GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 197 

THE ]NDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF 

PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE 

EAST SOUTH CENTRAL STATES, 1952 

By E. W. Lohr, G. A. Billingsley, J. W. Geurin, and W. L. Lamar 

• 
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Oscar L. Chapman, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

W. E. Wrather, Director 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 197 

THE INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE 

EAST SOUTH CENTRAL STATES, 1952 

By E. W. Lohr, G. A Billingsley, J. W. Ge:urin, and W. L. Lamar 

Washington, D. C., 1952 

· Free on application to U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. 
I 1 

THE INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC ,WATER SUPPLIES IN . 

THE EAST SOUTH CENTRALi STATES, 1952 

' 

By E. W. Lohr, G. A. Billingsle·y, J. W. Geurin, 

and W. L. Lamar 

INTRODUCTION 

The location of industrial plants is dependent on an ample water supply of suitable quality. Information relating to the chemical characteristics of the water supplies is not only essential to the location of many plants but also is an aid in the 

manufacture and distribution of many commodities. · 

Public water supplies are utilized extensively as a source of supply for many 

industrial plants, used either as delivered for domestic consumption or with further treatment if necessary to meet specific needs of the plant, such as water for 

processing, cooling, and steam generation. The industrial use of water in the 

United States in 1950 was estimated to be more than 75 billion gallons per day from 

private sources. In addition, about 6 billion gallons per day was estimated to be 

taken from public water supplies. 

U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 658, "The industrial utility of 

public water supplies in the United States, 1932" contains information pertaining 

to the public water supplies of 670 of the larger cities throughout the United States. 

This report, which is still in print and being distributed, has filled an important 

need in the field of -water-supply engineering. The demand for more up-to-date 

information and more extended coverage has led to studies by the Geological Survey for revision of the information contained in the 1932 report. The revised re- . 

port, which will include data pertaining to public water supplies of more than J, 200 

cities in the United States, will eventually be published as a Geological Survey 

Water-Supply Paper. However, in order that the information might be available 

at the earliest possible time, nine preliminary reports are being issued which 

give data on the larger cities in each state. These nine reports are being released 

as Geological Survey Circulars, each covering a g~oup of states as delineated by 

the Bureau of Census in taking the census of the population of the country. (See 

fig. 1). The reports give descriptive information and analytical data for approximately three-fourths of the cities that will be included in the final report for each 

of the states. 

This circular is the first of the series and includes data for the States of 

Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee. (See fig. 1). The report gives 

the population (1950) of the city, population supplied, ownership, sources and 

treatment of supplies, capacity of treatment plants, storage facilities for both raw 

and finished waters, and chemical analyses of the water, for 19 cities in Alabama, 

16 in Kentucky, 17 in Mississippi, and 15 in Tennessee. The data for each city 

are essentially the same as will appear in the complete report for the whole 

country. 

Data for the supplies in Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee were compiled 

under the direction of G. A. Billingsley, district chemist, Fayetteville, Ark. , and 

in Kentucky by W. L. Lamar, district chemist, Columbus, Ohio. Review and 

final assembly of the data were made by E. W. Lohr in the Washington office, under the supervision of S. K. Love, Chief, Quality of Water Branch. 

1 
N 

Colo 

I N 

N Mex 

WEST 

SOUTH 

Figure 1.-Map of the United States showing sections covered by the nine circulars on the industrial utility of public water supplies of the 

United States, 1952. The shaded·portion represents the section of the country covered by this circular. 
ALABAMA 

ANNISTON 

(Population, 31, 066) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies unincorporated communitiE!s of Oxford and Blue 

Mountain, and other suburban districts. Total ;population supplied, about 

58, 600. . 

Source: Cold Water Spring, about 7 ~~fes southwest of the city. 

Treatment: Chlorination. · f • • 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 8, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ............... . 

Iron (Fe) .................. . 

Manganese (Mn) .•••.•.••• 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

'Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

Tap 

sample 

13 

. 25 

• 00 

22 

12 

2. 1 

1.6 

0 

124 

2.8 

2.2 

• 0 

• 9 

118 

3 

Hardness .as CaC<>s: 

Total . ........... · ............ . 

Noncarbonate ........... . 

Color .............. ~ .......... . 

pH .••.....•.........•........... 

Specific conductance 

{micromhos at 

25 C. )o•••••• ••• •• ••••• ••••• 

Turbidity ............•....... 

Temperature (F. ) •..••.•... . 

Date of collection ........ . 

Tap 

sample 

104 

3 

5 

7.5 

191 

2 

70 

10/18/51 
Ownership: Municipal. 

AUBURN 

(Population, 12, 939) 

Source: Moores Mill Creek, impounded, and 2 wells, one of which flows into the 

water plant and furnishes 6 percent' of the supply. Chewacla Creek, impounded, auxiliary supply. 

Treatment: Prechlorination,·coagulation with alum and lim~, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 440,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 825, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is 2~ miles southeast of the city. 

ANALYSES . 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Moores Finished Moores 

1/Mill water J/Mill 

Creek (camp.) Creek 

Silica (SiOJ ..••...••. 6.5 6. 1 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •...•..•.••••. . 94 . 02 Total •••••••••••••••• 14 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 02 . 00 Noncarbonate ....... 0 

Calcium (Ca) ..••••••• 3.2 16 

MagneSium (Mg) •.••. 1.5 2. 1 Color .••••••• ~ •.••••••••• 25 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••. 2.9 2.9 pH ..•••••••.•••.••.•••.•• 6.8 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 2. 7 2. 7 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•••. 0 -- . (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 20 Y37 25 c~) •••.••••••••••• 45.0 

Sulfate (so.) •••••••••• 2.2 13 Turbidity· •.•.•••.•••••• 2 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 3.2 7.2 Temperature (F. ) ••• 70 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .0 • 0 Date of collection •.. 10/22/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••.•• . 5 . 7 

Dissolved solids ••••. 34 70 

1/Raw water. 

]/Includes ~he equivalent of less than 5 ppm of carbonate (C03 ). 

BESSEMER 

(Population, 28, 445) 

Finished 

water 

(camp.) 

49 

18 

5 

8.7 

110 

1 

71 

10/22/51 

Ownership: (See Birmingham). Supplies about 2, 700 people outside the city 

limits. Total population supplied, about 31, 150. 

4 
BIRMINGHAM 

(Population, 326, 03 7) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Bayview, Bessemer ,and its suburban area, 

Edgewater, Fairfield, Fultondale, Graysville, Homewood, Mountain Brook, 

Tarrant City, and number of other communities. Total population supplied, 

about 426, 000. 

Source: Domestic supply: Cahaba River, Little Cahaba River with impounded 

reservoir {Lake Purdy) and Inland Lake (owned by Birmingham Industrial 

Water System from which raw water is purchased). 

Industrial supply: Blackburn Fork of the Black Warrior River impounded in 

Inland Lake (21 billion gal capacity). 

Treatment: Domestic supply: Cahaba River and Lake Purdy {Shades Moun.tain 

plant)~ plain sedimentation, prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and lime for adjustment of pH 

to 8. 2 to 8. 4. Inland Lake purchased water, (Birmingham Station plant) prechlorination, coagulation with alum, lime for manganese removal, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. Industrial supply: Inland 

Lake-chlorination (approximately 1. 0 ppm of chlorine), and application of 

soda ash (approximately 3. 0 ppm). · 

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Shades Mountain plant, 55,000, 000 gpd; Birmingham Station plant, 12,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 5, 682, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 500, 000 gal. 

The Shades Mountain plant is located 5 miles south of the city on the Cahaba River, 

and the Birmingham Station plant, about 7 miles northeast of the center of the 

city. 

The Birmingham Industrial Water System serves 52 industrial consumers·, some 

consumers taking ·water at more than one location, in and around Birmingham. 

In 1951 the total volume of water delivered to the industrial consumers amounted to 17,541,335,000 gal. 

5 
ANALYSES 

(~alyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Cahaba Riv- Cahaba Riv- Inland Lake Inl~d Lake 

er (raw ~r (finished ( t ) (f1n1shed water) water) raw wa er water) 

Silica {SiOa) •.•••••••••••••••.•••• 

Iron (Fe) ••••••.•••••••••••••••••••• 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••.•••• 

Calcium (Ca) .•••••••••••••••••••• 

Magnesium (Mg) ~ ••••••••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) .•••••••••••.•••••••••• 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COs) ••••••••••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••••••• 

Sulfate (S04) • • .................... . 

Chloride ( Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••• 

Fluoride (F) ••••••••••••••••••••• 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••••••••.••• · ••••••• 

Dissolved solids •••••••••. ~ ••••• 

Hardness as CaC01 : 

~()taLl •••••••.•••••••••••••••••••• 

Noncarbonate •.•.••.••••••••••• 

Color ................... ........... . 

pH .•..••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 2.5 C. ) •••••• 

~rbidity •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

7.8 6.1 5.0 4.5 

. 06 . 06 . 07 0 03 

._ 00 . 00 . 00 . 00 

26 27 1.8 9.2 

5. g. 5. 7 1. 2 1. l 

5.1 4.8 2.4 2.9 

2.0 1.8 1.3 1.1 

0 0 0 0 

95 . 89 9 29 

16 21 2.9 7.5 

2.8 4.2 2.2 2.2 

.2 .2 .3 .1 

1.2 1.3 1.6 1.5 

116 118 26 46 

89 91 9 27 

11 18 2 4 

7 8 23 7 

7. 3 7. 2 6.2 8.4 

189 193 29.3 72.6 

2 2 1 2 

Temperature (F.) ••••.••••••••• 69 69 55 57 

Date of collection ~ •••••••••••••• 10/18/51 10/18/51 10/19/51 10/19/51 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 19501/ 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 (ppm) · pH as CaC03 

(ppmf 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- 95 22 7.4 7. 9 7.0 -- -- -- -- 380 15 

Finished water ... -- 105 29· 8.3 8. 5 8.0 -- 100 40' 0 0 0 

Regular determinations at. treatment plant, 1950 Y 

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 (ppm) 

Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 12 16 

Finished water ... -- 48 

.!/Shades Mountain plant • 

._VBirm1ngham plant. 

10 

19 

pH 

Av Max Min 

7.2 7. 3 7. 1 

9.0 9. 1 8.9 

6 

Hardness 

as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min 

12 12 12 -- 30 15 

30 36 24 0 0 0 
DECATUR-

(Population, 19, 974) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Austinville and other suburban districts. 

Total population supplied, about 26, 100 .. Source: Tennessee River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination,cpagulation with ~lum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorin4,tion, and pH adjustment. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: ' .8, obo, 000 gpd. . 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 130, 000 gal; elevated tanks 3, 300, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is 1 ~ miles east of the city. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) ......•... 5.6 6. 1 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ........•.•••. . 06 . 10 Total .•••••••••••••••• 78 92 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 .. 00 Noncarbonate •.•... 23 29 

Calcium (Ca) ..••.•••. 23 29 

Magnesium (Mg) ..••. 4.9 4. 9 Color .••••••• • •• ••• · ••••• 30 6 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••. 7.0 7.0 pH ..••••••..••.•••••.•... 6. 9 7. 5 

Potassium (K) ••..••. 1.5 1.4 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..•• ~ 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 67 77 25 C.) •......•••.•... 192 209 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 14 20 Turbidity· ..•.•••..••••• 4 2 

Chlotide (Cl) ..••.•..• 15 17 Temperature (F.) ••• ·69 70 

Fluoride (F) •.•••..•.. • 3 . 0 Date of collection ..• 10/17/51 10/17/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .••..•••. 3.9 . 8 

Dissolved solids ••.•. 113 118 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 19 50 

Alkalinity I Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- -- -- 7. 3 7. 6 7.0 -- . -- -- 50 228 20 

Finished water ... -- -- -- 7. 9 8.1 7.7 --. -- -- 0 0 0 

7 
Ownership.: Municipal. 

DOTHAN 

(Population, 21, 584) 

Source: 9 wells (1 to 4 and 6 to 10). The dep,ths of the wells are reported to be 

625-640 (1, 2, and 3), 315, 326, 335, 680J 760, and 760 ft. The yield of the . 

wells is reported to be 200 (1, 2, and 3),240, 500, 640, 560, 620, and 600 

gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Chlorination of wells 4 and 5; aeration of well 6; and addition of 

phosphate for corrosion correction of well ' 7. 

Raw-water storage: None. · ' 

Finished-water storage: 1, 950, 000 gal. 

The wells are not pumped as unit. Well 5 has been abandoned. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in pa~ts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Well 7 · (raw water) Well 9 

Wells, ·FinWell 10 ished water 

(composite) 

Silica (SiOj •.•••••••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) .••.••.•.•.•••••••••••••••• 

Manganese (Mn) •• ~ •••••••••.•••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..••..••••••••••••••• 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••..••••••• 

Sodium (Na) .•.••••••.•..•.••.••••• 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ •••••••••.••• 

Sulfate (S04) • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • ••• • .~ Chloride ( Cl) ••••.•••••••••••••••• 

Fluoride (F) ••••••••••••••••••••• 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••••.•••••• ~ ••• 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••• 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

~()taLl •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Noncarbonate •.•••.••••••••••• 

Color ..........•......... ............ 

pH ••.••••.•••.••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 c ... ) ...... ~rbidity •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Temperature (F. ) .............. 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••• 

Depth (feet) · · · · · · · · · • · · · · · · · · · o • • • 

Diameter (inches) o • • • • • • • • • • • • • 

Date drilled · · · · · · · · • · • · · · · · · · · · • •. Percent of supply o • • • • • • • • • • • ••• 

8.3 

. 01 

. 00 

7.8 

1.3 

3.3 

• 7 

0 

27 

1.4 

3.8 

• 0 

2.8 

44 

25 

3 

7 

6. 3 

65.7 

1 

70 

10/23/51 

335 

24-16 

1945 

--

8 

15 

. 06 

. 00 

33 

7.7 

25 

3.1 

0 

181 

12 

4.8 

• 0 

• 2 

190 

114 

0 

· 5 

7.7 

294 

1 

74 

10/23/51 

760 

18 

1947 

--

13 

. 05 

. 00 

32 

7. 7 

26 

2.8 

0 

180 

11 

4.5 

• 0 

• 2 

186 

112 

0 

6 

7.9 

291 

1 

-- 10/23/51 

760 

18 

1951 

--

7.4 

. 07 

. 00 

8.0 

1.5 

2.9 

. 7 

0 

28 

1.8 

4.5 

• 0 

3.4 

48 

26 

3 

4 

6.4 

68.7 

0 

74 

10/23/51 
j, 

FAIRFIELD 

(Population, 13, 177) 

Ownership: (See Birmingham). 

