FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

JULY 18, 2005

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 04-14912

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 04-00023-CR-5-MCR

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

KEIDRIC COOK,

a.k.a. Kiki,

Defendant-Appellant.

__________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court 

for the Northern District of Florida

_________________________

 (July 18, 2005)

Before ANDERSON, BARKETT and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Keidric Cook appeals his 151-month sentence for conspiracy to distribute and
2

to possess with intent to distribute 50 grams or more of cocaine base, and 500 grams

or more of cocaine powder, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A)(iii),

(b)(1)(B)(ii), and 846. Cook argues on appeal that the district court 

committed reversible errorin sentencing him under the then-mandatory United States

Sentencing Guidelines (“federal guidelines”), and based on facts that neither were

charged in his indictment, nor admitted by him, in light of Blakely v. Washington,

542 U.S. ___, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004), and United States v. Booker,

543 U.S. ___, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005). For the reasons set forth more

fully below, we vacate and remand.

A federal grand jury returned a sealed indictment against Cook and three coconspirators, RobertJohn Cook, Anthony Charles Hills, Jr., and Lavar Ramaro Hills,

charging all of the co-conspirators with the above-referenced conspiracy and listing

items for forfeiture. Other than referencing these statutory drug amounts, this

indictment did not include either specific drug amounts, or that a firearm was

possessed as part of the conspiracy. 

Cook subsequently entered into a written plea agreement, whereby he agreed

to plead guilty to this conspiracy charge, in exchange for the government agreeing not

to file any related criminal charges against him, and to inform the court of his

cooperation, if applicable. Cook also agreed that he (1) had a mandatory minimum
3

statutory sentence of ten years’ imprisonment; (2) was responsible for the statutory

drug amounts charged in his indictment; (3) was waiving his right to have a jury

“make a determination, under a reasonable doubt standard, of that element of the

crime charging the weight or amount of the controlled substances in the conspiracy

. . . for which he [was] held accountable for sentencing purposes”; and (4) understood

that the court would determine “the amount of the weight of the controlled substances

attributable to him at sentencing under the preponderance of the evidence standard.”

 

Furthermore, the parties stipulated as to the following facts: (1) Cook and his

co-conspirators were involved in a conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute

cocaine base and powder in the Panama City, Florida, area ; (2) as part of this

conspiracy, confidential informants (“CIs”) purchased cocaine powder from Cook on

August 18 and 29, 2003; (3) on October 1, 2003, law enforcement officials seized

from Cook’s person and his residence approximately two-and-a-half ounces of

cocaine powder, $700 in U.S. Currency, drug paraphernalia and items for cooking

cocaine base, and firearms; (4) in January 2004, law enforcement officials seized

from the residence occupied by co-conspirators Anthony and Lavar Hills electronic

scales with cocaine residue, material used for cooking cocaine base, 96.6 grams of

cocaine base, and approximately $2,400 in U.S. Currency; and (5) numerous CIs
4

could testify that they purchased cocaine powder fromCook and both cocaine powder

and base from his co-conspirators during the time period of the conspiracy, with a

total weight well in excess of 50 grams of cocaine base and 500 grams of cocaine

powder. 

During Cook’s plea colloquy, he agreed that the government could show that

he was responsible for 50 grams or more of cocaine base and 500 grams or more of

cocaine powder. The district court also specifically informed Cook as follows:

If you enter a guilty plea, the jury would not make that determination,

and that determination would be left to the Court to make as to drug

amount. And that determination would be made by me at your

sentencing, but it will be based on a lesser standard of proof. It will not

be based on a standard of beyond a reasonable doubt, such as the jury

would be held to, but it would be based on a preponderance of the

evidence standard.

Cook confirmed that he understood this waiver. Cook also agreed that the factual

proffer contained in his plea agreement was correct, along with adding that his role

in the conspiracy was (1) to distribute small amounts of cocaine powder, and (2) to

purchase cocaine powder, put it into $20 and $40 bags, and distribute it in clubs and

other areas. The court ultimately accepted Cook’s plea, based on its determination

that it was free and voluntary. 

