderately alkaline.

The depth to a horizon that has secondary

carbonates is more than 36 inches.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or

4, and chroma of 1 to 3. The texture is silty clay or

clay. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid,

except where lime has been applied.

The Bt horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or

2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. It has

common or many redoximorphic accumulations in

shades of red and brown and redoximorphic depletions

in shades of gray. It is clay or silty clay. It is very

strongly acid or strongly acid.

The Btss or Bss horizon commonly has hue of

10YR or 2.5Y and value of 5 or 6 and has chroma of 4

to 8 in ped interiors and 1 or 2 on ped exteriors; or it

has no dominant matrix color and is multicolored in

shades of red, brown, yellow, and gray. The quantity of

redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray and

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and

red ranges from few to many and generally increases

with depth. The texture is clay or silty clay. Reaction

ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid.

The Bkss horizon, which occurs in most pedons,

dominantly has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y and value of 4 to

6 and has chroma of 4 to 6 in ped interiors and 1 or 2

on ped exteriors. In some pedons, however, it has no

dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of

brown, gray, and red. It has common or many

redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray and

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and

red. It has few to many soft masses or nodules or both

of calcium carbonate. It is clay or silty clay. Reaction

ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline.

The C or 2C horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR

to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 6; or it has no

dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of

gray, brown, olive, and red. It has few or common

redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray and

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown,

olive, and red. It is silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay. It

is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline.

The 2Cr horizon, if it occurs, is soft limestone

(chalk). It is massive or has platy rock structure. It can

be cut with hand tools and is rippable by light

machinery.

Lucedale Series

The Lucedale series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in loamy sediments. These

soils are on ridgetops in uplands in the southwestern

part of the county. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.

These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive,

thermic Rhodic Paleudults.

Lucedale soils are geographically associated with

Savannah and Smithdale soils. Savannah soils are
148 Soil Survey

in landscape positions similar to those of the

Lucedale soils but are at lower elevations, are

brownish, and have a fragipan. Smithdale soils are

on side slopes adjacent to areas of the Lucedale

soils and are not dark red in the upper part of the

argillic horizon.

Typical pedon of Lucedale fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes; in Isney; 1,600 feet south and 2,300 feet

west of the northeast corner of sec. 2, T. 9 N., R. 5 W.

Ap1—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) fine sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many

fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Ap2—3 to 5 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) fine sandy

loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bt1—5 to 8 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) sandy clay

loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine roots; common faint clay films

on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt2—8 to 17 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay loam;

weak coarse prismatic structure parting to

moderate medium subangular blocky; firm;

common fine roots; common faint clay films on

faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt3—17 to 34 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) sandy clay

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; common faint clay

films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bt4—34 to 80 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) sandy clay

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces

of peds; very strongly acid.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value

of 3, and chroma of 2 to 4. Reaction is strongly acid or

moderately acid, except in areas where lime has been

applied.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10R or 2.5YR, value of 3,

and chroma of 4 to 6. It is loam, sandy clay loam, or

clay loam. It is very strongly acid or strongly acid.

Luverne Series

The Luverne series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in stratified clayey and loamy

marine sediments. These soils are on ridgetops and

side slopes in the uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 35

percent. These soils are fine, mixed, semiactive,

thermic Typic Hapludults.

Luverne soils are geographically associated with

Arundel, Boykin, Halso, Smithdale, and Wadley soils.

Arundel and Halso soils are in landscape positions

similar to those of the Luverne soils but are commonly

at slightly lower elevations. Arundel soils have bedrock

within a depth of 20 to 40 inches. Halso soils have

shale bedrock within a depth of 40 to 60 inches. Boykin

and Smithdale soils are in landscape positions similar

to those of the Luverne soils. Boykin soils have a

thick, sandy epipedon. Smithdale soils are fine-loamy.

Wadley soils are in slightly higher positions than

Luverne soils and have a thick, sandy epipedon.

Typical pedon of Luverne fine sandy loam, in an

area of Boykin-Luverne-Smithdale complex, 15 to 35

percent slopes, eroded; about 2 miles northeast of

Pennington; 100 feet north and 800 feet west of the

southeast corner of sec. 26, T. 15 N., R. 1 W.

A—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

many fine and common medium and coarse roots;

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

E—3 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam;

weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very

friable; common fine and medium and few coarse

roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—7 to 19 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay loam; weak

medium prismatic structure parting to moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky; firm; few faint

clay films on faces of peds; few medium distinct

brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—19 to 36 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; few fine and medium roots; many distinct

strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay films on faces of

peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

BC—36 to 49 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay loam; weak

coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine

roots; few fine light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

fragments of weathered shale; common medium

and coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

C—49 to 80 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy clay loam;

massive; firm; common thin discontinuous strata of

sandy loam; common fine and medium fragments

of light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) shale; many

medium and coarse prominent brownish yellow

(10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 50

inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid
Choctaw County, Alabama 149

throughout the profile, except where the surface layer

has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is sandy loam or

fine sandy loam.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value

of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is sandy loam or fine

sandy loam.

The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR

or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The

quantity of redoximorphic accumulations in shades of

red, brown, and yellow ranges from none to common.

The texture is clay loam, sandy clay, or clay.

The lower part of the Bt horizon has the same range

in color as the upper part, or it has no dominant matrix

color and is multicolored in shades of red, brown, and

yellow. The quantity of redoximorphic accumulations in

shades of red, brown, and yellow ranges from none to

many. The texture is sandy clay loam, clay loam, or clay.

The BC horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 2.5YR or

5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8; or it has no

dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of

red, brown, and yellow. It has few to many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, red,

and yellow and redoximorphic depletions in shades of

gray. It is sandy clay loam or clay loam.

The C horizon is commonly stratified. It has hue of

2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8.

It has few to many redoximorphic accumulations in

shades of red, brown, and yellow. The quantity of

redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray ranges

from none to common. The quantity of fragments of

soft shale also ranges from none to common. The

texture is dominantly sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or

clay loam. In some pedons, however, the horizon has

thin strata of finer or coarser material.

Mayhew Series

The Mayhew series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils that formed in acid, clayey sediments and

the underlying clayey shale. These soils are on broad,

nearly level ridgetops in the northeastern part of the

county. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils

are fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Dystraquerts.

Mayhew soils are geographically associated with

Luverne, Savannah, and Wilcox soils. The well drained

Luverne soils are in higher positions than the Mayhew

soils and have a reddish argillic horizon. Wilcox soils

are on the slightly higher, more convex slopes on broad

ridgetops and on side slopes. They are reddish in the

upper part of the subsoil. Savannah soils are on

stream terraces at lower elevations than the Mayhew

soils, have a fragipan, and are fine-loamy.

Typical pedon of Mayhew silty clay loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes; about 2.5 miles northeast of Edna;

2,600 feet south and 2,000 feet east of the northwest

corner of sec. 1, T. 15 N., R. 1 W.

A1—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; many fine and medium and few coarse roots;

very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

A2—2 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay;

strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

common fine and medium and few coarse roots;

common medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR

6/6) masses of iron accumulation; few fine soft

black masses (iron and manganese oxides); very

strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Btg1—6 to 13 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

silty clay; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; common fine and medium roots;

many pressure faces; common faint clay films on

faces of peds; common medium distinct dark

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and brownish yellow

(10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation; few fine

soft black masses (iron and manganese oxides);

very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btg2—13 to 22 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

silty clay; weak coarse prismatic structure parting

to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm;

common fine and few medium roots; many

pressure faces; common faint clay films on faces

of peds; common medium distinct brownish yellow

(10YR 6/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses

of iron accumulation; few fine soft black masses

(iron and manganese oxides); extremely acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bssg1—22 to 42 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty

clay; weak very coarse subangular blocky

structure parting to strong medium angular blocky;

firm; few fine roots; common large intersecting

slickensides that have distinct polished and

grooved surfaces; planes of slickensides are 2 to 3

inches apart; common medium distinct strong

brown (7.5YR 5/8) and common fine prominent

yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; few fine soft black masses (iron and

manganese oxides); extremely acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bssg2—42 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

clay; weak very coarse subangular blocky

structure parting to strong medium angular blocky;

firm; few fine roots; common large intersecting

slickensides that have distinct polished and

grooved surfaces; planes of slickensides are 1 or 2

inches apart; common fine fragments of shale;

common medium and coarse distinct strong brown
150 Soil Survey

(7.5YR 5/6) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and

few medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of

iron accumulation; few fine soft black masses (iron

and manganese oxides); extremely acid; clear

irregular boundary.

Cr—60 to 80 inches; clayey shale; strong thick platy

rock structure; firm; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more

than 60 inches. Depth to clayey shale is 60 inches or

more. The quantity of soft, dark masses of iron and

manganese oxides ranges from none to common

throughout the profile.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or

4, and chroma of 2 or 3. The texture is silty clay loam

or silty clay. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly

acid, except where lime has been applied.

The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4

to 6, and chroma 1 or 2. It has few to many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow,

brown, and red. It is dominantly silty clay or clay. In

some pedons, however, the upper part of the horizon

has a thin subhorizon of silty clay loam. Reaction

ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid.

The Bssg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of

5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2; or it has no dominant

matrix color and is multicolored in shades of gray,

yellow, brown, and red. It is clay or silty clay. Reaction

ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid.

The Cr horizon is clayey shale. It has platy or

conchoidal rock structure and is restrictive to root

growth. It can be excavated with difficulty with hand

tools and is rippable by light machinery.

Maytag Series

The Maytag series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils that formed in alkaline,

clayey sediments underlain by chalk. These soils are

on ridgetops and side slopes in the uplands in the

southwestern part of the county. Slopes range from 3

to 15 percent. These soils are fine, smectitic, thermic

Oxyaquic Hapluderts.

Maytag soils are geographically associated with

Boswell, Brantley, Leeper, Oktibbeha, and Sumter

soils. Boswell soils are in higher landscape positions

than those of the Maytag soils and are acid throughout.

Brantley and Oktibbeha soils are commonly in lower

landscape positions than those of the Maytag soils.

Brantley soils are acid throughout. Oktibbeha soils are

acid in the upper part of the subsoil. The somewhat

poorly drained Leeper soils are on flood plains. Sumter

soils are in landscape positions similar to those of the

Maytag soils but are moderately deep over chalk.

Typical pedon of Maytag silty clay loam in an area

of Sumter-Maytag complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes,

eroded; about 1.3 miles south of Melvin; 1,600 feet

south and 200 feet west of the northeast corner of sec.

22, T. 11 N., R. 5 W.

Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) silty

clay loam; moderate medium granular structure;

friable; common fine and medium roots; many fine

soft masses of calcium carbonate; strongly

effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy

boundary.

Bk—5 to 11 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4)

silty clay; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; common fine and few medium

roots; common soft masses and hard nodules of

calcium carbonate; many fine prominent brownish

yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation;

violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear

wavy boundary.

Bkss1—11 to 18 inches; silty clay, light yellowish

brown (2.5Y 6/4) interior and light gray (2.5Y 7/2)

exterior; moderate coarse prismatic structure

parting to strong coarse angular blocky; firm; few

fine and medium roots; few large intersecting

slickensides that have faint, slightly grooved

surfaces; common soft masses and hard nodules

of calcium carbonate; light gray colors on faces of

peds and slickensides are iron depletions; many

medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8)

masses of iron accumulation; violently

effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bkss2—18 to 30 inches; silty clay, light yellowish

brown (2.5Y 6/4) interior and light gray (2.5Y 7/2)

exterior; moderate coarse subangular blocky

structure; firm; few fine and medium roots;

common large intersecting slickensides that have

prominent polished and grooved surfaces; common

soft masses and hard nodules of calcium

carbonate; light gray colors on faces of peds and

slickensides are iron depletions; common medium

prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of

iron accumulation; violently effervescent;

moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.

Bkss3—30 to 42 inches; silty clay, light yellowish

brown (2.5Y 6/4) interior and light gray (2.5Y 7/2)

exterior; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

firm; few large intersecting slickensides that have

faint, slightly grooved surfaces; common soft

masses and hard nodules of calcium carbonate;

light gray colors on faces of peds and slickensides

are iron depletions; many coarse distinct light

yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) masses of iron
Choctaw County, Alabama 151

accumulation; violently effervescent; moderately

alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—42 to 52 inches; silty clay loam, light yellowish

brown (2.5Y 6/4) interior and light gray (2.5Y 7/2)

exterior; weak coarse angular blocky structure;

firm; common pressure faces; common soft

masses and hard nodules of calcium carbonate;

many coarse distinct olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6)

masses of iron accumulation; violently

effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy

boundary.

C1—52 to 70 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) silty clay;

massive; firm; common soft masses and hard

nodules of calcium carbonate; common medium

distinct light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) masses of

iron accumulation; violently effervescent;

moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.

C2—70 to 80 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3)

silty clay; massive; firm; common soft masses and

hard nodules of calcium carbonate; common fine

distinct olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) masses of iron

accumulation; violently effervescent; moderately

alkaline.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 45 to more

than 60 inches. Depth to soft chalk is more than 60

inches. The quantity of soft masses and hard nodules

of calcium carbonate is few or common throughout the

profile. Reaction is slightly alkaline or moderately

alkaline throughout the profile.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value

of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is silty clay

loam or silty clay.

The Bk horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y,

value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 or 4. The quantity of

redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray and

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow and

brown ranges from none to many. The texture is silty

clay loam, silty clay, or clay.

The Bkss horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 4

to 7, and chroma of 2 to 5. It has common or many

redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray and

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow and

brown. It is silty clay or clay.

The BC horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 2.5Y, value

of 6 or 7, and chroma of 2 to 8. It has common or

many redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray and

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow and

brown. It is silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay.

The C horizon, which occurs in most pedons, has

hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 6 or 7, and chroma of 2 to

4. It has few or common redoximorphic depletions in

shades of gray and redoximorphic accumulations in

shades of yellow and brown. It is silty clay loam, silty

clay, or clay.

McCrory Series

The McCrory series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils that formed in loamy sediments that

contain appreciable amounts of exchangeable sodium.

These soils are on low terraces and are subject to

occasional flooding for brief periods. Slopes are 0 to 1

percent. These soils are fine-loamy, mixed, active,

thermic Albic Glossic Natraqualfs.

McCrory soils are geographically associated with

Deerford, Izagora, and Kinston soils. The somewhat

poorly drained Deerford soils are in positions similar to

those of McCrory soils but are on slightly convex

slopes. Izagora soils are on stream terraces at the

slightly higher elevations and do not have a natric

horizon. The poorly drained Kinston soils are on flood

plains.

Typical pedon of McCrory loam, in an area of

McCrory-Deerford complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

occasionally flooded; about 4.3 miles southwest of

Jachin; 2,600 feet south and 1,400 feet east of the

northwest corner of sec. 20, T. 14 N., R. 2 W.

Ap—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very

friable; many fine, medium, and coarse roots;

extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

B/E—4 to 10 inches; 80 percent grayish brown (10YR

5/2) loam (B); moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine, medium, and

coarse roots; about 20 percent light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) loam (E) in streaks and surrounding

peds; common coarse distinct strong brown (7.5YR

5/6) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of

iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Btg—10 to 22 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; weak

coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate

medium subangular blocky; firm; few fine and

medium roots between peds; common faint clay

films on faces of peds; thin seams of light gray

(10YR 7/2) loam between prisms; few fine black

masses (iron and manganese oxides); common

medium and coarse prominent strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Btng1—22 to 36 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting

to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm;

few fine and very fine roots between peds;

common faint clay films on faces of peds; thin

seams of light gray (10YR 7/2) loam between

prisms; few fine black masses (iron and

manganese oxides); common medium distinct
152 Soil Survey

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation;

extremely acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btng2—36 to 43 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting

to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm;

common faint clay films on faces of peds; few fine

black masses (iron and manganese oxides);

common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR

5/8) and red (2.5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; extremely acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Btng3—43 to 50 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

clay loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky

structure; firm; common faint clay films on faces of

peds; few fine black masses (iron and manganese

oxides); common medium prominent strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8) and red (2.5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Btng4—50 to 63 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

sandy clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; firm; common faint clay films on faces of

peds; few fine white crystals; few fine black

masses (iron and manganese oxides); common

medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and

brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron

accumulation; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

C—63 to 80 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) very

fine sandy loam; massive; friable; few fine black

masses (iron and manganese oxides); light

yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) and dark yellowish

brown (10YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation;

slightly alkaline.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more

than 60 inches.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or

4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Reaction ranges from

extremely acid to strongly acid.

The B/E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR,

value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. The quantity of

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and

red ranges from none to many. The texture is sandy

loam, fine sandy loam, or loam. Reaction ranges from

extremely acid to strongly acid.

The Btg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR,

value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to

many redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown

and red. It is loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam.

Reaction ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid.

The Btng horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of

5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has common or many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown,

yellow, and red. It is sandy clay loam or clay loam.

Reaction ranges from extremely acid to neutral in the

upper part and from strongly acid to moderately

alkaline in the lower part.

The C horizon, if it occurs, has colors similar to

those of the Btng horizon. The texture is fine sandy

loam or very fine sandy loam. Reaction ranges from

neutral to moderately alkaline.

McLaurin Series

The McLaurin series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in loamy sediments. These

soils are on broad ridgetops in the uplands in the

southwestern part of the county. Slopes range from 2

to 5 percent. These soils are coarse-loamy, siliceous,

subactive, thermic Typic Paleudults.

McLaurin soils are geographically associated with

Boykin, Luverne, Smithdale, and Wadley soils. Boykin

and Wadley soils are in positions similar to those of the

McLaurin soils but at slightly higher elevations or on

the lower side slopes. They have a thick, sandy

epipedon. Luverne and Smithdale soils are commonly

in the lower positions on side slopes. Luverne soils

have a clayey argillic horizon. Smithdale soils are fineloamy and do not have a bisequual profile.

Typical pedon of McLaurin fine sandy loam, 2 to 5

percent slopes; about 1.5 miles east of Aquilla; 1,200

feet south and 2,400 feet west of the northeast corner

of sec. 33, T. 9 N., R. 4 W.

Ap1—0 to 2 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine

sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; common fine, medium, and coarse roots;

very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Ap2—2 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; common fine and medium roots; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Ap3—6 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

fine sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common fine and medium

roots; common spots of strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

fine sandy loam; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt1—9 to 14 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) fine sandy

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

very friable; common fine and few medium roots;

sand grains coated and bridged with clay; few faint

clay films in pores and root channels; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—14 to 22 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) loam; moderate

coarse subangular blocky structure; friable;

common fine and few medium roots; few faint clay

films on faces of peds and lining root channels and

pores; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Choctaw County, Alabama 153

Bt3—22 to 36 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) fine

sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; few

faint clay films on faces of peds; sand grains

coated and bridged with clay; very strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

B/E—36 to 48 inches; 85 percent yellowish red (5YR

5/6) fine sandy loam (B); weak coarse subangular

blocky structure; very friable; 15 percent light

brown (7.5YR 6/4) loamy fine sand (E); massive;

very friable; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

B ́t—48 to 80 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

very friable; sand grains coated and bridged with

clay; very strongly acid.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction is

very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the

profile, except where the surface layer has been limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,

value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value

of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. The texture is

commonly sandy loam or fine sandy loam. Less

commonly, it is loamy fine sand.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy loam, fine sandy

loam, or loam.

The B part of the B/E horizon has the same range in

color as the Bt horizon. It is fine sandy loam or sandy

loam. The E part has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 6

to 8, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loamy sand or loamy

fine sand.

The B ́t horizon has hue of 10R to 5YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. In some pedons it has relic

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, brown,

and yellow. The texture is sandy loam or sandy clay

loam.

Mooreville Series

The Mooreville series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils that formed in loamy

alluvium. These soils are on the higher parts of the

flood plains along the Tombigbee River and other large

streams. In most years they are subject to flooding for

brief periods in late winter or in spring. Slopes range

from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are fine-loamy,

siliceous, active, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts.

Mooreville soils are geographically associated with

Bigbee, Riverview, Una, and Urbo soils. Bigbee and

Riverview soils are in slightly higher positions than

those of the Mooreville soils. Bigbee soils are sandy

throughout. Riverview soils do not have low-chroma

iron depletions in the upper part of the solum. The

poorly drained Una soils and the somewhat poorly

drained Urbo soils are in the slightly lower positions on

the flood plain.

Typical pedon of Mooreville loam, in an area of UrboMooreville-Una complex, gently undulating, frequently

flooded; about 1.5 miles southeast of Lavaca; 2,300

feet south and 100 feet east of the northwest corner of

sec. 2, T. 13 N., R. 1 W.

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loam; moderate fine granular structure; very friable;

many fine and common medium and coarse roots;

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw1—3 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; very friable;

many fine and few medium and coarse roots;

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw2—8 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; common fine and few medium

roots; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw3—18 to 27 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; common fine roots; common fine and medium

distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron

depletions; few medium distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw4—27 to 41 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; few fine roots; few black stains (iron and

manganese oxides) on faces of peds; many

medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron

depletions; common medium distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw5—41 to 51 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

very friable; few black stains (iron and manganese

oxides) on faces of peds; many medium and

coarse distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron

depletions; many medium and coarse distinct

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

C1—51 to 72 inches; 45 percent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6), 35 percent light brownish gray (10YR

6/2), and 20 percent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

sandy clay loam; massive; friable; areas of

yellowish brown and strong brown are masses of

iron accumulation; areas of light brownish gray are

iron depletions; very strongly acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

C2—72 to 80 inches; 45 percent light brownish gray
154 Soil Survey

(2.5Y 6/2), 40 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4),

and 15 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy

loam; massive; very friable; areas of light brownish

gray are iron depletions; areas of yellowish brown

and strong brown are masses of iron accumulation;

very strongly acid.

The solum is more than 40 inches thick. Reaction is

very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the

profile. The quantity of black stains and concretions of

iron and manganese oxides ranges from none to

common throughout the profile.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and

chroma of 2 or 3.

The upper part of the Bw horizon has hue of 10YR,

value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. The quantity of

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and

yellow and redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray

ranges from none to common. The lower part has hue

of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6; or it has

no dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades

of gray and brown. It has few to many redoximorphic

accumulations in shades of brown and redoximorphic

depletions in shades of gray. The texture of the Bw

horizon is loam, sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, or

clay loam.

The C horizon commonly has no dominant matrix

color and is multicolored in shades of brown and gray,

or it has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and

chroma of 3 to 6. It has few to many redoximorphic

accumulations in shades of brown and redoximorphic

depletions in shades of gray. The texture is commonly

sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam. In

many pedons, however, the horizon has thin strata of

finer- and coarser-textured materials.

Ochlockonee Series

The Ochlockonee series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in loamy and sandy alluvium.

These soils are on the higher parts of flood plains

along large streams. They are subject to flooding for

very brief periods several times in most years, mostly

in winter and spring. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. These

soils are coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermic

Typic Udifluvents.

Ochlockonee soils are geographically associated with

Bibb, Bigbee, Iuka, and Kinston soils. The poorly drained

Bibb soils are in the lower positions. Bigbee soils are in

the slightly higher positions and are sandy throughout.

The moderately well drained Iuka soils are in the slightly

lower positions. The poorly drained Kinston soils are in

the lower positions and are fine-loamy.

Typical pedon of Ochlockonee sandy loam, in an

area of Ochlockonee, Kinston, and Iuka soils, 0 to 1

percent slopes, frequently flooded; about 4 miles

southwest of Jachin; 1,200 feet north and 2,300 feet

east of the southwest corner of sec. 17, T. 14 N., R. 2 W.

A1—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy loam;

weak medium granular structure; very friable;

common fine, medium, and coarse roots; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

A2—3 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

sandy loam; weak coarse granular structure; very

friable; common fine and medium roots; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C1—10 to 14 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4)

loamy fine sand; massive; very friable; common

fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

C2—14 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine

sandy loam; massive; very friable; few fine roots;

common thin strata of light yellowish brown (10YR

6/4) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) sandy

loam; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C3—30 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

loamy fine sand; single grained; loose; very

strongly acid.

Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile, except where the surface layer

has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Some pedons have a buried A

horizon below a depth of 25 inches. The buried A

horizon has the same range in color and texture as the

A horizon.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4

to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loamy fine sand, loamy

sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.

Okeelala Series

The Okeelala series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in loamy marine sediments.

These soils are on side slopes in the uplands in the

southern part of the county. Slopes range from 15 to 60

percent. These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous,

semiactive, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs.

Okeelala soils are geographically associated with

Boswell, Brantley, Hannon, and Toxey soils. Boswell

soils are in lower positions than those of the Okeelala

soils and have a clayey argillic horizon. Brantley soils

are in landscape positions similar to those of the

Okeelala soils and have a clayey argillic horizon.

Hannon and Toxey soils are in higher positions than

those of the Okeelala soils and have clayey subsoil

layers.

Typical pedon of Okeelala loamy sand, in an area of
Choctaw County, Alabama 155

Brantley-Okeelala complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes,

eroded; about 4.2 miles south of Melvin; 100 feet south

and 900 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 2, T.

10 N., R. 5 W.

A—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loamy sand; single grained; loose; many fine and

few medium and coarse roots; strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

E—2 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy

sand; single grained; loose; common fine and

medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bt1—12 to 16 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy

loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very

friable; common fine and few medium roots; few

faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—16 to 30 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) sandy

clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting

to moderate medium subangular blocky; friable;

few fine and medium roots; common faint clay

films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bt3—30 to 52 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films on

faces of peds; sand grains coated and bridged with

clay; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—52 to 80 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy

loam; massive; very friable; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60

inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and

chroma of 2 to 4. It is loamy sand or fine sandy loam.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value

of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is loamy sand, sandy

loam, or fine sandy loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy loam, loam,

sandy clay loam, or clay loam.

The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture is commonly

sandy loam. Less commonly, it is loamy sand or

stratified loamy sand and sandy loam.

Oktibbeha Series

The Oktibbeha series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils that formed in acid,

clayey sediments overlying alkaline clays and soft

limestone (chalk). These soils are on ridgetops in the

uplands in the southwestern part of the county. Slopes

range from 1 to 5 percent. These soils are very-fine,

smectitic, thermic Chromic Dystruderts.

Oktibbeha soils are geographically associated with

Boswell, Louin, Maytag, and Sumter soils. Boswell

soils are in higher landscape positions than those of

the Oktibbeha soils, have mixed mineralogy, and are

acid throughout. Louin soils are in the slightly lower,

less convex positions, are somewhat poorly drained,

and have a brownish subsoil. Maytag and Sumter soils

are in slightly higher positions than those of the

Oktibbeha soils and are alkaline throughout.

Typical pedon of Oktibbeha clay, 1 to 5 percent

slopes; about 0.8 mile southwest of Isney; 1,300 feet

north and 100 feet west of the southeast corner of sec.

3, T. 9 N., R. 5 W.

Ap—0 to 2 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; many

fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bt—2 to 8 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; common fine and medium roots; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; few fine distinct red (2.5YR

4/6) masses of iron accumulation; few medium

distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron depletions; very

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Btss1—8 to 17 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay;

strong medium angular blocky structure; firm;

common fine, medium, and coarse roots; few large

intersecting slickensides that have faintly grooved

surfaces; few faint clay films on faces of peds;

many medium distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron

depletions; few fine distinct red (2.5YR 4/6)

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Btss2—17 to 24 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay; strong

coarse angular blocky structure; firm; common fine

and medium roots; common large intersecting

slickensides that have distinct polished and

grooved surfaces; many medium prominent light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and pale brown (10YR

6/3) iron depletions; common medium distinct

yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Btss3—24 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

clay; strong medium and coarse angular blocky

structure; firm; common fine and medium roots;

common large intersecting slickensides that have

prominent polished and grooved surfaces; few

black stains (iron and manganese oxides) on

surfaces of slickensides; common medium distinct

light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
156 Soil Survey

Bkss—36 to 61 inches; clay, brownish yellow (10YR

6/8) interior and pale brown (10YR 6/3) exterior;

weak coarse angular blocky structure; firm;

common fine and medium roots; common large

intersecting slickensides that have prominent

polished and grooved surfaces; common fine and

medium soft masses and nodules of calcium

carbonate; many medium distinct light gray (10YR

7/2) iron depletions; common fine and medium

distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of iron

accumulation; violently effervescent; moderately

alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

2C—61 to 80 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3)

soft limestone (chalk); weak thick platy rock

structure; few fine fractures in the upper part; firm;

few fine roots; many fine and medium soft masses

and hard nodules of calcium carbonate; common

medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8)

masses of iron accumulation; violently

effervescent; moderately alkaline.

The depth to an alkaline horizon ranges from 30 to

50 inches.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,

value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Reaction is very

strongly acid or strongly acid, except in areas where

lime has been applied.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. The quantity of

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red and

brown and redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray

ranges from none to common. Reaction ranges from

extremely acid to strongly acid.

The upper part of the Btss horizon has hue of

2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to

8; or it has no dominant matrix color and is

multicolored in shades of red, brown, and gray. The

lower part has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6,

and chroma of 4 to 6; or it has no dominant matrix

color and is multicolored in shades of brown, gray,

and red. The Btss horizon has few to many

redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray and

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown

and red. The quantity of redoximorphic features

generally increases with depth. Reaction ranges

from very strongly acid to moderately acid.

The Bkss horizon dominantly has hue of 10YR to

5Y and value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 4 to 8 in ped

interiors and 2 to 4 on ped exteriors and on faces of

slickensides. In some pedons, however, the horizon

does not have a dominant matrix color and is

multicolored in shades of brown, gray, and red. The

Bkss horizon has common or many redoximorphic

depletions in shades of gray and redoximorphic

accumulations in shades of brown and red. It has few

to many soft masses and nodules of calcium

carbonate. It is clay or silty clay. Reaction ranges from

neutral to moderately alkaline.

The 2C horizon, if it occurs, is soft limestone (chalk)

or calcareous clay. It is massive or has platy rock

structure. It is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline.

Some pedons have a 2Cr horizon below a depth of 60

inches. It can be excavated with difficulty with hand

tools and is rippable by light machinery.

Rayburn Series

The Rayburn series consists of deep, moderately

well drained soils that formed in acid, clayey marine

sediments and the underlying siltstone. These soils are

on footslopes, toeslopes, and benches in the uplands

in the southeastern part of the county. Slopes range

from 5 to 15 percent. These soils are fine, smectitic,

thermic Vertic Hapludalfs.

Rayburn soils are geographically associated with

Arundel, Cantuche, Luverne, and Williamsville soils.

Arundel and Cantuche soils are in higher positions than

those of the Rayburn soils. Arundel soils are

moderately deep over bedrock. Cantuche soils are

shallow over bedrock. Luverne and Williamsville soils

are in higher positions than those of the Rayburn soils,

have mixed mineralogy, and are very deep over

bedrock.

Typical pedon of Rayburn silt loam, 5 to 15 percent

slopes, eroded; about 2 miles southeast of Bladon

Springs; 2,500 feet south and 1,500 feet east of the

northwest corner of sec. 33, T. 9 N., R. 2 W.

A—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam;

weak medium granular structure; very friable; many

fine and medium roots; extremely acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

E—2 to 5 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

very friable; many fine and medium roots; few

medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses

of iron accumulation; extremely acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bt—5 to 12 inches; red (2.5YR 5/6) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common

fine, medium, and coarse roots; few faint clay films

on faces of peds; extremely acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Btss1—12 to 19 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; common fine roots; common large

intersecting slickensides that have polished and

slightly grooved surfaces; few faint clay films on

faces of peds; 5 percent pararock fragments of

siltstone; many medium distinct light brownish gray
Choctaw County, Alabama 157

(2.5Y 6/2) iron depletions; common medium

distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation; extremely acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Btss2—19 to 34 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) silty

clay; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; common fine roots; common large

intersecting slickensides that have polished and

grooved surfaces; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; 5 percent pararock fragments of siltstone;

extremely acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Btss3—34 to 43 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) silty

clay; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; few fine roots; common large

intersecting slickensides that have polished and

grooved surfaces; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; about 10 percent pararock fragments of

siltstone; common medium prominent yellowish

brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation;

extremely acid; gradual smooth boundary.

BC—43 to 55 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) silty clay;

weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm;

about 10 percent pararock fragments of siltstone;

many coarse prominent brownish yellow (10YR

6/8) masses of iron accumulation; extremely acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Cr—55 to 65 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) siltstone;

massive; very firm; common coarse prominent

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation on surfaces; extremely acid.

The thickness of the solum and the depth to

bedrock range from 40 to 60 inches. The content of

pararock fragments of siltstone ranges from 0 to 15

percent throughout the profile. Reaction is extremely

acid or very strongly acid throughout the profile.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 or 3.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value

of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is fine sandy loam,

sandy loam, or silt loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The quantity of

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and

red ranges from none to common. The texture is silty

clay or clay.