FLORENCE 

(Population, 23, 879) 

Ownership: Municipal. Total population supplied, 23, 929. 

Source: Cypress Creek. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and pH adjustment. 

Rated ·capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. . 

Finished-water storage: Underground storage, 250,000 gal; elevated tanks, 

1, 030, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is about 3 miles north of the city. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw !Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) •.••••..•. 7.2 6.8 Hardness as CaC03; 

Iron (Fe) •...•..••••••• . 03 • 17 Total .................. 61 75 

Manganese (Mn) •••• ." . 00 . 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 3 18 

Calcium (Ca) .•••.•••. · 21 26 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 2. 1 2.5 Color .•••••••••.••••••••• 6 '14 

Sodium (Na) •.•••.•••• . 5 1.8 pH .•••••••••••..••••••••• 7. 1 7. 7 

Potassium (K) ••••••. . 6 . 8 Specific· conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ...•. 0 0 (micromhos at ~ 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 71 70 25 C.) •• -•..•••.•••.•. 114 151 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 1.9 15 Turbidity· ..•..••.•••••• 2 2 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 1.8 3.5 Temperature (F.) ••. 59 -- Fluoride (F) ••••••••.. . 0 . 1 Date of collection •.. 10/17/51 10/17/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .••.••••• . 7 1.3 

Dissolved solids ••••. 72 94 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 199J 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 45 56 8 6.8 7.4 6. 0 -- -- -- -- -- -- Finished water ... 30 50 18 8.6 8.8 8. 2 -- -- -- -- -- --

9 
GADSDEN 

(Population, 55, 725) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Attalla and Rainbow City. Total population 

supplied, about 64, 900. 

Source: Coosa River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and pH adjustment. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 7, 500, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is located about a mile northeast of the city. There is some 

variation in the chemical character of the water throughout the- year. 

,, 

ANALYS.Es· 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) ....•.•••• 6.5 6.6 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ........•••••• . 17 . 04 Total .•••••••••••••••• 60 72 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 . 00 Noncarbonate •••.•. 4 15 

Calcium (Ca) ..••..••. 15 20 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 5.5 5. 5 Color .••••.••••••••••• ••• 15 5 

Sodium (Na) ..•••••.•. '5. 2 5.2 pH .•••.••••••••.•.••••.•• 7. 5 8.2 

Potassium (K) ••..••. 1.3 1.2 Specific conductance 

Car bonate ( C OJ ...•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 68 70 25 c. ) ............... i27 148 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 9.0 15 Turbidity .••.••..•••••• 3 2 

Chloride (Cl) ••••.•••• 3.5 4.5 Temperature (F.) ••• 70 70 

Fluoride (F) •••.•.••.. . 0 .0 Date of collection ••• 10/18/51 10/18/51 

Nitrate (NOs} ..•..•••. 1.6 1.6 

Dissolved solids •..•. 84 96 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) 

Av Max 

R,aw water ......... 30 54 

Finished water ... 52 67 

Min Av Max Min 

16 7.0 8.3 6.3 

25 8.3 8.5 8.0 

HOMEWOOD 

(Population, 12, 866) 

Ownership: (See Birmingham). 

10 

(ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min 

42 54 30 -- 700 25 

56 72 38 -- -- --
HUNTSVILLE 

(Population, 16,437) ) 

I 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies West Huntsville and other suburban areas. Total 

population supplied, about 25, 000. 

Source: 2 springs (Big Spring .and Braham Spring). Lincoln Mills supply may be 

used in case of emergency. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 600, 000 gal. 

Big Spring is located in downtown Huntsville. Braham Spring is located 2 miles 

south of Huntsville. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Big . Braham Big Braham 

Spring!/ Spring!) Spring.!/ ~pring .!/ 

Silica (SiOJ .......•.• 8.3 7. 7 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ..•.•...•.•.••. . 15 . 07 Total .................. 126 103 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 . 00 No ncar bonate ..•.•. 12 11 

Calcium (Ca) ..••.•••. 42 34 

Magnesium (Mg) •.•.. 5.2 4.4 Color .•••••••••.•••.••••• 5 5 

Sodium (Na) •••••.•••. 1.2 1.8 pH .••••.•••.••.•.....•.•. 7. 1 7.0 

Potassium (K) ••...•. . 5 . 8 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .••.. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 139 112 25 c. ) ............... 239 196 

Sulfate (S04) ........... 4.2 3.1 Turbidity· •.•..••..••••• 2 1 

Chloride (Cl) .••....•• 3.0 3.2 Temperature (F. ) ••. 62 62 

Fluoride (F) •.••...•.. . 0 . 0 Date of collection ... 10/17/51 10/17/51 

Nitrate (NOJ ..•...... 7. 7 7.2 

Dissolved solids •..•. 141 118 

.!/Raw water. 

11 
MOBILE 

(Population, 129, 009) 

Ownership: -Municipal; supplies also suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 149, 000. 

Source: Clear Creek furnishes 80 percent of supply; Threemile Creek furnishes 

20 percent; Eightmile Creek furnishes 4, 000,000 gpd as auxiliary supply. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and pH adjustment. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 20, 000,000 gal. 

The treatment plant is .S miles northwest of the city. 

A new source of supply (Big Creek) is being developed. Clear Creek and Three 

Mile Creek will be abandoned as sources of supply after ~ 952. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per miliion, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Clear Cr. and Clear Cr. and Big Creek Threemile Cr. Threemile Cr. 

{raw water) (finished water) (raw water) 

Silica {SiOJ ......•••••••••••...•••••• 6.8 6. 1 5.0 

Iron (Fe) •.•••.••..••••••••••••.••••••• . 69 • 12 . 03 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••••••• . 00 . 00 . 00 

Calcium (Ca) ····• •••• •••••••••••••••• 1.6 6.4 0 8 

Magnesium (Mg) •.••.•••••••.•••••••• . 9 1.0 . 8 

Sodium (Na) ••..•.•.•••..•..•••.•.••••• 2.2 2.3 1.8 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 1.0 . 5 . 5 

Carbonate (COJ .•.•.•••••.•.•••••.•• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ .•.•.•••.•••.•••. 8 12 5 

Sulfate (S0 ~ ........................... . 9 6.7 . 7 · Chloride ( Cl) .••••.•.•••••••••.•••.••. 3.5 5.2 2.8 

Fluoride (F') •••••••••••••••••••••••••• . 0 • 0 . 1 · Nitrate (NOJ ••••.•••••••.••••.••.•••. 1.0 1.7 . 6 

Dissolved solids •••..••••••••••••••• 31 38 20 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

1r()taLl ·······~························ 8 20 5 

Noncarbonate •••.•.•••••••••••••.•• 1 10 1 

Color .. • ................................ 50 5 27 

pH •....•..•....•.••••..•••.•••••.•••.•••. 6.4 7.0 6.2 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) .••••••.••• 26.2 53. 7 17.7 

Tu.rbidity ............................. 6 1 1 

Temperature (F. ) ................... 75 76 70 

_ _Date of collection •.•••••• ~ ••••.•.••• 10/24/51 10/24/51 10/24/51 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 !/ 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Temperature 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 5 6 3 6. 3 6.5 6.0 8 10 6 67 78 50. 

Finished water ... 11 12 7 8. 9 9.3 8.5 36. 40 20 67 781 50 

.!/Oct. l, 1950 to Sept. 30, 1951. 

12 
MONTGOMERY 

(Population, 106, 525) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also a population of about 14,000 outside of the 

city limits. Total population supplied, about 1~0, 500. 

Source: 32 wells, regular supply; 13 (airlift) wells, auxiliary supply. The depth 

of the wells ranges from 64 to 740ft. The depth of the greater number of the 

wells is around 600ft. The yield of the wells (data on 27 wells) ranges from 

120 (well17) to 650 gpm (well 27), and averages 419 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. · 

Raw-water storage: 11;000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 250, 000 gal. r\ 

An additional4, 000,000 gal storage tank will be completed in 1951. 

There are two pumping stations, one on Court Street, and the other on Day Street. 

Each station pumps 16 wells. The Day Street Station pumps wells 21 to 36 

inclusive. 

ANALYSES 

·(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) ...•............ 

Iron (Fe) •• ~ •.....•...•.... _. 

Manganese (Mn) ••••.••.•• 

Calcium (Ca) ............•. 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) ........•...... 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Car bonate (COs) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) •••••• 

Sulfate (804 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .•............ 

Fluoride (F) ••••••••••••••. 

Nitrate (NOs) •••.••••..•••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

Hardness as .CaC03 : 

Total ......••.•........•... 

Noncarbonate · · ·• · · · · · · · 

Color ...................••... 

pH ........................... . 

_!/Wells YWells · Well 2 

15 

• 15 

. 01 

4.6 

1.5 

57 

1.7 

0 

143 

12 

11 

.4 

3.3 

185 

18 

0 

4 

7.5 

29 

.35 

. 05 

23 

2.4 

30 

1.7 

0 

128 

13 

10 

• 2 

4.6 

180 

67 

0 

3 

7. 0 

15 

. 25 

. 03 

1.8 

. 9 

2. 9 

1.6 

0 

7 

• 8 

4.2 

• 0 

6. 1 

41 

8 

2 

4 

5. 7 

WellS 

13 

. 02 

• 00 

3.2 

1.2 

84 

1. 0 

16 

165 

14 

8. 5 

• 5 

1.7 

228 

13 

0 

5 

8.9 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at .25 C. ) 283 257 38.6 341 

Turbidity ...••.•.•••..•...... 2 1 1 2 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••• 71 77 69 71 

Date of collection ....... . 10/21/51 10/20/51 10/20/51 10/21/51 

Depth (feet) • • · • · • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • · • • • • 

Diameter (inches) . • ......... _ .........•.... o •••••••••••• 

.Date drilled • · · • · · · · · · • • • • • · · · · · · · · · · • • • · • • · · · o o • • • • • • • • • • 

Percent of supply ···········•• 0 ·····•·

0

••······o•······ 

78 

24 

1918 

497 

18 

1921 

Well i4 

15 

. 18 

. 00 

1.4 

. 8 

2. 1 

1.4 

0 

8 

1.5 

2.8 

.o 

.4 

34 

7 

0 

5 

5.5 

32.1 

1 

68 

10/20/51 

650 

14 

1937 

_!/Finished water, composite sample, collected at Court Street pumping plant. 

JJ Finished water, composite sample, collected at ·Day Street pumping plant. 

1 
~ 

Well 15 Well 23 Well 24S Well 27 Well 31 

Silica (SiO:z) o o o o. o o o •• o. o ••• 13 31 37 33 11 

Iron (Fe) ••.•. o. o ••••••• o ••• .25 • 16 . 08 0 73 • 19 

Manganese (Mn) •••• 0 ••••• 0 00 0 00 . 08 • 06 . 00 

Calcium (Ca) ............•. 1.2 25 28 19 3.0 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••• . 5 2. 1 2.0 1.7 . 8 

Sodium (Na) ........•.•...• 105 15 9. 0 39 104 

Potassium (K) •..••....••. 1.1 2. 6 1.7 1.5 1.4 

Carbonate (COs) •••••••••. 32 0 0 0 9 

Bicarbonate (HC08) ••• • •• 183 24 106 150 211 

Sulfate (S04 ) ............... 16 28 6.2 8.6 9.3 

Chloride (Cl) .•.•........•. 10 30 3.0 6. 5 28 

Fluoride (F) • o •••• o •••••••• . 6 . 0 . 1 • 5 • 9 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• . 2 18 . 2 . 3 1.1 

Dissolved solids .......•. 272 192 142 186 274 

Hardness as .CaC03 : 

Total ...................... 5 71 78 54 11 

Noncarbonate .. ·•••· · •·• 0 51 0 0 0 

Color .... ~ ................... · a 5 5 25 3 

pH ....•..•...••.•••••••••••••. 9. 1 5. 8 6.9 7.4 8.6 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 424 241 183 261 443 

Turbidity ................... 1 0 1 2 2 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••. 72 69 69 68 68 

Date of collection ••.•.... 10/20/51 10/20/51 10/20/51 10/20/51 10/20/51 

Depth (feet) · · • · · • · · · · · · · · · · · 81 140 166 598 636 

Diameter (inches) · · · · • · · · 14 18 18 18 18 

Date drilled ....•.... ~ •...•• 1937 1942 1948 1943 1949 

Percent of supply .... : .••. -- -- -- -- -- ' 

14 
Ownershjp: Municipal. 

OPELIKA 

(Population, 12, 295) 

Source: · Sougahatchee Creek impounded in Sougahatchee Lake. 

Treatment: Prechlorination,coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and pH adjustment. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 243,000 gal. 

I I \ 

I 

The treatment plant is about 5i miles northeast of Opelika. 

Raw water is furnished to Pepperell Mill which has its own filter plant having a 

rated capacity of 2, 000,000 gpd. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOJ ...••.•••. 4.8 4.6 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ....•.....•••. . 06 .13 Total ................. 15 35 

Manganese (Mn) • •••• . 00 . 00 Noncarbonate •.•.•. 0 12 

Calcium (Ca) ..••.•••. 3.3 11 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 1.6 1.8 <;olor •.••••.••.•••••• ·• • 20 5 

Sodium (Na) • . • • • • • • • . · 3.5 3.5 pH .•••..••.••••.••••.•.•. 6.9 8.4 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 2.2 1.7 Specific conductance . Carbonate (COJ ..••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 22 28 25 c •. ) ............... 50.5 89.0 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 1.3 9. 3 Turbidity ..•.•••..••••• 2 2 

Chloride (Cl) .••••.•.• 2.8 7.0 Temperature (F.) ••. 71 71 

Fluoride (F) •..••..•.. . 1 . 0 Date of ~ollection ... 10/22/51 10/22/51 

Nitrate (NOJ ..•..•••. . 2 . 1 

Dissolved solids ••••. 31 57 

15 
PHENIX CITY 

(Population, 23, 305) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 300 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 23, 600. 

Source: Chattahoochee River. Emergency connections can be made with the ·municipal supply of Columbus, Ga. 

Treatment: Prechlorination,coagulation with ci.lum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and lime for corrosion control. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 250, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 250,000 gal. 

The treatment plant is located 1 mile north of the city. 

