REPORT TO THE ARCHIVIST OF THE UNITED STATES 

Freedom of Information Act Federal Advisory Committee 

Final Report and Recommendations 

2016-2018 Committee Term 

Alina M. Semo 

Chair
NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION

2016-2018 FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA) 

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

FINAL REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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April 17, 2018

Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. 3

BACKGROUND................................................................................................................. 5

RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................................................................... 6

Specific Actions ............................................................................................................... 6

Search Technology ....................................................................................................... 6

FOIA and Accessibility ................................................................................................ 7

FOIA Performance Standards....................................................................................... 8

Best Practices ................................................................................................................... 9

FOIA and Accessibility ................................................................................................ 9

Management of the FOIA Process.............................................................................. 10

Bringing in Talent....................................................................................................... 14

Using Technology to Improve the Process................................................................. 16

Proactive Disclosure ................................................................................................... 18

Best Practices: Detailed FOIA Log Recommendation ............................................... 20

Best Practices: Identifying Categories of Records for Proactive Disclosure ............. 21

SUBCOMMITTEE METHODOLOGY ........................................................................... 23

Proactive Disclosure....................................................................................................... 23

Efficiency and Resources............................................................................................... 24

FOIA Searches ............................................................................................................... 25

COMMITTEE MEMBERS............................................................................................... 26

Current Members ........................................................................................................... 26

Past Members (2016-2018 Term) .................................................................................. 27

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................. 28

Speakers at Meetings During 2016-2018 Term............................................................. 28

GLOSSARY ...................................................................................................................... 29

CHARTER......................................................................................................................... 30
NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) chartered the Freedom of 

Information Act (FOIA) Advisory Committee (Committee) to foster dialogue between the 

Administration and the requester community, solicit public comments, and develop consensus 

recommendations for improving FOIA administration and proactive disclosures. Committee 

members represent a wide variety of stakeholders in the FOIA community inside and outside of 

government, and the Committee serves as a deliberative body to advise the Archivist of the 

United States on improvements to FOIA administration.

In conjunction with the signing of the FOIA Improvement Act of 2016 on June 30, 2016, the 

Archivist announced the appointment of members to the Committee for its 2016-2018 term and 

asked the Committee to “look broadly at the challenges that agency FOIA programs will face in 

light of an ever-increasing volume of electronic records, and chart a course for how FOIA should 

operate in the future.” 

During the 2016-2018 term, the Committee formed three subcommittees to examine specific 

areas in which federal agencies could implement initiatives to improve proactive disclosures, 

FOIA searches, and the efficient use of agency FOIA resources.

The Committee has identified and unanimously1approved seven recommendations to the 

Archivist for actions to improve the implementation of FOIA, addressing search technology, 

FOIA and accessibility, and FOIA performance standards. 

The Committee also recommends that the Archivist consider a number of best practices that can 

assist agencies in bolstering both their openness and the efficiency of their FOIA programs. 

Specifically, the Committee recommends that the Archivist direct the Office of Government 

Information Services (OGIS) to publish and promote these best practices as part of its statutory 

responsibility to review FOIA policies and procedures and identify procedures and methods to 

improve compliance.

Briefly, the Committee’s recommendations and best practices that are discussed in this report 

include: 

 

1

In order to avoid a potential conflict of interest, Committee member and Director of the U.S. Department of 

Justice’s (DOJ) Office of Information Policy (OIP) abstained from voting on all of the recommendations, and 

Committee Chair and Director of the Office of Government and Information Services (OGIS) abstained from voting 

on specific recommendations related to OGIS and the Chief Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Officers (CFO) 

Council, which is co-chaired by the Directors of OGIS and OIP.
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 Improving proactive disclosure. The Committee recommends that the Archivist direct 

OGIS to publish as a best practice that agencies proactively post specific categories of 

records, including calendars of top agency officials, unclassified reports provided to 

Congress, FOIA logs, and other categories identified below. The best practice also offers 

methods to ensure FOIA logs are most useful, and provides considerations for agencies 

when identifying additional areas for proactive disclosure.

 Balancing proactive disclosure and accessibility obligations. The Committee 

recommends that the Archivist direct OGIS to publish a best practice encouraging 

agencies to avoid the removal of documents already posted on agency websites that are 

not currently compliant with Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, 

29 U.S.C. § 794d. Instead, the best practice would be to remediate such documents. 

When agencies are concerned about the practicality of remediation, the best practice 

would be to conduct an “undue burden” analysis by balancing Section 508 with their 

FOIA statutory obligations; the Rehabilitation Act allows agencies to release electronic 

documents that are not Section 508-compliant if rendering them compliant would 

“impose an undue burden” on the agency.

 Improving FOIA Searches. The Committee recommends that the Archivist address the 

lack of public information about current methods and technologies agencies use to search 

for responsive records by: (1) requesting that the U.S. Department of Justice’s (DOJ)

Office of Information Policy (OIP) affirmatively collect this type of information in next 

year’s Chief FOIA Officer (CFO) Reports, and (2) recommending that the CFO Council 

work with the Chief Information Officers (CIO) Council to explore the technological 

issues related to searches and to promote best practices. The Committee further 

recommends that the Archivist suggest a modification to the Federal Acquisition 

Regulation (FAR) to ensure that all agencies consider FOIA obligations when acquiring 

electronic records management software and that the Archivist also direct OGIS to 

examine and report on the use of appropriate FOIA performance standards for federal 

employees. 

