ARL-TR-8007 ● APR 2017

US Army Research Laboratory

Holography: The Next Disruptive Technology

by Tomoko Sano

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ARL-TR-8007 ● APR 2017

US Army Research Laboratory

Holography: The Next Disruptive Technology

by Tomoko Sano

Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, ARL

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Holography: The Next Disruptive Technology

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Tomoko Sano

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14. ABSTRACT

Camouflage has been used by the US Army for years for concealment and obscuring objects. Though effective, this is a 

relatively simple passive-defense tactic with limitations. Augmenting or manipulating reality to confuse and deceive the 

enemy would be the next innovative step forward. Is it possible in the future to create a deceptive holographic army or a 

holographic concealment in the battlefield? Using a 2-D screen and holograms for training purposes and for meeting face to 

face, as well as touchscreen haptic holographic displays, are already possible. The ability to project true holographic 3-D 

objects in air using femtosecond lasers that can be viewed from all 360° angles was just developed. What is the timeline and 

what are the technological gaps that must be solved before holographic innovations can revolutionize visual deception? And,

how much shorter is the timeline for holography’s use for training and communication applications without using special 

headsets or glasses? What are the promising methods and extent of capabilities of the various holographic projections being 

developed today? The objective of this deep dive is to search, review, and assess the current and rapidly changing 

technological advances in holography and how it could transform the Army’s in-theater tactics as well as training and 

communication.

15. SUBJECT TERMS

holography, volumetric display, holographic display, 3-D projection, augmented reality, visual deception

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Contents

List of Figures iv

List of Tables iv

1. Introduction 1

2. Part I: Materials 2

3. Part II: Volumetric and Holographic Displays 5

4. Applications 9

5. Conclusions 11

6. References 12

List of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms 16

Distribution List 17
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List of Figures

Fig. 1 Solid-state upconversion: (a) energy-level diagram of an activated ion 

and (b) 2 intersecting laser beams with different wavelengths are 

absorbed in ZBLAN...............................................................................2

Fig. 2 Schematic of the optical-fiber-bundle-based static volumetric 3-D 

display....................................................................................................3

Fig. 3 Volumetric display: (a) schematic, (b) cylindrical fog-screen 

apparatus, (c) CGH image, and (d) rendered holographic image ..........6

Fig. 4 (a) Drawing and photograph showing the femtosecond-laser-induced 

hologram setup where (1) is the femtosecond laser; (2) SLM; (3), (4), 

(6), and (7) lenses; (5) Galvano scanner, (8) mirror, and (9) the 

objective and the varifocal lens. (b) Photograph showing the projected 

voxels with illustrations showing the voxel area and the beam emitting 

the plasma. (c) Rendered heart that, once touched, splits into 2 ovals. .7

Fig. 5 (a) Light-field display and (b) resulting holograph of a pink doll next 

to a real panda figure..............................................................................8

Fig. 6 Example hologram rendered by Voxiebox ............................................9

Fig. 7 RealView’s interactive dragon...............................................................9

List of Tables

Table 1 Digital hologram SLM types and mechanisms......................................3

Table 2 Holographic recording materials and their properties ...........................5
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1. Introduction

The definition of holography is reflection of light projecting an object that is not 

physically there. The Hungarian–British physicist Dennis Gabor invented

holography while trying to correct aberrations in the electron microscope, which 

led to his Nobel Prize award in Physics in 1971.

1 Since then a variety of methods 

of holography have been invented. Some are no more complicated than a modern 

version of “Pepper’s Ghost”, a 19th-century theatrical illusion in which an actor 

dressed as a ghost would be reflected off of a plate of glass. The audience would 

see the reflection in the glass but not the actor. Some consider these illusions 

“pseudo holography”. Holography can be categorized into types: Stereoscopy, 

Autostereoscopy, Volumetric Display, and Holographic Projection.

1–3 Short 

descriptions follow.

Stereoscopic Displays: Stereoscopic 3-D displays show different images to each 

eye, where the image differences are based on a time sequence, wavelength, or 

polarization. Special glasses are required to perceive the image in 3-D.