The Btss horizon has hue of 5YR to 5Y, value of 5

or 6, and chroma of 2 to 6; or it has no dominant matrix

color and is multicolored in shades of red, brown,

yellow, and gray. It has common or many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, brown,

and yellow and few to many redoximorphic depletions

in shades of gray. It is silty clay or clay.

The BC horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR to 5Y,

value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 or 3; or it has no

dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of

red, brown, yellow, and gray. It has common or many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, brown,

and yellow and redoximorphic depletions in shades of

gray. It is silty clay loam, clay loam, silty clay, or clay.

The Cr horizon is weathered siltstone or claystone.

It is massive or has thick platy rock structure. It can

be cut with hand tools with difficulty and is rippable by

light equipment.

Riverview Series

The Riverview series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in loamy alluvium. These

soils are on natural levees on the flood plain along the

Tombigbee River. These soils are subject to occasional

flooding for brief periods. Slopes range from 0 to 2

percent. These soils are fine-loamy, mixed, active,

thermic Fluventic Dystrudepts.

Riverview soils are geographically associated with

Bigbee, Mooreville, Una, and Urbo soils. Bigbee soils

are in slightly higher positions on the natural levees

than the Riverview soils and are sandy throughout. The

moderately well drained Mooreville soils and the

somewhat poorly drained Urbo soils are in the slightly

lower positions on the flood plains. The poorly drained

Una soils are in the lower, more concave positions on

the flood plains.

Typical pedon of Riverview loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, occasionally flooded; about 1.8 miles

southeast of Womack Hill in the Choctaw National

Wildlife Refuge; 1,900 feet south and 1,000 feet west

of the northeast corner of sec. 21, T. 10 N., R. 2 W.

A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam;

moderate fine granular structure; very friable; many

fine and common medium and coarse roots; very

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw1—5 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; very friable;

common fine, medium, and coarse roots; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—9 to 12 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots;

very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw3—12 to 33 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

very friable; common fine and few medium roots;

very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bw4—33 to 51 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

fine sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few fine roots; very strongly

acid; gradual smooth boundary.

C1—51 to 61 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sandy
158 Soil Survey

loam; massive; very friable; very strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

C2—61 to 80 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

loam; massive; very friable; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 24 to 60

inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to

moderately acid throughout the profile, except where

the surface layer has been limed. Some pedons have

a buried A horizon or a buried B horizon or both

below a depth of 25 inches. These horizons have the

same range in color and texture as the A and B

horizons.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or

4, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value

of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. The quantity of

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown

and red ranges from none to common. The texture is

fine sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or clay

loam.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The quantity of

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, red,

and yellow and redoximorphic depletions in shades of

gray ranges from none to common. The texture is

dominantly loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam,

fine sandy loam, or loam. In some pedons, however,

the horizon has thin strata of finer- and coarsertextured materials.

Savannah Series

The Savannah series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils that have a fragipan.

These soils formed in loamy sediments on high stream

terraces. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. These soils

are fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic

Fragiudults.

Savannah soils are geographically associated with

Izagora, Luverne, and Smithdale soils. Izagora soils

are in positions similar to those of the Savannah soils

but are at lower elevations and do not have a fragipan.

The well drained Luverne and Smithdale soils are on

ridgetops at the higher elevations and on side slopes at

the higher or lower elevations. Luverne soils have a

clayey argillic horizon. Smithdale soils are reddish and

do not have a fragipan.

Typical pedon of Savannah silt loam, 2 to 5 percent

slopes; about 1.6 miles northeast of Pushmataha;

2,000 feet south and 2,400 feet east of the northwest

corner of sec. 1, T. 14 N., R. 4 W.

Ap1—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

common fine and medium and few coarse roots;

very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Ap2—3 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; weak

fine granular structure; very friable; common fine,

medium, and coarse roots; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

E—7 to 11 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silt

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

very friable; common fine, medium, and coarse

roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—11 to 24 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine and medium and few coarse

roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds; few

fine rounded weakly cemented slightly brittle

masses that have black centers (iron and

manganese oxides); very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—24 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to

moderate medium subangular blocky; very friable;

few faint clay films on faces of peds; common fine

rounded weakly cemented slightly brittle masses

that have black centers (iron and manganese

oxides); few fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR

6/2) iron depletions; few medium prominent red

(2.5YR 4/6) and few fine distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btx1—30 to 46 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure; firm;

dense and brittle in about 65 percent of the matrix;

common faint clay films on faces of peds;

common fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR

6/2) iron depletions; common medium distinct

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common coarse

prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Btx2—46 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

loam; moderate very coarse prismatic structure;

firm; dense and brittle in about 60 percent of the

matrix; common faint clay films on faces of peds;

continuous thin gray (10YR 5/1) clay depletions on

faces of peds; common medium distinct light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; common

medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses

of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

B ́t—65 to 80 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

firm; common faint clay films on faces of peds;

common medium distinct light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) and pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron
Choctaw County, Alabama 159

depletions; common medium prominent yellowish

red (5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Depth to

the fragipan ranges from 20 to 34 inches. Reaction is

very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the

profile, except where the surface layer has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y,

value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is sandy loam,

fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The quantity of

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, yellow,

and brown ranges from none to common, and the

quantity of redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray

is none or few. The texture is loam, sandy clay loam, or

clay loam.

The Btx horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It has common or many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, yellow,

and brown and redoximorphic depletions in shades of

gray. It is loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam.

The B ́t horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or

2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It has

common or many redoximorphic accumulations in

shades of red, yellow, and brown and redoximorphic

depletions in shades of gray. It is loam, sandy clay

loam, or clay loam.

Smithdale Series

The Smithdale series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in loamy sediments. These

soils are on narrow ridgetops and side slopes in the

uplands throughout the county. Slopes range from 1 to

35 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous,

subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults.

Smithdale soils are geographically associated with

Arundel, Boykin, Luverne, McLaurin, Savannah, and

Wadley soils. Arundel soils are in landscape positions

similar to those of the Smithdale soils but at slightly

lower elevations, have a clayey argillic horizon, and are

moderately deep over bedrock. Boykin and Luverne

soils are in positions similar to those of the Smithdale

soils. Boykin soils have a thick, sandy epipedon.

Luverne soils have a clayey argillic horizon. McLaurin

soils are on broad ridgetops and are coarse-loamy.

Savannah soils are on high stream terraces, are

brownish, and have a fragipan. Wadley soils are in the

slightly higher positions on ridgetops and have a thick,

sandy epipedon.

Typical pedon of Smithdale loamy fine sand, 5 to 15

percent slopes; about 2.8 miles northeast of Aquilla;

1,100 feet north and 900 feet west of the southeast

corner of sec. 16, T. 9 N., R. 4 W.

Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loamy fine

sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

many fine and medium roots; strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

E—5 to 13 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

fine sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common fine and medium

roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—13 to 49 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

common fine and few medium roots; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt2—49 to 65 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) sandy

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; few fine and medium roots; few faint

clay films on faces of peds; sand grains are

bridged and coated with clay; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 60 to more

than 80 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or

strongly acid throughout the profile, except where the

surface layer has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or

4, and chroma of 2 or 3. The texture is loamy sand,

loamy fine sand, or sandy loam.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value

of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is loamy sand, loamy

fine sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.

The BE horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR to

10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy

loam or loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. It is loam, sandy clay loam,

or clay loam in the upper part and sandy loam or loam

in the lower part.

Sumter Series

The Sumter series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils that formed in alkaline, loamy and

clayey materials weathered from soft limestone (chalk).

These soils are on ridgetops and side slopes in the

uplands in the southwestern part of the county. Slopes

range from 3 to 15 percent. These soils are fine-silty,

carbonatic, thermic Rendollic Eutrudepts.

Sumter soils are geographically associated with

Boswell, Brantley, Leeper, Maytag, and Oktibbeha

soils. Boswell soils are in higher landscape positions

than those of the Sumter soils, are acid throughout the

profile, and do not have bedrock within a depth of 40
160 Soil Survey

inches. Brantley and Oktibbeha soils are commonly in

lower positions than those of the Sumter soils. Brantley

soils are acid throughout. Oktibbeha soils have vertic

properties and are acid in the upper part of the subsoil.

Maytag soils are in landscape positions similar to

those of the Sumter soils but do not have bedrock

within a depth of 40 inches. The somewhat poorly

drained Leeper soils are on flood plains.

Typical pedon of Sumter silty clay loam, in an area

of Sumter-Maytag complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes,

eroded; about 2 miles southeast of Isney; 1,500 feet

south and 500 feet east of the northwest corner of sec.

7, T. 9 N., R. 4 W.

Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty

clay loam; strong fine granular structure; firm;

common fine and medium roots; strongly

effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bk1—5 to 10 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3)

silty clay; weak coarse prismatic structure parting

to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm;

common fine roots; common fine and medium soft

masses and few fine nodules of calcium

carbonate; strongly effervescent; moderately

alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

Bk2—10 to 17 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/3) silty clay;

moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; firm;

few fine roots; common fine and medium soft

masses and few medium nodules of calcium

carbonate; common fine and medium distinct

brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) and light yellowish

brown (2.5Y 6/4) masses of iron accumulation;

strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear

wavy boundary.

Bk3—17 to 27 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) clay; weak

coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common

fine and medium soft masses and many medium

nodules of calcium carbonate; common medium

and coarse distinct light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4)

and few medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR

6/8) masses of iron accumulation; violently

effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy

boundary.

Cr—27 to 80 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

chalk; moderate thick platy rock structure; very

firm; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline.

The thickness of the solum and the depth to soft

bedrock range from 20 to 40 inches. Reaction is

slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline throughout the

profile.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3

to 5, and chroma of 1 or 2.

The upper part of the Bk horizon has hue of 10YR or

2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. The lower

part has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 2 to 6. The texture is clay, silty clay, or silty

clay loam. The quantity of masses of iron accumulation

in shades of yellow, brown, and olive ranges from none

to common in the upper part and from few to many in

the lower part. The horizon has few to many soft

masses and nodules of calcium carbonate.

The Cr horizon is chalk or weathered limestone. It is

massive or has platy rock structure. It can be cut with

hand tools with difficulty and is rippable by light

equipment.

Toxey Series

The Toxey series consists of very deep, moderately

well drained soils that formed in marine sediments

consisting of thin strata of acid clay underlain by

stratified alkaline, loamy and clayey sediments and

chalk or marl. These soils are in the uplands in the

southwestern part of the county. They are on narrow

ridgetops and on benches. Slopes range from 3 to 8

percent. These soils are fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic

Eutrudepts.

Toxey soils are geographically associated with

Brantley, Hannon, and Okeelala soils. Brantley soils

are in the slightly higher positions on ridgetops or in the

lower positions on side slopes. They have a clayey

argillic horizon and are acid throughout. Hannon soils

are in positions similar to those of the Toxey soils and

have hue of 7.5YR or redder in the upper part of the

solum. Okeelala soils are in lower positions than those

of the Toxey soils and are fine-loamy.

Typical pedon of Toxey clay, in an area of ToxeyBrantley-Hannon complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes,

eroded; 4.25 miles south of Melvin; 1,900 feet south

and 2,000 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 2, T.

10 N., R. 5 W.

Ap—0 to 3 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay;

weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm;

common very fine and few fine roots; common

spots of olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) clay; common fine

fragments of charcoal; very strongly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

Bw1—3 to 7 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) clay; strong

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common

fine, medium, and coarse roots; common fine

fragments of charcoal; common fine distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bw2—7 to 15 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/3) clay; weak

coarse prismatic structure parting to strong fine
Choctaw County, Alabama 161

and medium subangular blocky; firm; common

coarse, medium, and fine roots; many pressure

faces; common medium distinct yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) and few fine distinct dark yellowish

brown (10YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation on

faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

BC—15 to 24 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/3) and light

yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) silty clay; strong

conchoidal rock structure; firm; few fine and very

fine roots; common fine soft black masses and

stains (iron and manganese oxides); common soft

masses of calcium carbonate; many coarse

distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and few

fine and medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR

5/6) masses of iron accumulation on fracture

planes; slightly acid; clear irregular boundary.

2C1—24 to 44 inches; pale yellow (5Y 7/3) silty clay;

weak thick platy rock structure parting to strong

coarse and medium angular blocky; vertical and

horizontal fracture planes are 1 to 2 inches apart;

very firm; few thin strata of brownish yellow (10YR

6/6) silty clay; common fine soft black masses and

stains (iron and manganese oxides); common fine

white fragments of shell; common soft masses of

calcium carbonate; common medium distinct dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/6), strong brown (7.5YR

4/6), and dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) masses of iron

accumulation on fracture planes; strongly

effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear irregular

boundary.

2C2—44 to 53 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) silty

clay loam; massive; many dark sand grains; few

fine and medium nodules of calcium carbonate;

few fine soft masses of calcium carbonate;

violently effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear

irregular boundary.

2C3—53 to 63 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/3) clay loam;

massive; many dark sand grains; common fine

nodules of calcium carbonate; violently

effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy

boundary.

2C4—63 to 80 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay

loam; massive; many dark sand grains; few fine

nodules of calcium carbonate; strongly

effervescent; slightly alkaline.

The depth to an alkaline horizon ranges from 10 to

35 inches. The thickness of the solum ranges from 10

to 50 inches.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value

of 3 or 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. It is very strongly acid

or strongly acid.

The upper part of the Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR

to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. The

quantity of redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray

and redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown,

yellow, and red ranges from none to common. The

lower part has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 3 to 6. It has few to many redoximorphic

depletions in shades of gray and redoximorphic

accumulations in shades of brown, yellow, and red. The

texture of the Bw horizon is silty clay or clay. Reaction

ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid.

The BC horizon, which occurs in most pedons, has

the same range in color as the lower part of the Bw

horizon. It is silty clay loam, clay loam, silty clay, or

clay. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to moderately

alkaline. The quantity of soft masses and nodules of

calcium carbonate ranges from none to common.

The 2C horizon is commonly stratified. It commonly

has hue of 10YR to 5Y or less commonly 7.5YR, value

of 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6; or it has no dominant

matrix color and is multicolored in shades of olive,

brown, and gray. It is massive or has platy or blocky

rock structure. It is sandy clay loam, silty clay loam,

clay loam, silty clay, or clay. It commonly contains few

to many angular, soft shale-like fragments. It is slightly

alkaline or moderately alkaline. It has few to many soft

masses or nodules or both of calcium carbonate. The

quantity of soft black masses or stains of iron and

manganese oxides ranges from none to common.

Some pedons have strata of chalk or marl below a

depth of 60 inches.

Una Series

The Una series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils that formed in clayey alluvium. These

soils are in swales, sloughs, and oxbows on flood

plains along the Tombigbee River and other large

streams. They are subject to frequent flooding, and

most areas are ponded for long periods, especially

during winter and spring. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent.

These soils are fine, mixed, active, acid, thermic Typic

Epiaquepts.

Una soils are geographically associated with

Bigbee, Mooreville, Riverview, and Urbo soils. Bigbee

soils are in higher positions than those of the Una soils

and are sandy throughout. The moderately well drained

Mooreville soils are in the higher, more convex

positions. The well drained Riverview soils are on high

parts of natural levees and are fine-loamy. The

somewhat poorly drained Urbo soils are in the slightly

higher, more convex positions.

Typical pedon of Una clay, ponded; about 2.5 miles

southeast of Lavaca; 3,000 feet south and 600 feet

west of the northeast corner of sec. 2, T. 13 N., R. 1 W.

A—0 to 4 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common
162 Soil Survey

fine and medium roots; common medium distinct

reddish brown (5YR 4/4) masses of iron

accumulation on faces of peds; very strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

Bg1—4 to 15 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine

and medium roots; few medium prominent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common medium prominent

yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation on faces of peds; few medium faint

light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bg2—15 to 62 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay; weak

coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common

medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6),

yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), and brownish yellow

(10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction is

very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the

profile.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value

of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. The texture is clay or

silty clay loam.

The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to

7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, brown,

or yellow. It is silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay.

Urbo Series

The Urbo series consists of very deep, somewhat

poorly drained soils that formed in clayey alluvium.

These soils are on low parts of the flood plains along

the Tombigbee River and other large streams. In most

years they are subject to flooding for brief periods in

late winter and in spring. Slopes range from 0 to 2

percent. These soils are fine, mixed, active, acid,

thermic Vertic Epiaquepts.

The Urbo soils in this survey area are taxadjuncts to

the Urbo series because they are in the smectitic clay

mineralogy class rather than the mixed. This

difference, however, does not significantly affect the

use, management, or interpretations of the soils. The

Urbo soils in this survey area are fine, smectitic, acid,

thermic Vertic Epiaquepts.

Urbo soils are geographically associated with

Bigbee, Mooreville, Riverview, and Una soils. Bigbee

soils are in the higher positions and are sandy

throughout. The moderately well drained Mooreville

soils and the well drained Riverview soils are in the

slightly higher, more convex positions and are fineloamy. The poorly drained Una soils are in the slightly

lower, more concave positions on the flood plains.

Typical pedon of Urbo silty clay, in an area of UrboMooreville-Una complex, gently undulating, frequently

flooded; about 3.2 miles south-southeast of Lavaca;

1,600 feet north and 1,300 feet west of the southeast

corner of sec. 15, T. 13 N., R. 1 W.

A—0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty

clay; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; many fine and medium roots;

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw—9 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) clay loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; firm; common fine and medium

roots; few fine soft black masses and stains

(iron and manganese oxides); many fine and

medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron

depletions on faces of peds; common fine

distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of

iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bg1—14 to 26 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; common fine roots; few pressure

faces; few fine soft black masses and stains (iron

and manganese oxides); many fine and medium

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bg2—26 to 43 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine

roots; few pressure faces; common fine and

medium soft black masses and stains (iron and

manganese oxides); many fine and medium

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and few fine faint

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bssg1—43 to 51 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; firm; few fine roots; common large

intersecting slickensides; common fine and

medium soft black masses and stains (iron and

manganese oxides); many medium prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and common medium

prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bssg2—51 to 67 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; firm; common large intersecting

slickensides; few pressure faces; common fine and

medium soft black masses and stains (iron and

manganese oxides); many medium and coarse

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and few

medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron
Choctaw County, Alabama 163

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bssg3—67 to 80 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

clay; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

firm; common large intersecting slickensides; few

pressure faces; many medium and coarse

prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) and many medium

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction is

very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the

profile. Few or common soft, brown and black masses

of iron and manganese oxides are throughout the

profile.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 or 3.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5,

and chroma of 3 or 4, or it has no dominant matrix

color and is multicolored in shades of brown and gray.

It is clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay.

The Bg and Bssg horizons have hue of 10YR or

2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. In most

pedons they have common or many redoximorphic

accumulations in shades of brown, yellow, or red. The

texture is clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay.

Wadley Series

The Wadley series consists of very deep, somewhat

excessively drained soils that formed in sandy and

loamy sediments. These soils are on ridgetops in the

uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 5 percent. These soils

are loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Grossarenic

Paleudults.

Wadley soils are geographically associated with

Boykin, Luverne, and Smithdale soils. Luverne and

Smithdale soils are commonly in slightly lower

landscape positions than those of the Wadley soils and

do not have a thick, sandy epipedon. Boykin soils are

in landscape positions similar to those of the Wadley

soils and have a sandy epipedon that is 20 to 40

inches thick.

Typical pedon of Wadley loamy fine sand, 1 to 5

percent slopes; about 1.5 miles northwest of Wimberly;

2,200 feet south and 1,500 feet west of the northeast

corner of sec. 15, T. 11 N., R. 3 W.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

loamy fine sand; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; many fine and medium roots; strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

E1—7 to 21 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

loamy sand; single grained; loose; common fine

and medium roots; few medium nodules of

ironstone; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

E2—21 to 37 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loamy

sand; single grained; loose; common fine and

medium roots; common streaks of uncoated sand;

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

E3—37 to 55 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) loamy

sand; single grained; loose; few fine and medium

roots; few thin discontinuous yellowish red (5YR

5/6) lamellae; common streaks of uncoated sand;

strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bt1—55 to 73 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) sandy

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films on

faces of peds; sand grains coated and bridged with

clay; common thin streaks of uncoated sand on

vertical faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bt2—73 to 80 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy clay loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

few fine and medium roots; few faint clay films on

faces of peds; common faint red (2.5YR 4/6) clay

films in pores; common coarse prominent brownish

yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation;

very strongly acid.

The solum is more than 80 inches thick. Reaction

ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid

throughout the profile, except in areas where lime has

been applied.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5

to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loamy sand or loamy

fine sand.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy loam or sandy

clay loam.

Wilcox Series

The Wilcox series consists of deep, somewhat

poorly drained soils that formed in acid, clayey

sediments and the underlying clayey shale. These soils

are on ridgetops and side slopes in the uplands in the

northeastern part of the county. Slopes range from 1 to

15 percent. These soils are very-fine, smectitic,

thermic Chromic Dystruderts.

Wilcox soils are geographically associated with

Luverne and Mayhew soils. The well drained Luverne

soils are in landscape positions similar to those of the

Wilcox soils but are at higher elevations and do not

have vertic properties. The poorly drained Mayhew

soils are on broad, nearly level ridgetops.
164 Soil Survey

Typical pedon of Wilcox silty clay, 1 to 5 percent

slopes; about 1.5 miles northeast of Edna; 2,000 feet

south and 700 feet east of the northwest corner of sec.

2, T. 15 N., R. 1 W.

Ap—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silty clay; moderate coarse subangular blocky

structure; firm; common medium and few fine

roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—3 to 9 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; strong

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common

fine, medium, and coarse roots; common pressure

faces; few faint clay films on faces of peds; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—9 to 13 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; strong

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common

fine, medium, and coarse roots; common pressure

faces; few faint clay films on faces of peds;

common medium distinct light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) iron depletions; few fine faint red

(2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron accumulation;

extremely acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btss—13 to 20 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate

coarse subangular blocky structure parting to

strong fine angular blocky; firm; common fine and

medium roots; few large intersecting slickensides

that have slightly grooved surfaces; many medium

and coarse prominent gray (10YR 5/1) iron

depletions; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR

5/6) masses of iron accumulation; extremely acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bssg1—20 to 30 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

clay; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure

parting to strong fine angular blocky; firm; few fine

and medium roots; common large intersecting

slickensides that have distinct polished and

grooved surfaces; common fine and medium

prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) and few fine distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bssg2—30 to 35 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

clay; weak coarse subangular blocky structure

parting to strong fine angular blocky; firm; few fine

and very fine roots; common large intersecting

slickensides that have distinct polished and

grooved surfaces; few fine shale fragments;

common fine and medium nodules of ironstone;

common medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) and

many fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear irregular

boundary.

C/B—35 to 60 inches; 60 percent grayish brown

(2.5Y 5/2) rounded and angular fragments of shale

(C); strong medium platy rock structure; 40 percent

grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay (B); massive; few

fine roots; common medium and coarse distinct

light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) and brownish yellow

(10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation;

extremely acid; abrupt irregular boundary.

Cr—60 to 80 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) shale;

strong thick platy rock structure; fractured in upper

part; very firm; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum and the depth to

bedrock range from 40 to 60 inches. The surface layer

is very strongly acid or strongly acid, except where

lime has been applied. The B and C horizons range

from extremely acid to strongly acid.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4,

and chroma of 1 to 3.

The Bt and Btss horizons have hue of 2.5YR to

7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma 4 to 6. They have

few to many redoximorphic depletions in shades of

gray and redoximorphic accumulations in shades of

brown, yellow, and red.

The Bssg horizon commonly has hue of 10YR or

2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few

to many redoximorphic accumulations in shades of

red, brown, and yellow.

A transition horizon, such as a BC, CB, B/C, or C/B

horizon, occurs in many pedons. These horizons have

a range in properties similar to that of the horizons

from which they are derived.

The Cg horizon, if it occurs, has a gray matrix and

few to many redoximorphic accumulations in shades of

brown, yellow, and red. It is clay or silty clay.

The Cr horizon is clayey shale. It has platy or

conchoidal rock structure and is restrictive to root

growth. It can be excavated with difficulty with hand

tools and is rippable by light machinery.

Williamsville Series

The Williamsville series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in clayey marine sediments

that contain appreciable amounts of weathered

glauconite. These soils are on ridgetops and side

slopes in the uplands in the southern part of the

county. Slopes range from 2 to 35 percent. These soils

are fine, mixed, active, thermic Typic Hapludults.

Williamsville soils are geographically associated

with Arundel, Cantuche, Lauderdale, Rayburn, and

Smithdale soils. Arundel, Cantuche, Lauderdale, and

Rayburn soils are in slightly lower positions than those

of the Williamsville soils. Arundel soils are moderately

deep over bedrock. Cantuche and Lauderdale soils are
Choctaw County, Alabama 165

shallow over bedrock. Rayburn soils are deep over

bedrock. Smithdale soils are in slightly higher positions

than those of the Williamsville soils and are fine-loamy.

Typical pedon of Williamsville fine sandy loam, 2 to

8 percent slopes; about 2 miles north-northeast of

Cullomburg; 300 feet north and 2,300 feet east of the

southwest corner of sec. 16, T. 9 N., R. 3 W.

A—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine

sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; many very fine and fine and common

medium and coarse roots; moderately acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

E—5 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam;

weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very

friable; many very fine and common fine, medium,

and coarse roots; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

BE—14 to 17 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) fine

sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; many very fine and few fine

and medium roots; common fine streaks of

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sandy loam; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—17 to 27 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay; weak

coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate

medium subangular blocky; firm; common very fine

and few fine and medium roots; common faint clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—27 to 43 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; common

medium prominent olive (5Y 4/4) mottles; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common

very fine and few fine roots; common faint clay

films on faces of peds; common medium distinct

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation that are relic redoximorphic features;

very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—43 to 59 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam;

weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable;

few fine roots; common faint clay films on faces of

peds; common coarse distinct olive brown (2.5Y

4/3) iron depletions; common coarse distinct light

olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) masses of iron

accumulation; the iron depletions and masses of

iron accumulation are relic redoximorphic features;

very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—59 to 80 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam;

massive; friable; common thin strata of sandy

loam; many coarse distinct olive brown (2.5Y 4/3)

iron depletions that are relic redoximorphic

features; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 50 to more

than 60 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly

acid to moderately acid in the surface layer and is very

strongly acid or strongly acid in the subsoil.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3

or 4, and chroma of 1 to 3.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value

of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is fine

sandy loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand.

The BE horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR or

7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is

sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy clay loam.

The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 10R to

5YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is clay

loam, sandy clay, or clay. The lower part has hue of

10R to 5YR, value of 4, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is clay

loam or sandy clay loam.

The C horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 5Y, value of 4 to

6, and chroma of 3 to 6; or it has no dominant matrix

color and is multicolored in shades of olive, brown, and

red. It is loam, sandy clay loam, or sandy loam and

commonly has thin strata of finer- and coarser-textured

material.

167

In this section, the factors of soil formation are

related to the soils in Choctaw County, the

processes of horizon differentiation are explained,

and the geologic processes in the county are

described.

Factors of Soil Formation

Soil is a natural, three-dimensional body on the

earth’s surface that supports plants. It forms through

weathering and other processes that act on deposited

or accumulated geologic material. The kind of soil that

forms depends on the type of parent material; the

climate under which soil material has existed since

accumulation; the relief, or lay of the land; the plant

and animal life in and on the soil; and the length of time

that the forces of soil formation have acted on the soil

material. The relative importance of each of these

factors differs from place to place; in some areas, one

factor is more important, and in other areas another

may dominate. A modification or variation in any of the

factors results in a different kind of soil.

Climate and living organisms are the active factors

of soil formation. They act on parent material and

change it into a natural body that has definite

characteristics. The effects of climate and living

organisms are conditioned by relief, which influences

surface drainage; the amount of water that percolates

through the soil; the rate of erosion; and the kind of

vegetation that grows on the soil. The nature of the

parent material also affects the kind of soil profile that

is formed. Time is needed for the parent material to

change into a soil. The development of a distinct soil

horizon normally requires a long period of time.

Parent Material

Parent material is the initial physical body that is

changed by the other soil-forming factors over time.

Generally, the younger the soil, the greater the

influence of the parent material on soil properties. The

nature of the parent material can be expressed in many

ways in the soil profile, including color, texture, and

mineralogy. These properties can be related to physical

and chemical properties, such as susceptibility to

erosion, shrink-swell potential, and cation-exchange

capacity.

The soils in Choctaw County formed mainly in three

kinds of parent material—loamy and clayey marine

sediments that have undergone considerable

weathering in place, water-deposited material on

stream terraces and flood plains, and materials

weathered from soft limestone (chalk), claystone,

siltstone, or shale. Boswell, Boykin, Brantley, Luverne,

McLaurin, Okeelala, Smithdale, Wadley, and

Williamsville soils formed in stratified, sandy, loamy, or

clayey marine sediments on uplands. Annemaine,

Bigbee, Cahaba, Deerford, Freest, Izagora, Latonia,

Lenoir, Lucedale, McCrory, and Savannah soils formed

in the water-deposited material on stream terraces.

Bibb, Iuka, Kinston, Leeper, Mooreville, Ochlockonee,

Riverview, Una, and Urbo soils formed in the waterdeposited material on flood plains. Hannon, Louin,

Maytag, Oktibbeha, and Sumter soils formed in the

materials weathered from soft limestone (chalk) and

alkaline clays on uplands. Arundel, Cantuche,

Lauderdale, and Rayburn soils are upland soils that

formed in materials weathered from claystone or

siltstone. Conecuh, Halso, Mayhew, and Wilcox soils

are upland soils that formed in materials weathered

from shale.

Climate

The climate of Choctaw County is warm and humid.

Summers are long and hot. Winters are short and mild,

and the ground rarely freezes to a depth of more than a

few inches. The climate is fairly even throughout the

county and accounts for few differences between the

soils. Rainfall averages about 58 inches a year.

Detailed information about the climate in the county is

given in the section “General Nature of the County” and

in tables 1, 2, and 3.

The mild, humid climate favors rapid decomposition

of organic matter and increases the rate of chemical

reactions in the soil. The plentiful rainfall leaches large

amounts of soluble bases and carries the less soluble

fine particles downward, resulting in acid soils that

have a sandy surface layer and that are low in natural

fertility. The large amount of moisture and the warm

Formation of the Soils
168 Soil Survey

temperature favor the growth of bacteria and fungi and

speed the decomposition of organic matter, resulting in

soils that have a low content of organic matter.

Relief

Relief varies significantly in Choctaw County and

generally can be related to the physiographic regions

and geologic units in the county. It ranges from very

low on the flood plains and stream terraces to very

high in the dissected hills.

Relief influences the formation of soil through its

effect on drainage, runoff, and erosion. Soil properties

that are influenced by relief include the thickness of

the solum, the thickness of the A horizon, the color of

the profile, the degree of horizon differentiation, and the

relative wetness of the profile. The thickness of the

solum is one of the properties most obviously related

to relief. Soils on nearly level summits tend to have a

thicker solum than that of soils on steep side slopes.

Relief also affects moisture relationships in soil. It

affects the depth to ground water and the amount of

water that is available for plant growth. Generally, the

water table is closer to the surface in depressions than

on the high parts of the landscape.

Plants and Animals

Living organisms greatly influence the processes of

soil formation and the characteristics of the soils.

Trees, grasses, insects, earthworms, rodents, fungi,

bacteria, and other forms of plant and animal life are

affected by the other soil-forming factors. Animal

activity is largely confined to the surface layer of the

soil. The soil is continually mixed by this activity, which

improves water infiltration. Plant roots create channels

through which air and water move more rapidly, thereby

improving soil structure and increasing the rate of

chemical reactions in the soil.

Microorganisms help to decompose organic matter,

which releases plant nutrients and chemicals into the

soil. These nutrients are either used by the plants or

are leached from the soil. Human activities that

influence plant and animal populations in the soil affect

the rate of soil formation.

The native vegetation in Choctaw County consisted

dominantly of loblolly-shortleaf pine and oak-pine forest

types in the uplands and oak-hickory and oak-gumcypress forest types in the bottom lands. The

understory species consisted of numerous species,

including holly, panicums, bluestems, American

beautyberry, Indiangrass, longleaf uniola, and flowering

dogwood. These species represent only a very limited

number of the wide variety of plants native to the

county but can be used as a guide to plants presently

in the county.

The plant communities in the county are also

reflected in the species distribution of fauna. Animals,

in turn, have an impact on the soil properties of a

particular area. For example, ants, worms, moles,

armadillo, and gophers can improve aeration in a

compacted soil. Microbes that thrive in a particular

plant community react to various soil conditions and

consequently influence the soil profile by providing

decayed organic matter and nitrogen to the soil matrix.

Time

If all other factors of soil formation are equal, the

degree of soil formation is in direct proportion to time.

If soil-forming factors have been active for a long time,

horizon development is stronger than if these same

factors have been active for a relatively short time.