 Making efficient use of agency resources. The Committee recommends that the 

Archivist direct OGIS to publish as best practices a number of identified strategies to 

ensure agencies maximize the use of available resources. These best practices address 

several issues, including staffing, career incentives, workflow, accountability, and 

technology.

The Committee strongly endorses these recommendations and best practices and is confident that 

agencies implementing them will see measurable improvements to the administration of FOIA, 

increasing proactive disclosures, and promoting transparency.
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BACKGROUND

Authority: The Committee was established in accordance with the United States Second Open 

Government National Action Plan,

2

released on December 5, 2013, and the directive in the 

FOIA, 5 U.S.C. § 552(h)(2)(C), that OGIS within NARA “identify procedures and methods for 

improving compliance” with FOIA. The Committee is governed by the provisions of the Federal 

Advisory Committee Act (FACA), as amended, Pub. L. 92-463, 86 Stat. 770 (1972), 5 U.S.C. 

app. The Archivist of the United States renewed the Committee’s Charter in July 2016. 

Objectives and Scope of Activities: As described in the United States Second Open 

Government National Action Plan, NARA launched the Committee “to foster dialog between the 

Administration and the requester community, solicit public comments, and develop consensus 

recommendations for improving FOIA administration and proactive disclosures.” In conjunction 

with the signing of the FOIA Improvement Act of 2016, Pub. L. 114-185, 130 Stat. 538 (2016), 

the Archivist announced3the appointment of members to the Committee for its 2016-2018 Term 

and asked the FOIA Advisory Committee to “look broadly at the challenges that agency FOIA 

programs will face in light of an ever-increasing volume of electronic records, and chart a course 

for how FOIA should operate in the future.” The Committee serves as a deliberative body to 

advise the Archivist on improvements to the administration of FOIA. Committee members 

represent a wide variety of stakeholders in the FOIA community, inside and outside of 

government, and have expertise concerning the administration of FOIA across the Executive 

Branch. The Committee may recommend legislative action, policy changes, or executive action, 

among other matters. 

 

2 See https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/us_national_action_plan_6p.pdf.

3 See https://foia.blogs.archives.gov/2016/07/05/foia-advisory-committee-term-to-kick-off-on-july-21/.
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RECOMMENDATIONS

The Committee identified and unanimously4approved seven recommendations to the Archivist 

for actions to improve the implementation of FOIA, addressing search technology, FOIA and 

accessibility, and FOIA performance standards. 

The Committee also recommends that the Archivist consider a number of best practices that can 

assist agencies in bolstering both their openness and the efficiency of their FOIA programs. 

Specifically, the Committee recommends that the Archivist direct OGIS to publish and promote 

these best practices as part of its statutory responsibility to review FOIA policies and procedures 

and identify procedures and methods to improve compliance.

Specific Actions

The Committee recommends that the Archivist take the following actions:

Search Technology

1. Propose that the CFO Council seek to establish a technology subcommittee, in 

partnership with the CIO Council, to study the utilization and deployment of FOIA 

technology across agencies and identify best practices and recommendations that can be 

implemented across agencies. 

2. Request that OIP collect detailed information, as part of each agency’s CFO Report, 

regarding the specific methods and technologies agencies are using to search their 

electronic records, including email. Potential topics to be covered include agencies’ 

procurement of technology, ability to search email, acquisition of e-discovery tools, and

availability of information on agencies’ websites that helps requesters understand the 

agencies’ record keeping systems and be better able to submit targeted requests.

Comment: For the past six years (from 2012 through 2017), OIP has collected through CFO

Reports information related to agency use of technology to facilitate processing of requests, 

including improved record searches. OIP summaries and assessments of those reports highlight 

examples of such efforts, such as agency use of e-discovery tools and platforms to facilitate 

email searches.5 Nonetheless, there appear to be no comprehensive or uniform descriptions of 

how agencies conduct FOIA searches. The Committee’s efforts to understand how searches are 

 

4

In order to avoid a potential conflict of interest, Committee member and Director of OIP abstained from voting on 

all of the recommendations, and Committee Chair and Director of OGIS abstained from voting on specific 

recommendations related to OGIS and the CFO Council, which is co-chaired by the Directors of OGIS and OIP.

5 OIP conducted a pilot demonstrating the advantages of leveraging digital tools for FOIA processing, including 

improved search times and decreased time spent on de-duplication. See FOIA Post, Identifying Efficiencies When 

Leveraging Digital Tools for FOIA Processing (March 14, 2013).
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actually conducted included a review of ad hoc depositions in FOIA litigation, anecdotal 

examples presented at meetings of the Committee, and a survey conducted by nonprofit 

organizations. Requiring CFOs to include this additional information in their CFO Reports 

would enhance the ability of the government and the public to identify efficient search methods 

and to minimize inefficiency across the Executive Branch, beyond the best practices suggested 

elsewhere in the Committee’s recommendations. 