There is some variation in the chemical character of the water throughout the 

year, but the dissolved solids are usually low. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyse_s, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

' Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO~ .~ .•....•. 8.3 8.5 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •...•.....••.. . 67 . 01 Total •••••••••••••••• 19 30 

Manganese (Mn) • •••• . 00 . 00 . Noncarbonate •••••• 1 11 

Calcium (Ca) .•••••••. 4.2 9.0 

MagneSium (Mg) ..•.. 2.0 1.8 Color .••••••••••••••••.•• 70 4 

Sodium (Na) •.•.•.•••. 6.0 6.0 pH ..••..•••.••.•••••.•.•• 7. 1 7. 2 

Potassium (K) ••..••. 2.2 2.2 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ... ;. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 22 23 25 c. ) ............... 63.8 90.2 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 4.6 12 Turbidity· ..•..•...••••• 6 1 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••.•. 5.0 7.8 Temperature (F. ) ••• 71 71 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 0 .0 Date of collection ... 10/22/51 10/22/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .••..•••. 2.5 1.7 

Dissolved solids •..•. 53 60 

Regular determinatihns at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 14 17 12 7.2 8.8 6. 9 18 22 14 50 400 lU 

Finished water ... 17 21 16 8.4 8.9 8.4 30 36 28 . 2 . 3 . 1 

16 
PRICHARD 

(Population; 19, 014) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Chickasaw and Whistler. Total population 

supplied, about 33, 000. 

Source: Eight Mile Creek. 

Treatment: Prechlorination,coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand-filtration,- postchlorination, and pH adjustment. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 500, 000 gal. 

· The treatment plant is about 1! miles northwest of Prichard. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (~iOJ ••••••.••. 4.5 4.5 Hardness·as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•••••••••••. . 15 • 02 Total •••••••••••••••.• 7 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• · • 00 . 00 Noncarbonate •••.•• 1 

Calcium (Ca) .•••••••• 1.1 12 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 1. 1 .8 Color······•············· . 60 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 2. 1 1. 9 pH .••••.•••.•••••••.•••. -•• 6. 1 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 1.2 • 5 Specific conductance 

Carbonate· (COs) .•••. 0 4 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 8 13 25 c •. ) ................ 22. 9 

Sulfate (S04) .......... 1.2 12, Turbidity •.•••••.•.••.• 6 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 3.5 6.8 Temperature (F.) ••• 71 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 • 0 Date of ~ollection . :. 10/24/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••••. . 7 • 7 

Dissolved solids ••.•. 32 50 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1.950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

33 

16 

4 

9. 2 

78.3 

1 

71 

10/24/51 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 • . Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max 'Min 

Raw water ........ -. 3 4 2 5.8 6.0 5. 6 -- -- -- -- -- -- Finished water ... 15 17 14 8.3 8.4 8.2 -- -- -- -- -- --

17 
SELMA 

(Population, 22, 840) 

Ownership.: Municipal; supplies also suburban districts. Total popuJ,ation 

supplied, about 23, 340. 

Source: 3 wells ( 1 to 3) 460, 460, and 465 ft deep, and reported to yield 1, 500, 

1, 500, and 1, 800 gpm, respectively. Equal quantities of water are pumped 

from each well. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation (lime), sedimentation, chlorination, and 

rapid sand filtration. ' 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 300,000 gal. 

ANALYSES-

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Finished Finished 

Well2 water Well2 water -

Silica (SiOa} •.••....•. 14 12 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•.•.•..••••. 1.4 • 11 Total •••••••••••••••.• 67 71 

Manganese· (Mn) •···· . 00 . 00 Noncarbonate •••••. 0 0 

Calcium (Ca) ••••.•••. 20 21 

MagneSium (Mg) ••••• 4.1 4.5 Color .••••••••••••••••••• · 33 5 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 3~2 2.7 pH .••••• ~···· •••••••.•••• 7. 1 8.0 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 6. 9 6. 9 ~pecific conductance 

Carbonate (CO,} ..••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 89 93 25 C.) •••..•.••••••••• 159 162 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 4.8 5.8 Turbidity· •••.•••••••••• 4 1 

Chloride (Cl) •.••••.•• 3.0 4.5 Temperature (F.) ••• 70 69 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••. . 0 . 0 Date of collection ••• 10/20/51 10/21/51 

Nitrate (NO,} ••••••••• . 3 • 0 

Dissolved solids ••••. 102 104 ··-·" 

Depth (feet) .......•...••.•.......•.......................••••••••••••••••••. 460 

Diameter (inches) ........•.••....................•••..•.•••..•••.••••••. 12 

Date drilled .............................................•.•...••..••..••• 1946 

Percent of supply ............•..•.......•............••••••••••...•••••. --

18 
TALLADEGA 

(Population, 13, 134) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 14, 500. 

Source: Talladega Creek. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, chlorination, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, polyphosphate (Calgon) for corrosion control, and ammoniation .. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 000, 000 gal. · 

Finished-water storage: 1, 250, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is about 3 miles south of Talledega. 

The rated capacity of the treatment plant will be increased to 4, 000,000 gpd in 

1952. 

The storage facilities for the raw and finished waters are being increased to 

3, 000,000 and 2, 250,000 gal, respectively. 

There is some variation in the chemical character of the water throughout the 

year, but the amount of the dissolved solids is usually low. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO~ ..••••.••• 12 7.6 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•.•.••.••••• . 26 • 26 Total •••••••••••••••.• 17 48 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 . 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 3 29 

Calcium (Ca) ••••.•••• 3.9 15 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 1.8 2.5 Color .••••••••••••••••••• 15 6 

Sodium (Na) •••••.•••• 2.4 1.5 pH .••••••••.••••••••••.•• 6.6 8.1 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 1.1 . 6 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ..••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 17 23 25 C.) .. -•..•••••••.•. 46.3 113 

Sulfate (S04) ........... 6.2 27 Turbidity· .•• : .••••.•••• 2 2 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 1.8 4.8 Temperature (F.) ••. 70 68 

Fluoride (F) •••••.•••• . 1 . 2 Date of collection •.. 10/18/51 10/18/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••.•••• 1.2 .4 

Dissolved solids ••••. 39 75 

RegUlar determinaticns at treatment plant, 1949 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as caco3 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 12 15 10 6.6 6.9 6.6 13 18 8 -- -- -- Finished wate.r ..... 14 16 12 9. 2 9.3 9. 0 45 52 38 -- -- --

19 
TUSCALOOSA 

(Population, 46, 396) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies Northport and other suburban districts. Total 

population supplied, about 55, 300. 

Source: Yellow Creek impounded. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, postchlorination, and pH adjustment. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 40, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 300, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is about 3 i miles northeast of Tuscaloosa. 

Rated capacity of the treatment plant will be increased to 12,000,000 gpd in 1952. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) •••••...•• 5. 7 5.2 Hardnes~ ~ CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•••.•••••••• .42 . 18 Total .•••••••••••••••• 8 21 

Manganese {Mn) ••• •. . 03 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 3 7 

Calcium (Ca) .•••••••. 2.0 6.3 

MagneSium (Mg) ••••• . 8 1.4 Color···················· 35 4 

Sodium (Na) •••••.•••• 1.0 3.2 pH ..••..••••••.•••••••.•• 6.2 7. 9 

Potassium (K) ••••••• . 5 . 5 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (CO,) ..••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 6 18 25 c •.) ............... 20.4 54.7 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 2.6 4.3 Tu.rbidity · .••••••.••••.• 3 2 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 2.0 4.5 Temperature (F.) ••• 68 69 .Fluoride (F) •••••••••. . 1 -- Date of collection ••• 10/19/51 10/19/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .••.••••. . 6 . 6 

Dissolved solids ••.•• 24 40 

Regular determinations at treatment plant , 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 . pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .•......• 10 11 9 5. 9 6.2 5.5 -- -- -- 25 40 8 . Finished water .•. 16 18 14 8. 9 9. 1 8.7 --. -- -- 0 0 0 

20 
KENTUCKY 

ASHLAND 

(Population, 31, 131) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Russell (which supplies Worthington, Flatwoods, Bellefonte, Westwood, and Raceland) and abo~t 600 people outside 

the-city limits. Total population supplied, about 3~, 800. · Source: Ohio River. · 

Treatment: Aeration, prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, ammoniation, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 700,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 25,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 6, 500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) ...........•.•. 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......••.. 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) .•....... 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ...........•.. 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids· ......•.. 

Finished 

water 

5.4 

. 21 

. 00 

26 

6:6 

10 

1.5 

0 

44 

60 

11 

. 1 

1.5 

145 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ...•.................•. 

Noncarbonate .••......... 

Color ......•...••.......•...... 

pH .••..•.••...•••..••..•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) 0 ••••••••••••••••••••• 

Turbidity •..........•••...•.. 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•... 

Date of collection ••....... 

RegUlar determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity . Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min. Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 32 52 17 7.0 7. 7 6.2 90 156 43 

Finished water ...... 41 59 24 8.3 8.7 7. 2 107 170 72 

21 

Finished 

water 

93 

56 

245 

5/8/51 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

176 2000 25 

-- -- --
BOWLING GREEN 

(Population, 18, 347) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1, 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 19,800. 

Source: Barren River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, ·adjustment of pH by addition of lime, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Non~. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 150, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. s. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) .................. . 

Finished 

water 

5.3 

. 20 

. 00 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate .•.......... 

Finished 

water · 

102 

Manganese (Mn) ..•..•.••. 16 ' 

Calcium (Ca) ......•....... 32 l~------------------~------------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) ~ ••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .............• 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

5.3 

2.2 

. 7 

0 

104 

13 

5.0 

. 0 

3.4 

114 

Color ......... ~ ............... . 

pH ............................. . 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ...................... . 

Turbidity ...........••••..... 

Temperature (F. ) ......•... 

Date of collection •••..•... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 -

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .•....... 104 134 58 7.8 8.2 7.3 102 140 54 

Finished water ... 103 142 58 7.9 8.2 7.4 112. 142 72 

22 

0 

7. 8 

202 

4/17/51 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

139 2100 5 

-- -- --

I . 
COVINGTON 

(Population, 64, 452) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Edgewood, Elsmere, Erlanger, Florence, 

Fort Thomas, Highland Heights, · Ludlow, Park Hills, South Fort Mitchell, 

and a number of smaller communities. Total population supplied, about 

105, 000. 

Source: Ohio River. The intake and pumping station is about 7 miles upstream 

from Covington. The treatment plant is on Alexandria Pike, 3 miles southeast of Covington. 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation with addition of copper sulfate for algae control, 

prechlorination, coagulation with alum or ferric sulfate and lime, ammoniation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 36, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 72,000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 7, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Finished 

water 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Finished 

water 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.•....•... 

Manganese (Mn) ••••.••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 

4.5 

. 21 

. 00 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate ........... . 112 

68 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate {N03 ) • · •••••• : •••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

33 

7. 3 

9.5 

1.7 

0 

54 

77 

10 

. 1 

1.8 

173 

Color ......................... . 

pH ............................. . 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. }o•••••• •••• • ••••• ••••• 

Turbidity ...........•••...... 

Temperature (F. ) •..••.•... 

Date of collection . .••...... 

Regular detenriinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Raw water ......... 

Finished water ... 

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 pH 

(ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min 

29 39 14 7.4 8.1 7.0 

39 49 27 8.1 9.0 7.2 

FORT THOMAS 

(Population, 10, 870) 

Hardness 

· as CaC03 (ppm) 

Av Max Min 

129 196 90 

136 198 110 

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Covington (See Covington). 

23 

2 

7. 1 

280 

~/16/51 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

241 1200 5 

0 0 0 
FRANKFORT 

(Population, 11, 916) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 3, 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 15,400. 

Source: Kentucky River. The pumping station .and treatment plant are one mile 

upstream from the center of Frankfort. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, lime, and postchlorination. Finished water from reservoirs is 

rechlorinated during summer months . 

. Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7, 500, 000 gpd . 

. Raw-water storage: 900, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 6, 800, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......••.. 

Manganese (Mn) ..•..••••. 

Calcium (Ca) ..........•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

Finished 

water 

. 6. 3 

. 29 

. 00 

23 

4.1 

4.9 

1.7 

0 

52 

30 

7. 5 

. 1 

1. 4 

114 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate ....•.•..... 

Color ..........••.........•.... 

pH .••..•..•.....•......•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity •.•........•••...... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•..• 

Date of coJ,lection •••..•... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 19 47 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .•....... 56 77 30 7.3 7.4 6.8 120 142 89 

Finished water .•. 62 83 26 7. 5 7.7 7.0 130. 155 95 

24 

Finished 

water 

74 

32 

5 

7.7 

181 

5/14/51 

·--.---.. 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

25 3000 20 

-- -- --
HENDERSON . 

(Population, 16, 837} 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1, 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, ·about 18,300. 

Source: Ohio River. · 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

ammoniation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Finished 

water 

5.1 

. 15 

. 00 

Hardness .as CaCOs: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate ....•.. o •••• 

Fini~hed 

water 

112 

Manganese (Mn) .••..••••• 48 

Calcium (Ca) ..•...•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...... 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ..•.....•... 

Carbonate (C03) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) • o ••••• o •••• o.. . 

Chloride {Cl} .......••..•.• 

Fluoride (F) .......•.. 0 •••• 

Nitrate (N03} •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......••. 

35 ~------------------~---------

Raw water ......... ~ 

. Finished water ... 

5.8 

6.0 

1. 2 

0 

77 

52 

7. 5 

. 1 

3.2 

162 

Color ......................... . 

pH ~ ••..•.••...•.••.....•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •..••.•... 

Date of collection •• 0 •••••• 

Regular d,eterminations at treatment plant, .1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 (ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av 'Mu Min Av Max Min 

-- -- -- 7. 3 7.6 6.4 -- . -- -- 63 80 58 7.2 7.4 7.0 121 127 117 

25 -

0 

7.9 

259 

4/19/51 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

150 800 100 

5 7 2 
HOPKINSVILLE 

(Population, 12, 526) I 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 4, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 16, 500. . Source: Little River. Auxiliary supply is from two artificial lakes on tributar!es 

of Little River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, lime, 

ammoniation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 450, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water sto_rage: 800, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Irpn (Fe) ........•.......... 

Manganese (Mn) ~ .•..••••. 

Finished 

water 

4.2 

. 15 

.00 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate .•..•.....•. 

Finished 

water 

124 

38 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 42 ~~------------------~----------

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...... 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (804} ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl} .......•...... 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03 } •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

4;4 

4. 1 

. 3 

0 

104 

40 

4.5 

. 1 

1.5 

155 

Color ..........•............... 

. pH ..•..•..•...•.....•........... 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•... 

