United States

Department of

Agriculture

Natural

Resources

Conservation

Service

In cooperation with

Cornell University

Agricultural Experiment

Station and the

St. Regis Mohawk Tribe

Soil Survey of

Akwesasne

Territory:

St. Regis Mohawk

Reservation

The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that

area on the Index to Map Sheets. Note the number of

the map sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of

interest on the map

sheet. Note the map unit

symbols that are in that

area. Turn to the

Contents, which lists

the map units by symbol

and name and shows

the page where each

map unit is described.

The Contents shows

which table has data on

a specific land use for

each detailed soil map

unit. Also see the

Contents for sections of

this publication that may

address your specific

needs.

3

How To Use This Soil Survey
4

 This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort

of the United States Department of Agriculture, other federal agencies, the St. Regis

Mohawk Tribe, state agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local

agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service has leadership for the federal

part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey.

 Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1994. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 1997. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication

refer to conditions in the survey area in 1994. This survey was made cooperatively by

the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Cornell University Agricultural

Experiment Station. It is part of the technical assistance furnished to the St. Regis

Mohawk Tribe and the Franklin County Soil and Water Conservation District. Partial

funding for this survey was provided through grants obtained by the St. Regis Mohawk

Tribe.

 Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these

maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged,

maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a

larger scale.

 The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all of

its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability,

political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases

apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for

communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should

contact the USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice or TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room

326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20250-

9410, or call 202-720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and

employer.

Cover: John Thomas, an artist at Akwesasne, drew this map turtle. It illustrates the soil and

underground aquifer below, supporting the mountains, grass, partridge and other creatures.
5

Contents

Cover ....................................................................... 1

How To Use This Soil Survey ................................ 3

Contents .................................................................. 5

Foreword ................................................................. 9

General Nature of Akwesasne ................................ 11

How This Survey Was Made .............................. 14

Map Unit Composition ........................................ 15

Survey Procedures ............................................. 16

Detailed Soil Map Units ........................................ 17

2—Lovewell very fine sandy loam, stratified

substratum ................................................... 18

5—Fluvaquents-Udifluvents complex,

frequently flooded ........................................ 19

6—Redwater fine sandy loam ............................ 19

15B—Waddington gravelly loam, 3 to 8

percent slopes ............................................. 20

18A—Adams loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 21

18B—Adams loamy sand, 3 to 8 percent

slopes .......................................................... 22

20A—Croghan loamy fine sand, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 23

33—Wainola loamy fine sand ............................. 24

39A—Churchville silty clay loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes ............................................. 25

39B—Churchville silty clay loam, 3 to 8

percent slopes ............................................. 26

40B—Heuvelton silty clay loam, 3 to 8

percent slopes ............................................. 27

40C—Heuvelton silty clay loam, 8 to 15

percent slopes ............................................. 28

41A—Muskellunge silty clay loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes ............................................. 29

41B—Muskellunge silty clay loam, 3 to 8

percent slopes ............................................. 30

42—Adjidaumo silty clay .................................... 31

43—Adjidaumo mucky silty clay ......................... 31

44—Mino loam ................................................... 32

45—Sciota fine sand .......................................... 33

46—Deinache fine sand ..................................... 34

47B—Elmwood fine sandy loam, 3 to 8

percent slopes ............................................. 35

48—Swanton very fine sandy loam .................... 36

49—Munuscong mucky fine sandy loam ............ 37

50—Hailesboro silt loam .................................... 39

51—Wegatchie silt Loam ................................... 39

53B—Nicholville very fine sandy loam, 3 to 8

percent slopes ............................................. 40

60C—Grenville loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ..... 41

61B—Hogansburg loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes .......................................................... 42

62A—Malone gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 43

62B—Malone gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes .......................................................... 44

64—Runeberg mucky loam ................................ 45

66—Matoon silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes .......................................................... 46

68B—Fahey gravelly fine sandy loam, 3 to 8

percent slopes, loamy substratum ............... 47

69A—Coveytown loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 48

70—Guff silty clay loam ...................................... 49

94B—Neckrock-Summerville complex, gently

sloping, rocky ............................................... 50

94C—Neckrock-Summerville complex,

strongly sloping, rocky ................................. 51

101—Wonsqueak muck ..................................... 53

104—Udorthents, wet substratum ...................... 53

105—Udorthents, smoothed .............................. 54

107—Udorthents loamy ...................................... 54

110—Borosaprists and Fluvaquents, frequently

flooded ......................................................... 54

144—Roundabout silt loam ................................ 55

147A—Flackville loamy fine sand, 0 to 3

percent slopes ............................................. 56

147B —Flackville loamy fine sand, 3 to 8

percent slopes ............................................. 57

148—Stockholm loamy fine sand ....................... 58

149—Pinconning mucky loamy fine sand ........... 59

181—Dorval muck.............................................. 60

260C—Grenville loam, strongly sloping,

very stony .................................................... 61

261B—Hogansburg loam, gently sloping,

very stony .................................................... 62

263B—Malone gravelly loam, gently sloping,

very stony .................................................... 63

264—Runeberg mucky loam, very stony ............ 64
6

270B—Coveytown loamy sand, gently sloping,

very stony .................................................... 65

Use and Management of the Soils ...................... 67

Interpretive Ratings ............................................ 67

Crops and Pasture ............................................. 67

Hydric Soils .................................................... 69

Small Fruits Production .................................. 70

Forestland Management and Productivity .......... 71

Woodland Capability, Productivity and

Management ................................................ 72

Recreation .......................................................... 73

Wildlife Habitat ................................................... 74

Engineering ........................................................ 75

Water Management............................................ 80

Soil Properties ...................................................... 83

Engineering Index Properties ............................. 83

Physical Properties ............................................. 84

Chemical Properties ........................................... 85

Soil Features ...................................................... 86

Water Features .................................................. 86

Classification of the Soils .................................... 89

Soil Series and Their Morphology ....................... 89

Adams Series ................................................ 89

Adjidaumo Series ........................................... 90

Borosaprists ................................................... 91

Churchville Series .......................................... 91

Coveytown Series .......................................... 93

Croghan Series .............................................. 94

Deinache Series............................................. 95

Dorval Series ................................................. 96

Elmwood Series ............................................. 97

Fahey Series .................................................. 98

Flackville Series ............................................. 99

Fluvaquents ................................................. 100

Grenville Series ............................................ 100

Guff Series ................................................... 101

Hailesboro Series......................................... 102

Heuvelton Series .......................................... 103

Hogansburg Series ...................................... 104

Lovewell Series ............................................ 105

Malone Series .............................................. 106

Matoon Series .............................................. 107

Mino Series .................................................. 108

Munuscong Series ....................................... 108

Muskellunge Series ...................................... 109

Neckrock Series........................................... 110

Nicholville Series .......................................... 111

Pinconning Series ........................................ 112

Redwater Series .......................................... 113

Roundabout Series ...................................... 114

Runeberg Series .......................................... 114

Sciota Series ................................................ 115

Stockholm Series ......................................... 116

Summerville Series ...................................... 117

Swanton Series ............................................ 118

Udifluvents ................................................... 119

Udorthents ................................................... 119

Waddington Series ....................................... 119

Wainola Series ............................................. 120

Wegatchie Series ......................................... 121

Wonsqueak Series ....................................... 122

Formation of the Soils........................................ 123

Factors of Soil Formation ................................. 123

Processes of Soil Formation ............................ 124

References .......................................................... 127

Glossary .............................................................. 131

Tables .................................................................. 141

Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation.......... 142

Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall ....... 143

Table 3.—Growing Season ............................... 143

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent

of the Soils ................................................. 144

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per

Acre of Crops and Pasture......................... 145

Table 6.—Prime Farmland................................ 148

Table 7.—Soil Rating for Small Fruit ................. 149

Table 8.—Forestland Management and

Productivity ................................................ 157

Table 9.—Recreational Development ............... 165

Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat ............................... 170

Table 11.—Building Site Development .............. 174

Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities ........................... 179

Table 13.--Construction Materials ..................... 184

Table 14.--Water Management ......................... 189

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties ......... 197

Table 16.—Physical Properties of the Soils ...... 216

Table 17.—Chemical Properties of the Soils .... 224

Table 18.—Soil Features .................................. 230
7

Table 19.—Water Features .............................. 233

Table 20.—Classification of the Soils ............... 247

Table 21.—Relationship Between Parent Material,

Position, and Drainage of Soil Series ......... 248

Issued 2005

9

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in this survey

area. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also

highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the

impact of selected land uses on the environment.

This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, ranchers, foresters,

and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management

needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials,

engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use,

select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper

performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation,

wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help

them understand, protect, and enhance the environment.

Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose

special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is

intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land

treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users

identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or

user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations.

Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are

seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too

unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are

poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil

poorly suited to basements or underground installations.

These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil

survey. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the

survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in

using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the

Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

Joseph R. DelVecchio

State Conservationist

Natural Resources Conservation Service

Foreword

11

The area of Akwesasne relative to this survey is on

the south side of the St. Lawrence River at the

confluence with the Raquette and St. Regis Rivers in

the northern part of New York State. It is approximately

20 miles northwest of Malone, and about 8 miles east

of the city of Massena. The Provinces of Ontario and

Quebec, Canada are to the north, Franklin County is

to the east, and St. Lawrence County is to the west

(fig.1).

The shape of the reservation on the United States

side is irregular. It has a length of about 7 miles from

west to east, and a width of approximately 3 miles

from north to south. The total area of Akwesasne

south of the international line is 13,400 acres including

1,243 acres of census water.

An earlier soil survey of Franklin County, New York,

which included the St. Regis Mohawk Reservation,

was published by the United States Department of

Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, in cooperation

with Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station

in May 1958 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil

Conservation Service, 1958). This survey updates the

1958 survey, provides additional interpretative

information, and typically shows the delineation of

soils in greater detail on aerial photographs.

General Nature of Akwesasne

This section was written by Sally Benedict, Cultural Historian at

Akwesasne.

Akwesasne is a Mohawk word that means: “Place

where the Partridge live.”

Some say that Akwesasne was named for its

historical abundance of wild partridge. Some say that

the name comes from a sound made by the water

moving under the ice-frozen St. Lawrence River, which

mimics the sound that partridge make.

Akwesasronen means: “People who dwell in the

place of the partridge.”

Introduction: The Mohawk territory at Akwesasne

is traditional ancient homeland. It is the legacy that

has been given to us by our ancestors and

predecessors, and has been used and occupied by

our people since time immemorial. Archaeological

evidence shows aboriginal presence from at least

7,000 B.C., after the retreat of the ice sheet.

Numerous islands and mainland within Akwesasne

still hold this valuable historic information.

Soil Survey of

Akwesasne Territory:

St. Regis Mohawk Reservation

By Theodore D. Trevail, Natural Resources Conservation Service

Fieldwork by Theodore D. Trevail, Soil Scientist, Natural Resources Conservation

Service

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,

 in cooperation with

Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station and St. Regis Mohawk Tribe

Figure 1.—Location of Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk

Reservation.
12 Soil Survey

A Brief History of Akwesasne: The territory that is

known as Akwesasne is aboriginal territory that has

been used by Mohawk ancestors and predecessors

since at least 7,000 B.C. Mohawk people inhabiting

central villages in the Mohawk valley from about 1,000

B.C. utilized this territory along the St. Lawrence for

hunting, fishing, and trading.

The more contemporary Mohawk community at

Akwesasne was established in the early 1700s, within

Mohawk territory. The community government was

entrenched by the community charter known to us as

the Okwaho Kaionwi ne Akwesasne or Akwesasne

Wolf Belt.

The Mohawks and their ancestors have had an

intimate relationship with the environment at

Akwesasne for millennia. Our people developed a very

self-sufficient lifestyle within this territory utilizing the

resources of the lands and waters, and developing

environmentally sustainable and culturally appropriate

agricultural practices.

Community Location: The Mohawk community of

Akwesasne is situated along the 45th parallel, within

the beautiful St. Lawrence River Valley and is

composed of mainland territories and numerous

scenic islands within the Kaniatarowanenneh (St.

Lawrence River). The aboriginal territory known as

Akwesasne was quite expansive, taking in a great

deal of the St. Lawrence River Valley between

Gananoque, Ontario, and Valleyfield, Quebec. The

contemporary land base has been seriously

diminished from its original expanse, leaving the

reserved land base at approximately 26,000 acres

(this does not include our Aboriginal waters and

waterways or Aboriginal lands in dispute).

Today the Akwesasne community is located less

than 72 miles west of Montreal and only 62 miles from

Ottawa. Akwesasne is composed of four residential

districts on islands and mainland including: Kanatakon,

Tsi Snaihne, Kawehnoke, and Tekaswenkarorens.

International Border: Despite Akwesasne

protests, the Treaty of Paris of 1783 enabled the U.S.-

Canada border to be placed directly through this

Mohawk Community along the 45th parallel. Even

though the Mohawks of Akwesasne consider

themselves to be one community, the impact of the

international boundary has been damaging to the

integrity of the community structure. As a further

complication, the inter-provincial boundary between

the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, further

dissected the northern sector of Akwesasne.

The border acted as an encumbrance to our people

for the last two centuries. It is only the recent Canadian

Federal Court of Appeal decision in Mitchell vs. the

Minister of National Revenue, 1998, that has aided to

reconcile our use of our Aboriginal Border Crossing

Rights in modern terms.

Akwesasne Today: The population of this

community numbers around 13,000 people, who

reside in the districts of Kawenoke, Kanatakon, Tsi

Snaihne, and Tekaswenkarorens, as well as several of

our islands. The territory is accessed by a system of

international bridges, highways and waterways that

cross the St. Lawrence River, and connect the

mainlands and several islands.

Our people are very community centered, and

many of our talented people find work within

Akwesasne, in a great variety of fields. Our community

services utilize our cultural ideals and principles as

their foundation and provide programs and services,

which are culturally appropriate and supportive of our

beliefs, values, and practices.

Utilizing our cultural principles and foundations,

Akwesasne has its own elementary school principals,

teachers and support staff; doctors, nurses and a

myriad of health care service providers; community

infrastructure technicians for the numerous roads,

waterlines, and buildings; police officers, lawyers,

judges and various judicial technicians; researchers,

environmentalists, biologists and conservation officers;

management, administration, support staff and

professional personnel.

Sacred Trust Responsibility

The People and the Land are One: The aboriginal

territory of Akwesasne was quite expansive. Some of

the very familiar contemporary towns and villages that

we know so well today, find their origin within the

aboriginal territory of Akwesasne. Some of them

included Massena, Waddington, Hogansburg,

Bombay, Moira, and Fort Covington, New York. On the

Canadian side of the international border, it included

places like Sommerstown, Williamstown, Lancaster,

Cornwall and Morrisburg, Ontario. In Quebec it

included places like Dundee, St. Anicet, and Cazaville.

Mohawks and their ancestors and predecessors

utilized the special aspects, and features of this

territory, benefiting from the great variety of animal,

fish, bird and plant life for our diets and utilizing the

trees, plant medicines, and waters of the area for the

treatment of our ailments.

Our aboriginal territory is the land base that takes

care of us from the time we were born to the time that

we were returned to the earth in a grave. Our people

refer to the Earth as our Mother. We are dependent on

her for nourishment, sustenance, and the natural

resources that are derived from her and provided for

the people.
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 13

Mohawk people naturalized to the area over time

and understood the intricate sciences and phenomenon

of the area. The knowledge system built on this region

is passed from generation to successive generation.

We are dependent on this knowledge for our survival.

Climate

Prepared by the Natural Resources Conservation Service

National Water and Climate Center, Portland, Oregon.

Climate Tables are created from climate station Massena FAA

AP, New York.

Thunderstorm days, relative humidity, percent sunshine, and

wind information are estimated from First Order station Burlington,

Vermont.

Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation

for the survey area as recorded at Massena in the

period 1961 to 1990. Table 2 shows probable dates of

the first freeze in fall and the last freeze in spring. Table

3 provides data on the length of the growing season.

In winter, the average temperature is 17.0 degrees

F and the average daily minimum temperature is 7.5

degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which

occurred at Massena on January 15, 1957, was -44

degrees. In summer, the average temperature is 66.5

degrees and the average daily maximum temperature is

77.8 degrees. The highest temperature, which occurred

at Massena on August 1, 1975, was 100 degrees.

Growing degree days are shown in Table 1. They

are equivalent to “heat units”. During the month,

growing degree days accumulate by the amount that

the average temperature each day exceeds a base

temperature (40 degrees F). The normal monthly

accumulation is used to schedule single or successive

plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring

and the first freeze in fall.

The average annual total precipitation is about

34.11 inches. Of this, about 16.0 inches, or 47

percent, usually falls in May through September. The

growing season for most crops falls within this period.

The heaviest 1-day rainfall during the period of record

was 4.97 inches at Massena on September 14, 1979.

Thunderstorms occur on about 23 days each year,

and most occur in June, July, or August.

The average seasonal snowfall is 70 inches. The

greatest snow depth at any one time during the period

of record was 44 inches recorded on March 9, 1971.

On an average, 100 days per year have at least 1 inch

of snow on the ground. The heaviest 1-day snowfall on

record was 17.0 inches recorded on April 22, 1993.

The average relative humidity in mid-afternoon is

about 58 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the

average at dawn is about 77 percent. The sun shines

62 percent of the time in summer and 40 percent in

winter. The prevailing wind is from the southwest.

Average wind speed is highest, around 10 miles per

hour, from November to April.

Geology and Physiography

Prepared by David Sullivan, Geologist, USDA, Natural

Resources Conservation Service

The St. Regis Mohawk Reservation is part of the St.

Lawrence-Champlain Lowlands Physiographic

Province. The province is the northern-most

physiographic province in New York, and includes the

St. Lawrence Valley northeast of the Thousand

Islands, the low hills south of the river valley, and the

Lake Champlain Valley.

The St. Lawrence valley plain has a maximum

elevation of about 1,300 feet where it merges with the

Adirondack Mountains to the south. Its slope is long

and gentle as it extends north and west, and the

elevation at its lowest point near the St. Lawrence

River is about 160 feet above mean sea level (m.s.l).

Elevation on the St. Regis Reservation ranges from

a low of about 160 feet above m.s.l. in the northeast,

to a high of 230 feet near Raquette Point Light, and at

several other ridge locations.

The bedrock geology in the Franklin County area of

New York consists of igneous and metamorphic rocks

in the southern and middle sections, and sedimentary

rocks in the north. The igneous and metamorphic rocks

are associated with the Adirondack Mountains, and

are part of a broad belt of rocks called the Grenville

Province. The province extends southward along the

west side of the Appalachian Mountains from Labrador

to Mexico, and was formed during the Precambrian

Era of geologic time (approximately 1 billion years

ago). Rocks of the Grenville Province are the oldest in

the county, and are also the basement rocks for all of

New York state.

 In the St. Lawrence Valley, sedimentary bedrock

dominates. It is undeformed to very gently folded and

dips northward at an angle of less than 5 degrees. The

rocks become younger in a northward direction as

they grade from Cambrian age sandstone (500 to 550

million years old) north of the Adirondacks, to Ordovician

age dolostone (430 to 500 million years old) near the

St. Lawrence River. All of the rocks were deposited on

top of the older Grenville basement rocks.

 At the St. Regis Reservation, the underlying

bedrock is Ogdensburg dolostone of the

Beekmantown Group (Obk). It is exposed in a few

places, such as in channels of large streams, and on a

few low ridge slopes, but for the most part is deeply

buried under glacial drift.
14 Soil Survey

Glacial Geology

The St. Regis Mohawk Reservation was completely

covered by ice during the Pleistocene Epoch of

geologic time. The epoch began approximately 1.6

million years ago when an ice sheet, located in the

Laurentian Mountain region of Quebec and Labrador,

moved south and southwestward into New York state.

As the glacial ice advanced, it covered all of New York

State except for a small section of Allegany State Park

in Cattaraugus County.

The ice sheet was several thousand feet thick in

some places, and flowed across New York in

connected streams called lobes. The Erie Lobe flowed

southeastward out of the Erie Basin. The HudsonChamplain Lobe moved through the Champlain and

Hudson Lowlands and eventually reached Long Island.

Parts of this lobe also spread into the Adirondack,

Catskill and Taconic Mountains, as well as into the

Mohawk Valley. The Ontario Lobe flowed southwest

across the St. Lawrence and Ontario Lowlands, then

moved south and southeast into the Appalachian and

Tug Hill Uplands. As the ice advanced it stripped away

tons of soil and rounded off resistant rock ridges and

hills. Eroded materials ranging in size from clay

particles to giant boulders were transported along with

the ice mass and deposited whenever the sediment

load became excessive.

Although there have been four major advances and

retreats of the Laurentide Ice Sheet documented in the

United States, only the last stage is evident in New

York state. All previous stages appear to have been

obliterated by the Wisconsin Stage, which advanced to

its maximum location just south of Long Island. This

last advance began a final retreat northward about

10,000 years ago as the Pleistocene Epoch came to a

close.

Prior to its retreat, ice had covered northern

Akwesasne like a thick blanket. The great thickness of

ice caused the underlying earth’s crust to sag. As the

ice retreated northward, and the great weight was

gradually removed, the crust began to rebound, but at

a slower rate than the retreating ice. As a result, ocean

water flooded into the northern part of the Champlain

and St. Lawrence Valleys, and for a short time created

the ancient Champlain Sea. Evidence for this event

can be seen in the marine shells that have been found

in the soils of the region.

Soils on the St. Regis Reservation reflect this

saltwater intrusion. Most soils are laminated to

massive marine and lacustrine silts and clays. They

were deposited in a brackish to salt water environment,

and their thickness varies from 1 to 50 meters. Some

of the soils may even include fossil shells. The

Muskellunge and Adjidaumo soils are examples of

these deposits.

In addition to the marine soils, the other major

deposit is glacial till. Ridges of till material are

scattered from east to west across the reservation.

The ridges generally trend in a northeast to southwest

direction, and are the result of deposition beneath the

glacial ice. These loamy soils include the Grenville and

Hogansburg series.

The remaining soils consist of recent deposits of fine

sand to gravel (alluvium and outwash) in association

with stream channels of the St. Regis and Raquette

rivers (USDA, Soil Conservation Service, 1958).

How This Survey Was Made

This survey was made to provide information about

the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area.

The information includes a description of the soils and

miscellaneous areas and their location and a

discussion of their suitability, limitations, and

management for specified uses. Soil scientists

observed the steepness, length, and shape of the

slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of

crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock.

They dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is

the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil.

The profile extends from the surface down into the

unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. The

unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other

living organisms and has not been changed by other

biological activity.

The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey

area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the

geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural

vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and

miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind

of landform or with a segment of the landform. By

observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the

survey area and relating their position to specific

segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a

concept or model of how they were formed. Thus,

during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist

to predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the

kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location

on the landscape.

Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge

into one another as their characteristics gradually

change. To construct an accurate soil map, however,

soil scientists must determine the boundaries between

the soils. They can observe only a limited number of

soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations,

supplemented by an understanding of the soilvegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to verify
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 15

predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to

determine the boundaries.

Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the

soil profiles that they studied. They noted soil color,

texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and

amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots,

reaction, and other features that enable them to

identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey

area and determining their properties, the soil

scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes

(units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each

taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with

precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a

basis for comparison to classify soils systematically.

Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification

used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind

and character of soil properties and the arrangement

of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists

classified and named the soils in the survey area, they

compared the individual soils with similar soils in the

same taxonomic class in other areas so that they

could confirm data and assemble additional data

based on experience and research.

While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some

of the soils in the area generally are collected for

laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil

scientists interpret the data from these analyses and

tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and

the soil properties to determine the expected behavior

of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all of

the soils are field tested through observation of the

soils in different uses and under different levels of

management. Some interpretations are modified to fit

local conditions, and some new interpretations are

developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled

from other sources, such as research information,

production records, and field experience of specialists.

For example, data on crop yields under defined levels

of management are assembled from farm records and

from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of soil.

Predictions about soil behavior are based not only

on soil properties but also on such variables as climate

and biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable

over long periods of time, but they are not predictable

from year to year. For example, soil scientists can

predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a

given soil will have a seasonal high water table within

certain depths in most years, but they cannot predict

that a seasonal high water table will always be at a

specific level in the soil on a specific date.

After soil scientists located and identified the

significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, they

drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial

photographs and identified each as a specific map unit.

Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields,

roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating

boundaries accurately.

Map Unit Composition

A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an

area dominated by one major kind of soil or an area

dominated by several kinds of soil. A map unit is

identified and named according to the taxonomic

classification of the dominant soil or soils. Within a

taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for

the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however,

the soils are natural objects. In common with other

natural objects, they have a characteristic variability in

their properties. Thus, the range of some observed

properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a

taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a single taxonomic

class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without including

areas of soils of other taxonomic classes.

Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soil or

soils for which it is named and some soils that belong

to other taxonomic classes. These latter soils are

called inclusions or included soils.

Most inclusions have properties and behavioral

patterns similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in

the map unit, and thus they do not affect use and

management. These are called noncontrasting (similar)

inclusions. They may or may not be mentioned in the

map unit descriptions. Other inclusions, however, have

properties and behavior divergent enough to affect use

or require different management. These are contrasting

(dissimilar) inclusions. They generally occupy small

areas and cannot be shown separately on the soil

maps because of the scale used in mapping. The

inclusions of contrasting soils are mentioned in the

map unit descriptions. A few inclusions may not have

been observed and consequently are not mentioned in

the descriptions, especially where the soil pattern was

so complex that it was impractical to make enough

observations to identify all of the kinds of soil on the

landscape.

The presence of inclusions in a map unit in no way

diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the soil data.

The objective of soil mapping is not to delineate pure

taxonomic classes of soils but rather to separate the

landscape into segments that have similar use and

management requirements. The delineation of such

landscape segments on the map provides sufficient

information for the development of resource plans, but

onsite investigation is needed to plan for intensive

uses in small areas.

The section “Survey Procedures” explains specific

procedures used to make this survey.
16

Survey Procedures

The general procedures followed in making this soil

survey are described in the National Soils Handbook

of the Natural Resources Conservation Service and

the Soil Survey Manual. The Soil Scientist utilized existing

soil information from the 1958 Soil Survey of Franklin

County, New York prior to the start of the project.

Before field work began, preliminary boundaries of

slopes and landforms were plotted stereoscopically on

aerial photographs taken in 1982. The map scale used

for the survey was 1:24,000. Color infrared aerial

photographs were also used to aid mapping. The soil

scientist also studied U.S. Geological Survey

topographic maps, at a scale of 1:24,000, to relate

landform, slope, and image features to the area of

survey. Commonly, a reconnaissance was made by

vehicle to examine road cuts and surface features

before the landscape was traversed on foot.

Sample areas were selected to represent the major

landscapes in Akwesasne. These areas were

investigated to determine soil-landform relationships,

diversity of soil types within landforms, and other data

related to land use interpretations. Field notes and

profile descriptions were taken to document soil series

and map units. As mapping progressed, these

preliminary notes were used to define map unit

composition. In most areas with complex soil patterns,

traverses were about 100 yards apart.

As the traverses were made, the soil scientist

divided the landscape into landforms or landform

segments based on use and management of the soils.

For example, a hill would be separated from a

depression, and a gently sloping summit from a back

slope of a ridge. In most areas, soil examinations

along the traverses were made 100 to 300 yards

apart, depending on the landscape and soil pattern.

Observations of such items as landform, blowndown trees, vegetation, road-cuts, animal burrows,

stoniness, and bedrock outcrops were made without

regard to spacing. Soil boundaries were determined

on the basis of soil examinations, observations, and

photo interpretation. Soil material was examined with

the aid of a hand auger and a spade to a depth of 4 to

6 feet, or to bedrock within a depth of 6 feet. The

pedons described as typical were observed and

studied in pits that were dug with shovels or backhoes

within Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 142.

Samples for chemical and physical analyses and

for analyses of engineering properties were taken from

representative sites of several of the soils near the

survey area within MLRA 142. Most of this sampling

occurred between 1980 and 1986. The chemical and

physical analyses were made by the Soil

Characterization Laboratory, Department of Soil, Crop,

and Atmospheric Sciences at Cornell University, Ithaca,

New York; and by the National Soil Survey Laboratory,

Natural Resources Conservation Service, Lincoln,

Nebraska. The results of the analyses are stored in

computerized data files at the respective laboratories.

The analyses for engineering properties were made by

the New York State Department of Transportation, Soil

Mechanics Bureau. A description of the laboratory

procedures can be obtained on request from the

respective laboratories. The results of the studies can

be obtained from Cornell University, the New York

State Department of Transportation, and the state

office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service.
17

The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps

in this survey represent the soils or miscellaneous

areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions in

this section, along with the maps, can be used to

determine the suitability and potential of a unit for

specific uses. They also can be used to plan the

management needed for those uses.

A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an

area dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or

miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and

named according to the taxonomic classification of the

dominant soils. Within a taxonomic class there are

precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils.

On the landscape, however, the soils are natural

phenomena, and they have the characteristic

variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of

some observed properties may extend beyond the

limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a

single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped

without including areas of other taxonomic classes.

Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils

or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and

some minor components that belong to taxonomic

classes other than those of the major soils.

Most minor soils have properties similar to those of

the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus

they do not affect use and management. These are

called noncontrasting, or similar, components. They

may or may not be mentioned in a particular map unit

description. Other minor components, however, have

properties and behavioral characteristics divergent

enough to affect use or to require different

management. These are called contrasting, or

dissimilar, components. They generally are in small

areas and could not be mapped separately because of

the scale used. Some small areas of strongly

contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are identified

by a special symbol on the maps. The contrasting

components are mentioned in the map unit

descriptions. A few areas of minor components may

not have been observed, and consequently they are

not mentioned in the descriptions, especially where

the pattern was so complex that it was impractical to

make enough observations to identify all the soils and

miscellaneous areas on the landscape.

The presence of minor components in a map unit in

no way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the

data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure

taxonomic classes but rather to separate the

landscape into landforms or landform segments that

have similar use and management requirements. The

delineation of such segments on the map provides

sufficient information for the development of resource

plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned,

however, onsite investigation is needed to define and

locate the soils and miscellaneous areas.

An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name

in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes

general facts about the unit and gives the principal

hazards and limitations to be considered in planning

for specific uses.

Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make

up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the

surface layer, all the soils of a series have major

horizons that are similar in composition, thickness,

and arrangement.

Soils of one series can differ in texture of the

surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of

erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use.

On the basis of such differences, a soil series is

divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on

the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The

name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature

that affects use or management. For example, Adams

loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes is a phase of the

Adams series.

Some map units are made up of two or more major

soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are

complexes, associations, or undifferentiated groups.

A complex consists of two or more soils or

miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in

such small areas that they cannot be shown

separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of

the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar

in all areas. The map unit, 94B Neckrock–Summerville

complex, gently sloping, rocky is an example.

An undifferentiated group is made up of two or

more soils or miscellaneous areas that could be

mapped individually but are mapped as one unit

because similar interpretations can be made for use

Detailed Soil Map Units
18 Soil Survey

and management. The pattern and proportion of the

soils or miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not

uniform. An area can be made up of only one of the

major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made

up of all of them. The map unit 110 Borosaprists and

Fluvaquents, frequently flooded is an undifferentiated

group in this survey area.

This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such

areas have little or no soil material and support little or

no vegetation. The map unit 105 Udorthents,

smoothed is an example.

Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent

of each map unit. Other tables give properties of the

soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for

many uses. The Glossary defines many of the terms

used in describing the soils or miscellaneous areas.

2—Lovewell very fine sandy loam,

stratified substratum

This soil is very deep, nearly level and moderately

well drained. It is on floodplains of large perennial

streams that occasionally flood for brief periods.

Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 11 inches, dark brown very fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

11 to 20 inches, yellowish brown very fine sandy loam

20 to 30 inches, yellowish brown very fine sandy loam

with common mottles

Substratum:

30 to 50 inches, light brownish gray very fine sandy

loam with many mottles

50 to 56 inches, grayish brown fine sand with many

mottles

56 to 75 inches, gray fine sand with many mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent somewhat poorly drained Cornish soils and

very poorly drained Medomak soils in slightly concave

areas and near tributaries. Also included are soils that

are similar to Adams, Croghan, or Colton soils on

slightly higher positions that rarely flood. Some areas

of the St. Regis River floodplains have higher sand

and rock fragment content than typical of Lovewell

soils. About 5 percent of this map unit is well drained

loamy soil on more convex positions. Included areas

make up about 15 percent of this unit and range up to

5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderate in the surface, subsoil, and

upper substratum, and rapid in the lower

substratum below 50 inches

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

high

Depth to seasonal high water table: 18 to 36 inches

deep at some time from November through May

Root zone: mainly to 24 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are idle or in hay. This soil

meets the requirements for prime farmland.

This soil is well suited to growing cultivated crops

and hay. The seasonal high water table may delay

planting during early spring or after heavy rainfall.

Installing a drainage system, especially in somewhat

poorly drained inclusions, will increase the efficiency of

farm operations. Conservation tillage systems and

crop rotations are good management practices.

This soil is well suited to pasture. The seasonal

high water table during early spring can cause muddy

barn yards and less forage density in some areas of

this soil. Rotational grazing, proper stocking rates, and

yearly mowing are good pasture management

practices.

The potential productivity for growing eastern white

pine on this soil is very high. Although there are no

major management limitations, brush control is

important to subdue plant competition around seedlings.

Also, there is a moderate windthrow hazard because

of root restriction above the seasonal high water table.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings with basements are the seasonal high water

table and its common flooding potential. A better

suited site should be considered, such as soils on a

higher nearby area.

Flooding and potential frost action are the main

limitations if this soil is used for local roads and

streets. Roads should be routed around these flood

prone areas where possible. Coarse-grain fill material

protected by riprap or other structures may reduce

flood damage and frost action.

The main limitations of this soil for septic tank

absorption fields are the seasonal high water table, the

potential for flooding, and the poor filter in the lower,

sandier substratum. A better suited site should be

considered for this use, such as a higher nearby area

not prone to flooding.

The main limitations of this soil for shallow

excavations are the seasonal high water table and the
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 19

soil’s tendency to cave in. Digging operations may be

restricted to drier periods of the year. Sloughing of soil

in the excavated area may also occur because of

wetness. The banks of the excavation should be

mechanically supported to avoid the possibility of soil

caving in on workers or other possible victims.

The capability subclass is 2w.

5—Fluvaquents-Udifluvents complex,

frequently flooded

This unit consists of very deep sediments deposited

by rivers and streams on floodplains. Frequent

flooding from nearby rivers and streams generally

results in the erosion and redeposition of soil material

from one place to another within this unit. Fluvaquents

occur on slightly concave positions such as

abandoned stream channels and stagnant-water

areas. Udifluvents occur on slightly convex positions

such as low benches and small islands near active

stream channels. This unit consists of about 30

percent poorly drained and 20 percent somewhat

poorly drained Fluvaquents, 40 percent well drained

Udifluvents, and 10 percent other soil types.

Fluvaquents and Udifluvents are so intermingled on

the landscape that it was not practical to map them

separately. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

The sequence, depth, and composition of a pedon

of Fluvaquents is variable, but the general range of the

soil characteristics are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 8 inches; black to very dark grayish brown sandy

loam to mucky silt loam with variable amounts of

gravel and cobbles

Substratum:

8 to 72 inches; very dark gray to pale olive sandy loam

to silty clay loam with variable amounts of gravel

and cobbles. It commonly has mottles.

The sequence, depth, and composition of a pedon

of Udifluvents is also variable, but the general range of

the soil characteristics are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 4 inches; very dark brown to light yellowish brown

loamy sand to loam with variable amounts of

gravel and cobbles

Substratum:

4 to 72 inches; dark brown to olive stratified layers of

deposits from sand to silty clay loam with variable

amounts of gravel and cobbles

Included with this unit in mapping are about 5

percent moderately well drained Lovewell soils and

somewhat poorly drained Cornish soils on slightly

higher areas near large streams where soil textures

are more uniform. Small areas of poorly drained

Rumney and very poorly drained Medomak soils occur

in slight depressions away from the active stream

channel. Small areas of very poorly drained

Wonsqueak soils occur in bog-like areas at the margin

of flood plains. Also included are small areas of well

drained soils similar to Adams or Colton. Included

areas make up about 10 percent of this unit and range

up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Fluvaquents

Permeability: ranges from slow to rapid; onsite

investigation needed

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

ranges from very low to high; onsite investigation

needed

Depth to seasonal high water table: 6 inches above

the surface to 18 inches deep at some time from

October to June

Root zone: mainly to 12 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low; onsite investigation needed

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Udifluvents

Permeability: ranges from slow to rapid; onsite

investigation needed

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

ranges from very low to high; onsite investigation

needed

Depth to seasonal high water table: 24 to 72 inches

deep at some time from November to May

Root zone: mainly to 20 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this unit are in brush or woodland.