3. Suggest a modification to the FAR to require all agencies, when acquiring electronic 

records management software, electronic mail software, and other records-related 

information technology (IT), to consider features that will help facilitate the agencies’ 

responsibilities under FOIA to provide access to federal agency records. 

Comment: Although the FAR, 48 C.F.R. Ch. 1, provides for the inclusion of a clause in 

solicitations and contracts for the design, development, or operation of a system of records to 

accomplish an agency function subject to the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552a,6it appears that there 

is no comparable FAR provision addressing an agency’s obligation under FOIA to provide 

access to federal agency records. As the federal government increases its reliance on electronic 

data systems, it is important to ensure that agencies have the means to effectively and efficiently 

pull information out of these systems in response to FOIA requests. One way to do that is to 

require federal agencies to consider their responsibilities under FOIA when they set out to 

acquire IT.

FOIA and Accessibility 

1. Launch an interagency effort to develop standard requirements for FOIA processing 

tools, to ensure that both the tools and their outputs are Section 508-compliant.

Comment: Since 1998, documents have been required to be “born 508 compliant”7so that 

government employees and other individuals with disabilities may access them. Often the 

procedures and tools used by agencies to process documents for public release strip away 

metadata and other features that made the documents accessible to ensure that sensitive 

information cannot be obtained by reverse-engineering. In FY 2016, agencies spent $478 million 

processing FOIA requests and appeals, including a sizable amount spent on FOIA processing 

software. Agencies should review their requirements and procurement strategies to ensure that 

compliance with Section 508 is a top priority. 

 

6 See 48 C.F.R. §§ 24.104 and 52.224-1.

7

“Section 508” refers to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. § 794d. As of January 18, 2018, Federal agencies

must comply with the Revised 508 Standards, which were issued by the U.S. Access Board in January 2017, 36

C.F.R. § 1194.1 and Appendices A, C and D to Part 1194.
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2. Request that OGIS conduct an assessment of the methods undertaken by agencies to 

prepare documents for posting on agency FOIA reading rooms.

Comment: There are millions of pages of documents currently posted on agency FOIA reading 

rooms. OGIS should investigate the different methods and processes agencies use to prepare 

records for posting to FOIA reading rooms and identify possible best practices. 

3. Encourage OGIS to highlight the issues with proactive disclosure and Section 508 

compliance in its report to Congress by recommending that legislation be enacted to clarify 

agency requirements under the Rehabilitation Act, especially as they relate to proactive 

posting of large numbers of records. 

Comment: The Committee supports the goal of improving information access for everyone. 

However, too often agencies do not have the resources to remediate records released proactively 

or in response to FOIA requests, thus potentially preventing them from being able to post these

records in their FOIA reading rooms. The Rehabilitation Act allows agencies to release 

electronic documents that are not Section 508-compliant if rendering them compliant would 

“impose an undue burden” on the agency. Congress should ensure that agencies have sufficient 

resources to meet both accessibility and proactive disclosure requirements.

FOIA Performance Standards 

1. Direct OGIS to examine the use of appropriate performance standards in federal 

employee appraisal records and work plans to ensure compliance with the requirements of 

FOIA. The Committee further recommends that OGIS submit the results of its assessment 

and any recommendations to Congress and the President in accordance with 5 U.S.C. § 552 

(h)(5).

Comment: DOJ states that: “FOIA is everyone’s responsibility.”

8 This responsibility is extremely 

important because most agencies do not have centralized FOIA search capabilities and FOIA 

searches are very often not conducted by FOIA experts, which can lead to long delays. 

In an attempt to address these problems, DOJ issued a memorandum9instructing the heads of its 

components to “incorporat[e] appropriate performance standards in employee appraisal records 

and work plans” and circulated model performance standards that included standards for 

conducting timely searches. The Committee believes that DOJ’s approach of including 

 

8 See https://www.justice.gov/oip/blog/new-suite-foia-training-resources-all-federal-employees.

9 See https://www.justice.gov/jmd/file/789236/download.
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performance standards in appraisal records and work plans regarding FOIA compliance should 

be replicated across the entire federal government.

To determine which agencies, if any, are appraising subject matter experts with FOIA 

responsibilities on how well they are fulfilling their FOIA duties, and the effectiveness of these 

measures on improving the administration of FOIA, the Committee recommends that the 

Archivist direct OGIS to examine their use and urge the Director of OGIS to submit its findings 

and potential recommendations to Congress and the President as additional information is 

determined to be appropriate under 5 U.S.C. § 552 (h)(5).

Best Practices

OGIS has the responsibility10 to review FOIA policies and procedures, and identify procedures

and methods to improve compliance.11 The Committee recommends that the Archivist direct 

OGIS to publish and promote the following best practices for agencies to implement, in the 

interest of improving compliance and improving the overall administration of FOIA.

FOIA and Accessibility

RECOMMENDATIONS BENEFITS

Avoid the removal of documents already 

posted on agency websites. Instead, remediate 

documents that are not currently Section 508 

compliant. 

 Preserves online access to information that 

is useful to the public.

 Makes documents much easier for all 

individuals to search through and utilize

by requiring that they have optical 

character recognition. 

