IN THE MISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS

WESTERN DISTRICT

AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION 

OF MISSOURI FOUNDATION, et al.,

Respondents,

v.

MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF 

CORRECTIONS,

Appellant.

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

WD79619

OPINION FILED:

November 22, 2016

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cole County, Missouri

The Honorable Jon E. Beetem, Judge

Before Division IV: Mark D. Pfeiffer, Chief Judge, and

Karen King Mitchell and Gary D. Witt, Judges

The Missouri Department of Corrections (“Department”) appeals the judgment of the 

Circuit Court of Cole County, Missouri (“trial court”), in favor of the American Civil Liberties 

Union of Missouri (“ACLU”) which imposed a $500 penalty against the Department and awarded 

attorney’s fees and costs of $5,145 to the ACLU, pursuant to section 610.0271and, specifically, 

due to the trial court’s conclusion that the Department knowingly violated the Missouri Sunshine 

 

1 All statutory references are to the Revised Statutes of Missouri 2000, as supplemented.
2

Law. On appeal, the Department argues that: (1) the trial court erroneously applied a strict liability 

standard in the imposition of fines, attorney’s fees, and costs; and (2) there is no substantial 

evidence to support the trial court’s judgment. We affirm.

Factual and Procedural Background

On May 2, 2014, relevant to this appeal, the ACLU requested public records from the 

Department related to individuals not employed by the Department who had applied to witness 

executions for a twelve-month period. The representative of the Department designated to respond 

to all records requests related to executions was the Department’s deputy general counsel, 

Mr. Matt Briesacher (“Briesacher”). Briesacher testified at trial that he had been working on 

Sunshine Law requests in his role with the Department for five years, and responding to such 

requests was “a substantial part of [his] duties” during the past two years.

Briesacher responded to the ACLU’s request on May 6, 2014, stating that responsive 

records would be provided within three weeks. In July 2014, the Department produced heavily 

redacted records in response to the ACLU’s request. The redacted information included witness 

applicants’ responses to questions regarding contact information, place of employment, social 

security numbers, and criminal history. After the ACLU requested that the Department explain its 

authority for redacting the witness applications, Briesacher cited to section 610.0352as authority 

for redacting social security numbers from the witness applications and section 610.021(14)3as 

his authority for redacting all other personal information of the applicants, specifically noting a 

concern for “the applicants’ right to privacy.”

 

2 The parties do not dispute that section 610.035 specifically authorizes the redaction of social security 

numbers in a Sunshine Law request such as the one in question.

3 Section 610.021(14) authorizes a public governmental body to exclude from records production “[r]ecords 

which are protected from disclosure by law.”
3

On September 2, 2014, the ACLU filed suit against the Department, seeking to compel the

Department to disclose the records without redactions (except for social security numbers), and 

also alleging that the Department’s failure to do so from the outset was a “knowing or purposeful 

violation of the Sunshine Law.” A trial was scheduled for July 24, 2015.

Two days before the trial, over a year after the initial requests and months after many 

execution witness applicants had consented to producing the information requested by the ACLU, 

the Department produced additional records, some of which were still heavily redacted and some 

of which were newly un-redacted.

The trial court entered judgment in favor of the ACLU. In its judgment, the trial court 

explained that “[t]he case law is clear that reliance on [section 610.021(14)] requires a statute 

which protects the information, not some ‘penumbral’ right [to privacy].” The trial court also 

noted that the Department’s “right to privacy” redaction explanation appeared to the trial court to 

be nothing more than “an afterthought,” and consequently, the trial court placed no credibility in 

the Department’s attempt to belatedly and purportedly rely upon this basis for redacting 

information—information that the trial court noted was “[t]he type of information . . . released by 

the Department of Revenue Driver’s License Bureau on a daily basis and is available online from 

Casenet to the general public.” The trial court also found it coincidental that the Department was 

producing a large quantity of previously redacted records forty-eight hours prior to trial; ultimately 

concluding: “The [trial court] finds, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the failure of [the 

Department] to produce the records . . . to be a knowing violation of the Sunshine Law.” 

Accordingly, as part of its judgment, the trial court imposed a fine of $500 plus attorney’s fees and 

costs in the amount of $5,145.
4

This appeal follows. In its appeal, the Department does not appeal the trial court’s finding 

that it violated the Sunshine Law; instead, the Department appeals the trial court’s conclusion that 

the violation was a “knowing” violation of the Sunshine law.

Standard of Review

What constitutes a knowing or purposeful violation of the Sunshine Law is a 

question of law. Section 610.027 expressly states that a knowing violation occurs 

when the public entity “has knowingly violated sections 610.010 to 610.026.”

§ 610.027.3. To prove a “knowing” violation, a party, therefore, must do more 

than show that the [public entity] knew that it was not producing the report; as this 

Court noted in Strake v. Robinwood West Cmty. Improvement Dist., 473 S.W.3d 

642, 645 (Mo. banc 2015), section 610.027.2 requires proof that the public entity 

knew that its failure to produce the report violated the Sunshine Law. § 610.027.3. 