Prior to sentencing, a probation officer prepared a presentence investigation

report (“PSI”), setting Cook’s base offense level at 34, pursuant to U.S.S.G.
5

§ 2D1.1(c)(4), based on its determination that Cook was responsible for the

equivalent of 21.16 kilograms of cocaine powder. The probation officer also

recommended: (1) a two-level upward adjustment, pursuant to U.S.S.G.

§ 2D1.1(b)(1), because a dangerous weapon that Cook provided to a co-conspirator

was possessed by the co-conspirator in the proximity of drugs relating to the

conspiracy; and (2) a three-level downward adjustment, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1,

for acceptance of responsibility. In calculating Cook’s criminal-history points, the

officer determined that, although Cook only had one criminal-history point based on

a state conviction for driving under the influence (“DUI”), two additional criminalhistory points were warranted, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(d), because Cook was

on probation for this DUI offense while the instant conspiracy occurred. With an

adjusted offense level of 33, and a criminal history category of II, Cook’s resulting

guideline range was 151 to 181 months’ imprisonment. Cook raised no objections

to this PSI prior to sentencing. 

At sentencing, however,Cook objected to the PSI’s inclusion in calculating his

criminal history category of two criminal-history points from his being on probation

during the commission of the instant offense. Cook argued that, although he was

arrested on the DUI offense on August 29, 2003, he was not sentenced and placed on

probation for the DUI offense until October 8, 2003, after his arrest for the instant
 The record does not contain a written response by the government to Cook’s Blakely 1

objection, presumably because Cook did not file this objection until one day before sentencing

was scheduled to recommence. 

6

offense. The court continued this sentencing hearing to allow the parties additional

time to brief this issue. 

Cook subsequently filed an additional objection to the PSI, arguing that, in

light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Blakely, the district court should sentence

him only to his mandatory minimum statutory sentence, without regard to the federal

guidelines. Cook specifically contended that hisindictment did not specify a quantity

of drugs beyond the statutory amounts of 50 grams of cocaine base and 500 grams of

cocaine powder.1

On September 1, 2004, when sentencing recommenced, the court overruled

Cook’s objection to the calculation of his criminal history category, concluding that

Cook had failed to show that he took some affirmative act or step to communicate to

his co-conspirators his intent to withdraw from the conspiracy. Cook also renewed

his Blakely objection, which the court overruled. In doing so, the court explained that

it did not believe that the Supreme Court’s decision in Blakely was applicable to the

federal guidelines. The court, however, clarified that (1) this Blakely objection was

preserved, and (2) if the Supreme Court reached a contrary conclusion in thenpending cases, such a determination “would definitely affect [Cook’s] sentence.” 
7

Cook then moved for a sentence at the low end of his guideline range, arguing

that (1) he had cooperated with the government, albeit not enough for the government

to file a motion for a downward departure; and (2) his guideline range was

disproportionately high because part of the conspiracy offense occurred while he was

on probation for the DUI offense. The government responded that, although Cook

had attempted to cooperate, and was still cooperating, this cooperation had not been

sufficient for a departure based on substantial assistance. Cook also personally stated

that (1) he had three minor children, and (2) he did not have contact with his coconspirators following his arrest for the instant offense. 

The court informed the parties that, although it was “bound by” the federal

guidelines, it did not have a problem in imposing a sentence within Cook’s guideline

range, based on evidence of the extent of his involvement in the conspiracy. The

court also explained that “the federal conspiracy laws are harsh. They are tough, but

they are intended to be,” and that it was adopting the findings of the PSI. The court

ultimately sentenced Cook to 151 months’ imprisonment, 5 years’ supervised release,

and a $100 special assessment fee. In doing so, the court stated that it had

(1) considered the factors set out in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), including the applicable

federal guidelines; (2) found that this sentence met the general goals of punishment;

and (3) imposed a sentence at the low end of Cook’s guideline range because he had
8

attempted to cooperate with the government. 