Conduct an “undue burden” analysis by 

balancing Section 508 and FOIA statutory 

obligations, while keeping in mind that the 

Rehabilitation Act allows agencies to release 

electronic documents that are not Section 508-

 Ensures public access to as many agency 

documents as possible, while maintaining 

compliance with all applicable federal 

statutes.

 

10 See 5 U.S.C. § 552 (h)(2).

11 In addition, DOJ, through OIP, has statutory responsibility to encourage compliance with FOIA, and issues 

government-wide guidance on a range of topics related to the best practices discussed below. This material is 

available on OIP’s website, https://www.justice.gov/oip.
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compliant if rendering them compliant would 

“impose an undue burden” on the agency.12

Ensure that FOIA websites and electronic 

reading rooms include accessible contact 

information that individuals with disabilities 

can use if they encounter inaccessible 

documents.

 Promotes accessibility of records and 

ensures people with disabilities can access 

agency documents.

Make an effort to provide a Section 508-

compliant index or catalog of records and a 

simple and streamlined process for persons 

with disabilities to request the records in 

accessible formats.

 Improves understanding of agency 

documents and provides greater access to 

people with disabilities.

Management of the FOIA Process

Importance of working with requesters early in the process.

RECOMMENDATIONS BENEFITS

Advise FOIA offices to proactively contact 

and work with requesters early on, when 

necessary, to clarify requests.

 Provides the opportunity to focus a 

requester’s request.

 Saves agency resources on processing 

and searching while allowing for 

quicker response times.

 Proactively increases transparency for 

the requester, limits distrust of the 

government, and lessens the 

probability of an appeal of the search 

for responsive records.

 

12 See 29 U.S.C. § 794d (a)(1).
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Develop and feature a version of the 

“Enterprise Data Inventories”

13 posting on 

every agency’s website.

 Gives requesters an accurate 

understanding of the records available 

at the agency and the agency’s method 

of organizing its records.

 Increases the likelihood of specific, 

narrow, tailored requests.

Provide training for FOIA professionals on 

their agency’s major record-keeping 

systems.

 Equips FOIA personnel with the 

knowledge necessary to provide 

requesters with good customer service.

 Ensures that FOIA personnel are 

thoroughly aware of the types of 

records that exist in their program 

office(s).

Encourage teamwork.

RECOMMENDATIONS BENEFITS

Promote collaboration among employees to 

ensure coverage of cases during periods of 

leave or peak times.

 Prevents requests assigned to an 

employee on leave from becoming 

overdue.

 Ensures that employees who have a 

growing caseload are assisted if 

necessary.

 Engenders knowledge-sharing in 

regard to FOIA processing techniques 

and strategies.

 

13 See https://project-open-data.cio.gov/implementation-guide/.
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Form teams with common strengths to 

handle particular types of requests.

 Leverages experience and familiarity 

with requests of a certain type to more 

efficiently process requests.

 Results in collaboration between FOIA 

experts, especially during the 

processing of challenging requests.

Accountability.

RECOMMENDATIONS BENEFITS

Introduce case closures, pages reviewed, 

and quality requirements as part of FOIA 

employees’ performance evaluation.

 Encourages employees to take 

ownership over their performance 

records in completing cases.

 Leads to reductions in backlog.

 Creates accountability for work 

product of FOIA employees.

Track status of requests for records; ensure 

visibility of overdue requests; and establish 

protocols to handle overdue requests.

 Promotes greater understanding of 

details of requests and reasons for 

cases becoming overdue.

 Identifies FOIA processing bottlenecks 

and allows for the identification of 

areas in the FOIA process that are 

contributing to backlog of requests.
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Expanded use of tracks.

RECOMMENDATIONS BENEFITS

Prioritize requests using separate tracks 

(simple, complex, and expedited) and assign 

resources accordingly.

 Ensures quick turnaround of simple 

requests, leaving additional time to 

focus on complex and voluminous 

requests.

Encourage simultaneous processing of 

simple and complex requests.

 Ensures that both simple and complex 

requests are completed within a 

reasonable amount of time without 

unduly delaying processing of either 

category of requests.

Centralization, to the extent possible.

RECOMMENDATIONS BENEFITS

Allocate resources for agency technology 

experts within IT to coordinate with and 

assist FOIA officials with email searches.

 Promotes more efficient search 

methodologies.

 Improves the ease and breadth of email 

searches.

Require functionality that is compatible 

with FOIA compliance when purchasing 

future email systems.

 Provides FOIA personnel with more 

adept search and exporting 

functionality across the agency’s email 

system.

 Factors record retrieval and FOIA 

requirements into procurement 

considerations.
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Centralize processing where appropriate.  Decreases time spent coordinating 

between multiple teams.

 Increases efficiency of scale in 

training.

 Capitalizes upon common skills that 

can be applied across various types of 

requests.

 Increases collaboration across offices, 

which results in expanded shared 

knowledge and processing techniques.

 Enables overburdened offices to 

borrow resources to help with surges or 

backlogs.

Bringing in Talent

Building a career path.

RECOMMENDATIONS BENEFITS

Consider creating rotational programs to 

expose inexperienced or entry-level

employees to FOIA.