The standard required to prove a “purposeful” violation under section 610.027 is 

greater—the party must show that the defendant “purposefully violated 

section 610.010 to 610.026”, which this Court has defined as acting with “a 

‘conscious design, intent, or plan’ to violate the law and d[id] so ‘with awareness 

of the probable consequences.’” Spradlin v. City of Fulton, 982 S.W.2d 255, 262 

(Mo. banc 1998).

. . . .

Whether the conduct of the [public entity] brings it within the scope of the statutory 

definitions of knowing or purposeful conduct is a question of fact. State v. Selman, 

433 S.W.2d 572, 575 (Mo. 1968) (question of intent is fact question for the jury). 

Such factual determinations are reviewed by this Court under the standard set out 

in Murphy v. Carron, 536 S.W.2d 30, 32 (Mo. banc 1976). Under that standard, it 

was up to the trial court, as fact finder, to determine whether the [public entity’s] 

officials’ conduct was knowing or purposeful as those terms are used in 

section 610.027 when the [public entity] declined to release the [requested public 

records]. See, e.g., Spradlin, 982 S.W.2d at 263 (the record supported trial court’s 

decision there was no purposeful violation of the Sunshine Law); R.L. Polk & Co. 

v. Missouri Dep’t of Revenue, 309 S.W.3d 881, 884, 887 (Mo. App. 2010) (same).

Laut v. City of Arnold, 491 S.W.3d 191, 193, 196-97 (Mo. banc 2016) (footnote omitted).

Analysis

I. The correct legal standard for § 610.027 findings

On appeal, the Department does not dispute the trial court’s judgment, which concluded 

that the Department violated the Sunshine Law by redacting the requested documents. Rather, the 
5

Department argues in Point I that the trial court erred in finding that its violation of the Sunshine 

Law was “knowing” as that term is defined in section 610.027.3. Specifically, the Department 

contends that the trial court erroneously applied a strict liability standard to assess the 

Department’s “knowing” violation of the Sunshine Law. We disagree.

Section 610.027.3 states:

Upon a finding by a preponderance of the evidence that a public governmental body 

or a member of a public governmental body has knowingly violated 

sections 610.010 to 610.026, the public governmental body or the member shall be 

subject to a civil penalty in an amount up to one thousand dollars. If the court finds 

that there is a knowing violation of sections 610.010 to 610.026, the court may 

order the payment by such body or member of all costs and reasonable attorney 

fees to any party successfully establishing a violation. The court shall determine 

the amount of the penalty by taking into account the size of the jurisdiction, the 

seriousness of the offense, and whether the public governmental body or member 

of a public governmental body has violated sections 610.010 to 610.026 previously.

(Emphasis added.)

“[S]ection 610.027.3 does not impose strict liability. Rather, it requires that the 

governmental body knowingly violated the Sunshine Law, not merely that it knowingly failed to 

produce the document, for the trial court to impose a civil penalty or assess costs and attorney’s 

fees.” Laut, 491 S.W.3d at 199.

Here, the trial court did not conclude that the Department merely knowingly failed to 

produce the records; rather, the trial court expressly concluded in its judgment that “the failure of 

[the Department] to produce the records . . . [was] a knowing violation of the Sunshine Law.” 

Further, the trial court did not apply a strict liability standard for imposing its section 610.027.3 

civil penalty and an award of costs and attorney’s fees; instead, the trial court’s judgment contains 

numerous references to facts reflecting the trial court’s weighing of the evidence to support its 

ultimate conclusion that the Department’s violation was “knowing,” expressly noted in the 

judgment by the trial court as “by a preponderance of the evidence.”
6

On appeal, we presume that the trial court “properly considered the relevant portions of the 

Sunshine Law in rendering its decision as long as that presumption is not rebutted by the record.” 

Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Mo. Dep’t of Ins., 169 S.W.3d 905, 913-14 (Mo. App. W.D. 2005). 

The record before us presents no basis to rebut a presumption that the trial court knew and properly 

applied the correct legal standard (i.e., “knowing” and not strict liability). To the contrary, the 

record demonstrates that the trial court applied the correct legal standard in its findings related to 

section 610.027.

Point I is denied.

II. Substantial evidence to support the trial court’s judgment

In Point II, the Department argues that the trial court’s judgment concluding that it 

knowingly violated the Sunshine Law was not supported by substantial evidence.

A trial court’s judgment is not supported by substantial evidence when there is no 

evidence in the record tending to prove a fact that is necessary to sustain the circuit 

court’s judgment as a matter of law. When reviewing whether the circuit court’s 

judgment is supported by substantial evidence, appellate courts view the evidence 

in the light most favorable to the circuit court’s judgment and defer to the circuit 

court’s credibility determinations[,] . . . no contrary evidence need be considered 

on a substantial-evidence challenge . . . [and] [c]ircuit courts are free to believe any, 

all, or none of the evidence presented at trial.

Laut, 491 S.W.3d at 197 (internal citation and numerous internal quotations omitted).