Some parent materials are more easily weathered than

others. The rate of weathering is dependent on the

mineral composition and degree of consolidation of the

parent material. “Time zero” for soil formation is

considered to be that point in time when fresh parent

material is first exposed to the other soil formingfactors. Commonly, this is a catastrophic occurrence,

such as a flood, a change in topography resulting from

a geologic event, a severe episode of erosion, or the

influence of humans on the landscape.

Geologically, the soils in Choctaw County are

relatively young. The youngest soils are the alluvial

soils on active flood plains along streams and rivers.

These soils receive deposits of sediment and are

undergoing a cumulative soil-forming process. In most

cases, these young soils have weakly defined

horizons, mainly because the soil-forming processes

have been active for only a short time. Bibb, Iuka,

Kinston, Leeper, Mooreville, Riverview, Una, and Urbo

soils are examples of young soils.

Soils on terraces along the Tombigbee River and

other major streams are older than soils on flood plains

but are still relatively young. Although they formed in

material deposited by the river, these soils are no

longer reached by frequent overflows because the river

channel is now deeper. Many of these soils have

relatively strong horizon development. Annemaine,

Cahaba, Deerford, Freest, Izagora, Latonia, Lenoir,

Lucedale, McCrory, and Savannah soils are examples

of soils on stream terraces having varying age and

elevation.

Soils on uplands are generally older than soils on

terraces or flood plains and range in age from young to

very old. The degree of soil development depends on

landscape position and composition of the parent
Choctaw County, Alabama 169

material. Arundel, Boswell, Boykin, Brantley, Cantuche,

Luverne, and Smithdale soils are examples of soils on

uplands.

Processes of Horizon

Differentiation

The main processes involved in the formation of soil

horizons are accumulation of organic matter, leaching

of calcium carbonate and other bases, reduction and

transfer of iron, and formation and translocation of

silicate clay minerals. These processes can occur in

combination or individually, depending on the

integration of the factors of soil formation.

Most soils have four main horizons. The A horizon is

the surface layer. It is the horizon of maximum

accumulation of organic matter. It commonly is darker

than horizons below it because of the influence of the

organic matter. Organic matter has accumulated to

form an A horizon in all of the soils in the county. The

content of organic matter varies between soils because

of differences in relief, wetness, and natural fertility.

The E horizon, usually called the subsurface layer,

occurs in many of the soils in the county, especially

those soils on uplands. It is the horizon of maximum

loss of soluble or suspended material. It commonly is

lighter in color and coarser in texture than the overlying

and underlying horizons. Boykin and Smithdale soils

have both an A horizon and an E horizon. Other soils

have an A horizon but do not have an E horizon.

Examples are Bibb, Kinston, and Urbo soils.

The B horizon, usually called the subsoil, is

immediately below the A or E horizon. It is the horizon

of maximum accumulation of dissolved or suspended

material, such as iron or clay. Soils on old, stable

landforms generally have a thick, well structured B

horizon. Examples are Lucedale, McLaurin, and

Savannah soils. Soils on flood plains either do not

have a B horizon or have a weakly developed B

horizon. Examples are Bibb, Iuka, and Kinston soils.

The C horizon is the substratum. It has been

affected very little by the soil forming processes but is

typically somewhat modified by weathering.

The chemical reduction and transfer of iron, called

gleying, is evident in the wet soils in the county.

Gleying results in gray colors in the subsoil and gray

mottles in other horizons. The gray colors indicate the

reduction and loss of iron and manganese. The

horizons of some soils, such as Annemaine and

Izagora soils, have reddish and brownish

redoximorphic features, which indicate a segregation of

iron.

Leaching of carbonates and bases has occurred in

most of the soils in the county. This process

contributes to the development of distinct horizons and

to the naturally low fertility and acid reaction of most

soils on the Coastal Plain. Some of the soils in the

Blackland Prairie area formed in materials weathered

from soft limestone (chalk). These soils are high in

natural fertility and are alkaline throughout. Examples

are Maytag and Sumter soils.

In uniform materials, natural drainage generally is

closely associated with slope or relief. It generally

affects the color of the soil. Soils that formed under

good drainage conditions have a subsoil that is

uniformly bright in color. Boykin, Lucedale, and

Smithdale soils are examples. Soils that formed under

poor drainage conditions have grayish colors. Kinston,

Una, and Urbo soils are examples. Soils that formed

where drainage is intermediate have a subsoil that is

mottled in shades of gray, red, and brown. Annemaine,

Boswell, Iuka, Lenoir, Louin, and Mayhew soils are

examples. The grayish colors persist even if artificial

drainage is provided. The dark grayish brown colors in

the upper part of the Leeper soils and the olive mottles

in the Williamsville soils are assumed to be inherited

from the parent material.

In steep areas, the surface soil erodes. In low areas

and in depressions, soil materials commonly

accumulate and add to the thickness of the surface

layer. In some areas, the rate of formation of soil

materials and the rate of removal of soil materials are

in equilibrium.

Geologic Processes

The soils of Choctaw County formed in reworked

clastic (transported weathered rock) material that

originated to the north and was deposited under both

marine and continental environments. Sedimentation

occurs when earthy material is transported by such

agents as wind, water, and ice and is then deposited at

another location. The environment of deposition is that

of the location in which the deposition occurs

(Plummer and McGeary, 1993). Continental, or landbased, depositional environments include alluvial fans,

flood plains, river channels, lakes, and dunes. Marine

environments include submerged deltas, beaches,

lagoons, reefs, relatively shallow marine shelves, and

the deep ocean floor. Sediments deposited in marine

environments are influenced by precipitation of salts in

seawater, organic environments on the sea floor, and

the accumulation of overlapping sediments in concave

ocean basins. The transition zone between the marine

and continental environments is an estuarine

environment where freshwater mixes with salt water

and tidal influences are strong.

The depositional environments that were present
170 Soil Survey

when the materials were emplaced and the erosional

processes that worked on the materials over time vary

across the county. The resulting stratigraphy that

comprises the surficial geology of the county is

differentiated based upon the time frame of deposition,

the depositional environment, and the nature of the

source material. Most of the clastic material

comprising the uplands in the county was originally

deposited during the Tertiary Period in a marine or

nearshore environment (Copeland, 1968; Toulmin,

LaMoreaux, and Lanphere, 1951). Arundel, Boykin,

Brantley, Luverne, and Smithdale soils are examples of

soils that formed in this clastic material. The current

landscape of uplands, terraces, and flood plains has

been reworked and sculpted during the subsequent

Quaternary Period.

On the Coastal Plain in Alabama, the geologic

history during the Tertiary Period (from about 65 million

to 2 million years before present) is characterized by

the deposition of materials derived from much older

rocks. The ancient sedimentary rocks were exposed to

weathering during the Appalachian uplift and Piedmont

region development that began over 180 million years

ago. These rocks were buckled into folds and locally

metamorphosed by the intrusion of granitic plutons

(large masses of rock consolidated from molten

material beneath the surface of the earth). The Coastal

Plain resulted from this uplift and subsequent erosion.

Thickening sediments of clastic material were

deposited on the outer margins of the continent. During

this time of sediment loading, much of the part of

Alabama that was not being uplifted was covered by a

shallow sea. It is believed that the weight of those

water-laden transported sediments upon a relatively

thin portion of the earth’s crust contributed to a

southward downwarping of the Coastal Plain (Toulmin,

LaMoreaux, and Lanphere, 1951). This subsidence,

accompanied by the Appalachian uplift, simultaneous

erosion, and the slowly retreating shoreline of the

shallow sea, is responsible for the banded effect of

Coastal Plain geologic surfaces evident in Choctaw

County. As the Tertiary Period progressed through the

Eocene and Oligocene Epochs, the thickening Coastal

Plain began a hesitant emergence from its marine

environment. The end of the Tertiary Period is

characterized in southwestern Alabama by the

deposition of estuarine and deltaic sediments of

Miocene age.

The variety of the sedimentary beds of the Tertiary

Period reflects the different marine and nearshore

environments (Plummer and McGeary, 1993). In

general, fine-grained shales and siliceous marine rocks

and massive marine clays are offshore, deepwater

deposits. On broad, shallow marine shelves adjacent to

shorelines, sediment grain size decreases offshore.

Deposits of claystone, siltstone, and shale are typical

of this environment. Coarser grained material tends to

be nearshore and is influenced by wave action and

ocean fauna to varying degrees. Limestone is

associated with relatively shallow-water environments,

such as reefs, lagoons, and barrier islands, where the

sediments are solidified by carbonates from the

decomposition of marine life. Deltaic sequences tend

to be chaotic as river sediment is deposited into

standing water and tidal zones. These deposits can be

a variety of interbedded siltstone, mudstone, and

shale, with coarse channels and with layers of organic

lignites and shell beds.

The Tertiary Period gave way to the Pleistocene

Epoch of the Quaternary Period. The Pleistocene

Epoch, from about 2 million to 10 thousand years ago,

was an era of repeated worldwide glaciation. Although

continental glaciers never covered the southeastern

part of the United States, they produced global

impacts on climate, weather, vegetation, and sea level.

During periods of maximum glaciation, mean sea level

was significantly lower because much of the global

moisture was bound up in the massive ice sheets.

During the warmer interglacial stages, much of the ice

was calved off into the sea in the form of icebergs or

melted to form huge continental rivers, thus raising sea

level. In addition, great amounts of moisture were

released into the atmosphere, resulting in periods of

intense rainfall, erosion, and sediment deposition. This

also contributed to raising the mean sea level. Most of

the present geomorphic landforms have been

established since that time. Many geologists agree that

the coastline of Alabama was more than 300 feet

above the present mean sea level during prePleistocene and early- to mid-Pleistocene times.

During the late-Pleistocene Epoch, a drop in the sea

level resulted in the coastline receding to about 60

miles offshore from its present location (Smith, 1988).

The changes in sea level were accompanied by the

fluctuation of the base level of major streams (Smith,

1988). The base level of streams with respect to the

high points on the landscape affects stream gradient. A

steeper gradient results in greater erosive power and

higher sediment carrying capacity. During earlier

periods of elevated sea level, a predominantly

depositional environment existed. The base levels of

major streams were situated at higher points on the

less-dissected landscape than at present. Fluvial

deposits were spread across the terrain as the

immature, sediment-laden streams meandered across

broad areas that lacked relief. As the sea level fell, the

gradient became steeper and the streams became

more deeply incised into the landscape. The energized
Choctaw County, Alabama 171

streams, seeking the Gulf of Mexico with their

increased erosive power, carved northerly facing

“cuestas” or steep escarpments as the banded, bedded

sediments resisted the entrenching process. Arundel

and Cantuche soils are examples of soils that formed

on steep escarpments of resistant beds of siltstone

and claystone. Layers of sediment on the surface of

the landscape underwent erosion processes. Some of

these sediments were transported downslope to

become deposits on footslopes and toeslopes or to

become valley fill. Stream action reworked the valley

fill deposits and redistributed this material on flood

plains. On uplands, the underlying older sediments

were commonly exposed, especially on side slopes. In

some cases strata of geologic formations were eroded

off to expose younger formations. Boykin-LuverneSmithdale complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, eroded,

occurs on side slopes that expose several strata of

sediments. The clayey Luverne soils, the fine-loamy

Smithdale soils, and the sandy Boykin soils are

examples of soils that formed over different strata.

Sediments of Quaternary or Pleistocene age

sometimes cap ridgetops or form terraces adjacent to

major streams. They are remnant deposits on summits

of stable landform surfaces on which the erosion

processes have been less effective. McLaurin soils on

ridgetops and Savannah soils on terraces are

examples of soils that formed on these geomorphic

surfaces.

The Quaternary age alluvial flood plains and low

terrace deposits of the Holocene Epoch were created

during the period of 10 thousand years to the present.

During this period, the geomorphic restructuring has

continued, although at a slower rate than when sea

level and the stream base-level were lower than at

present. Bibb, Kinston, Una, and Urbo soils are

examples of soils on the lower parts of flood plains.

Iuka, Mooreville, Ocklockonee, and Riverview soils are

examples of soils on the intermediate to higher parts of

natural levees adjacent to stream channels. Soils that

formed on high, intermediate, and low terraces

adjacent to flood plains are typified by the Savannah,

Izagora, and McCrory series, respectively.

Geologic Surfaces

Twelve major outcrops of geologic units, ranging in

age from Paleocene to Recent, are defined in Choctaw

County on the geologic map (Copeland, 1968;

Raymond et al., 1988; Tew, 1992; Toulmin, LaMoreaux,

and Lanphere, 1951; Toulmin, 1977; Turner and Newton,

1971). They are of sedimentary origin and consist of

sand, silt, clay, gravel, claystone, siltstone, sandstone,

marl, and limestone. From oldest to youngest, they are

the Porters Creek and Naheola Formations (Midway

Group) of the Paleocene Series; the Nanafalia

Formation, Tuscahoma Sand, and Hatchetigbee

Formation (Wilcox Group), the Tallahatta Formation and

Lisbon Formation/Gosport Sand (Claiborne Group), and

the Moodys Branch Formation and Yazoo Clay

(Jackson Group) of the Eocene Series; the Red Bluff

and Marianna Formations of the Oligocene Series; the

Miocene and Pleistocene Series; high terrace deposits

of the Pleistocene Series; and alluvium of the

Holocene Series. The Jackson Group and the

Oligocene Series are not separated on the geologic

map because of their similar lithologies, indistinct

contact, and weathered exposure. Similarly, the

Miocene and high terrace deposits of the Pleistocene

Series are not separated in the southwestern part of

the county. In the northeastern part of the county,

however, the Pleistocene aged high terrace deposits

that are associated with the Tombigbee River are

separated (Turner and Newton, 1971).

The Porters Creek Formation crops out in the

northeastern corner of the county. It consists primarily

of gray and black, tough, massive marine clay that has

a distinct conchoidal fracture. Only about the upper 100

feet of this formation is exposed in the county. Wilcox

and Mayhew soils formed in this material.

The Naheola Formation conformably overlies the

Porters Creek Formation and occurs in the

northeastern part of the county in the uplands adjacent

to Kinterbish Creek. The formation is generally about

180 feet thick. It consists of gray, laminated, thinbedded, carbonaceous clay, silt, and very fine grained

sand on the bottom (Oak Hill Member) and of gray,

laminated, thin-bedded, micaceous, carbonaceous clay

and gray and yellow fine- to medium-grained sand

containing glauconite (Coal Bluff Marl Member). It is

separated by a thin bed of lignite in some areas. The

soils that formed in this material are represented by the

Luverne and Smithdale series.

The Nanafalia Formation disconformably overlies

the Naheola Formation in the northeastern part of the

county. It ranges from 100 to 130 feet in thickness and

trends in a northwest to southeast direction in the

uplands drained by the eastern portions of Tuckabum,

Yantley, and Clear Creeks. It is comprised of three

components—the Gravel Creek Sand Member at the

bottom, an unnamed middle member, and the

Grampian Hills Member at the top. The lower member

is chiefly white and yellow, cross-bedded, medium- to

coarse-grained sands. The unnamed middle member is

gray, calcareous, glauconitic silty clay, sand, marl, and

sandstone that is fossiliferous throughout. It is known

as the “Ostrea thirsae beds” because in some areas it

contains an abundance of this ancient oyster species.
172 Soil Survey

The upper member consists of medium- to dark-gray,

massive clay. Luverne, Smithdale, and Boykin soils

formed on upland landforms of this unit.

The Tuscahoma Sand overlies the Nanafalia

Formation and crops out in a wide belt trending from

the northwestern part of the county to the east-central

part. It is about 350 feet thick in the outcrop and

consists mainly of fine- to medium-grained, crossbedded sand; fossiliferous greensand marl; and gray,

laminated and thin-bedded clay, very fine- or finegrained sand, and silt. The latter laminated material

comprises most of the unit in the outcrop. The primary

soils that formed in this unit are Luverne, Smithdale,

Boykin, Halso, and Conecuh soils.

The Hatchetigbee Formation is about 250 feet thick

and overlies the Tuscahoma Sand. Where the

Hatchetigbee Formation outcrops in the central part of

the county, it parallels the Tuscahoma Sand. The

Hatchetigbee Formation also crops out in the

southeastern part of the county. It is the oldest

formation on the crest of the Hatchetigbee Anticline

(Pashin et al., 1998). The Hatchetigbee Formation is

separated from the underlying similar beds of the

Tuscahoma Sand by about 20 to 30 feet of the Bashi

Marl Member, which is characterized by greenish-gray,

calcareous, glauconitic, fossiliferous sand with large

calcareous sandstone concretions. Large stone- and

boulder-sized concretions have been exposed by

excavations on some hillslopes in the vicinity of Butler.

The upper unnamed member of the Hatchetigbee

Formation is similar in stratigraphy to the Tuscahoma

Sand in having thin-bedded, laminated, carbonaceous

clay, silt, and very fine grained sand and fine grained

glauconitic sand. In some exposures, the Hatchetigbee

Formation is capped with a light colored, medium to

coarse sand that is hard to separate from the

intermittent Meridian Sand Member of the overlying

Tallahatta Formation. Luverne and Smithdale soils are

dominant on the Hatchetigbee Formation. Also, Boykin

soils occur near the contact with the Tallahatta

Formation.

The Tallahatta Formation ranges in thickness from

80 to about 130 feet. It crops out in the central part of

the county and is also exposed south of its normal

outcrop around the flanks of the Hatchetigbee Anticline

in the southeastern part of the county. Locally known

as “buhrstone,” the formation is primarily composed of

light gray, thin-bedded to massive, sparsely

fossiliferous to unfossiliferous, siliceous, indurated

clay, claystone, mudstone, and siltstone with an

abundance of fine-grained, indurated, biosiliceous

(diatomaceous) sediment (Ivany, 1998). It also

contains thin layers of sandy clay, glauconitic sand,

and sandstone. The indurated clay becomes brittle

when exposed to air and breaks up into angular blocks

that have a pronounced conchoidal fracture. In places,

the claystone has been cemented with silica to form

light gray and gray quartzite, which was the main

source material for the construction of stone tools in

this region of the gulf Coastal Plain.

The Tallahatta Formation is the most dramatic

outcropping of rock on the Coastal Plain in Alabama. It

has a rugged, north-facing escarpment (cuesta)

characterized by steep hills, many outliers, and relief

that is commonly 300 to 400 feet above streams. The

resistant claystone protects the softer underlying

Hatchetigbee material, which commonly forms up to

100 feet of the lower strata of the cuesta. Arundel,

Cantuche, Lauderdale, and Rayburn soils formed in

material that weathered from this formation.

Sand of the overlying Lisbon Formation caps much

of the top and the southward facing backslope of the

cuesta rim. The Lisbon Formation disconformably

overlies the Tallahatta Formation and is overlain by the

Gosport Sand. The Lisbon Formation and Gosport

Sand are not differentiated on the geologic map

because they have similar lithologies. They have a

combined thickness that ranges from about 125 feet to

250 feet. They crop out in an irregular band along a

large section of the south-central part of the county

and also crop out along the flanks of the Hatchetigbee

Anticline in the southeastern part. Generally, the unit

consists of beds of very fine grained to coarse grained

glauconitic greensand with indurated calcareous layers,

beds of light tan and brown sandy clay, and mediumfine to coarse sand, sandstone, marl, and clay. The

base of the Lisbon Formation is distinctive light bluegreen, clayey, glauconitic sand. Williamsville soils

formed in this material. Much of the unit is highly

weathered. Boykin, Luverne, Smithdale, and Wadley

soils formed in this highly weathered material. Brantley

and Okeelala soils formed in areas where the

underlying calcareous material has not completely

weathered and leached away.

The Jackson Group disconformably overlies the

Gosport Sand. It crops out in a narrow, northwest to

southeast trending belt in the southwestern part of the

county. It also crops out in an irregular pattern in the

south-central part of the county, where it is associated

with the Gilbertown and West Bend fault zone. It

occurs sporadically, mostly on the downthrown side of

fault lines, from Melvin in the western part of the

county to Womack Hill in the eastern part. At its base,

the Jackson Group is comprised of the Moodys Branch

Formation. The Jackson Group is overlain conformably

by the Yazoo Clay. It is not differentiated on the

geologic map because of the thinness of the

components and the indistinct nature of the Moodys
Choctaw County, Alabama 173

Branch in weathered outcrops. It has a combined

thickness of about 110 to 160 feet.

The Yazoo Clay is comprised of four members. In

ascending order, they are the North Twistwood Creek,

Cocoa Sand, Pachuta Marl, and Shubuta Members.

The North Twistwood Creek Member consists chiefly of

light-gray and greenish-gray, plastic, calcareous,

massive clay that is sparsely fossiliferous. The Cocoa

Sand Member is a light-gray, fine- to medium-grained

calcareous sand containing fossils, clay partings, and

white nodules of calcium carbonate. The Pachuta Marl

Member is primarily a light-gray and white, indurated,

chalky, fossiliferous marl and limestone that is sandy

and glauconitic in some exposures. The Pachuta Marl

Member commonly contains large fossils, including

remains of the State fossil of Alabama: Basilosaurus

cetoides (Owen), an ancient whale. The uppermost

Shubuta Member consists of a light greenish-gray and

white, highly calcareous clay that has abundant

nodules of calcium carbonate. The Moodys Branch

Formation is mostly a greenish-gray and yellowishgray, glauconitic, marly sand that has abundant fossils.

In some areas, it contains concentrations of the sand

dollar Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) and is known as the

“Scutella bed.” Sumter and Maytag soils formed in

limestone, marl, chalk, and the calcareous clays.

Brantley, Boswell, Hannon, Louin, Okeelala,

Oktibbeha, and Toxey soils mostly formed in areas that

have been modified by reworked materials or by the

dissolution of calcareous material in the upper part.

The Oligocene Series overlies the Shubuta Member

of the Yazoo Clay. Two members of the Oligocene

Series are exposed in Choctaw County: the Marianna

Limestone and the Red Bluff Clay. Most of the

components of the Oligocene Series have a combined

thickness of only about 70 feet or less and have

become indistinct because of removal, dissolution of

calcareous materials, and overlapping by the Miocene

Series and younger sediments. The Marianna

Limestone is a white and cream colored, soft, chalky,

porous, fossiliferous limestone. The Red Bluff Clay

consists of yellow, sandy, glauconitic, fossiliferous

limestone; light-gray and greenish-gray, massive,

calcareous, glauconitic clay; and gray silty clay that

has thin beds of sand. In some areas, the massive

clay bed in the middle contains gypsum crystals

(selenite) and nodules of calcium carbonate.

Exposures of the Oligocene Series dominantly occur in

a thin belt in the southwestern part of the county. In

addition, minor outcroppings are related to fault action

in the vicinity of Melvin and Womack Hill. Brantley,

Okeelala, Toxey, Hannon, Oktibbeha, and Boswell soils

are associated with this unit.

The Oligocene Series is overlapped unconformably

by the Miocene Series and an overtopping admixture

of possibly early-Pleistocene sediments. The Miocene/

Pleistocene unit is less than 150 feet thick. It consists

of varicolored, fine- to coarse-grained sand, gravelly

sand, and gray clay that weathers to shades of gray,

pink, and yellow. These sediments are of fluvial and

deltaic origin and occur on ridges and upper side

slopes in the southwestern part of the county near

Aquilla. McLaurin and Smithdale soils occur on broad

ridgetops. Smithdale, Luverne, and Boykin soils are on

side slopes.

Quaternary terrace deposits and alluvium

unconformably overlie older sediments throughout the

county adjacent to the Tombigbee River and its major

tributaries. On the surface, these deposits consist of

unconsolidated sand, silt, and clay and contain minor

amounts of gravel. High terrace deposits of

Pleistocene age occur in the northeastern part of the

county in the vicinity of Oakchia and Lavaca. Alluvium

and intermediate terrace deposits of late Pleistocene

and Holocene age fill the valleys of all major streams.

These terrace deposits are remnants of former flood

plains that are no longer subject to flooding because

the streams have incised to a lower level. Savannah

and Freest soils occur on these landforms. Urbo, Una,

and Mooreville soils occur on flood plains along the

Tombigbee River. Riverview soils occur on the natural

levees adjacent to the river channel. Ochlockonee,

Kinston, Iuka, and Bibb soils occur on the flood plains

of the tributaries to the Tombigbee River, including

Kinterbish, Yantley, Tuckabum, and Okatuppa Creeks.

Annemaine, Bigbee, Cahaba, and Izagora soils are on

low terraces adjacent to the major streams.

Geologic Structure

Typically, geologic formations in Choctaw County

strike northwest to southeast and dip southwestward at

about 35 feet per mile (Turner and Newton, 1971).

However, a deeply buried, evaporative seabed (similar

to the Great Salt Lake) that formed in arid climates

during the Jurassic period (about 150 to 200 million

years ago) is responsible for some interesting

structural expressions in the southwestern part of

Alabama (Copeland, 1968; Pashin et al., 1998; Turner

and Newton, 1971). The weight of thickening seawaterladen sediments and the differing densities of the salt

beds (Louann Salt) compared to other sediment and

rock layers have caused an upward welling of the salt

deposits over geologic time. These “salt domes”

caused a deformation of the overlying sediments. The

southwestern part of Choctaw County is over the

margins of the buried Mississippi Salt Basin. The

Gilbertown fault zone and the Hatchetigbee Anticline
174

are features associated with the movement of buried

salt in Choctaw County. The fault zone is in the southcentral part of the county. It trends southeastward from

about Melvin through Toxey to the north and through

Gilbertown to the south. It continues on through

Womack Hill and across the Tombigbee River. In the

western part of the county, two of the larger faults form

a graben, which is a downthrown elongated block of

geologic material between two faults. In this case, the

graben may be a result of subsidence following

migration of the salt. The Hatchetigbee Anticline is the

largest crustal fold exposed on the Alabama Coastal

Plain (Turner and Newton, 1971). It is an asymmetrical

ridge about 30 miles long and has a southeastward

trending axis that passes through Silas and Bladon

Springs and continues on into the northwestern parts

of Washington County and the southwestern parts of

Clarke County.

The anomalies of the Coastal Plain—the saltdomes, the Gilbertown fault zone, the Hatchetigbee

Anticline, and the grabens—result in several unique

features of the natural resources, physiography,

landscape, and associated soils of Choctaw County.

The stresses of the combined forces of downwarping

of the continental shelf and upwelling of the salt basin

caused fracturing in the earth’s crust. The fractures

provide subsurface repositories for the pooling of oil

and natural gas. The first oil well drilled in Alabama was

in Choctaw County at Gilbertown (Copeland, 1968;

Toulmin, LaMoreaux, and Lanphere, 1951). The oil field

at Gilbertown is located geologically along the

northwestern flank of the Hatchetigbee Anticline and is

associated with the two parallel, east to west trending

main faults of the Gilbertown fault zone.

The physiography of the southwestern part of

Choctaw County has also been affected by the

geologic structure. The orderly progression from oldest

to youngest outcroppings of geologic formations, which

normally proceeds in belted fashion in a southwestward

direction towards the Gulf of Mexico, has been

disrupted. Several geologic formations that would

normally be buried by overlying layers have been

exposed at the surface. This has produced some

rugged topography associated with resistant beds of

limestone and buhrstone. The Hatchetigbee, Tallahatta,

and Lisbon Formations are exposed south of their

normal outcrops. They outcrop on the crest, shoulders,

and flanks of the anticline in the southeastern part of

the county. Arundel, Cantuche, Lauderdale, and

Rayburn soils are associated with the Tallahatta

Formation. Williamsville soils are associated with

greenish, heavily glauconitic sands at the base of the

Lisbon Formation. Luverne, Smithdale, and Boykin

soils occur in areas defined by the Hatchetigbee

Formation and the upper parts of the Gosport/Lisbon

Formation. Also, less weathered calcareous beds that

are associated with the Eocene and Oligocene

deposits are found north of their normal outcrops. They

are on or near the surface in the vicinity of the flanks

of the anticline and along the margins of the fault zone.

Calcareous soils, such as Sumter and Maytag soils,

occur south and east of Melvin. Soils associated with

the Blackland Prairie dominate the landscape of some

areas in the southwestern part of the county and in the

vicinity of Womack Hill. Brantley, Toxey, and Hannon

soils occur on ridges, Freest soils occur on terraces,

and Brantley and Okeelala soils occur on steep and

very steep, highly dissected side slopes.
175

Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries. 1997. Alabama agricultural statistics.

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 1986.

Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and

testing. 14th edition, 2 volumes.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 1993. Standard classification of

soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D 2487.

Broadfoot, W.M. 1963. Guide for evaluating water oak sites. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station Research Paper

SO-1.

Broadfoot, W.M., and R.M. Krinard. 1959. Guide for evaluating sweetgum sites. U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station

Occasional Paper 176.

Coile, T.S., and F.X. Schumacher. 1953. Site index curves for young stands of loblolly

and shortleaf pines in the Piedmont Plateau Region. Journal of Forestry 51.

Copeland, Charles W. 1968. Geology of the Alabama Coastal Plain. Geological Survey of

Alabama, Circular 47.

Hajek, B.F., F. Adams, and J.T. Cope, Jr. 1972. Rapid determination of exchangeable

bases, acidity, and base saturation for soil characterization. Soil Science Society

of America Journal, volume 36.

Ivany, Linda C. 1998. Sequence stratigraphy of the middle Eocene Claiborne Stage, U.S.

Gulf Coastal Plain. Southeastern Geology, volume 38, number 1.

Johnson, William M. 1961. Transect methods for determination of composition of soil

mapping units. Soil Survey Technical Notes, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil

Conservation Service.

Mobile Press Register. March, 1995. Choctaw County. Special Section.

Pashin, J.C., D.E. Raymond, A.K. Rindsberg, G.G. Alabi, and R.E. Carroll. 1998. Area

balance and strain in an extensional fault system: Strategies for improved oil

recovery in fractured chalk, Gilbertown field, southwestern Alabama—year 2. U.S.

Department of Energy.

Plummer, Charles C., and David McGeary. 1993. Physical Geology. 6th edition.

Raymond, Dorothy E., W. Edward Osborne, Charles W. Copeland, and Thornton L.

Neathery. 1988. Alabama stratigraphy. Geological Survey of Alabama, Circular 140.

References
176

Smith, Howard C., Clarence Lounsbury, and J.F. Stroud. 1925. Soil survey of Choctaw

County, Alabama. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils.

Smith, W. Everett. 1988. Geomorphology of the Mobile Delta. Geological Survey of

Alabama, Bulletin 132.

Southern Historical News. 1986. Volume 6, number 55. The Historical News.

Steers, C.A., and B.F. Hajek. 1979. Determination of map unit composition by a random

selection of transects. Soil Science Society of America Journal, volume 43.

Tew, Berry H. 1992. Sequence stratigraphy, lithofacies relationships, and paleogeography

of Oligocene strata in southeastern Mississippi and southwestern Alabama.

Geological Survey of Alabama, Bulletin 146.

Toulmin, L.D., P.E. LaMoreaux, and C.R. Lanphere. 1951. Geology and ground-water

resources of Choctaw County, Alabama. Geological Survey of Alabama, Special

Report 21 and County Report 2.

Toulmin, L.D. 1977. Stratigraphic distribution of Paleocene and Eocene fossils in the

eastern gulf coast region. Geological Survey of Alabama, Monograph 13.

Turner, J.D., and J.G. Newton. 1971. Geology of Choctaw County, Alabama. Geological

Survey of Alabama, Map 102.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil

classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Soil Conservation Service,

U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1976. Volume, yield, and stand tables for

second growth southern pines. Forest Service Miscellaneous Publication 50.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1985. Forest statistics for Alabama counties—

1982. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station Resource Bulletin SO97.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1991a. Forest statistics for Alabama

counties—1990. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station Resource

Bulletin SO-158.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1991b. Soil survey laboratory methods manual.

Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey Investigations Report 42.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1993. Soil survey manual. U.S. Department of

Agriculture Handbook 18.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1996. Keys to soil taxonomy. 7th edition.

Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil Survey Staff.

United States Department of Interior. 1996. Choctaw National Wildlife Refuge. Fish and

Wildlife Service, Annual Narrative Report.
177

ABC soil. A soil having an A, a B, and a C horizon.

AC soil. A soil having only an A and a C horizon.

Commonly, such soil formed in recent alluvium or

on steep, rocky slopes.

Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from

the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is

similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a poorly

aerated soil is considerably higher in carbon

dioxide and lower in oxygen.

Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single

mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as

granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods

are aggregates produced by tillage or logging.

Alkali (sodic) soil. A soil having so high a degree of

alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a percentage

of exchangeable sodium (15 percent or more of the

total exchangeable bases), or both, that plant

growth is restricted.

Alluvial cone. The material washed down the sides of

mountains and hills by ephemeral streams and

deposited at the mouth of gorges in the form of a

moderately steep, conical mass descending

equally in all directions from the point of issue.

Alluvial fan. The fanlike deposit of a stream where it

issues from a gorge upon a plain or of a tributary

stream near or at its junction with its main stream.

Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay,

deposited on land by streams.

Alpha,alpha-dipyridyl. A dye that when dissolved in

1N ammonium acetate is used to detect the

presence of reduced iron (Fe II) in the soil. A

positive reaction indicates a type of redoximorphic

feature.

Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage

required by one mature cow of approximately

1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1

month.

Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized

by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic

features.

Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by

an accumulation of illuvial clay.

Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces.

Available water capacity (available moisture

capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water

available for use by most plants. It is commonly

defined as the difference between the amount of

soil water at field moisture capacity and the

amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed

as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in

inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is

expressed as:

Very low ........................................................... 0 to 3

Low ................................................................... 3 to 6

Moderate .......................................................... 6 to 9

High ................................................................ 9 to 12

Very high ............................................. more than 12

Backslope. The geomorphic component that forms the

steepest inclined surface and principal element of

many hillsides. Backslopes in profile are

commonly steep, are linear, and may or may not

include cliff segments.

Basal area. The area of a cross section of a tree,

generally referring to the section at breast height

and measured outside the bark. It is a measure of

stand density, commonly expressed in square

feet.

Base saturation. The degree to which material having

cation-exchange properties is saturated with

exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K),

expressed as a percentage of the total cationexchange capacity.

Bedding planes. Fine strata, less than 5 millimeters

thick, in unconsolidated alluvial, eolian, lacustrine,

or marine sediment.

Bedding system. A drainage system made by

plowing, grading, or otherwise shaping the surface

of a flat field. It consists of a series of low ridges

separated by shallow, parallel dead furrows.

Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and

other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at

the surface.

Bedrock-controlled topography. A landscape where

the configuration and relief of the landforms are

determined or strongly influenced by the underlying

bedrock.

Bisequum. Two sequences of soil horizons, each of

which consists of an illuvial horizon and the

overlying eluvial horizons.

Glossary
178 Soil Survey

Blowout. A shallow depression from which all or most

of the soil material has been removed by the wind.

A blowout has a flat or irregular floor formed by a

resistant layer or by an accumulation of pebbles or

cobbles. In some blowouts the water table is

exposed.

Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60

centimeters) in diameter.

Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet above the

ground surface; the point on a tree where diameter

measurements are ordinarily taken.

Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to a

nearby central area for transport to a processing

facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use of

a drum, a pole, and wire cables in an arrangement

similar to that of a rod and reel used for fishing. To

reduce friction and soil disturbance, felled trees

generally are reeled in while one end is lifted or the

entire log is suspended.

Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium

carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium

carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with

cold, dilute hydrochloric acid.

Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See

Crown.)

Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil

particles and in tiny spaces between particles.

Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds

capillary water in the soil.

Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a landscape

that formed in similar kinds of parent material but

have different characteristics as a result of

differences in relief and drainage.

Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity.

The common soil cations are calcium, potassium,

magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen.

Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of

exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil,

expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100

grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some other

stated pH value. The term, as applied to soils, is

synonymous with base-exchange capacity but is

more precise in meaning.

Cement rock. Shaly limestone used in the

manufacture of cement.

Channery soil material. Soil material that is, by

volume, 15 to 35 percent thin, flat fragments of

sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as

much as 6 inches (15 centimeters) along the

longest axis. A single piece is called a channer.

Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation

through the use of chemicals.

Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or

more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen

hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal

plow depth.

Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less

than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural

class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay,

less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40

percent silt.

Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low

content of iron, manganese, and clay because of

the chemical reduction of iron and manganese and

the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A type

of redoximorphic depletion.

Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the

surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root

channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin.

Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand.

Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly rounded

fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25

centimeters) in diameter.

Cobbly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 percent,

by volume, rounded or partially rounded rock

fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 centimeters) in

diameter. Very cobbly soil material has 35 to 60

percent of these rock fragments, and extremely

cobbly soil material has more than 60 percent.

Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both,

moved by creep, slide, or local wash and

deposited at the base of steep slopes.

Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning

or establishing terraces, diversions, and other

water-control structures on a complex slope is

difficult.

Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil

or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern

or so small in area that it is not practical to map

them separately at the selected scale of mapping.

The pattern and proportion of the soils or

miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all

areas.

Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal

symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a

plane. They typically take the form of concentric

layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium carbonate,

iron oxide, and manganese oxide are common

compounds making up concretions. If formed in

place, concretions of iron oxide or manganese

oxide are generally considered a type of

redoximorphic concentration.

Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in

combination with needed cultural and

management practices. In a good conservation

cropping system, the soil-improving crops and

practices more than offset the effects of the soildepleting crops and practices. Cropping systems
Choctaw County, Alabama 179

are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving

practices in a conservation cropping system

include the use of rotations that contain grasses

and legumes and the return of crop residue to the

soil. Other practices include the use of green

manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper

tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest

control.

Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not

invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount

of crop residue on the surface throughout the year.

Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion

and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to

deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes

resistance of soil material to rupture and to

penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness

of puddled soil material; and the manner in which

the soil material behaves when subject to

compression. Terms describing consistence are

defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.”

Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that

follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing

crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled crops

or summer fallow.

Control section. The part of the soil on which

classification is based. The thickness varies

among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that

part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches

and 40 or 80 inches.

Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical

action that dissolves or weakens concrete or

uncoated steel.

Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to

improve and protect the soil between periods of

regular crop production, or a crop grown between

trees and vines in orchards and vineyards.

Cropping system. Growing crops according to a

planned system of rotation and management

practices.

Crop residue management. Returning crop residue to

the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure,

organic matter content, and fertility and helps to

control erosion.

Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting farming

operations on sloping farmland in such a way that

tillage is across the general slope.

Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including the

living branches and their foliage.

Cuesta. A hill or ridge that has a gentle slope on one

side and a steep slope on the other; specifically,

an asymmetric, homoclinal ridge capped by

resistant rock layers of slight or moderate dip.

Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations

tend to cave in or slough.

Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting

grazing land for a prescribed period.

Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over

bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches

deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches;

moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; and shallow, 10

to 20 inches.

Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the

surface for the specified use.

Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth,

generally a terrace, built to protect downslope

areas by diverting runoff from its natural course.

Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and

duration of wet periods under conditions similar to

those under which the soil formed. Alterations of

the water regime by human activities, either

through drainage or irrigation, are not a

consideration unless they have significantly

changed the morphology of the soil. Seven classes

of natural soil drainage are recognized—

excessively drained, somewhat excessively

drained, well drained, moderately well drained,

somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and very

poorly drained. These classes are defined in the

“Soil Survey Manual.”

Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water,

from an area.

Duff. A generally firm organic layer on the surface of

mineral soils. It consists of fallen plant material

that is in the process of decomposition and

includes everything from the litter on the surface to

underlying pure humus.

Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution

or colloidal suspension from one place to another

within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material

through eluviation are eluvial; those that have

received material are illuvial.

Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in

which all horizons between the upper boundary

of saturation and a depth of 2 meters are

saturated.

Ephemeral stream. A stream, or reach of a stream,

that flows only in direct response to precipitation. It

receives no long-continued supply from melting

snow or other source, and its channel is above the

water table at all times.

Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a

perched water table in a soil in which saturated

layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated

layers within 2 meters of the surface.

Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by

water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by

such processes as gravitational creep.

Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic
180 Soil Survey

processes acting over long geologic periods and

resulting in the wearing away of mountains and the

building up of such landscape features as flood

plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural

erosion.

Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid

than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human

or animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature,

such as a fire, that exposes the surface.

Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope

or cliff breaking the general continuity of more

gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from

erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp.

Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the

soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel or

sand for construction purposes.

Excess sodium (in tables). Excess exchangeable

sodium in the soil. The resulting poor physical

properties restrict the growth of plants.

Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore

productivity through accumulation of moisture.

Summer fallow is common in regions of limited

rainfall where cereal grain is grown. The soil is tilled

for at least one growing season for weed control

and decomposition of plant residue.

Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water

into the soil.

Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide

plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper

balance, for the growth of specified plants when

light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth

factors are favorable.

Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a

soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry

weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has

drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3

days after a soaking rain; also called normal field

capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary

capacity.

Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay.

Firebreak. Area cleared of flammable material to stop

or help control creeping or running fires. It also

serves as a line from which to work and to

facilitate the movement of firefighters and

equipment. Designated roads also serve as

firebreaks.

First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream,

subject to frequent or occasional flooding.

Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a

stream and is subject to flooding unless protected

artificially.

Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river

action, as a fluvial plain.

Footslope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill.

Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge.

Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants

(underbrush) covering the ground in a forest.

Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition

and development because of given physical and

biological factors by which it may be differentiated

from other stands.

Fragipan. A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low in

porosity and content of organic matter and low or

moderate in clay but high in silt or very fine sand.

A fragipan appears cemented and restricts roots.

When dry, it is hard or very hard and has a higher

bulk density than the horizon or horizons above.

When moist, it tends to rupture suddenly under

pressure rather than to deform slowly.

Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers

especially to the processes or soil-forming factors

responsible for the formation of the solum, or true

soil, from the unconsolidated parent material.

Gilgai. Commonly, a succession of microbasins and

microknolls in nearly level areas or of microvalleys

and microridges parallel with the slope. Typically,

the microrelief of clayey soils that shrink and swell

considerably with changes in moisture content.

Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage,

resulting in the reduction of iron and other

elements in the profile and in gray colors.

Graded stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that

grade toward a protected waterway.

Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed waterway,

typically broad and shallow, seeded to grass as

protection against erosion. Conducts surface water

away from cropland.

Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as much

as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 centimeters) in

diameter. An individual piece is a pebble.

Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35

percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock

fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as 3

inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter.

Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving crop

grown to be plowed under in an early stage of

maturity or soon after maturity.

Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of

the material below the water table.

Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by

running water and through which water ordinarily

runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a

gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is

an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to

be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser

depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary

tillage.

High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and
Choctaw County, Alabama 181

corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue

from these crops can be used to control erosion

until the next crop in the rotation is established.

These crops return large amounts of organic

matter to the soil.

Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as

much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands,

commonly of limited summit area and having a

well defined outline; hillsides generally have slopes

of more than 15 percent. The distinction between a

hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is dependent on

local usage.

Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to

the surface, having distinct characteristics

produced by soil-forming processes. In the

identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter

represents the major horizons. Numbers or

lowercase letters that follow represent subdivisions

of the major horizons. An explanation of the

subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey Manual.”

The major horizons of mineral soil are as

follows:

O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and decaying

plant residue.

A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the

surface in which an accumulation of humified

organic matter is mixed with the mineral material.

Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was

originally part of a B horizon.

E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main

feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or

some combination of these.

B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A

horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of

transition from the overlying A to the underlying C

horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive

characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay,

sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these;

(2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or

browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) a

combination of these.

C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, excluding

indurated bedrock, that is little affected by soilforming processes and does not have the

properties typical of the overlying soil material. The

material of a C horizon may be either like or unlike

that in which the solum formed. If the material is

known to differ from that in the solum, an Arabic

numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the letter C.

Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath

the soil.

Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable

part of the organic matter in mineral soils.

Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped

according to their runoff potential. The soil

properties that influence this potential are those

that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on

a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting

when the soil is not frozen. These properties are

depth to a seasonal high water table, the infiltration

rate and permeability after prolonged wetting, and

depth to a very slowly permeable layer. The slope

and the kind of plant cover are not considered but

are separate factors in predicting runoff.

Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one

horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally,

material is removed from an upper horizon and

deposited in a lower horizon.

Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or

roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is

absolutely impervious to air and water all the

time.

Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the

immediate surface of soil or other material, as

contrasted with percolation, which is movement of

water through soil layers or material.

Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates

the surface of the soil at any given instant,

usually expressed in inches per hour. The rate

can be limited by the infiltration capacity of the

soil or the rate at which water is applied at the

surface.

Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream,

that flows for prolonged periods only when it

receives ground-water discharge or long, continued

contributions from melting snow or other surface

and shallow subsurface sources.

Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low

content of iron and manganese oxide because of

chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay

content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A

type of redoximorphic depletion.

Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in

production of crops. Methods of irrigation are:

Basin.—Water is applied rapidly to nearly level

plains surrounded by levees or dikes.

Border.—Water is applied at the upper end of a

strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled

by small earth ridges called border dikes, or

borders.

Controlled flooding.—Water is released at intervals

from closely spaced field ditches and distributed

uniformly over the field.

Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closely

spaced furrows or ditches in fields of close-growing

crops or in orchards so that it flows in only one

direction.

Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and under
182 Soil Survey

low pressure to the surface of the soil or into the

soil through such applicators as emitters, porous

tubing, or perforated pipe.

Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made by

cultivation implements. Furrows are used for tree

and row crops.

Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil

surface through pipes or nozzles from a

pressure system.

Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches or

tile lines until the water table is raised enough to

wet the soil.

Wild flooding.—Water, released at high points, is

allowed to flow onto an area without controlled

distribution.

Knoll. A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacent

landforms.

Lacustrine deposit. Material deposited in lake water

and exposed when the water level is lowered or the

elevation of the land is raised.

Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of

soil and loose rock, generally when wet or

saturated. The speed and distance of movement,

as well as the amount of soil and rock material,

vary greatly.

Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches (7.6

centimeters) or more across. Large stones

adversely affect the specified use of the soil.

Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or

other material by percolating water.

Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil

passes from a plastic to a liquid state.

Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay

particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less

than 52 percent sand particles.

Low-residue crops. Such crops as corn used for

silage, peas, beans, and potatoes. Residue from

these crops is not adequate to control erosion until

the next crop in the rotation is established. These

crops return little organic matter to the soil.

Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to support

loads.

Marl. An earthy, unconsolidated deposit consisting

chiefly of calcium carbonate mixed with clay in

approximately equal amounts.

Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil

matrix that do not have a clearly defined boundary

with the surrounding soil material and cannot be

removed as a discrete unit. Common compounds

making up masses are calcium carbonate, gypsum

or other soluble salts, iron oxide, and manganese

oxide. Masses consisting of iron oxide or

manganese oxide generally are considered a type

of redoximorphic concentration.

Mechanical treatment. Use of mechanical equipment

for seeding, brush management, and other

management practices.

Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, silt

loam, or silt.

Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and

low in organic material. Its bulk density is more

than that of organic soil.

Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop

production and prevention of soil damage.

Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no

natural soil and supports little or no vegetation.

Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy loam,

sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.

Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay

loam, or silty clay loam.

Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil,

including the texture, structure, porosity,

consistence, color, and other physical, mineral,

and biological properties of the various horizons,

and the thickness and arrangement of those

horizons in the soil profile.

Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that

vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as

follows: abundance—few, common, and many;

size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast—

faint, distinct, and prominent. The size

measurements are of the diameter along the

greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5

millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15

millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse,

more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch).

Mudstone (claystone, siltstone). Sedimentary rock

formed by induration of silt and clay in

approximately equal amounts.

Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees of

three simple variables—hue, value, and chroma.

For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a color with

hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of 4.

Natric horizon. A special kind of argillic horizon that

contains enough exchangeable sodium to have an

adverse effect on the physical condition of the

subsoil.

Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3.

(See Reaction, soil.)

Nodules. Cemented bodies lacking visible internal

structure. Calcium carbonate, iron oxide, and

manganese oxide are common compounds making

up nodules. If formed in place, nodules of iron

oxide or manganese oxide are considered types of

redoximorphic concentrations.

Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant

essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,
Choctaw County, Alabama 183

magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper,

boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and

water.

Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in

various stages of decomposition. The content of

organic matter in the surface layer is described as

follows:

Low ............................................... 0.5 to 2.0 percent

Medium ........................................ 2.0 to 4.0 percent

High .............................................. 4.0 to 8.0 percent

Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the

movement of water and the growth of roots. For

example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan, and

traffic pan.

Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and

mineral material in which soil forms.

Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a

granule, a prism, or a block.

Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.”

A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to

permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from

about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10

square meters), depending on the variability of the

soil.

Percolation. The downward movement of water

through the soil.

Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water

through the soil adversely affects the specified use.

Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water

or air to move downward through the profile. The

rate at which a saturated soil transmits water is

accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil

physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated

hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil

Survey Manual.” In line with conventional usage in

the engineering profession and with traditional

usage in published soil surveys, this rate of flow

continues to be expressed as “permeability.” Terms

describing permeability, measured in inches per

hour, are as follows:

Extremely slow ................................ 0.0 to 0.01 inch

Very slow ....................................... 0.01 to 0.06 inch

Slow.................................................. 0.06 to 0.2 inch

Moderately slow ................................ 0.2 to 0.6 inch

Moderate ................................ 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches

Moderately rapid ............................ 2.0 to 6.0 inches

Rapid ............................................... 6.0 to 20 inches

Very rapid ................................ more than 20 inches

Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on

features that affect its use and management, such

as slope, stoniness, and flooding.

pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and

alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.)

Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or

pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil.

Plasticity index. The numerical difference between the

liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of

moisture content within which the soil remains

plastic.

Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil

changes from semisolid to plastic.

Plateau. An extensive upland mass with relatively flat

summit area that is considerably elevated (more

than 100 meters) above adjacent lowlands and

separated from them on one or more sides by

escarpments.

Plinthite. The sesquioxide-rich, humus-poor, highly

weathered mixture of clay with quartz and other

diluents. It commonly appears as red mottles,

usually in platy, polygonal, or reticulate patterns.

Plinthite changes irreversibly to an ironstone

hardpan or to irregular aggregates on repeated

wetting and drying, especially if it is exposed also

to heat from the sun. In a moist soil, plinthite can

be cut with a spade. It is a form of laterite.

Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil directly

below the plowed layer.

Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed

depressions. Unless the soils are artificially

drained, the water can be removed only by

percolation or evapotranspiration.

Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapid

permeability, the soil may not adequately filter

effluent from a waste disposal system.

Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil

material consisting mainly of particles of nearly the

same size. Because there is little difference in size

of the particles, density can be increased only

slightly by compaction.

Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth).

Depth to which roots could penetrate if the content

of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has

no properties restricting the penetration of roots to

this depth.

Prescribed burning. Deliberately burning an area for

specific management purposes, under the

appropriate conditions of weather and soil moisture

and at the proper time of day.

Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for producing

a specified plant or sequence of plants under

specific management.

Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending

through all its horizons and into the parent material.

Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that

maintains enough cover to protect the soil and
184 Soil Survey

maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the

desirable vegetation. This practice increases the

vigor and reproduction capacity of the key plants

and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch

necessary to conserve soil and water.

Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a

soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to

pH 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction

because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The degrees

of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH values,

are:

Ultra acid .............................................. less than 3.5

Extremely acid ........................................... 3.5 to 4.4

Very strongly acid ...................................... 4.5 to 5.0

Strongly acid .............................................. 5.1 to 5.5

Moderately acid ......................................... 5.6 to 6.0

Slightly acid ................................................ 6.1 to 6.5

Neutral ....................................................... 6.6 to 7.3

Slightly alkaline........................................... 7.4 to 7.8

Moderately alkaline .................................... 7.9 to 8.4

Strongly alkaline ........................................ 8.5 to 9.0

Very strongly alkaline ........................ 9.1 and higher

Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules,

concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and other

features resulting from the accumulation of iron or

manganese oxide. An indication of chemical

reduction and oxidation resulting from

saturation.

Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from

which iron and manganese oxide or a combination

of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been

removed. These zones are indications of the

chemical reduction of iron resulting from

saturation.

Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic

concentrations, redoximorphic depletions, reduced

matrices, a positive reaction to alpha,alphadipyridyl, and other features indicating the

chemical reduction and oxidation of iron and

manganese compounds resulting from

saturation.

Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in

situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II).

The chemical reduction results from nearly

continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a

change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after

exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A

type of redoximorphic feature.

Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered

rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the

loose earth material above the solid rock.

Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface,

considered collectively.

Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated,

weathered or partly weathered mineral material that

accumulated as consolidated rock disintegrated in

place.

Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated

erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and

not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm

machinery.

Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical

means during road construction. It is commonly on

the uphill side of the road.

Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a

diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example,

pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders.

Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil

is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots.

Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated

by plant roots.

Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream

channels from an area. The water that flows off the

surface of the land without sinking into the soil is

called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil

before reaching surface streams is called

ground-water runoff or seepage flow from ground

water.

Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral

fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in

diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a

soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more

sand and not more than 10 percent clay.

Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly

sand-sized particles.

Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive

pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of

saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix

into an unlined auger hole.

Second bottom. The first terrace above the normal

flood plain (or first bottom) of a river.

Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles

deposited from suspension in water. The chief

kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate,

formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand;

shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed

from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are

many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited

sand is consolidated into sandstone.

Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through

the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified

use.

Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon

and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.)

Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are

almost alike, except for differences in texture of

the surface layer. All the soils of a series have
Choctaw County, Alabama 185

horizons that are similar in composition, thickness,

and arrangement.

Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of a

clay deposit.

Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of

soil material from the land surface by the action of

rainfall and surface runoff.

Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when dry

and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and swelling

can damage roads, dams, building foundations,

and other structures. It can also damage plant

roots.

Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The

mineral form is called quartz.

Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles

that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay

(0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine

sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil

that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12

percent clay.

Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly

silt-sized particles.

Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic

criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner,

and have similar conservation needs or

management requirements for the major land uses

in the survey area.

Slickensides. Polished and grooved surfaces

produced by one mass sliding past another. In

soils, slickensides may occur at the bases of slip

surfaces on the steeper slopes; on faces of

blocks, prisms, and columns; and in swelling

clayey soils, where there is marked change in

moisture content.

Slippage (in tables). Soil mass susceptible to

movement downslope when loaded, excavated, or

wet.

Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the

horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical

distance divided by horizontal distance, then

multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a

drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. In

this survey, classes for simple slopes are as

follows:

Level ................................................... 0 to 1 percent

Nearly level ........................................ 0 to 2 percent

Very gently sloping ............................ 1 to 3 percent

Gently sloping .................................... 2 to 5 percent

Moderately sloping ............................ 5 to 8 percent

Strongly sloping ............................... 5 to 15 percent

Moderately steep ........................... 15 to 25 percent

Steep .............................................. 25 to 35 percent

Very steep ............................. 35 percent and higher

Classes for complex slopes are as follows:

Nearly level ........................................ 0 to 2 percent

Gently undulating ............................... 0 to 3 percent

Undulating .......................................... 3 to 8 percent

Rolling .............................................. 5 to 15 percent

Hilly ................................................. 15 to 25 percent

Steep .............................................. 15 to 35 percent

Very steep ............................. 35 percent and higher

Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special

practices are required to ensure satisfactory

performance of the soil for a specific use.

Slow intake (in tables). The slow movement of water

into the soil.

Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than

3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small

stones adversely affect the specified use of the

soil.

Sodic (alkali) soil. A soil having so high a degree of

alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a percentage

of exchangeable sodium (15 percent or more of the

total exchangeable bases), or both, that plant

growth is restricted.

Sodicity. The degree to which a soil is affected by

exchangeable sodium. Sodicity is expressed as a

sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of a saturation

extract, or the ratio of Na+ to Ca++ + Mg++. The

degrees of sodicity and their respective ratios are:

Slight ................................................... less than 13:1

Moderate ....................................................... 13-30:1

Strong .............................................. more than 30:1

Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with

trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and

other equipment commonly used in construction.

Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s

surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has

properties resulting from the integrated effect of

climate and living matter acting on earthy parent

material, as conditioned by relief over periods of

time.

Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2

millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging

between specified size limits. The names and

sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in

the United States are as follows:

Very coarse sand ...................................... 2.0 to 1.0

Coarse sand .............................................. 1.0 to 0.5

Medium sand ........................................... 0.5 to 0.25

Fine sand ............................................... 0.25 to 0.10

Very fine sand ........................................ 0.10 to 0.05

Silt ......................................................... 0.05 to 0.002

Clay .................................................. less than 0.002
186 Soil Survey

Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C

horizon, in which the processes of soil formation

are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E,

and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of

the material in these horizons are unlike those of

the material below the solum. The living roots and

plant and animal activities are largely confined to

the solum.

Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60

centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to

24 inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if

flat.

Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers

that interfere with or prevent tillage.

Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic

arrangement of strips or bands that provide

vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water

erosion.

Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil

particles into compound particles or aggregates.

The principal forms of soil structure are—platy

(laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of

aggregates longer than horizontal), columnar

(prisms with rounded tops), blocky (angular or

subangular), and granular. Structureless soils

are either single grained (each grain by itself, as

in dune sand) or massive (the particles adhering

without any regular cleavage, as in many

hardpans).

Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of

the solum below plow depth.

Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth,

ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan.

Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum.

Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB,

or EB) below the surface layer.

Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or its

equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth

from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters).

Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the

“Ap horizon.”

Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons,

considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions

of these horizons.

Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a series

recognized in the classification system. Such soils

are named for a series they strongly resemble and

are designated as taxadjuncts to that series

because they differ in ways too small to be of

consequence in interpreting their use and behavior.

Soils are recognized as taxadjuncts only when one

or more of their characteristics are slightly outside

the range defined for the family of the series for

which the soils are named.

Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed

across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight

angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts

surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil

or flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in

a field generally is built so that the field can be

farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage

has a deep channel that is maintained in

permanent sod.

Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat

or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea.

Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, and

clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic textural

classes, in order of increasing proportion of fine

particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy loam,

loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay loam,

silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay.

The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam classes

may be further divided by specifying “coarse,”

“fine,” or “very fine.”

Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material

that is too thin for the specified use.

Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related

to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling

emergence, and root penetration.

Toeslope. The outermost inclined surface at the base

of a hill; part of a footslope.

Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most

favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily

rich in organic matter and is used to topdress

roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining.

Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example,

zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soils

in extremely small amounts. They are essential to

plant growth.

Unstable fill (in tables). Risk of caving or sloughing on

banks of fill material.

Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than the

alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the

lowlands along streams.

Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colors

assumed to be inherited from the parent material

rather than to be the result of poor drainage.

Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional

areas that are excavated at an angle across a

sloping road. They are used to reduce the

downward velocity of water and divert it off and

away from the road surface. Water bars can easily

be driven over if constructed properly.

Weathering. All physical and chemical changes

produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the

earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These

changes result in disintegration and decomposition

of the material.
Choctaw County, Alabama 187

Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of

coarse grained particles that are well distributed

over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil

normally can be easily increased in density and

bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with

poorly graded soil.

Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The

moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at

which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so

much that it does not recover when placed in a

humid, dark chamber.

189

Tables
190 Soil Survey

Table 1.--Temperature and Precipitation

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Thomasville, Alabama)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | |

 | Temperature | Precipitation

 | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | 2 years in | | |2 years in 10| |

 | | | | 10 will have-- | Average | | will have-- | Average | _______________________ _____________ |

 Month |Average|Average|Average| | |number of|Average| | |number of|Average

 | daily | daily | daily | Maximum | Minimum | growing | | Less | More |days with|snowfall

 |maximum|minimum| |temperature|temperature| degree | |than--|than--|0.10 inch|

 | | | | higher | lower | days* | | | | or more |

 | | | | than-- | than-- | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | oF | oF | oF | oF | o _ _ _ _ _ _____ __ __ | __ | | __ F | Units | In | In | In | | In

 | | | | | | | | | | |

January-----| 56.3 | 33.1 | 44.7 | 77 | 8 | 67 | 5.43 | 3.45 | 7.22 | 8 | 0.3

 | | | | | | | | | | |

February----| 61.0 | 36.0 | 48.5 | 81 | 16 | 97 | 5.53 | 3.13 | 7.65 | 6 | .1

 | | | | | | | | | | |

March-------| 69.6 | 43.8 | 56.7 | 86 | 23 | 250 | 6.88 | 3.70 | 9.68 | 7 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

April-------| 77.5 | 51.7 | 64.6 | 89 | 33 | 442 | 4.56 | 2.02 | 6.72 | 5 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

May---------| 83.3 | 59.5 | 71.4 | 93 | 44 | 663 | 4.69 | 1.65 | 7.21 | 6 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

June--------| 89.4 | 66.6 | 78.0 | 99 | 53 | 839 | 4.28 | 1.77 | 6.41 | 6 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

July--------| 91.1 | 69.5 | 80.3 | 100 | 61 | 940 | 6.01 | 3.49 | 8.26 | 8 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

August------| 90.7 | 68.9 | 79.8 | 98 | 60 | 915 | 4.20 | 2.13 | 6.01 | 7 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

September---| 86.9 | 63.8 | 75.4 | 98 | 46 | 760 | 3.70 | 1.32 | 5.67 | 5 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

October-----| 78.0 | 51.8 | 64.9 | 92 | 34 | 447 | 2.82 | 0.70 | 4.66 | 3 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

November----| 68.3 | 43.3 | 55.8 | 85 | 24 | 221 | 4.47 | 2.42 | 6.27 | 5 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

December----| 59.8 | 36.2 | 48.0 | 79 | 13 | 105 | 5.94 | 3.31 | 8.26 | 7 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Average----| 76.0 | 52.0 | 64.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Extreme----| 104 | -1 | --- | 101 | 6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Total------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5,745 | 58.51 |49.66 |66.98 | 73 | .4

 | | | | | | | | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the

maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which

growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (50 degrees F).
Choctaw County, Alabama 191

Table 2.--Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Thomasville, Alabama)

______________________________________________________________

 |

 | Temperature

 |__________________________________________

 Probability | | |

 | 24oF | 28oF | 32oF

 | or lower | or lower | or lower ______________________________________________________________

 | | |

 | | |

 Last freezing | | |

 temperature | | |

 in spring: | | |

 | | |

 1 year in 10 | | |

 later than-- | Mar. 13 | Mar. 24 | Apr. 3

 | | |

 2 years in 10 | | |

 later than-- | Mar. 5 | Mar. 16 | Mar. 29

 | | |

 5 years in 10 | | |

 later than-- | Feb. 19 | Mar. 3 | Mar. 20

 | | |

 First freezing | | |

 temperature | | |

 in fall: | | |

 | | |

 1 year in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Nov. 21 | Nov. 8 | Oct. 27

 | | |

 2 years in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Nov. 28 | Nov. 14 | Nov. 1

 | | |

 5 years in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Dec. 13 | Nov. 25 | Nov. 11

 | | | ______________________________________________________________

Table 3.--Growing Season

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Thomasville,

 Alabama)

__________________________________________________

 |

 | Daily minimum temperature

 | during growing season

 |___________________________________

 Probability | | |

 | Higher | Higher | Higher

 | than | than | than

 | 24oF | 28oF | 32oF

 | | | __________________________________________________

 | Days | Days | Days ____ ____ ____

 | | |

9 years in 10 | 246 | 232 | 214

 | | |

8 years in 10 | 256 | 241 | 221

 | | |

5 years in 10 | 275 | 258 | 234

 | | |

2 years in 10 | 295 | 276 | 248

 | | |

1 year in 10 | 305 | 285 | 255

 | | | ___________________________________________________
192 Soil Survey

Table 4.--Suitability and Limitations of General Soil Map Units for Specified Uses

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |Extent | | | |

 Map unit | of | Cultivated | Pasture and | Forestland | Urban uses

 | area | crops | hayland | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Pct | | | | ___

 | | | | |

1. Urbo-Mooreville-Una-------| 6 |Poorly suited: |Poorly suited: |Suited: |Not suited:

 | | flooding, | flooding, | restricted use | flooding,

 | | wetness. | wetness. | of equipment, | wetness.

 | | | | seedling |

 | | | | survival, |

 | | | | plant |

 | | | | competition. |

 | | | | |

2. Lenoir-Izagora-Annemaine--| 2 |Suited: |Suited: |Well suited-----|Poorly suited:

 | | wetness. | wetness. | | flooding,

 | | | | | wetness,

 | | | | | restricted

 | | | | | permeability.

 | | | | |

3. Izagora-Ochlockonee- | | | | |

 Kinston------------------| 10 |Poorly suited: |Suited: |Suited: |Not suited:

 | | flooding, | flooding, | restricted use | flooding,

 | | wetness. | wetness. | of equipment, | wetness.

 | | | | seedling |

 | | | | survival, |

 | | | | plant |

 | | | | competition. |

 | | | | |

4. Savannah-Izagora-Luverne--| 9 |Suited: |Well suited-----|Well suited-----|Suited:

 | | hazard of | | | wetness,

 | | erosion, | | | restricted

 | | wetness, | | | permeability,

 | | low fertility. | | | shrink-swell.

 | | | | |

5. Luverne-Smithdale---------| 17 |Poorly suited: |Suited: |Well suited-----|Suited:

 | | hazard of | hazard of | | slope,

 | | erosion, | erosion, | | restricted

 | | low fertility. | low fertility, | | permeability,

 | | | restricted use | | shrink-swell.

 | | | of equipment. | |

 | | | | |

6. Luverne-Smithdale-Boykin--| 12 |Not suited: |Poorly suited: |Suited: |Poorly suited:

 | | hazard of | restricted use | restricted use | slope,

 | | erosion, | of equipment, | of equipment, | restricted

 | | restricted use | low fertility, | hazard of | permeability,

 | | of equipment, | droughtiness, | erosion, | shrink-swell,

 | | low fertility, | hazard of | seedling | droughtiness.

