Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility 

U.S. Department of Energy 

12000 Jefferson Avenue 

Newport News, VA 23606 

TJNAF’S 

SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 

For Calendar Year 2005 

Prepared by: 

ESH&Q Division 

Jefferson Science Associates, LLC 

Date: September 2006 

 i 

TJNAF’S SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 

FOR CALENDAR YEAR 2005 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

This annual report documents Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility’s (TJNAF) active 

environmental protection program by presenting results of environmental activities and monitoring 

programs. The report provides the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the public with 

information on radioactive and non-radioactive pollutants, if any, added to the environment as a result 

of Lab operations. 

Major Scientific and Research Programs 

TJNAF’s main purpose is to make available a research facility to support the nuclear physics 

community and the nation. 

CEBAF The Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at TJNAF provides an 

electron beam to three experimental halls where a variety of basic physics experiments are conducted. 

The electron beam begins its first orbit at the injector and proceeds through the underground 

racetrack-shaped accelerator tunnel at nearly the speed of light. The accelerator uses superconducting 

radio frequency (SRF) technology to drive electrons to higher and higher energies. The accelerator’s 

electron beam can be split for simultaneous use by the three experimental halls, which are circular, 

partially buried domed chambers. Special equipment in each hall records the interactions between 

incoming electrons and the target materials. A continuous electron beam is necessary to accumulate 

data at an efficient rate yet ensures that each interaction is separate enough to be fully observed. 

FEL The Free-Electron Laser supports basic science research and serves universities, private 

industry, NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration), the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Air 

Force, and the U.S. Army. Designed and built with TJNAF’s expertise in SRF accelerator 

technology, the FEL provides intense, powerful beams of laser light that can be tuned to a precise 

wavelength or color. The FEL is the most powerful tunable laser in the world, and produced up to 

2.1 kilowatts (kW) of infrared (IR) laser light in its initial design and has set the world’s record as a 

terahertz light source (20 watts). In 2004, the recently upgraded machine attained 10 kW IR. The 

FEL’s capabilities are currently being expanded to produce more terahertz and UV (ultraviolet) 

wavelengths. 

Research Areas Using resources at the Lab at the Center for Advanced Studies of Accelerators 

(CASA), the SRF, and the Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (LQCD) Computing Project, TJNAF 

will continue performing research and development (R&D) programs to lead the world in the 

technology of SRF and energy-recovering linacs. This research will also involve providing these 

technologies and the supporting knowledge base for the construction of new accelerators for DOE 

Office of Science research projects at other laboratories in nuclear physics, basic energy sciences, and 

possibly high energy physics. 

The E in Environment, Health, and Safety (EH&S) 

Ultimate responsibility for protection of the environment and public health rests with the Lab 

Director, while line management implements identified objectives within their areas of responsibility. 

EH&S staff, situated within both the line organizations and in the newly formed EH&S Division, 
 ii 

provide support to line management and share their expertise with the Lab as a whole. TJNAF’s 

EH&S program is implemented in numerous ways. 

Integrated Safety Management (ISM) System Through ISM, TJNAF incorporates EH&S 

requirements into all work procedures. The primary objective of ISM is to make safety, health, and 

environmental protection a part of routine business at TJNAF. 

Environmental Management System (EMS) Implementation Since its inception, TJNAF has had an 

environmental protection program, but in 2003 the Lab committed to begin implementing an EMS. 

Key Lab staff continued the development of the EMS throughout 2004 and most of 2005, culminating 

with the declaration of the Lab’s formal EMS in October 2005. 

Work Smart Standards (WSS) Process The goal of the WSS process is to provide a means to 

implement EH&S in a manner that is both effective and cost-efficient. The WSS Set is comprised of 

the laws, regulations, and standards necessary and sufficient to ensure worker and public health and 

safety, and to protect the environment. 

Implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Most facility construction 

activities and all accelerator upgrades are subject to review under the NEPA. The initial TJNAF 

construction, a later upgrade to CEBAF, and some major new buildings have been addressed in 

Environmental Assessments (EAs). Routine Lab activities and special projects are usually covered 

under site-specific NEPA Categorical Exclusions (CXs). 

EH&S Performance Measures The DOE/SURA (Southeastern Universities Research Association, 

Inc.*) contract-based measures, used to evaluate TJNAF’s EH&S performance, include items such as 

permit exceedances and affirmative procurement performance. The Lab made further improvement 

towards reaching its affirmative procurement goal of 100% for fiscal year (FY) 2005. Also addressed 

in the contract are metrics involving worker safety and health. The Lab received a “good” rating in 

EH&S for the fiscal year but environmental performance remained “outstanding.” 

Inspections TJNAF’s commitment to protection of the environment and public health and safety are 

demonstrated through its inspection programs. Both external agencies and key Lab and DOE Site 

Office staff conduct inspections to ensure operations and activities at TJNAF are being done in the 

most sound manner. Compliance with all applicable laws and regulations is demonstrated throughout 

this report. 

Compliance 

TJNAF complied with all applicable Federal, State, and local environmental laws, regulations, and 

DOE guidance during 2005. As a result, TJNAF operations had no discernable impact on public 

health or the environment. Our compliance status on all programs is identified in Section 2 of this 

report. Radiation-related issues, especially those dealing with water resources and public health, are 

highlighted in Section 3. Non-radiological environmental issues, such as water sampling and 

monitoring, are highlighted throughout. The TJNAF EH&S Manual, which addresses many 

environmental topics, and the Lab’s WSS Set are regularly updated to ensure that new environmental 

compliance initiatives are integrated into site operations. 

 

*

 Jefferson Science Associates, LLC (JSA) replaced SURA as the management and operations contractor on 

June 1, 2006. 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...................................................................................................................i

Major Scientific and Research Programs ............................................................................................i

The E in Environment, Health, and Safety (EH&S)............................................................................i

Compliance.........................................................................................................................................ii

SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................1

1.1 PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT.............................................................................................1

1.2 LABORATORY MISSION..................................................................................................1

1.3 SITE OPERATIONS ............................................................................................................1

1.4 SITE HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION ...............................................................................4

1.5 FACILITIES AND 2005 ACTIVITIES................................................................................4

1.6 ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH, AND SAFETY (EH&S) ......................................................6

SECTION 2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PROGRAM....................................................9

2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM .............................................................9

2.2 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PROGRAMS...........................................11

2.2.1 Environmental Monitoring Program...............................................................................11

2.2.1.1 Monitoring Water Conditions ................................................................................11

2.2.1.2 Monitoring Air Emissions......................................................................................14

2.2.2 Other Programs with Compliance Commitments...........................................................15

2.2.2.1 General Water Programs........................................................................................15

2.2.2.2 General Air Programs ............................................................................................16

2.2.2.3 Waste Programs .....................................................................................................17

2.2.2.4 Emergency Planning & Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA) ......................18

2.2.2.5 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) .........................................................19

2.2.2.6 Compliance with Other Regulations and Federal Standards..................................19

2.2.3 Environmental Stewardship at TJNAF: Other Site Programs ........................................21

2.3 APPRAISALS, ASSESSMENTS, AND INSPECTIONS..................................................24

SECTION 3 ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOLOGICAL PROGRAM.............................................25

3.1 RADIATION EXPOSURE PATHWAYS..........................................................................25

3.1.1 Direct Radiation and its Effects......................................................................................26

3.1.2 Waterborne Radiation.....................................................................................................27

3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION MONITORING ........................................................28

3.2.1 Air...................................................................................................................................28

3.2.2 Water ..............................................................................................................................28

3.3 OTHER SUPPORT ACTIVITIES......................................................................................33

3.4 ASSESSMENTS OF POTENTIAL DOSE TO THE PUBLIC AND TO BIOTA .............34

3.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE ..................................................................................................35

SECTION 4 DISTRIBUTION LIST ................................................................................................37

ACRONYMS and ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................39
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FIGURES 

Figure 1.3 - 1 Site Map...........................................................................................................................3 

Figure 2.2.3 - 1 Affirmative Procurement Performance......................................................................22

EXHIBITS 

Exhibit 3.2.2- 1 TJNAF Radiological Dose Reporting Table for 2005 ..........................................29

Exhibit 3.2.2- 2 TJNAF Radiological Atmospheric Releases for 2005 ..........................................30

Exhibit 3.2.2- 3 Monitoring Well Locations...................................................................................31

Exhibit 3.2.2- 4 Maximum Groundwater Measurements for Radionuclides Relevant to TJNAF 

Operations January 2005 through December 2005...................................................................32

Exhibit 3.2.2- 5 TJNAF Liquid Effluent Discharges of Radionuclides to HRSD for 2005............32

Exhibit 3.2.2- 6 Analytical Results for Discharges to HRSD in 2005............................................33 

Exhibit 3.4- 1 Radiation Boundary Monitor RBM-3 Results for 2005........................................35
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SECTION 1 

INTRODUCTION 

1.1 PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT 

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) requires its facilities to establish and annually report on 

environmental programs and performance. This document marks the 13th year that Thomas Jefferson 

National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF) has been preparing a Site Environmental Report (SER). This 

report addresses the status and results of the Lab's environmental protection (EP) program, which also 

addresses public health items, for calendar year (CY) 2005. It serves to inform TJNAF staff, DOE, 

regulators, and the public about site environmental performance, and provides a historical record of 

identified items of interest or concern. 

The SER is available in a viewable downloadable pdf file. Look for this CY 2005 SER by going to 

TJNAF’s web page at http://www.jlab.org/ehs/ser/. 

1.2 LABORATORY MISSION 

TJNAF is a national accelerator facility managed and operated in 2005 by the Southeastern 

Universities Research Association, Inc. (SURA) for the DOE. The accelerator complex portion of the 

Lab includes an underground electron accelerator, the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility 

(CEBAF), which is TJNAF's primary research tool. CEBAF operates at energies up to about 6 GeV 

(billion (Giga-) electron volts) and provides beam to three underground halls that house physics 

program experiments. The CEBAF accelerator is used to conduct user driven research into how 

nucleons are built from quarks and gluons, and how this structure leads to the standard nucleon-based 

picture of the nucleus. 

TJNAF’s basic mission is to provide forefront scientific facilities, opportunities, and leadership 

essential for discovering the fundamental nature of nuclear matter, to partner with industry to apply 

its advanced technology, and to serve the nation and its communities through education and public 

outreach, all with uncompromising excellence in environment, health, and safety. 

1.3 SITE OPERATIONS 

As a world-class research institution, TJNAF attracts resident and visiting physicists and other 

scientists. Approximately 660 full-time physicists, engineers, technicians, and support staff work at 

the Lab. More than 2,100 academic and industrial researchers from across the United States and from 

approximately 30 countries and 187 institutions participate in scientific collaborations at TJNAF. 