Cook specifically argues on appeal that Blakely/Booker error occurred in his

case because the district court (1) sentenced him under the then-mandatory federal

guidelines; and (2) relied on facts and criminal conduct that neither were charged in

Cook’s indictment, nor admitted by him during his plea colloquy. Cook also

contends that resentencing is warranted because, at resentencing, the court could

(1) consider the full extent of his cooperation, despite that the government had not

filed a motion for a downward departure; and (2) redetermine his criminal history

category. 

As a preliminary matter, although neither party has addressed the issue of

waiver, Cook arguably is foreclosed from arguing error based on Booker when he

agreed as part of his plea agreement to waive his right to have a jury determine drug

amount beyond a reasonable doubt. We review the validity of an appeal waiver de

novo. United States v. Weaver, 275 F.3d 1320, 1333 n.21 (11th Cir. 2001). A

sentence-appeal waiver is valid and enforceable if made knowingly and voluntarily.

Id. at 1333 (citing United States v. Bushert, 997 F.2d 1343, 1350-51 (11th Cir.

1993)). A waiver will be enforced if the government demonstrates either: “(1) the

district court specifically questioned the defendant about the waiver during the plea

colloquy, or (2) the record clearly shows that the defendant otherwise understood the
9

full significance of the waiver.” United States v. Cesal, 391 F.3d 1172, 1182 (11th

Cir. 2004) (quoting United States v. Benitez-Zapata, 131 F.3d 1444, 1446 (11th Cir.

1997)), petition for cert. filed, No. 04-9865 (U.S. April 21, 2005). 

Furthermore, we have concluded that “[t]he right to appeal a sentence based on

Apprendi/Booker grounds can be waived in a plea agreement.” United States v.

Rubbo, 396 F.3d 1330, 1335 (11th Cir. 2005) (rejecting argument that defendant’s

Booker challenge fell within an exception to the appeal waiver that allowed her to

challenge any sentence that exceeded the statutory maximum). Following Rubbo, we

also rejected a defendant’s argument that his Booker challenge that the district court

applied the guidelines in an unconstitutional manner fell within an exception to his

appeal waiver, that is, that the defendant could appeal a “violation of the law apart

from the guidelines.” United States v. Grinard-Henry, 399 F.3d 1294, 1297 (11th

Cir.), cert. denied, No. 04-9566 (U.S. May 16, 2005); see also United States v. Frye,

402 F.3d 1123, 1129 (11th Cir. 2005) (concluding that defendant’s appeal of his

sentence was barred by his knowing and voluntary appeal waiver, as contained in his

plea agreement). 

In the instant case, unlike the facts in Rubbo, Grinard-Henry, and Frye, Cook

did not agree to waive all arguments relating to the application of the sentencing

guidelines. Nevertheless, Cook acknowledged in his plea agreement that he was
 The Supreme Court also has instructed that “[w]hen a defendant pleads guilty, the State 2

is free to seek judicial sentence enhancements so long as the defendant either stipulates to the

relevant facts or consents to judicial factfinding.” See Blakely, 542 U.S. at ___, 124 S.Ct. at

2541.

10

waiving his right to a jury determination of drug amount beyond a reasonable doubt.

Indeed, Cook expressly agreed in his plea agreement that the court would determine

the “amount of the weight of the controlled substances attributable to him at

sentencing under the preponderance of the evidence standard.” Cook also conceded

during his plea colloquy that he understood that, if he entered a guilty plea, the court

would decide drug amount, and that this determination would be based on a

preponderance of the evidence standard, instead of beyond a reasonable doubt.

Moreover, Cook has not argued on appeal that this waiver was not knowing and

voluntary. Thus, to the extent Cook’s Sixth Amendment challenge is based on the

court’s determination of drug amount, no error occurred.

2

Cook, however, also is challenging his sentence based on the district court’s

use of the then-mandatory federal guidelines, and based on its reliance on other

judicially determined facts in calculating Cook’s sentence. Because Cook timely

raised a Blakely objection in the district court, we review his Blakely/Booker claim

on appeal de novo, but reverse only for harmful error, see United States v. Paz, 405

F.3d 946, 948 (11th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). “To find harmless error, we must
11

determine that the error did not affect the substantial rights of the parties.” Paz, 405

F.3d at 948 (quotation omitted). Moreover, under harmless-error review, the

government carries the burden of proof. Id.

In Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 224, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435

(2000), the Supreme Court held that “[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any

fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum

must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id., 530 U.S.

at 490, 120 S.Ct. at 2362-63. Before Cook’s sentencing hearing, the Supreme Court

revisited that rule in Blakely, in the context of Washington state’s sentencing

guideline scheme, and clarified that “the ‘statutory maximum’ for Apprendi purposes

is the maximum sentence a judge may impose solely on the basis of the facts reflected

in the jury verdict or admitted by the defendant. . . . In other words, the relevant

‘statutory maximum’ is not the maximum sentence a judge may impose after finding

additional facts, but the maximum he may impose without any additional findings.”

Blakely, 542 U.S. at ___, 124 S.Ct. at 2537 (emphasis in original). 

Applying these principles, the Supreme Court held that Blakely’s

sentence—which was enhanced under the state guidelines based on the sentencing

court’s additional finding by a preponderance of the evidence that Blakely committed

his kidnaping offense with deliberate cruelty—violated the Sixth Amendment. Id.
12

at ___, 124 S.Ct. at 2534-38. In a footnote, however, the Court explicitly remarked

that “[t]he Federal Guidelines are not before us, and we express no opinion on them.”

Id. at ___ n.9, 124 S.Ct. at 2538 n.9.

While the instant case was pending on appeal, the Supreme Court issued its

decision in Booker, finding “no distinction of constitutional significance between the

Federal Sentencing Guidelines and the Washington procedures at issue” in Blakely.

Booker, 543 U.S. at ___, 125 S.Ct. at 749. Resolving the constitutional question left

open in Blakely, the Supreme Court held that the mandatory nature of the federal

guidelines rendered them incompatible with the Sixth Amendment’s guarantee to the

right to a jury trial. Id. at ___,125 S.Ct. at 749-51. In extending its holding in

Blakely to the Guidelines, the Court explicitly reaffirmed its rationale in Apprendi

that “[a]ny fact (other than a prior conviction) which is necessary to support a

sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts established by a plea of

guilty or a jury verdict must be admitted by the defendant or proved to a jury beyond

a reasonable doubt.” Id. at ___, 125 S.Ct. at 756.

In a second and separate majority opinion, the Court in Booker concluded that,

to best preserve Congress’s intent in enacting the SentencingReformAct of 1984, the

appropriate remedy was to “excise” two specific sections—18 U.S.C. § 3553(b)(1)

(requiring a sentence within the guideline range, absent a departure) and 18 U.S.C.
 These other relevant factors in § 3553(a) include: “(1) the nature and circumstances of 3

the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need for the sentence

imposed–(A) to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and to

provide just punishment for the offense; (B) to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct;

(C) to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant; and (D) to provide the defendant

with needed educational or vocational training, medical care, or other correctional treatment in

the most effective manner; (3) the kinds of sentences available; (4) the kinds of sentence and the

sentencing range established for . . . (A) the applicable category of offense committed by the

applicable category of defendant as set forth in the guidelines . . .; (5) any pertinent policy

statement []; (6) the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with

similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct; and (7) the need to provide

restitution to any victims of the offense.” See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1)-(7).

13

§ 3742(e) (establishing standards of review on appeal, including de novo review of

departures from the applicable guideline range)—thereby effectively rendering the

Sentencing Guidelines advisory only. Id. at ___, 125 S.Ct. at 764. Thus, the

guidelines range is now advisory; it no longer dictates the final sentencing result but

instead is an important sentencing factor that the sentencing court is to consider,

along with the factors contained in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Id. at ___, 125 S.Ct. at 764- 3

65. 