Autostereoscopic Displays: Autostereoscopic displays still use 2 or multiple 

projections of images but do not require the use of glasses for the viewer to perceive 

the image in 3-D. The multiple-projection option allows for multiple viewers to 

perceive the images. However, the viewers’ locations are limited. Once the viewers 

move out of position, the image is no longer 3-D or looks as intended. A method to 

alleviate the position limitation is to incorporate eye-tracking systems to adjust the 

images. 

Volumetric Displays: Different groups have different interpretations of the term 

“volumetric display”. Hence, the definition from Kovács and Balogh3 will be used 

here. There are a variety of volumetric display types and methods. However, the 

underlying technique is the projection of the 2-D image onto a screen or onto a 

diffuse media to appear 3-D. Volumetric displays allow for full parallax, but some 

methods have issues with occlusion, or the blocking of one object by another, from 

different viewpoints. 

Holographic Displays: Holographic displays use acousto-optic materials and 

spatial light modulators (SLMs) to project computer-generated holographic (CGH) 

images by a system using lasers and mirrors. The quality of the 3-D image is better 

than the other techniques and provides depth cues from all viewing points, but its 

applicability is limited due to processing of the large number of complex algorithms 

for the hologram.
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Part I of this report will focus on materials and chemistries investigated for these 

displays, and in Part II the techniques of volumetric and holographic displays will 

be covered. More details of the other techniques can be found in Yang et al.1

2. Part I: Materials

The materials solutions for the holographic display technology are varied and 

dictated by the technology behind the holographic display. Some of the materials 

requirements and solutions for holographic display covered by Geng4 and others

are described in the following.

One method used in volumetric 3-D displays is to use a 2-photon upconversion to 

selectively excite and fluoresce voxels, or volumetric image elements, at desired 

locations. For the 2-photon upconversion process, a material that is able to exhibit 

2-photon absorptions by 2 intersecting laser beams is required. One such material 

is zirconium tetrafluoride-barium fluoride-lanthanum fluoride-aluminum fluoridesodium fluoride (ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF, or ZBLAN), a fluorozirconate glass. 

Figure 1 shows the 2 infrared photons from wave lengths 11 and 12 exciting an ion, 

both of which fluoresce when transitioning to a lower energy level.

Fig. 1 Solid-state upconversion: (a) energy-level diagram of an activated ion and (b) 2

intersecting laser beams with different wavelengths are absorbed in ZBLAN (image reprinted 

with permission of Geng4

)

For static 3-D displays, one method is forming layers of liquid crystal (LC) or 

polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) sheets that make up a 3-D volumetric 

screen. To display the images, the layers of LC sheets are switched on by applying 

a voltage. The correct 2-D image is displayed on the proper LC sheet location to 

create a 3-D volumetric image. The material solutions for these LC sheets require 

the capability of fast switching times of 0.1 ms (which is not commercially 

available), adequate brightness at 50-ms exposure times, and close to 100% light 

transmission for the displayed images to be transmitted through multiple LC sheets. 
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Another method for static 3-D displays is a 3-D glass cube embedded with optical 

fibers, as shown in Fig. 2. In this display, the germano-silicate optical fibers are 

used to control the 3-D voxel arrays, which are made from optical resin. The image 

signal is controlled by SLM, which also can have a variety of material solutions. 

Fig. 2 Schematic of the optical-fiber-bundle-based static volumetric 3-D display (image 

reprinted with permission of Geng4

)

The SLM spatially varies the light intensity and/or the phase and is the key 

component in displaying CGH. There are a variety of SLM mechanisms, as shown 

in Table 1.

Table 1 Digital hologram SLM types and mechanisms4

SLM type Modulation mechanism

Digital light processing . . .

Liquid crystal on silicon Electronically controlled

Ferroelectric liquid crystal on silicon . . .