Date of collection •••...... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, _1950 

Alkalin\ty Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 (pp;m) . (ppm). 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 76 120 56 7. 1 7.8 6.0 77 116 48 

Finished water .... 88 124 60 7.7 8.7 6.8 122 144 76 

26 

0 

7.8 

257 

67 

4/30/51 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

177 1500 10 

-- -- --
LEXINGTON 

(Population, 55, 534) 

Ownership: Lexington Water Co.; supplies also about 25,600 people outside the 

city limits. Total population supplied, about 81, 100. · Source: East Hickman Creek and West Hickman Creek, impounded in 4 reservoirs. The impounding reservoirs and treatment pl~t are 1 mile southeast of Lexington on U. S. Highway 25. 

Treatment: Copper sulfate for algae control in impounding reservoirs, aeration, 

coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 18, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 750, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•............... 

Finished 

water 

0.8 

. 26 

. 00 

Hardness as CaC<>s:· 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate ..•......... 

Finished . 

water 

110 

Manganese (Mn) ..•••••••• 24 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 36 ~~------------------~------------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sullate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride · {Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

4.6 

1.4 

1.1 

0 

104 

21 

3.2 

• 0 

4.1 

128 

Color ......................... . 

pH .......................... \ ... . 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••.•..• 

Date of collection •••...... 

4 

7.3 

224 

5/1/51 

Regular determinations at treatrnent plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water. ~ ....... 84 114 52 7. 5 8.4 7. 2 80 101 64 49 240 10 

Finished water ... 76 110 42 7.4 8.0 7.2 84 . 108 63 . 24 2.4 1 

27 
LOUISVILLE 

(Population, 369, 129) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also St. Matthews, Shively, Middletown, 

Jeffersontown, Anchorage, and Jefferson County (which supplies other 

places). Totai population supplied, about 450, 000. 

Source: Ohio River. 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, prechlorination, coagulation with alum (sometimes with sodium aluminate, activated carbon) softening with lime and soda 

ash, clarification, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, 

ammoniation, and adjustment of pH (when not softening) with lime. When 

it is necessary, for taste and odor control, activated carbon and chlorine 

dioxide are used. Fluoridation (with sodium silicofluoride) is planned in the 

near future. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 80, 000, 000 gpd (capacity of softening plant; 

120, 000, 000 gpd, capacity of filters). 

Raw-water storage: 131, 000,000 gal (only in connection with treatment 

processes). 

Finished-water storage: 57, 750, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is in the northeast section of the city on Frankfort 

Avenue. The raw water intake and pumping station are located about 1. 8 

miles upstream from the treatment plant. 

ANALYSES-

· (Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

. Raw Finished Raw FiniShed 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO~ •.•••.•••. 6.4 6.4 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•••.•••••••• . 06 . 24 Total •••••••••••••••.• 101 90 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 . 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 51 54 

Calcium (Ca) ..••••••• 26 21 

MagneSium (Mg) ••••• 8.5 9.2 Color ••••••••••••••••••• 0 3 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 8.0 15 pH······~············ •.•• 7. 2 7. 7 

Potassium (K)· ••••••• 1.6 1.7 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ••••• 0 0 

' (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 60 44 25 c. ) ............... 246 251 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 48 60 Turbidity· .••••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) .•••••••• 9.0 13 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) • • • • • • • • • • · . 1 ·. 1 Date of ~ollection ••• 5/9/51 5/10/51 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••• 3.0 2. 1 

Dissolved solids ••••. 142 146 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .•.....•. 57 99 27 7.4 8.2· 6.7 115 165 62 155 875 5 

Finished water .•. 40 88 26 9. 0 10.0 7.0 97 ' 140 70 0 3 0 

28 
MADISONVILLE 

(Population, '11, 13.2) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 3, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, .about 14, 000. · 

Source: 2 lakes (impounded streams). Auxiliary supply from lakes (impounded 

streams) near Earlington. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and addition of polyphosphate (Calgon). 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 550, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) ..••.••••• 

Finished 

water 

2. 7 

. 17 

. 00 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ...•................... 

Noncarbonate ..•......... 

Finished 

water 

56 

38 

Calcium (Ca) .............. · 15 l~--------------------+----------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride {Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••.• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

4.4 

5. 1 

1.0 

0 

22 

41 

4.0 

. 1 

. 0 

87 

·color ... ; ..................... . 

pH .••.....•.....•...•..•........ 

Specific conductance 

{micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...•.•.............. 

Turbidity ...........•••...•.. 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•..• 

Date of collection ..•..•... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 (ppm) . (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 16 20 8 7. 1 7. 3 6.8 -- -- -- Finished water ... 20 25 12 8.0 8. 1 7.9 -- -- --

29 

4 

6.9 

147 

55 

4/18/5i 

Temperature 

Av Max Min 

-- 91 34 

-- -- --
MIDDLESBORO 

(Population, 14, 482) 

Ownership: Kentucky Water Service C9. , Inc. ; supplies also about 100 people 

outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 14, 600. 

Source: Little Yellow Creek impounded in Fern Lake, 1 mile south of 

Middlesboro. 

Treatn1ent: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: (In1pounding reservoir). 

Finished-water storage: 1, 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•...........•... 

Finished 

water 

5.3 

. 73 

. 17 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ........................ . 

Noncarbonate .••.......•. 

Finished 

water 

12 

Manganese (Mn) .•••.••••• 2 

Calcium (Ca) ......•....... 

Magnesium (Mg) .••...•.. 

1.6 1~--------------------+-------~-

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .......•.. 

1.0 

. 9 

1.0 

0 

8 

4.0 

19 

. 9 

. 0 

. 1 

Color .......................... . 

pH .••..•..•...•.••..•..•......•. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

~5 c.) •....•••.....•........ 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •..••.•..• 

Date of collection •••...... 

30 

2 

7.2 

20.5 

5/11/51 
NEWPORT 

(Population, 31, 044) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Bellevue and Dayton. Total population 

supplied, about 49, 100. 

Source: Ohio River. The pumping station is about 5 miles upstream from 

Newport. The treatment plant is half a mile west of the pumping station. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, 

ammoniation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 40,000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) · ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) ..•..••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•....... 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

SuHate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

Finished 

water 

4. 7 Hardness as CaCOs: 

Finished 

water 

. 42 Total . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 110 

. 00 Noncarbonate ............ 68 

33 ~~~--------------~~~----------

6. 8 Color . .. .. . ... . •. .. . . . . .• . .. . . . 5 

10 pH ..•.. •. . . . . . . . ... .•........... 7. 0 

1.4 

0 

52 

69 

13 

. 1 

2.5 

172 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. }o•••••• ••• • • ••••• ••••• 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••.•... 

Date of collection •••...... 

281 

5/16/51 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ........• 39 44 36 7. 8 8.0 7.5 -- 132 126 286 600 120 

Finished water ... 38 40 36 7.7 8.0 7. 5 -- -- -- -- -- --

31 
OWENSBORO 

(Population, 33, 651) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 3, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 36, 700. 

Source: 18 wells (l and 5 to 21) 110 to 132 ft deep; yield reported to be 100 to 500 

gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination, lime. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 5, 000, 000 gal. 

A treatment plant of 10, 000, 000 gpd capacity is under construction (1951) . . 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Weill All wells Welll All wells 

(raw (campo- (raw (campo-/ water) site)L/1 water) site)l 

Silica (SiO~ ........... 4 .. 3 12 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •...•..••••••• . 50 . 15 Total •••••••••••••••.• 126 108 

Manga,nese (Mn) • •••• . 00 . 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 41 61 

Calcium (Ca) ••••.•••• 41 18 \ 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 5.8 15 Color··········· ••••••••• 0 0 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 8.0 8.9 pH ..•••.••••••.•••••••.•• 7.7 8. 1 

Potassium (K) ••.•••• 1.3 . 9 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (CO,) •.••. 0 6 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (BCOJ 104 44 25 c. ) ............... 289 263 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 49 63 Turbidity •••••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 9.0 13 Temperature (F.) ••• 72 61 

Fluoride (F) •••••.•... . 1 . 2 Date of ~ollection •.• 4/18/51 4/18/51 

Nitrate (NO,}· .••.••••. . 1 2.4 

Dissolved solids ••••. 174 169 

Depth (feet) .....•....•...•..•...••...•...••......•••••..•.•.•.........•.... 124 

Diameter (inches) ····················•·••····••·•······················ 8 

Date drilled ....................••.......•••••..•.•.••..................... 1931 

Percent of supply ·•·················••••••·•••··••·············•·•····· --

r 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 

Alkalinity Hardness 

.. as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity (ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- -- -- 7.4 7. 5 7.2 350 385 166 54 -- -- Finished water ... -- -- -- 8.8 9.2 8.6 116 122 108 54 -- --. 

1/Finished water. 

32 
PADUCAH 

(Population, 32, 828) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 4, 520 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 37, 300. 

Source: Ohio River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, ammoniation, and 

final adjustment of pH to about 8. 3. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage! 1, 800,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5, 740,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•••....•... 

Manganese (Mn) ••••.••••. 

Calcium (Ca) ......•....... 

Magnesium (Mg) · .••..••.. 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) o. •o o•oo•o 0 ~ 

Carbonate (C03) o ••••••• o. 

Bicarbonate (HC03) o••·· 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••• o ••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..... 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03) ••• o ....• o o o. o 

Dissolved solids .•....• o. 

Finished 

water 

3.3 

0 26 

. 00 

34 

4.4 

4o4 

1.4 

0 

68 

41 

6.5 

. 0 

1.6 

134 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate o •• o. o. 0 •••• 

Color ......................... . 

pH .••..•..•...•.•...•..•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•..... ····~· ..... 

Turbidity o o ••.•.•• o •••••••• o. 

Temperature (F. ) ..•.•.• 0 •• 

Date of collection •.. 0 •• 0. 0 

RegUlar determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

·Av ·Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 65 88 50 7.4 708 6o8 66 90 54 

Finished water ..... 68 . 90 58 8o3 8.6 7.8 72 101 62 

33 

Finished 

water 

102 

47 

3 

7.5 

226 

5/14/51 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

150 700 30 

5 8 0 
RICHMOND 

(Population, 10, 268) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 10, 800. 

Source: Otter Creek, impounded. Emergency supply from Blue Grass Ordnance 

Depot, 4 miles southwest of Richmond. The treatment plant and impounding 

reservoirs are 2 miles east of Richmond on State Highway 52. 

Treatment: Copper sulfate for algae control in reservoirs, coagulation with alum 

and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 325,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 300, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ........•......•... 

Finished 

water 

1.4 

. 43 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ....................... . 

Finished 

water 

Manganese (Mn) ..•..••••. 

Calcium (Ca) ......•....... 

Noncarbonate •.•.•.•..... 

132 

35 . 00 < 

34 l~-------------------+--~-----

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (804 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride {Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03) • ~ •••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

11 

1.8 

. 3 

0 

116 

28 

5.2 

. 1 

. 5 

154 

Color ......................... . 

pH ..••....••......... · •..•. ~ ..... . 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •..•.•................ 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•.•. 

Date of collection •••...... 

Regular determinat~ at treatment plant, 19$ 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 119 157 70 8.1 · 8.4 7. 5 77 92 62 

Finished water .... 108 138 60 7.6 8. 1 7. 5 80 94 68 

34 

4 

7. 3 

269 

5/1/51 . 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

21 165 10 

0 0 0 
WINCHESTER 

(Population, 9, 226) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 2, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 11, 200. 

Source: Lower Howards Creek, impounded in two reservoirs. The impounding 

reservoirs and treatment plant are 4. 5 miles southwest of Winchester on 

U. S. Highway 227. Emergency supply from Kentucky River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 250, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 150, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 775, 000 gal. \ 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Finished 

water 

1.3 

. 57 

. 00 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate .••.•....... 

Finished 

water 

148 

Manganese (Mn) .••••••••• 45 

Calcium (Ca) ..•...•...•... 45 ~~------------------~----------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...•.. 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

8.7 

4.7 

. 8 

0 

126 

38 

7.0 

. 1 

1.0 

166 

Color ......................... . 

pH ............................. . 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) 0 ••••••••••••••••••••• 

Turbidity ...........•••...... 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••.•..• 

Date of collection •••...... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1947 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

.Raw water .•....... 192 -- -- 8.2 8.4 7.6 -- -- -- Finished water .•. 185 -- -- 7.4 8.0 7.0 -- -- --

35 

5 

7. 1 . 

287 

5/1/51 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

25 -- -- 2 -- --
Ownership: Municipal. 

MISSISSIPPI 

BILOXI 

(Population, 37, 425) 

Source: 6 wells. North well, Main St. Station; Main St. Station well; Porter St. 

well, each 1, 200ft deep; and 3 wells in First St. well field. The yield of 

North well, Main St. Station well and Porter St. well is reported to be 1, 200, 

1, 100, and 900 gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 920,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) I 

North 

J}Well 

Silica (Si02) •••••••••••••••• 20 

Iron (Fe) •........•...•..... . 09 

Manganese (Mn) ••••.••.•• . 0 

Calcium (Ca) ..•......•.... 1.5 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••• . 8 

Sodium (Na) ......•.••••.•• 138 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 6.2 

Carbonate (COs) •••••••••. 8 

Bicarbonate (HC01) ••••.•• 251 

Sulfate (S04 ) ................ 5. 8 

Chloride (Cl) .•.••.......•. 56 

Fluoride (F) •••••.••••.•••• . 2 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 1.8 

Dissolved solids ••..•.••. 364 

Hardness as .caco,: 

Total ...•••••.•...........•. 7 

Noncarbonate ···•· ·· ·•· • 0 

Color ..•.....••...•.....••..• 18 

pH •.••..•••••••.•••••••••••••. 8.4 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 583 

Turbidity .••••••••...•.••.•. 1 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••• 83 

Date of collection •....... 6/14/51 

Depth (feet) .•••.••....•.. 1,200 

Diameter (inches) ...... -- Date drilled .•.....•.•.... 1951 

Percent of supply ...... --

_!/Raw water. 

~/Raw water (composite). 

YFinished water (composite). 

Main St. 

S)~tion 

1 Well 

18 

. 03 

• 0 

6. 5 

1.0 

391 

14 

0 

335 

.4 

432 

. 3 

1.2 

1,030 

20 

0 

40 

8.0 

1,850 

0 

87 

6/14/51 

1,200 

-- 1942 

--

36 

Porter St. 3 Wells 

1/Well _gj1st St. 

Well Field 

21 19 

• 08 • 04 

. 0 • 0 

2.8 2. 6 

1.0 . 7 

212 220 

6. 7 1.9 

0 0 

294 309 

1.6 . 5 

170 166 

• 3 . 3 

2.0 1.3 

559 573 

11 10 

0 0 

15 17 

7.2 7.9 

958 968 

1 1 

85 86 

6/14/51 6/14/51 

1,200 

-- 1945 

--

_1/Wells 

17 

. 06 

. 0 

5.4 

1.5 

330 

13 

0 

306 

3.7 

345 

• 3 

1. 3 

880 

20 

0 

80 

7.7 

1,540 

2 

85 

6/14/51 
Ownership: Municipal. 