 | | droughtiness. | erosion. | survival. |

 | | | | |

7. Smithdale-Boykin-Luverne--| 17 |Not suited: |Poorly suited: |Suited: |Poorly suited:

 | | hazard of | restricted use | restricted use | slope,

 | | erosion, | of equipment, | of equipment, | restricted

 | | restricted use | low fertility, | seedling | permeability,

 | | of equipment, | droughtiness, | survival, | droughtiness.

 | | low fertility, | hazard of | hazard of |

 | | droughtiness. | erosion. | erosion. |

 | | | | |

8. Brantley-Okeelala- | | | | |

 Smithdale----------------| 10 |Not suited: |Poorly suited: |Suited: |Poorly suited:

 | | hazard of | restricted use | restricted use | slope,

 | | erosion, | of equipment, | of equipment, | restricted

 | | restricted use | hazard of | hazard of | permeability,

 | | of equipment. | erosion. | erosion. | shrink-swell.

 | | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 193

Table 4.--Suitability and Limitations of General Soil Map Units for Specified Uses--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |Extent | | | |

 Map unit | of | Cultivated | Pasture and | Forestland | Urban uses

 | area | crops | hayland | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Pct | | | | ___

 | | | | |

9. Brantley-Sumter-Maytag----| 1.5 |Poorly suited: |Suited: |Poorly suited: |Poorly suited:

 | | hazard of | hazard of | restricted use | slope,

 | | erosion, | erosion, | of equipment, | depth to rock,

 | | poor tilth, | restricted use | seedling | shrink-swell,

 | | restricted use | of equipment. | survival. | restricted

 | | of equipment. | | | permeability.

 | | | | |

10. Wilcox-Mayhew------------| 0.5 |Poorly suited: |Suited: |Suited: |Poorly suited:

 | | hazard of | restricted use | restricted use | shrink-swell,

 | | erosion, | of equipment, | of equipment, | restricted

 | | poor tilth, | wetness. | seedling | permeability,

 | | wetness. | | survival. | wetness,

 | | | | | low strength.

 | | | | |

11. Arundel-Cantuche- | | | | |

 Smithdale---------------| 15 |Not suited: |Poorly suited: |Poorly suited: |Poorly suited:

 | | restricted use | restricted use | restricted use | slope,

 | | of equipment, | of equipment, | of equipment, | depth to rock,

 | | hazard of | hazard of | seedling | shrink-swell,

 | | erosion, | erosion. | survival, | restricted

 | | stoniness, | | hazard of | permeability.

 | | depth to rock. | | erosion. |

 | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
194 Soil Survey

Table 5.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent

 symbol| | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 | | |

 AnA |Annemaine silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded-------------------------| 3,420 | 0.6

 ArF |Arundel-Cantuche complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, stony---------------------------| 54,800 | 9.3

 AwE |Arundel-Williamsville complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes-----------------------------| 6,280 | 1.1

 BbA |Bibb-Iuka complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded-----------------------| 37,400 | 6.3

 BeB |Bigbee loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes, rarely flooded---------------------------| 540 | 0.1

 BgD2 |Boswell fine sandy loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded----------------------------| 1,600 | 0.3

 BkB |Boykin loamy fine sand, 1 to 5 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 1,040 | 0.2

 BnE2 |Boykin-Luverne-Smithdale complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, eroded------------------| 82,700 | 14.0

 BrE2 |Brantley-Okeelala complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------| 26,400 | 4.5

 BrF |Brantley-Okeelala complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes---------------------------------| 10,120 | 1.7

 CaA |Cahaba sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded---------------------------| 2,090 | 0.3

 CoC2 |Conecuh loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, eroded----------------------------------------| 680 | 0.1

 FaA |Fluvaquents, ponded----------------------------------------------------------------| 1,040 | 0.2

 FrA |Freest fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 3,740 | 0.6

 HaB |Halso silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 440 | 0.1

 IzA |Izagora fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded---------------------| 33,400 | 5.7

 LaA |Latonia loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded--------------------------| 560 | 0.1

 LdC2 |Lauderdale-Arundel complex, 2 to 10 percent slopes, stony, eroded------------------| 3,500 | 0.6

 LeA |Leeper silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded------------------| 4,620 | 0.8

 LfA |Lenoir silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded----------------------------| 6,850 | 1.2

 LgA |Louin silty clay, 0 to 2 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 170 | *

 LhA |Lucedale fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------------------------------------| 150 | *

 LnB |Luverne sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 32,100 | 5.4

 LnD2 |Luverne sandy loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------------| 49,650 | 8.4

 LnE2 |Luverne sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, eroded--------------------------------| 21,700 | 3.7

 MaA |Mayhew silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 250 | *

 MdA |McCrory-Deerford complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded--------------| 9,880 | 1.7

 MnB |McLaurin fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------------------------------------| 180 | *

 OKA |Ochlockonee, Kinston, and Iuka soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded----| 26,540 | 4.5

 OtB |Oktibbeha clay, 1 to 5 percent slopes----------------------------------------------| 180 | *

 Pt |Pits-------------------------------------------------------------------------------| 120 | *

 RbD2 |Rayburn silt loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes, eroded----------------------------------| 3,540 | 0.6

 RvA |Riverview loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded------------------------| 2,660 | 0.4

 SaA |Savannah silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 11,030 | 1.9

 SaB |Savannah silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 14,720 | 2.5

 SmB |Smithdale sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 44,480 | 7.6

 SmD |Smithdale loamy fine sand, 5 to 15 percent slopes----------------------------------| 27,580 | 4.7

 StD2 |Sumter-Maytag complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------------| 1,740 | 0.3

 StE2 |Sumter-Maytag complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, eroded------------------------------| 2,330 | 0.4

 ToC2 |Toxey-Brantley-Hannon complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes, eroded-----------------------| 4,590 | 0.8

 UnA |Una clay, ponded-------------------------------------------------------------------| 4,680 | 0.8

 UrB |Urbo-Mooreville-Una complex, gently undulating, frequently flooded-----------------| 30,250 | 5.1

 WaB |Wadley loamy fine sand, 1 to 5 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 2,100 | 0.4

 WcB |Wilcox silty clay, 1 to 5 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 900 | 0.1

 WcD2 |Wilcox silty clay, 5 to 15 percent slopes, eroded----------------------------------| 1,890 | 0.3

 WmC |Williamsville fine sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes-------------------------------| 4,070 | 0.7

 | Areas of water less than 40 acres in size-------------------------------------| 3,300 | 0.6

 | Areas of water more than 40 acres in size-------------------------------------| 7,470 | 1.3

 | | --------- | ----

 | Total-------------------------------------------------------------------------| 589,470 | 100.0

 | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * Less than 0.1 percent.
Choctaw County, Alabama 195

Table 6.--Land Capability Classes and Yields per Acre of Crops

 (Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. Absence of a yield indicates that

 the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil.)

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | |

 map symbol | capability | Cotton lint | Corn | Soybeans | Watermelon | Wheat

 | | | | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Lbs | Bu | Bu | Cwt | Bu ___ __ __ ___ __

 | | | | | |

 AnA-----------------------| IIw | 800 | 100 | 40 | --- | 40

 Annemaine | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 ArF-----------------------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Arundel-Cantuche | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 AwE-----------------------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Arundel-Williamsville | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 BbA-----------------------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Bibb-Iuka | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 BeB-----------------------| IIIs | --- | 50 | --- | 140 | ---

 Bigbee | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 BgD2----------------------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Boswell | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 BkB-----------------------| IIs | 600 | 70 | 25 | 140 | 30

 Boykin | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 BnE2----------------------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Boykin-Luverne-Smithdale | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 BrE2, BrF-----------------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Brantley-Okeelala | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 CaA-----------------------| I | 800 | 100 | 35 | 200 | 50

 Cahaba | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 CoC2----------------------| IVe | --- | --- | 25 | --- | ---

 Conecuh | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 FaA-----------------------| VIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Fluvaquents | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 FrA-----------------------| IIw | 650 | 90 | 35 | --- | 50

 Freest | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 HaB-----------------------| IIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Halso | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 IzA-----------------------| IIw | 650 | 100 | 35 | 200 | 50

 Izagora | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 LaA-----------------------| IIs | 650 | 70 | 25 | 170 | 35

 Latonia | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 LdC2----------------------| IVs | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Lauderdale-Arundel | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 LeA-----------------------| IVw | --- | --- | 30 | --- | ---

 Leeper | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 LfA-----------------------| IIIw | 525 | 100 | 40 | --- | 35

 Lenoir | | | | | |

 | | | | | |
196 Soil Survey

Table 6.--Land Capability Classes and Yields per Acre of Crops--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | |

 map symbol | capability | Cotton lint | Corn | Soybeans | Watermelon | Wheat

 | | | | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Lbs | Bu | Bu | Cwt | Bu ___ __ __ ___ __

 | | | | | |

 LgA-----------------------| IIIw | 500 | 45 | 30 | --- | 30

 Louin | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 LhA-----------------------| I | 800 | 110 | 40 | 200 | 50

 Lucedale | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 LnB-----------------------| IIIe | 550 | 75 | 30 | 170 | 40

 Luverne | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 LnD2----------------------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Luverne | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 LnE2----------------------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Luverne | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 MaA-----------------------| IIIw | --- | --- | 30 | --- | 30

 Mayhew | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 MdA-----------------------| IVw | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 McCrory-Deerford | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 MnB-----------------------| IIe | 600 | 75 | 25 | 170 | 35

 McLaurin | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 OKA-----------------------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Ochlockonee, Kinston, and| | | | | |

 Iuka | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 OtB-----------------------| IIIe | 500 | 75 | 35 | --- | 40

 Oktibbeha | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Pt------------------------| VIIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Pits | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 RbD2----------------------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Rayburn | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 RvA-----------------------| IIw | 800 | 120 | 40 | 200 | 50

 Riverview | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 SaA-----------------------| IIw | 700 | 90 | 35 | 180 | 40

 Savannah | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 SaB-----------------------| IIe | 650 | 85 | 30 | 170 | 35

 Savannah | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 SmB-----------------------| IIe | 650 | 70 | 30 | 170 | 30

 Smithdale | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 SmD-----------------------| IVe | 400 | 55 | 25 | 140 | ---

 Smithdale | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 StD2----------------------| IVe | --- | --- | 25 | --- | 35

 Sumter-Maytag | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 StE2----------------------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Sumter-Maytag | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 ToC2----------------------| IVe | --- | 50 | --- | --- | 30

 Toxey-Brantley-Hannon | | | | | |

 | | | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 197

Table 6.--Land Capability Classes and Yields per Acre of Crops--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | |

 map symbol | capability | Cotton lint | Corn | Soybeans | Watermelon | Wheat

 | | | | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Lbs | Bu | Bu | Cwt | Bu ___ __ __ ___ __

 | | | | | |

 UnA-----------------------| VIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Una | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 UrB-----------------------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Urbo-Mooreville-Una | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 WaB-----------------------| IIIs | --- | --- | --- | 140 | ---

 Wadley | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 WcB-----------------------| IIIe | --- | --- | 25 | --- | ---

 Wilcox | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 WcD2----------------------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Wilcox | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 WmC-----------------------| IVe | 600 | 70 | 25 | 170 | 30

 Williamsville | | | | | |

 | | | | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
198 Soil Survey

Table 7.--Yields per Acre of Pasture and Hay

 (Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. Absence of a yield indicates

 that the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil.)

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Improved |Bahiagrass |Tall fescue| Improved |Cool season| Johnson- |Dallisgrass-

 map symbol | bermuda- | | | bermuda- | annuals | grass hay | clover

 | grass | | | grass hay | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | AUM* | AUM* | AUM* | Tons | AUM* | Tons | AUM* ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___

 | | | | | | |

 AnA-------------| 8.5 | 9.0 | --- | 5.0 | 5.0 | --- | 8.0

 Annemaine | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 ArF-------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Arundel- | | | | | | |

 Cantuche | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 AwE-------------| 7.0 | 6.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Arundel- | | | | | | |

 Williamsville | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 BbA-------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Bibb-Iuka | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 BeB-------------| 7.0 | 7.0 | --- | 4.0 | 4.5 | --- | ---

 Bigbee | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 BgD2------------| 6.0 | 5.5 | --- | 3.5 | 3.0 | --- | ---

 Boswell | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 BkB-------------| 7.0 | 7.0 | --- | 3.5 | --- | --- | ---

 Boykin | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 BnE2------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Boykin-Luverne-| | | | | | |

 Smithdale | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 BrE2, BrF-------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Brantley- | | | | | | |

 Okeelala | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 CaA-------------| 10.0 | 8.5 | --- | 6.0 | 5.0 | --- | ---

 Cahaba | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 CoC2------------| 6.0 | 5.5 | --- | 3.5 | 4.0 | --- | ---

 Conecuh | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 FaA-------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Fluvaquents | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 FrA-------------| 9.0 | 9.0 | 7.0 | 4.5 | 4.5 | --- | 8.0

 Freest | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 HaB-------------| 7.0 | 6.0 | --- | 4.0 | 4.5 | --- | ---

 Halso | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 IzA-------------| 8.0 | 8.0 | 7.0 | 4.5 | 4.5 | --- | 8.0

 Izagora | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 LaA-------------| 9.5 | 8.5 | --- | 5.5 | 4.5 | --- | ---

 Latonia | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 LdC2------------| --- | 5.5 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Lauderdale- | | | | | | |

 Arundel | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Choctaw County, Alabama 199

Table 7.--Yields per Acre of Pasture and Hay--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Improved |Bahiagrass |Tall fescue| Improved |Cool season| Johnson- |Dallisgrass-

 map symbol | bermuda- | | | bermuda- | annuals | grass hay | clover

 | grass | | | grass hay | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | AUM* | AUM* | AUM* | Tons | AUM* | Tons | AUM* ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___

 | | | | | | |

 LeA-------------| --- | 6.0 | 8.5 | --- | --- | 4.5 | 8.0

 Leeper | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 LfA-------------| 8.0 | 7.5 | --- | 4.5 | --- | --- | 7.5

 Lenoir | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 LgA-------------| --- | 8.5 | --- | --- | --- | 5.0 | 7.0

 Louin | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 LhA-------------| 10.0 | 8.5 | --- | 6.0 | 5.0 | --- | ---

 Lucedale | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 LnB-------------| 9.5 | 8.5 | --- | 4.5 | 4.5 | --- | ---

 Luverne | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 LnD2------------| 8.0 | 7.0 | --- | 4.0 | 4.0 | --- | ---

 Luverne | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 LnE2------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Luverne | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 MaA-------------| --- | 8.0 | 6.0 | --- | --- | --- | 5.5

 Mayhew | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 MdA-------------| --- | 5.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 McCrory- | | | | | | |

 Deerford | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 MnB-------------| 9.0 | 8.0 | --- | 5.0 | 5.0 | --- | ---

 McLaurin | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 OKA-------------| --- | 6.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6.0

 Ochlockonee, | | | | | | |

 Kinston, and | | | | | | |

 Iuka | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 OtB-------------| --- | --- | 8.0 | --- | --- | 5.0 | 7.5

 Oktibbeha | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 Pt. | | | | | | |

 Pits | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 RbD2------------| 6.0 | 5.5 | --- | 3.5 | 3.0 | --- | ---

 Rayburn | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 RvA-------------| 10.0 | 9.0 | --- | 7.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 7.0

 Riverview | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 SaA-------------| 8.5 | 8.0 | --- | 4.5 | 4.5 | --- | ---

 Savannah | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 SaB-------------| 8.5 | 8.0 | --- | 4.5 | 4.5 | --- | ---

 Savannah | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 SmB-------------| 9.0 | 8.0 | --- | 4.5 | 4.5 | --- | ---

 Smithdale | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 SmD-------------| 8.5 | 7.5 | --- | 4.5 | 4.5 | --- | ---

 Smithdale | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
200 Soil Survey

Table 7.--Yields per Acre of Pasture and Hay--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Improved |Bahiagrass |Tall fescue| Improved |Cool season| Johnson- |Dallisgrass-

 map symbol | bermuda- | | | bermuda- | annuals | grass hay | clover

 | grass | | | grass hay | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | AUM* | AUM* | AUM* | Tons | AUM* | Tons | AUM* ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___

 | | | | | | |

 StD2------------| --- | --- | 3.0 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Sumter-Maytag | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 StE2------------| --- | --- | 3.0 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Sumter-Maytag | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 ToC2------------| --- | --- | 8.0 | --- | --- | 5.0 | 6.5

 Toxey-Brantley-| | | | | | |

 Hannon | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 UnA-------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Una | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 UrB-------------| --- | --- | 5.5 | --- | --- | --- | 5.0

 Urbo- | | | | | | |

 Mooreville-Una| | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 WaB-------------| 7.0 | 7.0 | --- | 3.5 | --- | --- | ---

 Wadley | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 WcB-------------| --- | 7.0 | 8.5 | --- | --- | 5.0 | 7.0

 Wilcox | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 WcD2------------| --- | 6.0 | 6.0 | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Wilcox | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 WmC-------------| 9.0 | 8.0 | --- | 4.5 | 4.5 | --- | ---

 Williamsville | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * Animal-unit-month: The amount of forage or feed required to feed one animal unit (one cow, one

horse, one mule, five sheep, or five goats) for 30 days.
Choctaw County, Alabama 201

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity

 (Only the soils suitable for production of commercial trees are listed. Absence of an entry indicates that

 information was not available.)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | plant

 | | | tion | ity | tion | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 AnA-------------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.2 |Yellow-poplar,

 Annemaine | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 90 | --- | slash pine,

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 85 | --- | sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 95 | --- | American

 | | | | | |American sycamore---| 90 | --- | sycamore.

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| 90 | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 ArF: | | | | | | | | |

 Arundel--------| 9R |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | slash pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Cantuche-------| 7R |Severe |Severe |Severe |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 75 | 1.8 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 65 | --- | longleaf pine.

 | | | | | |Longleaf pine-------| 65 | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 AwE: | | | | | | | | |

 Arundel--------| 9R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | slash pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Williamsville--| 10R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 95 | 2.5 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 95 | --- | slash pine.

 | | | | | |Longleaf pine-------| 85 | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 BbA: | | | | | | | | |

 Bibb-----------| 9W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 90 | --- | sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| 90 | --- | green ash,

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- | willow oak,

 | | | | | |Green ash-----------| 80 | --- | slash pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Iuka-----------| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine-------| 100 | 2.7 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 100 | --- | sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 110 | --- | Shumard's oak,

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| 100 | --- | yellow-poplar,

 | | | | | |Green ash-----------| 90 | --- | slash pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 BeB-------------| 7S |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 75 | 1.6 |Loblolly pine,

 Bigbee | | | | | |Longleaf pine-------| 65 | --- | longleaf pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 BgD2------------| 8C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine,

 Boswell | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 75 | --- | slash pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 BkB-------------| 8S |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine,

 Boykin | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 75 | --- | longleaf pine.

 | | | | | |Longleaf pine-------| 75 | --- |

 | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 85 | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 BnE2: | | | | | | | | |

 Boykin---------| 8R |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 75 | --- | longleaf pine.

 | | | | | |Longleaf pine-------| 75 | --- |

 | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 85 | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
202 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | plant

 | | | tion | ity | tion | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 BnE2: | | | | | | | | |

 Luverne--------| 9R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 90 | --- | slash pine.

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Smithdale------| 9R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Longleaf pine-------| 70 | --- | longleaf pine,

 | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 90 | --- | slash pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 BrE2: | | | | | | | | |

 Brantley-------| 9R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 75 | --- | slash pine.

 | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 85 | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 Okeelala-------| 9R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Longleaf pine-------| 80 | --- | longleaf pine,

 | | | | | | | | | shortleaf pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 BrF: | | | | | | | | |

 Brantley-------| 8R |Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 75 | --- | slash pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Okeelala-------| 8R |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Longleaf pine-------| 75 | --- | longleaf pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 CaA-------------| 10A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 95 | 2.5 |Loblolly pine,

 Cahaba | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 95 | --- | slash pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 105 | --- | water oak,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 95 | --- | longleaf pine,

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| 95 | --- | cherrybark oak.

 | | | | | | | | |

 CoC2------------| 9C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine,

 Conecuh | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 90 | --- | slash pine,

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| 90 | --- | water oak,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 90 | --- | sweetgum.

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 FaA-------------| --- |Slight |Severe |Severe |Slight |Baldcypress---------| 80 | --- |Baldcypress,

 Fluvaquents | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- | green ash.

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Swamp tupelo--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 FrA-------------| 10W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 95 | 2.5 |Loblolly pine,

 Freest | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 90 | --- | slash pine,

 | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 95 | --- | sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 100 | --- | cherrybark oak.

 | | | | | | | | |

 HaB-------------| 9C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine,

 Halso | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 90 | --- | slash pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | water oak,

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| 90 | --- | sweetgum.

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 90 | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 IzA-------------| 10W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 95 | 2.5 |Loblolly pine,

 Izagora | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 95 | --- | slash pine,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 100 | --- | sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 95 | --- | yellow-poplar,

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| 95 | --- | water oak.

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Choctaw County, Alabama 203

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | plant

 | | | tion | ity | tion | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 LaA-------------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine,

 Latonia | | | | | |Longleaf pine-------| 70 | --- | slash pine,

 | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 90 | --- | longleaf pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 LdC2: | | | | | | | | |

 Lauderdale-----| 6D |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 70 | 1.4 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | --- | shortleaf

 | | | | | | | | | pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Arundel--------| 9C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | slash pine,

 | | | | | | | | | shortleaf pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 LeA-------------| 6W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Water oak-----------| 95 | 1.1 |Sweetgum,

 Leeper | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 105 | --- | water oak,

 | | | | | |Green ash-----------| 90 | --- | Nuttall oak,

 | | | | | | | | | green ash,

 | | | | | | | | | cherrybark

 | | | | | | | | | oak.

 | | | | | | | | |

 LfA-------------| 9W |Slight |Severe |Slight |Severe |Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine,

 Lenoir | | | | | |Water oak-----------| 75 | --- | sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 80 | --- | slash pine,

 | | | | | |Swamp chestnut oak--| 70 | -- | cherrybark

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | -- | oak, water

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | -- | oak.

 | | | | | | | | |

 LgA-------------| 8C |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Severe |Loblolly pine-------| 80 | 1.8 |Loblolly pine,

 Louin | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 65 | --- | slash pine.

 | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| 45 | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 70 | --- |

 | | | | | |Post oak------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 LhA-------------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine,

 Lucedale | | | | | |Longleaf pine-------| 75 | --- | slash pine,

 | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 90 | --- | longleaf pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 LnB, LnD2-------| 9C |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine,

 Luverne | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 90 | --- | slash pine,

 | | | | | |Longleaf pine-------| 80 | --- | longleaf pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 LnE2------------| 9R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine,

 Luverne | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 90 | --- | slash pine,

 | | | | | |Longleaf pine-------| 80 | --- | longleaf pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 MaA-------------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine,

 Mayhew | | | | | |Water oak-----------| 80 | --- | slash pine,

 | | | | | |Post oak------------| --- | --- | sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 90 | --- | Shumard's oak.

 | | | | | | | | |

 MdA: | | | | | | | | |

 McCrory--------| 6W |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Water oak-----------| 95 | 1.1 |Sweetgum, water

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 95 | --- | oak, willow

 | | | | | |Willow oak----------| 95 | --- | oak, loblolly

 | | | | | |Loblolly pine-------| 80 | --- | pine, slash

 | | | | | | | | | pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
204 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | plant

 | | | tion | ity | tion | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 MdA: | | | | | | | | |

 Deerford-------| 9W |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 90 | --- | slash pine,

 | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 90 | --- | water oak,

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| 90 | --- | Shumard's oak,

 | | | | | |Willow oak----------| 90 | --- | cherrybark

 | | | | | | | | | oak.

 | | | | | | | | |

 MnB-------------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine,

 McLaurin | | | | | |Longleaf pine-------| 70 | --- | slash pine,

 | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 85 | --- | longleaf pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 OKA: | | | | | | | | |

 Ochlockonee----| 11W |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 100 | 2.7 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 110 | --- | slash pine,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 110 | --- | sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| 100 | --- | water oak,

 | | | | | |American sycamore---| 110 | --- | yellow-poplar,

 | | | | | |Green ash-----------| 85 | --- | green ash,

 | | | | | | | | | American

 | | | | | | | | | sycamore.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Kinston--------| 9W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 90 | --- | water oak,

 | | | | | |Green ash-----------| 80 | --- | willow oak,

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| 100 | --- | slash pine,

 | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 90 | --- | cherrybark

 | | | | | | | | | oak, green

 | | | | | | | | | oak, sweetgum.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Iuka-----------| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine-------| 100 | 2.7 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 100 | --- | eastern

 | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| 105 | --- | cottonwood,

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| 100 | --- | yellow-poplar,

 | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 110 | --- | cherrybark

 | | | | | | | | | oak, slash pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 OtB-------------| 9C |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine.

 Oktibbeha | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- |

 | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 RbD2------------| 9C |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine,

 Rayburn | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | slash pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 RvA-------------| 11A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Loblolly pine-------| 100 | 2.7 |Loblolly pine,

 Riverview | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 110 | --- | yellow-poplar,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 105 | --- | sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Green ash-----------| 85 | --- | slash pine,

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| 100 | --- | eastern

 | | | | | |Swamp chestnut oak--| 90 | --- | cottonwood,

 | | | | | | | | | American

 | | | | | | | | | sycamore.

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Choctaw County, Alabama 205

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | plant

 | | | tion | ity | tion | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 SaA, SaB--------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine,

 Savannah | | | | | |Longleaf pine-------| 80 | --- | slash pine,

 | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 90 | --- | sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 85 | --- | longleaf

 | | | | | | | | | pine, yellow-

 | | | | | | | | | poplar.

 | | | | | | | | |

 SmB, SmD--------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine,

 Smithdale | | | | | |Longleaf pine-------| 70 | --- | longleaf pine,

 | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 85 | --- | slash pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 StD2, StE2: | | | | | | | | |

 Sumter---------| 3C |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slight |Eastern redcedar----| 40 | ** |Eastern

 | | | | | | | | | redcedar.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Maytag---------| 3C |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slight |Eastern redcedar----| 40 | ** |Eastern

 | | | | | |Sugarberry----------| --- | -- | redcedar.

 | | | | | | | | |

 ToC2: | | | | | | | | |

 Toxey----------| 7C |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 75 | 1.6 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| 40 | --- | slash pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Brantley-------| 8A |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 75 | --- | slash pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Hannon---------| 8C |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 80 | 1.8 |Loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Longleaf pine-------| 70 | --- | slash pine.

 | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | --- |

 | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| -- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 UnA-------------| 6W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Water tupelo--------| 65 | 0.5 |Baldcypress,

 Una | | | | | |Baldcypress---------| 80 | --- | swamp tupelo,

 | | | | | |Swamp tupelo--------| --- | --- | green ash,

 | | | | | |Overcup oak---------| --- | --- | water oak.

 | | | | | |Black willow--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 UrB: | | | | | | | | |

 Urbo-----------| 10W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 95 | 2.5 |Sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 95 | --- | cherrybark

 | | | | | |Green ash-----------| 85 | --- | oak, slash

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 95 | --- | pine, loblolly

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| 90 | --- | pine, swamp

 | | | | | |Willow oak----------| 90 | --- | chestnut oak,

 | | | | | | | | | Nuttall oak.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Mooreville-----| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Severe |Loblolly pine-------| 100 | 2.7 |Cherrybark oak,

 | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| 105 | --- | slash pine,

 | | | | | |Green ash-----------| 85 | --- | water oak,

 | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 100 | --- | green ash,

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| 105 | --- | loblolly pine,

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 100 | --- | sweetgum,

 | | | | | |Water oak-----------| 100 | --- | yellow-poplar.

 | | | | | | | | |

 Una------------| 6W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Water tupelo--------| 65 | 0.5 |Baldcypress,

 | | | | | |Baldcypress---------| 80 | --- | swamp tupelo,

 | | | | | |Swamp tupelo--------| --- | --- | green ash,

 | | | | | |Overcup oak---------| --- | --- | water oak.

 | | | | | |Black willow--------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
206 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ______________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | plant

 | | | tion | ity | tion | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | |

 WaB-------------| 8S |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 80 | 1.8 |Slash pine,

 Wadley | | | | | |Longleaf pine-------| 70 | --- | longleaf pine,

 | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 80 | --- | loblolly pine.

 | | | | | | | | |

 WcB, WcD2-------| 9C |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine.

 Wilcox | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- |

 | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 90 | --- |

 | | | | | |Sweetgum------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | |Post oak------------| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | |

 WmC-------------| 10C |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-------| 95 | 2.5 |Loblolly pine,

 Williamsville | | | | | |Slash pine----------| 95 | --- | slash pine,

 | | | | | |Longleaf pine-------| 80 | --- | longleaf pine.

 | | | | | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * Volume is expressed as the average yearly growth in cords per acre per year calculated at the age of 25

 years for fully stocked, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine and at the age of 30 years for fully stocked,

 unmanaged stands of oak and gum.

 ** Volume for eastern redcedar is 140 board feet per acre per year calculated at the age of 40 years for fully

 stocked, natural stands.
Choctaw County, Alabama 207

Table 9.--Recreational Development

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions

 of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated.)

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 AnA-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Annemaine | flooding. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | percs slowly. | | |

 | | | | |

 ArF: | | | | |

 Arundel--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope,

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | large stones. | large stones.

 | | | | |

 Cantuche-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | large stones,

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | small stones, | large stones. | slope,

 | | | depth to rock. | | droughty.

 | | | | |

 AwE: | | | | |

 Arundel--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 Williamsville--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 BbA: | | | | |

 Bibb-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness,

 | wetness. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 Iuka-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | flooding.

 | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. |

 | | | | |

 BeB-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Bigbee | flooding. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | | |

 BgD2------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Boswell | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | erodes easily. | slope.

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 BkB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Boykin | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | too sandy. | |

 | | | | |

 BnE2: | | | | |

 Boykin---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | too sandy, | slope.

 | | | | slope. |

 | | | | |

 Luverne--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 Smithdale------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 BrE2, BrF: | | | | |

 Brantley-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |
208 Soil Survey

Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 BrE2, BrF: | | | | |

 Okeelala-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 CaA-------------------|Severe: |Slight----------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Slight.

 Cahaba | flooding. | | | |

 | | | | |

 CoC2------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Conecuh | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | erodes easily. | slope.

 | | | | |

 FaA-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Fluvaquents | flooding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | ponding,

 | ponding. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 FrA-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Freest | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | |

 | percs slowly. | | | |

 | | | | |

 HaB-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Halso | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 IzA-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Izagora | flooding. | wetness. | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

 LaA-------------------|Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Latonia | flooding. | | small stones. | | droughty.

 | | | | |

 LdC2: | | | | |

 Lauderdale-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope, | erodes easily, | depth to rock,

 | | | depth to rock. | large stones. | large stones.

 | | | | |

 Arundel--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | large stones. | large stones.

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 LeA-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Leeper | flooding, | percs slowly. | wetness, | wetness, | flooding.

 | wetness, | | flooding. | flooding. |

 | percs slowly. | | | |

 | | | | |

 LfA-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Lenoir | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | |

 LgA-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Louin | wetness, | too clayey, | too clayey, | too clayey. | too clayey.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

 LhA-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Slight.

 Lucedale | | | | |

 | | | | |

 LnB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Luverne | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | |

 | | | small stones, | |

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 LnD2------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Luverne | slope, | slope, | slope. | | slope.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | |

 | | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 209

Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 LnE2------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Luverne | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 MaA-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Mayhew | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | erodes easily. |

 | | | | |

 MdA: | | | | |

 McCrory--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | excess sodium,

 | wetness, | excess sodium. | excess sodium. | | wetness.

 | excess sodium. | | | |

 | | | | |

 Deerford-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | excess sodium,

 | wetness, | excess sodium. | excess sodium. | | wetness.

 | excess sodium. | | | |

 | | | | |

 MnB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 McLaurin | | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 OKA: | | | | |

 Ochlockonee----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding.

 | | | | |

 Kinston--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness,

 | wetness. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 Iuka-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | flooding.

 | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. |

 | | | | |

 OtB-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Oktibbeha | percs slowly, | too clayey, | too clayey, | too clayey. | too clayey.

 | too clayey. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 Pt--------------------|Variable--------|Variable--------|Variable--------|Variable--------|Variable.

 Pits | | | | |

 | | | | |

 RbD2------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Rayburn | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | erodes easily. | slope.

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 RvA-------------------|Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Riverview | flooding. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 SaA-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Savannah | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | |

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 SaB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Savannah | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | |

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | wetness, | |

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 SmB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Smithdale | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |
210 Soil Survey

Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 SmD-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Smithdale | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 StD2: | | | | |

 Sumter---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | erodes easily. | depth to rock.