Acousto-optic modulator Acoustically controlled

Optically addressed spatial light modulator Optically controlled

Magneto-optical spatial light modulator Magneto-optically controlled

Ferroelectric crystal on silicon substrate has been used for electrically addressed 

spatial light modulators, and optically addressed spatial light modulators use a 

chalcogenide glass family of materials such as amorphous arsenic trisulfide.5

However, hydrogenated amorphous silicon film, bismuth silicon oxide, crystalline 

silicon, arsenic-selenium, phthalocyanine, and zinc oxide nanoparticle suspensions

on an indium tin oxide-coated glass substrate have also been used for the 

photosensors.6 For magneto-optic SLMs, layers of silicon nickel and amorphous 

terbium-iron thin films on silicon dioxide substrates7 and bismuth-substituted 

yttrium-iron-garnet thin films have been used.8
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A Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) group developed a new SLM 

design with improvements in bandwidth, viewing angle, image quality, and color 

multiplexing. Their holographic scanner design, called the guided wave scanner 

(GWS), uses a proton-exchanged channel waveguide on a lithium niobate (LiNbO3) 

substrate with a transducer at one end. The GWS consists of 2 sets of acoustic 

transducers to create surface acoustic waves that deflect light horizontally and 

vertically.

9 Other research groups10,11 have investigated the application of lithium 

tantalite (LiTaO3) or magnesium-oxide-doped LiTaO3 thin film single crystals for 

the wave guide.

Other areas of materials development for holographic technology are for recording 

media applications. Beev et al.10 details the variety and requirements of 

photosensitive materials and recording media, but the following is a short synopsis. 

For a material to be a candidate for a holographic recording media, several factors 

need to be considered: spatial resolution, diffraction efficiency, modulation transfer 

function, exposure sensitivity, and noise in the diffracted or scattered wave. One of 

the best materials for holographic recording media is silver halide emulsions, 

though they are difficult to produce due to thermodynamic instability.

12 Polymers 

have also been well-established as photosensitive materials, including photoresists, 

photochromic azopolymers, anthracene-containing polymers, and photopolymers. 

In the area of inorganic materials for holographic recordings, there are 

photorefractive crystals such as doped or undoped LiNbO3 (and other niobates13

) 

and LiTaO3 (mentioned earlier), barium titanate, and other barium-based titanates. 

Various molecular weight and doped LC, as well as PDLC with different 

concentrations of LC or LC droplet morphologies, are also being investigated for 

holographic recording media applications. Table 2 lists the various materials and 

the properties of each.
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Table 2 Holographic recording materials and their properties (table reprinted with 

permission of Beev et al. 10)

3. Part II: Volumetric and Holographic Displays

Real-time holography of a live scene, object, or person requires considerable 

computing resources, including high-resolution cameras, calculation of depth 

perception using sensors, and accurate and high-rate rendering of the live video.14

Currently, this is still a significant challenge. However, volumetric and holographic 

displays using CGH that can be viewed from all angles by multiple viewers have 

been successfully achieved by many researchers and industry groups. A detailed 

description of the various volumetric display technology is found in Geng.

4 This 

section will provide examples of some of these display technologies.

In volumetric displays, voxels of the image are displayed onto a physical medium 

in 3-D space. Holographic displays are computer-generated images displayed by 

modulating the light field (the amplitude, direction, and phase), using SLM. 

Various methods exist for displaying voxels. 
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One example is drawing a voxel on microbubbles. Kumagai and Hayasaki use a 

femtosecond laser to excite a high-viscosity glycerin screen by multiphoton 

absorption. This causes microbubbles to form, and with 3-D laser beam scanning 

to vary the focal points the volume of voxels renders the high-resolution CGH 

image.

15 Another technique is to use fog or water vapor as the medium to display 

the CGH image.

16,17 The fog screen can be adjusted for density to control opacity. 

Some fog screens used for entertainment can be 2 m wide, and several screens can 

be “linked” together for a larger image. Some fog screens are essentially 2-D

screens projecting a pseudo 3-D image, but others are true 3-D projections. The fog 

screen created by Zeng et al.17 is cylindrical, and several kinoforms of the sliced 

volumetric object are calculated by the slice-based fresnel diffraction algorithm. 

