P. 1 

### OAR Box 1147 Prepped by Ollie Stewart

Document

Number: 

### 184 ) IV-E-5

7 Docket Number: 

### A-87-1 1

Printed 4/22/20082:42:57

PM Sheet 184 of 242P. 2

' fl t »

Publi c Worksho p Modification s t o Evaporativ e andRefuelin g Tes t Procedure s for th e Contro l o f Exces s Evaporativ e Emission s Standard s Developmen t an

dSuppor t Branc h Emissio nContro l Technolog y

Divisio n Offic e o f Mobil e Source s Jun e 30 , 198 8P. 3 Outlin e Tes t procedure s fo r integrate drefuelin g contro l system s Simplifie devap/refuelin g procedur e Revise dprocedure s t o addres s exces s eva pemission s Tes t procedure s for non-integrate dsystem s Modifie deva pprocedure s t o provid e th e same in-us e performanc e a s integrate dsystem s Revise devap-onl y

procedure s i

f onboar dcontrol s ar e no t promulgate dP. 4

Tes t Procedure s fo r Integrate dRefuelin g Contro l System sP. 5
NPRM Tes t Procedur e Separat e refuelin g an

dexhaust/eva psequence s (Se e Fig . 1 ) Increase dtestin g burde nan

dcomplexit y wa s note di

n numerou s comment s Runnin g losse s coul db e partiall y

controlle d N o guarante e runnin g losse s wil l b e route dt o engin e o r caniste r If route dt o engine , runnin g losse s coul doverwhel m lo w purg e system sREFUELIN Q TES T PROCEDUR

E (AUGUS T 19 , 1987 )

Drai n R» l Tan k 8MkV«Met e for t Hour s R M I I n SHE D t e BiMMtmug h

Integrate d Systa m cgnlatc rPvrq»
. Cycli c PrtY t a . Disconnec t Vapo r Un a l o Canlala r b . Drai n Fue l Tan k c . 40 % Fuelin g d . Reconnec t Vapo r Un a t o Caniste r a . Driv e On a LA- 4 I . On a Hou r Ho t Soa k g . Repea t (a ) an d (f ) Twlc a h . Disconnec t Vapo r Un a t o Caniste r I . Drai n Fua l Tan k j . 40 % Fuelin g k . Reconnec t Vapo r Un a t o Caniste r L Hea t Buil d ( W • Tf Initial , 24'«1'FRIse ) m . Rapaa l (a) Throug h ( 0 Twic e n . Driv e On a LA- 4 v . wl?- 1

Integrate d Syste m Caniste r Puroe . Continuou s Driv e a . Disconnec t Vapo r Un a t o Canlala r b . Drai n Fue l Tan k &40%Fuain g d Reconnec t Vapo r Un a t o Caniate r a . Driv e Repeate d LA-4 a Unt k Mleag e Accumulate d • IHeag s Raqulra d fo r Purg e Equtvalan l t o Cycl e Drive . Mileag e Accumulatio n 8top a a l th a Firs t Idl e Pas t th e Mleag e Requiremen t 

# 1 Non-Integrate d Syste m Caniste r Puma . Continuou s Driv e a . Disconnec t Vapo r Un a l o Caniate r b . Drai n Fue l Tan k e . M % FueHn g d . Reconnec t Vapo r Un a t o Caniate r a . Driv e Repeate d LA-4 a Unti l • 5 % o f Tan k

Volum e I s Consume d

YtWritffwIPni i • Dlsoonnac t Un a t o Caniste r • Drai n Fue l Tan k • 10 % Fusin g • Soa k Vat** * t o 2 4 Hour s 

# I Refusin g Fmhitnn a Measuremen t Reconnec t Vapo r Un a t o Caniate r Fua l t o Automat e Noa * 9hut-ot f (M % Mnlmu m Fueling ) Restar t Fuelin g Folowln g An y Prematur a 8hi*off s Withi n 1 5 Second s b >EVAPORATIV E AN O TAILPIP E PROCEDUR E (FTP ) (AUGUS T 19 , 1987 ) P. 7

f Star t J | Drai n Fue l Tan k

j | Vehicl e Temperature Stabilizatio n (a s required) ! | Load Canisters T

o Breakthroug h | DISCONNEC

T REFUELIN G CANISTE R CONNEC T REFUEUN Q CANISTE R | Fue l Drai n & Fil l |



## i

DISCONNEC

T REFUELIN G CANISTE R | Dyn o Preconditionin g j

— I Col d Soa k

Parkin g I *

*

iDies-si l l^jnjy j CONNEC

T REFUEUN G CANISTE R • Fuelin g * Drai n * 40 % Fil l 

### T Diurna l Heat Buil d * Heat Fue l - 1 Hou r • 6 0 - 8 4 ' F Evap . Tes t No t Req . 

# I Diuma l

Enclosur e Tes t Col d Star

t Exhaus t Tes t > Evap . Test No t Performe d H C Runnin g

Losse s a s Require d 

# i r £ ) Ho t Star t Exhaus t TesT j
Ho t Soa k Enclosur e Tes t 

# © " T 

## I 1

I 1 hou r MA X

• 5 min . MA

X

0- 1 h r 12-3 6 hr

s (n o MA X fo r diesels ) 