CLARKSDALE 

(Population, 16, 539) 

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 766, 760, and 758 ft deep. Depth of well 4, not reported. 

The yield of the wells is reported to be 600, 1, 000, 1, 000, and 1, 000 gpm. 

The water from the wells is pumped directly into the distribution mains. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per millfon, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•...........•... 

Manganese (Mn) .••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) .•....•...•.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ········•P• 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•....•. 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Wells 

(composite) 

27 

. 14 

• 0 

. 6 

. 7 

165 

1.8 

0 

350 

1.2 

55 

.4 

1.7 

446 

37 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ........... ~ ........... . 

Noncarbonate ..........•. 

Color ......................... . 

JPII ••••••••••••••••••••••..•••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••.•... 

Date of collection •••..•..• 

Wells 

(composite) 

4 

0 

22 

7. 7 

683 

2 

71 

5/23/51 
COLUMBUS 

(Population, 17, 172) 

Ownership: Municipal; population supplied outside of the city limits, about 3, 000. 

Total population supplied, about 20·, 200. 

Source: Luxapalila Creek . 

. Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtratioi:t, 

chlorination, and ammoniation. {Fluoridation to begin July 1, 1951.) 

. Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 to 6, 000, 000 gpd. 

R.aw-water storage: None. · 

Finished-water storage: 1, 550, 000 gal. ·\I 

'I 

ANALYSEs· 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO~ .•••...••• 8. 3· 8.0 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) .......•.••••• . 38 . 08 Total •••••••••••••••.• 9 40 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 0 . 0 Noncarbonate •••.•• 0 20 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 2. 1 14 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 1.0 1.2 Color ••••••••••••••••••• 45 8 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 1.6 1.4 pH .••••.••..••••••.•.•••• 6.5 9. 1 

Potassium (K) •.•.••. 1.8 1.4 .Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..•.. 0 -- (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 11 lf24 25 c. ) ............... 28.6 95.2 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 1.4 12 Turbidity· ..•••••••••••• 7 2 

Chloride (Cl) .•••••••• 2.0 7.5 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 1 . 0 Date of collection •.• 5;21/51 5/21/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .• .-..•••. 4.0 3.6 

Dissolved solids ••••. 38 77 

J)Includes the equivalent of less than 5 ppm of carbonate (C03). 

38 
CORINTH 

(Population, · 9, 785) 

Ownership: Peoples Water Service Co., Baltimore, Md. Population supplied 

outside of the city limits, ·about · 3) 000. Total population supplied, about 

12,800. 

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4) 320, 3~0, 320, and 200 ft deep. The yield of the wells is 

reported to be 750, 750, 400, and 200 gpm. Wells 1 and 2 are pumped alternately. 

Treatment: Aeration (overflow trays), lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 200, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 400, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Wells 

(composite) 

Finished water 

Silica (SiOJ • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • 13 

Iron (Fe) •••••. ••••• •••• •••• •••• •••• ••• . 09 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••• ~......... ..0 

Calcium (Ca) ····• •••· •••••••••••••••• 20 

Magnesium (Mg)... •• • • •••• •. • • •. . • •• 4. 9 

Sodium (Na).................. •.• • •• • • • • 22 

Potassium (K) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3. 4 

Carbonate (COJ .•• ••. ••••••.. •••• ••• 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ................. 79 

Sulfate (S04)..... •• • • •• • • •• • • •• • • •••.• •• 7. 2· 

Chloride (Cl) .• ••.• ••.••••••••• .•••••• . 34 

Fluoride (F') • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 4 

Nitrate (NOJ • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 2 

Dissolved solids ••••. ••••••••• •••••• 146 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

T<>taLl ••••••••••••••• , •••••••••••••••• 

Noncarbonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 

Color ••••.•..•••.••••••.•••.••.••••••••• 

pH •...•.••.••...•••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ••••••••••• 

Turbidity •.•••.•.•.•••••••••••• ······~ 

Temperature (F.) .•.•.•••••••••••••• 

Date of collection ••••••••••••.••••••• 

70 

5 

4 

8.0 

244 

2 

65 

5/21/51 

Depth (feet) ••••.••••••••••••••.••••••••• ·~~····· ••••••••• 

Diameter (inches) ....................... -••••••••••••••• 

Date drilled ..............••.•...•.•••.••••••••..•••••••. 

Percent of supply .•..•...............•••.••••••••••••• 

Well 1 

(raw water) 

19 

. 15 

.14 

9.4 

2. 5 

3. 1 

2. 2 

0 

41 

5.8 

2.5 

. 2 

. 3 

66 

34 

0 

12 

6. 2 

87~ 0 

5 

63 

5/21/51 

320 

12 

1949 

--

Well4 

(raw water) 

8.3 

. 1.1 

. 0 

36 

9.6 

77 

8. 15 

0 

141 

15 

125 

. 3 

. 3 

358 

130 

14 

5 

7. 6 

637 

1 

-- 5/21/51 

200 

10 

1922 

--
GREENVILLE 

(Population, 29, 936) 

_Ownership: Municipal; population supplied outside of the city limits, about 5, 000. 

Total population supplied, about 34, 900. 

Source: 4 wells (Toombs Alley, 1 to 3) 500+, 526, 519, and 500+ ft deep. The 

yield of the wells is reported to be 1, 500, 1, 350, 1, 050, and 1, 500 gpm. The 

water from the wells is pumped to storage reservoirs where it is chlorinated. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 500, 000 gal. 

The water from all the wells is reported to be about the same chemical composition. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Wells IV Wells 

1/(com- Well 2 (comoosite) posite) 

Silica (SiOj •••••.•••• 19 17 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• . 02 . 03 Total •••••••••••••••.• 6 

Manganese (Mn) •••• : . 0 . 02 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••. . 9 1.2 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• . 9 . 5 Color ••••••••••••••••••• 35 

Sodium (Na) •.•••.•••• 145 156 pH ••••••••••••••••••••••• 7. 9 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 9.5 9. 9 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (CO,) ••••• 0 5 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 274 293 25 c. ) ............... 590 

Sulfate (804) •••••••••• 3.3 2.3 Turbidity· •••••••••••••• 2 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 70 68 Temperature (F.) ••• -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 2 • 2 Date of collection ••• 5/24/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••••• . 8 . 8 

Dissolved solids ••••. 387 406 

Depth (feet) · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 

Diameter (inc·hes) · · · · • · • · • · · • · · · · · · • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .· ~ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Date drilled · · · · · · · · · · · · · ......•. · · · ·. • · ................................•................. 

P.ercent of supply · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ··· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 

J}Finished water. 

40 

Well2 

5 

0 

55 

8.5 

654 

2 

70 1

5/24/51 

519 

12 

1931 
Ownership: Municipal. 

GREENWOOD 

(Population 18, 061) 

Source: 10 wells {l to 9, and Old Ice Plant well) each 800 ft deep, except wells 5 

and 6 which are 1, 919 and 640ft deep, respectively. 

Treatment: Chlorinated as pumped from the wells. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 100, 000 gal. 

Wells 8 and 9 are pumped continuously into the mains. The yield is reported to 

be 500 and 1, 000 gpm, respectively. The other 8 wells are reported as 

flowing and the combined flow is reported to be 1, 400 gpm, but the wells are 

connected together and are pumped into a 1, 000,000 gal storage.reservoir. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•...........•... 

Manganese (Mn) .••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..........•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (CI) .......••..... 

Fluoride (R) .•.•..•••••••.• 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ...•..... 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

21 . 17 

. 0 

2.0 

• 6 

83 

6. 1 

0 

210 

5.4 

7. 5 

. 2 

1.2 

243 

Hardness .as CaCOs: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate .•..... ~ .... 

Color .......................... . 

pH .......... ~ ................... . 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity ...........•••...... 

Temperature (F. ) .•.•••.•... 

Date of collection .••.••... 

41 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

7 

0 

15 

7.9 

347 

3 

74 

5/23/51 
Ownership: Munictpal. 

GULFPORT 

(Population, 22, 659) 

Source: 9. wells. Three wells (1, 2, and 3) located on U. S. Naval Base, 854, 

1, 196, and 761 ft deep. Three wells (2W, 3W, and 4W) located on Gulfport· 

Airfield Base, 600 and 645ft deep (not reported for well 4W). Three wells 

(West 2nd St. , Gravelene, and Schoolyard) located in the city, 1, 360, 900, 

and 1, 200 ft deep. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: (Capacity not available). 

The water from the wells is pumped into storage reservoirs and tanks before distribution in the city mains. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) •••••••••••••••• 

I1:·on (Fe) .•.......•...•..... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••.•• 

Calcium (Ca) .. ~ .........•. 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••.•. 

Sodiu1n (Na) .....••...•.... 

Potassium (K) ••••••••• ~ •• 

Carbonate (COs) .•• ~ ...••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) •••••• 

Sulfate (804 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .•••....•...•. 

Fluoride (F) ••••••••••••••• 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•..•..•. 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ...•.•.•.•............ 

Noncarbonate ···•• ··•· ·• 

Color ........•....•..•..••... 

pH ••....•••.•••.••••••••••..•. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at .25 C. ) 

Turbidity ...••••.•...•....•. 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••. 

Date of collection •...•... 

I Well 1 Well 2 Well 3 

1/Wells U.S. Nav~ U.S. Navy U.S. Navy 

21 20 24 34 

. 12 . 07 . 09 I • 12 

.0 .0 .0 .0 

.6 .5 .6 .6 

.1 .4 .5 .4 

93 135 72 60 

6.2 5.8 4.7 5.0 

16 18 9 0 

193 300 151 144 

9. 0 7. 7 9. 1 8. 2 

5.0 6.0 6.5 4.8 

.3 .5 .0 .0 

3. 1 1. 7 2. 8 2. 5 

251 349 205 191 

2 

0 

15 

2 

0 

30 

4 

0 

6 

3 

(j 

5 

8.8 8.8 8.6 7.8 

382 539 296 249 

2 2 2 2 

88 84 79 78 

6/14/51 6/14/51 6/14/51 6/14/51 

Depth (feet) ..•..••••.•••••........•.... 854 1, 196 ' 761 

Diameter (inches) ••...••..•...••.... 12 12 12 

Date drilled ............•.......•...... 1942 1942 1942 

Percent of supply ..........•....•.... -- -- -- 1/Finished water (composite). 

42 

Well2W 

Airfield 

42 

.30 

. 05 

.4 

. 5 

51 

3.0 

0 

120 

10 

7.2 

.o 

2.4 

177 

3 

0 

5 

7.9 

214 

2 

78 

6/14/51 

600 
WeJl 3W Well4W West 2nd Gravelenel Schoolyard 

Airfield Airfield St. Well Well Well 

Silica (Si02) •••••••••••••••• 41 41 I 34 23 19 I 

Iron (Fe) •..•.•...•...•..•.. . 16 o 23 1 . 08 . 06 . 09 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• . 0 • a 1 . 0 . 02 . 0 

Calcium (Ca) .........•..•. . 9 . 8 . 2 . 5 . 6 

Magnesium (Mg) .••.••••••• . 5 . 2 . 7 •. 5 . 7 

Sodium (Na) ............... 53 55 64 80 124 

Potassium (K) ............ 2.4 4.3 5. 6 2. 7 5. 1 

Carbonate (C<Js) •••••••••• 0 0 0 17 20 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) •••••• 125 131 154 157 270 

Sulfate (S04 ) ................ 9. 1 9. 3 8.8 11 8.5 

Chloride (Cl) .............. 5.2 5.2 5.5 5. 0 6.8 

Fluoride (F) ••••..••••.•••. .0 . 1 . 1 . 2 . 5 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• . 7 2.7 • 6 . 3 2.5 

Dissolved solids .•.....•. 176 188 197 219 I 322 

Hardness as .CaC03 : 

Total ...................... 4 3 3 3 4 

Noncarbonate ···•· ·· ·. ·· 0 0 0 0 0 

Color ........................ 6 7 7 8 . 23 

pH ............................ 7. 9 8.0 8.2 8.9 8.8 

Specific cOiiductance 

(micromhos at .25 C. ) 219 235 265 329 500 

Tu.r bidity ................... 1 . 3 2 2 2 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••. 78 78 85 82 85 

Date of collection ........ 6/14/51 6/14/51 6/14/51 6/14/51 6/14/51 <.. 

Depth (feet) ..•.......•.•. 645 --- 1,360 900 1,200 

Diameter (inches) ...... -- -- -- -- -- Date drilled ••.••........ -- -- -- -- -- Percent of supply ...... -- -- -- -- --

43 
Ownership: Municipal. 

HA TTIE3BURG 

(Popula~ion, 29, 474) 

Source: 12 wells (data available for ·only 9 wells, namely, 2, 3, 4, and 9 to 14) 

622, 610, 621,. 353, 456, 635, 422, 400, and 610 ft deep. The yield of the 

wells is reported to be as follows: (2, not reported), 619, 137, 320 (flowing) 

and 950 (pumping), 306, 155 (flowing), 328 (flowing) and 950 (pumping), 240, 

and 135 (flowing) gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration (contact trays), rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 5, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (SiOJ •.•••..••. 

Iron (Fe) •••.•.•••••••• 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• · 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 

Potassium (K)-••••••• 

Car bonate ( C OJ .•••• 

Bicarbonate (BCOJ 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• 

Nitrate (NOJ .••.••••• 

Dissolved solids ••.•• 

1/Raw water. 

1/Finished water. 

Wells 

1/(composite) 

20 

. 66 

I . 0 

6.6 

2.8 

16 

1.2 

0 

64 

8.9 

3.5 

. 0 

.4 

103 

Wells Wells 

.2./(com- .1/(compositej_ .oosite) 

21 Hardness as CaC03 : 

. 18 Total .................. 28 

. 0 Noncarbonate •••••• 0 

8.0 

2.1 Color···················· 10 

17 pH •••••••••••••••• ~ •••.•• 6. 5 

2.7 Specific conductance 

0 (micromhos at 

67 25 c._) •• -••••••••••••• 130 

9.2 Turbidity· •.•••••••••••• 1 

3.0 Temperature (F. ) ••• 70 

. 1 Date of ~ollection ••• 6/13/51 

.4 

102 

44 

Wells 

_gf(comoositel 

29 

0 

8 

7.3 

134 

.. 2 

71 

6/13/51 
JACKSON 

(Population, 98, 271) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 5, 000 people outside of city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 103,300. 