 Helps agencies identify talent and 

creates FOIA professionals who do not 

view FOIA processing as a stepping 

stone or temporary duty.

 Expands the pool of experienced and 

qualified individuals for FOIA work.
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Create career model for information 

management.

 Creates new FOIA/Information 

Management professionals who 

understand the lifecycle of information 

and support records management, 

privacy, and information governance.

 Enables professionals to envision a 

classic federal career model around 

FOIA work, instead of a temporary 

duty.

 Increases drive and incentive to be a 

standout performer in FOIA processing 

and FOIA work.

Interns, detailees and contractors.

RECOMMENDATIONS BENEFITS

Assign interns or temporary staff to 

complete straightforward, time-consuming 

tasks such as data entry.

 Frees up time for more experienced 

personnel to focus on complex tasks by 

giving temporary staff work that 

requires limited training.

Contract surge support staff to increase 

responses rapidly and aid in routine review.

 Allows for short-term investment by 

agency to respond to FOIA surges, 

rather than hire long-term staff 

members.

 Avoids lengthy hiring process and 

quickly adds personnel who require 

little training.

 Eliminates the pressure placed on 

everyday FOIA employees by quickly 

reacting to surges and decreasing 

backlog.
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Using Technology to Improve the Process

Records management/search.

RECOMMENDATIONS BENEFITS

Create add-on to IT systems for exporting 

records.

 Ensures records will be exported as 

usable outputs.

 Establishes an enhanced system of 

information management that will 

better streamline the FOIA search 

process.

 Aids federal agencies in more 

efficiently conducting searches and 

tracking requests.

 Lowers FOIA processing costs by 

reducing FOIA search times.

Designate a point of contact to approve 

search requests within records management 

systems.

 Improves quality of searches.

 Decreases unnecessary time and labor 

searching and reviewing.

Make the end goal of responding to FOIA 

requests a major component when 

developing the agency’s records 

management system and workflows.

 Increases communication and 

coordination between records 

management and FOIA offices and 

streamlines the process of responding 

to FOIA requests, especially under 

tight deadlines.

 Lays the foundation for a better system 

of transparency and stronger 

capabilities in proactive release.

 Impresses higher accountability upon 

subject matter experts to perform 

timely, thorough searches and avoids 

unacceptably long response times.
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Tracking systems.

RECOMMENDATIONS BENEFITS

Adopt a centralized, department-wide FOIA 

tracking platform or consolidate to fewer 

tracking systems. Where possible, leverage 

established commercial-off-the-shelf/ 

government-off-the-shelf (COTS/GOTS) 

products across the organization.

 Standardizes the FOIA process from a 

technical perspective.

 Simplifies the FOIA reporting 

requirements with a centralized FOIA 

database.

 Establishes an auditable system that 

will enable a better appeal process.

 Increases managerial oversight and 

accountability.

 Addresses issues encountered in use by 

providing for continuous maintenance 

and access to technical support.

 Increases transparency through the 

deployment of a FOIA portal.

Contract a developer to create an in-house 

system and have developer on standby for 

updates if a COTS/GOTS product does not 

meet the agency’s needs.

 Creates a system that adapts to an 

agency’s workflow, rather than an 

agency altering procedures to match a 

technologies workflow.

 Leverages customized technologies to

expand FOIA processing capabilities.

Regularly explore the application of ediscovery tools in FOIA searches and 

implement affordable, appropriate options.

 Replaces inefficient software with 

equally powerful and more costeffective alternatives.
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Proactive Disclosure

RECOMMENDATIONS BENEFITS

Prioritize proactive disclosure for materials 

that are related to the operations and 

establishment of FACA committees 

(coming events, timelines, agendas, 

minutes, transcripts, recordings, FACA 

committee member names and biographies, 

conflict of interest waivers, and committee 

charters).

 Eliminates requests for committee 

information, which is already released 

upon request.

 Creates a system where full 

transparency is ingrained in the 

standard FACA process.

Disclose all unclassified reports agencies 

provided to Congress, with any necessary 

privacy redactions, and all unclassified 

testimony submitted to Congress.

 Relieves pressure on the FOIA process

by making a report (or at least the title 

if the report must be withheld because 

of classification or privacy interests) 

that is already the subject of many 

requests proactively available.

 Streamlines processes by ensuring 

publication is not on a piecemeal basis.

Post an agency organization chart and a 

directory listing contact information for all 

offices.

 Ensures the public can identify and 

contact federal offices for assistance.
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Proactively disclose proposed records

schedules.

 Allows for informed public comment 

and facilitates understanding of the 

records scheduling process. There is 

already public interest in proposed 

records schedules as notices are 

published in the Federal Register. 

Proactively post records frequently 

requested under FOIA.

 Ensures agency is meeting statutory 

requirements.

 Saves agency resources. 

Proactively disclose statements of 

administration policy and enrolled bill 

memoranda.

 Reduces the burden on the FOIA 

process by ensuring public access to 

records Office of Management and 

Budget produces in association with 

Congressional bills, which might be 

requested under FOIA.

Proactively release documentation of 

lobbying activities, such as the Disclosure 

of Lobbying Activities (form SF-LLL).

 Promotes good and open government

by allowing the public to know who is 

influencing policymakers. 