Following the Supreme Court’s decision in Booker, we examined in Paz a

Blakely/Booker challenge to a guideline enhancement based on the district court’s

factual finding on an amount of loss. Paz, 405 F.3d at 947. We determined that the

defendant’s sentence was erroneous because (1) it was based on judicially determined

facts that were not admitted by the defendant, and (2) it was enhanced under a

mandatory guidelines system. Id. at 948. Moreover, we concluded that the
14

government could not show that these errors were harmless because the sentencing

transcript clearly showed that, had the district court treated the federal guidelines as

advisory, the defendant’s term of imprisonment would have been shorter. Id. at 948-

49. We, therefore, vacated and remanded Paz’s sentence for resentencing consistent

with Booker. Id. at 949.

Here, the court applied a two-level enhancement, pursuant to § 2D1.1(b)(1),

because a dangerous weapon that Cook provided to a co-conspirator was possessed

in the proximity of drugs relating to the conspiracy. Nevertheless,Cook admitted the

facts underlying this enhancement at sentencing by not disputing his PSI’s inclusion

of them. See United States v. Shelton, 400 F.3d 1325, 1330 (11th Cir. 2005)

(concluding that sentence enhancement based on drug quantity did not violate Booker

where the defendant did not dispute the facts in the PSI); United States v. Burge, No.

04-13468, slip op. at 2088-89 (11th Cir. May 2, 2005) (rejecting Booker challenge

under plain-error review because the defendant admitted facts relating to his relevant

conduct by abandoning at sentencing his objections to various factual statements in

the PSI). Thus, this § 2D1.1 enhancement did not result in a Sixth Amendment

violation under Booker. 

To the extent Cook also is challenging the court’s calculation of his criminalhistory points, this argument similarly fails. The Supreme Court held in Almendarez-
15

Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 118 S.Ct. 1219, 140 L.Ed.2d 350 (1998), that

the government need not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that a defendant had prior

convictions for a district court to use those prior convictions for purposes of

enhancement. Id., 523 U.S. at 247, 118 S.Ct. at 1233; see also United States v.

Marseille, 377 F.3d 1249, 1257 (11th Cir.) (discussing the Almendarez-Torres

holding), cert. denied, 125 S.Ct. 637 (2004). Moreover, we have determined that the

Supreme Court’s decision in Almendarez-Torres was “left undisturbed by Apprendi,

Blakely, and Booker,” such that “a district court does not err by relying on prior

convictions to enhance a defendant’s sentence.” See Shelton, 400 F.3d at 1329; see

also Orduno-Mireles, 405 F.3d 960, 962 (11th Cir. 2005) (Booker is not implicated

when a defendant’s sentence is enhanced based on a prior conviction); United States

v. Camacho-Ibarquen, 404 F.3d 1283, 1290 n.3 (11th Cir. 2005) (same); United

States v. Gallegos-Aguero, No. 04-14242, manuscript op. at 3-4 (11th Cir. May 18,

2005) (same). Thus, Cook has not shown that the court violated his Sixth

Amendment rights in light of Booker. See Booker, 543 U.S. at ___, 125 S.Ct. at 756.

On the other hand, as Cook asserts, when the court sentenced him, the court

was operating under a belief that the federal guidelines were mandatory, instead of

advisory. A non-constitutional Booker error, therefore, occurred. See Shelton, 400

F.3d at 1330-31 (concluding that a statutory error occurs when the district court
 Phrasing this test conversely, we also have explained that non-constitutional error is 4

harmless unless it “resulted in actual prejudice because it had substantial and injurious effect or

influence in determining the [result].” See Gallegos-Aguero, No. 04-14242, manuscript op. at 4

(quoting United States v. Guzman, 167 F.3d 1350, 1353 (11th Cir. 1999)); see also United States

v. Petho, No. 04-15412, manuscript op. at 3 (11th Cir. May 18, 2005) (same). 

16

sentences a defendant “under a mandatory [g]uidelines scheme, even in the absence

of a Sixth Amendment enhancement violation”). 