Since TJNAF first began running experiments with CEBAF in 1994, data has been gathered for 122 

experiments, and partial data has been gathered on another seven experiments. On average, TJNAF 

research has been the basis for the theses of 25 percent of all new U.S. nuclear physics Ph.D.s each 

year for the last several years. The Lab has thus far produced more than 204 patent disclosures. Of 

those, 122 were submitted for the patent-application process. Sixty one patents had been issued by 

the end of 2005, including light-guide technologies, medical imagers, flaw-detection equipment, a fire 

detection/prevention system, and an electronic lockout device that can be used for both safety and 

security purposes. 
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There are six major facilities (program areas) on the DOE site: CEBAF, a superconducting radio 

frequency (SRF) electron accelerator; End Stations A, B, and C (large halls that house physics 

experiments) that make use of beams from CEBAF; the Institute for SRF Science and Technology 

that serves primarily as a R&D center for SRF accelerator cavities; the Center for Advanced Studies 

of Accelerators (CASA) that supports the site accelerators and considers future planning 

opportunities; a Free-Electron Laser (FEL) User Facility that produces laser beams to serve 

university, industry, and military partners; and, a Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (LQCD) 

Computer, a 1/4 Teraflop commodity-PC-based machine. 
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Figure 1.3 - 1 

Site Map 
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1.4 SITE HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION 

Prior to the construction of TJNAF, there were several users of this general area of Newport News. 

The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) acquired most of the Oyster Point area, including the land 

presently used by TJNAF. The U.S. Air Force later acquired the land and installed a BOMARC 

missile site on a portion of the property. After closure of the BOMARC missile base, the DOD 

started disposing of the property and conveyed some land to the Commonwealth of Virginia, the 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and others. Ownership of the NASA 

property, including 100 acres of undeveloped land, was conveyed to the DOE in 1987. An additional 

52 acres of land was also transferred to the DOE from other sources. The total DOE-owned parcel, 

upon which TJNAF is built, is 163 acres. 

In 1986, an adjacent 44 acres were conveyed to SURA by the City of Newport News. A SURA 

residence facility is located on a portion of this land. Adjacent to this property is the former 

BOMARC missile site. 

Sign at Main Entrance to TJNAF 

Also adjacent to the DOE-owned site is a 10.7-acre parcel owned by the Commonwealth of Virginia 

and leased to the City of Newport News. The Applied Research Center (ARC) is located on this 

property, and is used by TJNAF, industry, and universities. Other adjacent land owned by the 

Commonwealth of Virginia is leased to SURA and the DOE for its use in support of Lab operations. 

This area, the DOE-owned site, and other nearby properties are considered part of the city's Jefferson 

Center for Research and Technology. 

1.5 FACILITIES AND 2005 ACTIVITIES 

The 163-acre DOE site is primarily divided into two main areas. One includes R&D labs, fabrication 

facilities, and administrative offices and is referred to as the campus. The second is a 40-acre fenced 

area, termed the Accelerator Site, where the CEBAF and FEL accelerators and related structures that 

accommodate experiment support functions are located. The accelerator site is located on the south 

end of the DOE property, and access is restricted through one entrance that is staffed 24-hours a day. 

The front view of the main administration building, CEBAF Center, located on the campus, is shown 

below. 
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Front Entrance to CEBAF Center 

Facilities 

There are four major facilities that have more than minimal environmental protection or public 

health-related implications. They are CEBAF, its experimental halls (End Stations), the SRF Facility, 

and the FEL User Facility. A short description of each follows. These facilities and other activities 

that have potential environmental implications, such as the use of chemicals and oil products, are 

discussed elsewhere in the report. 

CEBAF This accelerator provides continuous wave electron beams with energies from 0.5 to 

5.7 GeV. CEBAF is used as a tool for exploring the transition area or range where strongly 

interacting (nuclear) matter can be understood as bound states of protons and neutrons, and the 

regime where the underlying fundamental quark-and-gluon structure of matter is evident. The nature 

of this transition is at the frontier of our understanding of matter. 

Atomic Structure 

End Stations (Halls A, B, and C) Each hall (or end station) has its own set of complementary 

experimental equipment. Hall A has a pair of superconducting, high-resolution magnetic 

spectrometers optimized for precision electron scattering coincidence experiments. The CEBAF 

Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) that supports studies of both electron and photon-induced 

reactions is housed in Hall B. The third end station, Hall C, contains a pair of moderate resolution 
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spectrometers, with one capable of high momentum particle detection, and the second optimized for 

the detection of short-lived reaction products. 

The SRF Facility The SRF program is centered in the Lab's Institute for SRF Science and 

Technology. This Institute's strength is in R&D and large-scale applications of SRF, including to 

better upgrade or advance CEBAF and the FEL. Some ongoing work in the ARC also supports 

development of state-of-the-art surface science and SRF R&D to improve accelerator capabilities. 

TJNAF’s design, development and fabrication of SRF cryomodule production work for DOE’s 

Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) came to an end during the first half of 2005 with successful delivery 

of the last contracted cryomodule. 

FEL User Facility The FEL is an accelerator that was initially designed to provide 1,000 watts 

(1 kilowatt (kW)) of infrared (IR) light with picosecond pulse length for use by TJNAF, industrial, 

DOD, and university partners. The accelerator has since been upgraded, enabling operation in a 

range that extends from 1,000 watts of ultraviolet (UV) light to 10,000 watts (10 kW) of IR light. 

Achievements and Future Planning 

FEL researchers and engineers at TJNAF were awarded an R&D 100 Award for being among the 100 

most technologically significant new products in 2005. This is TJNAF’s second R&D 100 Award. 

The FEL is an unparalleled laser in its capability as a light source that is opening up new applications 

in national security, materials science, photobiology, photochemistry, and high sensitivity 

spectroscopy. These applications hold such exciting research potential that the TJNAF FEL is being 

copied at a number of institutions. 

Analysis and R&D work on the proposed upgrade of CEBAF to 12 GeV continued in 2005. This 

upgrade in electron beam energy levels and a new experimental hall, Hall D, will support experiments 

that test the strong force that holds atomic particles together. 

1.6 ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH, AND SAFETY (EH&S) 

Environmental Review 

An environmental assessment, termed EA, performed under National Environmental Policy Act 

(NEPA) procedures, was conducted prior to the construction of the original CEBAF project, resulting 

in a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI). In 1997 and 2002, EAs that also yielded FONSIs 

addressed a CEBAF upgrade, an FEL upgrade, and five building construction projects. Existing 

NEPA-related documentation is periodically reviewed. In April of 2005, an Environmental 

Assessment Determination Proposal for the further upgrade and operation of the CEBAF and FEL 

accelerators and construction and use of buildings associated with the TJNAF’s 2005 Ten-Year Site 

Plan was recommended. It was determined that an EA needed to be prepared to assess the impacts of 

the proposed actions. This new EA, DOE/EA-1534, should be finalized in 2006. 

EH&S Resources 

To ensure that staff, employees, subcontractors, and users are aware of and utilize EH&S principles, 

EH&S responsibilities are incorporated into each position description. The facility makes available to 

every employee, user, and visitor, a variety of EH&S resources to serve the TJNAF community. 

Local resources include: EH&S staff that support specific line organizations; EH&S program 

specialists that serve the entire facility in their area of expertise; groups and committees that address 

Lab-wide concerns, develop policy, and resolve selected issues; and, the TJNAF EH&S Manual, as 

the primary source of EH&S implementing procedures. Other EH&S resources available to and 
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utilized by program managers include: DOE subject matter experts; DOE program specialists that 

deal with policy issues at all levels; and, colleagues at other DOE facilities that share expertise and 

lessons learned from their own unique experiences 
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. 
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SECTION 2 

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PROGRAM 

There are many facets to TJNAF’s EP program. As stated in Section 1, the Lab’s mission, along with 

worker health and safety, includes protection of the environment and public health. Various controls, 

including the use of an Integrated Safety Management (ISM) System strategy, were established to 

accomplish this aspect of the mission. 

The site’s EP program provides guidance and requirements for implementing site environmental 

programs, for making environmentally preferable choices, and for the review of performance through 

assessments and inspections. Compliance with both applicable EP and public health-related laws and 

regulations are interwoven into Lab operations. One way that TJNAF demonstrated compliance with 

these laws and regulations was shown when there were no permit violations in 2005. 

2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 

During 2004, the requirement to develop an Environmental Management System (EMS) was 

incorporated into the DOE/SURA operating contract. TJNAF began addressing the new requirement 

by forming an EMS Implementation Team to start the process of preparing, documenting, and putting 

into practice a formal EMS based on International Organization of Standardization (ISO) 14001 and 

applicable parts of DOE Order 450.1. An EMS focuses on establishing management level programs 

that serve as the basis to direct the performance of Lab activities that could affect the environment. 

The overall management system format includes setting up the organizational structure, planning 

activities, responsibilities, procedures, processes, and resources for developing, integrating, 

achieving, reviewing, and maintaining the commitments made in the Lab’s EH&S Policy. Elements 

of the EMS continue to be incorporated into existing site documents, such as the Lab’s EH&S Manual 

and workplace Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). 

In late 2005, TJNAF’s EMS was self-declared. The EMS serves in conjunction with the Lab’s 

already established ISM System. The objective of these systems is to make safety, health, and 

environmental protection a routine part of doing business at and with TJNAF. 

Site EH&S Policy

TJNAF’s EH&S Policy was updated in early 2005 to incorporate EMS. The updated policy reflects 

the current EH&S commitments to both the Lab population of staff, users, and visitors, and to our 

local community neighbors. 

A portion of TJNAF’s Policy on EH&S follows: 

“Sound environmental protection, health and safety (EH&S) practices are essential 

elements to the successful execution of TJNAF’s scientific mission and all related 

activities. It is TJNAF policy to identify and adhere to all applicable EH&S laws, 

regulations, standards, and DOE contractual commitments. TJNAF considers no activity 

to be so urgent or important that our standards for environmental protection, health, or 

safety may be compromised....” 

Christoph W. Leemann, TJNAF Director 

May 2005 
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Environmental Planning and Analysis Procedures 

Environmental planning and analysis are accomplished by documenting and reviewing projects and 

activities for EMS considerations such as NEPA. Line management is responsible for providing 

notification of actions and impacts of new activities to the Office of Performance Assurance to enable 

sufficient time for review and authorization as applicable. TJNAF flows down appropriate EH&S 

requirements, through subcontract documents, to its subcontractors. These documents address 

environmental consequences and identify mitigation measures to minimize any such consequences. 

Environmental Objectives and Targets 

The Lab operates within the DOE/SURA contractual requirements and performance measures, which 

include staying within environmental permit criteria. Also, as TJNAF began formalizing its EMS, it 

began identifying environmental objectives and targets that would increase the Lab’s focus on the 

pollution prevention (P2) process. 

Implementation and Operations Controls 

The DOE/SURA contract and environmental permits define the environmental protection terms and 

conditions for the operation and performance of TJNAF. ISM (including environmental protection) 

roles, responsibilities, and implementation procedures are included in the Lab’s EH&S Manual. 

Initial EMS awareness training for Lab staff was developed and conducted in 2005. Lab management 

also committed to providing EMS awareness training to subcontractors and visiting scientific users in 

2006. 