 Reduces FOIA requests to agency 

ethics offices since these records are 

frequently requested. 

Proactively post and periodically update

agency FOIA logs.

 Allows requesters to make more 

targeted requests by giving the public a 

better understanding of what is

requested and released under FOIA. 

The Committee includes as part of this 

best practice a detailed proposal 

regarding FOIA logs which is included 

below. 
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Publish the calendars of top officials (e.g., 

Secretary, Deputy Secretary, Assistant 

Secretary, and other agency heads) within 

one month, subject to privacy and security 

redactions.

 Sheds light on who is meeting with 

these policymakers.

 Provides journalists with a useful tool 

for covering the activities of top 

decision-makers, as well as for any 

citizens interested in the actions of our 

senior leaders.

Proactively disclose the top ten contracts, 

task orders, and grants, as measured by 

dollar value, and all contracts, task orders, 

and grants that are valued at more than $100

million.

 Promotes accountability by proactively 

publishing awards documents 

associated with largest expenditures.

The public has an interest in and right 

to know how the government is 

spending its money. 

 Shifts the review of this information to 

the front end of the process instead of 

waiting for a request for the 

information to be submitted under 

FOIA.

Proactively release material that has been 

declassified, to the greatest extent possible. 

 Improves public awareness that the 

information has been declassified.

 Reduces FOIA requests for 

information that had already been 

reviewed by the agency.

Best Practices: Detailed FOIA Log Recommendation

To expand upon the above best practice that agencies post FOIA logs, the Committee offers the 

following specific recommendations: 

1. Publish FOIA logs in the agency’s electronic reading room (often referred to as FOIA 

Libraries) on an ongoing basis, at least monthly, unless the agency receives fewer than 

100 requests per year, in which case annually or semi-annually would be appropriate.

2. To be most useful, agency FOIA logs should contain each of the following fields:

a. Tracking number of the request.

b. Date of the request.

c. Name of the requester, provided it is not a first-party requester (i.e., someone 

asking for records on himself or herself) – to be most useful, the agency should 
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publish the names of all third-party requesters; the agency should also alert 

requesters that they will publish the names of third-party requesters in their FOIA 

logs. 

d. Organizational affiliation of the requester, if identified in the request.

e. Subject matter of the request.

f. Status of the request (pending, closed, etc.).

g. Date the request was perfected.

h. The result of each FOIA request (granted, granted in part, denied, withdrawn, 

etc.).

i. Exemptions cited, if any.

j. Date on which the request was resolved.

k. Fee category assigned to requester (commercial, educational, news media, other).

l. Whether a fee waiver was requested.

m. If a fee waiver was requested, whether it was granted.

n. Fees charged to the requester, if any.

o. Whether the request was processed under the Privacy Act as well.

3. The logs should be posted in Excel or CSV format, not in a PDF. 

Best Practices: Identifying Categories of Records for Proactive Disclosure

In addition to the categories of records recommended for inclusion as part of the best practices 

for proactive disclosure discussed above, the Committee offers the following specific 

recommendation regarding strategies for identifying and prioritizing categories of records for 

proactive disclosure:

1. Records that memorialize agency actions, whether formal or informal, and with or 

without immediate legal effect, taken pursuant to the agency’s statutory mandates.

a. Consider whether their routine activities produce memorialization of agency 

actions, whether or not they are considered to have legal effect, and regardless of 

their formality. For example, this might include records regarding enforcement 

activities such as inspection reports, warning letters, citations, fines and penalties, 

or other actions.

b. Consider whether the records can be released in full, or whether redactions are 

needed. Consider how burdensome any redactions would be. For example, if the 

redactions would always occur in a particular field of a form, whether the 

redaction could be routinized or the form could be designed not to include that 

field in the releasable version or, on the other hand, whether each record would 

need individualized review. 

c. Consider whether releasing the category of records as a proactive disclosure 

initiative would benefit the public interest in the following ways:

i. Understanding the agency’s enforcement activities, choices, policies, and 

decisions;
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ii. Exercising their consumer choices to make purchasing and patronage 

decisions at companies based on full information about the companies’ 

activities; and/or

iii. Enabling state and local governments to learn about activities within their 

jurisdictions. 

d. Weigh the benefits to the public against the burden of disclosure, including 

necessary review and redactions, and make those records available proactively 

when the public interest outweighs the burden to the agency. 

2. Records that provide original government-collected or maintained data that aid in the 

public’s understanding.

a. Examine the categories of records routinely submitted to the agency by private 

parties. While recognizing that privacy interests and commercial interests pose 

larger barriers to disclosure of these types of records generally, look for 

opportunities where, by their nature, the category of records might pose less of 

these concerns and release could be made proactively.

b. These sorts of records may include records routinely submitted to an agency 

regarding private parties’ compliance with the law, such as routine reports, 

certifications, or compliance statements, or records concerning scientific data, 

research results, or academic findings.

c. Endeavor to proactively disclose those categories of records, data, and other 

submissions that will help the public to understand, for example, the businesses 

operating in the public sphere, where the public benefit is likely to outweigh the 

burden on the agency. 