Source: Pearl River. 

Treatment: Coagulation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, and 

chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 14, 000,000 gal. 

Raw-water storage: 8, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 000, 000 gal. 

There is some variation in the chemical character of the water throughout the 

year, but the dissolved solids is usually low. 

ANALYSES 

' (Analyses, in parts per million, . by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO~ •.••••..•. 13 12 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••.•..••••••• 1.2 . 01 Total ••••••••••••• ~ •.• 26 47 

Manganese (Mn) • •••• . 06 . 07 Noncarbonate •••••• 1 16 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••. 7.5 15 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 1.9 2.3 Color .••••••••••••••••••• 80 8 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 4.9 4.4 pH •.••••••••••.•••.•.••.•• 7.0 8.8 

Potassium (K) ••.•••• . 8 . 6 . Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..•.. 0 -- (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 31 1/38 25 c .. )·· ~· ........... 81. 1 122 

Sulfate (S04) .......... 4.0 16 Turbidity ..•••••••••••• 8 2 

Chloride (Cl) ••••.•••• 6.2 6.5 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••..••. . 2 . 1 Date of ~ollection •.• 5/22/51 5/22/51 

Nitrate (NO,} .••..•••. . 8 . 6 

Dissolved solids ••••. 75 85 . ' 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 16 24 8 6.6 7.9 6.0 35 48 6 60' 1000 8 

Finished water ..... 25 40 15 9.0 9.2 8.8 50 60 30 -- -- -- J/Includes the equivalent of less than 5 ppm of carbonate (C03). 

45 
Ownership: Municipal. 

LAUREL 

(Population, 25, 038) 

Source: 7 wells (1, 2, 3A, and 4 to 7), each 400ft deep (depth of well 2 notreported). 

Treatment: Aeration and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment Plant: --

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 120,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per n1illion, by U. S. Geological Survey) ! 

l!Jwens I Well 1 

Silica · (Si<>t) .••••....•...... 

Iron (Fe) ••.......•...•..... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..•......•..•. 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••. 

Sodium (Na) ....•••.•.•...• 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••.• 

Carbonate (CO,) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ···•-·· 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) •••••••.•.•••. 

Fluoride (F) ••••••••••••••• 

Nitrate (NO,) ..•.••.•..•••. 

Dissolved solids ••..•.••. 

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ...•.•••••••...•...••. 

Noncarbonate ••••••••••• 

Color ..•.•.•.•••.••..•..••.•• 

pll .......•...•...•..•.. , ••..•. 

Specific conductance 

41 

. 09 

• 0 

2. 9 

3.8 

44 

5. 2 

0 

133 

12 

4.2 

• 2 

2.7 

187 

23 

0 

8 

7.7 

(micromhos at 25 C.) 235 

Tu.r bidi ty • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 

Temperature (F. ). • ••••• . --

Date of codection ••..•... 6/13/51 

Depth (feet) .....•..............•....... 

Diameter (inches) ••..••.........•.... 

I>a,te drilled ••..••.•••..........••.•..• 

Percent of supply ••.•................ 

..!/Finished water (composite). 

35 

. 07 

. 0 

1.8 

1.1 

66 

3.2 

0 

164 

9.4 

4.0 

• 3 

2. 5 

207 

9 

0 

8 

7. 6 

280 

2 

73 

6/13/51 

400 

12 

1926 

--

46 

Well 3A 

60 

. 09 

.o 

4.4 

2.2 

30 

2.6 

0 

92 

11 

3.5 

• 0 

• 5 

165 

20 

0 

12 

6.9 

171 

3 

80 

6/13/51 

400 

12 

1948 

--

Well4 

49 

.09 

. 0 

4. 1 

1.2 

26 

1.0 

0 

73 

9.6 

3.8 

. 0 

. 6 

147 

15 

0 

6 

7. 1 

144 

2 

83 

6/13/51 

400 

12 

1950 

--

Well 7 

29 

. 10 

. 0 

3.4 

2. 1 

79 

5.3 

0 

212 

8.2 

3.8 

. 5 

1.0 

243 

17 

0 

10 

7. 9 

337 

2 

79 

6/13/51 

400 

12 

1950 

--
Ownership: Municipal. 

MCCOMB 

(Population, 10, 401) 

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3) 100, 500-600, and 600-700 ft deep. The yield of the wells 

is reported to be 500, 1, 000, and 1, 200 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. - , - .· · 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 350,000 gal. 

ANALYSES . 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

Silica (~iO:a) •. • • •• • .•••• ••• • • . • • •• 30 

Iron (Fe)........................... . 12 

Manganese (Mn) • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • 02 

Calcium (Ca) . . . • • . • ..• • •.• • •••••• 2. 8 

Magnesium (Mg) • • • . • • • . • • • • • • • • 1. 1. 

Sodium (Na). •• • . •• • • •.• . •.• • . • • • •• 24 

Potassium (K) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1. 3 

Carbonate (CO:J •• • •.•. •.•••••• .• 0 

Bicarbonate (HCO:J............. 53 

Sulfate (S04) • • • • • • ............... ·• 11 

Chloride ( Cl). • • •• • • •.• • •• • ••• . • •• 7. 0 

Fluoride (F) •• • •• •• •. • • •• •••••• •• . 1 

Nitrate (NO:J • . • • • • • • • . . • . . • • • • • •• 1. 8 

Dissolved solids .••••.•.•.••.••• · 133 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

~otaLl •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Noncarbonate •.•••..•.•••••••• 

12 

0 

Color ................... ........... . 

pH .•••.••..•..•••••••.••••..••••••••• 

7 

6.6 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 2.5 C. ) •••••• 

~r bidity •.•••••••• ~ ••••••••••••••• 

~em perature (F. ) ••••.••••••••• 

Date of collection ~ •••••••••••••• 

135 

1 

72 

6/15/51 

Depth (feet) ............................•....... 

Diameter (inches) .•....•.......•.•.•.•••.••. 

Date drilled .................................. . 

Percent of supply .............••.••••••...••. 

47 

Well1 

11 

. 10 

. 04 

9.8 

4.2 

13 

1.9 

0 

7 

31 

16 

. 1 

11 

111 

42 

36 

3 

5. 3 

168 

0 

69 

6/15/51 

100 

8 

Well2 

66 ' 

• 50 

.0 

1.4 

.4 

27 

1.6 

0 

67 ' 

5. 1 

4.0 

.l 

. 8 

147 

5 

0 

7 

6. 7 

127 

0 

72 

6/15/51 

500-600 

12 

Well3 

71 

. 16 

• 0 

2.3 

. 6 

27 

2. 5 

0 

67 

5. 3 

4.8 

. 1 

. 5 

150 

8 

0 

6 

6. 8 

127 

0 

72 

6/15/51 

600-700 

12 
MERIDIAN 

(Population, 41, 893) 

Ownership: Municipal; population supplied outside of the city limits, about 

10,000. Total_population supplied, about 51, 900. 

Source: 3 lakes, fed by springs. Equal distribution of water from each lake to 

city. Emergency supply: one lake. 

Treatmeht: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 200, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water stroage: 6, 500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Lake 3 Finished Lake3 

(raw water (raw 

water) water) 

Silica (SiOJ •• o ••...•. 5.2 4.5 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ..• o •o •••••••. . 06 • 06 Total ................. 8 

Manganese (Mn) •··•o . 0 0 07 Noncarbonate .••.•. 1 

Calcium (Ca) ••••.••• 0 1.6 5.4 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 1.1 1.2 Color .••••••••••••••••••• 25 

Sodium (Na) .......... o 1.6 1.6 pH •.••••••••••.•••.•.•.•• 6.2 

Potassium (K) •••o••• . 6 . 5 Specific conductance 

Car bonate ( C 0,} ..•• o 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCO,} 9 13 25 C.) •••..•••••••.•• 25.8 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 1.9 8.4 Turbidity .••••••••••••• 3 

Chloride (Cl) ..••...•• 2.8 3.2 Temperature (F. ) ••• -- Fluoride (F) •••• •o ...• . 0 . 0 Date of collection •.• 6/12/51 

Nitrate (NO,} .••.•••.• . 8 o4 

Dissolved solids •..•. 27 38 ..• 

48 

Finished 

water 

18 

8 

10 

6.8 

49.5 

2 

-- 6/12/51 
NATCHEZ 

(Population, 22, 740) :. . 

Ownership: Municipal; population supplied outside .of .the ._ city~. Umits) 100. Total 

population supplied, 22, 840. _,; -... ·--~·-~ · 

Source: 6 wells (1 to 6) 457, 612, 449, 612, 425, .and 660 ft ·deep.. The yield . _ 

from each well is reported to be 500 gpm. . ... 

Treatment: Split treatment: Aeration, softening with lime, recarbonation, rapid 

(anthrafilt) filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 250, 000 gal. 

The entire supply is not softened; only a part. Then the softened water and 

the raw water are mixed in such proportions as to give a water of the desired 

. hardness prior to filtration. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, mparts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

.!/Four YWells Wells 

Silica (SiOJ ...••.•••. 45 

Iron (Fe) ....•..•..•••. . 74 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 02 

Calcium (Ca) ••.•.•••• 56 

MagneSium (Mg) •••.. 21 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••. 35 

Potassium (K) ••..••. 4.8 

Carbonate (CO,) ..•.. 0 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 338 

Sulfate (804) ........... 14 

Chloride (Cl) .•••.•••. 5. 2 

Fluoride (F) •••.•..•.. • 0 

Nitrate (NO,) .••.••••. 1.8 

Dissolved solids •.•.. 350 

1/Raw water (composite). 

_;!Finished water (composite). 

38 

. 08 

. 0 

7.4 

9.9 

34 

4.1 

19 

88 

23 

6.5 

• 0 

1.1 

187 

..!/Four 

Wells 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total .................. 226 

Noncarbonate .••.•. 0 

Color .••••••• ~ •••••• _ ••••• 4 

pH •••••.•••.••••••••.•.•• 7.0 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c._) •• -••••••• ~ ••••• 531 

TueZidity ..•.•••..••••.• 1 

T perature (F. ) ••. 71 

Date of ~ollection •.• 6/15/51 ' 

49 

.YWells 

59 

0 

4 

9, 1 

270 

0 

78 

6/14/51 
PASCAGOULA 

(Population, 10, 805) 

Ownership: Municipal; population supplied outside of city limits, about 200. Total population supplied, about 11, oob. . Source: 5 wells (1 and 2, Common St.; 1, 2, and 3, Beach St.), each 800ft deep·. 

The yield of each well is reported to be 2, 300 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 200,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

· (~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ........•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•....... 

Magnesium (Mg) ......•.. 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride {Cl) ............. . 

Fluor ide (F) .............. . 

. Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

34 

. 05 

• 0 

2.7 

. 7 

244 

11 

0 

330 

• 6 

196 

. 3 

1.2 

654 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate .•........•• 

Color ....................... _ .. . 

pH .••..•.••...•.••..••.•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •••..•.•.....•........ 

Turbidity ..........••••...... 

Temperature (F. ) •..••.•.•• 

Date of collection •••...... 

-

Depth (feet) ....................................................................... . 

Diameter (inches) ............................................................... . 

Date drilled ..................................•.................................... 

Percent of supply ................................................................ . 

50 

• 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

10 

0 

32 

8.0 

1,120 

0 

87 

6/14/51 

800 

12 
TUPELO 

(Population, 11, 527) 

Ownership: Municipal; population supplied outside of. the city limits, 50. Total 

population supplied, 11, 577. 

Source: 7 wells (1 to 6, and East Tupelo) 460, 460, 460, 468, 470,- 501, and 380 

ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 300, 310, 310, 450, 300, 

780, and 80 gpm. Emergency supply: a surface reservoir of 262, 000 gal 

supplied by these 7 wells. · 

Treatment: Chlorination. A chlorine residual of 0. 2 to 0. 3 ppm is maintained in 

the reservoir. 

Storage: For emergency, 262, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 332, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Well2 !/Wells Well2 

Silica (SiOJ •••••..••. 17 16 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ••..•.•••••••. . 03 . 66 Total !~• •••••••••••••.• 95 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 01 . 01 Noncar bonate .••••• 0 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••. 29 33 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 5.6 5. 2 Color .• ; ••••••••••••••••• 5 

Sodium (Na) .......... 46 45 pH ••••••••••••.•••.•••••• . 7.6 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 4.6 7.0 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ..••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 122 104 25 c._) ••••••••••••••• 405 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 8. 1 16 Turbidity· •••••••.•••••• 1 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 65 71 Temperature (F.) ••• 66 

Fluoride (F) ••••••.••. . 0 . 0 Date of collection •.. 5/21/51 . 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••••. 1.2 . 5 

Dissolved solids •..•. 238 246 -,---"-· 

Depth (feet) ...•.............•..................•.••..•..••..•.............. 460 

Diameter (inches) ················~······································· 12 

Date drilled ··············•••·••••···········•••••·•·····••·••············· 1931 

Percent of supply .......••.••.••••........•.......•..••••.•••............ --

.!/Finished water (composite). 

51 

.!/Wells 

104 

19 

5 

7.7 

429 

1 

-- 5/21/51 
VICKSBURG 

(Population, 27, 948) 

Ownership: Municipal; population supplied outside of the city limits, about 10, 000. 

Total population supplied, about 37, 900. 

Source: Mississippi River. 

Treatment: Copper sulfate, coagulation with lime and ferric sulfate, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 500, 000 gal. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 630, 000 gal. 

There is some variation in the chemical character of the water throughout the 

year. 

ANALYSEs· 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••.•••• 8.3 7.2 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•••••••••••• . 03 0 04 Total ................. 172 202 

Manganese {Mn) ••••• · . 0 . 0 Noncarbonate •••••• 46 80 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 46 58 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 14 14 Color .••••••••••••••••••• 15 6 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 32 31 pH .•••••••••••••••••.•.•. 7.5 7.8 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 2.7 4.6 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 154 149 25 C.) •.•.•••••••••.• 483 524 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 67 93 'Pllrbidity · .•••••••••••.• ' 2 1 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 34 35 Temperature (F. ) ••• 76 77 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 3 . 1 Date of collection •.. 6/16/51 6/16/51 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••• 3.6 2.5 

Dissolved solids •.••. 304 356 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951.!/ 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .•....••. 100 120 85 7. 8 8.0 7. 7 100 120 80 1000 1500 800 

Finished water ••. 90 120 90 8._ 4 8 4 8 4 110 . 120 100 0 0 0 

..!/Fiscal year. 

52 
YAZOO CITY 

(Population, 9, 746) 

Ownership: Municipal; population supplied outside of the city limits, 100. Total 

population supplied, 9, 846. 