The variability of its characteristics and frequent

flooding are major limitations for most uses of this unit

other than wetland wildlife habitat.

The capability subclass is 5w.

6—Redwater fine sandy loam

This mapping unit consists of deep, somewhat

poorly drained soils that have formed in recent

alluvium. It is on flood plains along streams where the

stream gradient is controlled by bedrock. Slopes range

from 0 to 3 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—
20 Soil Survey

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches, very dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

7 to 30 inches, dark brown fine sandy loam

30 to 38 inches, very dark grayish brown and dark

brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

38 to 50 inches, grayish brown and light brownish gray

fine sandy loam

50 inches, hard limestone bedrock

Included with this unit in mapping are about 10

percent Fluvaquents, Udifluvents, and Borosaprists

where frequent flooding occurs at the edge of streams

or in slack water areas. Cornish soils are included in

places where the alluvium is dominated by silt and

very fine sand. Included areas range up to 5 acres and

make up about 20 percent of this unit.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderate in the surface and subsoil, and

moderately rapid in the substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

high

Depth to seasonal high water table: 6 to 18 inches

from November through May

Root zone: mainly in the upper 20 inches

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Much of this unit is used as hayland. Other areas

are in woodland or brush.

This unit is moderately suited to growing cultivated

crops and hay. Planting is frequently delayed because

of wet soil conditions or flooding. The seasonal high

water table limits the root growth of some legumes.

Installing subsurface drainage and selecting shallowrooted, water-tolerant grasses and legumes are ways

to enhance the productivity of pasture on this unit. In

places, fields may suffer detrimental deposition from

stranded stones and trash left by ice. Cover crops or

sod crops in the cropping system protect the surface

of the soil from scouring during flooding. Tree borders

and riparian strips can help to stabilize stream banks.

This soil is moderately suited to pasture

management. Grazing these soils when wet can lead

to punching and compaction of the surface layer.

Keeping stock off of pastures during early spring and

other wet periods will help prevent excessive

compaction and help to maintain good soil tilth.

Protecting stream banks with fences and tree borders

will help to limit stream bank erosion.

The potential productivity for red maple on this unit

is moderate. Flooding and the seasonal high water

table can impede heavy equipment use during spring

and other wet periods.

This soil is unsuited for dwellings with basements.

Flooding and soil wetness are severe limitations to the

use of this unit as a site for dwellings with basements.

The best solution is to select a better suited soil on a

higher landscape position.

Soil wetness, flooding, and potential frost action are

the main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets. Constructing roads on raised

fill material and installing a drainage system are

methods of compensating for soil wetness and

flooding. Providing coarser grained subgrade material

to frost depth will help prevent pavement damage.

This soil is poorly suited as a site for septic tank

absorption fields because of flooding, wetness, and

the moderately rapid permeability in the substratum.

Generally the best alternative is to place the septic

field on a better suited soil higher on the landscape.

The main limitations of this soil for shallow

excavations are the depth to bedrock and the

seasonal high water table. Digging may be impeded

by bedrock contact making blasting necessary in

some areas. Also, construction and installation may be

restricted to drier periods of the year unless drainage

is enhanced.

The capability subclass is 3w.

15B—Waddington gravelly loam, 3 to 8

percent slopes

This soil is very deep, gently sloping and somewhat

excessively drained. It occurs on very gravelly, glacial

outwash plains and beach ridges.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown gravelly loam

Subsoil:

9 to 17 inches, strong brown very gravelly fine sandy

loam

17 to 26 inches, brown very gravelly loam

26 to 31 inches, dark brown very gravelly loamy sand

Substratum:

31 to 72 inches, mixed dark grayish brown, brown,

and dark yellowish brown extremely gravelly coarse

sand

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent moderately well drained Fahey soils in slightly

concave and nearly level areas. About 5 percent of

this unit includes soils similar to Colton and Trout

River where conditions are more acid or sandier.
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 21

About 5 percent of this unit includes small areas of

moderately well drained Hogansburg soils adjacent to

loamy glacial till. Also included are small areas having

sand over loamy deposits, nearly level areas, and

shallow deposits of gravel over loamy till. In some

areas, the surface was cobbly loam or very gravelly

loam. Included areas make up about 20 percent of this

unit and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderate in the surface, moderately

rapid in the upper part of the subsoil, and rapid in

the lower part of the subsoil and substratum.

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

low or moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: greater than 72

inches deep

Root zone: generally unrestricted

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are used as hayland or

brushland.

This soil is well suited to growing cultivated crops

and hay. During dry periods, droughtiness can

significantly reduce yields and increase weed

competition. On long cultivated slopes, erosion may

be serious enough to lower crop production if not

protected from water movement. Because of the rapid

permeability in the substratum, the potential for

pesticide and nutrient loss from leaching in this soil is

high. Conservation tillage systems, crop rotations,

manure application at a level to meet crop needs, and

the use of cover crops are good management

practices.

This soil is well suited to pasture. Mild droughtiness

during the summer may threaten optimum forage

production on this soil. Overgrazing should be

avoided. Rotational grazing, proper stocking rates, and

yearly mowing are good management practices.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple

on this soil is moderate. Tree species tolerant to short

periods of droughtiness should be encouraged.

There are no major limitations if this soil is used for

dwellings with or without basements.

A moderate limitation of this soil for local roads and

streets is frost action. Construction plans should

specify sandier subgrade material. Adequate surface

drainage in critical areas will also control potential frost

action.

The main limitation of this soil for septic tank

absorption fields is its rapid permeability in the

substratum. Because of rapid permeability in the

substratum, there is a possibility of ground water

contamination.

The main limitations if this unit is used for shallow

excavations is the soils tendency to cave in. Trench

walls should be mechanically supported to avoid the

possibility of soil caving in on workers or other victims.

The capability subclass is 3s.

18A—Adams loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and somewhat

excessively drained. It occurs on nearly level sandy

glacial outwash plains and terraces.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 7 inches, very dark grayish brown loamy

 sand

Subsurface:

7 to 9 inches, pinkish gray sand

Subsoil:

9 to 11 inches, dark reddish brown loamy sand

11 to 13 inches, dark brown loamy sand

13 to 27 inches, strong brown sand

Substratum:

27 to 35 inches, yellowish brown fine sand

35 to 72 inches, brown sand

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent moderately well drained Croghan soils in slight

depressions and along shallow drainageways. About 5

percent are included areas with high gravel content

similar to Colton or Waddington soils. Also included

are similar soils having thin layers of very fine sand or

silt in the substratum as well as soils lacking

stratification in the substrata. In some areas the

surface texture is sand, fine sand, or loamy fine sand.

Included areas make up about 15 percent of this unit

and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: rapid in the surface and subsoil, and

very rapid in the substratum.

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

very low or low

Depth to seasonal high water table: greater than 72

inches deep

Root zone: generally unrestricted

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 72 inches

Most areas of this soil are used as woodland. The

majority of areas that were once farmed have since

reverted to brush and woodland.
22 Soil Survey

This soil is moderately suited to growing cultivated

crops and hay. Droughtiness can limit productivity of

this soil because of its very low available water

capacity. Amendments of organic matter will improve

the soils moisture holding ability and structure.

Because of the rapid permeability in this soil, the

potential for pesticide loss from leaching in this soil is

high. Conservation tillage systems, crop rotation, the

proper application of manure and soil amendments

are good management practices on this soil.

This soil is moderately suited to pasture.

Droughtiness can affect the quantity and quality of

forage. Rotational grazing and proper stocking rates

are good management practices on this soil.

The potential productivity for growing eastern white

pine on this soil is very high. Because of the very low

available water capacity, droughty conditions can

severely affect seedling mortality. Included areas of

Croghan soils may have higher seedling survival

rates.

There are no major limitations for dwellings with or

without basements on this soil.

There are no major limitations for local roads and

streets on this soil.

The main limitation if this soil is used for septic tank

absorption fields is its poor ability to filter effluent

properly. There is a possibility of ground water

contamination because of the soil’s rapid permeability.

A better suited site should be considered for this use

such as a moderately rapid, permeable soil on a

nearby landform.

The main limitation if this soil is used for shallow

excavations is the danger of cut banks caving in.

Precautions can be taken to protect workers and other

possible victims.

The capability subclass is 3s.

18B—Adams loamy sand, 3 to 8 percent

slopes

This soil is very deep, gently sloping, and

somewhat excessively drained. It occurs on sandy

glacial outwash plains and terraces.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 7 inches, very dark grayish brown loamy

 sand

Subsurface:

7 to 9 inches, pinkish gray sand

Subsoil:

9 to 11 inches, dark reddish brown loamy sand

11 to 13 inches, dark brown loamy sand

13 to 27 inches, strong brown sand

Substratum:

27 to 35 inches, yellowish brown fine sand

35 to 72 inches, brown sand

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent moderately well drained Croghan soils in slight

depressions and along shallow drainageways. About 5

percent of this unit includes soils similar to Colton and

Waddington having high gravel content. Also included

are similar soils having thin layers of very fine sand or

silt in the substratum as well as soils lacking

stratification in the substrata. Narrow inclusions of

more sloping areas are included. In some areas the

surface texture is sand, fine sand, or loamy fine sand.

Included areas make up about 15 percent of this unit

and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: rapid in the surface and subsoil, and

very rapid in the substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

very low or low

Depth to seasonal high water table: greater than 72

inches deep

Root zone: generally unrestricted

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 72 inches

Most areas of this soil are in woodland. The

majority of areas that were once farmed have since

reverted to brushland or woodland.

This soil is moderately suited to growing cultivated

crops and hay. Droughtiness can limit soil productivity

because of very low available water capacity of this

soil. Amendments of organic matter will improve the

moisture holding ability and structure of the soil.

Erosion may also be a management problem on long

slopes resulting in reduced crop yields. Because of the

rapid permeability in this soil, the potential for pesticide

loss from leaching in this soil is high. Conservation

tillage systems, crop rotation, the use of cover crops

and manure, and the proper application of soil

amendments are good management practices on this

soil.

This soil is moderately suited to pasture.

Droughtiness can negatively affect the quantity and

quality of forage. Rotational grazing and proper

stocking rates are good management practices on this

soil.

The potential productivity for growing eastern white

pine on this soil is very high. Because of the very low

available water capacity, droughty conditions can
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 23

severely affect seedling mortality. Included areas of

Croghan soils may have higher seedling survival

rates.

There are no major limitations for dwellings with or

without basements on this soil.

There are no major limitations for local roads and

streets on this soil.

The main limitation if this soil is used for septic tank

absorption fields is its poor ability to filter effluent

properly. There is a possibility of ground water

contamination because of the soil’s rapid permeability.

A better suited site should be considered for this use

such as a moderately rapid, permeable soil on a

nearby landform.

The main limitation if this soil is used for shallow

excavations is the danger of cut banks caving in.

Precautions should be taken to protect workers and

other possible victims.

The capability subclass is 3s.

20A—Croghan loamy fine sand, 0 to 3

percent slopes

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and moderately

well drained. It formed in low lime, sandy deposits on

outwash plains, terraces, deltas, and lake plains.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

1 inch thick layer of roots and sphagnum moss

0 to 1 inch, black moderately decomposed organic

material

1 to 3 inches, black loamy fine sand

Subsoil:

3 to 9 inches, pinkish gray fine sand

9 to 11 inches, dark reddish brown fine sand

11 to 16 inches, reddish brown and dark reddish

brown fine sand

16 to 33 inches, brown fine sand with common mottles

Substratum:

33 to 72 inches, pinkish gray fine sand with many

mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent Adams soils on higher areas of the unit. About

5 percent of this unit includes somewhat poorly

drained Wainola soils and poorly drained Deinache

soils along drainageways and in slight depressions.

Included in mapping are small areas of Flackville and

Swanton soils where silt and clay deposits are within

40 inches of the surface. Also included are small

areas of Occur soils where loamy material is within 40

inches of the surface. In some areas the surface

texture is loamy sand. Inclusions make up about 15

percent of this unit and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: rapid in the surface and very rapid in the

subsoil and substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

very low to low

Depth to seasonal high water table: 18 to 24 inches

deep at some time from November through May

Root zone: mainly to 24 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are in hayland or woodland.

Some areas are in pastureland.

This soil is well suited to growing cultivated crops

and hay. The seasonal high water table may delay

farming operations following periods of heavy

precipitation. Surface and subsurface drainage

systems will help to improve the efficiency of farm

operations and increase crop yield, especially in areas

of somewhat poorly drained inclusions. Because of the

very low available water capacity, this sandy soil may

be droughty during part of the growing season.

Applications of organic matter will help improve the

water holding capacity of this soil. Conservation tillage

systems, crop rotation, establishing a cover crop,

maintenance of waterways, and the addition of

manure and other supplements are good

management practices.

This soil is well suited to pasture. Soil wetness

during the early part of the growing season may retard

forage growth, especially in included areas of Wainola

and Deinache soils. Droughtiness during the late

summer may also diminish the potential forage on this

soil. Excessive grazing should be avoided so as to

sustain desirable pasture plant species. Rotational

grazing, proper stocking rates, and yearly mowing are

good management practices.

The potential productivity for growing eastern white

pine on this soil is high. Seedling mortality can be a

moderate management problem with some tree

species because of low available water capacity.

Drought-tolerant seedlings that are planted during

moist soil conditions promote seedling survival.

The main limitation of this soil for dwellings is the

seasonal high water table. Nearby units of Adams

soils are better suited to this use. If this soil is used,

foundation drains and protective coatings on

basement walls will help alleviate wetness. Diversion

ditches can also control surface water by carrying it

away from the dwelling.
24 Soil Survey

The main limitations of this soil for local roads and

streets are a moderate potential for frost action and

the seasonal high water table. Road designs can

specify using a coarser grained subgrade material to

alleviate frost action. Adequate surface and subsurface

drainage in critical areas will also decrease the

potential for frost action and seasonal wetness.

The main limitations of this soil for septic tank

absorption fields are its poor filtering ability and the

seasonal high water table. If this soil is used, higher

spots within the map unit would likely perform better

for this use. Conventional septic system designs may

perform poorly on this soil. Alternative designs that

augment the filtering capacity of this system should be

considered. Because of very rapid permeability, there

is a possibility of ground water contamination by septic

effluent.

The main limitations of this soil for shallow

excavations are the tendency for cutbanks to cave in

and the seasonal high water table. Digging operations

may be restricted after periods of heavy rainfall unless

drainage is installed. Mechanically supporting the

banks of the excavation will help prevent the possibility

of soil caving in on workers or other victims.

The capability subclass is 2w.

33—Wainola loamy fine sand

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and somewhat

poorly drained. It formed in sandy deposits on

relatively low and slightly concave areas of glacial

outwash plains and lake plains. Slopes range from 0

to 3 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 1 inch, black slightly decomposed roots and

leaves

1 to 4 inches, black loamy fine sand

Subsurface:

4 to 7 inches, reddish gray and pinkish gray fine sand

Subsoil:

7 to 10 inches, dark reddish brown loamy fine sand

with common mottles

10 to 12 inches, reddish brown fine sand with common

mottles

12 to 22 inches, strong brown fine sand with many

mottles

22 to 34 inches, brown fine sand with common mottles

Substratum:

34 to 72 inches, light brownish gray fine sand with few

mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent moderately well drained Croghan soils on

slightly higher positions. About 5 percent of this map

unit consists of poorly drained Deinache soils near

depressions and drainageways. Small areas of

Coveytown soils are included where a loamy

substratum occurs. Small areas of Swanton and

Stockholm soils are included where a clayey

substratum is within 40 inches. Also on similar

landforms are inclusions of Sciota soils which are less

reddish brown in the subsoil. Inclusions make up

about 20 percent of this map unit and range up to 5

acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: rapid throughout

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

low or moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 to 18 inches

deep at some time from November through May

Root zone: mainly to 18 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are used as hayland. Some

areas are used as brush or woodland.

This soil is moderately suited to growing cultivated

crops and hay. The seasonal high water table can

delay planting in the spring and harvest in the fall.

Surface and subsurface drainage will help to improve

farm operation efficiency and increase crop yields.

Conservation tillage systems, crop rotation, and

maintenance of drainageways are good management

practices.

This soil is moderately suited to pasture. The

seasonal high water table may limit forage production.

Excessive grazing on this soil may result in

compaction, muddy conditions, soil erosion, and loss

of key forage species. Rotational grazing, deferred

grazing, proper stocking rates, maintenance of

drainageways, and yearly mowing are good

management practices.

The potential productivity for growing red maple on

this soil is moderate. Heavy equipment may bog down

in wet soil causing severe erosion. Limited rooting

depth over the seasonal high water table may

moderately increase seedling mortality and severely

increase windthrow in some areas. Selecting species

that are tolerant to wet soil conditions will help improve

seedling survival. Minimal thinning will also diminish

windthrow potential.

The main limitation of this soil for dwellings is the

seasonal high water table. Better suited sites on

higher nearby areas should be considered. If this soil

is used, foundation drains and protective coatings on
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 25

basement walls will alleviate some wetness. Diversion

ditches can also control surface water by carrying it

away from the dwelling.

The seasonal high water table and frost action are

moderate limitations if this soil is used for local roads

and streets. Constructing roads on a raised coarser

grained subgrade, and installing adequate drainage in

critical areas will alleviate wetness and frost action.

The seasonal high water table and a poor filtering

capacity limit the use of this unit as a site for septic

tank absorption fields. A better suited site should be

considered. Conventional septic system designs will

perform poorly on this soil. Alternative designs that

augment the filtering capacity of this system should be

considered. Because of the rapid permeability, there is

a possibility of ground water contamination.

The main limitation if this soil is used for shallow

excavations is the seasonal high water table and the

soil’s tendency to cave in. Digging operations may be

restricted to drier periods of the year unless a

drainage system is installed. Sloughing of soil in the

excavated area may also occur because of wetness.

Trench walls should be mechanically supported to

avoid the possibility of soil caving in on workers or

other victims.

The capability subclass is 3w.

39A—Churchville silty clay loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes

This soil is very deep, nearly level and somewhat

poorly drained. It occurs on swales and smooth areas

on glacial till plains.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 7 inches, very dark grayish brown silty clay loam

Subsoil:

7 to 11 inches, brown silty clay loam with common

mottles

11 to 19 inches, grayish brown silty clay with common

mottles

19 to 22 inches, gray silty clay and silt loam with

common mottles

Substratum:

22 to 25 inches, yellowish brown cobbly loam with

many mottles

25 to 38 inches, brown gravelly loam with common

mottles

38 to 72 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy

loam with common mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent Malone and Hogansburg soils in areas having

subsoil with more gravel and on somewhat higher

positions. About 5 percent of this unit is poorly drained

Adjidaumo soils in depressions and along

drainageways. Small areas of soils similar to

Hailesboro, Roundabout, and Mino soils are included

where there is less clay in the subsoil. Some areas of

this unit have a shorter growing season than is typical

of Churchville soils. In some areas, the surface texture

is silty clay. Included areas make up about 15 percent

of this unit and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderate in the mineral surface, and

slow in the subsoil and substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

moderate to high

Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 to 18 inches

deep at some time from November through May

Root zone: mainly to 18 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: moderate in the subsoil

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are used as hay or pasture.

Only drained areas of this soil qualify as prime

farmland.

This soil is moderately suited to growing cultivated

crops and hay. The seasonal high water table can

delay planting in the spring and harvest operations in

the fall. Surface and subsurface drainage will help to

improve the efficiency of farm operations and increase

crop yield. Because of moderately slow permeability in

the surface layer, the potential for pesticide and

nutrient loss from runoff on this soil is high.

Conservation tillage systems, crop rotation and

maintenance of waterways are good management

practices.

This soil is moderately suited to pasture. The

seasonal high water table can cause significant

wetness problems in barn yards and heavily traveled

areas of the pasture especially in the spring. Forage

may show stunted growth during the early part of the

growing season as a result of wetness. Rotational

grazing, deferred grazing, proper stocking rates,

surface drainage, and yearly mowing are good

management practices.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple

on this soil is moderate. Because of the seasonal high

water table, heavy harvesting equipment may bog

down in the spring and cause deep ruts. Also,

windthrow may be a severe management problem

particularly in poorly drained spots where tree roots

are restricted by seasonal wetness.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation

if this soil is used as a site for dwellings. A better

suited site should be considered such as on a higher
26 Soil Survey

inclusion within the map unit. If this soil is used,

foundation drains and protective coatings on

basement walls will help alleviate some wetness.

Diversion ditches can also control surface water

flowing from higher areas by carrying it away from the

dwelling.

The main limitations if this soil is used for local

roads and streets are frost action and low soil

strength. Plans for new road construction should call

for providing coarse grained subgrade material.

Adequate drainage in critical areas will also decrease

the potential for frost action.

The main limitations if this soil is used for septic

tank absorption fields are the seasonal high water

table and the slow permeability. A better suited site

should be considered for this use. Higher spots within

the map unit will likely be better sites. Conventional

septic system designs will perform poorly on this soil.

Alternative designs that augment the filtering capacity

of this system should be considered.

The main limitation if this soil is used for shallow

excavations is the seasonal high water table. Digging

operations may be restricted to the drier periods of the

year unless drainage is installed. Sloughing of soil in

the excavated area may also occur because of

wetness.

The capability subclass is 3w.

39B—Churchville silty clay loam, 3 to 8

percent slopes

This soil is very deep, gently sloping and somewhat

poorly drained. It occurs on toeslopes, and on

undulating areas of glacial till plains.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 7 inches, very dark grayish brown silty clay loam

Subsoil:

7 to 11 inches, brown silty clay loam with common

mottles

11 to 19 inches, grayish brown silty clay with common

mottles

19 to 22 inches, gray silty clay and silt loam with

common mottles

Substratum:

22 to 25 inches, yellowish brown cobbly loam with

many mottles

25 to 38 inches, brown gravelly loam with common

mottles

38 to 72 inches, light olive brown gravelly fine sandy

loam with common mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent Malone and Hogansburg soils in areas having

subsoil with more gravel and on somewhat more

convex positions. About 5 percent of this unit is poorly

drained Adjidaumo soils in depressions and along

drainageways. Small areas of soil similar to

Hailesboro, Roundabout, and Mino soils are included

where there is less clay. Some areas of this unit have

a shorter growing season than is typical of Churchville

soils. In some areas, the surface texture is silty clay.

Included areas make up about 15 percent of this unit

and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderate in the mineral surface, and

slow in the subsoil and substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

moderate to high

Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 to 18 inches

deep at some time from November through May

Root zone: mainly to 18 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: moderate in the subsoil

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are used for hay or pasture.

Only drained areas of this soil qualify as prime

farmland.

This soil is moderately suited to growing cultivated

crops and hay. The seasonal high water table can

delay planting in the spring and harvest operations in

the fall. Surface and subsurface drainage will help to

improve the efficiency of farm operations and increase

crop yield. Soil erosion may become a management

problem on long slopes left unprotected by vegetative

cover. Because of slope and moderately slow

permeability in the surface layer, the potential for

pesticide and nutrient loss from runoff on this soil is

high. Conservation tillage systems, crop rotation and

maintenance of waterways are good management

practices.

This soil is moderately suited to pasture. The

seasonal high water table can cause significant

wetness problems in barn yards and heavily traveled

areas of the pasture especially in the spring. Forage

may show stunted growth during the early part of the

growing season as a result of wetness. Rotational

grazing, deferred grazing, proper stocking rates,

surface drainage, and yearly mowing are good

management practices.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple

on this soil is moderate. Because of the seasonal high

water table, heavy harvesting equipment may bog

down in the spring resulting in deep ruts. Windthrow

can also be a severe management problem
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 27

particularly in poorly drained spots where tree roots

are restricted by seasonal wetness.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings is the seasonal high water table. A better

suited site should be considered such as on a higher

area within the map unit. If this soil is used, foundation

drains and protective coatings on basement walls will

help alleviate some wetness. Diversion ditches can

also control surface water by carrying it away from the

dwelling.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets are frost action and low soil

strength. Construction plans should call for providing

coarse grained subgrade material. Adequate drainage

in critical areas will also decrease the potential for

frost action.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table and the slow permeability. A better suited

site should be considered for this use. Higher spots

within the map unit will likely be better sites.

Conventional septic system designs will perform

poorly on this soil. Alternative designs that augment

the filtering capacity of this system should be

considered.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the seasonal high water table.

Digging operations may be restricted to the drier

periods of the year unless drainage is installed.

Sloughing of soil in the excavated area may also occur

because of wetness.

The capability subclass is 3w.

40B—Heuvelton silty clay loam, 3 to 8

percent slopes

This soil is very deep, gently sloping, and

moderately well drained. It is on slightly convex areas

and low ridges of lake plains.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches, dark brown silty clay loam

Subsoil:

6 to 10 inches, brown silty clay loam

10 to 18 inches, brown silty clay

18 to 22 inches, brown silty clay with common mottles

22 to 32 inches, grayish brown silty clay with many

mottles

32 to 39 inches, dark grayish brown clay with many

mottles

Substratum:

39 to 72 inches, dark gray clay with few mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent somewhat poorly drained Muskellunge soils in

nearly level areas and slightly concave areas. About 5

percent of this unit are poorly drained Adjidaumo soils

and soils similar to Hogansburg soils with a higher

clay content. Adjidaumo soils are in depressions and

near drainageways. Some areas of this unit are well

drained, or have bedrock less than 60 inches deep.

Also, in some areas, the surface texture is silt loam or

clay. Included areas make up about 15 percent of this

unit and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderate or moderately slow in the

surface and subsoil, and slow or very slow in the

substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

high

Depth to seasonal high water table: 18 to 24 inches

deep at some time from November through April

Root zone: mainly to 24 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: moderate

Depth to bedrock: more than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are used for hay. This soil

meets the requirements of prime farmland.

This soil is well suited to growing cultivated crops

and hay. Erosion can significantly reduce soil

productivity especially on long slopes planted to row

crops. Care should be taken by cultivating with the

contour of the land. Residue management through

conservation tillage systems, crop rotation, and the

use of cover crops are good management practices.

This soil is well suited to pasture. Erosion can be a

management problem particularly on long slopes

subject to heavy grazing. Overgrazing should be

avoided. Rotational grazing, proper stocking rates, and

yearly mowing are good pasture management

practices.

The potential productivity for growing northern red

oak on this soil is moderately high. There are no major

management limitations on this soil.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings with basements is the seasonal high water

table. Foundation drains and protective coatings on

basement walls will help alleviate some wetness.

Diversion ditches can also control surface water from

higher elevations by carrying it away from the dwelling.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets is the low soil strength and
28 Soil Survey

potential frost action. Good road design accounts for

special construction techniques to provide adequate

support for pavement and traffic. Coarse grained

subgrade material will diminish frost action if adequate

drainage is installed.

The main limitations of this soil for septic tank

absorption fields are the seasonal high water table and

very slow permeability. A better suited site should be

considered for this use. Well drained inclusions within

this unit will likely perform better. Conventional septic

system designs may perform poorly on this soil.

Alternative designs that augment the filtering capacity

of this soil should be considered.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the seasonal high water table.

Digging operations may be restricted to the drier

periods of the year unless drainage is installed.

Sloughing of soil in the excavated area may also occur

because of wetness, unless mechanical support or

other precautions are taken.

The capability subclass is 2e.

40C—Heuvelton silty clay loam, 8 to 15

percent slopes

This soil is very deep, strongly sloping, and

moderately well drained. It is on convex areas, stream

side slopes, and low ridges of lake plains.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches, dark brown silty clay loam

Subsoil:

6 to 10 inches, brown silty clay loam

10 to 18 inches, brown silty clay

18 to 22 inches, brown silty clay with common mottles

22 to 32 inches, grayish brown silty clay with many

mottles

32 to 39 inches, dark grayish brown clay with many

mottles

Substratum:

39 to 72 inches, dark gray clay with few mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent somewhat poorly drained Muskellunge and

Hailesboro soils on gently sloping and slightly concave

areas. About 5 percent of this unit includes soils similar

to Hogansburg and Nicholville soils having less clay in

the profile. Adjidaumo soils are included in depressions

and toeslopes near drainageways. Some areas of this

unit are well drained, or have bedrock less than 60

inches deep. Also, in some areas, the surface texture

is silt loam or clay. Included areas make up about 15

percent of this unit and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderate or moderately slow in the

surface and subsoil, and slow or very slow in the

substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

high

Depth to seasonal high water table: 18 to 24 inches

deep at some time from November through April

Root zone: mainly to 24 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: moderate

Depth to bedrock: more than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are used for hay or pasture.

This soil is moderately well suited to growing

cultivated crops and hay. Erosion can significantly

reduce soil productivity on areas planted to row crops

unless adequate conservation practices like

stripcropping are used to control water runoff. All

cultivating should follow the contour of the land where

possible to avoid gully erosion. Conservation tillage

systems, crop rotation, and the use of cover crops are

good management practices.

This soil is moderately well suited to pasture.

Erosion can be a significant problem on heavily grazed

slopes. Overgrazing should be avoided. Rotational

grazing, proper stocking rates, and yearly mowing are

good pasture management practices.

The potential productivity for growing northern red

oak on this soil is moderately high. There are no major

management limitations on this soil. However, soil

erosion can be a moderate concern on improperly

maintained skid roads and landing sites.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings with basements is the seasonal high water

table. Foundation drains and protective coatings on

basement walls will help alleviate some wetness.

Diversion ditches can help carry away surface water

originating from higher elevations.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets are low soil strength and

potential frost action. Good road design will call for

adequate support for pavement and traffic. Coarse

grained subgrade material will diminish frost action if

adequate drainage is installed.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table and very slow permeability. A better suited

site should be considered for this use. Well drained

inclusions within this unit will likely perform better.

Conventional septic system designs will generally

perform poorly on this soil. Alternative designs that
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 29

augment the filtering capacity of this soil should be

considered.

The main limitation if this soil is used as site for

shallow excavations is the seasonal high water table.

Digging operations may be restricted to the drier

periods of the year unless drainage is installed.

Sloughing of soil in the excavated area may also occur

because of wetness, unless mechanical support or

other precautions are taken.

The capability subclass is 3e.

41A—Muskellunge silty clay loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes

This soil is very deep, nearly level and somewhat

poorly drained. It occurs on swales and smooth areas

on glacial lake plains.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 9 inches, dark brown silty clay loam

Subsoil:

9 to 16 inches, dark grayish brown silty clay with many

mottles

16 to 38 inches, brown silty clay with common mottles

Substratum:

38 to 45 inches, brown silty clay with many mottles

45 to 72 inches, dark yellowish brown clay with

common mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent moderately well drained Heuvelton soils on

slightly convex positions, and on areas adjacent to

dissected streams. About 5 percent of this unit is

poorly drained Adjidaumo soils in slight depressions

and along drainageways. Small areas of somewhat

poorly drained Hailesboro, Roundabout, and Mino

soils are included where there is less clay. Also small

areas of somewhat poorly drained Swanton soils are

included where the surface and subsoil are loamier. In

some areas, the surface texture is silty clay. Included

areas make up about 15 percent of this unit and range

up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderately slow in the surface layer and

slow in the subsoil and substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

high

Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 to 18 inches

deep at some time from November through May

Root zone: mainly to 18 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: moderate

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are used for hay. Only

drained areas of this soil qualify as prime farmland.

This soil is moderately suited to growing cultivated

crops and hay. The seasonal high water table can

delay planting in the spring and harvest operations in

the fall. Surface and subsurface drainage will help to

improve the efficiency of farm operations and increase

crop yield. Because of moderately slow permeability in

the surface layer, the potential for pesticide and

nutrient loss from runoff on this soil is high. Conservation

tillage systems, crop rotation, and maintenance of

waterways are good management practices.

This soil is moderately suited to pasture. The

seasonal high water table can cause significant

wetness problems in barn yards and heavily traveled

areas of the pasture, especially in the spring. Forage

may show stunted growth during the early part of the

growing season as a result of wetness. Rotational

grazing, deferred grazing, proper stocking rates,

surface drainage and yearly mowing are good

management practices.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple

on this soil is moderate. Because of the seasonal high

water table, heavy harvesting equipment can bog

down in the spring and cause deep ruts. Dry soil

conditions or frozen periods should be used for

operating equipment on this soil.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings is the seasonal high water table. A better

suited site should be considered such as on a higher

inclusion within the map unit. If this soil is used,

foundation drains and protective coatings on

basement walls will help alleviate some wetness.

Diversion ditches can also control surface water

flowing from higher areas by carrying it away from the

dwelling.

The main limitations if this soil is used as site for

local roads and streets are frost action and low soil

strength. Plans for new road construction should call

for providing coarse grained subgrade material.

Adequate drainage in critical areas will also decrease

the potential for frost action.

The main limitations if this soil is used as site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table and the slow permeability. A better suited

site such as higher spots within the map unit, should

be considered for this use. Conventional septic

system designs will perform poorly on this soil.

Alternative designs that augment the filtering capacity

of this system should be considered.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the seasonal high water table.

Digging operations may be restricted to the drier
30 Soil Survey

periods of the year unless drainage is installed.

Sloughing of soil in the excavated area may also occur

because of wetness.

The capability subclass is 3w.

41B—Muskellunge silty clay loam, 3 to 8

percent slopes

This soil is very deep, gently sloping, and somewhat

poorly drained. It occurs on toeslopes, and on slightly

dissected or undulating areas of glacial lake plains.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 9 inches, dark brown silty clay loam

Subsoil:

9 to 16 inches, dark grayish brown silty clay with many

mottles

16 to 38 inches, brown silty clay with common mottles

Substratum:

38 to 45 inches, brown silty clay with many mottles

45 to 72 inches, dark yellowish brown clay with

common mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent moderately well drained Heuvelton soils on

knolls and slightly convex positions. About 5 percent of

this unit includes poorly drained Adjidaumo soils in

slight depressions and along drainageways. Small

areas of somewhat poorly drained Hailesboro,

Roundabout and Mino soils are included where there

is less clay. Also small areas of somewhat poorly

drained Swanton soils are included where the surface

and subsoil are loamier. In some areas, the surface

texture is silty clay. Included areas make up about 15

percent of this unit and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderately slow in the surface layer and

slow in the subsoil and substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

high

Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 to 18 inches

deep at some time from November through May

Root zone: mainly to 18 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: moderate

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are used for hay or pasture.

Only drained areas of this soil qualify as prime

farmland.

This soil is moderately suited to growing cultivated

crops and hay. The seasonal high water table can

delay planting in the spring and harvest operations in

the fall. Surface and subsurface drainage will help to

improve the efficiency of farm operations and increase

crop yields. Soil erosion may become a management

problem on long slopes left unprotected by vegetative

cover. Because of moderately slow permeability and

slope, the potential for pesticide and nutrient loss from

runoff on this soil is high. Conservation tillage

systems, crop rotation, and maintenance of waterways

are good management practices.

This soil is moderately suited to pasture. The

seasonal high water table can cause significant

wetness problems in barn yards and heavily traveled

areas of the pasture, especially in the spring. Forage

may show stunted growth during the early part of the

growing season as a result of wetness. Rotational

grazing, deferred grazing, proper stocking rates,

surface drainage, and yearly mowing are good

management practices.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple

on this soil is moderate. Because of the seasonal high

water table, heavy harvesting equipment may bog

down in the spring resulting in deep ruts. Operating

equipment on this soil should be limited to periods

when the soil is dry or frozen.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings is the seasonal high water table. A better

suited site should be considered such as on a higher

area within the map unit. If this soil is used, foundation

drains and protective coatings on basement walls will

help alleviate some wetness. Diversion ditches can

also control surface water by carrying it away from the

dwelling.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets are frost action and low soil

strength. Construction plans should call for providing

coarse grained subgrade material. Adequate drainage

in critical areas will also decrease the potential for

frost action.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table and the slow permeability. A better suited

site, such as a higher spot on the map unit, should be

considered for this use. Conventional septic system

designs will perform poorly on this soil. Alternative

designs that augment the filtering capacity of this

system should be considered.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the seasonal high water table.