The Lab developed Target Implementation Plans (TIPs) under its EMS. One TIP to improve lead 

storage practices helped facilitate starting the design for a lead storage facility. 

Identification of Environmental Aspects and Impacts 

EMS-specific aspect and impact identification was performed. The primary environmental aspects at 

TJNAF were identified as water discharges and waste issues. In addition, intensive uses of resources 

such as electricity and water that are needed to operate a particle accelerator are considered aspects. 

Performance Measurement 

The Lab semi-annually reviews contract performance measure results for various topical areas that 

include EH&S. As well, the compliance status toward meeting measurable objectives in the form of 

best management practices under the general site storm water permit was reviewed in 2005. The 

DOE continued to monitor EMS implementation progress during the year as the Lab prepared for and 

accomplished self-declaration. 

Corrective Action and Self-Assessment Procedures 

The ISM Program is reviewed annually and updated as necessary. The December 2005 update 

included the incorporation of EMS elements. All TJNAF FY 2005 ISM Safety Performance 

measures were met, with results provided to the DOE Site Office. 

The EMS assessment process is linked with the ISM Program annual review. This review process 

consists of both topical self-assessments conducted by line management and independent 

assessments. 

In August 2005, TJNAF performed an EMS-based ISO 14001 internal audit that included 

experienced outside consultant participation. This audit report identified the actions that still needed 
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to be accomplished for TJNAF to be prepared to self declare the EMS by the end of December. As 

well, an internal EMS review in December that involved DOE participation, reviewed compliance 

with ISO 14001 and also gave attention to the DOE Order 450.1 EMS requirements. The review 

concluded with the DOE acknowledgement that the TJNAF EMS was in place. 

As a result of these reviews the Laboratory identified an EMS improvement initiative to implement in 

CY 2006. It was developed using the constructive inputs of both TJNAF and the DOE Site Office 

staff. 

Management Review Process 

The Director’s Council, comprised of senior management, reviews the ISM System Program 

Description periodically through the assessment process noted above. The review is documented and 

open items are tracked until closure, with regular status reports provided to the Lab Director. 

Integrating the annual EMS audit with the ISM process was completed in 2005. 

2.2 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PROGRAMS 

2.2.1 Environmental Monitoring Program 

Environmental monitoring is one of the primary methods used by the Lab to assess environmental 

conditions. Monitoring is conducted to: verify compliance with applicable regulations and other 

requirements; evaluate the Lab’s impact on the environment and public health; identify potential 

environmental problems; provide data to support management decisions; and, evaluate the need for 

remedial actions or mitigative measures. 

The site program establishes guidelines for examining chemical, oil, and radioactive effluents 

generated by the facility. An integral part of the program is routine sampling and tracking of air, 

process water, wastewater, and groundwater. These are monitored to ensure that TJNAF effluents do 

not have a negative impact on the surrounding environment and that they remain within any 

applicable requirement or permit’s allowable range. 

Both permit-required and routine monitoring practices center on the potential environmental exposure 

pathways appropriate to medium-energy particle physics laboratories. These pathways include 

external and internal exposure to radiation, a major focus of the site’s monitoring program. Programs 

responsive to on-site and offsite radiation protection requirements have been instituted. Exposure 

potentials are discussed in Section 3. 

Standard sample collection and analysis methods are documented in program and departmental 

procedures. Routine environmental monitoring is performed under the direction of responsible line 

management and is overseen by the Lab’s Office of Performance Assurance. General program 

information is provided below. 

2.2.1.1 Monitoring Water Conditions 

Both ground and surface water quality protection are high priorities at TJNAF. Groundwater 

quality is a focus area primarily due to operating the underground CEBAF accelerator and the 

potential for groundwater activation. Preventing surface water pollution is another area of 

attention during both general site usage and civil construction actions. 
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Rain Garden at TJNAF 

Standards used to protect water quality include Virginia regulations, the Clean Water Act 

(CWA), and others identified in the Lab’s Work Smart Standards (WSS) Set. TJNAF 

complies with all requirements and performs monitoring under the three site water quality 

permits, two under the State, and one under the local sanitation district, described below. 

Groundwater quality is maintained through managing operations and implementing shielding 

to minimize impacts. Refer to discussions in other sections of this report. Surface water 

quality is maintained by discharging to the environment only permitted effluent from a 

cooling tower and unpolluted waters, such as rainwater. Control measures identified for the 

site include using Lab programs and procedures where materials of concern are used or 

stored. All environmental permit conditions were met in 2005. Other site water quality 

programs that do not involve monitoring also apply and are described in Section 2.2.2.1. 

Virginia Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (VPDES) Permits 

Facilities in Virginia that directly discharge to waters of the United States must obtain a 

VPDES Permit, which satisfies Federal National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 

requirements. The Virginia program is designed to protect surface waters by limiting 

primarily non-radiological releases of effluents into streams, lakes, and other waters, 

including wetlands. Quarterly reports under these two permits are provided to the Virginia 

Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). 

Groundwater Monitoring - VPDES Permit No. VA0089320 

This permit covers the quality of groundwater flowing across the site, including 

groundwater that is discharged to the surface in a dewatering operation to prevent the 

partially buried experimental halls from flooding. Groundwater monitoring results 

for both non-radiological and radiological quality are conducted and reported 

quarterly at fifteen monitoring wells and at the groundwater dewatering collection 

point. The wells and the collected withdrawn groundwater were sampled for the 

general water quality parameters of pH, conductivity, total suspended solids (TSS), 

and total dissolved solids (TDS). 

Because of the potential for activation of groundwater from accelerator operations, 

“baseline” water quality values for certain parameters were obtained prior to 1995, 

and their collection completed when the accelerator became operational. The present 

well monitoring program enables the comparison of current and “baseline” values to 

verify that TJNAF site activities are not degrading the quality of either on-site or 

offsite groundwater. Non-radiological and radiological sampling data collected in 
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13 

2005 were representative of groundwater quality during accelerator operations and 

are consistent with previous baseline measurements. 

An unannounced inspection by the DEQ was conducted on August 11, 2005. The 

Lab’s program under Permit No. VA0089320 was reviewed during this inspection. 

There were no deficiencies or recommendations noted in the DEQ report. 

Several construction activities on the Accelerator Site continued throughout 2005, 

with no effect on water quality from these projects. There were two major 

construction projects outside of the Accelerator Site, namely the construction of a 

major addition to CEBAF Center, the Phase I Addition, and the site’s first stormwater 

retention pond. Both of these projects were far enough outside of the area where 

groundwater is monitored under this permit that no effect at the monitoring wells is 

expected. 

Information on general water quality parameters is included in the rest of Section 2.2, 

and radiological parameter information is presented in Section 3.2. 

Cooling Water Discharges – VPDES General Permit No. VAG250018 

This permit, which also contains water quality limits, covers cooling water discharges 

from one cooling tower system adjacent to the Central Helium Liquifier, Building 8. 

Quarterly sampling is performed and flow information as well as sampling results for 

pH, temperature, ammonia, total hardness, total dissolved copper, total dissolved 

zinc, and total residual chlorine are reported. The materials used for cooling water 

treatment were approved by the DEQ and there are no environmental concerns with 

the use of these chemicals. 

Hampton Roads Sanitation District Permit No. 0117 

Facilities in Virginia that discharge to the Hampton Roads Sanitation District (HRSD) must 

obtain this industrial wastewater discharge permit. The HRSD program is designed to meet 

all Virginia effluent level requirements. TJNAF generates this standard industrial wastewater 

and discharges it under this permit. Cooling tower effluent and a small quantity of activated 

water are also authorized for release per permit conditions. 

HRSD conducted an inspection on March 16, 2005. The inspection covered several TJNAF 

buildings and a review of monthly and quarterly records. There were no identified concerns 

that required any response to HRSD. It was noted that TJNAF would receive a Gold Award 

for its excellent 2004 performance. 

To meet monitoring requirements, TJNAF performs sampling at two sanitary sewer outflow 

streams to verify that pH levels are within permit limits. Besides the activated water 

discharge noted above, there are three special discharges to the sanitary sewer system. 

TJNAF has three elementary neutralization systems, which record pH information 

electronically and have built in safeguards to prevent release of any acid below a set pH 

value. The primary system in Building 31 handles waste acid from cryomodule research and 

development, cavity production, and some general maintenance activities. A small 

elementary neutralization tank in Building 31 handles waste acid rinsewater, and a third 

outflow handles small amounts of rinsewater from a small chemistry lab in Building 58. 
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The activated water that was collected and discharged in 2005 was a combination of the 

output from dehumidification equipment in the experimental halls and small withdrawals 

from various beam dump cooling water systems. The activated water program is 

appropriately managed by the Radiation Control (RadCon) Department to stay within all 

permit requirements. The total radioactivity discharged to the sanitary sewer in 2005 was 

1.15 Curie (Ci) of tritium (or about 23% of the total allowed under the permit), and 0.0019 Ci 

of other gamma-emitting radionuclides (or 0.19% of the total allowed under the same permit). 

For all monitoring, subcontracted analytical laboratories and/or RadCon Department staff (for 

radiological parameters only) perform all sampling at the prescribed sampling points. HRSD 

independently performs periodic sampling at all discharge streams for a full complement of 

metals and other parameters to validate TJNAF’s compliance with permit and regulatory 

requirements. This includes an annual seven-day period of monitoring flows and taking 

samples to help determine if our discharges remain consistent and if any changes to the 

permit are necessary. Self-monitoring and HRSD results demonstrated that TJNAF remained 

within the limits of the HRSD-issued permit in 2005. Due to no program or administrative 

violations during the year, TJNAF was presented with a 2005 Gold Award in early 2006 for 

this notable achievement. In early 2006, TJNAF submitted a nomination package for a 2005 

Pollution Prevention Award for the new CEBAF Center Phase 1 Addition, mentioned earlier, 

that incorporated many environmentally sustainable elements. No award was received but 

HRSD recognized this P2 initiative. 

2.2.1.2 Monitoring Air Emissions 

TJNAF complies with Commonwealth and Federal regulations regarding sources of potential 

air pollution. The Federal Clean Air Act (CAA) and its 1990 Amendments (CAAA) regulate 

the air emissions of DOE’s processes and facilities. TJNAF has no processes that require air 

permitting. Emissions data on the site’s natural gas-fired boilers are tracked. This 

information is provided to the DEQ upon request, including the February 2006 submittal of 

an Update of Air Emissions Inventory for CY 2005. 

Since a 1995 review of non-radiological emission sources indicated a minimal level of 

emissions, there have been no major changes in air emissions. TJNAF, therefore, remains 

below any reporting thresholds. Compliance with all applicable clean air standards was 

maintained in 2005. 

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) 

NESHAPs govern air emissions that contain hazardous components, such as radionuclides 

and asbestos. 