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3), each 900ft deep. The yield of the::wells is reported to 

be 1, 100, 1, 000, and 2, 000 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. · 

ltaw-water storage: None. 

Finished-:-water storage: 300, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ........•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) .••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•....... 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••. 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••.•... 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

Wells (composite) Finished water 

22 

. 09 

• 0 

1.3 

• 5 

77 

• 9 

0 

194 

8.2 

3. 5 

. 2 

. 9 

212 

Hardness .as CaCOs: 

Total ...................... . 

Noncarbonate .••.•......•. 

Color ......................... . 

pH •••..•.••...••••.....•......... 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ......... -............ . Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F~ ) •..••.•... 

Date of collection .••..•... 

I 

53 

· Wells (composite} Finished water 

5 

0 

7 

8.2 

317 

2 

82 

5/22/51 
TENNESSEE 

BRISTOL 

(Population, · 16, 771) 

Ownership: Municipal; population supplied outside the city limits, about 3, 300. 

Total population supplied, about 20, 100. 

Source: South Fork Holston River. The intake is about three-quarters of a mile 

east of the treatment plant. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and li~e, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 700, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is loc-ated on Rural Route 421, 6. 5 miles northeast of 

Bristol. 

There is some variation in the chemical character of the water throughout the 

year. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) - · 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO~ .••••.•••• 4.4 4.5 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ..•••.•••••••. . 02 • 07 Total •••••••••••••••• 64 67 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 0 . 0 Noncarbonate •••••• 4 14 

Calcium (Ca) ···'!····· 17 18 

Magnesium (Mg).-•••• 5.3 5. 3 Color .•••••••••••••• _ ••••• 8 5 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 2.2 2.5 pH .•••••••••••.•••••••.•. 7. 3 7.2 

Potassium (K} ••••••• . 6 1.1 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs} .•••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 74 64 25 c. ) ............... 137 143 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 6.4 13 Turbidity •.••••••••••.• 3 1 

Chloride (Cl) ..••.•••• 2.2 5. ·0 Temperature (F.) ••. 48 48 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 0 . 0 Date of collection •.• 3/28/51 3/28/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••.•••. 1.6 1.6 

Dissolved solids ••••. 82 83 ---

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av · Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 79 128 40 7. 9 8. 9 7.2 74 160 24 30 500 2 

Finished water ... 70 117 16 6. 9 7. 6 5.9 80 166 34 0 0 0 

54 
CHATTANOOGA 

(Population, 131, 041) \ 

Ownership: City Water Co. Supplies also, dutside of city limits, a population 

of about 61,000, and the communities of East Brainer, East Ridge, Lookout 

Mountain, Lookout Valley, and Red Bank. Total population supplied, about 

230, 700. 

Source: Tennessee River. The intake is about half a mile east of the treatment 

plant. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedim~ntation, rapid sand filtration, 

ammoniation, chlorination, and adjustment of pH. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 32, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 6, 500, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is located in the eastern part of the city. There is some 

variation in the chemical character of the raw water throughout the year, but 

the amount of dissolved solids is usually low. The analysis given represents 

water from the river at flood stage. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, . by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOJ ..••••.•.. 4.5 3.8 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•.•..••••••• • 09 . 09 Total ······ .......... 34 59 

Manganese (Mn) • •••• · . 0 . 0 Noncarbonate .••.•. 5 29 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••. 10 19 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•.. 2. 1 2.8 Color····· •••••.••••••.•• 20 5 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 3.3 2.1 pH •••••.••..•••••••. · ••••• 6. 9 7.6 

Potassium (K) ••..••. . 7 1.1 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..... 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 35 36 25 c. ) ............... 85.8 138 

Sulfate (S04) .......... 5.8 28 Turbidity ..•.••••••••.• 1 3 

Chloride (Cl) ••••.••.. 2.0 4.0 Temperature (F.) ••• -- 56 

Fluoride (F) •••••.•... • 2 . 0 Date oi collection ..• 3/30/51 3/30/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••...•. 2.7 1.1 

Dissolved solids •..•. 72 88 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, .1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) . (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

.Raw water ......... 57 74 36 7. 5 7. 5 7. 1 -- 66 42 38 433 14 

Finished water ... 58 73 35 7. 6 8. 1 7.4 62 . 75 45 0 0 0 

55 
CLARKSVILLE 

(Population, 16, 246) 

Ownership: Municipal. Population supplied outside the city limits, about 800. 

Total population supplied, about 17,000. 

Source: Cumberland River. The intake is located near the treatment plant, 

which is on the bank of the river in the southwestern part of the city. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

chlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 650, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiOJ •••••.•••• 4.4 4.0 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ..•••..•••• -••• . 09 . 08 Total •••••••••••••••.• 76 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 0 . 0 Noncarbonate •••••• 11 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••. 24 33 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 4.0 4. 1 Color .••••••••••••••••••• 10 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 2.7 3.2 pH ••••••••••••••••••••.•• 7. 3 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 1.4 1.4 Specific conductance 

Car bonate (COs) ••••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 80 90 25 C.) •••..•••••••••• 161 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 13 26 Turbidity .••.•••••••••• 3 

Chloride (Cl) ••••.•.•• 1.2 4.0 Temperature (F.) ••• 48 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••. . 2 . 0 Date of collection ••• 3/26/51 

Nitrate (NOs) .•••••••• 1.9 1.4 

Dissolved solids ••••. 103 141 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

99 

25 

6 

7o 5 

218 

3 

50 

3/26/51 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av M~ Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 84 130 41 7. 5 8.4 7.0 94 130 64 70 900 4 

Finished water ... 74 117 20 7. 3 8.4 6 .. 0 101 144 64 . 8 1. 0 . 3 

56 
CLEVELAND 

(Population, 12, 605) 

Ownership: Municipal. Population supplied outside, of the city limits, about 

6, 600. Total population supplied, about 19, 200. 

Source: Payne Spring and Waterville Spring. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 100, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ........•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•.....•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .......•.•.... , 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Springs 

(finished 

water) 

6.8 

. 07 

. 0 

24 

12 

} 2.9 

0 

131 

2.0 

3.0 

• 0 

2.4 

117 

Hardness .as CaC<>s: 

Total ...................... . 

Nonc.a.rbo~tate .••.•....... 

Color ......................... . 

pH .••..•..•.........•..•......•. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) 0 •••••• ••••••••••••••• 

Turbidity ........•..•.•...... 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••.•... 

Date of collection ..•...... 

l 

57 

Springs 

(finished 

water) 

109 

2 

2 

7.6 

203 

2 

58 

3/30/51 
COLUMBIA 

(Population, 10, 911) 

Ownership: Municipal. Population supplied outside of the city limits, about 

5, 100. Total population supplied, about 16, 000. 

Source: Duck River. The intake is located at the treatme·nt plant which is on the 

bank of the river in the eastern part of the city. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and· lime, sedimentation, 

rapid anthrafilt filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 940,000 gal. 

The river was at high stage at the time of the collection of the samples. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiO~ •.•••...•. 4.5 1.1 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ...••.•••••••• . 06 . 02 Total •••••••••••••••.• 86 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 0 . 0 Noncarbonate •.•••• 10 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 30 40 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 2.6 2.5 Color .••••••••••••••••••• 40 

SOdium (Na) •••••••••• 1.2 2.0 pH ..••••••••••••••••••.•• 7. 4 

Potassium (K) ••.•••. 1.4 . 9 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) •.••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 92 72 25 c. ) ............... 166 

Sulfate (SO,) ...••.•••. 7. 6 43 Turbidity ..•••••.•••••• 9 

.Chloride ( Cl) •••• ~ •.•• 2.0 5. 0 Temperature (F.) ••• 55 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 3 . 0 Date of collection .•• 3/31/51 

Nitrate (NOs) •••.••••. 2.0 2. 1 

. . 

Dissolved solids •..•. 134 150 

Reg1tlar determinations at treatment plant, 1.9fiJ ~ 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

110 

51 

4 

6. 9 

227 

2 

56 

3/31/51 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

' Av Max Min Av Max 1\ilin Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 119 126 116 8.0 8.4 7. 4 111 120 100 121 1200 45 

Finished water ... 134 148 130 7.6 7.8 6.8 137' 144 128 -- -- --

58 
DYERSBURG 

(Population, 10, 885) 

Ownership: Municipal; suppli~s also about 3, 100 people outside of the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 14, 000. 

Source: 5 wells (1, 3, and,4 to 6), only 2 of which (5 and 6) are in operation, 

The depth of the wells is reported to be as follows: 600-700, 600-700, 610, 690, 

and 635ft. Well 5, with a reported yield of 2, 000 gpm, furnishes 90 percent 

of the supply. · 

Treatment: Aeration (limestone trays), sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and 

chlorination. 

Rated cap.acity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gal. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 834,000 gal. 

The treatment plant is near the Municipal Building. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

·si,lica (SiOJ .; •••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) •••••.••••••••••••.••••••••••• 

Manganese (Mil) ••••••••••••••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) • •• •• •• •• •••••••••••••••• 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) ••••••••••• ~ ••••••••••••••• 

Potassium (K) •••••••.•••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (BCOJ ••.•••••••• ~ ••••• 

Sulfate (S04). •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .•••.••••••••••••• ······~ 

Fluoride (" •.•••.•••••••••••.•••••••• 

Nitrate (NOs) •.••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

1rotaLl •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Noncar bonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 

Color .................................. . 

pH •...••.••••...•••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ••••••••••. 

Tu.rbidity ••••••• ~ ••••••••••••••••••••• 

Temperature (F.) .•.•••••••••••••••• 

Date of collection •.•••••••••••••.••• 

Depth (feet) ....•............•........ 

Diam_eter (inches) ................. . 

Date drilled ......•.................. 

Percent of supply ...........•...... 

Well 5 

(raw water) 

8.3 

4.0 

• 0 

12 

6.0 

5.4 

1.2 

0 

74 

4.1 

2. 5 

• 0 

.4 

76 

55 

0 

2 

6.3 

127 

3 

65 

3/25/51 

59 

690 

24 

1945 

90 

Well6 Well 5 

(raw water) (finished water) 

9.4 9.0 

3.4 . 08 

-- . 0 

11 11 

6.5 6.7 

4.9 5.0 

. 7 . 6 

0 0 

74 73 

4.6 4.0 

2.8 3.5 

. 2 .0 

. 3 . 5 

74 77 

54 55 

0 0 

7 4 

6.2 6.8 

134 128 

-- 2 

65 68 

7/5/51 3/25/51 

635 

18 

1951 

10 
ELIZABETHTON 

(Population, 10, 754) 

Ownership: Municipal. Population supplied outside of the city limits, about 

1, 300. Total population supplied, 12, 100. 

Source: Hampton Spring. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 900,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•...........•... 

Manganese (Mn) ••••.••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..........•... 

Magnesium (Mg) .••..•••. 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) •.•••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•....... 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Finished 

water 

11 

. 07 

• 0 

13 

7.4 

1.4 

. 6 

0 

72 

6.0 

1.8 

. 2 

1.4 

73 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate ..•.•.•..... 

Color ......................... . 

pH •••..•.••..••••..••..•..•..... 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) ....•.•..• 

Date of collection •••.•.... 

60 

Finished 

water 

63 

4 

3 

7.9 

128 

2 

53 

3/29/51 
JACKSON 

(Population, 30, 207) 

Ownership: Municipal. Population supplied outside the city limits, about 4, 900. 

Total population supplied, about 35, 100. Sour~e: 6 wells located on South Royal Street, 140 to 165ft deep. The average 

yield is reported to be 782 gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration (coke trays) and sedimentation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 6, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

Malyses, in parts per million, b y u. S . G 1 eo ogt.c ·a1Su rvey ) 

Wells Wells (comWell 10 Well 14 (composite) posite) FinRaw water ished water 

Silica (SiOJ •••••••••••••••••••••• 13 16 16 16 

Iron (Fe) ••.•••••••.•••••••••••••••• . 05 • 02 . 42 . 10 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••• . 0 . 0 .04 . 0 

Calcium (Ca) ..••..•.... ~ •••.••••• 9. 6 18 12 12 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••••••••• 3 . 3 7.2 4.5 4.7 

Sodium (Na) .•••••.•••... ~ •••.• · •••• 7. 3 14 9. 9 11 

Potassium (K) .•••.••••••••••.•••• 1.1 3.0 1.0 1.2 

Carbonate (COs) •.•..•.•••••••••• 0 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••.•••••••• 23 22 18 20 

Sulfate (804) • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • .... • •• 16 52 29 29 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••••• ~ •••••.••• 8. 5 16 11 13 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... . 0 . 1 . 0 . 1 

Nitrate (NOs) •.••••••••.•..••••••• 8.6 12 12 8.8 

Dissolved solids •••.•••••••••••• 86 166 104 109 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ............................ 38 74 48 49 

Noncarbonate •.••..••.•••.•••• 19 56 34 33 

Color ................... ............ 5 10 4 5 

pH .••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••.• 6.0 6.0 6.5 6.3 . Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 c._.) •••••• 124 245 158 169 

Turbidity •.•••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 2 0 2 

Temperature (F. ) ••••.••••••••• 63 62 62 61 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••• .6/28/51 6/28/51 6/28/51 6/28/51 

Depth· (feet) 0 0 

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • o 144 148 

Diameter (inches) · · · · · · · · · · oo .. 12 10 

Date drilled · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · o • • .1940 1947 

Percent of supply o o •••••• oe. o ••• -- --

61 
JOHNSON CITY 

(Population, 27, 864) 

Ownership: Municipal. Population supplied outside the city limits, about 7, 200. 

Total population supplied, about 35, 100. 