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 StD2: | | | | |

 Maytag---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | percs slowly, | percs slowly, | percs slowly, | too clayey. | too clayey.

 | too clayey. | too clayey. | too clayey. | |

 | | | | |

 StE2: | | | | |

 Sumter---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | slope,

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Maytag---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | too clayey. | too clayey. | slope, | too clayey. | too clayey.

 | | | too clayey. | |

 | | | | |

 ToC2: | | | | |

 Toxey----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | percs slowly, | too clayey, | too clayey, | too clayey. | too clayey.

 | too clayey. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Brantley-------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | |

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 Hannon---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | percs slowly, | too clayey, | too clayey, | too clayey. | too clayey.

 | too clayey. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 UnA-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Una | flooding, | ponding, | too clayey, | ponding, | ponding,

 | ponding, | too clayey, | ponding, | too clayey. | flooding,

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | flooding. | | too clayey.

 | | | | |

 UrB: | | | | |

 Urbo-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | flooding, | percs slowly. | wetness, | wetness, | flooding.

 | wetness, | | flooding. | flooding. |

 | percs slowly. | | | |

 | | | | |

 Mooreville-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | wetness, | flooding.

 | | wetness. | | flooding. |

 | | | | |

 Una------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | flooding, | ponding, | too clayey, | ponding, | ponding,

 | ponding, | too clayey, | ponding, | too clayey. | flooding,

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | flooding. | | too clayey.

 | | | | |

 WaB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Wadley | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | too sandy. | |

 | | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 211

Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 WcB-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Wilcox | percs slowly, | too clayey, | too clayey, | too clayey. | too clayey.

 | too clayey. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 WcD2------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Wilcox | percs slowly, | too clayey, | slope, | too clayey. | too clayey.

 | too clayey. | percs slowly. | too clayey, | |

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 WmC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Williamsville | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | |

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
212 Soil Survey

Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat

 (See text for definitions of "good," "fair," "poor," and "very poor." Absence of an entry indicates that the

 soil was not rated.)

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 AnA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor.

 Annemaine | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 ArF: | | | | | | | | | |

 Arundel-----------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Cantuche----------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very

 | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 AwE: | | | | | | | | | |

 Arundel-----------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Williamsville-----|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BbA: | | | | | | | | | |

 Bibb--------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Iuka--------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair |Good |Poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BeB----------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very

 Bigbee | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BgD2---------------|Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 Boswell | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BkB----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 Boykin | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BnE2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Boykin------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Luverne-----------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Smithdale---------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BrE2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Brantley----------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Okeelala----------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BrF: | | | | | | | | | |

 Brantley----------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Okeelala----------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CaA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Cahaba | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 213

Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CoC2---------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Conecuh | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 FaA----------------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good.

 Fluvaquents | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 FrA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 Freest | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 HaB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Halso | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 IzA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 Izagora | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LaA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Latonia | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LdC2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Lauderdale--------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Arundel-----------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LeA----------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Good |Fair.

 Leeper | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LfA----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair.

 Lenoir | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LgA----------------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Poor.

 Louin | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LhA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Lucedale | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LnB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Luverne | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LnD2---------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Luverne | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LnE2---------------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 Luverne | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MaA----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair.

 Mayhew | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MdA: | | | | | | | | | |

 McCrory-----------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Deerford----------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MnB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 McLaurin | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 OKA: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ochlockonee-------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |
214 Soil Survey

Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 OKA: | | | | | | | | | |

 Kinston-----------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Fair.

 | poor. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Iuka--------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair |Good |Poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 OtB----------------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 Oktibbeha | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Pt-----------------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very

 Pits | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 RbD2---------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Rayburn | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 RvA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 Riverview | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 SaA, SaB-----------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 Savannah | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 SmB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Smithdale | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 SmD----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Smithdale | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 StD2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Sumter------------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | | | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Maytag------------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | | | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 StE2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Sumter------------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Maytag------------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 ToC2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Toxey-------------|Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Brantley----------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Hannon------------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Fair |Good |Poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 UnA----------------|Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good.

 Una | | poor. | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 UrB: | | | | | | | | | |

 Urbo--------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Mooreville--------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair |Good |Poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Una---------------|Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good.

 | | poor. | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. |

 | | | | | | | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 215

Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 WaB----------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very

 Wadley | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 WcB----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 Wilcox | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 WcD2---------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 Wilcox | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 WmC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Williamsville | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
216 Soil Survey

Table 11.--Building Site Development

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite

 investigation.)

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 AnA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Annemaine | wetness. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | low strength. | wetness.

 | | | wetness. | | |

 | | | | | |

 ArF: | | | | | |

 Arundel----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | shrink-swell, | slope, | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | slope,

 | large stones. | slope, | shrink-swell, | slope, | low strength, | large stones.

 | | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 Cantuche---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | slope, | large stones,

 | large stones, | large stones. | slope, | large stones. | large stones. | slope,

 | slope. | | large stones. | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 AwE: | | | | | |

 Arundel----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | shrink-swell, | slope, | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | slope.

 | | slope. | shrink-swell. | slope. | low strength, |

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 Williamsville----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 BbA: | | | | | |

 Bibb-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness,

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | flooding.

 | | | | | |

 Iuka-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding. | flooding.

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | |

 | | | | | |

 BeB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Bigbee | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 BgD2--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Boswell | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength, | slope.

 | | | | slope. | shrink-swell. |

 | | | | | |

 BkB---------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate:

 Boykin | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 BnE2: | | | | | |

 Boykin-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Luverne----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 Smithdale--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 217

Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 BrE2, BrF: | | | | | |

 Brantley---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | slope. | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 Okeelala---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 CaA---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Cahaba | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. |

 | | | | | |

 CoC2--------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Conecuh | too clayey, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | droughty.

 | cutbanks cave.| | | | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 FaA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Fluvaquents | ponding. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | ponding,

 | | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding, | flooding.

 | | | | | flooding. |

 | | | | | |

 FrA---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 Freest | wetness. | shrink-swell. | wetness. | shrink-swell. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 HaB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight.

 Halso | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, |

 | | | | | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 IzA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight.

 Izagora | wetness. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | low strength. |

 | | | wetness. | | |

 | | | | | |

 LaA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Latonia | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 LdC2: | | | | | |

 Lauderdale-------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | large stones. | depth to rock,

 | large stones. | depth to rock,| large stones. | slope, | | large stones.

 | | large stones. | | depth to rock.| |

 | | | | | |

 Arundel----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | large stones.

 | too clayey, | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | low strength, |

 | large stones. | | | | large stones. |

 | | | | | |

 LeA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Leeper | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | shrink-swell, | flooding.

 | | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | low strength, |

 | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | flooding. |

 | | | | | |

 LfA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Lenoir | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength. | wetness.

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | |

 | | | | | |

 LgA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Louin | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | shrink-swell, | too clayey.

 | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 LhA---------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight.

 Lucedale | | | | | |

 | | | | | |
218 Soil Survey

Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 LnB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 Luverne | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 LnD2--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Luverne | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope.

 | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

 LnE2--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Luverne | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 MaA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Mayhew | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | shrink-swell, | wetness.

 | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength, |

 | | | | | wetness. |

 | | | | | |

 MdA: | | | | | |

 McCrory----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | excess sodium,

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | wetness.

 | | | | | |

 Deerford---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | excess sodium,

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | wetness.

 | | | | | |

 MnB---------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate:

 McLaurin | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty.

 | | | | | |

 OKA: | | | | | |

 Ochlockonee------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding.

 | | | | | |

 Kinston----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness,

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | flooding.

 | | | | | flooding. |

 | | | | | |

 Iuka-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding. | flooding.

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | |

 | | | | | |

 OtB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Oktibbeha | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | too clayey.

 | | | | | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 Pt----------------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable.

 Pits | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 RbD2--------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Rayburn | too clayey, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | slope.

 | wetness, | | | slope. | low strength. |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 RvA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Riverview | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding.

 | | | | | |

 SaA, SaB----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Savannah | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness.

 | | | | | wetness. |

 | | | | | |

 SmB---------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight.

 Smithdale | | | | | |

 | | | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 219

Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 SmD---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Smithdale | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 StD2: | | | | | |

 Sumter-----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | depth to rock.

 | too clayey. | | | | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 Maytag-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | too clayey.

 | | | | | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 StE2: | | | | | |

 Sumter-----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | slope,

 | too clayey, | | | slope. | low strength. | depth to rock.

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Maytag-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | slope, | shrink-swell, | too clayey.

 | | | | shrink-swell. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 ToC2: | | | | | |

 Toxey------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | too clayey.

 | too clayey. | | | | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 Brantley---------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. |

 | | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

 Hannon-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | too clayey.

 | | | | | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 UnA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Una | ponding. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | shrink-swell, | ponding,

 | | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | low strength, | flooding,

 | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | ponding. | too clayey.

 | | | | | |

 UrB: | | | | | |

 Urbo-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | flooding.

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. |

 | | | | | |

 Mooreville-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | low strength, | flooding.

 | | | wetness. | | flooding. |

 | | | | | |

 Una--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | shrink-swell, | ponding,

 | | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | low strength, | flooding,

 | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | ponding. | too clayey.

 | | | | | |

 WaB---------------|Severe: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate:

 Wadley | cutbanks cave.| | | | cutbanks cave.| droughty.

 | | | | | |

 WcB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Wilcox | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | too clayey.

 | | | | | low strength. |

 | | | | | |
220 Soil Survey

Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 WcD2--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Wilcox | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | too clayey.

 | | | | slope. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 WmC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 Williamsville | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. |

 | | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Choctaw County, Alabama 221

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "slight," "good," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for

 onsite investigation.)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 AnA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Annemaine | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 ArF: | | | | |

 Arundel------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey,

 | slope. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 Cantuche-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope,

 | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | | large stones.

 | | | | |

 AwE: | | | | |

 Arundel------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey,

 | slope. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 Williamsville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | slope. | | too clayey. | |

 | | | | |

 BbA: | | | | |

 Bibb---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness.

 | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, |

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

 Iuka---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness.

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

 BeB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Bigbee | wetness, | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | poor filter. | | wetness. | | too sandy.

 | | | | |

 BgD2----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Boswell | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 BkB-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Severe: |Good.

 Boykin | percs slowly. | seepage. | | seepage. |

 | | | | |

 BnE2: | | | | |

 Boykin-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope. | seepage, | slope. | seepage, | slope.

 | | slope. | | slope. |

 | | | | |

 Luverne------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey,

 | slope. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |
222 Soil Survey

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 BnE2: | | | | |

 Smithdale----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope.

 | | slope. | slope. | slope. |

 | | | | |

 BrE2, BrF: | | | | |

 Brantley-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey,

 | slope. | | too clayey. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Okeelala-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope. | seepage, | seepage, | slope, | slope.

 | | slope. | slope. | seepage. |

 | | | | |

 CaA-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Cahaba | flooding. | seepage. | seepage. | flooding. | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 CoC2----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 Conecuh | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 FaA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Fluvaquents | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey,

 | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | ponding.

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | |

 | | | | |

 FrA-----------------|Severe: |Slight-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 Freest | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 HaB-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Halso | percs slowly. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | too clayey,

 | | slope. | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 IzA-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 Izagora | wetness, | seepage. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 LaA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 Latonia | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | thin layer.

 | | | too sandy. | |

 | | | | |

 LdC2: | | | | |

 Lauderdale---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly. | | | | large stones.

 | | | | |

 Arundel------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 LeA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Leeper | flooding, | flooding. | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey,

 | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | hard to pack,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 LfA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Lenoir | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack,

 | | | | | wetness.

 | | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 223

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 LgA-----------------|Severe: |Slight-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Louin | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 LhA-----------------|Slight-----------|Moderate: |Slight-----------|Slight-----------|Good.

 Lucedale | | seepage. | | |

 | | | | |

 LnB-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 Luverne | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 LnD2----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Luverne | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 LnE2----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Luverne | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey,

 | slope. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 MaA-----------------|Severe: |Slight-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Mayhew | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack,

 | | | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 MdA: | | | | |

 McCrory------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness,

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | excess sodium.

 | percs slowly. | | excess sodium. | |

 | | | | |

 Deerford-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness,

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | excess sodium.

 | percs slowly. | | excess sodium. | |

 | | | | |

 MnB-----------------|Slight-----------|Severe: |Slight-----------|Severe: |Good.

 McLaurin | | seepage. | | seepage. |

 | | | | |

 OKA: | | | | |

 Ochlockonee--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good.

 | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, |

 | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | wetness. |

 | | wetness. | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

 Kinston------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness.

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

 Iuka---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness.

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

 OtB-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 Oktibbeha | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 Pt------------------|Variable---------|Variable---------|Variable---------|Variable---------|Variable.

 Pits | | | | |

 | | | | |
224 Soil Survey

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 RbD2----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Rayburn | wetness, | slope. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | wetness, | hard to pack.

 | | | | slope. |

 | | | | |

 RvA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good.

 Riverview | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, |

 | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, |

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

 SaA, SaB------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Savannah | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | | | |

 | | | | |

 SmB-----------------|Slight-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good.

 Smithdale | | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. |

 | | | | |

 SmD-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 Smithdale | slope. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage. | slope.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 StD2: | | | | |

 Sumter-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 Maytag-------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate---------|Poor:

 | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 StE2: | | | | |

 Sumter-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 Maytag-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 ToC2: | | | | |

 Toxey--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 Brantley-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 Hannon-------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 UnA-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Una | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey,

 | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | hard to pack,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | ponding.

 | | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 225

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 UrB: | | | | |

 Urbo---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | flooding. | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey,

 | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | hard to pack,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 Mooreville---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey,

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 Una----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey,

 | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | hard to pack,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | ponding.

 | | | | |

 WaB-----------------|Slight-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Poor:

 Wadley | | seepage. | too sandy. | seepage. | seepage.

 | | | | |

 WcB-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Wilcox | wetness, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | slope. | wetness. | wetness. | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 WcD2----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Wilcox | wetness, | slope. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | wetness, | wetness, | hard to pack.

 | | | too clayey. | slope. |

 | | | | |

 WmC-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Fair:

 Williamsville | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
226 Soil Survey

Table 13.--Construction Materials

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "good," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for

 onsite investigation.)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 AnA-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Annemaine | wetness, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 ArF: | | | |

 Arundel--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | shrink-swell, | | | large stones,

 | low strength. | | | slope.

 | | | |

 Cantuche-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock,

 | large stones, | | | large stones,

 | slope. | | | slope.

 | | | |

 AwE: | | | |

 Arundel--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | shrink-swell, | | | small stones,

 | low strength. | | | slope.

 | | | |

 Williamsville--------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 BbA: | | | |

 Bibb-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness.

 | | | |

 | | | |

 Iuka-----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good.

 | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. |

 | | | |

 BeB-------------------|Good-----------------|Probable-------------|Improbable: |Poor:

 Bigbee | | | excess fines. | too sandy.

 | | | |

 BgD2------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Boswell | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | |

 BkB-------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Boykin | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too sandy.

 | | | |

 BnE2: | | | |

 Boykin---------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | | | |

 Luverne--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 Smithdale------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 227

Table 13.--Construction Materials--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 BrE2, BrF: | | | |

 Brantley-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 Okeelala-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | | | |

 CaA-------------------|Good-----------------|Probable-------------|Improbable: |Fair:

 Cahaba | | | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 CoC2------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Conecuh | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

 FaA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Fluvaquents | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | wetness. | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 FrA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Freest | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

 HaB-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Halso | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

 IzA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Izagora | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 LaA-------------------|Good-----------------|Probable-------------|Improbable: |Fair:

 Latonia | | | excess fines. | thin layer.

 | | | |

 LdC2: | | | |

 Lauderdale-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock,

 | | | | large stones.

 | | | |

 Arundel--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | shrink-swell, | | | large stones.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

 LeA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Leeper | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

 LfA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Lenoir | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 | | | |

 LgA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Louin | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

 LhA-------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Lucedale | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 LnB, LnD2-------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Luverne | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |
228 Soil Survey

Table 13.--Construction Materials--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 LnE2------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Luverne | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 MaA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Mayhew | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | low strength, | | | wetness.

 | wetness. | | |

 | | | |

 MdA: | | | |

 McCrory--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness,

 | | | | excess sodium.

 | | | |

 Deerford-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness,

 | wetness. | | | excess sodium.

 | | | |

 MnB-------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Good.

 McLaurin | | excess fines. | excess fines. |

 | | | |

 OKA: | | | |

 Ochlockonee----------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Good.

 | | excess fines. | excess fines. |

 | | | |

 Kinston--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness.

 | | | |

 Iuka-----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good.

 | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. |

 | | | |

 OtB-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Oktibbeha | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

 Pt--------------------|Variable-------------|Variable-------------|Variable-------------|Variable.

 Pits | | | |

 | | | |

 RbD2------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Rayburn | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

 RvA-------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Good.

 Riverview | | excess fines. | excess fines. |

 | | | |

 SaA, SaB--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Savannah | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | thin layer.

 | | | |

 SmB-------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Smithdale | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 | | | |

 SmD-------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Smithdale | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 StD2, StE2: | | | |

 Sumter---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | shrink-swell, | | |

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 229

Table 13.--Construction Materials--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 StD2, StE2: | | | |

 Maytag---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

 ToC2: | | | |

 Toxey----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

 Brantley-------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 Hannon---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

 UnA-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Una | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | wetness, | | | wetness.

 | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | |

 UrB: | | | |

 Urbo-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 Mooreville-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 Una------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | wetness, | | | wetness.

 | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | |

 WaB-------------------|Good-----------------|Probable-------------|Improbable: |Fair:

 Wadley | | | excess fines. | too sandy.

 | | | |

 WcB, WcD2-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Wilcox | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

 WmC-------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Williamsville | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
230 Soil Survey

Table 14.--Water Management

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not evaluated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite

 investigation.)

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 AnA---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Wetness, |Percs slowly.

 Annemaine | seepage. | hard to pack, | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 ArF: | | | | | |

 Arundel----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | slope. | hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | depth to rock.| depth to rock,

 | | | | | | large stones.

 | | | | | |

 Cantuche---------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Large stones,

 | depth to rock,| thin layer, | | large stones, | large stones, | slope,

 | slope. | large stones. | | droughty. | depth to rock.| depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 AwE: | | | | | |

 Arundel----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | slope. | hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | depth to rock.| depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Williamsville----|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Slope----------|Slope.

 | slope. | hard to pack. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 BbA: | | | | | |

 Bibb-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding-------|Wetness, |Wetness. |Wetness.

 | seepage. | seepage, | | flooding. | |

 | | wetness, | | | |

 | | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Iuka-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding-------|Wetness, |Wetness--------|Wetness.

 | seepage. | piping, | | flooding. | |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 BeB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy------|Droughty.

 Bigbee | seepage. | seepage, | | fast intake. | |

 | | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 BgD2--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope,

 Boswell | slope. | hard to pack. | | slope. | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | | | | |

 BkB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope, |Soil blowing---|Droughty.

 Boykin | seepage. | piping. | | droughty, | |

 | | | | fast intake. | |

 | | | | | |

 BnE2: | | | | | |

 Boykin-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | seepage, | piping. | | droughty, | soil blowing. | droughty.

 | slope. | | | fast intake. | |

 | | | | | |

 Luverne----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Slope----------|Slope.

 | slope. | piping, | | | |

 | | hard to pack. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Smithdale--------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Slope----------|Slope.

 | seepage, | piping. | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 231

Table 14.--Water Management--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 BrE2, BrF: | | | | | |

 Brantley---------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | slope. | thin layer, | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Okeelala---------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Slope----------|Slope.

 | seepage, | piping. | | | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 CaA---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Favorable------|Favorable.

 Cahaba | seepage. | thin layer, | | | |

 | | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 CoC2--------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily,

 Conecuh | slope. | hard to pack. | | droughty. | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | | | | |

 FaA---------------|Slight---------|Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding, |Wetness,

 Fluvaquents | | piping, | percs slowly, | percs slowly, | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | ponding. | flooding. | flooding. | |

 | | | | | |

 FrA---------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Favorable------|Wetness--------|Wetness--------|Favorable.

 Freest | | piping, | | | |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 HaB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Percs slowly---|Percs slowly---|Percs slowly.

 Halso | depth to rock.| hard to pack. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 IzA---------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Favorable------|Wetness--------|Wetness--------|Favorable.

 Izagora | | piping, | | | |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 LaA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy------|Droughty.

 Latonia | seepage. | seepage, | | fast intake. | |

 | | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 LdC2: | | | | | |

 Lauderdale-------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Erodes easily,

 | depth to rock.| thin layer. | | depth to rock,| erodes easily,| depth to rock,

 | | | | erodes easily.| large stones. | large stones.

 | | | | | |

 Arundel----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Depth to rock,

 | depth to rock,| hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | large stones. | large stones.

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 LeA---------------|Slight---------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness,

 Leeper | | hard to pack, | flooding. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 LfA---------------|Slight---------|Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Lenoir | | wetness. | | percs slowly, | wetness, | erodes easily,

 | | | | erodes easily.| percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | | | | |

 LgA---------------|Slight---------|Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness,

 Louin | | hard to pack. | | slow intake. | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | | | | |

 LhA---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Favorable------|Favorable.

 Lucedale | seepage. | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 LnB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Favorable------|Favorable.

 Luverne | slope. | piping, | | | |

 | | hard to pack. | | | |

 | | | | | |
232 Soil Survey

Table 14.--Water Management--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 LnD2, LnE2--------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Slope----------|Slope.

 Luverne | slope. | piping, | | | |

 | | hard to pack. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 MaA---------------|Slight---------|Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Mayhew | | hard to pack, | | percs slowly. | wetness. | erodes easily.

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 MdA: | | | | | |

 McCrory----------|Slight---------|Severe: |Flooding, |Wetness, |Wetness--------|Wetness,

 | | piping, | excess sodium.| droughty. | | excess sodium,

 | | wetness, | | | | droughty.

 | | excess sodium.| | | |

 | | | | | |

 Deerford---------|Slight---------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 | | wetness, | excess sodium.| percs slowly, | wetness. | excess sodium,

 | | excess sodium,| | rooting depth.| | erodes easily.

 | | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 MnB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Favorable------|Favorable.

 McLaurin | seepage. | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 OKA: | | | | | |

 Ochlockonee------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Flooding-------|Favorable------|Favorable.

 | seepage. | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Kinston----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding-------|Wetness, |Wetness--------|Wetness.

 | seepage. | wetness. | | flooding. | |

 | | | | | |

 Iuka-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding-------|Wetness, |Wetness--------|Wetness.

 | seepage. | piping, | | flooding. | |

 | | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 OtB---------------|Slight---------|Severe: |Deep to water |Slow intake, |Percs slowly---|Percs slowly.

 Oktibbeha | | hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | | |

 Pt----------------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable.

 Pits | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 RbD2--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 Rayburn | slope. | hard to pack. | slope. | wetness. | erodes easily,| erodes easily,

 | | | | | wetness. | percs slowly.

 | | | | | |

 RvA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Flooding-------|Favorable. |Favorable.

 Riverview | seepage. | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 SaA, SaB----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness--------|Erodes easily, |Erodes easily,

 Savannah | seepage. | piping. | | | wetness. | rooting depth.

 | | | | | |

 SmB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Favorable------|Favorable.

 Smithdale | seepage. | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 SmD---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Fast intake, |Slope----------|Slope.

 Smithdale | seepage, | piping. | | slope. | |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 StD2: | | | | | |

 Sumter-----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Erodes easily,

 | seepage, | thin layer. | | percs slowly. | erodes easily,| depth to rock,

 | depth to rock,| | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 233

Table 14.--Water Management--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 StD2: | | | | | |

 Maytag-----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Percs slowly---|Percs slowly.

 | slope. | hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | | |

 StE2: | | | | | |

 Sumter-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | slope. | thin layer. | | percs slowly. | depth to rock,| erodes easily,

 | | | | | erodes easily.| depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Maytag-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 | slope. | hard to pack. | | slow intake, | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | | |

 ToC2: | | | | | |

 Toxey------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water, |Slope, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily,

 | slope. | thin layer, | percs slowly. | slow intake, | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | | |

 Brantley---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope, |Percs slowly---|Percs slowly.

 | seepage, | thin layer, | | percs slowly. | |

 | slope. | piping. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Hannon-----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slow intake, |Percs slowly---|Droughty,

 | slope. | hard to pack. | | slope, | | percs slowly.

 | | | | droughty. | |

 | | | | | |

 UnA---------------|Slight---------|Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding, |Wetness,

 Una | | ponding. | percs slowly, | slow intake, | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | | flooding. | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | | |

 UrB: | | | | | |

 Urbo-------------|Slight---------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 | | wetness. | flooding. | percs slowly. | wetness, | erodes easily,

 | | | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | | | | |

 Mooreville-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding-------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily.

 | seepage. | wetness. | | erodes easily,| wetness. |

 | | | | flooding. | |

 | | | | | |

 Una--------------|Slight---------|Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding, |Wetness,

 | | ponding. | percs slowly, | slow intake, | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | | flooding. | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | | |

 WaB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Soil blowing---|Droughty.

 Wadley | seepage. | seepage, | | droughty, | |

 | | piping. | | fast intake. | |

 | | | | | |

 WcB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily,

 Wilcox | depth to rock,| hard to pack. | slope. | wetness, | wetness. | percs slowly.

 | slope. | | | slow intake. | |

 | | | | | |

 WcD2--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope, |Slope,

 Wilcox | slope. | hard to pack. | slope. | wetness, | erodes easily,| erodes easily,

 | | | | slow intake. | wetness. | percs slowly.

 | | | | | |

 WmC---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope----------|Favorable------|Favorable.

 Williamsville | slope. | piping, | | | |

 | | hard to pack. | | | |

 | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
234 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties

 (Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated.)

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Percentage passing | | _____________________

 Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | | | | | Pct | __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

 AnA--------------| 0-4 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 |95-100|95-100|90-100|70-90 | 20-35 | 5-20

 Annemaine | | | | | | | | | |

 | 4-35 |Clay, silty clay,|CH, MH, |A-7-5 |95-100|95-100|90-100|80-99 | 45-70 | 20-35

 | | silty clay loam.| CL, ML | | | | | | |

 | 35-65 |Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-4, A-6, |95-100|95-100|80-100|36-80 | 20-45 | 8-27

 | | loam, clay loam.| | A-7-6 | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 ArF: | | | | | | | | | |

 Arundel---------| 0-4 |Loam-------------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 |85-100|77-98 |75-98 |60-90 | 0-30 | NP-10

 | 4-32 |Silty clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7 |85-100|80-100|80-100|65-90 | 44-70 | 22-41

 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | |

 | 32-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Cantuche--------| 0-6 |Very channery |SC, SC-SM,|A-4, A-6 |65-90 |60-85 |50-80 |36-65 | 20-30 | 4-11

 | | sandy loam. | CL, CL-ML| | | | | | |

 | 6-11 |Extremely |SC, SC-SM,|A-4, A-6 |65-90 |60-85 |50-80 |36-65 | 20-30 | 4-11

 | | channery loam, | CL, CL-ML| | | | | | |

 | | extremely | | | | | | | |

 | | channery sandy | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | |

 | 11-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 AwE: | | | | | | | | | |

 Arundel---------| 0-8 |Sandy loam-------|ML, SM |A-4, A-2-4|85-100|84-98 |70-98 |30-60 | <20 | NP

 | 8-36 |Silty clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7 |85-100|80-100|80-100|65-90 | 44-70 | 22-41

 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | |

 | 36-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Williamsville---| 0-4 |Fine sandy loam |SC-SM, SM,|A-2, A-4 |98-100|95-100|80-95 |36-70 | 18-30 | 3-10

 | | | CL-ML, ML| | | | | | |

 | 4-36 |Clay, sandy clay,|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 |98-100|80-100|80-100|50-80 | 38-60 | 20-36

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | |

 | 36-62 |Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-4, A-6 |98-100|80-100|60-90 |36-65 | 25-40 | 8-20

 | | loam, clay loam.| | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | 62-80 |Sandy loam, loam,|SM |A-2, A-4 |98-100|80-100|60-75 |15-45 | <20 | NP-3

 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BbA: | | | | | | | | | |

 Bibb------------| 0-3 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 |95-100|90-100|60-90 |30-60 | <25 | NP-7

 | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | |

 | 3-45 |Sandy loam, loam,|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 |60-100|50-100|40-100|30-90 | <30 | NP-7

 | | silt loam. | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | |

 | 45-60 |Sand, loamy sand,|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3, |95-100|90-100|40-90 | 8-35 | <20 | NP

 | | loamy fine sand.| | A-1-b | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Iuka------------| 0-9 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-4, A-2 |95-100|90-100|70-100|30-60 | <20 | NP-7

 | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | |

 | 9-42 |Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM,|A-4 |95-100|85-100|65-100|36-75 | <30 | NP-7

 | | loam, sandy | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | |

 | 42-60 |Sandy loam, fine |SM, ML |A-2, A-4 |95-100|90-100|70-100|25-60 | <30 | NP-7

 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 235

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Percentage passing | | _____________________

 Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | | | | | Pct | __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BeB--------------| 0-6 |Loamy sand-------|SM |A-2-4 | 100 |95-100|60-90 |15-30 | <20 | NP

 Bigbee | 6-23 |Loamy sand, fine |SM, SP, |A-2-4, A-3| 100 |95-100|50-80 |10-25 | <20 | NP

 | | sand. | SP-SM | | | | | | |

 | 23-70 |Sand, fine sand |SP-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-3|85-100|85-100|50-75 | 5-20 | <20 | NP

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BgD2-------------| 0-4 |Fine sandy loam |SM, ML |A-4 | 100 | 100 |60-85 |40-55 | <20 | NP

 Boswell | 4-80 |Clay, silty clay,|CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|75-95 | 50-70 | 25-40

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BkB--------------| 0-5 |Loamy fine sand |SM, SC-SM |A-2-4, A-4|97-100|95-100|75-98 |17-45 | 16-25 | NP-5

 Boykin | 5-22 |Loamy fine sand, |SM, SC-SM |A-2-4, A-4|97-100|95-100|70-98 |17-45 | 16-25 | NP-5

 | | loamy sand. | | | | | | | |

 | 22-60 |Fine sandy loam, |SC, CL |A-4, A-6, |95-100|95-100|80-98 |36-55 | 22-45 | 8-30

 | | sandy clay loam.| | A-7-6 | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BnE2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Boykin----------| 0-3 |Loamy fine sand |SM, SC-SM |A-2-4, A-4|97-100|95-100|75-98 |17-45 | 16-25 | NP-5

 | 3-33 |Loamy fine sand, |SM, SC-SM |A-2-4, A-4|97-100|95-100|70-98 |17-45 | 16-25 | NP-5

 | | loamy sand. | | | | | | | |

 | 33-80 |Fine sandy loam, |SC, CL |A-4, A-6, |95-100|95-100|80-98 |36-55 | 22-45 | 8-30

 | | sandy clay loam.| | A-7-6 | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Luverne---------| 0-7 |Fine sandy loam |ML, SM |A-4, A-2 |95-100|90-100|80-100|30-60 | <20 | NP

 | 7-36 |Clay loam, sandy |ML, MH |A-5, A-7, |95-100|90-100|85-100|50-95 | 38-70 | 8-30

 | | clay, clay. | | A-4 | | | | | |

 | 36-49 |Clay loam, sandy |ML, MH, SM|A-4, A-5, |95-100|85-100|85-100|36-76 | 32-56 | 8-30

 | | clay loam. | | A-7 | | | | | |

 | 49-80 |Sandy loam, sandy|SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 |95-100|95-100|70-100|36-65 | 28-49 | 8-30

 | | clay loam, clay | SC-SM | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Smithdale-------| 0-13 |Loamy sand-------|SM |A-2 | 100 |85-100|50-75 |15-30 | <20 | NP

 | 13-48 |Clay loam, sandy |SC-SM, SC,|A-6, A-4 | 100 |85-100|80-96 |45-75 | 23-38 | 7-16

 | | clay loam, sandy| CL, CL-ML| | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | |

 | 48-80 |Loam, sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-4 | 100 |85-100|65-95 |36-70 | <30 | NP-10

 | | | CL, SC | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BrE2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Brantley--------| 0-2 |Loam-------------|SM, SC-SM,|A-4 |95-100|95-100|95-100|36-55 | <30 | NP-7

 | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | |

 | 2-34 |Clay, clay loam, |CL, ML |A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|60-75 | 41-50 | 16-22

 | | sandy clay. | | | | | | | |

 | 34-54 |Sandy clay loam, |SC, SM, |A-4, A-6 |95-100|95-100|80-100|36-70 | 30-40 | 7-15

 | | clay loam. | CL, ML | | | | | | |

 | 54-65 |Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, ML|A-2, A-4 |95-100|95-100|70-100|30-60 | <38 | NP-9

 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Okeelala--------| 0-12 |Loamy sand-------|SM |A-2 |98-100|85-100|50-85 |15-35 | <20 | NP

 | 12-52 |Clay loam, sandy |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 |98-100|85-100|80-96 |45-75 | 23-38 | 7-16

 | | clay loam, sandy| CL, ML | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | |

 | 52-80 |Loamy sand, sandy|SP-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-3|98-100|85-100|50-75 | 5-35 | <20 | NP

 | | loam, fine sandy| | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |
236 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Percentage passing | | _____________________

 Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | | | | | Pct | __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BrF: | | | | | | | | | |

 Brantley--------| 0-10 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-4 |95-100|95-100|95-100|36-55 | <30 | NP-7

 | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | |

 | 10-46 |Clay, clay loam, |CL, ML |A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|60-75 | 41-50 | 16-22

 | | sandy clay. | | | | | | | |

 | 46-80 |Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, ML|A-2, A-4 |95-100|95-100|70-100|30-60 | <38 | NP-9

 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Okeelala--------| 0-16 |Fine sandy loam |SM |A-2 |98-100|85-100|75-85 |20-35 | <20 | NP

 | 16-61 |Clay loam, sandy |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 |98-100|85-100|80-96 |45-75 | 23-38 | 7-16

 | | clay loam, loam.| CL, ML | | | | | | |

 | 61-80 |Loamy sand, sandy|SP-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-3|98-100|85-100|50-75 | 5-35 | <20 | NP

 | | loam, fine sandy| | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CaA--------------| 0-13 |Sandy loam-------|SM |A-4, A-2-4|95-100|95-100|65-90 |30-45 | <20 | NP

 Cahaba | 13-38 |Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-4, A-6 |90-100|80-100|75-90 |40-75 | 22-35 | 8-15

 | | loam, clay loam.| | | | | | | |

 | 38-60 |Loamy sand, fine |SM, SP-SM |A-2-4 |95-100|90-100|60-85 |10-35 | <20 | NP

 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CoC2-------------| 0-5 |Loam-------------|CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 |95-100|95-100|80-100|60-85 | 20-35 | 5-15

 Conecuh | 5-48 |Clay loam, clay, |ML, MH, |A-7, A-6 |95-100|95-100|85-100|70-95 | 35-60 | 10-30

 | | silty clay. | CL, CH | | | | | | |

 | 48-76 |Clay, silty clay |ML, MH, CH|A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|80-98 | 45-70 | 15-45

 | 76-80 |Variable---------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 FaA--------------| 0-7 |Loam-------------|SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 100 |90-100|60-90 |30-60 | <25 | NP-7

 Fluvaquents | | | CL-ML | | | | | | |

 | 7-80 |Stratified sandy |ML, CL |A-7, A-4, | 100 |90-100|75-100|60-95 | 20-45 | 8-22

 | | loam to clay. | | A-6 | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 FrA--------------| 0-12 |Fine sandy loam |SM, CL, |A-4 | 100 |95-100|60-90 |40-70 | <30 | NP-8

 Freest | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | |

 | 12-29 |Loam, sandy clay |CL |A-4, A-6 | 100 |95-100|80-95 |55-75 | 25-40 | 7-20

 | | loam, clay loam.| | | | | | | |

 | 29-80 |Clay loam, clay, |CL, CH |A-7 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-95 | 41-55 | 20-30

 | | silty clay. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 HaB--------------| 0-2 |Silt loam--------|CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 |95-100|95-100|80-100|70-90 | 20-35 | 5-15

 Halso | 2-6 |Clay loam, silty |ML, MH, |A-7, A-6 |95-100|95-100|85-100|70-95 | 35-60 | 10-30

 | | clay loam. | CL, CH | | | | | | |

 | 6-30 |Clay, silty clay |ML, MH |A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|80-98 | 45-70 | 15-35

 | 30-45 |Clay loam, silty |CL, CH, MH|A-6, A-7 |65-95 |65-80 |60-80 |55-75 | 30-65 | 12-30

 | | clay loam, clay.| | | | | | | |

 | 45-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 IzA--------------| 0-7 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-4 |95-100|95-100|70-95 |40-65 | <25 | NP-5

 Izagora | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | |

 | 7-65 |Loam, clay loam, |CL, ML |A-4, A-6, |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-95 | 25-45 | 8-25

 | | silty clay loam.| | A-7 | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LaA--------------| 0-6 |Loamy sand-------|SM |A-2-4 |90-100|85-100|50-80 |15-35 | <20 | NP

 Latonia | 6-43 |Sandy loam, loam,|SM |A-2-4, A-4|90-100|85-100|60-85 |30-50 | <20 | NP-10

 | | fine sandy loam.| | | | | | | |

 | 43-68 |Sand, loamy sand |SM, SP-SM |A-2-4 |90-100|85-100|50-75 |10-30 | <20 | NP

 | | | | | | | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 237

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Percentage passing | | _____________________

 Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | | | | | Pct | __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LdC2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Lauderdale------| 0-3 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL-ML,|A-4 |85-100|77-98 |75-98 |60-90 | <25 | NP-10

 | | | CL | | | | | | |

 | 3-16 |Clay loam, sandy |CL |A-4, A-6 |85-98 |77-95 |70-85 |60-80 | 20-35 | 8-20

 | | clay loam, silty| | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | |

 | 16-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Arundel---------| 0-7 |Fine sandy loam |ML, SM |A-4, A-2-4|85-100|84-98 |70-98 |30-60 | <20 | NP

 | 7-34 |Silty clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7 |85-100|80-100|80-100|65-90 | 44-70 | 22-41

 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | |

 | 34-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LeA--------------| 0-4 |Silty clay loam |CH, CL |A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|85-95 | 45-55 | 25-35

 Leeper | 4-60 |Clay, silty clay,|CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|80-97 | 52-75 | 30-50

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LfA--------------| 0-8 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL, |A-4 | 100 | 100 |70-98 |40-85 | 20-35 | 3-10

 Lenoir | | | CL-ML | | | | | | |

 | 8-80 |Clay, silty clay,|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 100 | 100 |85-99 |55-95 | 40-65 | 11-35

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LgA--------------| 0-2 |Silty clay-------|MH, CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 50-60 | 20-30

 Louin | 2-38 |Clay, silty clay |CH, MH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 50-90 | 30-50

 | 38-76 |Clay, silty clay |CH, MH |A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|85-100| 50-90 | 30-52

 | 76-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LhA--------------| 0-5 |Fine sandy loam |SM, ML |A-2, A-4 | 100 |95-100|80-95 |25-65 | <30 | NP-3

 Lucedale | 5-80 |Sandy clay loam, |CL-ML, SC,|A-4, A-6, |95-100|95-100|80-100|30-75 | 25-40 | 4-15

 | | clay loam, loam.| CL, SC-SM| A-2 | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LnB--------------| 0-11 |Sandy loam-------|ML, SM |A-4, A-2 |87-100|84-100|80-100|30-60 | <20 | NP

 Luverne | 11-29 |Clay loam, sandy |ML, MH |A-5, A-7, |95-100|90-100|85-100|50-95 | 38-70 | 8-30

 | | clay, clay. | | A-4 | | | | | |

 | 29-42 |Clay loam, sandy |ML, MH, SM|A-4, A-5, |95-100|85-100|85-100|36-76 | 32-56 | 8-30

 | | clay loam. | | A-7 | | | | | |

 | 42-65 |Sandy loam, clay |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 |95-100|95-100|70-100|36-65 | 28-49 | 8-30

 | | loam, sandy clay| SC-SM | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LnD2, LnE2-------| 0-10 |Sandy loam-------|ML, SM |A-4, A-2 |87-100|84-100|80-100|30-60 | <20 | NP

 Luverne | 10-29 |Clay loam, sandy |ML, MH |A-5, A-7, |95-100|90-100|85-100|50-95 | 38-70 | 8-30

 | | clay, clay. | | A-4 | | | | | |

 | 29-49 |Clay loam, sandy |ML, MH, SM|A-4, A-5, |95-100|85-100|85-100|36-76 | 32-56 | 8-30

 | | clay loam. | | A-7 | | | | | |

 | 49-80 |Sandy loam, clay |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 |95-100|95-100|70-100|36-65 | 28-49 | 8-30

 | | loam, sandy clay| SC-SM | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MaA--------------| 0-2 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-95 | 36-50 | 15-28

 Mayhew | 2-42 |Silty clay loam, |CH, CL |A-7-6, | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95 | 46-75 | 25-50

 | | silty clay, | | A-7-5 | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | |

 | 42-60 |Silty clay, clay,|CH, CL |A-7-6 | 100 |90-100|90-100|75-95 | 45-80 | 25-50

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | |

 | 60-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |
238 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Percentage passing | | _____________________

 Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | | | | | Pct | __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MdA: | | | | | | | | | |

 McCrory---------| 0-4 |Loam-------------|SM, SC-SM |A-4 | 100 | 100 |70-85 |40-50 | <25 | NP-7

 | 4-63 |Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 100 | 100 |70-90 |40-55 | 20-40 | 5-15

 | | clay loam, loam.| CL-ML | | | | | | |

 | 63-80 |Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2 | 100 | 100 |60-85 |25-50 | <25 | NP-7

 | | very fine sandy | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Deerford--------| 0-10 |Loam-------------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 100 | 100 | 100 |95-100| <28 | NP-7

 | 10-49 |Clay loam, loam, |CL |A-6, A-7-6| 100 | 100 | 100 |95-100| 32-49 | 11-25

 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | |

 | 49-80 |Loam, very fine |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4, | 100 | 100 |80-100|50-95 | 25-49 | 5-25

 | | sandy loam, | | A-7-6 | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MnB--------------| 0-6 |Fine sandy loam |SM |A-4 |90-100|90-100|70-85 |36-45 | <30 | NP-4

 McLaurin | 6-36 |Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, |A-4 |90-100|90-100|85-95 |36-45 | <30 | NP-10

 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | |

 | 36-48 |Loamy fine sand, |SM |A-2, A-4 |90-100|90-100|50-85 |15-45 | <20 | NP-4

 | | loamy sand, | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | |

 | 48-80 |Sandy loam, sandy|SC, ML, |A-4, A-6 |90-100|90-100|70-80 |36-55 | 30-40 | 6-15

 | | clay loam. | CL, SM | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 OKA: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ochlockonee-----| 0-10 |Sandy loam-------|SM, ML, |A-4, A-2 | 100 |95-100|65-90 |40-70 | <26 | NP-5

 | | | SC-SM, | | | | | | |

 | | | CL-ML | | | | | | |

 | 10-60|Fine sandy loam, |SM, ML, |A-4 | 100 |95-100|95-100|36-75 | <32 | NP-9

 | | sandy loam, | SC, CL | | | | | | |

 | | loamy fine sand.| | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Kinston---------| 0-4 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4 | 100 |98-100|55-100|25-49 | 20-35 | NP-10

 | | | SC-SM | | | | | | |

 | 4-60 |Loam, clay loam, |CL |A-4, A-6, | 100 |95-100|75-100|60-95 | 20-45 | 8-22

 | | sandy clay loam.| | A-7 | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Iuka------------| 0-6 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-4, A-2 |95-100|90-100|70-100|30-60 | <20 | NP-7

 | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | |

 | 6-32 |Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM,|A-4 |95-100|85-100|65-100|36-75 | <30 | NP-7

 | | loam, sandy | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | |

 | 32-60 |Sandy loam, fine |SM, ML |A-2, A-4 |95-100|90-100|70-100|25-60 | <30 | NP-7

 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 OtB--------------| 0-2 |Clay-------------|CH, CL |A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|90-100| 42-64 | 30-40

 Oktibbeha | 2-17 |Clay-------------|CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 55-75 | 35-50

 | 17-36 |Clay-------------|CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 55-75 | 35-50

 | 36-61 |Clay, silty clay |CL |A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|90-100| 42-65 | 30-45

 | 61-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Pt---------------| 0-60 |Variable---------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Pits | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 RbD2-------------| 0-5 |Silt loam--------|CL-ML, ML,|A-4 | 100 | 100 |75-99 |60-90 | 16-30 | NP-10

 Rayburn | | | CL | | | | | | |

 | 5-55 |Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|75-95 | 51-80 | 25-50

 | 55-65 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 239

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Percentage passing | | _____________________

 Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | | | | | Pct | __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

 RvA--------------| 0-5 |Loam-------------|ML, SM, |A-2, A-4 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |30-60 | <20 | NP-7

 Riverview | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | |

 | | | SC-SM | | | | | | |

 | 5-33 |Clay loam, loam, |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 100 | 100 |90-100|60-95 | 20-40 | 3-20

 | | fine sandy loam.| CL-ML | | | | | | |

 | 33-80 |Loamy fine sand, |SM, SC-SM |A-2, A-4 | 100 | 100 |50-95 |15-45 | <20 | NP-7

 | | fine sandy loam,| | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 SaA, SaB---------| 0-11 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 100 |90-100|80-100|60-90 | <25 | NP-7

 Savannah | 11-30 |Sandy clay loam, |CL, SC, |A-4, A-6 |98-100|90-100|80-100|40-80 | 23-40 | 7-19

 | | clay loam, loam.| CL-ML | | | | | | |

 | 30-80 |Loam, clay loam, |CL, SC, |A-4, A-6, |94-100|90-100|60-100|30-80 | 23-43 | 7-19

 | | sandy clay loam.| CL-ML | A-7, A-2 | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 SmB--------------| 0-5 |Sandy loam-------|SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2 | 100 |85-100|60-95 |28-49 | <20 | NP-5

 Smithdale | 5-58 |Clay loam, sandy |SC-SM, SC,|A-6, A-4 | 100 |85-100|80-96 |45-75 | 23-38 | 7-16

 | | clay loam, loam.| CL, CL-ML| | | | | | |

 | 58-65 |Loam, sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-4 | 100 |85-100|65-95 |36-70 | <30 | NP-10

 | | | CL, SC | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 SmD--------------| 0-5 |Loamy fine sand--|SM |A-2-4 | 100 |85-100|50-80 |15-35 | <20 | NP

 Smithdale | 5-13 |Loamy fine sand, |SM, SC-SM |A-2, A-4 | 100 |85-100|60-95 |28-49 | <20 | NP-5

 | | fine sandy loam.| | | | | | | |

 | 13-49 |Clay loam, sandy |SC-SM, SC,|A-6, A-4 | 100 |85-100|80-96 |45-75 | 23-38 | 7-16

 | | clay loam, loam.| CL, CL-ML| | | | | | |

 | 49-65 |Loam, sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-4 | 100 |85-100|65-95 |36-70 | <30 | NP-10

 | | | CL, SC | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 StD2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Sumter----------| 0-5 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-7, A-6 |90-100|85-100|80-98 |75-90 | 35-50 | 16-25

 | 5-27 |Silty clay, clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 |85-100|78-98 |75-95 |75-95 | 35-55 | 16-32

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | |

 | 27-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Maytag----------| 0-5 |Silty clay loam |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6, |98-100|95-100|90-100|75-90 | 20-45 | 3-25

 | | | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | |

 | 5-52 |Silty clay, clay,|CH, MH |A-7 |98-100|95-100|90-100|85-98 | 60-95 | 30-60

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | |

 | 52-80 |Silty clay, clay,|CH, MH |A-7 |98-100|95-100|90-100|75-98 | 60-95 | 30-60

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 StE2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Sumter----------| 0-2 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-7, A-6 |90-100|85-100|80-98 |75-90 | 35-50 | 16-25

 | 2-29 |Silty clay, clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 |85-100|78-98 |75-95 |75-95 | 35-55 | 16-32

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | |

 | 29-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Maytag----------| 0-2 |Silty clay loam--|CH, MH |A-7 |98-100|95-100|90-100|85-98 | 50-70 | 20-35

 | 2-50 |Silty clay, clay,|CH, MH |A-7 |98-100|95-100|90-100|85-98 | 60-95 | 30-60

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | |

 | 50-80 |Silty clay, clay,|CH, MH |A-7 |98-100|95-100|90-100|75-98 | 60-95 | 30-60

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |
240 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Percentage passing | | _____________________

 Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | | | | | Pct | __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

 ToC2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Toxey-----------| 0-3 |Clay-------------|CL, CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 42-64 | 30-40

 | 3-15 |Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 65-85 | 45-60

 | 15-24 |Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 100 |95-100|95-100|90-100| 45-60 | 30-40

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | |

 | 24-80 |Clay loam, silty |CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 100 |90-100|70-100|55-95 | 35-60 | 15-40

 | | clay loam, clay.| | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Brantley--------| 0-2 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-4 |95-100|95-100|95-100|36-55 | <30 | NP-7

 | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | |

 | 2-21 |Clay, clay loam, |CL, ML |A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|60-75 | 41-50 | 16-22

 | | sandy clay. | | | | | | | |

 | 21-66 |Sandy clay loam, |SC, SM, |A-4, A-6 |95-100|95-100|80-100|36-70 | 30-40 | 7-15

 | | clay loam. | CL, ML | | | | | | |

 | 66-92 |Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, ML|A-2, A-4 |95-100|95-100|70-100|30-60 | <38 | NP-9

 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Hannon----------| 0-3 |Clay-------------|CH, CL |A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|90-100| 42-64 | 30-40

 | 3-24 |Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 55-75 | 35-50

 | 24-29 |Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 55-75 | 35-50

 | 29-80 |Stratified sandy |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 100 |90-100|80-90 |75-85 | 35-55 | 15-30

 | | loam to clay. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 UnA--------------| 0-4 |Clay-------------|CH, CL |A-7 | 100 |94-100|90-100|75-95 | 41-65 | 20-40

 Una | 4-60 |Clay, silty clay |CH, CL |A-7 | 100 |94-100|90-100|75-95 | 41-65 | 20-40

 | | loam, silty | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 UrB: | | | | | | | | | |

 Urbo------------| 0-9 |Silty clay-------|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 30-40 | 15-25

 | 9-80 |Silty clay, clay |CL, CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|80-98 | 44-62 | 20-36

 | | loam, silty clay| | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Mooreville------| 0-3 |Loam-------------|CL-ML, CL,|A-4 | 100 | 100 |80-100|40-85 | 20-30 | 5-10

 | | | SC-SM, SC| | | | | | |

 | 3-51 |Sandy clay loam, |CL, SC |A-6, A-7 | 100 | 100 |80-95 |45-80 | 28-50 | 15-30

 | | clay loam, loam.| | | | | | | |

 | 51-80 |Loam, sandy clay |SC, CL |A-6, A-7 | 100 | 100 |80-95 |45-80 | 28-50 | 15-30

 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Una-------------| 0-5 |Silty clay loam--|CH, CL |A-7 | 100 |94-100|90-100|75-95 | 41-65 | 20-40

 | 5-60 |Clay, silty clay |CH, CL |A-7 | 100 |94-100|90-100|75-95 | 41-65 | 20-40

 | | loam, silty | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 WaB--------------| 0-7 |Loamy fine sand--|SM |A-2-4 | 100 |95-100|60-90 |15-30 | <20 | NP

 Wadley | 7-55 |Loamy fine sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2 |98-100|95-100|75-100|10-40 | <20 | NP

 | | loamy sand. | | | | | | | |

 | 55-80 |Sandy loam, fine |SC, SM, |A-2, A-4, | 100 |95-100|70-100|20-50 | <40 | NP-17

 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 WcB, WcD2--------| 0-3 |Silty clay-------|CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|80-98 | 30-90 | 25-60

 Wilcox | 3-35 |Clay-------------|CH, MH |A-7-5 | 100 | 100 |95-100|80-98 | 55-95 | 22-63

 | 35-60 |Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7-5 | 100 | 100 |90-100|75-98 | 55-95 | 39-60

 | 60-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 241

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Percentage passing | | _____________________

 Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | | | | | Pct | __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

 WmC--------------| 0-5 |Fine sandy loam |ML, SM |A-4, A-2 | 100 |95-100|80-95 |36-70 | <20 | NP

 Williamsville | 5-17 |Fine sandy loam, |ML, SM |A-4, A-2 |87-100|84-100|80-100|30-60 | <20 | NP

 | | loamy sand. | | | | | | | |

 | 17-43 |Clay loam, sandy |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 |95-100|90-100|85-100|50-95 | 38-70 | 20-30

 | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | |

 | 43-59 |Clay loam, sandy |ML, MH, SM|A-4, A-5, |95-100|85-100|85-100|36-76 | 32-56 | 8-30

 | | clay loam. | | A-7 | | | | | |

 | 59-80 |Stratified loamy |SM, ML |A-4, A-6, |90-100|85-100|70-100|25-65 | 28-49 | 3-16

 | | sand to sandy | | A-2, A-7 | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
242 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils

 (Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Entries under "Organic matter" apply only

 to the surface layer. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not available or were not estimated.)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion |

 Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors | Organic _________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

 AnA--------------| 0-4 | 9-20 |1.30-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | .5-2

 Annemaine | 4-35| 35-60 |1.25-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.37| |

 |35-65| 20-40 |1.30-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.14-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 ArF: | | | | | | | | | |

 Arundel---------| 0-4 | 15-25 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|3.6-5.0 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | .5-2

 | 4-32| 35-70 |1.55-1.65| <0.06 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.0 |High---------|0.32| |

 |32-80| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Cantuche--------| 0-6 | 10-20 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.13|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| 2 | .5-2

 | 6-11| 10-20 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.04-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 |11-80| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 AwE: | | | | | | | | | |

 Arundel---------| 0-8 | 7-20 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.15|3.6-5.0 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | .5-2

 | 8-36| 35-70 |1.55-1.65| <0.06 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.0 |High---------|0.32| |

 |36-80| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Williamsville---| 0-4 | 10-18 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | .5-2

 | 4-36| 35-55 |1.40-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.14-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.24| |

 |36-62| 12-30 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |62-80| 8-25 |1.40-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BbA: | | | | | | | | | |

 Bibb------------| 0-3 | 2-18 |1.50-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| 5 | 2-5

 | 3-45| 2-18 |1.45-1.75| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| |

 |45-60| 2-12 |1.60-1.75| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.15| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Iuka------------| 0-9 | 6-15 |1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| 5 | .5-3

 | 9-42| 8-18 |1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 |42-60| 5-15 |1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BeB--------------| 0-6 | 4-10 |1.40-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.10| 5 | .5-1

 Bigbee | 6-23| 2-10 |1.40-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.08|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.10| |

 |23-70| 1-10 |1.40-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.08|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BgD2-------------| 0-4 | 5-20 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | .5-2

 Boswell | 4-70| 38-60 |1.30-1.60| <0.06 |0.14-0.18|3.6-5.0 |High---------|0.32| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BkB--------------| 0-5 | 3-10 |1.40-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.09|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| 5 | .5-1

 Boykin | 5-22| 3-10 |1.40-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.09|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| |

 |22-60| 18-30 |1.45-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BnE2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Boykin----------| 0-3 | 3-10 |1.40-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.09|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| 5 | .5-1

 | 3-33| 3-10 |1.40-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.09|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| |

 |33-80| 18-30 |1.45-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Luverne---------| 0-7 | 7-20 |1.35-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| 5 | .5-2

 | 7-36| 35-50 |1.25-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |36-49| 20-40 |1.35-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 |49-80| 10-35 |1.35-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Smithdale-------| 0-13| 2-8 |1.40-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.15| 5 | .5-2

 |13-48| 18-33 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |48-80| 12-27 |1.40-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 243

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion |

 Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors | Organic _________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BrE2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Brantley--------| 0-2 | 8-21 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | .5-2

 | 2-34| 35-55 |1.35-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |34-54| 25-35 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |54-65| 10-25 |1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Okeelala--------| 0-12| 4-10 |1.30-1.50| 6.0-20.0 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.15| 5 | .5-2

 |12-52| 18-35 |1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |52-80| 5-18 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.07-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.15| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BrF: | | | | | | | | | |

 Brantley--------| 0-10| 8-21 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | .5-2

 |10-46| 35-55 |1.35-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |46-80| 10-25 |1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Okeelala--------| 0-16| 7-15 |1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.09-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| 5 | .5-2

 |16-61| 18-35 |1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |61-80| 2-18 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.07-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.15| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CaA--------------| 0-13| 7-17 |1.35-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| 5 | .5-2

 Cahaba |13-38| 18-35 |1.35-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| |

 |38-60| 5-20 |1.40-1.70| 2.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CoC2-------------| 0-5 | 10-25 |1.35-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.24|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | .5-2

 Conecuh | 5-48| 35-50 |1.35-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| |

 |48-76| 45-70 |1.30-1.55| <0.06 |0.08-0.19|4.5-5.5 |High---------|0.32| |

 |76-80| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 FaA--------------| 0-7 | 2-18 |1.25-1.35| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| 5 | 3-10

 Fluvaquents | 7-80| 15-45 |1.35-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 FrA--------------| 0-12| 3-10 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | .5-2

 Freest |12-29| 10-25 |1.40-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.15-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| |

 |29-80| 27-50 |1.40-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.15-0.18|4.5-6.0 |High---------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 HaB--------------| 0-2 | 9-27 |1.25-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.32| 4 | .5-2

 Halso | 2-6 | 27-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| |

 | 6-30| 40-70 |1.10-1.40| <0.06 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |High---------|0.32| |

 |30-45| 25-65 |1.30-1.65| <0.06 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.24| |

 |45-80| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 IzA--------------| 0-7 | 6-20 |1.40-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | .5-2

 Izagora | 7-65| 18-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.32| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LaA--------------| 0-6 | 3-12 |1.40-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| 5 | .5-2

 Latonia | 6-43| 10-16 |1.40-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 |43-68| 3-10 |1.40-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LdC2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Lauderdale------| 0-3 | 10-15 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|3.6-5.0 |Low----------|0.37| 2 | .5-2

 | 3-16| 20-35 |1.40-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.15-0.20|3.6-5.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| |

 |16-80| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Arundel---------| 0-7 | 7-20 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | .5-2

 | 7-34| 35-70 |1.55-1.65| <0.06 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.0 |High---------|0.32| |

 |38-80| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LeA--------------| 0-4 | 27-35 |1.45-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.18-0.22|6.1-8.4 |High---------|0.32| 5 | 1-4

 Leeper | 4-60| 35-50 |1.40-1.60| <0.06 |0.18-0.20|6.1-8.4 |High---------|0.32| |

 | | | | | | | | | |
244 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion |

 Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors | Organic _________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LfA--------------| 0-8 | 6-20 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 1-4

 Lenoir | 8-80| 35-60 |1.20-1.35| 0.06-0.2 |0.13-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LgA--------------| 0-2 | 40-60 |1.10-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |High---------|0.32| 5 | 1-5

 Louin | 2-38| 40-60 |1.00-1.30| <0.06 |0.10-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Very high----|0.32| |

 |38-76| 40-75 |1.10-1.40| <0.06 |0.10-0.15|6.6-8.4 |Very high----|0.32| |

 |76-80| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- |7.9-8.4 |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LhA--------------| 0-5 | 5-18 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.24| 5 | .5-2

 Lucedale | 5-80| 20-30 |1.55-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LnB--------------| 0-11| 7-20 |1.35-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| 5 | .5-2

 Luverne |11-29| 35-50 |1.25-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |29-42| 20-40 |1.35-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 |42-65| 10-35 |1.35-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LnD2, LnE2-------| 0-10| 7-20 |1.35-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| 5 | .5-2

 Luverne |10-29| 35-50 |1.25-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |29-49| 20-40 |1.35-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 |49-80| 10-35 |1.35-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MaA--------------| 0-2 | 27-40 |1.35-1.45| 0.06-0.2 |0.20-0.22|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.37| 5 | 1-3

 Mayhew | 2-42| 35-60 |1.40-1.55| <0.06 |0.18-0.20|3.5-5.5 |High---------|0.32| |

 |42-60| 35-75 |1.40-1.55| <0.06 |0.18-0.20|3.5-5.5 |High---------|0.32| |

 |60-80| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MdA: | | | | | | | | | |

 McCrory---------| 0-4 | 10-27 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.15|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| 4 | 1-4

 | 4-63| 15-35 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.08-0.18|3.5-8.4 |Low----------|0.32| |

 |63-80| 5-20 |1.30-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.03-0.12|6.6-8.4 |Low----------|0.24| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Deerford--------| 0-10| 5-27 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.21-0.23|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| 4 | 1-4

 |10-49| 10-35 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.08-0.18|3.5-8.4 |Low----------|0.32| |

 |49-80| 10-30 |1.30-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.03-0.12|6.6-8.4 |Low----------|0.24| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MnB--------------| 0-6 | 5-10 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| 5 | .5-2

 McLaurin | 6-36| 10-18 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 |36-48| 5-15 |1.30-1.70| 2.0-6.0 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 |48-80| 5-27 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 OKA: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ochlockonee-----| 0-10| 3-18 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.07-0.14|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| 5 | .5-2

 |10-60| 8-18 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Kinston---------| 0-4 | 5-18 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.13-0.19|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| 5 | 2-5

 | 4-60| 18-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.32| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Iuka------------| 0-6 | 6-15 |1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| 5 | .5-2

 | 6-32| 8-18 |1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 |32-60| 5-15 |1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 OtB--------------| 0-2 | 40-60 |1.10-1.40| 0.00-0.06 |0.12-0.16|4.5-5.5 |High---------|0.32| 5 | 1-4

 Oktibbeha | 2-17| 60-80 |1.00-1.30| 0.00-0.06 |0.05-0.10|3.5-5.5 |Very high----|0.32| |

 |17-36| 60-80 |1.00-1.30| 0.00-0.06 |0.05-0.10|3.5-6.5 |Very high----|0.32| |

 |36-61| 50-70 |1.10-1.40| 0.00-0.06 |0.05-0.10|6.6-8.4 |Very high----|0.32| |

 |61-80| --- | --- | 0.00-0.06 | --- |7.9-8.4 |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Pt. | | | | | | | | | |

 Pits | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 245

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion |

 Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors | Organic _________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

 RbD2-------------| 0-5 | 10-27 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|3.5-5.0 |Low----------|0.43| 4 | .5-3

 Rayburn | 5-55| 40-62 |1.30-1.50| <0.06 |0.12-0.18|3.5-5.0 |High---------|0.37| |

 |55-65| --- | --- | 0.01-0.6 | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 RvA--------------| 0-5 | 10-27 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| 5 | .5-2

 Riverview | 5-33| 18-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |33-80| 4-18 |1.20-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.07-0.11|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 SaA, SaB---------| 0-11| 3-16 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.24|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| 4 | .5-2

 Savannah |11-30| 18-32 |1.45-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 |30-80| 18-32 |1.60-1.80| 0.2-0.6 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 SmB--------------| 0-5 | 2-15 |1.40-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | .5-2

 Smithdale | 5-58| 18-33 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |58-65| 12-27 |1.40-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 SmD--------------| 0-5 | 2-8 |1.40-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| 5 | .5-2

 Smithdale | 5-13| 2-15 |1.40-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |13-49| 18-33 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |49-65| 12-27 |1.40-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 StD2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Sumter----------| 0-5 | 28-40 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-2.0 |0.12-0.17|7.4-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.37| 2 | 2-5

 | 5-27| 35-57 |1.15-1.55| 0.06-2.0 |0.12-0.17|7.4-8.4 |High---------|0.37| |

 |27-80| --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- |7.4-8.4 |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Maytag----------| 0-5 | 30-40 |1.20-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.15-0.20|6.6-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.32| 5 | 2-5

 | 5-52| 35-60 |1.15-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.17|7.4-8.4 |High---------|0.32| |

 |52-80| 35-70 |1.15-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.17|7.4-8.4 |High---------|0.32| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 StE2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Sumter----------| 0-2 | 28-40 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-2.0 |0.12-0.17|6.6-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.37| 2 | 2-5

 | 2-29| 35-57 |1.15-1.55| 0.06-2.0 |0.12-0.17|7.4-8.4 |High---------|0.37| |

 |29-80| --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Maytag----------| 0-2 | 30-40 |1.15-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.18|7.4-8.4 |High---------|0.32| 5 | 2-5

 | 2-50| 35-60 |1.15-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.17|7.4-8.4 |High---------|0.32| |

 |50-80| 35-70 |1.15-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.17|7.4-8.4 |High---------|0.32| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 ToC2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Toxey-----------| 0-3 | 40-70 |1.10-1.40| <0.06 |0.12-0.16|4.5-5.5 |High---------|0.32| 2 | 2-5

 | 3-15| 60-80 |1.00-1.40| <0.06 |0.12-0.16|4.5-6.0 |High---------|0.32| |

 |15-24| 35-60 |1.00-1.40| <0.06 |0.12-0.16|6.1-8.4 |High---------|0.37| |

 |24-80| 27-50 |1.00-1.40| <0.06 |0.08-0.12|7.4-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Brantley--------| 0-2 | 8-21 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | .5-2

 | 2-21| 35-55 |1.35-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |21-66| 25-35 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |66-92| 10-25 |1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Hannon----------| 0-3 | 40-60 |1.10-1.30| 0.01-0.06 |0.12-0.16|4.5-5.5 |High---------|0.32| 5 | 1-4

 | 3-24| 50-75 |1.10-1.30| 0.01-0.06 |0.05-0.10|5.1-6.5 |Very high----|0.32| |

 |24-29| 50-75 |1.10-1.30| 0.01-0.06 |0.05-0.10|7.4-8.4 |Very high----|0.32| |

 |29-80| 25-60 |1.15-1.50| 0.01-0.06 |0.05-0.10|7.4-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 UnA--------------| 0-4 | 40-50 |1.40-1.60| <0.06 |0.19-0.20|4.5-5.5 |High---------|0.32| 5 | 1-3

 Una | 4-60| 35-55 |1.40-1.60| <0.06 |0.15-0.20|4.5-5.5 |High---------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 UrB: | | | | | | | | | |

 Urbo------------| 0-9 | 40-48 |1.40-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.19-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.49| 5 | 1-3

 | 9-80| 34-55 |1.45-1.55| <0.06 |0.18-0.20|4.5-5.5 |High---------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |
246 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion |

 Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors | Organic _________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

 UrB: | | | | | | | | | |

 Mooreville------| 0-3 | 5-27 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | .5-2

 | 3-51| 18-35 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |51-80| 10-40 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Una-------------| 0-5 | 40-50 |1.40-1.60| <0.06 |0.15-0.20|4.5-5.5 |High---------|0.32| 5 | 1-3

 | 5-60| 35-55 |1.40-1.60| <0.06 |0.15-0.20|4.5-5.5 |High---------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 WaB--------------| 0-7 | 4-10 |1.35-1.65| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| 5 | .5-1

 Wadley | 7-55| 2-10 |1.35-1.65| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.15| |

 |55-80| 13-35 |1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.13|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 WcB, WcD2--------| 0-3 | 40-70 |1.10-1.35| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |High---------|0.37| 4 | .5-2

 Wilcox | 3-35| 60-85 |1.00-1.35| <0.06 |0.05-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Very high----|0.32| |

 |35-60| 40-85 |1.10-1.40| <0.06 |0.05-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Very high----|0.28| |

 |60-80| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 WmC--------------| 0-5 | 3-12 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | .5-3

 Williamsville | 5-17| 3-20 |1.35-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |17-43| 35-50 |1.25-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |43-59| 20-40 |1.35-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 |59-80| 10-35 |1.35-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Choctaw County, Alabama 247

Table 17.--Soil and Water Features

 ("Flooding" and "water table" and terms such as "rare," "brief," "apparent," and "perched" are explained in the

 text. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated.)