Radionuclide Emissions 

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) administers the radionuclide program 

in Virginia. Radionuclide emissions generated during CEBAF and FEL testing and 

operations fall under NESHAPs requirements. (Refer to Section 3 for discussion of 

direct radiation, the primary form of radiation generated on-site.) 

To address NESHAPs requirements, TJNAF uses sampling results and calculations to 

demonstrate that Lab operations remain below the EPA-defined 10 millirem per year 

(mrem/yr) potential effective dose equivalent to any member of the public. As 

effluent concentrations are below monitoring thresholds, routine monitoring of 
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radioactive airborne effluents at the site boundary is not required; however, the Lab 

does make periodic confirmatory measurements to verify low emissions. 

Under requirements of the CAA, TJNAF submits the annual NESHAPs emission 

report to the EPA. The estimated dose equivalent from airborne releases in 

conjunction with the Lab’s accelerator operations during 2005 was 0.014 mrem. 

Refer to Section 3.2.1 for more information. 

Asbestos Removal 

The NESHAP standard requires that individuals conducting asbestos-related training 

and activities follow approved procedures, and employ specific work practices to 

prevent release of asbestos to the air. In 2005 the Trailer City Complex, scheduled 

for demolition and removal in early 2006, was determined to contain no asbestos or 

asbestos-containing materials. 

2.2.2 Other Programs with Compliance Commitments 

2.2.2.1 General Water Programs 

General Permit for Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4s) -

VAR040079 

This permit authorizes operators of MS4s to discharge storm water to surface waters within 

Virginia. The permit’s intent is to keep surface waters free of sediment and other pollution. 

Under this permit, the Lab maintains a storm water management program, as noted in 

Chapter 6733 of the TJNAF EH&S Manual. The permit also requires that the Lab implement 

appropriate best management practices (BMPs) and set related measurable goals to address 

the control measures identified in the permit. One of the BMPs is to track by FY the number 

of incidences, such as spills, that could or did impact storm water. There were no incidences, 

including the oil spills noted below, that affected storm water quality in 2005. 

General Permit for Storm Water Discharges of Storm Water from Construction 

Activities –VPDES Permit No. VAR103277 

The main requirement under this permit is that the Lab have a documented Storm Water 

Pollution Prevention Plan (SWP3) that must be followed for all projects disturbing one or 

more acres of land. The permit authorizes TJNAF to discharge storm water from areas 

disturbed by such construction activities. Though no monitoring is required under this 

permit, strict erosion and control measure inspection and maintenance requirements are 

incorporated into subcontractor specifications. TJNAF’s Facilities Management Department 

oversees civil construction projects, ensuring that subcontractors adhere to this permit and 

other contract-specified standards. 

Permit to Withdraw Groundwater - No. GW0047200 

Maintaining water table levels is necessary to prevent the partially buried experimental halls 

from flooding, so pumping to maintain water table control will be necessary for the life of the 

facility. To accomplish this, a network of drains collects local groundwater into a sump pit, 

where it is then pumped and discharged to the surface. The only factor of concern under this 

permit is the quantity of water pumped. This authorization enables TJNAF to pump a 

maximum of 775,000 gallons monthly and 7,074,000 gallons annually. 
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Quantities of water pumped from these tile fields are reported to the DEQ. All withdrawal 

quantities, both monthly and annually, were well within permit requirements. The affected 

groundwater is sampled for water quality parameters under VPDES Permit No. 0089320. 

There were no unusual issues regarding this discharge in 2005. 

Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plan 

The TJNAF SPCC Plan is reviewed annually and was last updated in 2004. This plan 

addresses all storage tanks and oil-containing equipment on-site. Oil inventory at TJNAF 

mainly consists of numerous oil-filled electrical transformers ranging in volume from 

2 gallons to about 4,800 gallons and emergency generators including one holding 

5,000 gallons. The total volume of oil on-site is estimated to be about 40,000 gallons, with 

about 6,000 gallons of this total under the control of Dominion Virginia Power, the regional 

electric service provider. The Lab maintains a used oil collection area to assist in managing 

the resulting used oil. To ensure proper handling and response (in the event of a spill or 

release), all staff that work with oil receive SPCC Training. 

Potential oil spill sources are located such that surface water discharge spillways and the 

sluice gates located at the site boundary can be effectively used to prevent any oil spills from 

leaving the site. Most DOE transformers utilize secondary containment, while the Dominion 

Virginia Power transformers have none. Like TJNAF, Dominion Virginia Power maintains a 

SPCC Plan for its oil-containing items at the Lab. 

There were two hydraulic fluid release events at the CEBAF Center construction site in 2005. 

These spills received prompt response and attention by site response staff and both spill sites 

were remediated to below Lab detection levels. There was only a minor temporary impact on 

the environment, including from the larger spill of about 30 gallons, which was contained 

within a small area. No impact on public health resulted from either of these incidents. 

2.2.2.2 General Air Programs 

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 

The EPA has established NAAQS for sulfur oxides, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, 

ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and lead. In 2005, the Hampton Roads area, which includes 

Newport News, Virginia, remained in attainment status for all NAAQS pollutants except 

ozone. 

No monitoring of air pollutant emissions is required at TJNAF. There are no applicable 

NAAQS emissions sources present on the site although accelerator operations do result in the 

generation of small quantities of ozone. There are no environmental or public health effects 

from this generation; however, ozone is monitored as a worker health issue and is 

appropriately controlled. 

Stratospheric Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) 

To support the CAAA and one of the objectives in Executive Order (EO) 13148, Greening 

the Government through Leadership in Environmental Management, TJNAF strives to 

minimize the use of ODSs by using safe, cost-effective, environmentally preferable 

alternatives. ODS-containing items used at TJNAF include refrigerants, degreasers, cleaners, 

and aerosol can propellants. The phase out of these substances will have a moderate impact 

on the site. To reduce ODSs and ODS-containing items on-site, TJNAF utilizes trained and 

licensed subcontractors and staff to perform all work involving ODS-containing refrigeration 
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and air conditioning equipment. As well, TJNAF has one ODS recovery machine on-site. 

The one remaining chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-based chiller on-site receives preventive and 

corrective maintenance by a qualified mechanical subcontractor to ensure optimal 

performance and minimal CFC losses. 

The Facilities Management Director must approve all purchases of equipment containing 

ODSs. 

2.2.2.3 Waste Programs 

Waste Management 

Waste streams at the Lab include both RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 

1976) (hazardous and non-hazardous solid) and non-RCRA (low-level radioactive and 

medical) wastes. Site programs address applicable Federal requirements, which Virginia has 

adopted. The Lab endeavors to reduce its waste generation and has made progress in some 

areas. Lab staff encourage the reuse or recycling of previously used or discarded materials 

wherever possible. Waste generation and recycling quantities are tracked and reported 

annually to the DOE. 

Secondary Containment in Use 

There have been no waste management activities associated with spills or cleanup actions 

under other Federal programs such as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, 

Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA). There were no waste-related 

compliance issues in 2005. 

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 

RCRA promotes the protection of health and the environment and the conservation of 

valuable material and energy resources. RCRA provides the EPA authority to regulate solid 

waste from minimization and recovery to collection and disposal. 

RCRA wastes include the Lab’s hazardous and non-hazardous special waste streams and 

waste that is recycled or sent to a landfill. The last DEQ inspection of the hazardous waste 

program occurred on September 5, 2002, with no deficiencies identified. 
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In FY 2005, 6.48 tons of routine RCRA hazardous wastes and 326 tons of general refuse 

were reported to the DOE. An increase from the FY 2004 generation of RCRA waste came 

from two special activities where the wastes could not be processed in the neutralization 

system. RCRA hazardous and normal landfill wastes are managed for disposal by the 

appropriate staff in the EH&S Division and in the Facilities Management Department, 

respectively. 

The largest volumes of hazardous wastes generated were a waste acid mixture used for 

niobium cavity processing and waste solvents from cleaning operations. TJNAF neither 

transports hazardous wastes nor operates any regulated treatment or disposal units. All 

wastes are disposed of through licensed waste handling transporters and facilities. 

Hazardous and Special Waste Streams 

Improvements in hazardous waste generation rates have been recognized and documented 

with the use of performance measures. TJNAF has made notable progress in meeting 

hazardous waste minimization objectives, primarily through the use of the newest acid 

neutralization system. EH&S Division staff, working with those regularly using chemicals, 

continued to emphasize substitution, reduction, and reuse of hazardous materials in the 

workplace. 

Other Wastes 

Other wastes generated at the Lab, those not covered under RCRA, include radioactive, 

medical, and toxic wastes. Only a minimal amount of medical waste is generated at TJNAF 

and its disposal is in accordance with the site program. Other non-hazardous wastes are 

disposed of in landfills, reused on-site, recycled, or used for other purposes offsite. The 

quantity recycled in FY 2005 was about 107 tons, which included about 20 tons of scrap 

metal. These “other wastes” are managed for disposal by the appropriate RadCon, Facilities 

Management, and Medical Services staff. There were no compliance issues for any of these 

programs in 2005. 

Low-Level Radioactive Wastes (LLW) 

The only radioactive waste the Lab generates is LLW; thus, there is no source of special 

nuclear materials. In 2005, 25.55 m3 (cubic meters) of LLW was generated at TJNAF. To 

date, there has been no generation of mixed (a mixture of hazardous and radioactive) waste. 

2.2.2.4 Emergency Planning & Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA) 

Under EPCRA, which is aligned with the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act 

(SARA), TJNAF is responsible for planning and being prepared to respond to chemical 

emergencies. As well, TJNAF is responsible for completing applicable reporting 

requirements, such as toxic chemical usage and environmental releases, if there are any. 

TJNAF files an annual SARA Tier II report with three emergency planning and response 

groups (EPGs) - the EPA, the DEQ, and a local planning group. The items reported for 2005 

were nitric, hydrofluoric, and sulfuric acids; bromine; argon; helium; nitrogen; lead; 

propylene glycol; and hydraulic oil. The Lab has not used any chemicals that are either toxic 

or on the persistent, bioaccumulative, or toxic (PBT) list in quantities that exceed Toxic 

Release Inventory reporting thresholds. Under EPCRA, the Lab must also have a MSDS 

(Material Safety Data Sheet) available for every chemical on-site. TJNAF has had no 

releases to date that meet the EPG release reporting criteria. 
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2.2.2.5 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 

NEPA, as amended, outlines the Federal policy to restore and enhance the environment and 

to attain the widest range of beneficial use without degradation. NEPA-related actions are 

handled in conjunction with the DOE, which is committed to following both the DOE and 

EPA-related regulations. TJNAF assists the DOE by preparing documents and performing 

assessments of existing documentation. 

NEPA requires that projects with potentially significant environmental impacts be evaluated 

and alternative actions explored. These evaluations are to be performed and reported as 

either an Environmental Assessment (EA) or an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). 

Besides the EAs, TJNAF meets routine NEPA requirements by continuing to implement a 

program of reviewing construction activities for compliance. All activities in 2005 were 

addressed under the site’s 13 active DOE-approved Categorical Exclusion (CX) actions, EAs, 

and internal CX reviews. 