# I 

# ET H 1 0 min .

' 7 min . MA

XP. 8

Simplifie dIntegrate dTes t Procedur e Basi c modificatio nfor refueling/eva ptestin g (Se e Figur e 2 ) Conduc t refuelin g tes t afte r exhaust/eva pFT P Rel y o nexhaust/eva psequenc e t o tes t abilit y t o purg e caniste r Exces s eva pemission s wil l b e addresse dlate r Primar y effect s Les s cert , testin g burden , simplifie dprocedur e N o vehicl e cos t increas e andsame in-us e performanc e compare dt o NPR

M procedur e fo r mos t system s (Se e Tabl e 1 ) Provide s substantial , bu t no t complet e contro l o f eva p emission s o nhigh-ozon e day sP. 9



### REFUELING TES T PROCEDURE : INTEGRATE

D SYSTEM S

FT P 

# I
EP A URBA N DYNAMOMETE R DRIVIN G SCHEDUL E 

# I 1 5 min . MA X

DISCONNEC T REFUELING CANISTE R 

# I 

# I S min . MA X

REMOV E FUE L FILLE RCAP . DRAI N FUE L TANK . 

# I 8 to 2 4 Hour s
VEHICLE TEMPERATUR E STABILIZATION 

# I
10 % FUELIN

G (81-*4*F FUEL) 

# I

CONNEC T REFUEUN G CANISTE R 

# I

PLACE VEHICL

E I N SHE D 

# I 3 Hour s MA X

MEASUR

E REFUELIN

G EMISSION

SP.1 0 Tabl e 1 Caniste r Volume s Require dt o Compl y wit hVariou s Tes t Procedure s Integrate dOnboar dSystem s Charcoa l Type : Purg e Rate : Tes t Sequenc e NPR M FTP+Re f FTP+LA-4+Re f FTPCHig hTem pDiurnaD+Re f FTP/Di/Re f For d H|S h 4. 4 4. 2 4. 1 4. 2 5. 5 Caniste r S Lo w 5. 3 5. 1 5. 1 5. 2 6. 6 ize(l )

Nissa n HighLo w 4. 4 9. 4 4. 8 18. 5 4. 1 9. 7 4. 9 »2 0 6. 9 »2 0 Notes : 1 ) FT P = LA-4+Diurnal+3-Ba g Test+Ho t Soa k 2 ) Purg e Rates : Hig h= 2 0 ft 3 /LA-4 , lo w = 8 ft 3 /LA- 4 3 ) Fue l tanksiz e = 1.7. 6 gallon s 4 ) Desig nrefuelin g capacit y

= 90. 0 g (85 % fill )P.1 1

0 0 Modification s t o Addres s Exces s Eva pEmission s Exces s evaporativ e emission s Poppin g andhissin g Runnin g losse s Relate dsafet y

issue : fue l spurtin g Goal s Eliminat e fue l spurting , poppin g andhissin g Runnin g losse s route dt o engin e (i f i na purgin g mode ) o r caniste r andno t vente d Tes t procedur e revision s Engineerin g evaluatio no f syste m

desig n Remov e ga s ca pi

nSHE Dimmediatel y

afte r exhaus t tes tP.1 2

Engineerin g evaluatio n Goa l t o ensur e fue l tan kvapo r i s neve r vente dt o th e atmospher e unde r an

y in-us e conditions , excep t unde r extraordinar y

circumstance s Ke y desig nparameters : limitin g orifices , vapo r routing , relie f valve s i

nga s ca po r elsewher e Ga s ca premova l Eas y t o perform

- N o projecte deffec t o nhot-soa kemission s if tan k pressur e build-u pi s avoide do r pressur e i s release d t o caniste r a s ga s ca pi s release d Prevent s fue l spurting , poppin g andhissin g upo n refuelin gTes t Procedure s for Non-Integrate dSystem s

o P.1 3NPRM Procedure s Entirel y separat e refuelin g andevap/exhaus t tes t sequence s N o exces s caniste r capacit y

require dt o enabl e contro l o f exces s eva pemission s Require deva pcaniste r purg e rate s coul db e overwhelme db y in-us e runnin g losse s NPR M procedur e provide s a ninappropriat e incentiv e towar d non-integrate dsystem s Goa l o f revise dprocedure : ensur e equivalen t contro l o f in-us e evaporativ e emission s wit hbot hintegrate dan d non-integrate dprocedure sRevise dNon-Integrate dTes t Sequence s