Digging operations may be restricted to the drier

periods of the year unless drainage is installed.

Sloughing of soil in the excavated area may also occur

because of wetness.

The capability subclass is 3w.
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 31

42—Adjidaumo silty clay

This soil is very deep, nearly level and poorly

drained. It occurs on slightly depressional areas of

glacial lake plains. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

 0 to 7 inches, black silty clay

Subsoil:

7 to 10 inches, dark gray silty clay

10 to 36 inches, dark gray silty clay

Substratum:

36 to 72 inches, grayish brown silty clay

Included with this soil in mapping are about 10

percent very poorly drained Adjidaumo soils near

ponded areas and along drainageways. About 5 percent

of this unit is somewhat poorly drained Muskellunge

soils on slightly higher landscape positions. Small

areas of very poorly drained Pinconning soils and

somewhat poorly drained Swanton soils are included

where sandy or loamy deposits occur over the clayey

substratum. Also included are small areas of soils with

less silt and sand in the subsoil. In some areas, the

surface texture is clay or silty clay loam. Included

areas make up about 20 percent of this unit and range

up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderately slow in the surface, slow in

the subsoil, and slow or very slow in the substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

high

Depth to seasonal high water table: at the surface to 6

inches below the surface at some time from

November through June

Root zone: generally to 10 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: moderate

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are used for woodland or

brush.

This soil is poorly suited to growing cultivated crops

and hay because of the seasonal high water table.

The surface is saturated during the early growing

season. Drainage systems may be expensive to install

and maintain because their outlets can be difficult to

establish without draining fragile wetland.

This soil is poorly suited to pasture. The seasonal

high water table is near the surface during spring and

early summer. Areas of this soil may not support

typical pasture plant species because of wetness.

Ground conditions are generally soft and susceptible

to compaction from livestock. Drier areas should be

considered for this use. Deferred grazing, proper

stocking rates, and yearly mowing are good pasture

management practices.

The potential productivity for growing red maple on

this soil is moderate. Because of the seasonal high

water table, ground conditions are very soft in late fall

and spring. These conditions limit the efficient use of

harvesting equipment to mainly summer or winter.

Since root growth is restricted by the seasonal high

water table, seedling mortality and windthrow will likely

be severe for areas of this unit unless wetnesstolerant species are managed.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings is the seasonal high water table. A better

suited site should be considered such as a higher

position within this map unit.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets are low soil strength, frost

action, and the seasonal high water table. Design of

roads can integrate special techniques to provide

adequate road surface support such as, designing a

subgrade having an adequate thickness of coarse

grain material. Adequate drainage can also be

installed to lower the water table and lessen frost

heave potential.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table and the slow permeability. A better suited

site such as a nearby higher position on the landscape

should be considered for these uses.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the seasonal high water table.

Digging operations may be restricted to the drier

periods of the year unless significant drainage is

installed. Sloughing of soil may occur because of

wetness.

The capability subclass is 4w.

43—Adjidaumo mucky silty clay

This soil is very deep, nearly level and very poorly

drained. It occurs in basin-like areas on glacial lake

plains. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

 0 to 7 inches, black mucky silty clay

Subsoil:

7 to 10 inches, dark gray silty clay

10 to 36 inches, dark gray silty clay
32 Soil Survey

Substratum:

36 to 72 inches, grayish brown silty clay

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent poorly drained Adjidaumo soils along the

perimeter of basin-like positions. About 5 percent of

this unit is somewhat poorly drained Muskellunge soils

on higher positions. Small areas of very poorly drained

Pinconning soils are included where sandy deposits

occur over the clayey substratum. Also included are

small areas of very poorly drained Wonsqueak or

Dorval soils where thicker organic surface deposits

occur. There are also small areas of soils with less silt

and sand in the subsoil. In some areas, the surface

texture is mucky clay or mucky silty clay loam.

Included areas make up about 20 percent of this unit

and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderately slow in the surface, slow in

the subsoil, and slow or very slow in the

substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

high

Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 inches above

the surface to 6 inches below the surface from

November through June

Root zone: generally up to 10 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: moderate

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are in woodland or brush.

This soil is poorly suited to growing cultivated crops

and hay because of the seasonal high water table.

Drainage systems may be expensive to install and

maintain because their outlets can be very difficult to

establish without draining fragile wetland.

This soil is poorly suited to pasture. The seasonal

high water table is near the surface or covers the

surface during the early growing season. Areas of this

soil will not support most typical forage species.

Ground conditions are generally soft and susceptible

to compaction from livestock. Drier areas should be

considered for this use.

The potential productivity for growing red maple on

this soil is moderate. Because of the seasonal high

water table, ground conditions are very soft,

particularly during late fall and spring. These

conditions limit the efficient use of harvesting

equipment mainly to summer or winter. Since root

growth is restricted by the seasonal high water table,

seedling mortality and windthrow will likely be severe

on this unit unless wetness-tolerant species are

managed.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings is ponding or the existence of a seasonal

high water table. A better suited site should be

considered such as a higher position near this map

unit.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets are low soil strength, frost

action, and ponding. Road designs can integrate

special techniques to provide adequate road surface

support such as, designing a subgrade having an

adequate thickness of coarse grain material.

Additional drainage may be necessary to lower the

water table and lessen frost heave potential.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are ponding and slow

permeability. A better suited site should be considered

for this use.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations is ponding. Digging operations

will be restricted to dry periods of the year unless

significant drainage is installed. Sloughing of soil may

occur because of wetness.

The capability subclass is 5w.

44—Mino loam

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and somewhat

poorly drained. It is in slightly concave areas on lake

plains. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

9 to 12 inches, brown very fine sandy loam with

common mottles

12 to 16 inches, pale brown loamy very fine sand with

many mottles

16 to 24 inches, brown very fine sandy loam with

many mottles

Substratum:

24 to 37 inches, light gray very fine sandy loam with

many mottles

37 to 78 inches, gray very fine sandy loam with

common mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent somewhat poorly drained Roundabout,

Hailesboro, and Muskellunge soils in scattered areas

where there are less sand and more silt or clay. About

5 percent of this map unit consists of soils similar to

Sciota in deep sands from glacial lake beach deposits.
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 33

Also included are about 5 percent somewhat poorly

drained Swanton soils and moderately well drained

Flackville soils where clay occurs within 40 inches.

Small areas of very poorly drained Pinconning soils

are in depressions. In some areas, the surface texture

is sandy loam or very fine sandy loam. Included areas

make up about 20 percent of this map unit and range

up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderate throughout

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

high

Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 to 18 inches

deep at some time from November through May

Root zone: mainly to 20 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are used for hay. A few areas

are in pasture or woodland. Only drained areas of this

soil qualify as prime farmland.

This soil is moderately suited to growing cultivated

crops and hay. The seasonal high water table can

delay planting in the spring and harvest operations in

the fall. Surface and subsurface drainage will help to

improve the efficiency of farm operations and increase

crop yield. Conservation tillage systems, crop rotation,

and maintenance of drainageways are good

management practices.

This soil is moderately suited to pasture. The

seasonal high water table may limit the growth of

forage plants in the spring. Excessive grazing during

wet periods increases compaction of the surface layer

and subsequent loss of desired plant species.

Rotational grazing, deferred grazing, proper stocking

rates, maintenance of drainageways, and yearly

mowing are good management practices.

The potential productivity for growing white ash on

this soil is moderate. Heavy equipment may bog down

and cause deep ruts during wet periods. Wood

harvest during winter or summer months may work

best. Rooting depth is moderately limited by the

seasonal high water table which may restrict seedling

survival. Shallow root systems within this soil are

commonly subject to moderate windthrow. Selecting

species that are tolerant of wet soil conditions will help

increase seedling survival and reduce windthrow.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings is the seasonal high water table. Foundation

drains and protective coatings on basement walls will

help alleviate some wetness. Diversion ditches can

also help control surface water by carrying it away

from the dwelling.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets is frost action. Constructing

roads on a raised bed of coarser grained material and

providing adequate drainage will decrease the

potential damage from frost action and wetness.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields is the seasonal high water

table. A more convex area may be better suited as a

site for this use. Conventional septic system designs

will perform poorly on this soil. Alternative designs that

augment the filtering capacity of this system should be

considered.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the seasonal high water table.

Digging operations may be limited to the drier periods

of the year unless drainage is installed.

The capability subclass is 3w.

45—Sciota fine sand

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and somewhat

poorly drained. It is on smooth plains and on toeslopes

of narrow ridges. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown fine sand

Subsoil:

9 to 19 inches, pale brown and light olive brown fine

sand with common mottles

19 to 24 inches, pale brown and light yellowish brown

fine sand with many mottles

24 to 37 inches, light brownish gray and pale brown

fine sand with common mottles

Substratum:

37 to 50 inches, dark grayish brown loamy fine sand

with common mottles

50 to 57 inches, dark gray fine sand with few organic

stains

57 to 72 inches, dark gray sand

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent moderately well drained Croghan soils on

slightly convex areas of the unit. About 5 percent of

this unit consists of poorly drained Deinache soils

along drainageways and in depressions. About 5

percent of this unit includes Wainola soils having a

more reddish brown subsoil. Also included are small

areas of Swanton and Pinconning soils having a clay

substratum within 40 inches deep. Small areas of

Occur and Coveytown soils are included where loamy

till substrata are within 40 inches of the surface. In
34 Soil Survey

some areas, the surface texture is fine sandy loam or

loamy fine sand. Included areas make up about 20

percent of this unit and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: rapid throughout

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

low to moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 to 18 inches

deep at some time from November through May

Root zone: mainly to 18 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are used as hayland. Some

undrained areas are in brush or pasture.

This soil is moderately suited to growing cultivated

crops and hay. The seasonal high water table can

delay planting in the spring and harvest in the fall.

Surface and subsurface drainage will help to improve

farm operation efficiency and increase crop yield.

Conservation tillage systems, crop rotation, and

maintenance of waterways are good management

practices.

This soil is moderately suited to pasture. The

seasonal high water table can cause significant

wetness problems in barn yards and heavily traveled

areas of the pasture especially in the spring. Forage

growth may be stunted during the early growing

season as a result of wetness. Rotational grazing,

deferred grazing, proper stocking rates, surface

drainage and yearly mowing are good management

practices.

The potential productivity for growing red maple on

this soil is moderate. Because of the seasonal high

water table, heavy equipment may bog down under

soft ground conditions in the spring. Harvesting in the

summer or during frozen ground conditions will

increase equipment efficiency. Seedling mortality and

windthrow are also moderate management problems

because of root growth limited by wetness and low

available water capacity in some areas of this unit.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings is the seasonal high water table. A better

suited site should be considered on a higher area

within the map unit or nearby. If this soil is used,

foundation drains and protective coatings on

basement walls will help alleviate some wetness.

Diversion ditches can also control surface water by

carrying it away from the dwelling.

A moderate limitation if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets is the seasonal high water

table. Roads constructed on coarse grained fill

material with adequate drainage will generally be more

durable.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table and the soil’s sandy texture being a

potentially poor filter. A better suited site should be

considered for this use. If this soil is used, higher

spots within the map unit will likely perform better.

Conventional septic system designs will perform

poorly on this soil. Alternative designs that augment

the filtering capacity of this system should be

considered. Because of the rapid permeability of the

soil, there is a possibility of ground water

contamination.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations are the seasonal high water table

and the risk of the soil caving in. Digging operations

may be restricted to the drier periods of the year

unless drainage is installed. Sloughing of soil in the

excavated area may also occur because of wetness.

Trench walls should be mechanically supported to

avoid the possibility of soil caving in on workers or

other victims.

The capability subclass is 3w.

46—Deinache fine sand

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and poorly

drained. It occurs in basin-like areas on sandy lake

plains. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 9 inches, very dark brown fine sand

Substratum:

9 to 19 inches, grayish brown fine sand with common

mottles

19 to 35 inches, light brownish gray fine sand with

common mottles

35 to 44 inches, dark gray loamy fine sand with few

mottles

44 to 48 inches, very dark gray loamy very fine sand

with few mottles

48 to 64 inches, dark gray very fine sandy loam

64 to 72 inches, dark gray silt loam

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent very poorly drained Pinconning soils in areas

having clayey substrata. About 5 percent of this unit

includes somewhat poorly drained Sciota and Wainola

soils on slightly higher positions. In some landscape

depressions, very poorly drained Markey and
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 35

Wonsqueak soils are included where thicker organic

deposits have accumulated. Also included are soils

similar to Deinache, but very poorly drained, and

sandy soils with loamy substrata similar to Cook and

Coveytown soils. In some areas, the surface texture is

loamy fine sand or fine sandy loam. Included areas

make up about 15 percent of this unit and range up to

5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: rapid in the solum and upper

substratum, and moderate or moderately rapid in

the lower substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

low to moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: at the surface to

12 inches deep at some time during November

through May

Root zone: dominantly in the upper 12 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are used for brush or

woodland. Some areas are being used for hay.

This soil is poorly suited to growing cultivated crops

and hay because of the seasonal high water table.

The surface is saturated by water during the early part

of the growing season. Drainage can be expensive to

install and maintain, since this soil typically occupies

one of the lowest positions on the landscape. Outlets

may be very difficult to establish without draining

important wetland. Applying conservation tillage

systems, using cover crops, and maintaining existing

drainageways are good practices on this soil.

This soil is poorly suited to pasture. The seasonal

high water table is near the surface during part of the

grazing season. Drier areas should be considered for

this use. Very poorly drained inclusions will not support

good forage for livestock. Ground conditions are

typically too soft for livestock traffic during the spring

and may cause serious erosion. Deferred grazing,

rotational grazing, and proper stocking rates are good

management practices on this soil.

The potential productivity for red maple on this soil

is moderate. Saturated soil conditions in the spring

cause soft ground for heavy equipment on this soil.

Harvesting operations would be more efficient in the

summer or during frozen ground conditions. Because

of the seasonal high water table, seedling mortality is

severe for most hardwood species. Windthrow hazard

is also severe because of restricted root growth.

Species tolerant to wet soil should be considered for

woodland management. Thinning should be kept to a

minimum to reduce windthrow.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings is the seasonal high water table. A better

suited site should be considered such as a higher area

on the landscape. If this soil is used, foundation drains

and other forms of subsurface drainage, as well as

protective coatings on basement walls will be needed

to control wetness. Diversion ditches can also control

surface water by carrying it away from the dwelling.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets is the seasonal high water

table. Roads should be constructed on raised coarse

grained fill material and adequate drainage systems

installed. Construction costs may be significantly less

if new roads are routed around this soil.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table, and the soil’s poor ability to filter effluent

properly. A better suited site should be considered for

this use. Higher spots within the map unit may perform

better for this use. Conventional septic system

designs will perform poorly on this soil. Because of

rapid permeability, there is significant risk of ground

water contamination.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations are the seasonal high water table

and the soil’s tendency to cave in. Digging operations

may be restricted to the drier periods of the year

unless drainage is installed. Sloughing of soil in the

excavated area will also occur because of wetness.

The excavation trench should be mechanically

supported to avoid the possibility of soil caving in on

workers or other victims.

The capability subclass is 4w undrained, 3w

drained.

47B—Elmwood fine sandy loam, 3 to 8

percent slopes

This soil is very deep, gently sloping, and

moderately well drained. It is on marine or lake plains

where glacial streams, rivers, or wind deposited

mantles of fine sand and silt over lacustrine or marine

clayey materials.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 6 inches, brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 9 inches, brown to dark brown fine sandy loam

9 to 17 inches, yellowish brown fine sandy loam

17 to 22 inches, brown fine sandy loam with common

mottles

22 to 25 inches, yellowish brown fine sandy loam with

few mottles
36 Soil Survey

Substratum:

25 to 72 inches, dark brown silty clay with common

mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 10

percent somewhat poorly drained Swanton soils in

slightly concave or seep areas. About 5 percent of this

unit includes moderately well drained Heuvelton soils

where the loamy mantle over the clay is very thin or

non-existent. Flackville soils are included where the

overlying mantle is sandier than in Elmwood soils.

Mino soils are included where the underlying clayey

substratum is deeper than 40 inches. In some places,

the stony, loamy Hogansburg soils are on small

slightly higher areas. These included areas range up

to 5 acres and make up about 20 percent of this unit.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderately rapid in the surface and

subsoil, and very slow or slow in the clayey

substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

high

Depth to seasonal high water table: 18 to 36 inches

deep from November through May

Root zone: generally down to the clayey substratum

Shrink-swell potential: low in the surface and subsoil,

and moderate in the substratum

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are used for hayland or

pasture. This soil meets the criteria for prime

farmland.

This soil is well suited for cultivated crops and hay.

The soil is easily tilled when moist. Some seasonal

wetness during early spring and late fall may hinder

planting and harvesting operations, particularly in

included wetter areas. Subsurface drainage can help

alleviate wetness problems. On longer slopes erosion

can be a soil management concern. Conservation

measures such as stripcropping, conservation tillage

and the use of crop rotations that emphasize sod

crops can reduce soil loss.

This soil is well suited to pasture. The seasonal

high water table and clayey substratum may restrict

the root growth of some legumes. Grazing when the

soil is wet will compact the surface and may lead to

loss of pasture seeding. Overgrazing reduces the

quantity and quality of forage. Deferred and rotational

grazing, proper stocking rates, harvesting at the

proper stage of plant growth, and weed and brush

control are practices that help to increase the quantity

and quality of forage.

The potential productivity for eastern white pine on

this soil is high. The seasonal high water table and the

clayey substratum may cause a moderate windthrow

hazard by restricting root growth in areas of this unit.

By keeping thinning to a minimum, the woodland

manager can reduce the chance of windthrow.

Seedlings survive and grow well if competing

vegetation is controlled.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation

if this soil is used as a site for dwellings with

basements. Installing foundation drains and applying

protective coatings on basement walls will help

prevent wet basements.

Potential frost action and low soil strength are the

main limitations if this soil is used as a site for local

roads and streets. Providing coarser grained subgrade

material to frost depth will help prevent damage due to

frost action. Providing suitable subgrade materials or

using special construction methods for adequate

support are ways to compensate for the low soil

strength of this map unit.

Slow permeability in the substratum and the

seasonal high water table are the main limitations if

this soil is used as a site for septic tank absorption

fields. Specially designed septic systems are

sometimes needed to overcome these limitations.

Enlarging the absorption field may compensate for the

slow permeability. Installing a drainage system around

the filter field will help overcome wetness problems.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the seasonal high water table.

Digging operations may be delayed in the early spring

because of wetness. Sloughing of trench walls may

occur because of wetness and necessitate

mechanical support to prevent the soil from caving in.

The capability subclass is 2w.

48—Swanton very fine sandy loam

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and somewhat

poorly drained. It is on broad lake plains in the

lowlands and on slight upland depressions. Slopes

range from 0 to 3 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown very fine sandy

loam

Subsoil:

9 to 17 inches, brown fine sandy loam with many

mottles

17 to 24 inches, brown fine sandy loam with common

mottles

24 to 31 inches, grayish brown fine sandy loam with

many mottles
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 37

Substratum:

31 to 50 inches, grayish brown silty clay with many

mottles

50 to 72 inches, dark gray clay with few mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent Hailesboro and Muskellunge soils occupying

similar positions in the landscape but lacking a loamy

mantle. About 5 percent of this map unit includes

moderately well drained Flackville soils on slightly

convex areas. Also included are about 5 percent very

poorly drained Pinconning soils near drainageways

and ponded areas. Small areas of Roundabout and

Mino soils are included where loamy deposits are

greater than 40 inches deep. Included in this unit are

similar soils having sand and loamy sand surface or

subsoil layers. Some areas of this soil have a loam or

fine sandy loam surface. Included areas make up

about 20 percent of this unit and range up to 5 acres

each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderately rapid in the surface and

subsoil, and slow or very slow in the substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

high

Depth to seasonal high water table: perched 12 to 18

inches deep at some time from November through

May

Root zone: mainly to 20 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low in the surface and subsoil,

and moderate in the substratum

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are used for hay. Some

areas are in woodland or pasture. Only drained areas

of this soil qualify as prime farmland.

This soil is moderately suited to growing cultivated

crops and hay. The seasonal high water table can

delay planting in the spring and harvest in the fall.

Surface and subsurface drainage can significantly

increase crop production and improve farm operation

efficiency. Because of its nearly level topography, this

soil may be difficult to drain without adversely affecting

important wetland nearby. Conservation tillage

systems, crop rotation, and maintenance of waterways

are good management practices.

This soil is moderately suited to pasture. In heavily

traveled areas of the pasture, the seasonal high water

table can lead to muddy conditions, soil compaction,

and loss of forage plants. Forage growth may be

stunted during the early growing season as a result of

wetness. Rotational grazing, deferred grazing, proper

stocking rates, maintenance of existing drainageways,

and yearly mowing are good management practices.

The potential productivity for growing eastern white

pine on this soil is very high. The seasonal high water

table and depth to the clayey substratum are the major

limitations. Wet soil conditions can increase seedling

mortality and restrict the use of heavy equipment.

Root growth may be limited by both the seasonal high

water table and the clayey substratum. Therefore,

some trees may be uprooted during windy periods.

Minimal thinning of standing timber helps to reduce

potential windthrow. Harvesting during the summer or

during frozen ground conditions can alleviate

equipment limitations. Species that are tolerant to wet

soil conditions should be considered. Seedlings tend

to survive best if competing vegetation is controlled.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings is the seasonal high water table. A better

suited soil on a higher part of the landscape should be

considered for this use. If this soil is used, foundation

drains and protective coatings on basement walls will

alleviate some wetness. Diversion ditches can also

control surface water by carrying it away from the

dwelling.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets is frost action. Constructing on

raised beds of coarse grained subgrade material will

help reduce potential damage from frost action.

Adequate drainage in critical areas will also decrease

frost action as well as wetness.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table and the slow percolation rate in the clayey

substratum. A better suited soil on a higher position of

the landscape should be considered for this use.

Conventional septic system designs will perform

poorly on this soil. Alternative designs that augment

the filtering capacity of this system should be

considered.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the seasonal high water table.

Digging operations may be restricted to drier periods

of the year unless drainage is installed. Sloughing of

trench walls may also occur because of wetness.

The capability subclass is 3w.

49—Munuscong mucky fine sandy loam

This map unit consists of very deep, nearly level,

very poorly drained soils formed in a loamy mantle

over clayey sediments. It is on low positions within

lake or marine plains and in uplands. Slopes are

smooth and range from 0 to 2 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—
38 Soil Survey

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches, black mucky fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 22 inches, light gray fine sandy loam

22 to 26 inches, grayish brown fine sandy loam

Substratum:

26 to 38 inches, grayish brown silty clay

38 to 48 inches, gray silty clay loam

48 to 98 inches, dark gray silty clay

Included with this unit in mapping are 10 percent

somewhat poorly drained Swanton soils on low

hummocks. About 5 percent of this unit are small

areas of somewhat poorly drained Mino soils on

slightly more convex places lacking a clayey

substratum. Moderately well drained Elmwood soils

are included on slightly convex areas of the map unit.

Also included are small knolls having loamy

Hogansburg soils. Included in some places are small

areas of Deinache and Pinconning soils having sand

in the subsoil. Also included are small areas of

Adjidaumo soils that have more clay in the surface

and subsoil. The included areas make up about 20

percent of this unit and range up to 5 acres.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderately rapid in the surface layer and

subsoil, and slow in the substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

high

Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 inches above

the surface to a depth of 12 inches between

November and May

Root zone: mainly in the upper 12 inches

Shrink-swell potential: low in the surface and subsoil,

and moderate in the substratum

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this unit are wooded. Some areas

that were cleared of trees are now idle and reverting to

brush.

This unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops and hay

because of wetness. The seasonal high water table

delays planting in the spring and interferes with

harvesting in the fall. This soil is difficult to drain

adequately for most crops grown in the region. The

low topographical position of this soil adds to the

difficulty of constructing an adequate drainage outlet.

Drainage of this soil may adversely affect important

wetland areas.

This soil is poorly suited to pasture. The seasonal

high water table is the main problem restricting the

rooting depth of most grasses. In addition, pasturing

animals on this soil under typical wet conditions

causes compaction of the subsoil, loss of tilth in the

surface soil, and damage to forage because of the

punching effect of the animal’s hooves. Draining the

soil with open ditches or tile and selecting shallowrooted grasses tolerant of wetter soil conditions will

improve productivity. However, drainage may

adversely affect important wetland areas. Restricting

grazing during wet periods, applying proper stocking

rates, and yearly mowing will enhance the quality and

quantity of feed and forage.

The potential productivity for quaking aspen on this

soil is moderate. Wet soil conditions depress growth

rates and limit the number of adaptable species.

Wetness also hinders heavy equipment use in the

spring and during other wet periods. Logging during

drier periods or in winter, when the ground is frozen,

will help overcome this limitation. The rate of seedling

mortality can be excessive because of wetness.

Seedling mortality may be decreased by timely

planting when the soil is moist, but not wet, and by the

selection of adaptable species. There is a severe

windthrow hazard because the water table limits the

development of an anchoring root system. By keeping

thinning to a minimum, and planting shallow rooted

species, the manager can minimize windthrow.

Ponding and the seasonal high water table severely

restrict the use of this unit as a site for dwellings with

basements. One strategy to overcome this limitation is

to site the building on included better drained soils.

Elwood and Hogansburg soils are examples of a

better suited soil for this use.

The seasonal high water table, potential frost

action, and low soil strength are the main limitations if

this unit is used as a site for local roads and streets.

Constructing on raised fill material and installing

adequate culverts and roadside drainage ditches are

means of overcoming the wetness limitation. Providing

coarser grained subgrade material to frost depth will

help prevent damage due to frost action. Providing

suitable base and subgrade material can also

compensate for the low strength of this soil.

The seasonal high water table and the slow

permeability in the clayey substratum are severe

limitations if this soil is used as a site for septic tank

absorption fields. Conventional septic systems will not

function properly in most areas of this map unit. A

better site should be considered for this use.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations are ponding and the tendency for

cutbanks to cave in. Wetness will delay most digging

operations to drier periods of the year unless

adequate drainage is installed. Because of wetness,

trench walls tend to lack stability and may need

mechanical support to prevent caving in on workers or

other potential victims.

The capability subclass is 5w (undrained).
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 39

50—Hailesboro silt loam

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and somewhat

poorly drained. It occurs on broad glacial lake plains

and slightly concave areas on upland glacial till plains.

Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 9 inches, dark brown silt loam

Subsoil:

9 to 15 inches, brown silt loam with few mottles

15 to 30 inches, dark grayish brown silty clay loam

with common mottles

Substratum:

30 to 38 inches, gray silt loam with common mottles

38 to 72 inches, dark grayish brown silty clay loam

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent somewhat poorly drained Muskellunge and

Swanton soils. The Muskellunge soils contain more

clay, and Swanton soils have a loamy surface and

subsoil overlying a clayey substratum. About 5 percent

of this unit includes poorly drained Adjidaumo soils in

basin-like areas. Small areas of this unit contain

somewhat poorly drained Roundabout and Mino soils.

Roundabout soils are included in areas with less clay,

and Mino soils contain more sand. In some areas the

surface texture is very fine sandy loam. Inclusions

make up about 20 percent of this unit and range up to

5 acres.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderate in the surface, and moderately

slow in the subsoil and substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

high

Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 to 18 inches

deep at some time during October through June

Root zone: dominantly to 20 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are in pasture and hayland.

Only drained areas of this soil qualify as prime

farmland.

This soil is moderately suited to growing cultivated

crops and hay. The seasonal high water table can

delay planting in the spring. Surface and subsurface

drainage will help to improve the efficiency of farm

operations and increase crop yield. Conservation

tillage systems, crop rotation and maintenance of

waterways are good management practices.

This soil is moderately suited to pasture. The

seasonal high water table can cause significant

wetness problems in heavily traveled areas of the

pasture especially in the spring. Forage may show

stunted growth during the early part of the growing

season as a result of wetness. Deferred grazing,

rotational grazing, proper stocking rates, and yearly

mowing are good management practices.

The potential productivity for growing white ash on

this soil is high. Because of the seasonal high water

table, soil wetness during spring will cause soft ground

conditions for heavy equipment. Also, wetness is a

limiting factor in root growth for some species and

may cause severe windthrow. Harvesting during the

summer or during frozen ground conditions can

increase efficient use of equipment. Managing

wetness-tolerant species and minimizing thinning are

good management practices.

The main limitation if this soil is used as site for

dwellings is the seasonal high water table. A better

suited site should be considered such as a higher area

nearby. If this soil is used, foundation drains and

protective coatings on basement walls will help alleviate

some wetness. Diversion ditches can also control

surface water by carrying it away from the dwelling.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets is frost action. Construction

designs can specify providing coarse grained

subgrade material to minimize frost action. Adequate

drainage in critical areas will also decrease the

potential for frost action as well as diminish wetness.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table and its moderately slow permeability in the

substratum. A better suited site should be considered

for this use. Conventional septic system designs will

perform poorly on this soil. Alternative designs that

augment the filtering capacity of this system should be

considered.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the seasonal high water table.

Digging operations may be restricted to the drier

periods of the year unless drainage is installed.

Sloughing of soil in the excavated area may also occur

because of wetness.

The capability subclass is 3w.

51—Wegatchie silt loam

This map unit consists of very deep, nearly level,

poorly drained soils that formed in clayey sediments. It

is in low-lying basins or along streams. Slopes are

smooth and range from 0 to 3 percent.
40 Soil Survey

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 8 inches, very dark gray silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 13 inches, gray clay loam

13 to 19 inches, dark gray silty clay loam

19 to 40 inches, dark gray silt loam

Substratum:

40 to 72 inches, yellowish brown silt loam

Included with this map unit are about 10 percent

soils similar to Dorval muck in depressions where

organic matter accumulates on the surface. Moderately

well drained Heuvelton soils are included on slightly

convex areas. The similar somewhat poorly drained

Hailesboro soils and the loamy over clayey Swanton

soils are included on slightly higher places within the

map unit. In places, small areas of finer-textured

Adjidaumo soils are included. Also included are small

areas of loamy Grenville, Hogansburg, and Malone

soils on small knolls. Included areas make up about

20 percent of this unit and range up to 5 acres.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderate in the surface and moderately

slow in the subsoil and substatum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

high

Depth to seasonal high water table: 0 to 12 inches

between November and June

Rooting zone: mainly in the upper 12 inches

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Much of this unit is wooded. Some areas that were

cleared are now idle and reverting to brush.

This unit is poorly suited to growing cultivated crops

and hay because of seasonal wetness. Artificial drainage

is difficult to establish in places because of a lack of

suitable outlets. Conservation tillage, crop residue on

and in the soil, and cover crops improve tilth.

This soil is poorly suited to pasture. The seasonal

high water table restricts the rooting depth of some

plants, especially legumes. Grazing the soil when wet

results in soil compaction and loss of tilth. Artificial

drainage and the selection of shallow-rooted, water

tolerant plant varieties will improve productivity.

Restricting grazing during wet periods, proper stocking

rates, and yearly mowing are practices that will limit

compaction, preserve tilth and enhance the quality and

quantity of feed and forage.

The potential productivity for red maple on this soil

is moderate. Wet soil conditions can hinder heavy

equipment use, especially in the spring and other wet

periods. Logging during drier periods or in winter when

the ground is frozen will help overcome this limitation.

Planting seedlings when the soil is moist, but not wet,

will optimize the rate of seedling survival. Because the

seasonal high water table limits development of an

anchoring root system, there is a severe windthrow

hazard. Keeping thinning to a minimum and planting

shallow-rooted varieties are ways to reduce windthrow.

Seasonal wetness is the main limitation if this unit is

used as a site for dwellings with basements. The best

alternative is to place dwellings on included or nearby

soils that are on higher landscape positions. Heuvelton

and Hogansburg soils are more suitable as a site for

buildings.

The seasonal high water table, low soil strength,

and potential frost action are the main limitations if this

unit is used as a site for local roads and streets.

Constructing on raised fill material and installing a

drainage system are means of overcoming the wetness

limitation. Providing coarser grained subgrade material

to frost depth will help support the surface and prevent

frost damage.

The seasonal high water table and slow permeability

are severe limitations for septic tank absorption fields.

Conventional septic systems will perform poorly in

these soils. Special designs to improve the site’s

filtering capacity as well as controlling the seasonal

wetness are necessary in this area. The best alternative

is to select a site with more favorable conditions such

as Grenville soils.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the seasonal high water table.

Digging operations may be restricted to the driest part

of the year unless significant drainage is installed.

Sloughing of soil in the excavated area may also occur

because of wet trench walls.

The capability subclass is 4w.

53B—Nicholville very fine sandy loam, 3

to 8 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, gently sloping and

moderately well drained. It occurs on smooth, slightly

convex areas of glacial lake plains.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown very fine sandy

loam
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 41

Subsoil:

9 to 12 inches, dark brown very fine sandy loam

12 to 20 inches, brown very fine sandy loam with few

mottles

Substratum:

20 to 30 inches, brown loamy very fine sand with

common mottles

30 to 34 inches, dark brown loamy fine sand with few

mottles

34 to 72 inches, grayish brown, loamy very fine sand

with many mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent somewhat poorly drained Roundabout soils on

footslopes, concave areas, and near drainageways.

About 5 percent of this unit includes moderately well

drained Hogansburg soils having loamy material with

rock fragments in areas near glacial till landscapes.

Small areas of somewhat poorly drained Wainola and

Hailesboro soils are in concave areas and near

drainageways. Small areas of nearly level and strongly

sloping topography are included. Included areas make

up about 20 percent of this unit and range up to 5

acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderate throughout

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

high

Depth to seasonal high water table: 18 to 24 inches

deep at some time from November through May

Root zone: mainly to 24 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are used as hayland.

 This soil is well suited to growing cultivated crops

and hay. Erosion can be a serious management

problem on long slopes causing lower crop yields.

Care should be taken when cultivating by working

along the contour of the landscape. Conservation

tillage systems, crop rotation, contour farming, and the

use of cover crops are good management practices.

This soil is well suited to pasture. Erosion can be a

management problem particularly on long slopes

subject to heavy grazing. Overgrazing should be

avoided. Rotational grazing, proper stocking rates, and

yearly mowing are good pasture management

practices.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple

on this soil is moderate. There are no major

management limitations for this use.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings with basements is the seasonal high water

table. Foundation drains and protective coatings on

basement walls will help alleviate wetness in

basements. Diversion ditches and other drainage

systems can also control surface water by carrying it

away from foundations.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets is frost action. Construction

plans should call for providing coarser grained

subgrade material. Adequate surface and subsurface

drainage in critical areas will also decrease the

potential for frost action.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields is the seasonal high water

table. A better suited site on higher spots within the

map unit should be considered for this use. A specially

designed system such as the installation of a drainage

system around an absorption field may remediate this

limitation.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the seasonal high water table.

Digging operations may be restricted during periods of

high precipitation unless drainage is installed.

Sloughing of soil in the excavated area may also occur

because of wetness.

The capability subclass is 2e.

60C—Grenville loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes

This soil is very deep, strongly sloping, and well

drained. It is on shoulder and backslope positions of

elongated hills and other convex slopes on glacial till

lowlands.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 9 inches, dark brown loam

Subsoil:

9 to 12 inches, brown loam

12 to 17 inches, dark yellowish brown loam

Substratum:

17 to 35 inches, brown gravelly fine sandy loam

35 to 72 inches, brown gravelly fine sandy loam with

common mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent moderately well drained Hogansburg soils on

footslopes and gently sloping areas. About 5 percent

of this unit is comprised of moderately deep Neckrock

soils, and very deep, somewhat poorly drained Malone

soils. Neckrock soils are associated with limestone

rock outcrop and are usually in the highest positions

on the landscape. Malone soils are on footslopes and

other slightly concave positions. Also in this unit are
42 Soil Survey

small areas of moderately steep hillsides, and small

areas that are very stony. In some areas, the surface

texture is fine sandy loam or very fine sandy loam.

Included areas make up about 15 percent of this unit

and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderate in the surface, subsoil, and

upper substratum, and moderately slow in the

lower substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: greater than 72

inches deep

Root zone: 24 inches deep or more

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are in hay or other sod cover

This soil is moderately well suited to growing

cultivated crops and hay. Erosion is commonly a

management problem on long slopes planted to row

crops. Future crop productivity may be reduced by

loss of valuable topsoil. Cultivating along the contour

of the landscape will help minimize soil erosion.