The 3-D image is reconstructed using an LCSLM and rendered onto the fog screen. 

Figure 3 shows the schematic of the technique and the cylindrical fog screen 

apparatus. 

Fig. 3 Volumetric display: (a) schematic, (b) cylindrical fog-screen apparatus, (c) CGH 

image, and (d) rendered holographic image (images reprinted with permission of Zeng et al.17)

Instead of using fog as a screen, some researchers are demonstrating volumetric 

displays with plasma. Saito et al.18 and Ochiai et al.19 have rendered aerial 3-D

displays using plasma generated by a femtosecond laser. In their system, Ochiai 

et al. use the laser-induced plasma for the light emission and SLM and scan the 

 

 
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laser with a Galvano mirror to render the holographic images. The drawback is that 

currently the rendered volume is limited to 1 cm3. However, interaction with the 

hologram is possible and causes a plasma-generated haptic sensation. A diagram of 

Ochiai et al.’s setup as well as the rendered image is shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4 (a) Drawing and photograph showing the femtosecond-laser-induced hologram 

setup where (1) is the femtosecond laser; (2) SLM; (3), (4), (6), and (7) lenses; (5) Galvano 

scanner, (8) mirror, and (9) the objective and the varifocal lens. (b) Photograph showing the 

projected voxels with illustrations showing the voxel area and the beam emitting the plasma. 

(c) Rendered heart that, once touched, splits into 2 ovals. (Images reprinted with permission

of Ochiai et al.19)

Another technique is projection of the holographic image in a light field.

19–23 This 

can be accomplished by several methods. One method used by Miyazaki et al. and 

Maeda et al. is using a dihedral corner reflector array that converges light from a 

point light source to a location where the 3-D image is projected.21,22 Other methods 

use a screen and multiple projectors23 or a projector and a moving screen that 

diffuses the light, creating a light field.

24 The schematic of the moving-screen lightfield technique and the resulting holographic image is shown in Fig. 5.
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Fig. 5 (a) Light-field display and (b) resulting holograph of a pink doll next to a real panda 

figure (images reprinted with permission of Xia et al.23

)

There are several commercially available volumetric and holographic displays. One 

is Voxon’s Voxiebox, which uses a laser with a moving screen similar to that of 

Xia et al.23 It can project over half a billion voxels of a “moving” image every 

second into the 18 × 18 × 8 (xyz in cm) volumetric display area. An example of a 

Voxiebox hologram is shown in Fig. 6. Another is RealView, having the benefit of 

being interactive, which uses digital holography for displaying full-color images. 

Figure 7 shows the hologram of a dragon that can flap its wings and be rotated by 

the viewer. There are many companies working on holographic or 3-D volumetric

displays, including Google, Microsoft, Samsung, Intel, Apple, Sony, Qualcomm, 

Zebra, Leia Display Systems, SeeReal, Heloxica Inc., LightSpace Technologies 

Inc., and Actuality Systems Inc. Several US universities conduct significant efforts 

in this area as well, including the MIT Media Lab, the University of Southern 

California Institute for Creative Technology, and the University of Arizona.

 
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Fig. 6 Example hologram rendered by Voxiebox (image reprinted with permission of 

Voxiebox25

)

Fig. 7 RealView’s interactive dragon (image reprinted with permission of RealView26)

4. Applications

The current major driver for the holographic and volumetric display technology is 

for entertainment applications, such as 3-D TV and movies, gaming, and mobile 

devices. However, development is also underway for applications in the medical 

industry, marketing and advertising, and training, especially when haptic 

feedback27,28 is incorporated into the interaction with the projected image. An area 

where a holographic technology has already been used, albeit in a pseudo-hologram 

projected onto a screen, is communication.
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However they are used in classrooms, holographic projections have some 

limitations. A recent, small study in South America evaluated the use of 

holographic projections in education.29 Although only 22 students participated in 

the study, their responses to the use of holographic technology were mixed: 81% 

stated that they “felt” the presence of the professor when corresponding with the 

holographic teacher, while 95% of the students accepted the temporary use of a 

holographic professor in a situation where the professor was not physically 

available, such as due to travel. However, 58% of the students who attended at least 

5 classes stated that the novelty wore off and they began to lose interest. Only 42% 

of the students believed they achieved the same amount of learning from a 

holographic professor as from a physical professor. 