2.2.2.6 Compliance with Other Regulations and Federal Standards 

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 

FIFRA applies to the storage and use of herbicides and pesticides. Use of these substances 

has environmental implications, especially where water quality is concerned. As such, the 

application of herbicides and pesticides is handled and permitted by subcontractors through a 

Commonwealth-administered certification program. 

In order to minimize the chances of herbicides and pesticides washing into local storm water 

channels, TJNAF requires that there be no outdoor application of these compounds when rain 

is expected. To further minimize the chances of pollution, no industrial-strength herbicides 

or pesticides are stored or disposed of on TJNAF property. Only small amounts are mixed on 

site. The subcontractor is further responsible for handling any waste disposal through an 

authorized disposal facility. Small containers of household pesticides are stored on-site and 

applied per manufacturer’s recommendations. 

Applicable Executive Orders (EO) 

There were numerous activities conducted throughout the Lab in 2005 that furthered efforts 

to be an environmental steward, especially in waste minimization and P2. Some actions were 

related to EO requirements, others were staff-initiated, and some a combination of the two. 

Information on how the Lab addresses applicable EOs of which there were no concerns or 

compliance issues during 2005, follows. 

EO 11990 Protection of Wetlands 

EO 11990 ensures that adverse impacts to wetlands from construction activities are 

avoided or responsibly mitigated. Evaluation of TJNAF activities involving potential 

wetlands is accomplished through the NEPA review process. 

EO 11998 Floodplain Management 

EO 11988 relates to the occupancy and modification of floodplains. There is 

localized flooding during significant rain events, but no part of the site is within the 

100-year floodplain. 
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EO 13101 Greening the Government through Waste Prevention, Recycling and 

Federal Acquisition 

EO 13101 encourages agencies to implement Affirmative Procurement (AP) by 

promoting the purchase of products made with recycled materials. The purchase of 

these materials helps “close-the-loop” in the recycling process. 

To comply with this EO, the DOE has set goals and performance standards, including 

a DOE complex-wide FY 2005 procurement target of 100% for purchasing recycled 

content EPA-listed products. The Lab has almost reached an internal goal of 95%, as 

its compliance level rose to 94%, with an adjusted compliance total of 99% for 

FY 2005. The Business Services Department’s procurement staff has made great 

progress in meeting the intent of this EO since tracking began in 1995. 

EO 13123 Greening the Government through Efficient Energy Management 

This initiative focuses on energy efficiency (E2) as a means of P2. The DOE seeks a 

2005 energy use reduction of 20%, and a 2010 energy use reduction of 25% for 

industrial/lab category facilities from our a 1999 baseline. For FY 2005, TJNAF 

documented a 47.1% energy use reduction in all reportable industrial/lab category 

buildings compared to the 1999 baseline year. The site’s highly energy intensive 

production-related buildings and the CEBAF Center’s Computer Center are 

considered to be exempt from reporting at this time. 

EO 13148 Greening the Government through Leadership in Environmental 

Management 

This EO identifies a number of actions for Federal Agencies to implement. These 

actions include the need to develop an EMS, reducing the use of ODS and toxic 

chemicals, and to report under EPCRA. 

In 2005, TJNAF addressed EO 13148 and general P2 and E2 goals by: self-declaring 

an EMS (see Section 2.1); working to reduce ODS use (see Section 2.2.2.2); 

minimizing chemical use not only in day to day Lab operations but also in grounds 

maintenance; reusing and recycling various items from chemicals to cardboard boxes 

(to the extent practical) (see Section 2.2.3); and, by disposing of wastes in the most 

environmentally practical and safe manner. TJNAF continues to make progress in 

meeting the requirements of this EO, as found throughout this report. 
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Dogwood Blossoms 

2.2.3 Environmental Stewardship at TJNAF: Other Site Programs 

Waste Minimization and Pollution Prevention (WMin/P2) 

Waste minimization, in combination with other P2 strategies, is recognized as the most cost-effective 

form of environmental protection (EP). TJNAF’s WMin/P2 Awareness Plan fosters the philosophy 

that waste prevention is superior to paying either for special disposal or for remediation. The goal of 

the program is to incorporate WMin/P2 into the decision-making process at every level throughout 

the organization. This is accomplished by having line managers, assisted by both local and EH&S 

Division staff members, ensure that staff are knowledgeable about the benefits of WMin/P2; consider 

the waste implications of a new or modified process during the planning stage; and, are recognized 

when ways to enhance EP are brought to their manager’s attention. These practices benefit the 

environment, protect employees and public health, reduce site waste disposal costs, and foster good 

community relations. 

EP in Product and Service Life Cycles 

A variety of products and materials are purchased or otherwise obtained for on-site use. When the 

materials have served their purpose, they are disposed of in accordance with TJNAF policy. As there 

are EH&S risks involved, TJNAF has programs and procedures in place that include EP and 

sustainability considerations. 

Environmentally Preferable Purchasing and Planning 

TJNAF is committed to integrating environmentally preferable purchasing and sustainability 

considerations into the acquisition of products, services, and construction projects when 

feasible. This responsibility is founded on the Lab’s commitment to P2 and sound 

environmental stewardship. Our efforts go beyond the AP requirements regarding EPAdesignated products, and include the active avoidance of purchasing items that contain ozonedepleting substances under EO 13101 EPA. 

TJNAF continues to make steady and consistent progress toward meeting the DOE AP goals 

and requirements and in implementing other environmentally preferable purchasing measures 
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(refer to Section 2.2.2.6). Refer to Figure 2.2.3-1 that shows the Lab’s consistent progress. 

Products purchased with recycled content that meet EPA definitions are indicated. The 

numbers shown include those purchased that met ‘exclusion’ criteria that include 

unavailability of recycled content products and unsatisfactory pricing. 

To make this happen, Procurement staff continues to increase employee awareness of EPAdesignated products and provide ready access to these recycled content/remanufactured 

products. Office supply purchases made using Purchase Cards (PCards) have been restricted 

as a full line of AP items is available using the Lab’s e-commerce system. Facilities 

Management and other staff continue to explore opportunities to find users or vendors that 

will take or buy items that are no longer needed for Lab operations. 

Figure 2.2.3 - 1 

Affirmative Procurement Performance 

Lab AP Performance

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Fiscal Year

Recycled Products

EP Considerations in Building and System Design and Construction Activities 

Though the CEBAF accelerator complex is the site’s primary energy user, energy 

management principles are applied throughout the Lab. Subcontractors and staff involved 

with the design of new buildings or with changing and modifying existing buildings or utility 

systems evaluate and implement energy and water conserving strategies where feasible. A 

major construction project, the Phase 1 Addition to CEBAF Center, was designed to 

incorporate multiple EP elements and may even meet the strict terms required for a future 

submission for LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certification. Items 

meeting LEED criteria are the use of energy efficient lighting and the use of an alternative 

source of energy, that is, not coal or oil. 
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Environmentally Preferable Use 

Besides selecting the best environmentally preferred product or service for the desired activity, staff 

and users of TJNAF are responsible for following safe and environmentally sound use, storage, and 

waste management practices. 

Factors, such as ensuring that secondary containment is present and proper ventilation for the process 

is provided, help to minimize exposure to potential hazards. Lab staff and subcontractors have taken 

opportunities to minimize energy and water use. 

Energy Management - With an increased emphasis on energy management, selected mechanical and 

electrical improvements have been made to building and process systems and equipment in order to 

improve their performance and reliability. The Lab has exceeded the prescribed energy goals. 

Facilities Management, which is also responsible for new building construction, is also taking E2 into 

account during the design process. 

Water Conservation - TJNAF uses about 56 million gallons of water annually, with 79% directly 

related to process or facility heat rejection. Much of this water is evaporated in cooling towers for 

process cooling and air conditioning. With an increased emphasis on water conservation, water-using 

processes and site maintenance activities continue to receive extra attention. Available techniques are 

used to minimize water use, including a regular maintenance program. New projects that need water 

are reviewed to minimize water use. Existing water-using activities are, or will be, evaluated to 

reduce water usage as much as possible based on a life cycle cost. Water reductions for landscaping 

were again implemented in 2005. 

Environmentally Preferable Disposal 

Today’s rapidly changing technologies, products, and practices carry the risk of generating materials 

and wastes that, if improperly managed, could impair or threaten public health and the environment. 

In this regard, TJNAF encourages, and, where appropriate, requires the purchase and use of products 

and services whose waste products will have minimal impact on the environment and public health. 

Once the waste is generated, Lab staff members are responsible for ensuring proper segregation and 

disposal of waste items. 

The range of options for disposition of materials includes recycling, neutralizing, scrapping, or 

providing spent chemicals or equipment to co-workers on-site or to other DOE facilities for reuse, or 

for disposal in a local landfill. The Lab intends for all items to be disposed of in the most 

environmentally acceptable manner meeting all applicable regulatory and contractual requirements. 

The Lab continues to implement waste reduction strategies and to educate and encourage staff on the 

proper disposition of recyclable materials. Lab staff, users and subcontractors continued to utilize 

Lab-wide office product recycling centers. Products collected at these local centers are: aluminum 

cans, small batteries, cardboard, CDs/diskettes, copier/fax/inkjet/laser cartridges, greeting cards, 

paper wastes, packing peanuts, telephone books, transparencies, Tyvek® envelopes, and plastic and 

glass bottles, The presence of local recycling centers has considerably increased staff recycling 

awareness and participation. In FY 2005, with scrap metal and automatic data processing equipment 

included in the total, TJNAF recycled about 107 tons of materials. 
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2.3 APPRAISALS, ASSESSMENTS, AND INSPECTIONS 

The DOE Site Office, the DOE Oak Ridge Office, and various Commonwealth and local authorities 

provide external oversight of the TJNAF EP Program. Assurance that on-site processes do not 

adversely affect the environment is achieved through self-assessments, routine and invited 

inspections, and oversight by the DOE, DEQ, and the HRSD. TJNAF complies with all applicable 

laws, regulations, and permits. Actions of note are described here. 

DOE Review of TJNAF Self-Assessment 

The DOE Site Office’s Overlay Report, produced in conjunction with SURA’s annual Lab-wide selfassessment, covers EH&S topics, and contains Site Office observations and reviews, DOE appraisal 

results, and other information. The Report provides an overall performance assessment for the year. 

For FY2005, the Overlay Performance Evaluation Report yielded a rating of “Good” in the EH&S 

category. The reduction from the previous “Outstanding” ratings was due to a reduced safety 

performance (injury avoidance rating); however, FY2005 environmental performance remained in the 

“Outstanding” category. 