Conservation tillage systems, crop rotation,

stripcropping, and the use of cover crops are good

management practices.

This soil is moderately well suited to pasture.

Erosion can be a significant management problem on

heavily grazed areas of this soil. Overgrazing should

be avoided to reduce soil erosion and encourage key

plant species. Rotational grazing, proper stocking

rates, and yearly mowing are good pasture

management practices.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple

on this soil is moderate. No major limitations exist for

woodland management. However, windthrow can be a

problem in included areas where seepage and less

rooting depth occurs.

There are no major limitations if this soil is used as

a site for dwellings with basements. However, there is

a moderate limitation because of slope influence on

landscape costs. Some seepage may also occur over

the dense substratum during brief periods.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets are frost action and moderate

slope conditions. Providing coarse grained subgrade

material to frost depth will reduce the potential for

heaving and buckling of pavement. Adequate surface

and subsurface drainage in areas of somewhat poorly

drained inclusions and also decreases the potential for

frost action. Roads built along the slope contour will

generally save construction and maintenance costs.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields is the moderately slow

permeability in the substratum. An alternate system or

specially designed septic tank absorption field needs

to be considered for this soil to avoid seepage

problems and prolong the system use.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations are the dense substratum and

moderate slope conditions. Excavation of soil material

may be slower and somewhat more expensive than in

soils with more friable or loose layers in the substratum.

The capability subclass is 3e.

61B—Hogansburg loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes

This soil is very deep, gently sloping, and

moderately well drained. It occurs on undulating

glacial till lowlands.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 10 inches, very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

10 to 15 inches, brown loam

15 to 19 inches, dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

with few mottles

Substratum:

19 to 35 inches, brown gravelly loam with many

mottles

35 to 72 inches, brown gravelly loam with few mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent well drained Grenville soils on slightly more

convex positions and areas near steeper slopes.

About 5 percent of this unit includes somewhat poorly

drained Malone soils on slightly concave or nearly

level areas. Also included are soils similar to Neckrock

soils with bedrock less than 60 inches deep. Small

inclusions of similar soils occur in areas being slightly

more acid in the subsoil and substratum. Small areas

of very stony surface conditions occur near pastures

and woodlots. In some areas, the surface texture is

fine sandy loam. Included areas make up about 20

percent of this unit and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderate in the surface, subsoil, and

upper substratum, and moderately slow in the

lower substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

moderate
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 43

Depth to seasonal high water table: perched 18 to 24

inches deep at some time during March through

May

Root zone: mainly to 24 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are used as hayland. This

soil qualifies as prime farmland.

This soil is well suited to growing cultivated crops

and hay. Erosion can be a serious management

problem on long slopes that have been planted to row

crops eventually reducing productivity. Care should be

taken when cultivating by proceeding along the

contour of the land. Conservation tillage systems, crop

rotation, and the use of cover crops are good

management practices.

This soil is well suited to pasture. Erosion can be a

management problem on long slopes subject to heavy

grazing. Overgrazing should be avoided. Rotational

grazing, proper stocking rates, and yearly mowing are

good pasture management practices.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple

on this soil is moderate. There are no major limitations

for woodland management on this soil. However,

windthrow can be a problem in included areas where

seepage and less rooting depth occurs.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings is the seasonal high water table. A better

suited site should be considered such as inclusions of

Grenville soils or a higher, nearby area. If this soil is

used, foundation drains and protective coatings on

basement walls will help alleviate some wetness.

Diversion ditches can also control surface water by

carrying it away from the dwelling.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets is frost action. Designing new

roads with coarser grained subgrade material will help

alleviate potential frost damage. Adequate surface and

subsurface drainage in critical somewhat poorly drained

areas will also decrease the potential for frost action.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table and the moderately slow permeability rate.

A better suited site should be considered for this use.

If this soil is used, higher spots within the map unit

would likely perform better for this use. Conventional

septic system designs may perform poorly on this soil.

Alternative designs that augment the filtering capacity

of this system should be considered.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the seasonal high water table.

Digging operations may be restricted to the drier

periods of the year unless drainage is installed.

Sloughing of soil in the excavated area may also occur

because of wetness.

The capability subclass is 2e.

62A—Malone gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and somewhat

poorly drained. It occurs on smooth and slightly

concave glacial till plains.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown gravelly loam

Subsoil:

9 to 30 inches, brown gravelly fine sandy loam with

many mottles

Substratum:

30 to 72 inches, grayish brown very gravelly sandy

loam with few mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent moderately well drained Hogansburg soils on

slightly higher positions and on undulating areas.

About 5 percent of this unit includes very poorly

drained Runeberg and Cook soils along drainageways

and in landscape depressions. About 5 percent of this

unit includes the somewhat poorly drained Coveytown

soils where sandy surface and subsoil textures occur

and the somewhat poorly drained Muskellunge soils in

slight depressions where clayey textures dominate.

Also there are small inclusions with very stony

surfaces and areas moderately deep to bedrock. In

some areas, the surface texture is fine sandy loam or

sandy loam. Included areas make up about 20 percent

of this unit and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderate in the surface, and moderately

slow or slow in the subsoil and substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: perched 12 to 18

inches deep at some time from November through

May

Root zone: mainly to 18 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are used for hayland and

pasture. Only drained areas of this soil qualify as

prime farmland.
44 Soil Survey

This soil is moderately suited to growing cultivated

crops and hay. The seasonal high water table can

delay planting in the spring and harvest in the fall.

Surface and subsurface drainage can improve farm

operation efficiency and increase crop yield.

Conservation tillage systems, crop rotation, and

maintenance of drainageways are good management

practices.

This soil is moderately suited to pasture. The

seasonal high water table can cause significant

wetness in barn yards and heavily traveled areas of

the pasture. Forage may show stunted growth during

the early part of the growing season as a result of

wetness. Rotational grazing, deferred grazing, proper

stocking rates, maintenance of drainageways and

yearly mowing are good management practices.

The potential productivity for growing red maple on

this soil is moderate. The seasonal high water table

may cause soft ground conditions for heavy

equipment, especially in the spring. Wetness may

adversely affect root growth and seedling survival.

There is a moderate windthrow hazard because of

limited rooting depth. Harvesting during drier periods

or during frozen ground conditions will increase

equipment use efficiency. Managing species that are

wetness-tolerant and minimizing thinning are good

practices on this soil.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings is the seasonal high water table. A better

suited site should be considered such as a higher area

in the map unit. If this soil is used, foundation drains

and protective coatings on basement walls will help

alleviate some wetness. Diversion ditches can also

control surface water by carrying it away from the

dwelling.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets is frost action. Construction

plans should specify providing coarser grained

subgrade material. Adequate drainage in critical areas

will also decrease the potential for frost action and

seasonal wetness.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table and the moderately slow permeability of

the soil. A better suited site should be considered for

this use such as a more moderately permeable soil.

Conventional septic system designs will perform

poorly on this soil. Alternative systems that augment

the filtering capacity of this system should be

considered.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the seasonal high water table.

Digging operations may be restricted to the drier

periods of the year unless drainage is installed.

Sloughing of soil in the excavated area may also occur

because of wetness.

The capability subclass is 3w.

62B—Malone gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes

This soil is very deep, gently sloping and somewhat

poorly drained. It occurs on slightly concave or

undulating glacial till plains.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown gravelly loam

Subsoil:

9 to 30 inches, brown gravelly fine sandy loam with

many mottles

Substratum:

30 to 72 inches, grayish brown very gravelly sandy

loam with few mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent moderately well drained Hogansburg soils on

slightly higher positions. About 5 percent of this unit

includes very poorly drained Runeberg and Cook soils

along drainageways and in depressions. About 5

percent of this unit includes the somewhat poorly

drained Coveytown soils where sandy surface and

subsoil textures occur and Muskellunge soils in slight

depressions where clayey textures dominate. Also

there are small inclusions of moderately deep

Ogdensburg soils, and soils with a very stony surface.

In some areas, the surface texture is fine sandy loam

or sandy loam. Included areas make up about 20

percent of this unit and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderate in the surface, and moderately

slow or slow in the subsoil and substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: perched 12 to 18

inches deep at some time from November through

May

Root zone: mainly to 18 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are used for hayland and

pasture. Only drained areas of this soil qualify as

prime farmland.

This soil is moderately suited to growing cultivated

crops and hay. The seasonal high water table can
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 45

delay planting in the spring and harvest in the fall.

Surface and subsurface drainage will help improve

efficiency of farm operations and increase crop yield.

Conservation tillage systems, crop rotation, and

maintenance of waterways are good management

practices.

This soil is moderately suited to pasture. The

seasonal high water table can cause significant

wetness in barn yards and heavily traveled areas of

the pasture. Forage may show stunted growth during

the early part of the growing season as a result of

wetness. Rotational grazing, deferred grazing, proper

stocking rates, surface drainage and yearly mowing

are good management practices.

The potential productivity for growing red maple on

this soil is moderate. The seasonal high water table

may cause soft ground conditions for heavy

equipment, especially in the spring. Wetness may

adversely affect root growth and seedling survival.

There is a moderate windthrow hazard because of the

limited rooting depth. Harvesting during drier periods

or during frozen ground conditions will increase

equipment use efficiency. Managing species that are

wetness-tolerant and minimizing thinning are good

practices on this soil.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings is the seasonal high water table. A better

suited site should be considered such as a higher area

in the map unit. If this soil is used, foundation drains

and protective coatings on basement walls will help

alleviate some wetness. Diversion ditches can also

control surface water by carrying it away from the

dwelling.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets is frost action. Construction

plans should specify providing coarser grained

subgrade material. Adequate drainage in critical areas

will also decrease the potential for frost action and

seasonal wetness.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table and the moderately slow permeability of

the soil. A better suited site should be considered for

this use such as a soil with moderately rapid permeability.

Conventional septic system designs will perform

poorly on this soil. Alternative systems that augment

the filtering capacity of this system should be considered.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the seasonal high water table.

Digging operations may be restricted to the drier

periods of the year unless drainage is installed.

Sloughing of soil in the excavated area may also occur

because of wetness.

The capability subclass is 3w.

64—Runeberg mucky loam

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and very poorly

drained. It is in low positions on glacial till plains.

Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 9 inches, black mucky loam

Subsoil:

9 to 17 inches, brown cobbly loam with many mottles

17 to 22 inches, dark grayish brown sandy loam with

common mottles

Substratum:

22 to 42 inches, grayish brown fine sandy loam with

many mottles

42 to 72 inches, grayish brown gravelly fine sandy

loam with few mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent somewhat poorly drained Malone and

Peasleeville soils on slightly higher areas of the unit.

About 5 percent of this unit consists of very poorly

drained Wonsqueak soils in small depressions where

organic matter is thick. Small areas of clayey

Adjidaumo soils are included near lake plains where

the soil is more clayey. Small areas of very poorly

drained Cook soils are included where a sandy

surface and subsoil is present. In some areas, the

substratum is very gravelly or very cobbly. Included

areas make up about 15 percent of this unit and range

up to 5 acres each

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderate in the surface, moderately

slow in the subsoil, and slow or moderately slow in

the substratum.

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

moderate to high

Depth to seasonal high water table: at the surface to

12 inches deep at some time from November

through July

Root zone: mainly to 12 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are in woodland or brush.

This soil is poorly suited to growing cultivated crops

and hay. Without adequate drainage measures, the

seasonal high water table frequently delays planting in

the spring and harvest in the fall. Surface and subsurface

drainage can significantly improve the efficiency of

farm operations and increase productivity. Because of
46 Soil Survey

the low position and nearly level topography, establishing

a drainage outlet for this soil without adversely

affecting important wetland can be difficult. Conservation

tillage systems, crop rotation, and maintenance of

drainageways are good management practices.

This soil is poorly suited to pasture. The seasonal

high water table causes the soil to be wet during most

of the spring and fall. Selecting forage plants which

are tolerant of wet soil conditions will help sustain

productivity. Excessive grazing on this soil during the

spring causes compaction and loss of forage cover.

Rotational grazing, deferred grazing, proper stocking

rates, maintenance of drainageways, and yearly

mowing are good management practices.

The potential productivity for growing northern white

cedar on this soil is moderately high. Because of the

seasonal high water table, heavy equipment will

commonly cause deep ruts and harvesting

inefficiency. Harvesting operations tend to run

smoother during dry or frozen periods on this soil. Wet

soil conditions can retard root growth and seedling

survival, and may cause severe windthrow in areas of

this soil. Selecting species that are wetness-tolerant

will help increase seedling survival and reduce

windthrow. Minimizing thinning practices can also

decrease windthrow.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings is the seasonal high water table. Better

drained nearby soils should be considered for this use.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets are frost action and the

seasonal high water table. New roads should be

routed around this unit if possible. Roads placed on a

raised bed of coarse grained material with adequate

drainage will reduce frost action and water problems.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table and the slow percolation rate in the

substratum. There is a risk of groundwater pollution or

effluent seepage to the ground surface if this soil is

used. A better suited site on a higher landscape

position should be considered for this use.

Conventional septic system designs will perform very

poorly on this soil. Alternative designs that augment

the filtering capacity of this system should be

considered.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the seasonal high water table.

Digging operations will be limited to the drier periods

of the year unless drainage is installed. Sloughing

trench walls may also occur because of wetness.

The capability subclass is 5w undrained and 4w

drained.

66—Matoon silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes

This soil is moderately deep, nearly level, and

somewhat poorly drained. It is mostly on broad basins

or plains where clayey marine sediments are

moderately deep over bedrock.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches, very dark grayish brown silty clay loam

Subsoil:

8 to 12 inches, dark gray and gray silty clay loam with

many mottles

12 to 16 inches, gray silty clay with many mottles

16 to 27 inches, dark grayish brown clay with few

mottles

27 inches, sandstone bedrock

Included with this soil in mapping are about 10

percent poorly drained Guff soils in depressions.

About 5 percent of this unit includes Muskellunge soils

where bedrock is deeper than 60 inches. On ridges or

other slope changes, the well drained, loamy

Summerville and Neckrock soils are included. Also

included are areas where somewhat poorly drained

soils are less than 20 inches deep to bedrock. Rock

outcrops are often included in association with these

areas. Included areas make up about 20 percent of

this unit and range up to 5 acres.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderately slow in the surface and

upper subsoil, and slow in the lower subsoil

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: perched 6 to 18

inches deep between November and May

Root zone: mainly in the upper 20 inches

Shrink-swell potential: moderate

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Many areas of this soil have been cleared, and are

now in brush or reverting to woodland. Only drained

areas of this soil are considered prime farmland.

This soil is moderately suited to growing cultivated

crops. The seasonal high water table delays plowing

and planting in the spring. Adequate drainage is

needed to grow productive crops on this soil; but

because of the moderately deep bedrock, subsurface

drainage systems are not always practical. Interceptor

drains that divert runoff from higher topographic areas

may be effective in lowering the water table and
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 47

increasing productivity. Adequate drainage outlets

sometimes are difficult to construct because of the

bedrock and because of the flatness of the terrain.

Conservation tillage systems and maintaining a cover

crop are good management practices.

This soil is moderately suited to pasture. The

seasonal high water table restricts root growth of

some plants, especially legumes. The soil is suited to

shallow rooted legumes and grasses. This soil is

particularly susceptible to compaction. Animals should

be kept off when the soil is wet to avoid excessive

compaction. Rotational grazing, proper stocking rates

and yearly mowing are good management practices.

The potential productivity for growing red maple on

this soil is moderate. Because of the seasonal high

water table, heavy harvesting equipment can bog

down in the spring and cause deep ruts. Dry soil

conditions or frozen periods should be used for

operating equipment on this soil. Wetness also causes

limited root growth and a moderate windthrow hazard.

Managing wetness-tolerant species and minimizing

thinning are good practices on this soil.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings with basements are depth to bedrock and

the seasonal high water table. Deeper nearby areas

may be better suited for this use. If this soil is used,

foundation drains and protective coatings on

basement walls will help alleviate some wetness.

Diversion ditches can help control surface water flow

in some areas. The area can be landscaped with

additional fill to compensate for the moderate depth to

bedrock.

The low soil strength, seasonal high water table,

and potential frost action are the main limitations if this

soil is used as a site for local roads and streets.

Providing suitable subgrade material and using special

construction methods for adequate support are means

of compensating for low soil strength and potential

frost action. Constructing roads on raised fill material

and installing a drainage system are ways to

overcome the wetness limitation.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the depth to bedrock,

seasonal high water table, and slow permeability.

Because conventional septic systems function poorly

on this soil, a better suited site should be considered

for this use. A specially designed treatment system to

increase the filtering capacity of the soil is needed to

avoid possible pollution of groundwater.

The main limitations for shallow excavations are the

depth to bedrock and the seasonal high water table.

Digging will be difficult because of hard limestone

bedrock, and will necessitate blasting in most areas.

Selecting deeper soils for excavations may

significantly reduce costs. Digging operations may be

restricted to the drier periods of the year unless

drainage is installed.

The capability subclass is 3w.

68B—Fahey gravelly fine sandy loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes, loamy substratum

This soil is very deep and moderately well drained.

It occurs on footslopes of gravelly beach ridges and on

slightly concave areas of undulating outwash plains

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown gravelly fine

sandy loam

Subsoil:

9 to 18 inches, brown very gravelly loamy fine sand

18 to 27 inches, dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loamy fine sand with common mottles in the lower

part

Substratum:

27 to 45 inches, brown very gravelly sand with

common mottles

45 to 72 inches, light olive brown very gravelly silt

loam with many mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent somewhat poorly drained Coveytown and

Wainola soils in swales and shallow drainageways.

About 5 percent of this unit consists of moderately well

drained Occur and Croghan soils having less gravel in

the surface and subsoil. Small areas of moderately

well drained Hogansburg soils are included on knolls

where texture is dominantly loam without a sandy

mantle. Small areas of excessively drained Trout River

soils are included on slightly higher, convex positions.

Also included are small areas of very stony Fahey

soils. In some areas, the surface texture is gravelly

loamy fine sand or gravelly loamy sand. Included

areas make up about 25 percent of this unit and range

up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: rapid in the surface, subsoil and upper

substratum, and moderate or moderately slow in

the underlying glacial till

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

very low

Depth to seasonal high water table: 18 to 24 inches

deep at some time during March through May

Root zone: mainly to 24 inches deep
48 Soil Survey

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are in pasture or woodland.

This soil is well suited to growing cultivated crops

and hay. The seasonal high water table may delay

planting in the early spring. Surface and subsurface

drainage, especially in areas of somewhat poorly

drained inclusions, will improve efficiency of farm

operations and increase crop yields. Droughtiness

may also occur in mid-summer because of very low

available water capacity. Because of the high gravel

and sand content, the potential for pesticide and

nutrient loss from leaching in this soil is high.

Conservation tillage systems, crop rotation,

maintenance of waterways, and the addition of

manure and other supplements in proper amounts are

good management practices.

This soil is well suited to pasture. The seasonal

high water table may cause some wetness problems

in barn yards and heavily traveled areas of the

pasture, especially in the spring. Forage plants may

show stunted growth during the early part of the

growing season as a result of wetness. Droughtiness

may also affect forage production in mid-summer

because of very low available water capacity. Rotational

grazing, proper stocking rates, surface drainage, and

yearly mowing are good management practices.

The potential productivity for growing eastern white

pine on this soil is high. There are no major limitations

for timber growth and management on this soil.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings is the seasonal high water table. A better

suited site should be considered such as a higher area

in the map unit. If this soil is used, foundation drains

and protective coatings on basement walls will help

alleviate some wetness. Diversion ditches can also

control surface water by carrying it away from the

dwelling.

A moderate limitation if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets is the seasonal high water

table. Adequate drainage in critical areas of this unit

can increase road surface durability.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table and the soil’s poor ability to filter effluent

properly. A better suited site should be considered for

this use. Conventional septic system designs may

perform poorly on this soil. Alternative designs that

augment the filtering capacity of this system should be

considered. Because of the soil’s rapid permeability,

there is a possibility of ground water contamination

from septic effluent.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations are the soil’s tendency to cave in

and the seasonal high water table. The banks of the

excavation should be mechanically supported to avoid

the possibility of soil caving in on workers or other

victims. Seasonal wetness may delay digging operations

during part of the year unless drainage is installed.

The capability subclass is 2w.

69A—Coveytown loamy sand, 0 to 3

percent slopes

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and somewhat

poorly drained. It occurs at the base of ridges and in

concave areas of glacial till deposits that have been

modified by both wave action and deposition of sands.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 8 inches, very dark grayish brown loamy sand

Subsoil:

8 to 10 inches, yellowish brown and very dark grayish

brown sand

10 to 17 inches, light yellowish brown sand with

common mottles

17 to 28 inches, light brownish gray and pale brown

sand with common mottles

Substratum:

28 to 48 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine

sandy loam with many mottles

48 to 72 inches, grayish brown gravelly sandy loam

with common mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent very poorly drained Cook and Runeberg soils

in lower areas of depressions. About 5 percent

moderately well drained Occur and Fahey soils are

included on slightly more convex areas of the

landscape. About 5 percent somewhat poorly drained

Malone and Peasleeville soils are in areas where the

sandy mantle is thin or absent. Also included are small

areas of somewhat poorly drained Sciota and Wainola

soils in places where the sandy mantle is thicker than

40 inches, and small areas of similar soil having a

more clayey substratum. In some areas the surface

texture is loamy fine sand or cobbly loamy fine sand.

Included areas make up about 25 percent of this unit

and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderately rapid or rapid in the surface

and subsoil, and moderate or moderately slow in

the substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

very low to low
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 49

Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 to 18 inches

below the surface at some time during November

through May

Root zone: mainly to 16 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are in pasture or hayland.

This soil is moderately suited to growing cultivated

crops and hay. The seasonal high water table can

delay planting in the spring. Surface and subsurface

drainage systems can help improve efficiency of farm

operations and also increase crop yields.

Conservation tillage systems, crop rotation, and

maintenance of drainageways are good management

practices.

This soil is moderately suited to pasture. The

seasonal high water table can cause significant

wetness problems in barn yards and heavily traveled

areas of the pasture especially in the spring. Forage

plants may show stunted growth during the early part

of the growing season as a result of wetness.

Deferred grazing, rotational grazing, proper stocking

rates, maintaining drainage structures, and yearly

mowing are good management practices.

The potential productivity for growing red maple on

this soil is moderate. Because of the seasonal high

water table, soft ground conditions may limit the use of

heavy harvesting equipment to drier periods of the

year. Seedling mortality and windthrow are considered

moderate management concerns on this soil because

of restricted root growth, especially in areas of poorly

drained inclusions. Managing wetness-tolerant

species and minimizing thinning are good practices on

this soil.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings is the seasonal high water table. A better

suited site should be considered such as a higher area

within the map unit or on a nearby landform. If this soil

is used, foundation drains and protective coatings on

basement walls will help alleviate some wetness.

Diversion ditches can also control surface water by

carrying it away from the dwelling.

Moderate limitations of this soil for local roads and

streets are the seasonal high water table and frost

action. Roads constructed on raised coarse grained fill

material with adequate drainage installed will generally

require less maintenance costs in the long-term.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table, the moderately slow permeability in the

substratum, and the soil’s poor ability to filter effluent

properly in the upper part of the soil. A better suited

site should be considered for this use. Conventional

septic system designs will perform poorly on this soil.

Alternative designs that augment the filtering capacity

of this system should be considered.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations are the seasonal high water table

and the soil’s tendency to cave in. Digging operations

may be restricted to the drier periods of the year

unless drainage is installed. Sloughing of soil in the

excavated area may also occur because of wetness.

The banks of the excavation should be mechanically

supported to avoid the possibility of soil caving in on

workers or other victims.

The capability subclass is 3w.

70—Guff silty clay loam

This soil is moderately deep, nearly level, and

poorly drained. It is on low-lying areas where clayey

marine sediments are moderately deep over bedrock.

Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 9 inches, very dark gray silty clay loam

Subsoil:

9 to 20 inches, dark gray clay with many mottles

20 to 39 inches grayish brown silty clay with common

mottles

39 inches, weathered limestone bedrock

Included with this soil in mapping are about 10

percent Dorval muck occurring in pockets where

organic matter accumulates on the surface. About 5

percent are Adjidaumo soils included where bedrock is

greater than 40 inches deep. Somewhat poorly

drained Matoon soils are included on slightly convex

areas within the map unit. Small areas of bedrock

outcrop are included in a few places. Included areas

make up about 20 percent of this unit and range up to

5 acres.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderately slow in the surface and slow

or very slow in the subsoil and substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: at the soil surface

to a depth of 6 inches from November through

June

Root zone: mainly in the upper 12 inches

Shrink-swell potential: moderate

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Most of this soil is in woodland or brush. A few

areas are used as unimproved pasture.
50 Soil Survey

This soil is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The

clayey texture and wetness of the soil surface makes

it difficult to achieve worthwhile yields. The seasonal

high water table can severely hinder planting and

harvesting operations. Because of the heavy texture,

moderate depth to bedrock, and low-lying position of

this soil, this map unit is very difficult to drain.

The soil has poor suitability for pasture or hayland

because of wetness. To preserve tilth and pasture

seeding, grazing should be avoided when wet soil

conditions exist. The hooves of grazing stock compact

the topsoil destroying its structure and tilth. Rotational

grazing, proper stocking rates, and yearly mowing are

good management practices.

Potential productivity for red maple on this soil is

moderate. This wet soil tends to be soft under heavy

equipment because of a seasonal high water table

and high clay content. Logging during dry periods or

during frozen ground conditions can enhance

equipment use. Wet soil also severely limits seedling

survival. Planting species adapted to wet conditions

will improve productivity. Because of the seasonal high

water table and moderate depth to bedrock, trees tend

to have shallow roots and blow over easily. Keeping

thinning to a minimum and planting water-tolerant

species reduces windthrow.

The seasonal high water table and the depth to

bedrock are severe limitations if this soil is used as a

site for dwellings with basements. Installing drains by

footings and sealing foundations will help prevent a

wet basement. Building above the bedrock and

landscaping with additional fill is a means of

compensating for the moderate depth to bedrock.

Building on adjacent drier and deeper soils, if

available, is generally the best alternative.

The seasonal high water table, low soil strength,

and potential frost action are the main limitations if this

soil is used as a site for local roads and streets.

Constructing roads on raised fill material and installing

a drainage system are ways to minimize wetness.

Providing suitable subgrade material and using special

construction methods for adequate support are ways

to compensate for low soil strength and minimize frost

action.

The depth to bedrock, seasonal high water table,

and slow permeability are severe limitations if this soil

is used as a site for septic tank absorption fields. A

better suited site should be considered for this use

such as on better drained nearby soils.

The main limitations for shallow excavations are the

seasonal high water table and depth to bedrock.

Digging operations may be limited to dry periods of the

year unless drainage is installed. Because of the

bedrock hardness, blasting may be needed to deepen

trenches in many areas. Routing excavations around

this unit through deeper soils may significantly reduce

project costs.

The capability subclass is 4w

94B—Neckrock-Summerville complex,

gently sloping, rocky

This unit consists of well drained soils overlying

limestone bedrock benches. The Neckrock soils are

moderately deep to bedrock and generally on broad,

smooth, slightly convex positions. The Summerville

soils are shallow and generally near bedrock outcrops.

Exposed bedrock covers up to 2 percent of the

surface of the unit. This unit consists of about 45

percent Neckrock soils, 35 percent Summerville soils,

and 20 percent other soils and rock outcrop. The

Neckrock and Summerville soils are so intermingled

that it was not practical to map them separately.

Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of Neckrock soils are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

9 to 17 inches, brown and yellowish brown loam

17 to 27 inches, yellowish brown and dark yellowish

brown cobbly loam

Substratum:

27 to 32 inches, brown very gravelly loam

32 inches, dark gray limestone bedrock

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of Summerville soils are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 5 inches, very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

5 to 12 inches, brown loam

12 inches, dark gray limestone bedrock

Included with this unit in mapping are about 5

percent somewhat poorly drained Ogdensburg soils

on slightly concave positions of the landscape. About

5 percent of this unit consists of deep Grenville and

Hogansburg soils on footslopes and in areas of highly

weathered bedrock. Also included are small areas of

somewhat poorly drained Malone soils and very poorly

drained Runeberg soils along toeslopes and

drainageways. Small areas that are very shallow to

limestone bedrock are also included. Inclusions make

up about 20 percent of this unit and range up to 5

acres each.
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 51

Soil Properties

Neckrock soils

Permeability: moderate in the surface and upper

subsoil, and moderate or moderately slow in the

lower subsoil and substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: greater than 72

inches deep

Root zone: to bedrock depth

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Summerville soils

Permeability: moderate throughout

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

very low

Depth to seasonal high water table: greater than 72

inches deep

Root zone: to bedrock depth

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Most areas of this soil are in woodland or reverting

to brush.

This unit tends to be poorly suited to cultivated

crops and hay. In areas of rock outcrops and

stoniness, excessive wear on machinery is common.

Erosion can be a problem on shallow Summerville

soils where soil productivity is already limited.

Maintaining vegetative cover on this unit will help

conserve topsoil. Conservation tillage systems, crop

rotation, and use of cover crops are good

management practices.

This unit is poorly suited to pasture. Rock outcrops

may discourage efficient use of equipment for pasture

improvements and management. Erosion can also

become a problem on heavily traveled areas of this

unit. Avoiding excessive grazing will help prevent

significant sheet and gully erosion. Key pasture

species are at risk from weed competition where

grazing is left unchecked. Rotational grazing, proper

stocking rates, and yearly mowing are good pasture

management practices.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple

on this unit is moderate. Equipment use has a

moderate limitation because of bedrock outcropping

associated with Summerville soils. There is a

moderate risk of seedling mortality in shallow

Summerville soils because of the very low available

water capacity. Selecting varieties which are tolerant to

dry soil conditions as well as planting during sufficient

soil moisture are ways to improve seedling survival.

Also, due to shallow areas in this unit, there is a

severe risk of windthrow in areas of Summerville soils.

Planting shallow-rooted species while minimizing clear

cutting operations can reduce windthrow potential.

The main limitation if this unit is used as a site for

dwellings is the depth to bedrock. Areas of deeper

inclusions or adjacent units of soils such as Grenville

may be better suited. Dwellings with basements can

be built on or above bedrock and then landscaped

with additional fill.

The main limitation if this unit is used as a site for

local roads and streets is the depth to bedrock. Where

rock is encountered, blasting is commonly needed to

allow for proper grading and smoothing. Planning road

grades and locations to avoid removal of bedrock will

help reduce construction costs.

The main limitation if this unit is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields is depth to bedrock. Also,

in areas of Neckrock soils, the lower part of the profile

has moderately slow permeability. There is a possible

risk of septic effluent seeping into water supplies. A

better suited site should be considered for septic

systems. If this unit is used, alternative designs that

increase the absorptive and filtering capacity of the

system will be needed.

The main limitation if this unit is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the depth to bedrock. Digging

will be difficult because of hard limestone bedrock

which generally requires blasting for removal.

Selecting deeper, nearby soils will facilitate excavation

of trenches.

The capability subclass is 6s.

94C—Neckrock-Summerville complex,

strongly sloping, rocky

This unit consists of well drained soils overlying

limestone bedrock benches. The Neckrock soils are

moderately deep to bedrock and generally on broad

backslopes and rolling areas near outcrops. The

Summerville soils are shallow and generally on slope

shoulders near outcrops. Exposed bedrock covers up

to 2 percent of the surface of this unit. This unit

consists of about 45 percent Neckrock soils, 35

percent Summerville soils, and 20 percent other soils

and rock outcrop. The Neckrock and Summerville

soils are so intermingled that it was not practical to

map them separately. Slopes range from 8 to 15

percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of Neckrock soils are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown loam
52 Soil Survey

Subsoil:

9 to 17 inches, brown and yellowish brown loam

17 to 27 inches, yellowish brown and dark yellowish

brown cobbly loam

Substratum:

27 to 32 inches, brown very gravelly loam

32 inches, dark gray limestone bedrock

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of Summerville soils are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 5 inches, very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

5 to 12 inches, brown loam

12 inches, dark gray limestone bedrock

Included with this unit in mapping are about 5

percent somewhat poorly drained Ogdensburg soils

on slightly concave positions of the landscape. About

5 percent of this unit consists of deep Grenville and

Hogansburg soils on footslopes and in areas of highly

weathered bedrock. Also included are small areas of

somewhat poorly drained Malone soils and very poorly

drained Runeberg soils along toeslopes and

drainageways. Small areas that are very shallow to

limestone bedrock are also included. Inclusions make

up about 20 percent of this unit and range up to 5

acres each.

Soil Properties

Neckrock soils

Permeability: moderate in the surface and upper

subsoil, and moderate or moderately slow in the

lower subsoil and substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: greater than 72

inches deep

Root zone: to bedrock depth

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Summerville soils

Permeability: moderate throughout

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

very low

Depth to seasonal high water table: greater than 72

inches deep

Root zone: to bedrock depth

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Most areas of this soil are in woodland or reverting

to brush.

This unit tends to be poorly suited to cultivated

crops and hay. In areas of rock outcrops and

stoniness, excessive wear on machinery is probable.

Erosion can be a serious problem, especially on

shallow Summerville soils where soil productivity is

already limited. Maintaining vegetative cover on this

unit will help conserve topsoil. Conservation tillage

systems, crop rotation, and use of cover crops are

good management practices.

This unit is poorly suited to pasture. Possible

damage from rock outcrops may discourage the use

of equipment for pasture improvements and

management. Erosion can be a serious management

concern on heavily traveled areas of this unit. Avoiding

excessive grazing will alleviate significant sheet and

gully erosion. Key pasture species are at risk from

weed competition where grazing is left unchecked.

Rotational grazing, proper stocking rates, and yearly

mowing are good pasture management practices.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple

on this unit is moderate. Equipment use has a

moderate limitation because of bedrock outcropping

associated with Summerville soils. There is a

moderate risk of seedling mortality in shallow

Summerville soils because of the very low available

water capacity. Selecting varieties which are tolerant to

dry soil conditions as well as planting during sufficient

soil moisture are ways to improve seedling survival.

Also, due to shallow areas in this unit, there is a

severe risk of windthrow in areas of Summerville soils.

Planting shallow-rooted species while minimizing clear

cutting operations can reduce the windthrow potential.

The main limitation if this unit is used as a site for

dwellings is the depth to bedrock. Areas of deeper

inclusions or adjacent units of soils such as Grenville

may be better suited. Dwellings with basements can

be built on or above bedrock and then landscaped

with additional fill.

The main limitation if this unit is used as a site for

local roads and streets is the depth to bedrock. Where

rock is encountered, blasting is commonly needed to

allow for proper grading and smoothing. Planning road

grades and locations to avoid removal of bedrock will

help reduce construction costs.

The main limitation if this unit is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields is depth to bedrock. Also,

in areas of Neckrock soils, the lower part of the profile

has moderately slow permeability. There is a possible

risk of septic effluent seeping into water supplies. A

better suited site should be considered for this use. If
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 53

this unit is used, alternative designs that increase the

absorptive and filtering capacity of the system will be

needed.

The main limitation if this unit is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the depth to bedrock. Digging

will be difficult because of hard limestone bedrock

which generally requires blasting for removal.

Selecting deeper nearby soils will facilitate excavation

of trenches.

The capability subclass is 6s.

101—Wonsqueak muck

This soil is very deep, nearly level and very poorly

drained. It consists of highly decomposed organic

material over mineral soil on depressions of glacial till,

glacial outwash and lake plains. Slopes range from 0

to 2 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 7 inches, black muck

Subsurface:

7 to 31 inches, very dark brown muck

Substratum:

31 to 72 inches, dark gray silt loam

Included with this soil in mapping are about 10

percent Runeberg and Adjidaumo soils along the

fringe and narrow areas of this unit. About 5 percent

Bucksport soils with thicker organic deposits occur in

larger depressions and bogs. Small areas of

somewhat poorly drained Ogdensburg soils occur

near bedrock outcrops. Small areas of Medomak soils

occur along streams. Included areas make up about

20 percent of this unit and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderately slow to moderately rapid in

the organic part, and moderately slow or moderate

in the mineral substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

high

Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 inches above

the surface to 6 inches below the surface from

September through July

Root zone: mainly to 12 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are in woodland.