Here, the trial court’s judgment noted that the “clear” case precedent interpreting the 

subsection relied upon by the Department (i.e., section 610.021(14)) was entirely inconsistent with 

the “afterthought” position of the Department, whose representative charged with producing the 

pertinent public records was an inter-agency attorney who had worked on Sunshine Law requests 

on behalf of the Department for five years, and such requests were “a substantial part of [his] 

duties” for the previous two years. We agree.
7

Under Missouri law, “public records shall be open to the public for inspection and 

duplication.” § 610.015. “Section 610.021 permits the closing of records, but the General 

Assembly charged in § 610.011.1 that these exceptions be ‘strictly construed.’” State ex rel. Mo. 

Local Gov’t Ret. Sys. v. Bill, 935 S.W.2d 659, 664 (Mo. App. W.D. 1996). “Hence, public records 

must be presumed open to public inspection unless they contain information which clearly fits 

within one of the exemptions set out in § 610.021.” Id. One such exemption provides that certain 

records may be closed or redacted when they are “protected from disclosure by law[.]” 

§ 610.021(14). “The term ‘law’ has a particular meaning in this context: It refers to statutes.” 

Bill, 935 S.W.2d at 665. Thus, “[t]he mandate of § 610.015 is that public records be open to the 

public for inspection and duplication unless a statute prohibits their disclosure.” Oregon Cty. R-IV 

Sch. Dist. v. LeMon, 739 S.W.2d 553, 557 (Mo. App. S.D. 1987).

Here, the import of the trial court’s judgment is that the Department understood the 

mandate of case precedent such as Bill and LeMon when relying upon section 610.021(14), as the 

Department did, in fact, appropriately cite to statutory authority authorizing redaction of social 

security numbers from its production of records (see section 610.035). Conversely, the trial court 

noted in its judgment that the Department never purported to rely upon any statutory authority for 

any remaining redactions in the records requested by the ACLU. This, the judgment makes clear, 

was not a coincidence.

For example, the trial court found it no coincidence that more than one year after the ACLU 

requested the records in question and two days before trial, the Department belatedly produced a 

group of records with un-redacted information on some of the witness applications—even though 

it had previously steadfastly maintained that it had no obligation to produce any of these records 

pursuant to the same argument it made at trial. By concluding that it believed the Department’s 
8

non-statutory reliance upon a “penumbral right to privacy” to redact information4(under the 

umbrella of section 610.021(14)) was nothing more than an “afterthought” (even noting that the 

information requested was “[t]he type of information . . . released by the Department of Revenue 

Driver’s License Bureau on a daily basis and is available online from Casenet to the general 

public”), the trial court noted its disdain for, and lack of credibility in, the Department’s 

explanation of its conduct.

In response to this evidence in the record, the Department ignores our standard of review 

and argues that there was evidence contrary to the judgment in that the Department’s 

representative, Briesacher, testified that he didn’t “know” he was violating the Sunshine Law when 

he ordered the redactions in the records. Simply put, the trial court was under no obligation to 

believe Briesacher, and it is clear that the trial court did not; we must “defer to the circuit court’s 

credibility determinations.” Laut, 491 S.W.3d at 197 (internal quotation omitted).

“It was up to the trial court to weigh the evidence and resolve the factual question whether 

the [Department’s] conduct fell within the definitions of knowing or purposeful violation under 

section 610.027.” Id. at 193. Here, the trial court did just that, and there is substantial evidence in 

the record supporting the trial court’s judgment as to its section 610.027 findings. As in Laut, the 

question before us is not whether the evidence could support a determination that the Department’s 

 

4 As our ruling today states, the clear precedent interpreting section 610.021(14) (records may be redacted 

when they are “protected from disclosure by law”) is that “[t]he term ‘law’ has a particular meaning in this context: 

It refers to statutes.” State ex rel. Mo. Local Gov’t Ret. Sys. v. Bill, 935 S.W.2d 659, 665 (Mo. App. W.D. 1996). But, 

even as to the Department’s “afterthought” argument that the section 610.021(14) protection from disclosure “by law” 

includes a non-statutory right to privacy, our United States Supreme Court “consistently has held that a person has no 

legitimate expectation of privacy in information he voluntarily turns over to third parties.” Smith v. Maryland, 442 

U.S. 735, 743-44 (1979). Here, all of the information contained within the records at issue was voluntarily provided 

to a public entity by individuals not otherwise required to be present at executions, but who desired to be present as a 

witness to an execution (and at the time the witness applicants submitted their personal information to the Department,

none of these persons even attempted to request that their personal information remain private in any way). It is 

disingenuous to suggest under these circumstances that there was any purported reasonable expectation of privacy 

relating to the information at issue in this public records request.
9

failure to produce requested records was not “knowing,” but instead, “whether the trial court 

committed reversible error in weighing the evidence, making credibility determinations, and 

determining to the contrary.” Id. at 202. We conclude that it did not.

Point II is denied.

Conclusion

For the reasons set forth above, we conclude that the trial court did not err in entering 

judgment against the Department on the question of civil penalties, costs, and attorney fees. The 

trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

Mark D. Pfeiffer, Chief Judge

Karen King Mitchell and Gary D. Witt, Judges, concur.