External Inspections 

There were three external environmental inspections during 2005. HRSD staff conducted the first 

inspection of the year on March 16, 2005. The inspection focused on the Test Lab (Building 58) acid 

use areas and basement, and on HRSD meters sites. The second inspection was conducted by the 

DEQ on March 22, regarding a review of the March 19 oil spill by a CEBAF Center Addition 

construction-project subcontractor. The third inspection was conducted by the DEQ on August 11. It 

involved reviewing TJNAF’s ground water monitoring VA0089320 permit, which was due for 

renewal. 
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SECTION 3 

ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOLOGICAL PROGRAM 

Radiation, and a variety of radioactive materials, are produced as byproducts of research activities at 

TJNAF. The impacts of operating radiation-producing equipment and of working with and around 

radioactive materials have been taken into account in Lab procedures. Any potential impacts have 

been significantly reduced by applying standard control measures and by implementing ALARA, “as 

low as reasonably achievable”, principles. The resultant potential effective dose equivalents to 

members of the public from various pathways, such as inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption, are 

evaluated by the RadCon Department to demonstrate compliance with EPA and DOE regulatory 

limits. 

TJNAF protects the environment and the public from exposure to radiation by implementing a 

number of both engineered and administrative controls. The radiological monitoring program is the 

primary means by which TJNAF accomplishes this objective. Exposure reduction support activities 

include using permanent and temporary shielding; using active and passive controls at activated water 

locations; and, following proper protocols when handling radioactive materials and wastes. 

The radiological monitoring program is designed to verify that radiation exposures, both for onsite 

radiation workers and for members of the general public, are below applicable limits and are 

ALARA. The program also assures that Lab support activities and accelerator testing and operations, 

as described within the approved operational safety envelope, will result in minimal impacts to the 

environment and have minimal to no effect on public health. 

3.1 RADIATION EXPOSURE PATHWAYS 

Accelerator operations produce two broad pathways of potential radiation exposure to the public and 

environment: direct or prompt radiation, and induced radioactivity in equipment, air and water. 

Direct radiation has a potential impact only within close proximity to the site. In the category of 

induced radioactivity, the only authorized pathway to the environment for these materials is via 

regulated airborne and liquid effluents. TJNAF performed extensive environmental monitoring in 

2005 to measure these forms of accelerator-produced radiation. Pathways to the general public are 

modeled and monitored when appropriate or as required by law. The decision to monitor a particular 

pathway is based on the: 

 type of operations 

 radionuclides released 

 potential hazard 

 experience from previous monitoring results at TJNAF 

 experience at other nuclear and high-energy physics laboratories 

radioactivity – a natural and spontaneous process by which the unstable 

atoms of an element emit or radiate excess energy from their nuclei and, 

thus, change (or decay) to atoms of a different element or to a lower energy 

state of the same element 
TJNAF’S 

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26 

3.1.1 Direct Radiation and its Effects 

Direct or prompt radiation results from the interaction of the accelerator beam with matter. This 

radiation is produced within the beam enclosure and stops when the accelerator is turned off. Beam 

operation produces significant levels of direct radiation within the accelerator enclosure. 

Almost all direct radiation is absorbed by the shielding which is an integral part of accelerator design 

- any possible exposure to this radiation is at a maximum onsite and decreases with distance, so is 

insignificant at the site boundary. During 2005, TJNAF continued regular accelerator operations in 

support of physics experiments in the three experimental halls, as well as operation of the FreeElectron Laser facility. Accelerator operations and related activities were performed within an 

approved safety envelope, thereby maintaining potential exposures from prompt radiation well below 

design goals. 

Shielding Layout at a Beam Dump Cooling Building 

Accelerator enclosures, where direct radiation can be produced, are not accessible during accelerator 

operations. There are approximately 50 electronic radiation detectors and a series of associated 

passive integrating detectors deployed around the accelerator site with the primary purpose of 

measuring onsite radiation. The majority of the electronic detectors are connected to a central 

computer system that automatically records the radiation levels for subsequent examination. When 

appropriate, TJNAF employees, subcontractors, and visitors wear detection devices to monitor their 

onsite radiation exposure. As well, six dual-channel microprocessor-based instruments for 

monitoring gamma and neutron radiation levels collected direct radiation data (see Section 3.4 below) 

at the site boundary in 2005. 

As stated above, the interaction of the accelerator beam with matter can cause the formation of 

radioactive materials through activation of matter. The beamlines, magnets, beamline-components, 

targets, detectors, other experimental area equipment, and the energy dissipating devices (beam 

dumps) used to contain the beam’s energy may become activated. Cooling and ground waters, 

lubricants, and air in the beam enclosure may also become activated. These activated air, water, and 

particulates are possible sources of airborne and waterborne radioactivity. Though the direct 

radiation stops when the accelerator is turned off, the activated equipment, water, and air continue to 
TJNAF’S 

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27 

emit radiation. All material exposed to the beam is monitored for radioactivity prior to being 

removed from an accelerator enclosure. 

Controls are in place to minimize exposure from both direct radiation and radiation from activated 

materials on Lab personnel, the environment, and the public. 

3.1.2 Waterborne Radiation 

TJNAF is situated in the central section of Newport News, Virginia, at an average elevation of about 

35 feet above mean sea level. The site is in a Zone C area on the local flood maps, so is not 

considered to be within the 100-year floodplain. The Lab site is located in the watershed of Brick 

Kiln Creek, which discharges to the Big Bethel Recreation Area. As water is a vital natural resource, 

contamination could present potential problems to the general population. Because of this, both the 

Federal government and the Commonwealth of Virginia regulate both groundwater and surface water. 

Groundwater 

The TJNAF Groundwater Protection Management Program provides a strategy to minimize impact to 

groundwater resources and is used as a management tool to guide program implementation. The 

Program ensures compliance with Federal, Commonwealth, and local regulations, other identified 

standards, and effective resource management practices. The Lab’s groundwater monitoring program 

serves to assess the effect of TJNAF activities on groundwater quantity and quality. (Refer to 

Section 3.2.2). 

Soil activation is a potential source of groundwater contamination. Groundwater quality in the soil 

surrounding the accelerator complex is the Commonwealth’s largest concern about site operations. 

The monitoring of VPDES-permitted wells for specified groundwater quality parameters continued in 

2005. Through a combination of engineered controls (e.g. shielding) designed into the CEBAF and 

FEL facilities, and adherence to operational limits, no significant amount of soil or groundwater 

activation is expected onsite and no offsite effect is anticipated. 

Surface Water 

The surface water sampling program commenced at the time construction of the experimental halls 

was completed. The program continued in 2005, and included the quarterly sampling of the 

groundwater dewatering surface discharge under the VPDES groundwater quality permit. Additional 

samples were taken at a variety of locations onsite and analyzed to verify surface water quality. 

All potentially activated water collected or discharged from accelerator enclosures is sampled to 

ensure it meets strict limits for onsite surface discharge. Any such water exceeding release criteria 

was collected and disposed of through a permitted disposal process. 

The RadCon Department addresses any activated water spills, and if necessary institutes mitigating 

measures to minimize potential impact on surface or groundwater. 

Surface water quality is maintained by discharging only permitted effluent from a cooling tower and 

unpolluted waters, such as rainwater, to the environment. Control measures involving radioactive 

water identified for the site include: 

 Using proper procedures, such as secondary containment, around containers where 

activated water may be temporarily stored. 
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 Having activated water management procedures in place and using protocols, which 

provide for sampling and monitoring of potentially activated water (before release) from 

within all accelerator enclosures. 

For information about other non-radiological surface water quality issues at TJNAF, refer to 

Section 2.2. 

3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION MONITORING 

TJNAF uses environmental monitoring to assess local and offsite environmental conditions. The site 

environmental monitoring program verifies that any radiation exposures, and radioactive and nonradioactive effluent releases, comply with applicable regulations and other requirements. 

While radiation dose rates offsite, from direct and airborne radioactivity, are expected to be well 

below limits set for the general public, monitoring ensures that the established controls are effective. 

TJNAF operations have minimal radiological dose impact to the public and the environment. Lab 

programs and outside advisory committees ensure that the Lab continues to function within regulatory 

and established administrative limits for direct radiation and airborne emissions. There has been no 

offsite release of radioactivity in any water effluents beyond the small quantities allowed to be 

discharged under the Lab’s HRSD permit. 

The overall effects on the environment and the public from TJNAF’s operations are summarized in 

Exhibit 3.2.2-1. There were no non-routine releases so all values shown result from routine 

operations. The net ambient external dose measured was 2.7 mrem (27 μSv (microSieverts). This is 

well below the DOE standard of 100 mrem (1 mSv) for dose to members of the public from all 

pathways. Information about the air and water monitoring programs follows. 

3.2.1 Air 

Airborne radionuclide concentrations continue to be too low to directly measure at the site boundary. 

Annual calculations, using EPA-approved computer modeling codes, show that TJNAF operational 

emissions remain several orders of magnitude lower than the EPA 10 mrem/yr limit. TJNAF 

continued making measurements to verify the very low calculated release rate. (Refer to 

Exhibits 3.2.2-1 and 3.2.2-2) A report, documenting that the 2005 dose to the maximally exposed 

individual of the public was 0.014 mrem/yr (0.14 μSv/yr) due to airborne releases, was sent to the 

EPA in 2006. This dose is insignificant when compared to the EPA regulatory limit of 10 mrem/yr 

(100 μSv/yr). 

3.2.2 Water 

Groundwater 

Activation of groundwater, as a result of direct or secondary radiation, is possible in certain locations 

around the accelerator complex. Tightly controlled operational protocols and extensive shielding 

around the accelerator beam enclosures minimizes groundwater activation. The monitoring 

conditions in VPDES Permit No. VA0089320 serve as the basis for evaluating accelerator-produced 

radioactivity in groundwater. The data collected through the completion of facility construction in 

1995 provide a groundwater quality baseline for comparisons during long-term facility operation. 

The background samples were analyzed for naturally occurring radionuclides, accelerator-produced 

radionuclides, and selected chemical parameters. The radionuclides analyzed in 2005 are those 
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29 

known to relate to operations associated with electron accelerators. They include H-3 (Tritium), Be-7, 

Na-22, Mn-54, and gross beta. Total manmade radioactivity was also analyzed. The general water 

quality parameters measured were pH, conductivity, TSS and TDS. 

This VPDES groundwater quality permit specifies EPA-approved sampling and analysis protocols, 

which were the basis of groundwater monitoring in 2005. Fifteen wells were sampled at quarterly, 

semi-annual, or annual intervals. The permitted wells included the “A”, “B”, and “C” Ring wells 

(labeled as to proximity to the accelerator) and the upgradient well, as shown on Exhibit 3.2.2-3. 

Along with the A-ring wells, the groundwater dewatering effluent at the experimental halls was also 

monitored quarterly in 2005 and reported under this permit. Note that the water quality beyond the 

Lab boundary must remain well below the regulated drinking water limit of 1 mrem/year. The annual 

effective dose equivalent to an individual consuming water activated at this level is so negligible it 

cannot be measured. 

The VPDES groundwater quality action and permit levels for radiological parameters are 

representative of normal background radionuclides, which are also generated through TJNAF 

activities. Note that if an action level should be reached at an A-Ring well, it would not result in a 

permit violation, but would trigger an internal investigation of potential causes. The permit is 

available for review at https://jlabdoc.jlab.org/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document13058/Permit%20071706.pdf . 