This soil is poorly suited to growing cultivated crops

and hay because of the seasonal high water table.

The surface is covered by water during most of the

growing season. Outlets for drainage systems may be

very difficult to establish without adversely affecting

important wetlands.

This soil is poorly suited to pasture. The seasonal

high water table is near the surface during most of the

growing season. Areas of this soil will not support

typical forage species. Ground conditions are

generally too soft for livestock traffic resulting in poor

grazing and soil erosion. Drier areas should be

considered for this use.

The potential productivity for growing black spruce

on this soil is moderate. However, these organic soils

have low bearing strength for heavy equipment

resulting in deep ruts and inefficiency when crossed.

Because of the seasonal high water table, seedling

mortality is significantly high except for water-tolerant

species. Root growth is restricted to a shallow depth in

this commonly saturated soil making windthrow a

likely occurrence.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings are the seasonal high water table and the

tendency of the soil to subside over time. A better

suited site should be considered such as a higher area

nearby.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets are the tendency of the soil to

subside over time, ponding, and the potential frost

action. Roads should be routed around this map unit

where possible. If this soil is used, roads should be

constructed on raised coarse grained fill material with

adequate drainage installed.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are ponding and the

moderately slow permeability. A better suited site on a

higher position on the landscape should be considered

for this use.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations are ponding and the excess

organic material. Digging operations will likely be

limited to dry periods of the year unless drainage is

installed. Sloughing of soil in the excavated area may

also occur. Because of high organic content, this soil

will present great difficulty in maneuvering

conventional digging equipment, and may require

special excavation machinery.

The capability subclass is 7w.

104—Udorthents, wet substratum

This map unit is very deep, nearly level or gently

sloping and somewhat poorly drained. It occurs on a

variety of landscapes and consists of construction

projects, unpaved parking areas and fill material. The
54 Soil Survey

fill material or may be relatively thin; but, generally it

occurs in slightly concave landscape positions. Slopes

range from 0 to 8 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this unit are variable depending on the

source of the fill, and therefore, not provided here.

Included with this unit in mapping are small areas of

well drained and moderately well drained fill material

on slightly convex positions. Small areas of poorly

drained and very poorly drained soils are included in

depressions and near drainageways. Small areas of

concrete, asphalt, bricks and other man-made

material are included. Also included are small areas of

sandy fill material and small areas of undisturbed

soils. Included areas make up about 10 percent of this

unit and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: variable; onsite investigation is needed

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

low or moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 to 36 inches

deep at some time from October through July;

onsite investigation is needed

Root zone: mainly to 12 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches; onsite

investigation is needed

Variability of soil characteristics of this map unit

makes onsite investigation necessary to determine the

potential of this unit for any use.

This unit is not assigned a capability subclass.

105—Udorthents, smoothed

This map unit is very deep, nearly level to strongly

sloping, and well drained. It occurs on a variety of

landscapes and consists of construction projects,

unpaved parking areas, and fill material. Slopes range

from 0 to 15 percent, but are dominantly 0 to 3 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this unit are variable depending on the

source of the material, and therefore, not provided here.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of

somewhat poorly drained and poorly drained soils and

fill material. Undisturbed soil areas are included in this

unit. Small areas of concrete, asphalt, bricks and other

man-made material are also included. Included areas

make up about 10 percent of this unit and range up to

5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: variable; onsite investigation is needed

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

low or moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: generally greater

than 36 inches deep during November through

June; onsite investigation is needed

Root zone: mainly to 20 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches; onsite

investigation is needed

Variability of soil characteristics of this map unit

makes onsite investigation necessary to determine the

potential of this unit for any use.

This unit is not assigned a capability subclass.

107—Udorthents loamy

This map unit is very deep, nearly level to

moderately steep, and well drained. It occurs along

the St. Lawrence River in the form of dredging

material that originated from the shipping channel.

Most areas remain in the form of debris piles and

some areas are smoothed over as fill material. Slopes

range from 0 to 25 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this unit are variable, depending on the

source of material.

Included with this map unit are small areas of

undisturbed soil such as Malone, Hogansburg, and

Croghan soils near the fringe of this unit. Also included

are small areas of man-made debris and alkaline soil.

Included areas make up about 10 percent of this map

unit and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: variable; onsite investigation needed

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: generally greater

than 36 inches deep during November through

June; onsite investigation is needed.

Root zone: generally unrestricted

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Variability of soil characteristics of this map unit

makes onsite investigations necessary to determine

the potential of this unit for any use.

This unit is not assigned a capability subclass.

110—Borosaprists and Fluvaquents,

frequently flooded

This unit consists of very deep, level, very poorly

drained soils formed in organic and mineral deposits.

It occurs in depressions and along the perimeter of

water bodies occupying glacial lake plains and till

uplands. Some upland areas of this unit are the result
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 55

of beaver dams blocking drainageways. Borosaprists

commonly occupy areas near stationary water while

Fluvaquents are commonly near moving water. This

unit is covered by water during most of the year.

Typically, these areas consist of 40 percent

Borosaprists, 40 percent Fluvaquents, and 20 percent

other soils. However, some areas of this unit may be

mostly Borosaprists and other areas may be mostly

Fluvaquents. Slope is less than 1 percent.

A typical sequence, depth, and composition of

layers in the Borosaprists part of this unit are not

provided because of its variability. However,

Borosaprists generally consist of black to dark gray,

well decomposed organic material 16 to 60 inches

thick. This material overlies a very dark gray to olive

gray substratum with textures ranging from sand to

silty clay.

A typical sequence, depth, and composition of

layers in the Fluvaquents part of this unit are not

provided because of its variability. However,

Fluvaquents generally consist of black to olive gray

mineral and organic material that is 2 to 15 inches

thick. The underlying layer is a very dark grayish

brown to light olive gray substratum with textures

ranging from sandy loam to silty clay loam.

Included with this unit in mapping are small

intermixed areas of very poorly drained Bucksport,

Wonsqueak, Runeberg, Cook, Adjidaumo and

Medomak soils. Small areas of poorly drained

Adjidaumo and Rumney soils are on slightly higher

positions of this unit. Included areas make up about

20 percent of this unit and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Borosaprists

Permeability: moderately slow to moderately rapid in

the surface and subsurface organic layers, and

moderately slow to rapid in the substratum; onsite

investigation is needed.

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

high

Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 inches above

the surface to 12 inches below the surface from

September through July

Root zone: up to 6 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Fluvaquents

Permeability: slow to moderately rapid in the surface,

and slow to rapid in the substratum; onsite

investigation needed

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

moderate to high

Depth to seasonal high water table: 24 inches above

the surface to 18 inches below the surface from

October through June

Root zone: generally to 6 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low to moderate

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Cattails, sedges and other water-tolerant plants

cover most of the acreage of this unit. Trees are on

the edges of some units where the water is shallow.

Ponding, seasonal high water table, soil instability, and

the lack of drainage outlets severely limit this unit for

most uses. It typically represents important wetland

wildlife habitat.

The capability subclass is 8.

144—Roundabout silt loam

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and somewhat

poorly drained. It is on slightly concave areas of lake

plains and in low positions on uplands. Slopes range

from 0 to 3 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

9 to 18 inches, light olive brown very fine sandy loam

with many mottles

18 to 23 inches, grayish brown silt loam with common

mottles

23 to 31 inches, gray very fine sandy loam with

common mottles

Substratum:

31 to 37 inches, gray silt loam with common mottles

37 to 45 inches, dark gray silty clay loam with few

mottles

45 to 72 inches, dark gray silt loam

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent moderately well drained Nicholville soils on

slightly higher areas of the unit. About 5 percent of this

map unit consists of Mino soils in areas of more sand

and less silt. Also included are about 5 percent

Hailesboro soils where the subsoil has more clay.

Small areas of poorly drained Deinache soils are in

sandy deposits near outwash plains and terraces.

Small areas of very poorly drained Pinconning soils

are in depressions. Included areas make up 20

percent of this map unit and range up to 5 acres each.
56 Soil Survey

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderately slow or moderate in the

surface and subsoil, and slow or moderately slow

in the substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

high

Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 to 18 inches

deep at some time from November through May

Root zone: mainly to 20 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Many areas of this soil are used as hayland. Other

areas are in pasture or woodland. Only drained areas

of this soil qualify as prime farmland.

This soil is moderately suited to growing cultivated

crops and hay. Without adequate drainage measures,

the seasonal high water table commonly delays

planting in the spring and harvest in the fall. Surface

and subsurface drainage can significantly improve

farm operation efficiency and increase crop

productivity. Conservation tillage systems, crop

rotation, and maintenance of drainageways are good

management practices.

This soil is moderately suited to pasture. The

seasonal high water table causes the soil to be wet

during part of the growing season. Selecting forage

plants which are tolerant of wet soil conditions will help

sustain productivity. Excessive grazing during wet soil

conditions increases the potential for surface

compaction and subsequent loss of desired plant

species. Rotational grazing, proper stocking rates,

maintenance of drainageways, and yearly mowing are

good management practices.

The potential productivity for growing eastern white

pine on this soil is very high. Because of the seasonal

high water table, heavy equipment can bog down in

the soil causing ruts and inefficiency. Harvesting

during summer or during frozen ground conditions can

improve operation efficiency. Root growth is limited by

seasonal wetness causing severe windthrow in some

areas. By minimizing clear-cutting activities and

selecting species tolerant of wet soil conditions, seedling

survival can be improved and windthrow reduced.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings is the seasonal high water table. Well

drained nearby soils may be better suited for this use.

Foundation drains and protective coatings on

basement walls will help alleviate some wetness.

Diversion ditches can also help control surface water

by carrying it away from the dwelling.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets is frost action. Constructing

roads on a raised bed of coarser grained material and

providing adequate drainage will decrease the

potential for damage from frost action and wetness.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table and the moderately slow permeability in

the substratum. A better suited site should be

considered for this use. Conventional septic system

designs will perform poorly on this soil. Alternative

designs that augment the filtering capacity of this

system should be considered.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the seasonal high water table.

Digging operations may be limited to the drier periods

of the year unless drainage is installed.

The capability subclass is 3w.

147A—Flackville loamy fine sand, 0 to 3

percent slopes

This soil is very deep and moderately well drained.

It is on glacial lake plains.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this map unit are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 12 inches, very dark grayish brown loamy fine

sand

Subsurface:

12 to 14 inches, light brownish gray fine sand

Subsoil:

14 to 16 inches, dark brown sand

16 to 22 inches, brown sand

22 to 26 inches, very pale brown loamy fine sand with

common mottles

Substratum:

26 to 48 inches, dark grayish brown silty clay with

many mottles

48 to 72 inches, grayish brown silty clay with common

mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent somewhat poorly drained Stockholm and

Swanton soils in slight depressions and along

drainageways. About 5 percent of this unit includes

somewhat poorly drained Wainola and Sciota soils

and moderately well drained Croghan soils where

deep sandy deposits occur. Included are about 5

percent moderately well drained soils that are loamy

over silts and clay. Also included are soils similar to

moderately deep Neckrock soils and soils similar to

Mino having deep loamy deposits. Included areas

make up about 20 percent of this unit and range up to

5 acres each.
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 57

Soil Properties

Permeability: rapid in the sandy upper part, and slow

or very slow in the clayey part

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: perched 18 to 24

inches below the surface at some time during

November through May

Root zone: mainly to 24 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low in the sandy upper part, and

moderate in the clayey part

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are in hay. This soil qualifies

as prime farmland.

This soil is well suited to growing cultivated crops

and hay. The seasonal high water table may delay

planting and harvesting operations after periods of

heavy precipitation. Installation of drainage, especially

in somewhat poorly drained inclusions, will aid in the

efficiency of farm operations. Using conservation

tillage systems and crop rotations, and establishing a

cover crop are good management practices.

This soil is well suited to pasture. The seasonal

high water table may cause some wetness problems

in barn yards and other heavily traveled areas. Wind

erosion can be a management problem in areas

where vegetation has been damaged by heavy

grazing. Rotational grazing, proper stocking rates and

yearly mowing are good pasture management

practices.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple

on this soil is moderate. There are no major woodland

management limitations on this soil.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings with basements is the seasonal high water

table. A better suited site should be considered such

as a higher area in the map unit. If this soil is used,

foundation drains and protective coatings on

basement walls will help alleviate some wetness.

Diversion ditches can also control surface water by

carrying it away from the dwelling.

Moderate limitations on this soil for local roads and

streets are the seasonal high water table, frost action,

and shrink-swell potential in the substratum.

Construction plans should call for providing coarser

grained subgrade material. Adequate surface and

subsurface drainage in critical areas will also

decrease the potential for frost action as well as

wetness.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table, the slow permeability in the clayey

substratum and its poor ability to filter effluent properly

in the upper part of the soil. A better suited site should

be considered for this use. If this soil is used, higher

spots would likely perform better for this use.

Conventional septic system designs will perform

poorly on this soil. Alternative designs that augment

the filtering capacity of this system should be

considered.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the seasonal high water table

and the tendency for sidewalls to cave in. Digging

operations may be restricted to the drier periods of the

year unless drainage is installed. Sloughing of soil in

the excavated area may also occur because of

wetness. Trench walls should be supported

mechanically to prevent cave-in on workers or other

victims.

The capability subclass is 2w.

147B —Flackville loamy fine sand, 3 to 8

percent slopes

This soil is very deep and moderately well drained.

It is on slightly convex or undulating areas of lake

plains.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 12 inches, very dark grayish brown loamy fine

sand

Subsurface:

12 to 14 inches, light brownish gray fine sand

Subsoil:

14 to 16 inches, dark brown sand

16 to 22 inches, brown sand

22 to 26 inches, very pale brown loamy fine sand with

common mottles

Substratum:

26 to 48 inches, dark grayish brown silty clay with

many mottles

48 to 72 inches, grayish brown silty clay with common

mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent somewhat poorly drained Swanton soils in

slight depressions and along drainageways. About 5

percent of this unit includes somewhat poorly drained

Wainola and Sciota soils and moderately well drained

Croghan soils where deep sandy deposits occur. Also

included are about 5 percent moderately well drained

soils that are loamy over silts and clay. Also included

are soils similar to moderately deep Neckrock soils,

and soils similar to Mino having deep loamy deposits.
58 Soil Survey

Included areas make up about 20 percent of this unit

and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: rapid in the sandy upper part, and slow

or very slow in the clayey part

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: perched 18 to 24

inches below the surface at some time during

November through May

Root zone: mainly to 24 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low in the sandy upper part, and

moderate in the clayey part

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are used for hay. This soil

qualifies as prime farmland.

This soil is well suited to growing cultivated crops

and hay. The seasonal high water table may delay

planting and harvesting operations after periods of

heavy precipitation. Installation of drainage, especially

in somewhat poorly drained inclusions, will aid in the

efficiency of farm operations. Conservation tillage

systems, crop rotations, and establishing a cover crop

are good management practices.

This soil is well suited to pasture. The seasonal

high water table may cause some wetness problems

in barn yards and other heavily traveled areas. Erosion

can be a management problem particularly on long

slopes subject to heavy grazing. Rotational grazing,

proper stocking rates, and yearly mowing are good

pasture management practices.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple

on this soil is moderate. There are no major woodland

management limitations on this soil.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings with basements is the seasonal high water

table. A better suited site should be considered such

as a higher area in the map unit. If this soil is used,

foundation drains and protective coatings on

basement walls will help alleviate some wetness.

Diversion ditches can also control surface water by

carrying it away from the dwelling.

Moderate limitations on this soil for local roads and

streets are the seasonal high water table, frost action,

and shrink-swell potential in the substratum.

Construction plans should call for providing coarser

grained subgrade material. Adequate surface and

subsurface drainage in critical areas will also

decrease the potential for frost action as well as

wetness.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table, the slow permeability in the clayey

substratum and its poor ability to filter effluent properly

in the upper part of the soil. A better suited site should

be considered for this use. If this soil is used, higher

spots would likely perform better for this use.

Conventional septic system designs will perform

poorly on this soil. Alternative designs that augment

the filtering capacity of this system should be

considered.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the seasonal high water table

and the tendency for sidewalls to cave in. Digging

operations may be restricted to the drier periods of the

year unless drainage is installed. Sloughing of soil in

the excavated area may also occur because of

wetness. Trench walls should be supported

mechanically to prevent cave-in on workers or other

victims.

The capability subclass is 2w.

148—Stockholm loamy fine sand

This map unit consists of very deep, nearly level,

poorly drained soils that formed in a sandy mantle

overlying clayey sediments. It is in low positions on

lake and marine plains, and at the base of ridges and

gentle rises in the landscape. Slopes range from 0 to

3 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 10 inches, dark brown loamy fine sand

Subsoil:

10 to 12 inches, dark reddish brown loamy fine sand

12 to 20 inches, yellowish brown and dark reddish

brown fine sand

20 to 23 inches, light brownish gray fine sand with

common mottles

23 to 30 inches, gray clay with many mottles

Substratum:

30 to 58 inches, gray clay with many mottles

58 to 72 inches, dark brown clay loam with common

mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 10

percent poorly drained Deinache soils, and very poorly

drained Pinconning and Munuscong soils in low

pockets and along streams. About 5 percent of this

unit includes moderately well drained Flackville soils

on slightly convex spots. Croghan and Wainola soils

are included where the clayey layers are deeper than

40 inches. Fine-textured Adjidaumo soils are included

in places where the sandy mantle is absent. Also

included are small areas of loamy Hogansburg or
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 59

Malone soils on small knolls. Included areas make up

about 20 percent of this unit and range up to 5 acres.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderately rapid in the sandy parts of

the surface soil and subsoil, and very slow in the

clayey layers of the lower subsoil and substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: at the surface to

12 inches from November through May

Root zone: mostly in the upper 18 inches

Shrink-swell potential: low in the sandy surface and

subsoil, moderate in the clayey parts of the subsoil

and substratum.

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Much of this unit is used for hayland and pasture.

Many other areas are wooded. Some areas that were

cleared are now idle and reverting to brush.

This unit is poorly suited for cultivated crops. The

seasonal high water table is the main limitation.

Wetness interferes with timely planting and harvesting.

In addition, wetness limits the development of root

systems that are needed to sustain plant growth.

Productivity can be improved by artificial drainage.

Conservation tillage systems, crop rotation, and the

use of sod crops are good management practices.

This unit has fair suitability for pasture. The

seasonal high water table restricts the rooting depth of

some plants, especially legumes. Draining the soil with

tile and open ditches and selecting shallow-rooted,

water-tolerant grasses will improve productivity.

Overgrazing may result in the loss of pasture

seedlings. Rotational grazing, restricting grazing

during wet periods, and yearly mowing are practices

that will enhance the quality and quantity of feed and

forage.

The potential productivity for red maple on this soil

is moderate. The seasonal high water table during

spring and other wet periods causes heavy equipment

to bog down and create operational inefficiency.

Logging when the surface is dry or frozen can reduce

this problem. Because the surface is often saturated in

spring, the rate of seedling mortality on this unit can be

excessive. Planting seedlings when the soil is moist,

but not wet, will optimize the rate of seedling survival.

There is a moderate windthrow hazard because

wetness limits the development of an anchoring root

system. Keeping thinning to a minimum and planting

shallow rooted varieties are ways to minimize

windthrow.

The seasonal high water table is the main limitation

if this unit is used as a site for dwellings with

basements. Placing drains by footings will help

overcome this limitation. Adequately sealing the

foundation will help prevent a wet basement. If

possible, placing the dwelling on a better drained

inclusion or nearby unit may be the best alternative.

The seasonal high water table and low soil strength

are the main limitations if this unit is used as a site for

local roads and streets. Constructing on raised fill

material and installing a drainage system are means

of overcoming the wetness limitation. Providing

suitable subgrade material and special construction

for adequate support are methods of compensating

for low soil strength of this soil.

The seasonal high water table and the very slow

permeability in the clayey substratum are the main

limitations if this unit is used as a site for septic tank

absorption fields. Conventional septic systems

perform poorly in this soil. A specially designed system

may be needed on this unit. If possible, placing the

filter field in a better suited nearby soil is often the best

alternative.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations are the seasonal high water table

and the tendency for sidewalls to cave in. Digging

operations may be restricted to the drier periods of the

year unless drainage is installed. Sloughing of soil in

the excavated area will also likely occur because of

wetness. Trench walls should be supported

mechanically to prevent potential cave-in on workers.

The capability subclass is 4w.

149—Pinconning mucky loamy fine sand

This soil is very deep and very poorly drained. It is

in low areas on broad plains, and in depressions.

Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 9 inches, very dark brown mucky loamy fine sand

Substratum:

9 to 11 inches, gray fine sand with few mottles

11 to 22 inches, light gray and grayish brown fine sand

with few mottles

22 to 36 inches, gray loamy fine sand with common

mottles.

36 to 60 inches, dark gray varved silt loam and silty

clay with common mottles

60 to 72 inches, dark gray silty clay with common

mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent moderately well drained Flackville and

somewhat poorly drained Swanton soils on slightly

higher positions. About 5 percent of this map unit are
60 Soil Survey

somewhat poorly drained Sciota and poorly drained

Deinache soils where sand deposits are deeper. Also

included are Wonsqueak soils in places with

moderately thick organic deposits, and similar soils

with loamy subsoil or silt loam substratum layers.

Inclusions make up about 15 percent of this unit and

range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: rapid in the surface and sandy upper

substratum, and slow or very slow in the clayey

substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: perched 12 inches

above the surface to 12 inches below the surface

at some time between October through May

Root zone: mainly to 12 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low in the surface and sandy

upper substratum, and high in the clayey

substratum

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are in woodland.

This soil is poorly suited to growing cultivated crops

and hay because of ponding and the seasonal high

water table. The surface is covered by water during

part of the growing season. Drainage is often difficult

or expensive to install in this soil without draining

fragile wetland because of poor outlets. Important

wetland habitat may be lost as a result of lowering the

water table.

This soil is poorly suited to pasture. Ponding and

wetness during the growing season seriously limit

forage growth. Also, the impact of livestock traffic will

damage forage and destroy important soil structure

needed for good root growth. Deferred grazing,

rotational grazing, proper stocking rates, and yearly

mowing when possible, are good management

practices.

The potential productivity for growing quaking

aspen on this soil is moderate. Wet soil conditions

depress growth rates and limit the number of

adaptable species. Wetness also hinders heavy

equipment use in the spring and during other wet

periods. Logging during drier periods or in winter when

the ground is frozen, will help overcome this limitation.

The rate of seedling mortality can be excessive

because of wetness. Seedling mortality may be

decreased by timely planting when the soil is moist,

but not wet, and by the selection of adaptable species.

There is a severe windthrow hazard because the

water table limits the development of an anchoring

root system. By keeping thinning to a minimum, and

planting shallow rooted species, the manager can

minimize windthrow.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings are ponding and the high shrink-swell

potential of the clayey substratum. A better suited site

should be considered such as a higher area in the

map unit. If this soil is used, an extensive drainage

system will be needed to control wetness.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets are ponding and a high shrinkswell potential in the substratum. Construction plans

should call for providing coarser grained subgrade

material. Adequate surface and subsurface drainage

will also decrease wetness and instability.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table, the slow permeability in the clayey

substratum, and the sandy subsoil. A better suited site

should be selected for this use.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations are the seasonal high water table

and ponding. Digging operations will be restricted to

summer unless drainage is provided. Sloughing of soil

in the excavated area will also occur during months of

the seasonal high water tables. Trench walls should

be mechanically supported to prevent a possible

collapse.

The capability subclass is 5w undrained and 3w

drained.

181—Dorval muck

This soil is very deep, nearly level and very poorly

drained. It formed in organic deposits in depressions.

Small hummocks and bumps are prevalent across

otherwise smooth terrain. Slopes range from 0 to 2

percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 17 inches, black muck

Subsurface:

17 to 23 inches, very dark gray muck

23 to 31 inches, dark brown mucky peat

Substratum:

31 to 72 inches, gray silty clay

Included with this soil mapping are about 10

percent Carbondale muck, which are deeper than 51

inches to mineral soil. These are often near the center

of the map unit. Where streams flow into this unit,

small areas of Fluvaquents are included. In some
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 61

places, areas of shallow to bedrock Summerville soils

are included. Small areas of clayey Adjidaumo soils

are included near the edges of some units. Also

included on knolls and small ridges in some places

are small areas of well drained, loamy Grenville soils.

Included soils make up about 20 percent of this unit

and range up to 5 acres.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderate to moderately rapid in the

surface and subsoil layers, and very slow in the

substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

high

Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 inches above

the surface to 12 inches below from November

through May

Root zone: mostly the upper 12 inches

Shrink-swell potential: low in the organic surface and

subsurface layers and high in the substratum

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Almost all areas of this soil are in woodland or

brush.This soil is not suited to cultivated crops unless

the soil is drained. Outlets for drainage are difficult to

develop because these soils are generally in the

lowest areas of the landscape. Most of these soils are

generally considered as important wetland areas.

This soil is poorly suited to pasture. Even if drained,

this soil lacks the strength to support animals or farm

machinery during wet periods of the year. Grazing

when the soil is wet and overgrazing can be harmful to

desirable forage species. Proper stocking rates,

rotational grazing and restricting grazing to dry summer

months are practices that may encourage the growth

of desirable plant species.

The potential productivity for red maple on these

soils is moderate. The seasonal high water table

causes a severe seedling mortality rate. Selecting

species tolerant of very wet soil conditions can improve

timber production. The shallow root zone in this soil

allows for trees to blow over easily. Keeping thinning to

a minimum helps reduce this severe windthrow hazard.

The soil is soft and unstable when wet, and will not

support heavy logging equipment. Logging during

frozen ground conditions may alleviate this problem.

This soil is not suited as a site for building

development because of ponding, low soil strength

and excess humus. A better suited site such as nearby

or included Grenville soils should be considered.

Potential subsidence, ponding of surface water, and

potential frost action are severe limitations if this soil is

used as a site for local roads and streets. Providing

suitable subgrade material or special construction for

adequate support will help avoid excessive

subsidence and buckling of pavement. Constructing

roads on raised fill material and installing a drainage

system are ways to overcome the wetness limitation.

Providing coarser grained subgrade material to frost

depth will help prevent damage due to frost action. If

possible, route road locations around these wet soils.

This soil is not suited as a site for septic tank

absorption fields. It is subject to ponding, which may

result in a pollution hazard if the soil is used as a filter

field. The soil is also limited by a slow percolation rate

in the clayey substratum.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations are ponding and excess organic

material. Digging operations will likely be limited to dry

periods of the year unless drainage is installed.

Sloughing of soil in the excavated area will also likely

occur because of wetness. Because of the high

organic content, this soil will present great difficulty in

maneuvering heavy machinery.

The capability subclass is 5w.

260C—Grenville loam, strongly sloping,

very stony

This soil is very deep and well drained. It occurs on

elongated ridges and side slopes of glacial till

lowlands. Large stones cover up to 3 percent of the

soil surface. Slopes range from 3 to 15 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 9 inches, dark brown loam

Subsoil:

9 to 12 inches, brown loam

12 to 17 inches, dark yellowish brown loam

Substratum:

17 to 35 inches, brown gravelly fine sandy loam

35 to 72 inches, brown gravelly fine sandy loam with

common mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 10

percent moderately well drained Hogansburg soils on

footslopes and undulating areas. About 5 percent

moderately deep Neckrock soils are included near

areas of limestone rock outcrop. Small areas of

somewhat poorly drained Malone soils are included

near seep spots and slightly concave positions. Also,

small areas of non-stony soils and moderately steep

soils are included. In some areas, the surface texture
62 Soil Survey

is very cobbly fine sandy loam or extremely stony fine

sandy loam. Included areas make up about 20 percent

of this unit and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderate in the surface, subsoil, and

upper substratum, and moderately slow in the

lower substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: greater than 72

inches deep

Root zone: 24 inches deep or more

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this unit are in woodland. A few

remaining areas are in unimproved pasture or brush.

This unit is poorly suited to growing cultivated crops

and hay. The large surface stones inhibit efficient use

of equipment and cause excessive wear on farm

machinery. Erosion is a common problem particularly

on long strongly sloping areas planted in row crops.

Stone clearing, applying conservation tillage systems,

rotating crops, stripcropping, and using cover crops

are good management practices.

This unit is poorly suited to pasture. The large

surface stones discourage some pasture management

practices such as yearly mowing. Erosion may be a

significant management problem on heavily grazed

areas of this unit. Overgrazing should be avoided to

reduce soil erosion and encourage key forage species.

Stone clearing, rotational grazing, proper stocking

rates, and yearly mowing are good pasture

management practices.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple

on this soil is moderate. No major limitations exist for

woodland management. However, windthrow can be a

problem in included areas where seepage and less

rooting depth occurs.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings is slope. The strongly sloping areas of this

unit will require some grading and landscaping

expenses. Design of the dwelling should conform to

the natural slope to minimize costs.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets are frost action and the

strongly sloping topography. Construction plans should

call for providing coarser grained subgrade material to

frost depth. Adequate surface drainage in critical

areas will also decrease the potential for frost action.

This unit will cost more for grading than adjacent

nearly level and gently sloping soils.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields is the moderately slow

permeability rate in the substratum. A better suited site

should be considered for this use. An alternate system

or specially designed septic tank absorption field needs

to be considered for this soil to avoid seepage problems.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations are the dense substratum and

slope. Excavation of soil material may be slower and

somewhat more expensive than soils with friable

layers. Maneuvering equipment may also be more

difficult because of strongly sloping areas.

The capability subclass is 6s.

261B—Hogansburg loam, gently sloping,

very stony

This soil is very deep and moderately well drained.

It occurs on undulating glacial till lowlands. Large

stones cover up to 3 percent of the soil surface.

Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 10 inches, very dark grayish brown loam

Subsoil:

10 to 15 inches, brown loam

15 to 19 inches, dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

with few mottles

Substratum:

19 to 35 inches, brown gravelly loam with many

mottles

35 to 72 inches, brown gravelly loam with few mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent well drained Grenville soils on slightly more

convex positions and in areas near steep slopes.

About 5 percent of this unit is somewhat poorly

drained Malone soils on slightly concave or nearly

level areas. Also included are soils similar to Neckrock

soils with bedrock less than 60 inches deep. Small

inclusions of similar soils occur in areas being slightly

more acid in the subsoil and substratum. In some

areas, the surface was not stony and texture is fine

sandy loam. Included areas make up about 20 percent

of this unit and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderate in the surface, subsoil, and

upper substratum, and moderately slow in the

lower substratum
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 63

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: perched 18 to 24

inches deep at some time during March through

May

Root zone: mainly to 24 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are in woodland. A few areas

are in pasture.

This soil is poorly suited to growing cultivated crops

and hay. Tillage with convention farm equipment is

impractical because of large surface stones resulting

in substantial wear or damage to farm equipment.

Stone removal will be necessary in most areas of this

unit before cultivation. Conservation tillage systems,

crop rotation, and the use of cover crops are good

management practices.

This soil is moderately suited to pasture. The

presence of large surface stones can negatively affect

quality and quantity of forage and inhibit yearly

mowing and other maintenance practices. Stone

removal, rotational grazing, yearly mowing and proper

stocking rates are good pasture management

practices.

The potential productivity for growing sugar maple

on this soil is moderate. There are no major limitations

for woodland management on this soil. However,

windthrow can be a problem in included areas where

seepage and less rooting depth occurs.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings is the seasonal high water table. A better

suited site should be considered such as included

Grenville soils or a higher nearby area. If this soil is

used, foundation drains and protective coatings on

basement walls will help alleviate some wetness.

Diversion ditches can also control surface water by

carrying it away from the dwelling.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets is frost action. Designing new

roads with coarser grained subgrade material will help

alleviate potential frost damage. Adequate surface and

subsurface drainage in critical somewhat poorly drained

areas will also decrease the potential for frost action.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table and the moderately slow permeability rate.

A better suited site should be considered for this use.

If this soil is used as a site for septic tank absorption

fields, higher spots within the map unit would likely

perform best. Conventional septic system designs

may perform poorly on this soil. Alternative designs

that augment the filtering capacity of this system

should be considered.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the seasonal high water table.

Digging operations may be restricted to the drier

periods of the year unless drainage is installed.

Sloughing of soil in the excavated area may also occur

because of wetness.

The capability subclass is 6s.

263B—Malone gravelly loam, gently

sloping, very stony

This soil is very deep and somewhat poorly drained.

It occurs on slightly concave or undulating glacial till

plains. Large stones cover up to 3 percent of the soil

surface. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent, but are

dominantly 3 to 8 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown gravelly loam

Subsoil:

9 to 30 inches, brown gravelly fine sandy loam with

many mottles

Substratum:

30 to 72 inches, grayish brown very gravelly sandy

loam with few mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent moderately well drained Hogansburg soils on

slightly higher positions. About 5 percent of this unit

includes very poorly drained Runeberg soils along

drainageways and in depressions. About 5 percent of

this unit includes the somewhat poorly drained

Coveytown soils where sandy surface and subsoil

textures occur and the Muskellunge soils in slight

depressions where clayey textures dominate. Also

there are small inclusions of moderately deep Matoon

soils as well as non-stony areas. In some areas, the

surface texture is fine sandy loam or sandy loam.

Included areas make up about 20 percent of this unit

and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderate in the surface, and moderately

slow or slow in the subsoil and substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

moderate

Depth to seasonal high water table: perched 12 to 18

inches deep at some time from November through

May

Root zone: mainly to 18 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches
64 Soil Survey

Most areas of this soil are used as woodland or

pastureland.

This soil is poorly suited to growing cultivated crops

and hay. Large surface stones inhibit efficient use of

farm machinery and cause serious wear and tear on

equipment. The seasonal high water table can delay

planting in the spring and harvest in the fall. Surface

and subsurface drainage, however, can improve

efficiency of farm operations and increase crop yield.

Stone clearing, conservation tillage systems, crop

rotation and maintenance of waterways are good

management practices.

This soil is poorly suited to pasture. Large surface

stones inhibit effective pasture management such as

yearly mowing. The seasonal high water table can

cause significant wetness in barn yards and heavily

traveled areas of the pasture especially in the spring.

Forage may show stunted growth during the early part

of the growing season as a result of wetness. Stone

clearing, deferred grazing, rotational grazing, proper

stocking rates, surface drainage, and yearly mowing

are good management practices.

The potential productivity for growing red maple on

this soil is moderate. The seasonal high water table

may cause soft ground conditions for heavy

equipment, especially in the spring. Wetness may

adversely affect root growth and seedling survival.

There is a moderate windthrow hazard because of

limited rooting depth. Harvesting during drier periods

or during frozen ground conditions will increase

equipment use efficiency. Managing species that are

wetness-tolerant and minimizing thinning are good

practices on this soil.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings is the seasonal high water table. A better

suited site should be considered such as a higher area

in the map unit. If this soil is used, foundation drains

and protective coatings on basement walls will help

alleviate some wetness. Diversion ditches can also

control surface water by carrying it away from the

dwelling.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets is frost action. Construction

plans should specify providing coarser grained

subgrade material. Adequate drainage in critical areas

will also decrease the potential for frost action and

seasonal wetness.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table and the moderately slow permeability. A

better suited site should be considered for this use

such as a soil with moderately rapid permeability.

Conventional septic system designs will perform

poorly on this soil. Alternative systems that augment

the filtering capacity of this system should be

considered.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the seasonal high water table.

Digging operations may be restricted to the drier

periods of the year unless drainage is installed.

Sloughing of soil in the excavated area may also occur

because of wetness.

The capability subclass is 6s.

264—Runeberg mucky loam, very stony

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and very poorly

drained. It is in low positions on glacial till plains. Large

stones cover up to 3 percent of the soil surface.

Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 9 inches, black mucky loam

Subsoil:

9 to 17 inches, brown cobbly loam with many mottles

17 to 22 inches, dark grayish brown sandy loam with

common mottles

Substratum:

22 to 42 inches, grayish brown fine sandy loam with

many mottles

42 to 72 inches, grayish brown gravelly fine sandy

loam with few mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent somewhat poorly drained Malone soils on

slightly higher areas of the unit. About 5 percent of this

unit consists of very poorly drained Wonsqueak soils

in small depressions where organic matter is thicker.