We have determined that there are two harmless error standards for Booker

errors, dependent on whether the error is constitutional or statutory. See United

States v. Mathenia, No. 04-15250, manuscript op. at 5 (11th Cir. May 23, 2005). We

explained in Paz—an appeal involving a constitutional Booker error—that, when a

constitutional Booker error occurs, the government only may establish that it was

harmless by showing, under a heightened standard, that “it is clear beyond a

reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the sentence

obtained.” Paz, 405 F.3d at 948 (internal quotation and marks omitted). On the other

hand, in Mathenia, we determined that

non-constitutional error is harmless if, viewing the proceedings in their

entirety, a court determines that the error did not affect the sentence, or

had but very slight effect. If one can say with fair assurance that the

sentence was not substantially swayed by the error, the sentence is due

to be affirmed even though there was error.

Mathenia, No. 04-15250, manuscript op. at 5-6 (internal quotations and marks

omitted).4
 In reaching this conclusion in Mathenia, we cited to our decision in United States v. 5

Robles, No. 04-13598, manuscript op at 8-10 (11th Cir. May 10, 2005), in which we

concluded—under the more stringent harmless error test for constitutional Booker error—that the

error was harmless where the court unequivocally stated that its sentence would be the same even

if the federal guidelines only were advisory. See Mathenia, No. 04-15250, manuscript op. at 7-8.

17

We further explained in Mathenia that “[t]he non-constitutional harmless error

standard is not easy for the government to meet. It is as difficult for the government

to meet that standard as it is for a defendant to meet the third-prong prejudice

standard for plain error review.” Id. at 6. Nevertheless, we concluded that the

government had met this burden by citing to a statement by the district court that, if

the Supreme Court determined that the federal guidelines were unconstitutional as

mandatorily applied, the district court “nonetheless [would] consider the guidelines

as—for their persuasive value or as advisory, and the sentence [the court] would

impose would be the same.” Id. at 7. We, therefore, concluded in Mathenia that the

government “demonstrated with fair assurance that the district court’s error of

applying the guidelines in a mandatory fashion did not affect, or had but a slight

affect, on [the defendant’s] ultimate sentence.” Id. at 8.5

Because this case involves only a non-constitutional Booker error, we must

apply the test discussed in Mathenia, instead of the “beyond a reasonable doubt” test

discussed in Paz. The court in the instant case informed the parties that it “did not

have a problem in imposing a sentence within Cook’s guideline range, based on
18

evidence of the extent of his involvement in the conspiracy.” It noted, as well, that

(1) the federal conspiracy laws are intended to be harsh, (2) the court had considered

the factors set out in § 3553(a), and (3) it had determined that Cook’s sentence met

the general goals of punishment. 

However, unlike the facts in Mathenia, the court here also noted that it was

“bound by” the guidelines, and that it believed that a contrary ruling by the Supreme

Court in Booker “would definitely affect [Cook’s] sentence.” Moreover, the court

stated that it was imposing a sentence at the low end of the guidelines because Cook

had attempted to cooperate with the government. Because these statements do not

show “with fair assurance that the sentence was not substantially swayed by the

error,” the government has not shown that Cook’s substantial rights were not

violated, and, thus, it has not proven that the Booker error was harmless. See

Mathenia, No. 04-15250, manuscript op. at 5-6; see also United States v. Davis, No.

04-14585, manuscript op. at 5-6 (11th Cir. May 4, 2005)(concluding that, despite the

court’s grant of a motion for a downward departure for substantial assistance, the

government could not show that the court’s mandatory application of the guidelines

in sentencing the defendant was harmless, because the motion only gave the court

limited discretion in considering the defendant’s assistance). 

Accordingly, we conclude that, because Cook freely and voluntarily waived his
In fact, the government has conceded such and agreed that this case should be remanded

6

for resentencing. We are grateful for the candor of government counsel.

19

right to a jury determination of drug amount, the district court’s determination of this

amount by the preponderance of the evidence was not erroneous. In addition, the

court did not violate Cook’s Sixth Amendment rights in sentencing him by relying on

his prior convictions and on facts to which he admitted. The court, however,

committed a non-constitutional error in treating the federal guidelines as mandatory.

Furthermore, the government has failed to show that this preserved error was

harmless. We, therefore, vacate and remand for resentencing consistent with the 6

Supreme Court’s decision in Booker. 

VACATED AND REMANDED.