The maximum radiological results obtained from monitoring the wells in the accelerator vicinity 

during 2005 are presented in the first part of Exhibit 3.2.2-4. The results from the other locations 

described in the permit are shown in the second half of the exhibit. All measurements were within 

permit levels. No accelerator-produced activity has been detected. All values represent natural 

background, and variations are normal. 

Exhibit 3.2.2- 1 

TJNAF Radiological Dose Reporting Table for 2005 

Pathway 

Dose to Maximally 

Exposed 

Individual 

mrem/ (mSv) 

% of DOE Limit 

100 mrem/yr 

Estimated Population 

Dose 

 person-rem / 

(person-Sv) 

Population within 

80 km 

Air 0.014 (1.4E-04) 0.014 0.027 (2.7 E-04) - 

Water 0 0 N/A - 

Other Pathways 2.7 (2.7 E-02) 2.7 Unknown/ Unknowable - 

All Pathways 2.7 (2.7 E-02) 2.7 214,000 est. 

Notes: 0.007 = 7 x 10-3 = 7 E-03 

 Values presented in Exhibits 3.2.2-1, 3.2.2-2, & 3.2.2-5 are presented in Scientific Notation (example, 2 E-05 is 

 0.00002) 

 mSv = MilliSievert 
TJNAF’S 

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Exhibit 3.2.2- 2 

TJNAF Radiological Atmospheric Releases for 2005 

Radionuclide [half-life 

(timeframes)] Ci (Bq) in CY 2005 

Tritium [12.26 yr] 1.79 E-02 (6.6 E+08) 

Be-7 [53 .6 days] 1.22 E-03 (4.5 E +07) 

C-11 [20.3 m] 5.14E-01 (1.9 E+10) 

N-13 [9.96 m] 3.96 (1.5E+11) 

O-15 [123 sec] 2.15 (8.0 E+10) 

Cl-38 [37.29 m] 2.13 E-02 (7.9 E+08) 

Cl-39 [ 55.5 m] 2.52 E-01 (9.3 E+09) 

Ar-41 [1.83 hr] 1.12 E-03 (4.1 E +07) 

Notes: 1 pCi = 1 x 10 E-12 Ci = 0.037 Bq 

 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 

 m: minutes 
TJNAF’S 

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Exhibit 3.2.2- 3 

Monitoring Well Locations 
TJNAF’S 

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Exhibit 3.2.2- 4 

Maximum Groundwater Measurements for Radionuclides Relevant to TJNAF Operations 

January 2005 through December 2005 

Radionuclides at Associated Wells Relevant to Accelerator Operations (in pCi/l unless noted otherwise) 

Analyte A-Ring B-Ring 

A and B Rings

(Permit Level) C-Ring 

C-Ring 

(Permit Level) 

Gross Beta 12.1 9.3 50 6.4 153 

Manmade Radioactivity < 0.167 mrem/yr < 0.147 mrem/yr 1 mrem/yr not applicable −

Tritium ND at < 727 ND at < 563 5000 ND at < 310 < 1000 

Sodium-22 ND at < 12.7 ND at < 10.6 − ND at < 10.5 < 61 

Beryllium-7 ND at < 88.4 ND at < 86.6 − ND at < 76.0 < 835 

Manganese-54 ND at < 11.0 ND at < 10.6 − ND at < 10.3 < 51 

Radionuclides at Other Permit Locations (in pCi/l) 

Analyte Upgradient Well Discharge 001 

Gross Beta 1.65 13.30 

Tritium ND at < 310 ND at < 587 

Sodium-22 ND at < 10.0 ND at < 9.55 

Beryllium-7 ND at < 72.0 ND at < 78.0 

Manganese-54 ND at < 8.9 ND at < 9.10 

 

Notes: No accelerator-produced activity has been detected. 

 ND: Not detectable above permit-required sensitivity limits 

 Conversion: 1 pCi = 1 x 10-12 Ci = 0.037 Bq 

Exhibit 3.2.2- 5 

TJNAF Liquid Effluent Discharges of Radionuclides to HRSD for 2005 

Other Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides 

(Permit Level 1 Ci) (Bq) 

Radionuclide 

Tritium 

(Permit Level 5 Ci) (Bq) 

H-3 Be-7 Na-22 Mn-54 

Ci (Bq) in CY 2005 1.17 (4.3 E+9) 1.84 x 10-3

(6.8 E+07) 

2.22 x 10-5 

(8.21 E+06) None Detected 
TJNAF’S 

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Exhibit 3.2.2- 6 

Analytical Results for Discharges to HRSD in 2005 

Monthly Values

Reporting Period 

Tritium 

Concentration (pCi/l) Reporting Period 

Tritium 

Concentration (pCi/l) 

January 17,000 July 23,000 

February 56,000 August 32,000 

March 40,000 September 38,000 

April 53,000 October 38,000 

May 35,000 November 9,600 

June 52,000 December 12,000 

Quarterly Values 

Reporting Period 

Tritium Concentration 

(pCi/l) 

Other Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides 

Concentration (pCi/l) 

 Be-7 Na-22 Mn-54 

First Quarter 36,000 1.2 0.15 None detected 

Second Quarter 48,000 14 0.17 None detected 

Third Quarter 32,000 39 1.2 None detected 

Fourth Quarter 21,000 150 0.90 None detected 

Notes: These effluent concentrations are well below the 0.1 μCi/ml (1,000,000 pCi/l) permit limit. 

 Radionuclides are analyzed at EPA sensitivity levels or better. 

 Conversion: 1pCi = 1 x 10-12 Ci = 0.037 Bq 

Other Water Monitoring 

The Cooling Water Tank (Building 92) and the floor drain sump (FDS) pit (Building 97) are 

considered one HRSD sampling point. The cooling water tank noted is used to collect activated water 

from various sources, including from the beam dump cooling water systems and from various 

discharges from accelerator apparatus and accelerator dehumidification condensate. The floor drain 

sump (FDS) pit contains various discharges including low-level activated dehumidification 

condensate from the hall air conditioning systems. Sampling and analysis for applicable 

radionuclides were performed and reviewed to ensure HRSD criteria were met prior to any discharge 

from either location to the sanitary system. The analytical results are recorded and monthly and 

quarterly concentration values are provided to HRSD. The total quantity of radioactivity released to 

HRSD in 2005 is presented in Exhibit 3.2.2-5. See Exhibit 3.2.2-6 for the monthly and composite 

quarterly activity concentrations (at the sampling point) for 2005. The concentrations varied based on 

the quantity of beam dump cooling water discharged during the reporting period. 

In 2005, other water sampling and analysis for radioactivity were performed on a periodic basis on 

various discharges from areas accelerator sumps. Any water identified as a potential concern was 

collected and discharged according to the terms of the HRSD permit. 

3.3 OTHER SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 

Permanent shielding in the form of thick concrete walls and earth berms protects the environment 

from exposure. Monitoring equipment continually measures and records radiation levels both inside 

and outside the facility, and where appropriate, automatically interrupts beam operation if unusual 

levels are detected. 
TJNAF’S 

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Various accelerator-related water systems have the potential for becoming activated. All areas where 

activated water could be present have controls in place. Locations with a high potential for activation 

have secondary containment or other physical measures installed and administrative lockout/tagout 

controls. Other areas with less or even minimal potential for activation are monitored periodically to 

ensure levels are within expected values. 

The RadCon Department establishes access-controlled areas to temporarily store radioactive 

materials, including those being stored for decay, and wastes. There is negligible impact to the 

environment and no impact on public health from the small quantity of these materials stored on-site. 

3.4 ASSESSMENTS OF POTENTIAL DOSE TO THE PUBLIC AND TO BIOTA 

The six electronic radiation measurement devices noted in Section 3.1.1, installed along the 

accelerator site boundary, continued to be used to determine offsite dose to the public due to TJNAF 

operations. These electronic detectors - radiation boundary monitors (RBMs) - measure and log 

radiological information. In addition, passive integrating detectors are used for a number of 

measurements. All measured dose values were within statutory and administrative limits. 

Exhibit 3.4-1 displays the radiation doses in mrem for 2005 at RBM-3 positioned near Hall C. 

RBM - 3 is the detector that sees the largest dose from a combination of accelerator and experimental 

hall operations. A comparison with natural background radiation is made, which indicates the 

relatively low levels of TJNAF’s contribution to the public dose. These background levels do not 

include contributions to dose from naturally occurring radon, which typically doubles natural 

radiation dose to the public. 

TJNAF does not release any residual radioactive material, such as concrete or soil, so there are no 

resulting dose impacts to the public. The absorbed dose to any local aquatic animals, or terrestrial 

plants or animals, from TJNAF operations will not exceed the internationally recommended dose 

limits for terrestrial biota. As there are no potential releases of a magnitude that could result in doses 

exceeding 0.1 rad/day to terrestrial animals, the lowest limit for any biota, no dose limits will be 

exceeded. 

TJNAF did not contribute significantly to the radiation dose received by the public through either 

airborne or waterborne pathways. The direct radiation exposure was again measurable in 2005, but 

was found to be about 27% of the TJNAF design goal of one-tenth of the DOE limit. 
TJNAF’S 

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Exhibit 3.4- 1 

Radiation Boundary Monitor RBM-3 Results for 2005 

Period Neutron (mrem) Gamma (mrem) Total(mrem) 

Jan-June 0.55 ±0.01 0.14 ± 0.01 0.69 ± 0.02 

July-Dec 1.60 ± 0.02 0.40 + 0.01 2.00 + 0.02 

TOTAL 2.15 ± 0.03 0.54 ± 0.02 2.69 ± 0.03 

Natural Background ~1.8 ~110 ~112 

Notes: 

 Statistical errors are quoted at 1 sigma. 

 Systematic errors including calibration (not included) are approximately 20% for neutrons. 

 Gamma dose equivalent rates are estimated based on best known statistical correlation techniques. 

 RBM-3 received the highest dose. 

 Conversion: 1 mrem = 0.01 mSv 

3.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE 

Regular quality assurance (QA) efforts are being made to ensure that TJNAF’s environmental 

monitoring program is performed in accordance with the principles of the TJNAF QA Program 

Manual. 

QA in Sampling Procedures 

The TJNAF QA Program includes qualification of the laboratories that provide analytical services, 

verification of certification to perform analytical work, and review of performance test results. Also 

included in this review is the adequacy of their internal quality control (QC) practices, recordkeeping, 

chain of custody, and the relevant portions of the QA program itself. 

The RadCon Department and other program management are involved in the qualification process for 

environmentally sensitive services, including offsite analytical laboratories, and are responsible for 

auditing their own QA practices and implementing relevant QA procedures. The TJNAF SA/QA 

(Self-Assessment/Quality Assurance) function performs independent assessments of all functional 

areas, including those for EP activities. The DOE oversight organizations, in their independent 

overview capacity, also perform periodic audits and surveillance of TJNAF. No QA concerns were 

noted for CY 2005 regarding sampling protocols or results. 