Basi c modification s Leav e refuelin g procedur e alon e Enhanc e eva pcontro l capabilit y b y addin g tw o representativ e diurnal s a t endo f th e curren t evap/exhaus t tes t sequenc e (Se e Figur e 3 ) Addres s fue l spurting , popping , hissin g an drunnin g losse s i nsam e wa y a s fo r integrate dsystem s In-us e performanc e equivalen t t o integrate dsystem s essentiall y require s tha t th e eva pcaniste r b e a s larg e a s a nintegrate dcaniste r wit hsam e purg e rat e (Se e Tabl e 2 ) Tw o representativ e diurnal s ar e roughl y equivalen t t o a singl e 85 % refuelin g At leas t 16 % o f LDV s an

dLDT s experienc e multipl e uninterupte ddiurnal sP.1 6

NON-INTEGRATE D REFUELIN G SYSTEM S Z EVAPORATIVE TES T

FT P

1 5 min. MA

X

DRAI N FUE L TANK . 40 % FUELING

. DIURNA L HEA T BUILD . (71-9 6 T ) (MEASUR

E EMISSIONS

)

0 -1 8 Hour s

DRAI N FUE L TANK . 40 % FUELING . DIURNA L HEA T BUILD . (71-96*F ) (MEASUR

E EMISSIONS )P.1 7 Tabl e 2 Caniste r Volume s Require dt o Compl y wit hVariou s Tes t Procedure s for Evap-Onl y System s Caniste r S Charcoa l Type : For d Purg e Rate : Low Tes t Sequenc e FT P 1. 8 FTP+ 1 representativ e diurna l 2. 5 FTP+ 2 representativ e diurnal s 4. 5 Notes : 1 ) FT P = LA-4+DiurnaI+3-Ba g Test+Ho t Soa k

3 2 ) Purg e rat e = 8. 0 ft /LA- 4 for al l case s 3 ) Fue l tanksiz e = 17. 6 gallon s 4 ) Fue l vapo r pressur e = 9. 0 Lbs . RVP 5 ) Representativ e diurna l temperatur e rang e zed ) Nissa n Low 3. 0 4. 2 9. 6

= 71-9 6 °F .P.1 8 Evap-Onl y System s I f onboar drefuelin g control s wer e no t promulgate dand Clas s C commercia l gasolin e vapo r pressur e wa s reduce dt o 9. 0 Lbs . RVP: : Retai ntes t procedur e revision s discusse dfo r non-integrate dsystem s I f onboar drefuelin g control s wer e no t promulgate dan d Clas s C commercia l gasolin e RVP wa s reduce dt o some leve l highe r tha n9. 0 (i.e. , 10. 5 RVP a s i nth e API/MVM A join t industry recommendation) : Rais e certificatio nfue l RV P t o th e commercia l fue l leve l Seriou s consideratio nwoul db e give nt o simulatin g in-us e fue l tan kheatin g i

nth e tes t procedur e Tw o reason s fo r mor e representativ e fue l tan ktemperatur e simulatio n Fue l boilin g in-use , whic hcanno t b e simulate db y multipl e diurnal s Encouragemen t o f fue l coolin g technique sP.1 9 Evaporativ e Emission s Modellin g Mode l Description : A n accounting mode

l o f evaporativ e emission s system s tha t include s th e followin

g key vehicl e components :

Fuel tan k (vapo r source) Charcoa l caniste r (vapo r storage ) Purg e contro l syste

m(vapo r sink ) The model maintain s acontinuou s caniste r histor y during an

dbetwee n evaporativ e emission s event s (drives , hotsoaks , diurnals) . Explicit accounting fo

r interaction s betwee

n drivin g pattern , purg e control , fue l tan k vapor generation , an

d charcoa l adsorption characteristics .P.2 0 Evaporativ e Emission s Modellin g Vapo r Source Modellin g All vapor s assumed ar

e t o originat e fromth e fue l tan k i n respons e to change s i n temperatur e of liqui d fue l in th e tank . Vapo r generation i s precalculate dbase do n the application o

f rigorou s non-idea

l vapor-liqui d equilibriumrelationship s to pure-componen t description s o

f fuels . Temperatur

e rises used t

o simulat e variou s driving events : Even t Diurna l Ho t Soa k Driv e Temp . Ris e

60-8 4 O F 71-9 6 ° F .5-1. 0 abov e EO D temp . -15. 0 ° F H C Mas s

25. 0 g 40. 0 g 6. 0 g 25. 0 g 18. 1 g 39. 5 g 75. 1 g Descriptio

n FT P diurna l In-us e diurna

l FT P hotsoa k In-us e hotsoa

k In-us e drive s startin g a

t 7 1 ° F FT P drive s In-us e drive s startin g a

t 9 6 ° F Vapo r generatio n during vehicl e operation (runnin g losses) : Fuel tan k temperatur

e profile obtainedfro

mon-roa dvehicl e testing .