Small areas of clayey Adjidaumo soils are included

where the soil is more clayey. Small areas of very

poorly drained soils are included where a sandy

surface and subsoil is present. Non-stony areas are

also included. In some areas, the substratum is very

gravelly or very cobbly. Included areas make up about

15 percent of this unit and range up to 5 acres each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderate in the surface, moderately

slow in the subsoil, and slow or moderately slow in

the substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

moderate to high

Depth to seasonal high water table: at the surface to

12 inches deep at some time from November

through July
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 65

Root zone: mainly to 12 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are in woodland or

brushland.

This soil is poorly suited to growing cultivated crops

and hay. The presence of large stones impedes

efficiency and damages machinery. Without adequate

drainage, the seasonal high water table delays

planting in the spring and harvest in the fall. Surface

and subsurface drainage can significantly improve the

efficiency of farm operations and increase productivity.

Because of the low position and nearly level

topography, establishing a drainage outlet for this soil

can be difficult without adversely affecting important

wetland. Conservation tillage systems, crop rotation,

and maintenance of drainageways are good

management practices.

This soil is poorly suited to pasture. The seasonal

high water table causes the soil to be wet during most

of the spring and fall. Selecting forage plants which

are tolerant to wet soil conditions will help sustain

productivity. Excessive grazing on this soil during the

spring causes compaction and loss of forage cover.

Stone removal will be needed to maintain high quality

forage and pasture maintenance. Rotational grazing,

deferred grazing, proper stocking rates, maintenance

of drainageways, and yearly mowing are good

management practices.

The potential productivity for growing northern white

cedar on this soil is moderately high. Because of the

seasonal high water table, heavy equipment will

commonly cause deep ruts and harvesting

inefficiency. Harvesting operations tend to run

smoother on this soil during dry or frozen periods. Wet

soil conditions can retard root growth and seedling

survival, and may cause severe windthrow in areas of

this soil. Selecting species that are wetness-tolerant

will help increase seedling survival and reduce

windthrow. Minimizing thinning practices can also

decrease windthrow.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings is the seasonal high water table. Better

drained nearby soils should be considered for this use.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

local roads and streets are frost action and the

seasonal high water table. New roads should be

routed around this unit if possible. Roads placed on a

raised bed of coarse grained material with adequate

drainage will reduce frost action and soil-water

problems.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table and the slow percolation rate in the

substratum. There is a risk of groundwater pollution or

effluent seeping to the ground surface if this soil is

used. A better suited site on a higher landscape

position should be considered for this use.

Conventional septic system designs will perform very

poorly on this soil. Alternative designs that augment

the filtering capacity of this system should be

considered.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations is the seasonal high water table.

Digging operations will be limited to the drier periods

of the year unless drainage is installed. Sloughing

trench walls may also occur because of wetness.

The capability subclass is 5s.

270B—Coveytown loamy sand, gently

sloping, very stony

This soil is very deep and somewhat poorly drained.

It occurs at the base of ridges and in concave areas of

glacial till deposits that have been modified by both

wave action and deposition of sands. Large stones

cover up to 3 percent of the surface. Slopes range

from 0 to 8 percent.

The typical sequence, depth, and composition of

the layers of this soil are as follows—

Surface:

0 to 8 inches, very dark grayish brown loamy sand

Subsoil:

8 to 10 inches, yellowish brown and very dark grayish

brown sand

10 to 17 inches, light yellowish brown sand with

common mottles

17 to 28 inches, light brownish gray and pale brown

sand with common mottles

Substratum:

28 to 48 inches, dark grayish brown gravelly fine

sandy loam with many mottles

48 to 72 inches, grayish brown gravelly sandy loam

with common mottles

Included with this soil in mapping are about 5

percent very poorly drained Runeberg soils and soils

similar to Coveytown occurring in depressions. About

5 percent moderately well drained Fahey soils are

included on more convex areas of the landscape.

About 5 percent somewhat poorly drained Malone

soils occur in areas where the sandy mantle is thin or

absent. Also included are small areas of somewhat

poorly drained Sciota and Wainola soils in places

where the sandy mantle is thicker than 40 inches.
66

Small areas of similar soil having a clayey substratum

and small areas of non-stony soils are also included.

In some areas the surface texture is loamy fine sand

and cobbly loamy fine sand. Included areas make up

about 25 percent of this unit and range up to 5 acres

each.

Soil Properties

Permeability: moderately rapid or rapid in the surface

and subsoil, and moderate or moderately slow in

the substratum

Available water capacity (average for 40-inch profile):

very low or low

Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 to 18 inches

below the surface at some time during November

through May

Root zone: mainly to 16 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: low

Depth to bedrock: greater than 60 inches

Most areas of this soil are in woodland or pastureland.

This soil is poorly suited to growing cultivated crops

and hay. Because of many large surface stones, farm

equipment use is seriously limited and subject to

excessive wear and tear. The seasonal high water

table can delay planting in the spring. Stone clearing,

conservation tillage systems, crop rotation, and

maintenance of waterways are good management

practices on this soil.

This soil is poorly suited to pasture. Because of

many large surface stones, good pasture maintenance

such as yearly mowing is difficult to achieve unless

stone clearing takes place. The seasonal high water

table can cause significant wetness problems in barn

yards and heavily traveled areas of the pasture,

especially in the spring. Forage plant growth may be

stunted during the early part of the growing season as

a result of wetness. Stone clearing, rotational grazing,

proper stocking rates, maintaining drainageways, and

yearly mowing are good management practices.

The potential productivity for growing red maple on

this soil is moderate. Because of the seasonal high

water table, soft ground conditions may limit the use of

heavy harvesting equipment to drier periods of the

year. Seedling mortality and windthrow are considered

moderate management concerns on this soil because

of restricted root growth, especially in areas of poorly

drained inclusions. Managing wetness-tolerant

species and minimizing thinning are good practices on

this soil.

The main limitation if this soil is used as a site for

dwellings is the seasonal high water table. A better

suited site should be considered such as a higher area

in the map unit. If this soil is used, foundation drains

and protective coatings on basement walls will help

alleviate some wetness. Diversion ditches can also

control surface water by carrying water away from the

dwelling.

Moderate limitations of this soil for local roads and

streets are the seasonal high water table and frost

action. Roads constructed on raised coarse grained fill

material with adequate drainage installed will generally

require less maintenance costs in the long-term.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

septic tank absorption fields are the seasonal high

water table, the moderately slow permeability in the

substratum, and the poor ability to filter effluent

properly in the upper part of the soil. A better suited

site should be considered for this use. Conventional

septic system designs will perform poorly on this soil.

Alternative designs that augment the filtering capacity

of this system should be considered.

The main limitations if this soil is used as a site for

shallow excavations are the seasonal high water table

and the tendency of the soil to cave in. Digging

operations may be restricted to the drier periods of the

year unless drainage is installed. Sloughing of soil in

the excavated area may also occur because of

wetness. The banks of the excavation should be

mechanically supported to avoid the possibility of soil

caving in on workers or other victims.

The capability subclass is 6s.
67

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of

the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust

land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural

resources and the environment. Also, it can help to

prevent soil-related failures in land uses.

In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists,

conservationists, engineers, and others collect

extensive field data about the nature and behavioral

characteristics of the soils. They collect data on

erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that

affect various soil uses and management. Field

experience and collected data on soil properties and

performance are used as a basis in predicting soil

behavior.

Information in this section can be used to plan the

use and management of soils for crops and pasture;

as forestland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities,

highways and other transportation systems, and parks

and other recreational facilities; for agricultural waste

management; and as wildlife habitat. It can be used to

identify the potentials and limitations of each soil for

specific land uses and to help prevent construction

failures caused by unfavorable soil properties.

Planners and others using soil survey information

can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on

productivity and on the environment in all or part of the

survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain

or create a land use pattern in harmony with the

natural soil.

Contractors can use this survey to locate sources

of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use

it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very

firm soil layers can cause difficulty in excavation.

Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and

others may also find this survey useful. The survey

can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and

locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds,

playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs.

Interpretive Ratings

The interpretive tables in this survey rate the soils in

the survey area for various uses. Many of the tables

identify the limitations that affect specified uses and

indicate the severity of those limitations. The ratings in

these tables are verbal.

Rating classes are expressed in the tables in terms

that indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by

all of the soil features that affect a specified use or in

terms that indicate the suitability of the soils for the

use. Thus, the tables may show limitation classes or

suitability classes. Terms for the limitation classes are

not limited, slightly limited, somewhat limited, and very

limited. The suitability ratings are expressed as well

suited, moderately well suited, poorly suited, and

unsuited or as good, fair, and poor.

Crops and Pasture

This section was developed with assistance from the

Akwesasne Local Work Group, Les Benedict, Assistant Director of

the Environmental Division; and Pat Sullivan, NRCS District

Conservationist.

There are presently 12 farms on Akwesasne

engaged in meat production (mainly for local

consumption). These farms are family owned and

operated. Cultivated crops are grown on a very limited

basis, primarily in connection with subsistence

gardens. Although hay production is important at

Akwesasne, hay quality and quantity are generally

limited to 2 or less cuttings per year because of the

seasonal high water table in most fields.

The acreage in crops and pasture has declined in

the last few decades due to residential and

commercial development, economic trends and idling.

Pastures are fenced primarily along property lines with

livestock foraging through meadows, wetlands, and

woodlands. These areas of pasture make up about 10

percent of Akwesasne.

Poor drainage is the major limitation of soils used at

Akwesasne for agricultural production. For about 90

percent of the cropland and pasture acres, excessive

soil wetness is a major management concern. Fortyfour percent of Akwesasne is hydric soil.

The removal of excess water from the soil

increases the productivity of farmland. Most soils with

drainage limitations do not become dry enough to sow

until late in the planting season. It has been shown

Use and Management of the Soils
68 Soil Survey

that late planting of corn reduces yields about one

bushel per day after mid-May. A well designed and

maintained drainage system allows for timelier field

management, and reduces soil compaction, excess

water stress, and denitrification losses. The longevity

of legumes such as alfalfa in a forage crop is generally

reduced in wetter soils. Improved soil drainage can

improve crop quality, as well as quantity. Overall,

yields of commonly grown crops on artificially drained

soils are higher than on naturally drained soils.

Some soils are either saturated with water or exhibit

surface water ponding during the growing season.

Production of crops is generally not possible on these

poorly drained or very poorly drained soils without

extensive drainage improvements. Drainage outlets

are usually difficult to design without affecting valuable

wetland areas. Examples of poorly drained or very

poorly drained soils are Adjidaumo, Runeberg, and

Pinconning soils.

Surface drainage practices such as land smoothing

and the construction of drainage outlets and field

ditches may be effective on soils such as somewhat

poorly drained Muskellunge and Malone soils.

Subsurface drainage systems involve the

installation of corrugated plastic drainage tubing in

either a random or pattern design. The most

appropriate design varies with the soil type and

structure as well as the crops being grown. Random

drainage systems are effective on somewhat poorly

drained soils such as Hailesboro and Malone soils.

Some areas of sloping soils such as moderately well

drained Hogansburg soils contain wet spots or seeps.

Drainage on these soils can be improved by installing

random drains to intercept subsurface seepage.

Pattern drainage systems are effective on nearly

level, poorly drained or somewhat poorly drained soils

like Adjidaumo, Malone, and Muskellunge. The

spacing of drain lines in a pattern system is

determined by the permeability of the soil and the crop

being grown. Drains must be more closely spaced in

slowly permeable soils such as silty clay loam or clay.

Establishing drainage outlets is sometimes difficult

and expensive because of the low position of these

soils on the landscape.

Information and technical assistance on drainage

systems is available at the Franklin County Soil and

Water Conservation District office.

Surface stones, boulders, and bedrock outcrops

limit the use of some soils for crops and pasture. They

interfere with the operation of tillage, planting, and

harvesting equipment. Soils of the NeckrockSummerville complex are examples of shallow to

bedrock (or bedrock outcrop) areas that limit the

management of land for crops or pasture. Grenville,

Hogansburg, and Malone are the principle soils that

are stony enough to interfere with the operation of

tillage equipment.

Erosion is a hazard on some sloping areas of

Akwesasne. The rate of erosion is related to the length

and percent of slope, the soil type and texture, the

amount and intensity of the rainfall, and the type and

density of vegetative cover. Heuvelton, Muskellunge,

and Nicholville soils on greater than 3 percent slopes

have the potential for high rates of soil erosion when

under regular cultivation.

Limiting the number of years of tillage in a corn-hay

rotation can resolve the majority of erosion problems

on a typical farm. Contour farming, no-till and

conservation tillage practices help to reduce erosion

on sloping soils with adequate drainage. A local

representative of the Natural Resources Conservation

Service or the Franklin County Soil and Water

Conservation District can assist in planning an

effective combination of practices to reduce soil

erosion.

Soil tilth is an important factor in the emergence of

seedlings, the infiltration of water, and the ease of

cultivation. Soils with good tilth usually have granular

structure and are porous. Organic matter is usually

important in maintaining good soil tilth. Excessive

tillage tends to reduce the organic matter content and

breaks down soil structure. Some very deep, well

drained or excessively drained, coarse texture soils,

such as Adams and Flackville, can be tilled with little

or no damage to tilth. However, wetter, fine textured

and moderately fine textured soils—for example,

Heuvelton, Muskellunge, and Hailesboro soils—must

be tilled at the proper moisture content to prevent

deterioration of the natural soil structure. Plowing or

cultivating these soils under wet conditions causes

puddling, and when too dry, results in surface crusting

and clodding.

Fertility in soils is enhanced by lime and fertilizer.

The amount needed depends on the natural content of

lime and plant nutrients, the needs of the particular

crop, and the level of desired yield. The organic matter

content of the soil is one measure of fertility. The

content in the surface layer of the soils at Akwesasne

averages about 4 to 5 percent by volume as compared

to a state average of about 3 percent. Poorly drained

and very poorly drained soils, such as Adjidaumo and

Runeberg, have a somewhat higher organic matter

content.

For the complex forms of soil organic nitrogen to be

made available to plants, the organic matter must be

decomposed or mineralized by microorganisms.

Nitrogen fertilizer may be needed to supplement the

nitrogen normally mineralized from the soil organic
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 69

matter for high nitrogen requiring crops such as corn.

Management that builds up the supply of organic

matter, such as the use of animal manure, greenmanure crops, sod crops, and crop residue, maintains

or improves the natural nitrogen content (Cornell

Cooperative Extension Service, 1978).

Timeliness of nitrogen fertilization is important for

maximum utilization by plants. Nitrogen can be lost

through leaching in rapidly permeable soils, such as

Waddington, or by denitrification in wetter and less

permeable soils, such as Muskellunge. Best results

are obtained when small amounts of nitrogen are

applied at timely intervals; for example, at planting and

then as a side dressing for corn while the crop is

growing.

The soils of Akwesasne are generally low in natural

phosphorus. Coarse textured Adams soils, for

example, are very low in native phosphorus. The

addition of appropriate amounts of phosphate in the

form of commercial fertilizer may be essential for good

plant growth.

Most of the soils have a low to medium level of

available potassium; but, such soils as Muskellunge

and Adjidaumo soils, which have clayey subsoil, may

be somewhat higher in available potassium content.

Even soils that have a fairly high content of potassium,

however, may require additional potassium for

optimum yields of most crops because of the slow

release of potassium from the clay minerals.

Lime is needed in many of the soils of this region to

raise the topsoil pH to an acceptable level for optimum

yields of most crops.

Additions of lime and fertilizer should be based on

soil tests. For assistance in obtaining soil tests and

recommendations, farmers, gardeners, and others

should consult the local Cornell Cooperative Extension

Agent. New research findings and fertilizer

recommendations are available in the current edition

of “Cornell Recommends for Field Crops,” prepared by

the staff of the New York College of Agriculture,

Cornell University. In the absence of soil tests, these

references, along with this publication, can be used as

a guide in estimating the lime and fertility needs.

Prime Farmland

Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important

farmland defined by the U.S. Department of

Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the

Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food and

fiber. Because the supply of high-quality farmland is

limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes

that responsible levels of government, as well as

individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise

use of our Nation’s prime farmland.

Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department

of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of

physical and chemical characteristics for producing

food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is

available for these uses. It could be cultivated land,

pastureland, forestland, or other land, but it is not

urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil

qualities, growing season, and moisture supply are

those needed for the soil to economically produce

sustained high yields of crops when proper

management, including water management, and

acceptable farming methods are applied. In general,

prime farmland has an adequate and dependable

supply of moisture from precipitation or irrigation, a

favorable temperature and growing season,

acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an acceptable salt and

sodium content, and few or no rocks. It is permeable

to water and air. It is not excessively erodible or

saturated with water for long periods, and it either is

not frequently flooded during the growing season or is

protected from flooding. Slope ranges mainly from 0 to

6 percent. More detailed information about the criteria

for prime farmland is available at the local office of the

Natural Resources Conservation Service.

A recent trend in land use in some parts of the

survey area has been the loss of some prime farmland

to industrial and urban uses. The loss of prime

farmland to other uses puts pressure on marginal

lands, which generally are more erodible, droughty,

and less productive and cannot be easily cultivated.

The map units in the survey area that are

considered prime farmland are listed in table 6. This

list does not constitute a recommendation for a

particular land use. On some soils included in the list,

measures that overcome a hazard or limitation, such

as flooding, wetness, and droughtiness, are needed.

Onsite evaluation is needed to determine whether or

not the hazard or limitation has been overcome by

corrective measures. The location is shown on the

detailed soil maps. The soil qualities that affect use

and management are described under the heading

“Detailed Soil Map Units.”

Hydric Soils

In this section, hydric soils are defined and

described and the hydric soils in the survey area are

listed.

The three essential characteristics of wetlands are

hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils, and wetland

hydrology (Cowardin and others, 1979; U.S. Army
70 Soil Survey

Corps of Engineers, 1987; National Research Council,

1995; Tiner, 1985). Criteria for each of the

characteristics must be met for areas to be identified

as wetlands. Undrained hydric soils that have natural

vegetation should support a dominant population of

ecological wetland plant species. Hydric soils that

have been converted to other uses should be capable

of being restored to wetlands.

Hydric soils are defined by the National Technical

Committee for Hydric Soils (NTCHS) as soils that

formed under conditions of saturation, flooding, or

ponding long enough during the growing season to

develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part

(Federal Register, 1994). These soils are either

saturated or inundated long enough during the

growing season to support the growth and

reproduction of hydrophytic vegetation.

The NTCHS definition identifies general soil

properties that are associated with wetness. In order

to determine whether a specific soil is a hydric soil or

nonhydric soil, more specific information, such as

information about the depth and duration of the water

table, is needed. Thus, criteria that identify those

estimated soil properties unique to hydric soils have

been established (Federal Register, 1995). These

criteria are used to identify a phase of a soil series that

normally is associated with wetlands. The criteria used

are selected estimated soil properties that are

described in “Soil Taxonomy” (USDA, 1999) and “Keys

to Soil Taxonomy” (USDA, 1994) and in the “Soil

Survey Manual” (USDA, 1993).

If soils are wet enough for long enough periods to

be considered hydric, they should exhibit certain

properties that can be easily observed in the field.

These visible properties are indicators of hydric soils.

The indicators used to make onsite determinations of

hydric soils in this survey area are specified in “Field

Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States” (Hurt

and others, 1996).

Hydric soils are identified by examining and

describing the soil to a depth of about 20 inches. This

depth may be greater if determination of an

appropriate indicator so requires. It is always

recommended that soils be excavated and described

to the depth necessary for an understanding of the

redoximorphic processes. Then, using the completed

soil descriptions, soil scientists can compare the soil

features required by each indicator and specify which

indicators have been matched with the conditions

observed in the soil. The soil can be identified as a

hydric soil if at least one of the approved indicators is

present.

The following map units meet the definition of

hydric soils and, in addition, have at least one of the

hydric soil indicators. This list can help in planning

land uses; however, onsite investigation is

recommended to determine the hydric soils on a

specific site (National Research Council, 1995; Hurt

and others, 1996).

5—Fluvaquents–Udifluvents complex, frequently

flooded

42—Adjidaumo silty clay

43—Adjidaumo mucky silty clay

46—Deinache fine sand

49—Munuscong mucky fine sandy loam

51—Wegatchie silt loam

64—Runeberg mucky loam

70—Guff silty clay loam

101—Wonsqueak muck

110—Borosaprists and Fluvaquents, frequently

flooded

148—Stockholm loamy fine sand

149—Pinconning mucky loamy fine sand

181—Dorval muck

264—Runeberg mucky loam, very stony

Map units that are made up of hydric soils may

have small areas, or inclusions, of nonhydric soils in

the higher positions on the landform, and map units

made up of nonhydric soils may have inclusions of

hydric soils in the lower positions on the landform.

Small Fruits Production

Table 7 was developed to provide guidance to the

St. Regis Mohawk people on the relative capability of

soils to produce small fruit. The soil properties

selected for generating this table are those that are

important to good strawberry and raspberry

production. However, other small fruits (including corn

and squash), fruit trees, flowers and many vegetables

have similar preferences for soil conditions. Table 7 is

meant as a guide to help the user compare one soil

map unit with other map units, in order to make sound

decisions. For detailed advice on plant needs, contact

your Cornell Cooperative Extension office.

The soil properties chosen for rating the soils at

Akwesasne for small fruit are soil drainage, texture,

reaction, depth to bedrock, and surface stoniness.

Overall ratings and individual soil property ratings are

given in values between 0 and 1, representing poor to

favorable conditions respectively. A map unit can have

an overall favorable rating, and yet, be rated only fair

or poor in one of the soil properties (i.e. texture). The

opposite scenario can also occur. It is important to

read all ratings for each map unit in context with past

and present management practices. For example, a
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 71

rating of poor soil drainage is not as important if the

affected area has been artificially drained with ditches

or tile.

Most small fruit species grow and produce their

best in well and moderately well drained landscapes.

In more droughty excessively drained areas, soil

moisture may not be adequate during most years. On

the other hand, raspberries and strawberries do not

tolerate wet soil conditions because their roots are

concentrated in the upper 50 cm (20 inches) of soil.

Poorly drained and very poorly drained soils are rated

zero.

Soil texture was rated by the percent clay within the

top 50 cm (12 inches) of soil for developing table 7. An

ideal texture of loam or fine sandy loam will have clay

content in the 10 to 15 percent by volume range. Soil

with less clay will have weaker soil structure and less

available water capacity. Heavy soils, with higher clay

content, tend to limit deep root growth because of

greater bulk density and slower permeability.

Soil reaction or the pH level of the soil is important

because it has a profound influence on the availability

of essential nutrients to plant root systems. According

to Cornell Cooperative Extension, most small fruits do

best within a pH range of 6.0 to 6.5. Above or below

this range, certain nutrients, such as iron, become

either unavailable or toxic in some cases. An

exception is the blueberry plant which requires a pH of

about 4.5 for good production. Table 7 rates common

fruits grown in the St. Lawrence River Valley that

require higher pH values than blueberries.

Shallow depth to bedrock and surface stoniness

are soil properties that negatively affect management

and available water capacity. Soils less than 50 cm (20

inches) deep are root limiting and capable of storing

less moisture for summer months, for example,

Summerville soils. Stony soils impede planting,

cultivation, and transplanting activities, and therefore,

are given a lower rating than non-stony map units.

Forestland Management and

Productivity

Table 8 can be used by woodland owners or forest

managers in planning the use of soils for wood crops.

Only those soils suitable for wood crops are listed. The

table lists the ordination symbol for each soil. Soils

assigned the same ordination symbol require the

same general management and have about the same

potential productivity.

The first part of the ordination symbol, a number,

indicates the potential productivity of the soils for an

indicator tree species. The number indicates the

volume, in cubic meters per hectare per year, which

the indicator species can produce in a pure stand

under natural conditions. The number 1 indicates low

potential productivity; 2 or 3, moderate; 4 or 5,

moderately high; 6 to 8, high; 9 to 11, very high; and

12 to 39, extremely high. The second part of the

symbol, a letter, indicates the major kind of soil

limitation. The letter R indicates steep slopes; X,

stoniness or rockiness; W, excess water in or on the

soil; T, toxic substances in the soil; D, restricted

rooting depth; C, clay in the upper part of the soil; S,

sandy texture; F, a high content of rock fragments in

the soil; L, low strength; and N, snowpack. The letter A

indicates that limitations or restrictions are

insignificant. If a soil has more than one limitation, the

priority is as follows: R, X, W, T, D, C, S, F, L, and N.

In the table, slight, moderate, and severe indicate

the degree of the major soil limitations to be

considered in management.

Erosion hazard is the probability that damage will

occur as a result of site preparation and cutting where

the soil is exposed along roads, skid trails, and fire

lanes and in log-handling areas. Forests that have

been burned or overgrazed are also subject to

erosion. Ratings of the erosion hazard are based on

the percent of the slope. A rating of slight indicates

that no particular prevention measures are needed

under ordinary conditions. A rating of moderate

indicates that erosion-control measures are needed in

certain silvicultural activities. A rating of severe

indicates that special precautions are needed to

control erosion in most silvicultural activities.

Equipment limitation reflects the characteristics and

conditions of the soil that restrict use of the equipment

generally needed in woodland management or

harvesting. The chief characteristics and conditions

considered in the ratings are slope, stones on the

surface, rock outcrops, soil wetness, and texture of

the surface layer. A rating of slight indicates that under

normal conditions the kind of equipment and season

of use are not significantly restricted by soil factors.

Soil wetness can restrict equipment use, but the wet

period does not exceed 1 month. A rating of moderate

indicates that equipment use is moderately restricted

because of one or more soil factors. If the soil is wet,

the wetness restricts equipment use for a period of 1

to 3 months. A rating of severe indicates that

equipment use is severely restricted either as to the

kind of equipment that can be used or the season of

use. If the soil is wet, the wetness restricts equipment

use for more than 3 months.

Seedling mortality refers to the death of naturally

occurring or planted tree seedlings, as influenced by

the kinds of soil, soil wetness, or topographic
72 Soil Survey

conditions. The factors used in rating the soils for

seedling mortality are texture of the surface layer,

depth to a seasonal high water table and the length of

the period when the water table is high, rock

fragments in the surface layer, effective rooting depth,

and slope aspect. A rating of slight indicates that

seedling mortality is not likely to be a problem under

normal conditions. Expected mortality is less than 25

percent. A rating of moderate indicates that some

problems from seedling mortality can be expected.

Extra precautions are advisable. Expected mortality is

25 to 50 percent. A rating of severe indicates that

seedling mortality is a serious problem. Extra

precautions are important. Replanting may be

necessary. Expected mortality is more than 50

percent.

Windthrow hazard is the likelihood that trees will be

uprooted by the wind because the soil is not deep

enough for adequate root anchorage. The main

restrictions that affect rooting are a seasonal high

water table and the depth to bedrock, a fragipan, or

other limiting layers. A rating of slight indicates that

under normal conditions no trees are blown down by

the wind. Strong winds may damage trees, but they do

not uproot them. A rating of moderate indicates that

some trees can be blown down during periods when

the soil is wet and winds are moderate or strong. A

rating of severe indicates that many trees can be

blown down during these periods.

Plant competition ratings indicate the degree to

which undesirable species are expected to invade and

grow when openings are made in the tree canopy. The

main factors that affect plant competition are depth to

the water table and the available water capacity. A

rating of slight indicates that competition from

undesirable plants is not likely to prevent natural

regeneration or suppress the more desirable species.

Planted seedlings can become established without

undue competition. A rating of moderate indicates that

competition may delay the establishment of desirable

species. Competition may hamper stand development,

but it will not prevent the eventual development of fully

stocked stands. A rating of severe indicates that

competition can be expected to prevent regeneration

unless precautionary measures are applied.

The potential productivity of merchantable or

common trees on a soil is expressed as a site index

and as a volume number. The site index is the

average height, in feet, that dominant and codominant

trees of a given species attain in a specified number of

years. The site index applies to fully stocked, evenaged, unmanaged stands. Commonly grown trees are

those that woodland managers generally favor in

intermediate or improvement cuttings. They are

selected on the basis of growth rate, quality, value,

and marketability.

The volume, a number, is the yield likely to be

produced by the most important trees. This number,

expressed as cubic feet per acre per year, indicates

the amount of fiber produced in a fully stocked, evenaged, unmanaged stand.

The first species listed under common trees for a

soil is the indicator species for that soil. It generally is

the most common species on the soil and is the one

that determines the ordination class.

Trees to manage are those that are suitable for

commercial wood production.

Woodland Capability, Productivity

and Management

Prepared by John A. Dickerson, Plant Materials Specialist and

Forester, Natural Resources Conservation Service

The portion of the Tribal Lands located south of the

US-Canada border are contained within Major Land

Resource Area 142 (the St. Lawrence-Champlain

Plain). The Forest Service Ecoregion Province for the

area is 211 (mixed deciduous-coniferous forest), and

the Ecological Unit is 212Ea (St. Lawrence Glacial

Marine Plain). These descriptions of the region

provide a framework of a forest cover type on soils

with both marine and glacial influences. The

Wisconsin Glacial activity was followed by coverage

from the Champlain Sea. The underlying bedrock is

limestone and some sandstone with soils influenced to

higher or lower pH respectively. The landscape of the

Tribal Land has minor relief, and is drained and

dominated by the St. Lawrence River.

The Tribal Lands, after the Champlain Sea

retreated, were dominated by climax forest prior to the

influence of man. Forest ecosystems tend to

concentrate the nutrients, carbon, and energy in the

standing wood biomass. Extensive farming activity in

the area reduced the forest cover to less than 25

percent by 1950, but in recent decades marginal

pasture and cropland has been reverting to brush or

woodlots. Farming has imported nutrients to the area.

Specific information is not available on the species

distribution and the current acreage in trees for units

below the county level in size.

Quality forest management is important to the

health of the ecosystem of the region. Care should be

taken to protect the resources with long term planning

for forest utilization, considering the primary and

secondary products of importance to the Tribe. Plants
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 73

of cultural significance include black (brown) ash,

sweetgrass, and herbal medicinals such as goldenseal

and black and blue cohosh. There are undoubtedly

others to consider as well. Forest and other land

management plans need to address the maintenance

and increase of these important forest plants. In some

instances the effect on the understory plants from

overstory disturbance may not be fully understood and

additional knowledge may need to be generated.

Black (brown) ash is significant due to the use of

the wood for basket making, a traditional craft. The

current status of the tree is not good due to the

previous use of the better known stands of this tree.

Black ash (Fraxinus nigra Marsh.) grows in very

specific habitats defined mostly by the soil type and

drainage classification. Peat soils, fine sands, sands

and loams with high water tables are required for

successful growth of the species. Bogs, stream

corridors, and poorly drained depressions are typical

sites. Red maple, American elm, and northern white

cedar are three companion species often found with

black ash, and these may have generally faster rates

of growth. Management of these species is likely to be

key to the success of natural or artificial black ash

regeneration on preferred sites.

The soils of the Tribal Lands which are suitable for

forestry are shown in table 8. Woodland mangers

should use the information in the table for planning

purposes. Habitats for plants of cultural significance

occur on smaller scales than the five acre soil

mapping size, so the soil delineations are guides to

likely habitat only. An inventory on likely soils should

be carried out to generate the current status of

important plants. Those soils with the same ordination

symbol can be grouped for similar management and

potential productivity.

Recreation

The soils of the survey area are rated in table 9

according to limitations that affect their suitability for

recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil

features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the

surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered.

in the ratings. But also important in evaluating a site

are the location and accessibility of the area, the size

and shape of the area and its scenic quality,

vegetation, access to water, potential water

impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines.

The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent

and the ability of the soil to support vegetation also are

important. Soils that are subject to flooding are limited

for recreational uses by the duration and intensity of

flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In

planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of

the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of

flooding is essential.

In table 9, the degree of soil limitation is expressed

as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight means that soil

properties are generally favorable and that limitations

are minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that

limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning,

design, or special maintenance. Severe means that

soil properties are unfavorable and that limitations can

be offset only by costly soil reclamation, special

design, intensive maintenance, limited use, or a

combination of these.

The information in table 9 can be supplemented by

other information in this survey, for example,

interpretations for dwellings without basements and for

local roads and streets in table 11 and interpretations

for septic tank absorption fields in table 12.

 Camp areas require site preparation, such as

shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas,

stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and

installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp

areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some

vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and

are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of

use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders,

absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not

dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders

can greatly increase the cost of constructing campsites.

Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most

vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and

parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm

when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to

flooding during the period of use, and do not have

slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of

shaping sites or of building access roads and parking

areas.

Playgrounds require soils that can withstand

intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level

and are not wet or subject to flooding during the

season of use. The surface is free of stones and

boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry.

If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over bedrock

or a hardpan should be considered.

Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding

should require little or no cutting and filling. The best

soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty

when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than

once a year during the period of use. They have

moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on

the surface.

Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and

some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be

required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are
74 Soil Survey

firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not

subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use.

They have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders

on the surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or

greens is not considered in rating the soils.

Wildlife Habitat

Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that

is available to wildlife as food and cover. They also

affect the construction of water impoundments. The

kind and abundance of wildlife depend largely on the

amount and distribution of food, cover, and water.

Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting

appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing

plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment

of desirable plants.

In table 10, the soils in the survey area are rated

according to their potential for providing habitat for

various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used

in planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas,

and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils

that are suitable for establishing, improving, or

maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in

determining the intensity of management needed for

each element of the habitat.

The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or

very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element

or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or

maintained. Few or no limitations affect management,

and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of

fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be

established, improved, or maintained in most places.

Moderately intensive management is required for

satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that

limitations are severe for the designated element or

kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or

maintained in most places, but management is difficult

and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates

that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are

very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be

expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat

is impractical or impossible.

The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the

following paragraphs.

Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and

seed-producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties

and features that affect the growth of grain and seed

crops are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface

layer, available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface

stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil

moisture also are considerations. Examples of grain

and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, and barley.

Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial

grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and

features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes

are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer,

available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness,

flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture

also are considerations. Examples of grasses and

legumes are fescue, lovegrass, bromegrass, clover,

and alfalfa.

Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally

established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil

properties and features that affect the growth of these

plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the

surface layer, available water capacity, wetness,

surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and

soil moisture also are considerations. Examples of

wild herbaceous plants are bluestem, goldenrod,

beggarweed, wheatgrass, and grama.

Hardwood trees and woody understory produce

nuts or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and

foliage. Soil properties and features that affect the

growth of hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the

root zone, available water capacity, and wetness.

Examples of these plants are oak, poplar, cherry,

sweetgum, apple, hawthorn, dogwood, hickory,

blackberry, and blueberry. Examples of fruit-producing

shrubs that are suitable for planting on soils rated

good are Russian-olive, autumn-olive, and crabapple.

Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil

properties and features that affect the growth of

coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth

of the root zone, available water capacity, and

wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine,

spruce, fir, cedar, and juniper.

Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild

herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites.

Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded.

Soil properties and features affecting wetland plants

are texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction,

salinity, slope, and surface stoniness. Examples of

wetland plants are smartweed, wild millet, wildrice,

saltgrass, cordgrass, rushes, sedges, and reeds.

Shallow water areas have an average depth of less

than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are

created by dams, levees, or other water-control

structures. Soil properties and features affecting

shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness,

surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples

of shallow water areas are marshes, waterfowl feeding

areas, and ponds.

The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described

in the following paragraphs.

Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland,
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 75

pasture, meadows, and areas that are overgrown with

grasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas

produce grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes,

and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these

areas include bobwhite quail, pheasant, meadowlark,

field sparrow, cottontail, and red fox.

Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of

deciduous and/or coniferous plants and associated

grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous plants.

Wildlife attracted to these areas include wild turkey,

ruffed grouse, woodcock, thrushes, woodpeckers,

squirrels, gray fox, raccoon, deer, and bear.

Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy

or swampy shallow water areas. Some of the wildlife

attracted to such areas are ducks, geese, herons,

shore birds, muskrat, mink, and beaver.

Engineering

This section provides information for planning land

uses related to urban development and to water

management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the

most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given

for building site development, sanitary facilities,

construction materials, and water management. The

ratings are based on observed performance of the

soils and on the estimated data and test data in the

“Soil Properties” section.

Information in this section is intended for land use

planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for

planning site investigations prior to design and

construction. The information, however, has

limitations. For example, estimates and other data

generally apply only to that part of the soil within a

depth of 5 or 6 feet. Because of the map scale, small

areas of different soils may be included within the

mapped areas of a specific soil.