3. Categories of records that are frequently requested by the public. 

a. Analyze agency FOIA logs at least annually to identify categories of records that 

are frequently requested. These might be, for example, certain regulatory records

such as an inspection report. 

b. Attempt to quantify the percentage of the full number of such records in the 

category that are eventually requested under FOIA. 

c. Quantify the percentage of records in the category that are requested under FOIA 

and are released in full versus those released in part or denied. 

d. Consider whether, if a larger percentage of the records are released in full or in 

part, these records could be designed or created in such a way that they would be 

releasable upon completion. 

e. Undertake to publish the whole category of records when a relatively large 

portion of the category is eventually requested under FOIA and when either:

i. Minimal redactions are necessary; or 

ii. When the agency can redesign the documents in the category on the front 

end so that they are immediately releasable upon creation.
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SUBCOMMITTEE METHODOLOGY

Between July 21, 2016, and April 17, 2018, the full Committee met in a public forum eight 

times, in accordance with FACA. The agendas, minutes, transcripts, videos, documents 

discussed, and other information for each of these meetings can be found on the OGIS website.

14

At the Committee’s second meeting, the members formed three subcommittees: Proactive 

Disclosure, Efficiency and Resources, and Searches. Below is a discussion of the methodologies 

reported by each of the subcommittees.

Proactive Disclosure 

The Subcommittee on Proactive Disclosure submitted recommendations to the full Committee 

for its consideration in four categories: proactive disclosure and Section 508 of the Rehabilitation 

Act, agency proactive disclosure priorities, agency proactive disclosure criteria, and the 

publication of agency FOIA logs. 

The Subcommittee’s work included deliberations within the Subcommittee and with the full 

Committee, presentations at the Committee meetings by government accessibility experts from 

the General Services Administration (GSA) and the U.S. Access Board about their 

interpretations of the legal requirements of Section 508 compliance, and a presentation about the 

benefits of proactively posting FOIA logs and other FOIA data. 

To develop its list of proactive disclosure priorities, the Subcommittee compiled two lists: a list 

of broad criteria government agencies should consider when prioritizing records for proactive 

disclosure; and a specific list of categories of records identified as potential targets for proactive 

disclosure. 

In developing the categories of records identified as potential targets for proactive disclosure, the 

Subcommittee collected lists previously identified by civil society organizations and asked that 

OGIS solicit suggestions from the public. OGIS solicited this input via a blog post,

15 which was 

shared on social media and on various listservs. The Subcommittee then considered and ranked 

the ease of posting each category of records and the degree to which it improved the public’s 

understanding of government actions. The Subcommittee also placed greater importance on 

proactive disclosure targets that would apply to agencies across the federal government.

During its discussions, the full Committee examined agency practices with respect to the release 

of employee contact information. While some agencies routinely publish contact data for all 

 

14 See https://www.archives.gov/ogis/foia-advisory-committee/2016-2018-term/meetings.

15 See https://foia.blogs.archives.gov/2017/07/26/help-the-foia-advisory-committee-improve-proactive-disclosure/.
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employees, officials at several agencies identified concerns that make them unwilling to post 

contact information about their individual employees; thus the Committee decided not to include 

a recommendation on the treatment of contact information regarding individual employees. 

Finally, the Subcommittee undertook a study of the value of FOIA logs. Based on this work, the 

Subcommittee developed and submitted a detailed recommendation that agencies periodically 

publish updated FOIA logs in their electronic reading rooms. The recommendation also specified 

information fields that should be included in these logs (see above). 

Efficiency and Resources

The Efficiency and Resources Subcommittee submitted a list of recommendations to the 

Committee regarding three broad categories of reform: management of process, bringing in 

talent, and using technology to improve the process.

To make informed recommendations, the Subcommittee identified top-performing agencies –

five large agencies (agencies which receive 10,000 or more requests annually) and five medium 

agencies (agencies which receive between 500 and 9,999 requests annually). These agencies 

were identified by analyzing the average number of days the agency required to complete 

processing for simple and complex requests, the number of requests processed per staff member, 

the cost expended per request, and an additional complexity ranking, which took into account 

agencies with a higher percentage of complex requests. The Subcommittee then assigned a 

weighted total to those agencies. Five top-performing large agencies and five top-performing 

medium agencies were identified. The Environmental Protection Agency, Department of 

Homeland Security (DHS), Department of the Treasury (Treasury), Department of Labor (DOL), 

and Office of Personnel Management were identified as top-performing large agencies. The 

Consumer Product Safety Commission, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 

Department of the Interior, Federal Trade Commission, and Pension Benefit Guaranty 

Corporation were identified as top-performing medium agencies.

The Subcommittee drafted a survey letter, sent by email to contacts at the identified agencies. 

This letter informed the agency contacts of the Subcommittee’s mission and strategy and 

included a list of questions to consider in advance of an interview. The questions addressed a 

range of topics, including use of technology, staffing, successful and unsuccessful strategies, best 

practice recommendations, and management strategies. The Subcommittee then scheduled 

meetings, via telephone or in-person, with these FOIA contacts to discuss their ideas for best 

practices and improvements and to assess what specific factors were facilitating their high 

performance. The Subcommittee also reviewed OGIS agency FOIA compliance assessment 

reports.
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Based on the data obtained in the interviews and from OGIS FOIA compliance assessment 

reports, the Subcommittee formulated a list of recommendations addressing issues such as 

staffing, workflow, technology, and incentives.