When holography is applied as part of a learning or training tool, the benefits are 

clear. For example, in medical training, if students can interact with a realistic 

hologram of an organ or body, it would enhance their education. If medical students 

could perform surgery on a 3-D hologram without the risk of harming a real human, 

this technology would be a clear benefit to society. Similarly, holographic 

projections and 3-D displays could be used in military training applications. In fact, 

under the Urban Photonic Sandtable Display Program, the US Defense Advanced 

Research Projects Agency partnered with Zebra Imaging to produce a prototype of 

the ZScape Motion Display for a real-time streaming of 3-D holographic battle 

locations for better planning.30 Another benefit for military applications is using 

augmented virtual reality to reduce the cost of training, such as live-fire training, or 

to recreate difficult situational training scenarios. Recently, the Office of Naval 

Research’s Augmented Immersive Team Training project, started in fiscal year 

2011, produced and transitioned the prototype of a more accurate virtual reality 

training simulation for the Marines to Program Manager for Training Systems. But 

this prototype still requires the use of a head-worn display. If this system could be 

created as an autostereoscopic holographic system, without the need for a 

cumbersome head-worn display, the training could be more effective.31

Other military applications include in-theater deceptive tactics. If the holographic 

technology advances to where holographic systems could be portable, the display 

large enough, and the resolution high enough, holograms could be used as 

camouflage or to augment reality for deception.
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5. Conclusions

There is significant growth in the research and development of holographic (and 

3-D volumetric) display technology. In fact, a market research report published in 

2015 by Markets and Markets on the holographic display market,

32 estimates that 

the holographic technology market will grow to an estimated $3.57 billion by 2020 

and grow at a compound annual growth rate of 30.23% from 2014 to 2020. This 

growth is expected to be led by holographic technology for medical applications 

and consumer electronics. Similarly, for the volumetric display market, it is 

expected to reach $348.2 million by 2020 at a compound annual growth rate of 

33.28% from 2015 to 2020.33 That being said, the maturity of the holographic 

technology is still in its infancy. Although holographic projections for 

communications and entertainment have been achieved with a simplified projection 

onto a 2-D screen, this technology is just an improvement on Pepper’s Ghost. This 

may be sufficient for communication, but we are few years away from applying 

holography as an effective training tool. For holography to be applied for the 

military’s disruptive augmented-reality applications, more research and 

development are needed. The resolution of the projected image, the size capability 

of the projection, and computing power are still lacking. However, this technology 

is rapidly advancing, and in the not-too-distant future, an interactive holography 

could be part of in-theater deceptive and camouflaging techniques. 
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29. Luévano E, López de Lara E, Castro JE. Use of telepresence and holographic 

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2013;57(4).

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Corps training. DefenseNews. 2015 Dec 10.
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32. Holographic market [accessed 2017 Mar 7]. http://www 

.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/holographic-market144316799.html.

33. Volumetric display market [accessed 2017 Mar 7]. http://www 

.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/volumetric-display-market

-248090250.html.
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

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List of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms

2-D 2-dimensional

3-D 3-dimensional

Ba barium

CGH computer-generated holographic

GWS guided wave scanner

La lanthanum

LC liquid crystal

LiNbO3 lithium niobate

LiTaO3 lithium tantalite

MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Na sodium

PDLC polymer-dispersed liquid crystal

SLM spatial light modulator

ZBLAN ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF

Zr zirconium
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

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1 DEFENSE TECHNICAL

(PDF) INFORMATION CTR

DTIC OCA

2 DIRECTOR

(PDF) US ARMY RESEARCH LAB

RDRL CIO L

IMAL HRA MAIL & RECORDS

MGMT

1 GOVT PRINTG OFC

(PDF) A MALHOTRA

1 DIR USARL

(PDF) RDRL WMM F

T SANO
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

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