Universal Laboratories, Inc. (Universal Labs) collected most VPDES and HRSD permit-related water 

samples. BWX Technologies, Inc. (BWX), and Paragon Analytics, their subcontractors, performed 

all radiological analyses on identified samples. Several field audits were performed and showed 

Universal Labs’ collection procedures were satisfactory. 

Other sample collection that involves radiochemicals, including some required by the HRSD permit, 

is performed by the RadCon Department and analyzed in the RadCon radiological analysis lab 

(Building 52). 

QA in Analysis 

Samples are analyzed for radiological (and non-radiological) attributes using standard EPA-approved 

analytical procedures. A continuing program of analytical laboratory QC, participation in 

interlaboratory crosschecks, analysis of various blanks, and replicate sampling and analysis verifies 

data quality. RadCon, Accelerator Division EH&S staff, and other responsible staff review all 
TJNAF’S 

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analytical data for samples analyzed under their subcontracts. The analytical results are reviewed 

relative to the accompanying QA/QC results and compared with regulatory limits for acceptability. 

These reviews include inspection of chain-of-custodies, sample stewardship, sample handling and 

transport, and sampling protocols. When applicable to the analysis requested, analytical labs must be 

appropriately certified. 

 

Ongoing precision and accuracy are monitored by analysis of the following with each batch of 

samples taken under Permit VA0089320: laboratory standards, duplicate determinations, matrix 

spikes, and matrix spike duplicates. This data is used to calculate the relative standard deviation on 

all applicable parameters. The quality of the data is then evaluated and compared to regulatory limits 

to determine acceptability. In addition, a range of radiochemical spikes is used to test the vendor’s 

ability to achieve the required sensitivity for each parameter, and their reliability in detecting 

accelerator-produced radionuclides at or below the concentration guide standards. This enables 

compliance with permit requirements that QA is performed. 

Independent QA under the DOE 

The Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) Quality Assessment Program (QAP) is an 

external, independent performance evaluation program designed to test the quality of environmental 

radiological measurements and provides DOE with complex-wide comparability of environmental 

radiological analysis. Under this program, four matrices of various radionuclides are distributed 

semi-annually to DOE-subcontracted laboratories for analysis, with the labs analyzing only the 

parameters for which they analyze under contract. The results for 2005 can be found at 

http://www.inl.gov/resl/mapep/reports.html. 

In 2005, BWX, Paragon Analytics and TJNAF’s RadCon lab participated in the EML’s QAP, 

performed semi-annually, for radionuclides. 

Performance results for all BWX, Paragon Analytics and TJNAF programs were satisfactory for all 

relevant radionuclides in 2005. 
TJNAF’S 

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SECTION 4 

DISTRIBUTION LIST 

INTERNAL 

Dr. Christoph W. Leemann, Laboratory Director and President of JSA 

Mr. Michael D. Dallas, Chief Operating Officer 

Dr. Anthony W. Thomas, Associate Director, Chief Scientist 

Dr. Lawrence Cardman, Associate Director, Experimental Nuclear Physics 

Dr. Swapan Chattopadhyay, Associate Director, Accelerator Operations, Research & Development 

Dr. H. Frederick Dylla, Associate Director, Free Electron Laser and Chief Technology Officer 

Ms. Mary C. Erwin, Chief Financial Officer 

Mr. Craig R. Ferguson, Associate Director, Environment, Safety, Health and Quality Division 

Ms. Sally J. Fisk, Chief of Staff 

Mr. Bruce L. Lenzer, Quality Assurance & Continuous Improvement Manager 

Dr. Allison F. Lung, Associate Director, 12 GeV Project Manager 

Dr. R. Roy Whitney, Chief Information Officer 

Mr. Erik J. Abkemeier, Radiation Control Department Head, ESH&Q Division 

Ms. Linda L. Even, Environmental Engineer, ESH&Q Division 

Mr. Carter B. Ficklen, ESH&Q Reporting Manager, ESH&Q Division 

Dr. Andrew M. Hutton, Accelerator Division Deputy Director of Operations, Accelerator Division 

Safety Officer 

Mr. John J. Kelly, Emergency Manager 

Mr. Robert T. May, Deputy Associate Director, ESH&Q Division 

Mr. Claus H. Rode, Project Services and Systems Manager 

Rhonda M. Scales, Esq., Legal Counsel 

Dr. Dennis M. Skopik, Deputy Associate Director, Physics Division Safety Officer 

Mr. John R. Sprouse, Jr., Facilities and Logistics Manager 

Mr. Mark J. Waite, Procurement Director 

EXTERNAL 

The Honorable Timothy M. Kaine, Governor 

The Honorable George F. Allen 

The Honorable Jo Ann S. Davis 

The Honorable Thelma D. Drake 

The Honorable J. Randy Forbes 

The Honorable Phillip A. Hamilton 

The Honorable Terry G. Kilgore 

The Honorable Mamie E. Locke 

The Honorable G. Glenn Oder 

The Honorable Robert C. Scott 

The Honorable John W. Warner 

The Honorable Martin E. Williams 

The Honorable Joe S. Frank, Mayor, City of Newport News 

The Honorable Ross A. Kearney, II, Mayor, City of Hampton 
TJNAF’S 

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The Honorable Walter C. Zaremba, Chairperson, York County Board of Supervisors 

Mr. John W. Anderson, Department Head for ES&H Infrastructure Support, Princeton Plasma 

Physics Laboratory 

Dr. Sayed Rokni, Acting Associate Director, ES&H Radiation Protection, Stanford Linear 

Accelerator Center 

Mr. Delma R. Carpenter, President/Publisher, The Virginian-Pilot 

Dr. Jerry P. Draayer, President, Southeastern Universities Research Association, Inc. 

Mr. Leslie P. Foldesi, Director, Bureau of Radiological Health Program, Virginia Department of 

Health 

Mr. Roger Dirkes and Mr. Ted Poston, Environmental Characterization & Risk Assessment Pacific 

Northwest National Laboratory 

Mr. Ronald E. Johnson, Chief, Industrial Waste Division, Hampton Roads Sanitation District 

Ms. Rhondra J. Matthews, President and CEO, Daily Press, Inc. 

Mr. William Griffing, Section Head, ES&H Section, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 

Mr. Robert T. Moore, Industrial Waste Manager, Hampton Roads Sanitation District 

Mr. James A. Turi, DOE Site Manager, TJNAF 

Ms. Patricia Sumner, DOE ES&H Manager, TJNAF 

Mr. Scott J. Mallette, DOE Deputy Manager, TJNAF 

Mr. L. Preston Bryant, Jr., Secretary of Natural Resources (for Virginia) 

Mr. Steven J. Neilson, DOE Industrial/Occupational Safety Specialist 

Ms. Deanna D. Austin, Sr. Engineer, Virginia Department of Environmental Quality 

Mr. Mark H. Sauer, Sr. Environmental Engineer, Virginia Department of Environmental Quality 
TJNAF’S 

SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 

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39 

ACRONYMS and ABBREVIATIONS 

These acronyms and abbreviations reflect the typical manner in which terms are used for this specific 

document and may not apply to all situations. 

ADPE Automatic Data Processing 

(Equipment) 

ALARA As Low As Reasonably 

Achievable 

AP Affirmative Procurement 

ARC Applied Research Center 

BMP Best Management Practice 

Bq Becquerel 

BWX BWX Technologies 

CAA Clean Air Act 

CAAA Clean Air Act Amendments 

CASA Center for Advanced Studies of 

Accelerators 

CEBAF Continuous Electron Beam 

Accelerator Facility 

CERCLA 

Comprehensive Environmental 

Response, Compensation, and 

Liability Act 

CFC Chlorofluorocarbon 

Ci Curie 

CLAS CEBAF Large Acceptance 

Spectrometer 

CWA Clean Water Act 

CX Categorical Exclusion 

CY Calendar Year 

DEQ (Virginia) Department of 

Environmental Quality 

DOD U.S. Department of Defense 

DOE U.S. Department of Energy 

E2 Energy Efficiency 

EA Environmental Assessment 

EHS Extremely Hazardous Substance 

EH&S Environment, Health, and Safety 

EIS Environmental Impact Statement 

EML Environmental Measurements 

Laboratory 

E M S Environmental Management 

System 

EO Executive Order of the President of 

the United States 

EP Environmental Protection 

EPA Environmental Protection Agency 

EPCRA Emergency Planning and 

Community Right-to-Know Act 

EPGs Emergency Planning and Response 

Groups 

FDS Floor Drain Sump 

FEL Free-Electron Laser 

FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and 

Rodenticide Act 

FONSI Finding of No Significant Impact 

FY Fiscal Year 

GeV Billion (Giga-) electron Volts 

HRSD Hampton Roads Sanitation District 

IR Infrared 

ISM Integrated Safety Management 

JSA Jefferson Science Associates, LLC.

kW Kilowatt 

LQCD Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics 

LEED Leadership in Energy and 

Environmental Design 

LINAC Linear Accelerator 

LLW Low Level Radioactive Waste 

LSA Line Self-Assessment 

μSv MicroSievert 

M3 Cubic Meters 

mrem Millirem 

MS4 Municipal Separate Storm Sewer 

Systems 

MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet 

mSv MilliSievert 

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality 

Standards 

NASA National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration 

N D Not detectable 

NEPA National Environmental Policy Act 

NESHAPs National Emission Standards for 

Hazardous Air Pollutants 

ODS Ozone-Depleting Substance 

P2 Pollution Prevention 

PBT Persistent, Bioaccumulative, or 

Toxic 

PCards Purchase Cards 
TJNAF’S 

SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 

For Calendar Year 2005 

40 

pCi/ l Picocuries per liter 

QA Quality Assurance 

QAP Quality Assessment Program 

QC Quality Control 

RadCon Radiation Control (Department) 

RBM Radiation Boundary Monitor 

RCRA Resource Conservation and 

Recovery Act 

R&D Research and Development 

RF Radiofrequency 

SA/QA Self-Assessment / Quality 

Assurance 

SARA Superfund Amendments and 

Reauthorization Act 

SER Site Environmental Report 

SNS Spallation Neutron Source 

SOP Standard Operating Procedure 

SPCC Spill Prevention, Control, and 

Countermeasure 

SRF Superconducting Radiofrequency 

SURA Southeastern Universities Research 

Association, Inc. 

Sv Sievert 

SWP3 Storm Water Pollution Prevention 

Plan 

TDS Total Dissolved Solids 

TJNAF 

Thomas Jefferson National 

Accelerator Facility (Jefferson 

Lab) 

TSS Total Suspended Solids 

Universal 

Labs Universal Laboratories, Inc. 

UV Ultraviolet 

VPDES Virginia Pollutant Discharge 

Elimination System 

WMin/P2 Waste Minimization/Pollution 

Prevention 

WSS Work Smart Standards