The information is not site specific and does not

eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils

or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in

the design and construction of engineering works.

Government ordinances and regulations that

restrict certain land uses or impose specific design

criteria were not considered in preparing the

information in this section. Local ordinances and

regulations should be considered in planning, in site

selection, and in design.

Soil properties, site features, and observed

performance were considered in determining the

ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil

survey, determinations were made about grain-size

distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction,

depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6

feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal

high water table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural

soil structure aggregation, and soil density. Data were

collected about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of

the sand and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed

cations. Estimates were made for erodibility,

permeability, corrosivity, shrink-swell potential,

available water capacity, and other behavioral

characteristics affecting engineering uses.

This information can be used to evaluate the

potential of areas for residential, commercial,

industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary

estimates of construction conditions; evaluate

alternative routes for roads, streets, highways,

pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate

alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank

absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed

onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate

potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil;

plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds,

terraces, and other structures for soil and water

conservation; and predict performance of proposed

small structures and pavements by comparing the

performance of existing similar structures on the same

or similar soils.

The information in the tables, along with the soil

maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in

this survey, can be used to make additional interpretations.

Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a

special meaning in soil science and are defined in the

Glossary.

Engineering Properties of Geologic

Deposits

This section was prepared by the staff of the Soil Mechanics

Bureau of the New York State Department of Transportation.

The following geologic deposits occur in this area:

glacial till, ice-contact deposits, outwash, deltaic,

beach ridge, lacustrine, marine, alluvial, and organic.

The engineering significance of each geologic deposit

is influenced to a great extent by its mode of

deposition, which, in turn, determines the texture of

the material and the internal structure of the landform.

Other influences are the position of the deposit in the

landscape and position of the water table. The

geologic deposits are divided into the following

categories: deep till deposits; shallow-to-rock deposits;

stratified coarse-grained deposits; stratified finegrained deposits; and organic deposits.
76 Soil Survey

Deep Till Deposits

Deep till deposits are unstratified, highly variable

mixtures of all particle sizes ranging from rock

fragments to clay. This material was scoured and

transported from nearby sources by glacial ice and

deposited as ground moraine, and lateral or recessional

moraine. Bedrock is usually greater than five feet

beneath the soil surface; but, in some small areas, this

depth may be less or a few rock outcrops may occur.

The individual rock and mineral fragments in the soil

generally reflect the types of bedrock in the vicinity.

Soils formed in glacial till deposits are those of the

Grenville, Hogansburg, Malone, and Runeberg series.

The Coveytown and Fahey series have a veneer of

coarse-grained material over deep glacial till.

Most of glacial till soils have been subjected to the

compactive weight of overriding continental ice sheet.

Deep till and residual soils are on slopes ranging from

nearly level to strongly sloping. Many landscapes are

such that cut and fill earthwork is involved in most

construction. The soils usually provide stable,

relatively incompressible foundations for engineering

works. Fill material from these deposits, when properly

compacted, generally provide stable embankments.

Steep cut slopes often are subject to surface

sloughing and soil erosion. The Runeberg series are

subject to surface saturation or ponding.

Shallow-to-Rock Deposits

Shallow-to-rock deposits are usually from 0.5 to 4

feet thick with some rock outcrops. The landforms and

topography are generally controlled by bedrock. Soils

formed in shallow-to-rock deposits are those of the

Guff, Matoon, Neckrock, and Summerville series. Guff

and Matoon soils are fine grained deposits over

limestone bedrock. Neckrock and Summerville series

have till deposits over the rock.

The primary engineering concerns relate to the

underlying bedrock and groundwater conditions. The

overlying material has engineering characteristics as

described in other sections. It is limited in quantity as a

source of fill material because of its thickness over

bedrock.

Stratified Coarse-Grained Deposits

Stratified coarse-grained deposits can be divided

into two general categories; gravel and sand sorted by

glacial melt water into layered or stratified deposits,

and coarser materials deposited by fluvial action. They

occupy such geologic landforms as outwash plains

and terraces, beach ridges and the coarse-grained

portions of deltas, lacustrine plains, alluvial fans and

floodplains. The strata within these deposits may be

well sorted or poorly sorted, and consist of particle

sizes ranging from cobbles to silt. The deposits are

usually loose, porous, and have moderately rapid to

rapid permeability.

Soils formed in the stratified coarse-grained

deposits are those of the Adams, Croghan, Deinache,

Lovewell, Sciota, and Waddington.

Coarse-grained deposits generally have relatively

high soil strength and low compressibility, but are

subject to settlement when vibrated. Because of their

loose and porous nature, most of these deposits are

not highly erodible. The Lovewell series has fine-grain

material over coarse material. The Deinache series

are subject to saturation at the surface. Also, the

Lovewell series is subject to occasional flooding.

These deposits of gravel and sand have many uses

as a construction material. Depending on gradation,

soundless, and plasticity, they may be used for such

purposes as:

1. Fill material for highway embankments.

2. Fill material for parking areas and

developments.

3. Fill material to distribute stress on underlying

soils so construction operations may

progress.

4. Sub-base for pavements.

5. Wearing surfaces for driveways, parking lots,

and some roads.

6. Material for highway shoulders.

7. Free draining backfill for structures and pipes.

8. Outside shells of dams for impounding water.

9. Slope protection blankets to drain and help

stabilize wet cut slopes.

10. Sources of sand and gravel for general use.

Stratified Fine-Grained Deposits

Deposits in this category, consist of mainly

lacustrine fine-grained sediment transported by glacial

melt waters and deposited in quiet proglacial lakes

and ponds, or consist of marine sediments.

Soils formed in stratified fine-grain deposits are

those of the Adjidaumo, Deinache, Elmwood,

Flackville, Hailesboro, Heuvelton, Mino, Muskellunge,

Nicholville, Pinconning, Roundabout, and Swanton

series. Soils formed in deep marine or lacustrine silt

and clay deposits are those of the Adjidaumo,

Hailesboro, Heuvelton, and Muskellunge series. The

Elmwood and Swanton soils formed in a veneer of

moderately coarse-grained material over fine-grained

sediments. The Mino, Nicholville, and Roundabout

series formed in deep silt or very fine sand areas of

lake plains.

Due to their fine-texture and high moisture content,

these deposits have low soil strengths, are

compressible, and may settle for long periods of time
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 77

under a superimposed loading. The soils with a higher

fine sand and silt content have low compressibility,

and are highly erodible and frost susceptible.

The fine-grained deposits are difficult to use for

engineering works, especially in areas that are flat,

wet, and subject to ponding. Sites for embankments

and heavy structures or buildings on all soils formed in

these finer sediments must be investigated for

strength and settlement characteristics, and the

effects of groundwater.

Organic Deposits

Organic deposits for the most part are

accumulations of plant remains. In places, they

include a minimal amount of mineral soil. Typically,

they occur in very poorly drained depressions or bogs

which are covered with water during most of the year.

Soils formed in the organic deposits are those of

the Borosaprists, Dorval, and Wonsqueak series. The

soils in organic deposits are unsuitable for foundations

for engineering works because they are wet, low in

strength, and highly compressible.

Generally, the organic material should be removed

down to the depth of suitable underlying material and

replaced with suitable backfill. Filling over organic

deposits causes long-term settlement. Dorval and

Wonsqueak series are organic over fine-grained

material.

Building Site Development

Table 11 shows the degree and kind of soil

limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings

with and without basements, small commercial

buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and

landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if

soil properties and site features are generally favorable

for the indicated use and limitations are minor and

easily overcome; moderate if soil properties or site

features are not favorable for the indicated use and

special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to

overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if

soil properties or site features are so unfavorable or

so difficult to overcome that special design, significant

increases in construction costs, and possibly increased

maintenance are required. Special feasibility studies

may be required where the soil limitations are severe.

Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a

maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves,

utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The

ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and

observed performance of the soils. The ease of

digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the

depth to bedrock, a cemented pan, or a very firm

dense layer; stone content; soil texture; and slope.

The time of the year that excavations can be made is

affected by the depth to a seasonal high water table

and the susceptibility of the soil to flooding. The

resistance of the excavation walls or banks to

sloughing or caving is affected by soil texture and

depth to the water table.

Dwellings and small commercial buildings are

structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed

soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family

dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are

made for small commercial buildings without

basements, for dwellings with basements, and for

dwellings without basements. The ratings are based

on soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding,

shrinking and swelling, and organic layers can cause

the movement of footings. A high water table, depth to

bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope,

and flooding affect the ease of excavation and

construction. Landscaping and grading that require

cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6 feet are not

considered. It is assumed that foundations are built to

the depth of maximum frost penetration to avoid

heaving.

Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface

and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year.

They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a

base of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil

material; and a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills

are generally limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings

are based on soil properties, site features, and

observed performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock

or to a cemented pan, a high water table, flooding,

large stones, and slope affect the ease of excavating

and grading. Soil strength (as inferred from the

engineering classification of the soil), shrink-swell

potential, frost action potential, and depth to a high

water table affect the traffic-supporting capacity.

Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf

and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established

and maintained. The ratings are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to

bedrock or to a cemented pan, the available water

capacity in the upper 40 inches, and the content of

salts, sodium, and sulfidic materials affect plant

growth. Flooding, wetness, slope, stoniness, and the

amount of sand, clay, or organic matter in the surface

layer affect trafficability after vegetation is established.
78 Soil Survey

Sanitary Facilities

Table 12 shows the degree and kind of soil

limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields,

sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills.

The limitations are considered slight if soil

properties and site features are generally favorable for

the indicated use and limitations are minor and easily

overcome; moderate if soil properties or site features

are not favorable for the indicated use and special

planning, design, or maintenance is needed to

overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if

soil properties or site features are so unfavorable or

so difficult to overcome that special design, significant

increases in construction costs, and possibly

increased maintenance are required.

The table also shows the suitability of the soils for

use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good

indicates that soil properties and site features are

favorable for the use and good performance and low

maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil

properties and site features are moderately favorable

for the use and one or more soil properties or site

features make the soil less desirable than the soils

rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil

properties or site features are unfavorable for the use

and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires

special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration.

Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which

effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil

through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that

part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is

evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties,

site features, and observed performance of the soils.

Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to

a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of the

effluent. Large stones and bedrock or a cemented pan

interfere with installation. Unsatisfactory performance

of septic tank absorption fields, including excessively

slow absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and

hillside seepage, can affect public health. Ground

water can be polluted if highly permeable sand and

gravel or fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below

the base of the absorption field, if slope is excessive,

or if the water table is near the surface. There must be

unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field

to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances

require that this material be of a certain thickness.

Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to

hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the

solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly

level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments

of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to

hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly

impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides

is required to minimize seepage and contamination of

ground water. The table gives ratings for the natural

soil that makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer

and, generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the

surface layer are excavated to provide material for the

embankments. The ratings are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope,

permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to

a cemented pan, flooding, large stones, and content of

organic matter. Excessive seepage resulting from

rapid permeability in the soil or a water table that is

high enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon

causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution

results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater overtops

the lagoon. A high content of organic matter is detrimental

to proper functioning of the lagoon because it inhibits

aerobic activity. Slope, bedrock, and cemented pans

can cause construction problems, and large stones

can hinder compaction of the lagoon floor.

Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is

disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of

landfill: trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste

is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and

covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the

site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in

successive layers on the surface of the soil. The

waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a

thin layer of soil from a source away from the site.

Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy

vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of groundwater pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation

should be considered. The ratings in the table are

based on soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. Permeability, depth to

bedrock or to a cemented pan, a high water table,

slope, and flooding affect both types of landfill.

Texture, stones and boulders, highly organic layers,

soil reaction, and content of salts and sodium affect

trench landfills. Unless otherwise stated, the ratings

apply only to that part of the soil within a depth of

about 6 feet. For deeper trenches, a limitation rated

slight or moderate may not be valid. Onsite

investigation is needed.

Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is

used to cover compacted solid waste in an area

sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite,

transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste.

Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope

affect the ease of removing and spreading the

material during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty

soils that are free of large stones or excess gravel are

the best cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 79

cloddy and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are

subject to wind erosion. After soil material has been

removed, the soil material remaining in the borrow

area must be thick enough over bedrock, a cemented

pan, or the water table to permit revegetation. The soil

material used as the final cover for a landfill should be

suitable for plants. The surface layer generally has the

best workability, more organic matter, and the best

potential for plants. Material from the surface layer

should be stockpiled for use as the final cover.

Construction Materials

Table 13 gives information about the soils as a

source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil.

The soils are rated good, fair, or poor as a source

of roadfill and topsoil. They are rated as a probable or

improbable source of sand and gravel. The ratings are

based on soil properties and site features that affect

the removal of the soil and its use as construction

material. Normal compaction, minor processing, and

other standard construction practices are assumed.

Each soil is evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet.

Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one

place and used in road embankments in another

place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of

roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6

feet high and less exacting in design than higher

embankments. The ratings are for the soil material

below the surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is

assumed that soil layers will be mixed during

excavating and spreading. Many soils have layers of

contrasting suitability within their profile. The table

showing engineering index properties provides

detailed information about each soil layer. This

information can help to determine the suitability of

each layer for use as roadfill. The performance of soil

after it is stabilized with lime or cement is not

considered in the ratings. The ratings are based on

soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. The thickness of suitable

material is a major consideration. The ease of

excavation is affected by large stones, a high water

table, and slope. How well the soil performs in place

after it has been compacted and drained is determined

by its strength (as inferred from the engineering

classification of the soil) and shrink-swell potential.

Soils rated good contain significant amounts of

sand or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of

suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few

cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less.

Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils

rated fair are more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized

particles and have a plasticity index of less than 10.

They have a moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of

15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to the water

table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity

index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential,

many stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They

are wet and have a water table at a depth of less than

1 foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but

the material is less than 3 feet thick.

Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for

commercial use with a minimum of processing. They

are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications

for each use vary widely. In table 13, only the

probability of finding material in suitable quantity is

evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific

purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect

excavation of the material. The properties used to

evaluate the soil as a source of sand or gravel are

gradation of grain sizes (as indicated by the

engineering classification of the soil), the thickness of

suitable material, and the content of rock fragments.

Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification are given in the

soil series descriptions. Gradation of grain sizes is

given in the table on engineering index properties. A

soil rated as a probable source has a layer of clean

sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is up to

12 percent silty fines. This material must be at least 3

feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight, large

stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable

source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as

shale and siltstone, are not considered to be sand and

gravel.

Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation

can be established and maintained. The upper 40

inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also

evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow

area. Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by

such properties as soil reaction, available water

capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading,

and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a

water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable

material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected

by slope, a water table, rock fragments, bedrock, and

toxic material. Soils rated good have friable, loamy

material to a depth of at least 40 inches. They are free

of stones and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and

have slopes of less than 8 percent. They are low in

content of soluble salts, are naturally fertile or respond

well to fertilizer, and are not so wet that excavation is

difficult. Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils

that have a relatively high content of clay, soils that

have only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils

that have an appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or

soluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15

percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation is
80

difficult. Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey,

have less than 20 inches of suitable material, have a

large amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have

slopes of more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal

high water table at or near the surface. The surface

layer of most soils is generally preferred for topsoil

because of its organic matter content. Organic matter

greatly increases the absorption and retention of

moisture and nutrients for plant growth.

Water Management

Table 14 gives information on the soil properties

and site features that affect water management. The

degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond

reservoir areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and

aquifer-fed excavated ponds. The limitations are

considered slight if soil properties and site features

are generally favorable for the indicated use and

limitations are minor and are easily overcome;

moderate if soil properties or site features are not

favorable for the indicated use and special planning,

design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or

minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties

or site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to

overcome that special design, significant increase in

construction costs, and possibly increased

maintenance are required.

This table also gives for each soil the restrictive

features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and

diversions, and grassed waterways.

Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or

embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low

seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The

seepage potential is determined by the permeability of

the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other

permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the

storage capacity of the reservoir area.

Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised

structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet

high, constructed to impound water or to protect land

against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a

source of material for embankment fill. The ratings

apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a

depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will

be uniformly mixed and compacted during

construction. The ratings do not indicate the ability of

the natural soil to support an embankment. Soil

properties to a depth even greater than the height of

the embankment can affect performance and safety of

the embankment. Generally, deeper onsite

investigation is needed to determine these properties.

Soil material in embankments must be resistant to

seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable

compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features

include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high

content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts

or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of

usable material. It also affects trafficability.

Aquifer-fed excavated ponds are pits or dugouts

that extend to a ground-water aquifer or to a depth

below a permanent water table. Excluded are ponds

that are fed only by surface runoff and embankment

ponds that impound water 3 feet or more above the

original surface. Excavated ponds are affected by

depth to a permanent water table, permeability of the

aquifer, and quality of the water as inferred from the

salinity of the soil. Depth to bedrock and the content of

large stones affect the ease of excavation.

Drainage is the removal of excess surface and

subsurface water from the soil. How easily and

effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to

bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other layers that

affect the rate of water movement; permeability; depth

to a high water table or depth of standing water if the

soil is subject to ponding; slope; susceptibility to

flooding; subsidence of organic layers; and the

potential for frost action. Excavating and grading and

the stability of ditchbanks are affected by depth to

bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope,

and the hazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity of

the soil after drainage is adversely affected by

extreme acidity or by toxic substances in the root

zone, such as salts, sodium, and sulfur. Availability of

drainage outlets is not considered in the ratings.

Irrigation is the controlled application of water to

supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The

design and management of an irrigation system are

affected by depth to the water table, the need for

drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake

rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The

construction of a system is affected by large stones

and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan. The

performance of a system is affected by the depth of

the root zone, the amount of salts or sodium, and soil

reaction.

Terraces and diversions are embankments or a

combination of channels and ridges constructed

across a slope to control erosion and conserve

moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large

stones, and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan

affect the construction of terraces and diversions. A

restricted rooting depth, a severe hazard of wind

erosion or water erosion, an excessively coarse

texture, and restricted permeability adversely affect

maintenance.

Grassed waterways are natural or constructed

channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 81

surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large

stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock or to a

cemented pan affect the construction of grassed

waterways. A hazard of wind erosion, low available

water capacity, restricted rooting depth, toxic

substances such as salts and sodium, and restricted

permeability adversely affect the growth and

maintenance of the grass after construction.

83

Data relating to soil properties are collected during

the course of the soil survey.

Soil properties are ascertained by field examination

of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some

benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are

followed. During the survey, many shallow borings are

made and examined to identify and classify the soils

and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples are

taken from some typical profiles and tested in the

laboratory to determine particle-size distribution,

plasticity, and compaction characteristics. These

results are reported in table 15.

Estimates of soil properties are based on field

examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the

survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of

similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field

observations, verify properties that cannot be

estimated accurately by field observation, and help to

characterize key soils.

The estimates of soil properties are shown in

tables. They include engineering index properties,

physical and chemical properties, and pertinent soil

and water features.

Engineering Index Properties

Table 15 gives the engineering classifications and

the range of index properties for the layers of each soil

in the survey area.

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each

layer is indicated.

Texture is given in the standard terms used by the

U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are

defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and

clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2

millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil

that is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and

less than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles

coarser than sand is 15 percent or more, an

appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.”

Textural terms are defined in the Glossary.

Classification of the soils is determined according

to the Unified soil classification system (ASTM, 1998)

and the system adopted by the American Association

of State Highway and Transportation Officials

(AASHTO, 1998).

The Unified system classifies soils according to

properties that affect their use as construction

material. Soils are classified according to particle-size

distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in

diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit,

and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils

are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and

SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and

OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting

engineering properties of two groups can have a dual

classification, for example, CL-ML.

The AASHTO system classifies soils according to

those properties that affect roadway construction and

maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral

soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified

in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the

basis of particle-size distribution, liquid limit, and

plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained

and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other

extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly

organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of

visual inspection.

If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and A7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4,

A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an additional

refinement, the suitability of a soil as subgrade

material can be indicated by a group index number.

Group index numbers range from 0 for the best

subgrade material to 20 or higher for the poorest. The

AASHTO classification for soils tested, with group

index numbers in parentheses, is given in table R.

Rock fragments larger than 10 inches in diameter

and 3 to 10 inches in diameter are indicated as a

percentage of the total soil on a dry-weight basis. The

percentages are estimates determined mainly by

converting volume percentage in the field to weight

percentage.

Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated

sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3

inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The

sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard

Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074

Soil Properties
84 Soil Survey

millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on

laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area

and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the

field.

Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits)

indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The

estimates are based on test data from the survey area

or from nearby areas and on field examination.

The estimates of particle-size distribution, liquid

limit, and plasticity index are generally rounded to the

nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and

Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2

percentage points) across classification boundaries,

the classification in the marginal zone is generally

omitted in the table.

Physical Properties

Table 16 shows estimates of some physical

characteristics and features that affect soil behavior.

These estimates are given for the layers of each soil

in the survey area. The estimates are based on field

observations and on test data for these and similar

soils.

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each

layer is indicated.

Particle size is the effective diameter of a soil

particle as measured by sedimentation, sieving, or

micrometric methods. Particle sizes are expressed as

classes with specific effective diameter class limits.

The broad classes are sand, silt, and clay, ranging

from the larger to the smaller.

Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil

particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in

diameter. In table 16, the estimated clay content of

each soil layer is given as a percentage, by weight, of

the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in

diameter.

The content of sand, silt, and clay affects the

physical behavior of a soil. Particle size is important

for engineering and agronomic interpretations, for

determination of soil hydrologic qualities, and for soil

classification.

The amount and kind of clay affect the fertility and

physical condition of the soil and the ability of the soil

to adsorb cations and to retain moisture. They

influence shrink-swell potential, permeability, plasticity,

the ease of soil dispersion, and other soil properties.

The amount and kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage

and earthmoving operations.

Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per

unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at

field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at

1

/3- or 1/10-bar (33kPa or 10kPa) moisture tension.

Weight is determined after the soil is dried at 105

degrees C. In the table, the estimated moist bulk

density of each soil horizon is expressed in grams per

cubic centimeter of soil material that is less than 2

millimeters in diameter. Bulk density data are used to

compute shrink-swell potential, available water

capacity, total pore space, and other soil properties.

The moist bulk density of a soil indicates the pore

space available for water and roots. Depending on soil

texture, a bulk density of more than 1.4 can restrict

water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density

is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of

organic matter, and soil structure.

Permeability (Ksat ) refers to the ability of a soil to

transmit water or air. The term “permeability,” as used

in soil surveys, indicates saturated hydraulic

conductivity (Ksat ). The estimates in the table indicate

the rate of water movement, in inches per hour, when

the soil is saturated. They are based on soil

characteristics observed in the field, particularly

structure, porosity, and texture. Permeability is

considered in the design of soil drainage systems and

septic tank absorption fields.

Available water capacity refers to the quantity of

water that the soil is capable of storing for use by

plants. The capacity for water storage is given in

inches of water per inch of soil for each soil layer. The

capacity varies, depending on soil properties that

affect retention of water. The most important

properties are the content of organic matter, soil

texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available

water capacity is an important factor in the choice of

plants or crops to be grown and in the design and

management of irrigation systems. Available water

capacity is not an estimate of the quantity of water

actually available to plants at any given time.

Linear extensibility refers to the change in length of

an unconfined clod as moisture content is decreased

from a moist to a dry state. It is an expression of the

volume change between the water content of the clod

at 1/3- or 1/10-bar tension (33kPa or 10kPa tension) and

oven dryness. The volume change is reported in the

table as percent change for the whole soil. Volume

change is influenced by the amount and type of clay

minerals in the soil.

Linear extensibility is used to determine the shrinkswell potential of soils. The shrink-swell potential is

low if the soil has a linear extensibility of less than 3

percent; moderate if 3 to 6 percent; high if 6 to 9

percent; and very high if more than 9 percent. If the

linear extensibility is more than 3, shrinking and

swelling can cause damage to buildings, roads, and

other structures and to plant roots. Special design

commonly is needed.
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 85

Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in

the soil at various stages of decomposition. In table

16, the estimated content of organic matter is

expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil

material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

The content of organic matter in a soil can be

maintained by returning crop residue to the soil.

Organic matter has a positive effect on available water

capacity, water infiltration, soil organism activity, and

tilth. It is a source of nitrogen and other nutrients for

crops and soil organisms.

Erosion factors are shown in table 16 as the K

factor (Kw) and the T factor. Erosion factor K indicates

the susceptibility of a soil to sheet and rill erosion by

water. Factor K is one of several factors used in the

Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the Revised

Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to predict the

average annual rate of soil loss by sheet and rill

erosion in tons per acre per year. The estimates are

based primarily on percentage of silt, sand, and

organic matter and on soil structure and permeability.

Values of K range from 0.02 to 0.69. Other factors

being equal, the higher the value, the more

susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by

water.

Erosion factor Kw indicates the erodibility of the

whole soil. The estimates are modified by the

presence of rock fragments.

Erosion factor Kf indicates the erodibility of the fineearth fraction, or the material less than 2 millimeters in

size.

Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum

average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water

that can occur without affecting crop productivity over

a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per

year.

Wind erodibility groups are made up of soils that

have similar properties affecting their susceptibility to

wind erosion in cultivated areas. The soils assigned to

group 1 are the most susceptible to wind erosion, and

those assigned to group 8 are the least susceptible.

The groups are as follows:

1. Coarse sands, sands, fine sands, and very fine

sands.

2. Loamy coarse sands, loamy sands, loamy fine

sands, loamy very fine sands, ash material, and sapric

soil material.

3. Coarse sandy loams, sandy loams, fine sandy

loams, and very fine sandy loams.

4L. Calcareous loams, silt loams, clay loams, and

silty clay loams.

4. Clays, silty clays, noncalcareous clay loams,

and silty clay loams that are more than 35 percent

clay.

5. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are

less than 20 percent clay and sandy clay loams, sandy

clays, and hemic soil material.

6. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are

more than 20 percent clay and noncalcareous clay

loams that are less than 35 percent clay.

7. Silts, noncalcareous silty clay loams that are

less than 35 percent clay, and fibric soil material.

8. Soils that are not subject to wind erosion

because of coarse fragments on the surface or

because of surface wetness.

Wind erodibility index is a numerical value

indicating the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion, or

the tons per acre per year that can be expected to be

lost to wind erosion. There is a close correlation

between wind erosion and the texture of the surface

layer, the size and durability of surface clods, rock

fragments, organic matter, and a calcareous reaction.

Soil moisture and frozen soil layers also influence

wind erosion.

Chemical Properties

Table 17 shows estimates of some chemical

characteristics and features that affect soil behavior.

These estimates are given for the layers of each soil

in the survey area. The estimates are based on field

observations and on test data for these and similar

soils.

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each

layer is indicated.

Cation-exchange capacity is the total amount of

extractable bases that can be held by the soil,

expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 grams

of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some other stated pH

value. Soils having a low cation-exchange capacity

hold fewer cations and may require more frequent

applications of fertilizer than soils having a high cationexchange capacity. The ability to retain cations

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

Effective cation-exchange capacity refers to the

sum of extractable bases plus aluminum expressed in

terms of milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil. It is

determined for soils that have pH of less than 5.5.

Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity.

The pH of each soil horizon is based on many field

tests. For many soils, values have been verified by

laboratory analyses. Soil reaction is important in

selecting crops and other plants, in evaluating soil

amendments for fertility and stabilization, and in

determining the risk of corrosion.

Calcium carbonate equivalent is the percent of

carbonates, by weight, in the fraction of the soil less

than 2 millimeters in size. The availability of plant
86 Soil Survey

nutrients is influenced by the amount of carbonates in

the soil. Incorporating nitrogen fertilizer into

calcareous soils helps to prevent nitrite accumulation

and ammonium-N volatilization.

Soil Features

Table 18 gives estimates of various soil features.

The estimates are used in land use planning that

involves engineering considerations.

A restrictive layer is a nearly continuous layer that

has one or more physical, chemical, or thermal

properties that significantly impede the movement of

water and air through the soil or that restrict roots or

otherwise provide an unfavorable root environment.

Examples are bedrock, cemented layers, dense

layers, and frozen layers. Depth to top is the vertical

distance from the soil surface to the upper boundary

of the restrictive layer.

Subsidence is the settlement of organic soils or of

saturated mineral soils of very low density. Subsidence

generally results from either desiccation and shrinkage

or oxidation of organic material, or both, following

drainage. Subsidence takes place gradually, usually

over a period of several years. The table shows the

expected initial subsidence, which usually is a result of

drainage, and total subsidence, which results from a

combination of factors.

Potential for frost action is the likelihood of upward

or lateral expansion of the soil caused by the

formation of segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and

the subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of

strength on thawing. Frost action occurs when

moisture moves into the freezing zone of the soil.

Temperature, texture, density, permeability, content of

organic matter, and depth to the water table are the

most important factors considered in evaluating the

potential for frost action. It is assumed that the soil is

not insulated by vegetation or snow and is not

artificially drained. Silty and highly structured, clayey

soils that have a high water table in winter are the

most susceptible to frost action. Well drained, very

gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least susceptible.

Frost heave and low soil strength during thawing

cause damage to pavements and other rigid

structures.

Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced

electrochemical or chemical action that corrodes or

weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of

corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors

as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and

electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion

of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium

content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the

soil. Special site examination and design may be

needed if the combination of factors results in a

severe hazard of corrosion. The steel or concrete in

installations that intersect soil boundaries or soil layers

is more susceptible to corrosion than the steel or

concrete in installations that are entirely within one

kind of soil or within one soil layer.

For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed

as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage

class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field

capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation

extract.

For concrete, the risk of corrosion also is

expressed as low, moderate, or high. It is based on

soil texture, acidity, and amount of sulfates in the

saturation extract.

Water Features

Table 19 gives estimates of various water features.

The estimates are used in land use planning that

involves engineering considerations.

Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of

runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four

groups according to the rate of water infiltration when

the soils are not protected by vegetation, are

thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from longduration storms.

The four hydrologic soil groups are:

Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low

runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist

mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained

sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate

of water transmission.

Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate

when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of

moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or

well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to

moderately coarse texture. These soils have a

moderate rate of water transmission.

Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when

thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a

layer that impedes the downward movement of water

or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture.

These soils have a slow rate of water transmission.

Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate

(high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These

consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell

potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that

have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface,

and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious

material. These soils have a very slow rate of water

transmission.

If a soil is assigned to a dual hydrologic group (A/D,
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 87

B/D, or C/D), the first letter is for drained areas and

the second is for undrained areas.

The months in the table indicate the portion of the

year in which the feature is most likely to be a

concern.

Water table refers to a saturated zone in the soil.

Table 19 indicates, by month, depth to the top (upper

limit) and base (lower limit) of the saturated zone in

most years. Estimates of the upper and lower limits

are based mainly on observations of the water table at

selected sites and on evidence of a saturated zone,

namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphic

features) in the soil. A saturated zone that lasts for

less than a month is not considered a water table.

Ponding is standing water in a closed depression.

Unless a drainage system is installed, the water is

removed only by percolation, transpiration, or

evaporation. Table 19 indicates surface water depth

and the duration and frequency of ponding. Duration is

expressed as very brief if less than 2 days, brief if 2 to

7 days, long if 7 to 30 days, and very long if more than

30 days. Frequency is expressed as none, rare,

occasional, and frequent. None means that ponding is

not probable; rare that it is unlikely but possible under

unusual weather conditions (the chance of ponding is

nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in any year); occasional

that it occurs, on the average, once or less in 2 years

(the chance of ponding is 5 to 50 percent in any year);

and frequent that it occurs, on the average, more than

once in 2 years (the chance of ponding is more than

50 percent in any year).

Flooding is the temporary inundation of an area

caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from

adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short

periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered

flooding, and water standing in swamps and marshes

is considered ponding rather than flooding.

Duration and frequency are estimated. Duration is

expressed as extremely brief if 0.1 hour to 4 hours,

very brief if 4 hours to 2 days, brief if 2 to 7 days, long

if 7 to 30 days, and very long if more than 30 days.

Frequency is expressed as none, very rare, rare,

occasional, frequent, and very frequent. None means

that flooding is not probable; very rare that it is very

unlikely but possible under extremely unusual weather

conditions (the chance of flooding is less than 1

percent in any year); rare that it is unlikely but possible

under unusual weather conditions (the chance of

flooding is 1 to 5 percent in any year); occasional that

it occurs infrequently under normal weather conditions

(the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in any year);

frequent that it is likely to occur often under normal

weather conditions (the chance of flooding is more

than 50 percent in any year but is less than 50 percent

in all months in any year); and very frequent that it is

likely to occur very often under normal weather

conditions (the chance of flooding is more than 50

percent in all months of any year).

The information is based on evidence in the soil

profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay

deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic

matter content with increasing depth; and little or no

horizon development.

Also considered are local information about the

extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each

soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on

the extent of flooding based on soil data is less

specific than that provided by detailed engineering

surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific

flood frequency levels.

89

The system of soil classification used by the National

Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories (USDA,

1998 and 1999). Beginning with the broadest, these

categories are the order, suborder, great group,

subgroup, family, and series. Classification is based

on soil properties observed in the field or inferred from

those observations or from laboratory measurements.

Table 20 shows the classification of the soils in the

survey area. The categories are defined in the following paragraphs.

ORDER. Twelve soil orders are recognized. The

differences among orders reflect the dominant soilforming processes and the degree of soil formation.

Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An

example is Alfisol.

SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders

primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil

genesis and are important to plant growth or

properties that reflect the most important variables

within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a

suborder indicates the order. An example is Udalf (Ud,

meaning humid, plus alf, from Alfisol).

GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into

great groups on the basis of close similarities in kind,

arrangement, and degree of development of

pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature

regimes; type of saturation; and base status. Each

great group is identified by the name of a suborder

and by a prefix that indicates a property of the soil. An

example is Hapludalfs (Hapl, meaning minimal

horizonation, plus udalf, the suborder of the Alfisols

that has a udic moisture regime).

SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic

subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or

extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central concept

of the great group; it is not necessarily the most

extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other orders,

suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some

properties that are not representative of the great

group but do not indicate transitions to any other

taxonomic class. Each subgroup is identified by one or

more adjectives preceding the name of the great

group. The adjective Typic identifies the subgroup that

typifies the great group. An example is Typic

Hapludalfs.

FAMILY. Families are established within a

subgroup on the basis of physical and chemical

properties and other characteristics that affect

management. Generally, the properties are those of

horizons below plow depth where there is much

biological activity. Among the properties and

characteristics considered are particle size, mineral

content, soil temperature regime, soil depth, and

reaction. A family name consists of the name of a

subgroup preceded by terms that indicate soil

properties. An example is fine-loamy, mixed, nonacid,

mesic Typic Hapludalfs.

SERIES. The series consists of soils within a

family that have horizons similar in color, texture,

structure, reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical

composition, and arrangement in the profile.

Soil Series and Their Morphology

In this section, each soil series recognized in the

survey area is described. Characteristics of the soil

and the material in which it formed are identified for

each series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area

of soil, that is typical of the series in the survey area is

described. The detailed description of each soil

horizon follows standards in the “Soil Survey Manual”

(USDA, 1993). Many of the technical terms used in the

descriptions are defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (USDA,

1999) and in “Keys to Soil Taxonomy” (USDA, 1994).

Unless otherwise indicated, colors in the descriptions

are for moist soil.

Following the pedon description is the range of

important characteristics of the soils in the series.

Adams Series

The Adams series consists of very deep, somewhat

excessively drained and excessively drained soils on

outwash plains, terraces, and deltas. These soils

formed in glacial outwash sands. Slopes range from 0

to 70 percent.

Adams soils are associated in a drainage sequence

with the moderately well drained Croghan soils,

somewhat poorly drained Wainola soils, and poorly

drained Deinache soils. The Adams soils are

Classification of the Soils
90 Soil Survey

commonly adjacent to Monadnock, Becket, Colton

and Tunbridge soils on the landscape. Adams soils

have less silt and clay than the more loamy

Monadnock and Becket soils. Adams soils have less

rock fragments throughout the profile than Colton

soils. Also, Adams soils are deeper to bedrock than

the moderately deep Tunbridge soils.