Source: 3 springs and Indian Creek. The springs furnish about 90 percent of the 

supply. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and lime for adjustment of pH. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 200, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 925, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is about 5 miles southeast of Johnson City near Unicoi, 

Tenn. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Indian Creek Springs Springs 

(raw water) (composite) (composite) 

Raw water Finished water 

Silica (SiOa) •••.•.•••••••••••••••••••• 4.5 8.8 7.2 

Iron (Fe) •••••.••••• .-•••••••••••••••••• . 02 . 04 . 07 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••.••••••• . 0 . 0 . 0 

Calcium (Ca) ····•····················· 4.2 12 13 

Magnesium (Mg) •.••••••••••••••••••• 2.0 7.6 6. 9 

Sodium (Na) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1. 6 . 9 1.2 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• . 6 . 5 . 9 

Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••••••• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••••• · •••••• 19 . 70 70 

Sulfate (SO,.). ••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ 3.2 3.3 ·3.3 

Chloride ( Cl) .••••• · ••••••••••••••••••• 1.0 1.2 1.8 

Fluoride (F') •••••••••••••••••••••••••• . 2 • 1 .0 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1.4 1. 5 1.4 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 38 71 70 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ................................ 19 61 61 

Noncarbonate •··········· •••••••.•• 3 4 3 I 

Color ................................... 22 4 3 

pH •..•.•••••..••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7.0 7.8 7.8 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) ••••••••••• . 42.9 117 122 

Tu.rbidity ................•............ 7 2 1 

Temperature (F. ) ·• • · •• • • · ••••••••••• 51 54 60 

Date of collection •.••••••••••••••••• 3/29/51 3/29/51 3/29/51 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 19fJJ 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Tu.rbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

' Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .•....... 28 .. 37 10 7.0 7.0 6.9 -- -- -- 5. 1 48 2o8 

Finished water .•. 46 54 35 8. 5 8.1 7.0 --· -- -- 0 0 0 

62 
KINGSPORT 

(Population, 19, 571) 

Ownership: Municipal. Population supplied outside of city limits, about 2, 400. 

Total population supplied, about 22, 000. 

Source: South Fork Holston River, regular supply; a mountain reservoir (an 

impounded supply), auxiliary or emergency supply. 

Treatment: Aeration, prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment of pH. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 000, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is 1 mile southwest of KingsporL 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiO:r) •.•••.•.•. 4.5 4.4 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••.•..••••••• . 10 . 08 Total ................ 131 

Manganese (Mn) •••• ; . 0 . 0 No ncar bonate •••.•. 29 

Calcium (Ca) .••.••••• 36 32 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 10 7. 1 Color .•••••••••• •••••••·• 20 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 16 14 pH .......•............... 7.0 

Potassium (K) ••.•••• 4.0 2.3 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 124 102 25 C.) ••.•..•••••••.•. 312 

Sulfate (804) •••••••••• 41 49 Turbidity· ..•••••.•.•••• 1 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 7. 5 5.5 Temperature (F.) ••• _ 55 

Fluoride (F) ••.••••••. . 1 • 1 Date of collection ..• 3/28/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .••.••••. 15 5. 6 

Dissolved solids •.••. 199· 171 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 · __c_ .. 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

109 

25 

12 

7. 7 

292 

1 

54 

3/28/51 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 T~rbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 74 115 38 7. 5 8.2 · 6. 9 89 128 46 53 650 8 

Finished water ... 80 121 41 8.1 9.0 6.9 102 144 52 0 0 0 

63 
KNOXVILLE 

(Population, 124, 769) 

Ownership: Municipal. Population supplied outside the city limits, about 

40,800. Total population supplied, about 165, 600. 

Source: Tennessee River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, ammoniation, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment of pH. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 25,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: ·None. 

Finished-water storage: 12, 900,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiO~ •..•.....• 4.4 4.2 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•.••••.••••• • 09 . 17 Total •••••••••••••••.• 84 

Manganese (Mn) ...... . 0 • 0 Noncarbonate •••••• 14 

Calcium (Ca) •••••.•••• 2.6 38 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 4.6 5.2 Color···················· 25 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 5.6 7.7 pH .•••••••.••••.••••••••• 7. 5 

Potassium (K) ••..••• . 8 •I 2.4 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 85 86 25 c.) •••...••••••... 187 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 10 27 Turbidity •••••••••••••• 19 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 9.5 24 Temperature (F.) ••• 54 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 1 . 0 Date of ~ollection •.. 3/29/51 

Nitrate (NOj .•••.•••. 1.0 1.7 

Dissolved solids ••••• 127 188 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 195 o 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

116 

46 

4 

7. 6 

275 

2 

55 

3/29/51 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

.Raw water ......... 71 94 51 7.8 8.0 7.6 98 137 56 24 350 7 

Finished water ... 71 92 53 7. 8 8.0 7.4 112 154 71 . 59 .89 . 16 

64 
MEMPffiS 

(Population, 396, 000) 

I 

Ownership: Municipal--Memphis Light, Gas and Water Division. 

Source: 86 wells, 51 in Parkway Well Field and 35 in Sheahan Well Field 

(another well field is being developed). Fifty-four of the eighty-six wells 

range in depth from 400 to 600ft and 19 from 1, 300 to 1, 400 ft. Of ·the 

remaining wells 10 are between 300 and 400ft deep . . The yield of most of 

the wells, all depths, is reported to be from 400 to 500 gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration {limestone trays) and rapid sand filtration, for the removal 

of iron and hydrogen sulfide. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant; 55,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 43,000,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Well 2A Well 23 Well 38 Well 47 

Parkway Parkway Parkway Parkway 

Field Field Field Field 

Silica (Si02) •••••••••••••••• 13 13 10 12 

Iron (Fe) .•.......•..••..... .44 . 41 . 69 .37 

Manganese (Mn) .••.••••••• • 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 

Calcium (Ca) ............•. 10 11 3.8 13 

Magnesium (Mg) ••.••••••• 5. 5 5. 6 • 7 6. 5 

Sodium (Na) ......•.••.•.•. 8.2 9.2 40 8.3 

Potassium (K) •••••••. , ••• 1.3 . 9 3.0 . 6 

Carbonate (COs) .••••.•••. 0 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••.•• 72 78 112 86 

Sulfate (S04 ) ............... 3.2 3. 1 ·5. 3 3.8 

Chloride (Cl) .•••.......... 3.0 3.0 1.8 3.2 

Fluoride (F) ••••..••••••••. . 0 . 1 • 1 . 1 

Nitrate (NOs) •.•.•••••••••• .4 . 3 . 9 . 3 

Dissolved solids .......... 81 85 122 90 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Tota.l ...•.•••••........•... 48 50 12 59 

Noncarbonate · · • • • · · • · · • 0 0 0 0 

Color •.•.•.• _ .••..••.....••.••. 6 18 9 7. 

J)ll •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7. 0 6. 9 7. 5 6.5 

Specific cODductance 

(micromhos at .25 C. ) 123 128 . 173 144 

Tu.rbi.dity •••••••••••••.••.•. 2 2 2 2 

Temperature ·(F.) •••••••• 62 62 71 63 .Date of collection •...•... 4/2/51 4/2/51 4/2/51 4/2/51 . . 

·l)eptll._ (feet}__. • ............ 567 493 1,376 638 .aaJDeter "{inches) ....... 10 8 8 -- Date clrilled ............... 1~43 1924 1941 1948 

Percent of supply ........ -- -- -- --

65 

Well 59 

Sheahan 

Field 

13 

. 21 

.o 

6. 7 

3.6 

12 

.6 

0 

51 

5 .. 8 

6.0 

. 1 

1.1 

76 

32 

0 

9 

6. 9 

108 

2 

61 

4/2/51 

366 

10 

1935 

--
Well 65 

Sheahan 

Field 

Silica (Si02) •••••••••••••••• 12 

Iron (Fe) •........•...•..... . 60 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• . 0 

Calcium (Ca) .............. 2. 7 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••• 1.3 

Sodium (Na) ........•.....• 35 

Potassium (K) •........•.. 2. 5 

Carbonate (COs) .•........ 0 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) •••••• 101 

Sulfate (S04 ) • • • • • • • • • ... • • • • , 5. 1 

Chloride (Cl} ...•.......... 2, 0 

Fluoride (F) .•......•...... . 1 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• . 5 

Dissolved solids .•.....•. 112 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ...................... 12 

Noncarbonate · · ·•· ·· ·· •· 0 

Color ........................ 17 

pH ..........................•. 7.7 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at .25 C. ) 160 

Turbidity ...•.•..•...•...... 2 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••. 70 

Date of collection ........ ' 4/2/51 

Depth (feet) ............• 1,305 Diameter (inches) ...... 8 

Date drilled ............. 1941 

Percent of supply ...... -- 1/Raw water (composite). 

YFinished water (composite). 

Wells 

Parkway 

Field 1/ 

13 . 43 

. 0 

8.2 

4.6 

17 

1.7 

0 

85 

3.7 

2. 5 

. 1 

.4 

94 

39 

0 

7 

6.9 

137 

2 

-- 4/2/51 

66 

Wells Wells Wells 

Sheahan Parkway Sheahan 

Field 1} Field 2) FieldY 

14 14 14 

. 34 . 07 . 08 . 0 . . 0 . 0 

8.2 9. 4 7. 9 

3.8 4.6 3. 1 

13 16 15 

. 7 2.4 1.8 

0 0 0 

65 84 65 

4.6 4.0 4.5 

4.2 4.2 4.5 

. 1 . 0 . 0 

. 3 • 6 . 9 

81 98 84 

36 42 32 

0 0 0 

4 3 3 

6.8 7.4 7.4 

120 145 119 

3 1 1 

63 70 71 

4/2/51 4/2/51 4/2/51 
MORRISTOWN 

(Population, 13, 019) 

Ownership: Municipal. · '\ 

Source: Havely Spring furnishes 65 percent df supply; Cherokee Lake 20 percent; ·and 1 well, 214 ft deep, 15 per cent. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and 

chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 083,000 gal • 

. The treatment plant is about 2 mUes northwest of Morristown. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, , by U •. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

J)water 1/water 1/water 

Silica (SiOa) •••.•.•••• 7.5 7.2 Hardness as CaC03.: 

Iron (Fe) •.•.•.•••••••• . 01 . 07 Total .,. ••••••••••••••.• 157 

Manganese (Mn) •···· . 0 0 0 Noncarbonate •••••• 5 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 35 38 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 17 16 Color·· ·····~~······.-···· 6 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••. 1.2 1..1 pH······~················ 7. 6 

Potassium (K) ••..••. 1.0 1. 9. Specific conductance 

Carbonate (CO,) ..••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (IICO,) 186 180 I• 25 c. ) ............... 287 

Sulfate (SOJ ........... 2.5 4.4 Turbidity· ••••••••••••.• ' 2 

Chloride (Cl) ••••.•••• 2.0 4.0 Temperatui'e (F. ) ••• 58 

Fluoride (F) •••••.•••• . 1 0 0 · Date of. ~ollection •.. 3/29/51 

Nitrate (NO,} •••..•.•. 6.6 5. 6 

Dissolved solids ••••. 165 168 

Regular determinations· at treatment plant, 199J 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

.!/water 

161 

13 

2 

7.6 

291 

2 

59 

3/29/51 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity (ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max M·in Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ........ -. 145 173 106 7.3 7.6 ,7. 1 161 202 84 -- -- -- Finished water ... 135 168 98 7. l 7.5 6. 9 152 194 82 -- -- -- _!/Havely Spring. 

67 
I . 

I /. 

MURFREESBORp 

(Population, 13, 0512) 

Ownership: Municipal. Population supplied outside of the city limits, about 

3, 000. Total population supplied, about 16, 100. 

Source: · Springs furnish 80 percent of the supply and Stone River 20 percent. One 

well 346ft deep and with a reported yield of 1, 120 gpm, auxiliary supply. 

The Stone River supply is used only during the dry season. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000,000 gpd. · 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 500, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is about 1 mile southwest of Murfreesboro. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

-;~" 

· .!/water .!/water 1/water _!/water 

Silica (SiO~ •.•••.••.. 6.4 4.6 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) · ..• ~ •..•..•••. . 03 . 05 Total ................. 135 140 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 0 .0 Noncarbonate ....... · 9 14 

Calcium (Ca) •.••••••. 48 52 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 3.7 2.4 Color········~··········· 13 '2 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 2.0 2.0 pH .••••• ~·· •••..••••.•.•• 7.6 7.8 

Potassium (K) ••••••• . 9 1.5 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (CO,) •..•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 154 153 25 C.) •.....•••••••.. 257 282 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 6. 7 11 Turbidity .••••••••••••• 4 1 

Chloride (Cl) .•••.•.•• 3.0 5.2 Temperature (F.) ••• 57 56 

Fluoride (F) •.•• •o •••• 0 1 0 0 Date of collection ..• 3/27/51 3/27/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .••..•••. 6.0 BoO 

Dissolved solids •.•• o 156 166 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaCQ3 pH as CaC03 . Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ....... ~. 152 195 82 7. 3 7.7 7.0 160 220 92 11 125 2.4 

Finished watar ..... 157 205 88 7.6 8.1 6. 9 177 244 112 0 0 0 

1/Springs only. 

68 
NASHVILLE 

(Population, 174, 307) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a large population in the suburban areas 

and a number of other places. Total population supplied, about 259, 000. 

Source: Cumber land River . 

. Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 42, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 58, 000, 000 gal. 

aNALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, . by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Finished 1/Raw water Finished 

water 1/water · 

Silica {SiOJ •••••.••••.••.•••••••••••• 4.7 10 8.2 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••• . 15 1/1.8 Jj.95 

Manganese· (Mn) ••••••••••••••••••••• • 0 -- -- Calcium (Ca) • • • ·• •• •• ••••.•••••• ••.•••• 29 25 25 

Magnesium (Mg) •• , ••••••••••••••••••• 4.2 5. 0 4.2 

Sodium (Na) •••.•.••••.•••.•••••••••••• " 2.6 

Potassium } 6.0 } 5. 0 (K) ....................... . 7 

Carbonate (COJ .•••••• ~ •••••.••••••• 0 ' -- -- Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••••••••••• 80 81 73 

Sulfate (S0 ~ ••••••••••••.•••••••••••••• 24 19 28 

Chloride ( Cl) .•••••••••••••••••••••••• 3.5 2.0 3.6 

Fluoride (" ••••••••.•••••••••.•••••••. . 1 -- -- Nitrate .(NOJ •••••••••••.••••••••.•••• 2. 1 -- -- Dissolved solids •••..••••••••••••••• 113 110 130 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

1rot=tl •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 90 84 80 

Noncarbonate •••••.•••••••••••••.•• 24 18 21 

Color ....•.............................. 3 -- -- pH ••..•••••.•...•••••••••••••••••••••••• ~· 7. 5 7. 5 7. 1 

Specific conductance 

(microinhos at 25 C. ) .•••••.•.•• 184 -- -- Tu.rbidity ··········~···· ••.••••••••••• 2 76 -- Temperature (F • ) ••.•••••••••••••••• 53 -- -- Date of collection ••••••••••••••••••• 3/27/51 -- --

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 19 so 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity (ppm) . (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 72 124 34 7. 5 8.3 7. 2 76 122 41 77 722 6 

Finished water ... 64 120 29 7. 1 7.3 6.8 80 124 49 0 0 0 

1/ Average of analyses of monthly composites of daily samples Aug. 1949-Iuly 

1950. Analyzed by the Nashville Waterworks Department. 

Jjlron and aluminum oxides. 

69