- Hydrocarbon mas s an

d vapor volum e ar e calculate da s afunctio

n of time.P.2 1 Evaporativ e Emission s Modellin g
Caniste r Modelling :
• Caniste

r purg e characteristic s obtainedfromlaborator y load/purg e studies . • Non-linea

r natur e o f adsorption o

f hydrocarbon s o

n activatedcharcoa

l i s accounte d for . • All hydrocarbon vapor s entering the caniste r ar e assumedto b e adsorbe du

p to caniste r breakthrough . • Quantit

y of hydrocarbon s purge dfro

mth e caniste

r i s afunctio

n of purg e air volum e an d curren t caniste r loading .P.2 2 Evaporativ e Emission s Modellin g Purge Control Modellin g
• Purg e rate proportiona

l t o instantaneou s fue

l consumption (horsepower) . • Fue l consumptio n (horsepower ) determine dfrominstantaneou s vehicl e speedand accelleration . • Purg e rate set

to zer o during certain drivin g modes , suc h as low-speeddrivin g an d decelleration .Evaporativ e Emission s Modellin g

Mode l assumptions :
• Fuel tan

k capacit y i s 17. 6 gallons , andtan

k i s 40 % full . • 90. 0 g refueling capacit y i s needed . Mode l Inputs :
• Drivin g schedul e (e.g. , LA-4) . • Fue l tan

k vapor generatio n tabl e fo

r running losses . • Caniste

r purg e characteristics . • Caniste

r siz e and initia

l loading . • Maximu

mpurg e rate, (determine s tota l purg e volum

e ove r the selecteddriving schedule. )

• Mas s o

f hydrocarbon s generatedduring diurna l an dhotsoak . (Incorporate s th e effect s o f fue l vapor pressur e an d ambien t temperature. ) Mode l Limitations :
• Fuel tan

k pressur e no t modelled . • Fue l tan

k temperatur

e histor y no t maintained . Back-to-bac

k drive s modelleda s being equivalen t to drive s widel

y separatedi

n time .P.2 4
Jun e 198 8 Curren t Runnin g Los s Program 0 Sampl e 8 t o 1 0 automobile s 198 3 an dnewe r mode l year s Bot hcarburete dan

dfue l injecte d 0 Tes t Procedure s 3LA4 s - bac ktdbac k Al l test s wit ha diurna l prio r t o LA4 s Smal l subse t o f test s bot hwit han dwithou t diurna l 0 0 0 0 Diurna l Temperature s - 7 5 t o 95° * rise , 6 0 t o 80 ° ris e Cel l Temperature s - 95° , 80 ° Fuels-11.7 , 10.4 , 9.0 , 7.0 * ps i RVP Fue l Tan kTemperature Ris e Origina l targe t - 15 ° ris e afte r 3 bag s Curren t targe t - 15 ° ris e afte r 3 bags , 22 ° afte r 6 bag s Standardiz e Caniste r Weigh t Befor e Eac hPre p Usin g 11. 7 RVP fue l an

d80°F , bas e i s th e weigh t followin g th e LA4 , 1 hr . soak , LA4 , 1 hr soa k

* Th e 7. 0 RVP fue l tes t ha s onl y on e se t o f temperature s whic har e 95 ° cel l temperatur e an

d75 ° t o 99 ° diurna lP.2 5

Result s - Graphic s Follo w Averag e o f firs t fiv e vehicle s Result s reflec t th e test s wit ha diurna l Significan t runnin g losse s dependen t o n Fue l RVP Cel l temperatur e Lengt ho f cycl e Furthe r study require d- - parameter s o f interes t o nlas t pag eRunnin g Losse s FT P Cycl e

E o X 1 0

9 10. 4 Fue l RV P 11. 7 - 8

- 6

- 4

- 2

- 0( 0

< D ( 0 C ) o o

- I > c < c - J 3 C O D C " d

o > Q . > C C

i i T " c o - | 1 1 1 r T " < M Qui/6 ) O HRunnin g Los s Parameter s
Fue l Tan kTemperatur e Fue l Volatilit y Ambien t Temperatur e Vehicl e Technolog y Drivin g Cycl e Lengt h Acceleration/Spee d Drivin g Patter nHistor y