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | Risk of corrosion _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | | |

 map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |Uncoated |Concrete

 |group | | | | | | | | ness | steel | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Ft | | | In | | | __ __

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 AnA---------------| C |Rare--------| --- | --- |1.5-2.5|Apparent|Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Annemaine | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ArF: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Arundel----------| C |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Soft |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Cantuche---------| D |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |10-20|Soft |Low------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 AwE: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Arundel----------| C |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Soft |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Williamsville----| C |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BbA: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Bibb-------------| D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|0.5-1.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Iuka-------------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|1.0-3.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BeB---------------| A |Rare--------| --- | --- |3.5-6.0|Apparent|Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate.

 Bigbee | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BgD2--------------| D |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate.

 Boswell | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BkB---------------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |High.

 Boykin | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BnE2: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Boykin-----------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Luverne----------| C |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Smithdale--------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BrE2, BrF: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Brantley---------| C |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Okeelala---------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CaA---------------| B |Rare--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate.

 Cahaba | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CoC2--------------| D |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Conecuh | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 FaA---------------| D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr| +2-1.0|Apparent|Dec-Jul| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Fluvaquents | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 FrA---------------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-2.5|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Freest | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 HaB---------------| D |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |40-60|Soft |High-----|High.

 Halso | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |
248 Soil Survey

Table 17.--Soil and Water Features--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | Risk of corrosion _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | | |

 map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |Uncoated |Concrete

 |group | | | | | | | | ness | steel | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Ft | | | In | | | __ __

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 IzA---------------| C |Rare--------| --- | --- |2.0-3.0|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |Moderate |High.

 Izagora | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LaA---------------| B |Rare--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate.

 Latonia | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LdC2: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Lauderdale-------| D |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |10-20|Soft |Low------|Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Arundel----------| C |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Soft |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LeA---------------| D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|1.0-2.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Low.

 Leeper | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LfA---------------| D |Rare--------| --- | --- |1.0-2.5|Apparent|Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Lenoir | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LgA---------------| D |None--------| --- | --- |1.0-2.0|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Louin | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LhA---------------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate.

 Lucedale | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LnB, LnD2, LnE2---| C |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Luverne | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MaA---------------| D |None--------| --- | --- | 0-1.0|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Mayhew | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MdA: | | | | | | | | | | |

 McCrory----------| D |Occasional--|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|0.5-1.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Deerford---------| D |Occasional--|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|0.5-1.5|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MnB---------------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate.

 McLaurin | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 OKA: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ochlockonee------| B |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|3.0-5.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Low------|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Kinston----------| D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr| 0-1.0|Apparent|Dec-May| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Iuka-------------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|1.0-3.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 OtB---------------| D |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Oktibbeha | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pt----------------| --- |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- | --- | ---

 Pits | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RbD2--------------| D |None--------| --- | --- |2.5-4.5|Perched |Jan-Mar|40-60|Soft |High-----|High.

 Rayburn | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 RvA---------------| B |Occasional--|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|3.0-5.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate.

 Riverview | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 SaA, SaB----------| C |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |Moderate |High.

 Savannah | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 SmB, SmD----------| B |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate.

 Smithdale | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 249

Table 17.--Soil and Water Features--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | Risk of corrosion _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | | |

 map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |Uncoated |Concrete

 |group | | | | | | | | ness | steel | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | Ft | | | In | | | __ __

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 StD2, StE2: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Sumter-----------| C |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Soft |Moderate |Low.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Maytag-----------| D |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|Low.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ToC2: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Toxey------------| D |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Brantley---------| C |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Hannon-----------| D |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|Low.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 UnA---------------| D |Frequent----|Long------|Dec-Apr| +2-0.5|Perched |Dec-Jul| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Una | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 UrB: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Urbo-------------| D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|1.0-2.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Mooreville-------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|1.5-3.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Una--------------| D |Frequent----|Long------|Dec-Apr| +2-0.5|Perched |Dec-Jul| >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 WaB---------------| A |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|High.

 Wadley | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 WcB, WcD2---------| D |None--------| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Jan-Mar|40-60|Soft |High-----|High.

 Wilcox | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 WmC---------------| C |None--------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High.

 Williamsville | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
250 Soil Survey

Table 18.--Physical Analyses of Selected Soils

_________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Particle-size distribution

Soil name and | Depth | Horizon | (Percent less than 2.0 mm) ____________________________________________________

sample number | | | Sand | Silt | Clay

 | | | (2.0-0.05 mm) | (0.05-0.002 mm) | (<0.002 mm) _________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | __

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

Annemaine:* | 0-4 | Ap | 36.7 | 54.0 | 9.3

 (S89AL-023-2) | 4-8 | Bt1 | 14.3 | 39.4 | 46.3

 | 8-19 | Bt2 | 12.6 | 37.5 | 49.9

 | 19-35 | Bt3 | 15.0 | 32.5 | 52.5

 | 35-51 | Bt4 | 39.9 | 25.5 | 34.6

 | 51-62 | Bt5 | 27.4 | 33.0 | 39.6

 | 62-65 | Bt6 | 42.2 | 25.4 | 32.4

 | | | | |

Arundel:** | 3-21 | Bt | 9.3 | 23.0 | 67.7

 (S78AL-023-1) | 21-31 | BC | 16.6 | 29.8 | 53.6

 | 31-39 | C | 8.1 | 25.1 | 66.8

 | | | | |

Deerford:* | 0-3 | A | 34.8 | 42.7 | 22.5

 (S92AL-023-1) | 3-7 | E | 64.3 | 30.9 | 4.8

 | 7-10 | E/B | 63.2 | 31.5 | 5.3

 | 10-20 | Btn1 | 48.2 | 28.0 | 23.8

 | 20-27 | Btn2 | 48.1 | 26.2 | 25.7

 | 27-35 | Btn3 | 33.8 | 34.8 | 31.4

 | 35-49 | Btng | 50.8 | 28.8 | 20.4

 | 49-61 | BC | 53.2 | 28.8 | 18.0

 | 61-80 | C | 60.9 | 22.7 | 16.4

 | | | | |

Izagora:* | 0-7 | Ap | 47.3 | 46.3 | 6.4

 (S89AL-023-3) | 7-13 | E | 40.9 | 50.2 | 8.9

 | 13-22 | Bt1 | 33.3 | 44.7 | 22.0

 | 22-27 | Bt2 | 39.9 | 42.5 | 17.6

 | 27-36 | Bt3 | 39.9 | 39.1 | 21.0

 | 36-47 | Bt4 | 37.7 | 32.6 | 29.7

 | 47-55 | Bt5 | 18.9 | 47.0 | 34.1

 | 55-65 | Bt6 | 16.7 | 47.7 | 35.6

 | | | | |

Mayhew:* | 0-2 | A1 | 7.1 | 55.1 | 37.8

 (S92AL-023-3) | 2-6 | A2 | 7.4 | 51.2 | 41.4

 | 6-13 | Btg1 | 5.5 | 45.4 | 49.1

 | 13-22 | Btg2 | 5.7 | 42.4 | 51.9

 | 22-42 | Bssg1 | 4.4 | 40.8 | 54.8

 | 42-60 | Bssg2 | 4.4 | 36.0 | 59.6

 | 60-80 | C | 2.5 | 33.1 | 64.4

 | | | | |

McCrory:* | 0-4 | Ap | 35.3 | 47.1 | 17.6

 (S92AL-023-2) | 4-10 | B/E | 28.9 | 45.4 | 25.7

 | 10-22 | Btg | 26.1 | 40.7 | 33.2

 | 22-36 | Btng1 | 28.0 | 38.7 | 33.3

 | 36-43 | Btng2 | 33.1 | 33.9 | 33.0

 | 43-50 | Btng3 | 43.4 | 27.1 | 29.5

 | 50-63 | Btng4 | 46.5 | 28.2 | 25.3

 | 63-80 | C | 59.1 | 23.7 | 17.2

 | | | | |

Rayburn:* | 0-2 | A | 29.2 | 60.3 | 10.5

 (S93AL-023-3) | 2-5 | E | 31.5 | 55.3 | 13.2

 | 5-12 | Bt | 2.5 | 36.1 | 61.4

 | 12-19 | Btss1 | 1.2 | 38.8 | 60.0

 | 19-34 | Btss2 | 0.7 | 46.5 | 52.8

 | 34-43 | Btss3 | 1.8 | 50.3 | 47.9

 | 43-55 | BC | 1.2 | 47.4 | 54.1

 | 55-65 | Cr | 0.8 | 50.2 | 49.0

 | | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 251

Table 18.--Physical Analyses of Selected Soils--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Particle-size distribution

Soil name and | Depth | Horizon | (Percent less than 2.0 mm) ____________________________________________________

sample number | | | Sand | Silt | Clay

 | | | (2.0-0.05 mm) | (0.05-0.002 mm) | (<0.002 mm) _________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | __

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

Savannah:* | 0-3 | Ap1 | 43.0 | 51.5 | 5.5

 (S91AL-023-1) | 3-7 | Ap2 | 44.0 | 50.5 | 5.5

 | 7-11 | E | 36.0 | 57.1 | 6.9

 | 11-24 | Bt1 | 24.4 | 49.2 | 26.4

 | 24-30 | Bt2 | 33.4 | 47.8 | 18.8

 | 30-46 | Btx1 | 35.4 | 43.6 | 21.0

 | 46-65 | Btx2 | 38.7 | 35.6 | 25.7

 | 65-80 | B't | 42.9 | 29.5 | 27.6

 | | | | |

Toxey:* | 0-3 | Ap | 7.6 | 29.6 | 62.8

 (S95AL-023-3) | 3-7 | Bw1 | 6.3 | 25.5 | 68.2

 | 7-15 | Bw2 | 3.5 | 29.9 | 66.6

 | 15-24 | BC | 2.7 | 43.5 | 53.8

 | 24-44 | 2C1 | 4.5 | 52.2 | 43.3

 | 44-53 | 2C2 | 15.7 | 56.7 | 27.6

 | 53-63 | 2C3 | 32.0 | 28.7 | 39.3

 | 63-80 | 2C4 | 42.2 | 26.0 | 31.8

 | | | | |

Wilcox:* | 0-3 | Ap | 17.8 | 42.1 | 40.1

 (S89AL-023-1) | 3-9 | Bt1 | 3.2 | 22.8 | 74.0

 | 9-13 | Bt2 | 3.3 | 20.6 | 76.1

 | 13-20 | Btss | 3.7 | 18.5 | 77.8

 | 20-30 | Bssg1 | 2.2 | 24.4 | 73.4

 | 30-35 | Bssg2 | 10.0 | 19.4 | 70.6

 | 35-60 | C/B | 1.1 | 31.3 | 67.6

 | | | | |

Williamsville:* | 0-5 | A | 66.2 | 30.3 | 3.5

 (S96AL-023-1) | 5-14 | E | 68.3 | 28.7 | 3.0

 | 14-17 | BE | 56.2 | 28.3 | 15.5

 | 17-27 | Bt1 | 39.2 | 14.0 | 46.8

 | 27-43 | Bt2 | 44.6 | 8.1 | 47.3

 | 43-59 | Bt3 | 59.3 | 7.1 | 33.6

 | 59-80 | C | 72.1 | 3.5 | 24.4

 | | | | |

________________________________________________________________________________________

 * This is the typical pedon for the series in Choctaw County. For the description

and location of the pedon, see the section "Soil Series and Their Morphology." Analyses

by the Agronomy and Soils Clay Mineralogy Laboratory, Auburn University, Auburn,

Alabama.

 ** This pedon is an included similar soil in an area of Lauderdale-Arundel complex,

2 to 10 percent slopes, stony, eroded. These soils are very-fine, smectitic, thermic,

Typic Hapludults. The pedon is about 1,200 feet south and 1,000 feet east of the

northwest corner of sec. 7, T. 9 N., R. 2 W. Analyses by the National Soil Survey

Laboratory, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.
252 Soil Survey

Table 19.--Chemical Analyses of Selected Soils

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Extractable bases | | Cation-exchange | |

 Soil name | | | |Extract-| capacity | Base | ________________________ _________________

 and sample |Depth|Horizon| | | | | able | | |saturation| pH

 number | | | Ca | Mg | K | Na |acidity | CEC-7 | ECEC | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | |-------Milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil------| Pct | __ ___________________________________________________ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Annemaine:* | 0-4 | Ap | 2.58| 0.26 |0.15| 0.13| 0.88 | 5.15 | 4.00 | 45 | 5.4

 (S89AL-023-2) | 4-8 | Bt1 | 1.84| 1.37 |0.19| 0.14| 4.08 | 12.20 | 7.62 | 33 | 5.0

 | 8-19| Bt2 | 1.62| 1.93 |0.19| 0.14| 5.33 | 14.43 | 9.22 | 24 | 4.9

 |19-35| Bt3 | 0.33| 2.66 |0.19| 0.19| 8.51 | 16.85 | 11.88 | 18 | 5.0

 |35-51| Bt4 | 0.14| 1.09 |0.70| 0.20| 8.23 | 12.65 | 10.36 | 12 | 4.8

 |51-62| Bt5 | 0.18| 1.19 |0.66| 0.19| 10.73 | 16.20 | 12.94 | 11 | 4.4

 |62-65| Bt6 | 0.24| 0.96 |0.33| 0.17| 8.42 | 12.51 | 10.12 | 11 | 5.0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Arundel:** | 3-21| Bt | 8.7 | 7.4 |0.9 | 0.1 | 34.9 | 44.7 | 19.2 | 33 | 4.4

 (S78AL-023-1) |21-31| BC | 0.7 | 3.2 |1.0 | 0.7 | 34.5 | 39.8 | 8.1 | 14 | 3.9

 |31-39| C | 0.6 | 4.1 |0.9 | 0.2 | 43.4 | 45.0 | 8.8 | 12 | 3.8

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Deerford:* | 0-3 | A | 2.37| 2.37 |0.18| 2.30| 4.85 | 25.29 | 12.07 | 44 | 3.8

 (S92AL-023-1) | 3-7 | E | 0.46| 0.37 |0.04| 0.57| 0.49 | 2.57 | 1.92 | 58 | 5.4

 | 7-10| E/B | 0.37| 0.47 |0.04| 0.78| 0.36 | 2.67 | 2.01 | 61 | 5.4

 |10-20| Btn1 | 2.55| 3.66 |0.13| 4.94| 0.00 | 9.51 | 11.27 | 88 | 6.2

 |20-27| Btn2 | 3.07| 4.99 |0.18| 6.06| 0.00 | 11.37 | 14.31 | 92 | 7.5

 |27-35| Btn3 | 4.43| 6.14 |0.25| 6.10| 0.00 | 14.30 | 16.92 | 87 | 8.0

 |35-49| Btng | 3.15| 4.49 |0.18| 4.33| 0.00 | 10.34 | 12.15 | 96 | 8.1

 |49-61| BC | 3.68| 4.88 |0.21| 4.02| 0.00 | 11.31 | 12.79 | 94 | 8.2

 |61-80| C | 4.62| 4.96 |0.21| 3.07| --- | 11.68 | 17.13 | 96 | 8.2

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Izagora:* | 0-7 | Ap | 0.49| 0.14 |0.65| 0.11| 1.80 | 5.70 | 3.18 | 21 | 4.8

 (S89AL-023-3) | 7-13| E | 0.41| 0.36 |0.42| 0.11| 0.75 | 2.36 | 2.05 | 34 | 5.4

 |13-22| Bt1 | 0.30| 0.94 |0.62| 0.13| 3.36 | 6.87 | 5.35 | 24 | 5.1

 |22-27| Bt2 | 0.16| 0.75 |0.47| 0.12| 2.90 | 5.48 | 4.39 | 22 | 5.2

 |27-36| Bt3 | 0.19| 1.10 |0.41| 0.12| 3.55 | 7.17 | 5.37 | 28 | 5.1

 |36-47| Bt4 | 0.17| 1.66 |0.65| 0.11| 6.71 | 11.17 | 9.30 | 18 | 4.8

 |47-55| Bt5 | 0.16| 2.24 |0.34| 0.18| 9.74 | 15.33 | 12.66 | 19 | 4.6

 |55-65| Bt6 | 0.17| 2.29 |0.49| 0.17| 10.39 | 16.00 | 13.50 | 18 | 5.0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Mayhew:* | 0-2 | A1 | 6.03| 5.47 |0.57| 0.34| 0.96 | 31.51 | 13.36 | 68 | 4.9

 (S92AL-023-3) | 2-6 | A2 | 3.72| 5.52 |0.61| 0.29| 4.34 | 22.75 | 14.47 | 66 | 4.6

 | 6-13| Btg1 | 3.41| 5.87 |0.65| 0.43| 8.41 | 24.85 | 18.77 | 63 | 4.5

 |13-22| Btg2 | 2.91| 6.21 |0.70| 0.56| 9.73 | 26.02 | 20.11 | 62 | 4.4

 |22-42| Bssg1 | 3.58| 8.09 |0.79| 0.97| 9.53 | 28.36 | 22.96 | 68 | 4.4

 |42-60| Bssg2 | 3.84|10.49 |0.99| 1.46| 8.58 | 32.46 | 25.36 | 71 | 4.4

 |60-80| C | 6.22|16.05 |1.51| 2.14| 6.87 | 42.10 | 32.79 | 87 | 4.0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

McCrory:* | 0-4 | Ap | 0.47| 0.64 |0.17| 0.61| 7.03 | 11.51 | 8.92 | 25 | 4.1

 (S92AL-023-2) | 4-10| B/E | 0.66| 0.81 |0.15| 0.57| 7.89 | 12.06 | 10.09 | 25 | 4.5

 |10-22| Btg | 0.99| 1.88 |0.20| 1.74| 7.94 | 16.40 | 12.76 | 38 | 4.8

 |22-36| Btng1 | 1.78| 4.24 |0.27| 6.63| 3.94 | 16.64 | 16.87 | 72 | 4.1

 |36-43| Btng2 | 3.13| 5.71 |0.31| 9.46| 1.62 | 16.10 | 20.22 | 86 | 4.3

 |43-50| Btng3 | 3.22| 5.12 |0.26| 9.02| 0.82 | 13.74 | 18.44 | 85 | 4.6

 |50-63| Btng4 | 4.62| 4.53 |0.26| 7.39| 0.03 | 12.89 | 16.83 | 84 | 7.0

 |63-80| C | 3.00| 4.16 |0.22| 4.93| 0.05 | 11.15 | 12.35 | 94 | 7.4

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Rayburn:* | 0-2 | A | 0.50| 0.83 |0.14| 0.00| 4.62 | 9.26 | 6.10 | 17 | 4.1

 (S93AL-023-3) | 2-5 | E | 0.25| 0.65 |0.12| 0.01| 4.68 | 7.43 | 5.71 | 12 | 4.3

 | 5-12| Bt | 2.28|13.20 |0.92| 0.12| 17.58 | 41.56 | 34.10 | 73 | 4.4

 |12-19| Btss1 | 2.17|14.72 |0.92| 0.19| 17.58 | 42.27 | 35.59 | 74 | 4.2

 |19-34| Btss2 | 1.67|13.74 |0.76| 0.49| 12.66 | 34.97 | 29.33 | 71 | 4.2

 |34-43| Btss3 | 1.83|13.63 |0.72| 0.62| 10.06 | 31.44 | 26.86 | 70 | 4.2

 |43-55| BC | 2.72|16.92 |0.76| 1.07| 8.37 | 35.21 | 29.85 | 75 | 4.0

 |55-65| Cr | 3.67|18.37 |0.83| 1.51| 5.12 | 30.69 | 29.51 | 77 | 3.9

 | | | | | | | | | | |
Choctaw County, Alabama 253

Table 19.--Chemical Analyses of Selected Soils--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Extractable bases | | Cation-exchange | |

 Soil name | | | |Extract-| capacity | Base | ________________________ _________________

 and sample |Depth|Horizon| | | | |aable | | |saturation| pH

 number | | | Ca | Mg | K | Na |acidity | CEC-7 | ECEC | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | |-------Milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil------| Pct | __ ___________________________________________________ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Savannah:* | 0-3 | Ap1 | 1.14| 0.55 |0.12| 0.10| 0.76 | 6.34 | 2.67 | 34 | 4.9

 (S91AL-023-1) | 3-7 | Ap2 | 0.95| 0.48 |0.08| 0.09| 0.25 | 4.07 | 1.85 | 42 | 5.4

 | 7-11| E | 0.76| 0.45 |0.06| 0.08| 0.27 | 2.75 | 1.62 | 46 | 5.5

 |11-24| Bt1 | 1.08| 2.00 |0.16| 0.11| 2.63 | 8.40 | 5.99 | 37 | 5.0

 |24-30| Bt2 | 0.46| 0.96 |0.11| 0.11| 2.29 | 5.35 | 3.92 | 25 | 4.9

 |30-46| Btx1 | 0.19| 0.94 |0.09| 0.10| 2.69 | 5.47 | 4.01 | 21 | 4.9

 |46-65| Btx2 | 0.12| 0.82 |0.11| 0.14| 3.52 | 6.82 | 4.71 | 17 | 5.0

 |65-80| B't | 0.10| 1.01 |0.10| 0.22| 3.94 | 7.11 | 5.38 | 19 | 5.0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Toxey:* | 0-3 | Ap | 31.64| 4.31 |0.96| 0.05| 0.27 | 60.83 | 37.24 | 87 | 5.0

 (S95AL-023-3) | 3-7 | Bw1 | 36.44| 5.14 |0.75| 0.12| 0.38 | 60.58 | 42.82 | 93 | 5.1

 | 7-15| Bw2 | 34.96| 4.33 |0.75| 0.28| 0.13 | 62.87 | 40.43 | 90 | 5.3

 |15-24| BC | 37.59| 5.09 |1.04| 0.28| 0.16 | 61.46 | 44.17 | 96 | 6.4

 |24-44| 2C1 | 89.10| 2.81 |0.78| 0.67| 0.24 | 44.87 | 93.61 | 98 | 7.5

 |44-53| 2C2 |107.84| 1.99 |0.40| 0.51| 0.00 | 27.23 | 110.75 | 99 | 7.8

 |53-63| 2C3 |103.77| 4.22 |0.84| 0.72| 0.05 | 37.69 | 109.60 | 99 | 7.7

 |63-80| 2C4 | 94.68| 3.48 |0.69| 0.63| 0.07 | 33.33 | 99.55 | 98 | 7.6

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Wilcox:* | 0-3 | Ap | 8.50| 6.95 |0.72| 0.19| 0.86 | 26.37 | 17.22 | 76 | 5.3

 (S89AL-023-1) | 3-9 | Bt1 | 10.46|12.79 |1.44| 0.26| 7.14 | 42.39 | 32.08 | 78 | 4.7

 | 9-13| Bt2 | 9.17|12.02 |1.37| 0.39| 12.29 | 42.79 | 35.24 | 64 | 4.4

 |13-20| Btss | 8.44|12.02 |1.41| 0.60| 13.94 | 44.77 | 36.40 | 57 | 4.4

 |20-30| Bssg1 | 8.62|13.34 |1.28| 0.72| 12.88 | 43.10 | 36.84 | 62 | 4.6

 |30-35| Bssg2 | 8.87|13.26 |1.15| 0.90| 11.26 | 42.95 | 35.43 | 61 | 4.6

 |35-60| C/B | 9.54|15.49 |1.07| 1.32| 5.99 | 38.49 | 33.41 | 75 | 4.2

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Williamsville:* | 0-5 | A | 1.88| 0.43 |0.10| 0.02| 0.31 | 6.08 | 2.74 | 42 | 5.6

 (S96AL-023-1) | 5-14| E | 0.51| 0.19 |0.05| 0.10| 0.18 | 2.00 | 1.03 | 49 | 5.3

 |14-17| BE | 1.43| 1.42 |0.20| 0.11| 1.50 | 6.51 | 4.66 | 52 | 4.9

 |17-27| Bt1 | 3.65| 4.53 |0.54| 0.13| 6.48 | 21.79 | 15.33 | 45 | 4.9

 |27-43| Bt2 | 2.06| 3.44 |0.55| 0.19| 8.68 | 21.71 | 14.93 | 33 | 4.8

 |43-59| Bt3 | 0.85| 2.99 |0.40| 0.15| 8.92 | 18.36 | 13.31 | 29 | 4.7

 |59-80| C | 0.61| 2.00 |0.29| 0.07| 6.37 | 12.22 | 9.55 | 31 | 4.6

 | | | | | | | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * This is the typical pedon for the series in Choctaw County. For the description and location of

the pedon, see the section "Soil Series and Their Morphology." Analyses by the Agronomy and Soils Clay

Mineralogy Laboratory, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.

 ** This pedon is an included similar soil in an area of Lauderdale-Arundel complex, 2 to 10 percent

slopes, stony, eroded. These soils are very-fine, smectitic, thermic, Typic Hapludults. The pedon is

about 1,200 feet south and 1,000 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 7, T. 9 N., R. 2 W. Analyses

by the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.
254 Soil Survey

Table 20.--Engineering Index Test Data

(Analyses by the Alabama Department of Highways and Transportation, Montgomery, Alabama)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Grain-size distribution | | | Moisture density ____________________

 Soil name, | Classification | Percentage passing sieve-- |Liquid|Plas- | Maximum |

 report number, | | | limit|ticity| dry | Optimum ________________________________________________

 horizon, and | AASHTO |Unified | 2 | 1 |No. |No. |No. |No. | |index | density | moisture

 depth in inches | | | in.| in.| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200| | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | Pct | | Lb/cu ft| Pct ___ ________ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

Annemaine: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 (S89AL-023-2) | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Bt2------- 8-19 | A-7-5 | CH |100 |100 |100 |100 |100 | 91 | 56 | 26 | 95 | 22

 Bt3------- 19-35 | A-7-5 | MH |100 |100 |100 |100 |100 | 89 | 53 | 21 | 94 | 23

 Bt4------- 35-51 | A-7-6 | CL |100 |100 |100 |100 |100 | 73 | 43 | 27 | 101 | 19

 Bt6------- 62-65 | A-7-6 | CL |100 |100 |100 |100 |100 | 67 | 45 | 20 | 101 | 19

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

Mayhew: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 (S92AL-023-3) | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Btg1------ 6-13 | A-7-6 | CH |100 |100 |100 |100 | 97 | 93 | 58 | 28 | 95 | 21

 Btg2------ 13-22 | A-7-6 | CH |100 |100 |100 | 99 | 97 | 94 | 60 | 32 | 93 | 21

 Bssg1----- 22-42 | A-7-5 | CH |100 |100 |100 | 99 | 97 | 95 | 71 | 40 | 94 | 26

 Bssg2----- 42-60 | A-7-6 | CH |100 |100 |100 | 98 | 97 | 95 | 68 | 41 | 92 | 25

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

Savannah: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 (S91AL-023-1) | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Bt1------- 11-24 | A-6 | CL |100 |100 |100 |100 | 99 | 78 | 34 | 15 | 111 | 16

 Btx1------ 30-46 | A-6 | CL |100 |100 |100 |100 | 99 | 71 | 33 | 11 | 110 | 15

 Btx2------ 46-65 | A-6 | CL |100 |100 |100 |100 |100 | 67 | 35 | 15 | 111 | 15

 B't------- 65-80 | A-7-6 | CL |100 |100 |100 |100 |100 | 63 | 41 | 17 | 107 | 16

 | | | | | | | | | | | |

Wilcox: | | | | | | | | | | | |

 (S89AL-023-1) | | | | | | | | | | | |

 Btss------ 13-20 | A-7-5 | CH |100 |100 |100 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 90 | 56 | 83 | 29

 Bssg1----- 20-30 | A-7-5 | CH |100 |100 |100 | 95 | 99 | 98 | 94 | 63 | 88 | 26

 C/B------- 35-60 | A-7-5 | CH |100 |100 |100 | 99 |100 | 98 | 92 | 56 | 86 | 26

 | | | | | | | | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Choctaw County, Alabama 255

Table 21.--Classification of the Soils

 (An asterisk in the first column indicates that the soil is a taxadjunct to the series. See text for a

 description of those characteristics of the soil that are outside the range of the series.)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class

 | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Annemaine-----------------| Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults

 Arundel-------------------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Typic Hapludults

 Bibb----------------------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermic Typic Fluvaquents

 Bigbee--------------------| Thermic, coated Typic Quartzipsamments

 Boswell-------------------| Fine, mixed, active, thermic Vertic Paleudalfs

 Boykin--------------------| Loamy, siliceous, active, thermic Arenic Paleudults

 Brantley------------------| Fine, mixed, active, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs

 Cahaba--------------------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults

 Cantuche------------------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, acid, thermic, shallow Typic Udorthents

 Conecuh-------------------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Hapludults

 *Deerford------------------| Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Albic Glossic Natraqualfs

 Fluvaquents---------------| Typic Fluvaquents

 Freest--------------------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, active, thermic Aquic Paleudalfs

 Halso---------------------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Hapludults

 Hannon--------------------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Hapluderts

 Iuka----------------------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermic Aquic Udifluvents

 Izagora-------------------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aquic Paleudults

 Kinston-------------------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, acid, thermic Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts

 Latonia-------------------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults

 Lauderdale----------------| Loamy, mixed, active, thermic, shallow Typic Hapludults

 Leeper--------------------| Fine, smectitic, nonacid, thermic Vertic Epiaquepts

 Lenoir--------------------| Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aeric Paleaquults

 Louin---------------------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Aquic Dystruderts

 Lucedale------------------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Rhodic Paleudults

 Luverne-------------------| Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults

 Mayhew--------------------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Dystraquerts

 Maytag--------------------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Oxyaquic Hapluderts

 McCrory-------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Albic Glossic Natraqualfs

 McLaurin------------------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Paleudults

 Mooreville----------------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, active, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts

 Ochlockonee---------------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermic Typic Udifluvents

 Okeelala------------------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs

 Oktibbeha-----------------| Very-fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Dystruderts

 Rayburn-------------------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Hapludalfs

 Riverview-----------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Fluventic Dystrudepts

 Savannah------------------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Fragiudults

 Smithdale-----------------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults

 Sumter--------------------| Fine-silty, carbonatic, thermic Rendollic Eutrudepts

 Toxey---------------------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Eutrudepts

 Una-----------------------| Fine, mixed, active, acid, thermic Typic Epiaquepts

 *Urbo----------------------| Fine, mixed, active, acid, thermic Vertic Epiaquepts

 Wadley--------------------| Loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Grossarenic Paleudults

 Wilcox--------------------| Very-fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Dystruderts

 Williamsville-------------| Fine, mixed, active, thermic Typic Hapludults

 | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) is committed to making its

information accessible to all of its customers and employees. If you are experiencing

accessibility issues and need assistance, please contact our Helpdesk by phone at

1-800-457-3642 or by e-mail at helpdesk@helpdesk.itc.nrcs.usda.gov. For assistance

with publications that include maps, graphs, or similar forms of information, you may

also wish to contact our State or local office. You can locate the correct office and

phone number at http://offices.sc.egov.usda.gov/locator/app.

NRCS Accessibility Statement