FOIA Searches

The Subcommittee on FOIA Searches submitted recommendations based on the results of a 

survey of, and consultations with, government and nongovernment FOIA experts. The survey, 

conducted and published16 by the National Security Archive and Project On Government 

Oversight (POGO), asked FOIA processors and requesters about their insights and opinions of 

the FOIA search process. The Subcommittee also consulted FOIA search experts at the 

Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and OIP, who gave detailed presentations at 

Committee meetings on various aspects of FOIA searches. The topics covered in the 

presentations included proper management and delegation and the use of e-discovery and other 

electronic tools.

While conducting its research, the Subcommittee was unable to locate detailed data collected by 

the government regarding FOIA search methodologies or capabilities, apart from the data 

collected in agency CFO Reports on improvements made to search procedures and technology 

used to facilitate them. Therefore, the Subcommittee recommended the collection of such data, 

and other actions and best practices to improve the timeliness, thoroughness, and efficiency of 

federal agencies’ FOIA searches.

 

16 See https://unredacted.com/2017/03/31/foia-search-survey-results-and-analysis/.
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS

Current Members

Alina M. Semo, Chair; Director, OGIS, NARA

Michael Bekesha, Attorney, Judicial Watch 

Michael Bell, Deputy Director of the FOI/PA Division, HHS

Stephanie Carr, Chief of the Office of Freedom of Information for the Office of Secretary of 

Defense and Joint Staff, Department of Defense

Mitra Ebadolahi, Border Litigation Project Staff Attorney, American Civil Liberties Union 

Jill Eggleston, FOIA Officer, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, DHS

James Hershberg, Professor of History and International Affairs, George Washington University 

Nate Jones, FOIA Coordinator, National Security Archive 

Chris Knox, Managing Director, Deloitte Risk & Financial Advisory

Sarah Kotler, Director of FOIA Division, Food and Drug Administration, HHS

Margaret Kwoka, Professor, University of Denver Sturm College of Law 

Raynell Lazier, FOIA Manager, Consumer Financial Protection Bureau 

Ginger McCall, Attorney Advisor, DOL

Sean Moulton, Open Government Program Manager, POGO

Logan Perel, Attorney Advisor, Office of the Chief Counsel, Foreign Assets Control, Treasury

David Pritzker, Deputy General Counsel, Administrative Conference of the United States

Melanie A. Pustay, Director, OIP, DOJ

Thomas Susman, Director of the Governmental Affairs Office, American Bar Association

James Valvo, Counsel and Senior Policy Advisor, Cause of Action Institute

Lynn Walsh, President, Society of Professional Journalists 
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Past Members (2016-2018 Term)

Nikki Gramian, Former Chair; Acting Director/Deputy Director, OGIS, NARA

Helen Goff Foster, Treasury

William Holzerland, Food and Drug Administration, HHS
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Committee would like to acknowledge and thank many individuals for their invaluable 

contributions to and support of the work of the Committee and the completion of this report. We 

are grateful to our colleagues, stakeholders, and the public who provided written and oral 

comments which were helpful in informing the topics researched by the Committee. We also 

appreciate the following individuals for helping with the Committee’s creation, organization, 

guidance, and administrative management and support:

David S. Ferriero, Archivist of the United States, NARA

William J. Bosanko, Chief Operating Officer, NARA

Jay A. Trainer, Executive for Agency Services, NARA

Gary M. Stern, General Counsel, NARA

Jean Whyte, Assistant General Counsel, NARA

Patrice Murray, Committee Management Officer, NARA

The staff from the following NARA offices:

OGIS

Special Events and Scheduling Office

Speakers at Meetings During 2016-2018 Term

Phil Ashlock, GSA

Laurence Brewer, Chief Records Officer of the United States, NARA

Jason Baron, Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLC

David Capozzi, Executive Director, U.S. Access Board

Timothy Creagan, U.S. Access Board

Helen Chamberlain, GSA

Max Galka, FOIA Mapper

Douglas Hibbard, DOJ

Michael Marquis, HHS
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GLOSSARY 

COMMITTEE: The Freedom of Information Act Advisory Committee 

COTS: Commercial Off-The-Shelf 

CFO: Chief FOIA Officer(s) 

CIO: Chief Information Officer(s) 

DHS: Department of Homeland Security

DOJ: U.S. Department of Justice 

DOL: U.S. Department of Labor 

FACA: Federal Advisory Committee Act, Pub. L. 92-463, 86 Stat. 770 (1972), 

5 U.S.C. app. 

FAR: Federal Acquisition Regulation, 48 C.F.R. Ch. 1 

FOIA: Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552 

GOTS: Government Off-The-Shelf 

GSA: General Services Administration 

HHS: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 

IT: Information Technology 

NARA: National Archives and Records Administration 

OGIS: Office of Government Information Services 

OIP: Office of Information Policy 

POGO: Project On Government Oversight 

SECTION 508: Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, 29 

U.S.C. § 794d 

TREASURY: U.S. Department of the Treasury 
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CHARTER
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