Typical pedon of Adams loamy sand, 8 to 15

percent slopes, in the town of Saranac, Clinton

County, about 0.7 miles west of the intersection of

Picketts Corners Road and Nashville Road and about

0.15 miles south of the Nashville Road in a sand pit;

USGS Dannemora topographic quadrangle, lat. 44

degrees 41 minutes 48 seconds N., and long. 73

degrees 44 minutes 21 seconds W., NAD27:

Ap—0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loamy sand; numerous light brownish gray (10YR

6/2) sand grains in matrix; weak medium and fine

granular structure; very friable; few coarse,

common fine, and many very fine roots; 1 percent

rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

E—7 to 9 inches; pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) sand;

single grain; loose; common very fine roots; 1

percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bhs—9 to 11 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3)

loamy sand; weak fine granular structure; very

friable except 30 percent firm nodules 1/2 inch in

diameter; few very fine roots; 1 percent rock

fragments; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

BS1—11 to 13 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) loamy

sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure

parting to weak fine granular; very friable; few very

fine roots; 1 percent rock fragments; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

BS2—13 to 18 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sand;

weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few very fine roots; 1

percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

BC—18 to 27 inches; strong brown (10YR 5/6) sand;

weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few very fine roots; 2

percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

C1—27 to 35 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine

sand; weak medium platy structure breaking to

single grain; friable; few very fine roots; 2 percent

rock fragments; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

C2—35 to 72 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sand;

occasional lenses 1 to 2 mm. thick of grayish

brown (10YR 5/2), strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), and

brown (7.5YR 5/4) sand throughout matrix; single

grain (except massive with weak thin and medium

plate-like divisions in about 5 percent of horizon);

loose (except friable in massive areas); 5 percent

rock fragments; moderately acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 16 to 30

inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 72 inches.

Adams soils are typically free of rock fragments, but

range from 0 to 5 percent gravel above 20 inches and

from 0 to 20 percent gravel below 20 inches.

The O horizon, if present, is neutral or has hue of

5YR to 10YR, value of 2 or 3 and chroma of 0 or 1.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value

of 3 to 5 and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture is loamy fine

sand, loamy sand, fine sand or sand in the fine earth

fraction. Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid.

The E horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 5

to 7, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is loamy fine sand,

loamy sand, fine sand or sand in the fine earth

fraction. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid.

The Bhs has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value 2 or 3 and

chroma of 1 to 4. Texture is loamy fine sand, loamy

sand, fine sand or sand in the fine earth fraction.

Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately

acid. Some pedons have a Bh horizon.

The Bs horizons have hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value

of 3 to 6, and 3 to 8. Texture is loamy fine sand, loamy

sand, fine sand or sand in the fine earth fraction.

Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately

acid.

The BC horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture ranges from fine

sand to coarse sand in the fine earth fraction.

Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately

acid.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to

7, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture ranges from fine sand

to coarse sand in the fine earth fraction. Reaction

ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid.

Adjidaumo Series

The Adjidaumo series consists of very deep, poorly

drained and very poorly drained soils on glacial lake

plains. These soils formed in water deposited clay and

silt in a lake or marine environment. Slopes range

from 0 to 3 percent.

The Adjidaumo soils are in a drainage sequence

with the moderately well drained Heuvelton soils and

the somewhat poorly drained Muskellunge soils. The

Adjidaumo soils are commonly adjacent to Hailesboro,

Roundabout, Swanton, Kalurah, Hogansburg, and

Malone soils. Adjidaumo soils have a higher clay

content throughout the profile than the Hailesboro and
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 91

Roundabout soils. Adjidaumo soils lack the loamy

mantle over clay that is characteristic of Swanton

soils. The clayey Adjidaumo soils generally lack the

rock fragments commonly present in loamy Kalurah,

Hogansburg, and Malone soils.

Typical pedon of Adjidaumo silty clay, in the town of

Beekmantown, Clinton County, about 0.9 mile

northeast of the intersection of Cemetery Road with

Lake Shore Road, and about 0.5 mile north of

Cemetery Road in a hayfield; USGS Beekmantown

topographic quadrangle, lat. 44 degrees 48 minutes

15 seconds N., and long. 73 degrees 23 minutes 1

second W., NAD27:

Ap—0 to 7 inches, black (10YR 2/1) silty clay; strong

medium granular structure; very friable; common

very fine and fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bg1—7 to 10 inches, dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay;

moderate fine angular blocky structure; friable;

few very fine roots; common fine distinct dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron oxides

mainly on faces of peds; neutral; clear smooth

boundary.

Bg2—10 to 36 inches, dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay;

moderate medium angular structure; friable;

common medium distinct dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) masses of iron oxides mainly on faces

of peds; slightly alkaline; gradual smooth

boundary.

Cg—36 to 72 inches, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty

clay; massive; friable; common medium faint

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron

oxides, and common medium faint gray (10YR

5/1) areas of iron depletion; slightly alkaline, very

slightly effervescent.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 24 to 48

inches. Depth to carbonates ranges from 24 to 60

inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

Rock fragments range from 0 to 2 percent by volume

in the surface and subsoil, and from 0 to 10 percent in

the substratum.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3,

and chroma of 0 to 2. It is silty clay, silty clay loam, or

silt loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction is slightly

acid or neutral.

The B horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to

6, and chroma of 0 to 2. It is silty clay, silty clay loam,

or clay in the fine earth fraction. Reaction is neutral or

slightly alkaline.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or is neutral,

value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 0 to 3. It is silty clay

loam, silty clay or clay in the fine earth fraction.

Reaction is moderately alkaline or slightly alkaline.

Borosaprists

Borosaprists consist of very deep, very poorly

drained soils formed in well decomposed plant matter

on lake plains and in glacial till uplands. These soils

are ponded with shallow water throughout most of the

year. They are on low-lying landscape positions and

on depressions adjacent to bodies of water. Some

areas of this unit were created by beaver dams

blocking drainageways. Slope is less than one

percent.

Borosaprists are mapped in association with

Fluvaquents which are formed in mineral soil deposits.

Borosaprists commonly are near Bucksport,

Adjidaumo, Loxley, Runeberg, and Sabattis soils on

the landscape. Borosaprists and Fluvaquents are

flooded or ponded most of the year compared to these

associated soils which are either flooded for less time

or not flooded at all.

Borosaprists are highly variable; therefore, a typical

pedon is not provided. Borosaprists consist of organic

material more than 16 inches thick over mineral soil

deposits or bedrock. Bedrock is generally at a depth of

more than 60 inches. Rock fragments are generally

absent in the organic part, and range from 0 to 45

percent in the underlying mineral portion.

The organic soil layers have hue of 10YR to 5Y (or

are neutral), value of 1 to 3, and chroma of 0 to 2. It is

dominantly sapric material, but individual layers

contain variable amounts of hemic and fibric material.

Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to neutral.

The underlying mineral substratum has hue of

10YR to 5Y (or are neutral), value of 3 to 5, and

chroma of 0 to 2. Texture ranges from sand to silty

clay in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from

strongly acid to neutral.

Churchville Series

The Churchville series are very deep, somewhat

poorly drained soils formed in silt and clay sediments

overlying loamy glacial till. They are nearly level and

gently sloping soils on lacustrine or marine plains

intermingled with low ridges of glacial till. Slopes range

from 0 to 8 percent (fig. 2).

The Churchville soils are on landscapes near the

Grenville, Hogansburg, Malone, Muskellunge, and

Adjidaumo soils. Churchville soils have a clayey

mantle overlying the glacial till that is characteristic of

Grenville, Hogansburg, and Malone soils. Churchville

soils lack the clayey substratum of Muskellunge

and Adjidaumo soils.

Typical pedon of Churchville silty clay loam, 3 to 8

percent slopes, in a hayfield on the St.Regis Mohawk
92 Soil Survey

Reservation in northern New York State, about 200

feet west of Beaver Road, and 800 feet south of NY

Route 37 (Soil map 202D); USGS Bombay

topographic quadrangle; lat. 49 degrees 57 minutes

56 seconds N., and long. 74 degrees 35 minutes 1

second W., NAD27 (fig. 3):

Ap—0 to 7 inches, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silty clay loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry;

moderate fine and very fine blocky structure; very

friable; many very fine, and few fine and medium

roots; many fine, medium, and very fine, and few

coarse pores; 1 percent rock fragments; neutral;

abrupt smooth boundary.

BE—7 to 11 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay loam,

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) on face of peds;

moderate fine and very fine blocky structure;

friable; many very fine roots; common fine and

medium, and few coarse pores; common fine and

medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) soft masses

mainly between peds; 2 percent rock fragments;

slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

Btg—11 to 19 inches, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty

clay, gray (10YR 5/1) on face of peds; moderate

fine blocky structure; firm; common very fine

roots; common fine and medium, and few coarse

pores; few fine distinct dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) soft

masses of iron oxide between peds and in matrix;

common thin patchy oriented clay films on the

face of peds, and moderate thick patchy clay flow

in pores; 1 percent rock fragments; slightly

alkaline; clear smooth boundary.

BC—19 to 22 inches, (60 percent) gray (10YR 5/1)

silty clay and brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam;

moderate thick and very thick varve-like structure;

friable; few very fine roots; few fine and very fine

pores, and few macropores caused by ant and

earthworm activity; common medium distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) soft masses of iron

oxide; 1 percent rock fragments; slightly alkaline;

abrupt smooth boundary.

2C1—22 to 25 inches, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

cobbly loam; massive; friable; few very fine roots;

few fine and very fine pores; many medium and

coarse distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6 and 5/

8) soft masses of iron oxide, and many coarse

and medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

areas of iron depletion in matrix; 5 percent gravel

Figure 2.—Glacial till knolls and ridges of Hogansburg and Malone soils are separated by the more clayey, nearly level Adjidaumo

and Muskellunge soils. These fairly fertile soils are used for agricultural purposes. However, the till soils tend to be stonier

and more desirable for building sites. Churchville soils occupy a zone of transition between the till and clay soils.
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 93

and 5 percent cobbles; slightly alkaline; clear

smooth boundary.

2C2—25 to 38 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly

loam; massive with weak very thick and thick

plate-like divisions; friable; few very fine pores;

common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR

5/6) soft masses of iron oxide, common fine

distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) areas of iron

depletion along fractures and face of plates, and

few discontinuous gray (10YR 6/1) areas of iron

depletion along cobbles accompanied by thin, soft,

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) rinds of iron oxide; 15

percent gravel, 9 percent cobbles, and 1 percent

stones; slightly alkaline; slightly effervescent; clear

wavy boundary.

2Cd—38 to 72 inches, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3)

gravelly fine sandy loam; massive with weak very

thick plate-like divisions; firm; few very fine pores;

common medium and fine distinct yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) soft masses of iron oxide along face of

plates and in fractures; 15 percent gravel, 6

percent cobbles, and 4 percent stones;

moderately alkaline; strongly effervescent.

The thickness of the solum and depth to the 2C

horizon range from 20 to 40 inches. Depth to

carbonates is 20 to 50 inches. Redoximorphic features

consisting of concentrations of Fe/Mn oxides, or Fe

depletions occur within 20 inches of the mineral

surfaces. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches.

Volume of rock fragments, mostly gravel and cobbles,

range from 0 to 10 percent in the solum and from 10

to 35 percent in the 2C horizon.

The Ap horizon has hue of 2.5Y to 7.5YR, moist

value of 3 to 5, and dry value of 6 or 7, with chroma of

2 or 3. Texture ranges from fine sandy loam to silty

clay loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges

from moderately acid to neutral.

The BE horizon has hue of 2.5Y to 7.5YR, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4 with common to many

redoximorphic features. Texture is fine sandy loam to

silty clay loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction

ranges from moderately acid to slightly alkaline.

The B/E horizon, if present, has ped coats similar in

color and texture to the E horizon. Total thickness of

the skeletons between adjoining peds is less than 5

mm, and less than 15 percent of the soil volume. Ped

interiors (B portion) have color value of 4 or 5, and

chroma of 2 to 4. In some pedons the BE or B/E

horizon is replaced by an E/B horizon. Reaction

ranges from slightly acid to slightly alkaline.

The B horizon has hue of 2.5Y to 7.5YR, value of 3

to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Ped coatings in the horizon

have chroma of 2 or less. Redoximorphic features of

high and low chroma are present. Texture is clay loam,

silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay with a range in clay

content from 35 to 55 percent by volume. Clay films

range from patchy to continuous on faces of peds.

Reaction ranges from slightly acid to slightly alkaline.

The BC horizon, if present, has hue of 2.5Y to

7.5YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

Redoximorphic features are present. Texture is clay

loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay in the fine earth

fraction. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to slightly

alkaline.

The 2C horizon has hue of 2.5Y to 7.5YR, value of

3 to 5, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture of the fine earth

fraction is fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam or silty clay

loam. Reaction is slightly or moderately alkaline.

Coveytown Series

The Coveytown series consists of very deep,

somewhat poorly drained soils on footslopes of glacial

lake beaches. These soils formed in glacial till

deposits modified by both wave action and deposition

of sands. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.

The Coveytown soils are in a drainage sequence

with the moderately well drained Occur soils and the

Figure 3.—A profile of Churchville silty clay loam with

mottles or redoximorphic features in the area below the

topsoil. The silty clay loam is underlain by the more

gravelly or cobbly loam of glacial till origin.
94 Soil Survey

very poorly drained Cook soils. Coveytown soils are

commonly adjacent to Malone, Runeberg, Sciota Trout

River and Fahey soils on the landscape. The

Coveytown soils have a sandy mantle at least 20

inches thick which is absent in the Malone and

Runeberg soils. Coveytown soils have a loamy

substratum within a 40-inch depth which is absent in

the Sciota soils. The Coveytown soils have less rock

fragments than Trout River and Fahey soils.

Typical pedon of Coveytown loamy sand, 0 to 3

percent slopes, in the town of Chazy, Clinton County,

about 1,000 feet west of the railroad track crossing on

Slosson Road, and about 600 feet north of Slosson

Road in a field reverting to brush; USGS West Chazy

topographic quadrangle, lat. 44 degrees 50 minutes

36 seconds N., and long. 73 degrees 30 minutes 15

seconds W., NAD27:

Ap—0 to 8 inches, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loamy sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry;

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure to weak fine granular; very friable; many

very fine and fine roots; 11 percent (including 1

percent cobbles); neutral (limed); clear smooth

boundary.

BA—8 to 10 inches, 70 percent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) and 30 percent very dark grayish

brown (10YR 3/2) sand; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; many very

fine and fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments;

neutral; clear wavy boundary.

Bw—10 to 17 inches, light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3)

sand; weak medium and fine subangular blocky

structure; very friable; many very fine and

common fine roots; common coarse and medium

distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron

oxides and few fine distinct light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) areas of iron depletion; 6 percent rock

fragments (including 1 percent cobbles); neutral;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bg—17 to 28 inches, 70 percent light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) and 30 percent pale brown (10YR 6/3)

sand; very weak thick platy structure; very friable;

common fine and very fine roots; few coarse and

medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

and common coarse and medium distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron

oxides; 5 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear

wavy boundary.

2Cg1—28 to 48 inches, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2)

gravelly fine sandy loam, weak very coarse

prismatic structure; friable (firm in place); few fine

roots along faces of prisms; few fine and medium

pores; gray (10YR 6/1) faces of prisms; many

medium and fine distinct light olive brown (2.5Y

5/6) and common medium and coarse distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron

oxides; 30 percent rock fragments (including 5

cobbles); neutral; gradual wavy boundary.

2Cg2—48 to 72 inches, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2)

gravelly sandy loam; weak very coarse prismatic

structure; friable; few fine and medium pores; gray

(10YR 6/1) faces of prisms; common fine distinct

dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) masses of iron

oxides; 35 percent rock fragments (including 5

cobbles); moderately alkaline; strongly

effervescent.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 39

inches. Depth to carbonates is 30 to 80 inches. Depth

to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Redoximorphic

features occur within 20 inches of the mineral soil

surface. Rock fragments range from 5 to 35 percent

by volume in the surface and subsoil, and from 25 to

35 percent in the substratum.

The A or Ap horizon has hues of 7.5YR or 10YR,

value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is fine

sandy loam, loamy fine sand, loamy sand, or sand in

the fine earth fraction. Reaction is strongly acid to

slightly acid.

The BA horizon, if present, has hue of 7.5YR or

10YR, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is

loamy fine sand, loamy sand or sand in the fine earth

fraction. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to

neutral.

The B horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3

to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. It has faint or distinct

redoximorphic features. Texture is loamy fine sand,

loamy sand, or sand in the fine earth fraction.

Reaction ranges from moderately acid to neutral.

The BC horizon, if present, has a hue of 10YR or

2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture is

loamy fine sand, loamy sand, or sand in the fine earth

fraction. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to

neutral.

The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 1 to 6. Texture is loam, fine sandy

loam, or sandy loam in the fine earth fraction.

Reaction ranges from slightly acid to moderately

alkaline.

Croghan Series

The Croghan series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils on stream terraces,

outwash plains, lake plains, and deltas. These soils

formed in acid sandy deposits. Slopes range from 0 to

8 percent.

Croghan soils are in a drainage sequence with the

somewhat excessively drained and excessively
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 95

drained Adams soils, the somewhat poorly drained

Wainola soils, and the poorly drained Deinache soils.

Croghan soils are on landscapes near Flackville,

Fahey, Occur, and Monadnock soils. Croghan soils

lack the clayey substratum characteristic of Flackville

soils. Croghan soils have less gravel in the surface

and subsoil than Fahey soils. The Croghan soils do

not have loamy substrata as in Occur soils. Croghan

soils have less rock fragments, silt, and clay than

Monadnock soils.

Typical pedon of Croghan loamy fine sand, 0 to 3

percent slope, in the town of Mooers, Clinton County,

about 1,650 feet south of the intersection of LaValley

Road with River Road and about 300 feet west of

cornfield, in a wooded area; USGS Mooers

topographic quadrangle, 44 degrees 56 minutes north

Latitude and 73 degrees 31 minutes 32 seconds west

Longitude, NAD27:

Oe—0 to 1 inch, black (5YR 2.5/1) moderately

decomposed organic material; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; many very fine and fine

roots; extremely acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

A—1 to 3 inches, black (5YR 2.5/1) loamy fine sand;

weak fine granular structure; very friable; many

very fine and fine, and common medium roots;

extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

E—3 to 9 inches, pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) fine sand;

few very dark gray (5YR 3/1) organic stains in the

upper part; single grain; loose; common very fine

and fine roots; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bhs—9 to 11 inches, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3)

fine sand; weak thick platy structure; friable; few

very fine and fine roots; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bs—11 to 16 inches, mixed reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4)

and dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) fine sand;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; very

friable; few fine roots; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

BC—16 to 33 inches, brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sand;

single grain; loose; common fine and medium

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and few fine

faint light brown (7.5YR 6/4) masses of iron

oxides; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C—33 to 72 inches, pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) fine

sand; single grain; loose; many fine distinct strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron oxides;

moderately acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 50

inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches.

Redoximorphic features occur below the spodic

horizon within 40 inches of the mineral soil surface.

Rock fragments range from 0 to 5 percent by volume

in the surface, and from 0 to 15 percent in the subsoil

and substratum.

The O horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR or it is

neutral, with of 2 or 3 and chroma of 1 or 2.

The A horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2

to 4, and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is loamy fine sand

to sand in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from

extremely acid to moderately acid.

The E horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 5

to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is loamy fine sand

to sand in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from

very strongly acid to moderately acid.

The Bhs horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value

and chroma of 3. Texture is loamy fine sand to sand in

the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from very

strongly acid to moderately acid.

The Bs horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Texture is loamy fine

sand to sand in the fine earth fraction. Reaction

ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid.

The BC horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is loamy fine

sand to sand in the fine earth fraction. Reaction

ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 4 to

7, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is loamy sand, fine

sand, sand, or coarse sand in the fine earth fraction.

Thin strata of very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam or

loamy fine sand are present in some pedons below 40

inches deep. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid

to moderately acid.

Deinache Series

The Deinache series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils that formed on nearly level sandy areas

within lake plains. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

The Deinache soils are in a drainage sequence with

moderately well drained Mooers and the somewhat

poorly drained Sciota soils. Deinache soils are also

near the Wonsqueak, Wainola, Flackville, Pinconning,

and Cook soils in the landscape. The Deinache soils

lack the 16 to 51 inches of organic deposits over

mineral soil that compose Wonsqueak soils. Deinache

soils are slightly lower on the landscape than Wainola

soils and lack spodic horizons. Deinache soils are

deep sands whereas Flackville, Pinconning, and Cook

soils have sands underlain by finer-textured deposits

within a 40-inch depth.

Typical pedon of Deinache fine sand, in the town of

Mooers, Clinton County, about 0.75 mile southeast of

the junction of LaValley Road with Angelville Road and
96 Soil Survey

4,000 feet south of LaValley Road in a cornfield;

USGS Mooers topographic quadrangle, lat. 44

degrees 55 minutes 30 seconds N., and long. 73

degrees 31 minutes 30 seconds W., NAD27:

Ap—0 to 9 inches, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) fine

sand; gray (10YR 5/1) dry; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine

granular; very friable; many very fine, and

common fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Cg1—9 to 19 inches, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine

sand; single grain; loose; few very fine roots;

common medium and fine distinct yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) masses of iron oxides; neutral; clear

smooth boundary.

Cg2—19 to 25 inches, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

fine sand; massive; very friable; common medium

and coarse distinct yellowish brown and dark

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6 and 4/6) masses of

iron oxides; slightly alkaline; clear smooth

boundary.

Cg3—25 to 35 inches, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

fine sand; massive; very friable; common medium

and fine pores; few fine and medium yellowish

brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron oxides and

common 1/4 inch to 1/2 inch vertical strong brown

(7.5YR 4/6) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

streaks of iron oxides; slightly alkaline; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Cg4—35 to 44 inches, dark gray (N 4/0) loamy fine

sand; massive; very friable; few medium and fine

pores; few medium and coarse distinct dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) streaks of iron oxides

around pores; slightly alkaline, clear smooth

boundary.

2Cg5—44 to 48 inches, very dark gray (N 3/0) loamy

very fine sand; massive; very friable; few fine and

very fine pores; few fine and medium distinct

yellowish brown and dark yellowish brown (10YR

5/6 and 4/6) streaks and masses of iron oxides;

slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.

2Cg6—48 to 64 inches, dark gray (N 4/0) very fine

sandy loam; massive; very friable; slightly alkaline;

clear smooth boundary.

2Cg7—64 to 72 inches, dark gray (N 4/0) silt loam;

massive; friable; few fine pores; slightly alkaline;

gradual smooth boundary.

Thickness of the solum ranges from 6 to 25 inches.

Carbonates, if present, are below a depth of 50

inches. Redoximorphic features occur within 20 inches

of the mineral soil surface. Depth to bedrock is greater

than 60 inches. Rock fragments are typically absent,

but may range up to 2 percent by volume in the

substratum.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3,

and chroma of 1 or 2. The A horizon in uncultivated

areas has value or chroma one-unit lower than an Ap

horizon. Texture is fine sand, loamy fine sand, or fine

sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges

from strongly acid to neutral.

The Bg horizon, if present, has hue of 10YR to 5Y

(or is neutral), value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 2.

Texture is fine sand or loamy fine sand in the fine

earth fraction. Reaction is neutral to moderately

alkaline.

The Cg and 2Cg horizons have hue of 10YR to 5Y

(or are neutral), value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 2.

Texture above a 40-inch depth is fine sand or loamy

fine sand in the fine earth fraction. Below 40 inches,

texture also includes loamy very fine sand, very fine

sandy loam, and thin subhorizons (generally less than

10 inches) of silt loam. Reaction ranges from neutral

to moderately alkaline.

Dorval Series

The Dorval series consists of very deep, very poorly

drained soils formed in organic materials that are

between 16 and 51 inches thick, overlying clayey

mineral deposits. These soils are in depressions within

lacustrine or marine plains. Slopes range from 0 to 2

percent.

Dorval soils are closely associated with the

Carbondale soils, which are more than 51 inches deep

over mineral material. Other associated soils include

the Adjidaumo, Deinache, Munuscong, Runeberg,

Summerville, and Swanton soils. Dorval soils lack

mineral soil within 16 inches of the surface which is

characteristic of Adjidaumo, Deinache, Munuscong,

Runeberg, Summerville, and Swanton soils.

Typical pedon of Dorval muck, in the town of

Lisbon, St. Lawrence County, about 300 feet south of

a gravel pit which is 1/2 mile east of Five Mile Line

Road, and 1/2 mile south of Nelson Road; USGS

Sparrowhawk Point topographic quadrangle, lat. 44

degrees 45 minutes 16 seconds N., and long. 75

degrees 21 minutes 05 seconds W., NAD27:

Oa1—0 to 17 inches; Black (N 2/0) broken face, very

dark gray (5YR 3/1) rubbed; sapric material; about

40 percent fibers, 10 percent rubbed; moderate

fine and medium granular structure; very friable;

woody and herbaceous fibers; few fine and very

fine roots; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

Oa2—17 to 23 inches, very dark gray (5YR 3/1)

broken face, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) rubbed
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 97

sapric material; about 50 percent fibers, 10

percent rubbed; massive; friable; woody and

herbaceous fibers; 2 percent woody fragments;

neutral; clear wavy boundary.

Oe—23 to 31 inches; dark brown (7.5 YR 3/2) broken

face; dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/2), rubbed,

hemic material; about 90 percent fibers, 20

percent rubbed; massive; friable; woody and

herbaceous fibers; 2 percent woody fragments;

neutral; clear wavy boundary.

2Cg—31 to 72 inches, gray (5YR 5/1) silty clay;

massive; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; neutral.

The depth to the clayey C horizon is commonly 24

to 42 inches, and ranges between 16 and 50 inches.

The material above the C horizon is woody in some

pedons while in other pedons it is herbaceous or

mixed. Many pedons contain fragments of twigs,

branches, or logs ranging from 1/8 to 5 inches in

diameter, and make up to 15 percent of the volume.

Rock fragments are usually absent in the substratum,

but range to 5 percent by volume in some pedons.

The surface tier has hue of 5YR to 10YR or it is

neutral, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 0 to 2.

Exclusive of loose surface litter or mosses, it is sapric

or hemic material with an unrubbed fiber content that

ranges from 20 to 50 percent. Reaction ranges from

strongly acid to slightly alkaline.

The subsurface tier has colors similar to the

surface tier. It is dominantly sapric material, but thin

hemic layers are common. Unrubbed fiber content

ranges from about 20 to 90 percent. Reaction ranges

from strongly acid to slightly alkaline.

The C horizon has hue of 5Y to 5YR, value of 4 to

6, and chroma of 1 to 6. Texture is clay, silty clay, silty

clay loam, or clay loam. Thin layers in some pedons

have more sand or silt and less clay. Reaction ranges

from slightly acid to moderately alkaline.

Elmwood Series

The Elmwood series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils on ancient marine beds

or lake plains. These soils formed in a loamy mantle of

fine sand and silt overlying a substratum of lacustrine

or marine silts and clays. Slopes range from 0 to 8

percent.

Elmwood soils are in a drainage sequence with the

somewhat poorly drained Swanton soils and the very

poorly drained Munuscong soils. They are also

associated with Heuvelton, Muskellunge, Hailesboro,

Stockholm, and Flackville soils. Heuvelton,

Muskellunge, and Hailesboro soils lack a loamy

mantle over the finer textured silts and clays. The

mantle in Elmwood soils is not as sandy as that in

Flackville and Stockholm soils.

Typical pedon of Elmwood fine sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes, in a corn field, in the town of

Oswegatchie, St. Lawrence County, about 2,000 feet

west of County Route 6, and 1 mile south of the

junction with NY Rt.37; USGS Ogdensburg East

topographic quadrangle, lat. 44 degrees 40 minutes

07 seconds N., and long. 75 degrees 30 minutes 00

seconds W., NAD27:

Ap—0 to 6 inches, brown (7.5RY 4/4) fine sandy loam,

weak fine and medium granular structure; very

friable; many fine common medium roots; slightly

acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bwl—6 to 9 inches, brown (7.5YR 5/4) to dark brown

(7.5YR 4/4) fine sandy loam, weak moderate

subangular blocky structure; very friable; common

fine and medium roots; few fine and medium

pores; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—9 to 17 inches, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine

sandy loam; single grain; very friable; many fine

and medium roots; slightly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw3—17 to 22 inches, brown (7.5YR 5/4) fine sandy

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; few fine and medium roots; few

medium pores; common coarse prominent

yellowish red (5YR 5/6) and reddish brown (5YR

4/4) soft masses of iron oxide, and common fine

distinct pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) areas of iron

depletion; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

BC—22 to 25 inches, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine

sandy loam; single grain; loose; few fine roots; few

fine pores; few fine prominent strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) soft masses of iron oxide and few fine

prominent pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) areas of iron

depletion; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

2C—25 to 72 inches, dark brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay

with brown to yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) interiors;

moderate medium and thick platy parting to

moderate fine blocky structure; firm, slightly sticky,

slightly plastic (wet); few fine roots; common fine

and medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) soft masses

of iron oxide, and common fine and medium light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) areas of iron depletion;

slightly alkaline, slightly effervescent in the lower

part.

Depth to the underlying fine textured material

ranges from 18 to 40 inches. Bedrock is greater than

60 inches deep. The coarse-loamy material has up to

3 percent rock fragments by volume.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,
98 Soil Survey

value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is very

fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or loam.

Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly

acid.

The B horizons have hue of 5YR to 2.5YR, value of

3 to 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is fine sandy

loam, sandy loam or loam (except thin layers of loamy

sand or loamy fine sand are allowed). Reaction ranges

from very strongly acid to slightly acid.

The E horizon, where present, has hue of 2.5Y or

5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is

sandy loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, or

silt loam. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to

slightly acid.

The 2B2 horizon, if present, has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y,

value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is clay

loam, silty clay loam, and silty clay. Reaction ranges

from moderately acid to slightly alkaline.

The 2C horizons have hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is silty clay loam,

silty clay, clay loam, or clay, and some pedons have

thin strata of sand to silt below a depth of 40 inches.

Reaction ranges from moderately acid to slightly

alkaline.

Fahey Series

The Fahey series consists of very deep, moderately

well drained soils on glacial lake beaches and

outwash plains. These soils formed in wave-worked

glacial till and outwash sands and gravel. Slopes

range from 0 to 8 percent.

Fahey soils are in a drainage sequence with

somewhat poorly drained Coveytown soils and very

poorly drained Cook soils. Fahey soils are commonly

adjacent to the Kalurah, Hogansburg, Occur, Wainola,

Colosse, and Trout River soils. The Fahey soils have

more gravel and sand in the profile than the Kalurah

and Hogansburg soils. Fahey soils have more gravel

throughout the profile than the Occur and Wainola

soils. Fahey soils have redoximorphic features in the

lower subsoil whereas Colosse and Trout River soils

do not.

Typical pedon of Fahey gravelly fine sandy loam, 3

to 8 percent slopes, loamy substratum, in the town of

Mooers, Clinton County, about 1.0 mile east of

Blackman Corners Road and 150 feet north of Eddy

Road in a hayfield; USGS Altona topographic

quadrangle, lat. 44 degrees 59 minutes 48 seconds

N., and long. 73 degrees 38 minutes 4 seconds W.,

NAD27:

Ap—0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

gravelly fine sandy loam; grayish brown (10YR

5/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

common medium, many fine and very fine roots;

common medium, fine and very fine pores; 20

percent rock fragments (including 5 percent

cobbles); strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bs—9 to 18 inches, brown (7.5YR 4/4) very gravelly

loamy fine sand; weak medium and fine

subangular blocky structure; very friable; many

fine and very fine roots; common medium, fine

and very fine pores; 40 percent rock fragments

(including 10 percent cobbles); strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

BC—18 to 27 inches, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

very gravelly loamy fine sand; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine

and common very fine roots; common medium,

fine and very fine pores; common fine distinct light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) areas of iron depletion

and common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR

5/6) soft masses of iron oxides in lower part; 45

percent rock fragments (including 10 percent

cobbles); moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

C—27 to 45 inches, brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly

sand; single grain; loose; many medium, common

fine and very fine pores; common fine distinct light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) areas of iron depletion

and common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR

5/6) soft masses of iron oxides; 50 percent rock

fragments (including 10 percent cobbles); slightly

acid.

2C—45 to 72 inches, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) very

gravelly silt loam; massive; friable; many fine and

very fine pores; many medium distinct light

brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) and many fine distinct

brown (10YR 5/3) areas of iron depletion; 55

percent rock fragments (including 15 percent

cobbles); slightly acid.

Thickness of the solum ranges from 24 to 36

inches. The depth to loamy layers is more than 40

inches. Redoximorphic features occur within 30 inches

of the mineral soil surface. Rock fragments range

from 0 to 35 percent by volume in the surface layer, 20

to 50 percent in the subsoil, and 30 to 70 percent in

the substratum. Rock fragments average more than

35 percent by volume at depths from 10 to 40 inches.

In undisturbed areas, the soil may have an Oe or

Oa horizon.

The Ap horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2

to 4 and chroma of 1 to 3. It is loamy sand, loamy fine

sand, or fine sandy loam in the fine earth fraction.

Unless limed, reaction ranges from very strongly acid

to moderately acid.

Some pedons have an E horizon.

The Bs horizon has hue of 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6,

and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is sand, loamy sand, or
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 99

loamy fine sand in the fine earth fraction. Reaction

ranges from moderately acid to neutral.

The BC horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of

3 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 5. It is sand, loamy sand or

loamy fine sand in the fine earth fraction. Reaction

ranges from moderately acid to neutral.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3

to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is sand or fine sand in

the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from

moderately acid to neutral.

The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3

to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is fine sandy loam, loam

or silt loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges

from moderately acid to moderately alkaline.

Flackville Series

Flackville series consists of very deep, moderately

well drained soils on lake plains, and in areas between

upland till ridges. These soils were formed in a sandy

mantle over clayey marine or lacustrine sediments.

Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.

Flackville soils are commonly on landscapes

adjacent to Bombay, Swanton, Pinconning,

Muskellunge, and Sciota soils. Flackville soils were

formed in sand overlying clay whereas Bombay soils

are formed in loamy till deposits. Flackville soils have

less redox iron depletions in the subsoil than the

somewhat poorly drained Swanton soils and very

poorly drained Pinconning soils. The Flackville soils

differ from Muskellunge soils in having sandier

textured sediments overlying clayey sediments. The

Flackville soils have thinner sand deposits over silt

and clay than the somewhat poorly drained Sciota

soils which are very deep sand.

Typical pedon of Flackville loamy fine sand, 3 to 8

percent slopes, in the town of Chazy, Clinton County,

about 330 feet west of Ashley Road and 160 feet

south of Recore Road in a hayfield; USGS

Beekmantown topographic quadrangle, lat. 44

degrees 50 minutes 8 seconds N., and long. 73

degrees 28 minutes 28 seconds W., NAD27:

Ap—0 to 12 inches, very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) loamy fine sand; weak fine subangular blocky

structure parting to weak fine and very fine

granular; very friable; many very fine, common

fine and medium, and few coarse roots; 2 percent

gravel; slightly acid (limed soil); abrupt smooth

boundary.

E—12 to 14 inches, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

fine sand; weak medium platy structure; friable;

many very fine, common fine, and few medium

roots; 1 percent rock fragments; neutral (limed

soil); abrupt broken boundary.

Bhs—14 to 16 inches, dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) sand;

very weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable (firm in place); many very fine, common

fine, and few medium roots; 5 percent very fine

gravel; neutral (limed soil); clear wavy boundary.

Bs—16 to 22 inches, brown (7.5YR 4/3) sand; weak

medium and fine subangular blocky structure; very

friable; many very fine; common fine, and few

medium roots; 10 percent very fine gravel; neutral

(limed soil); abrupt wavy boundary.

BC—22 to 26 inches, pale brown (10YR 6/3) loamy

fine sand; weak medium platy structure; friable;

common fine and very fine, and few medium

roots; common fine and very fine pores; common

coarse and medium dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) soft masses of iron oxides and common

coarse faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) areas

of iron depletion; 1 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt

smooth boundary.

2BC—26 to 35 inches, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2)

silty clay; very weak coarse prismatic structure

parting to weak medium and fine angular blocky;

firm; common very fine, and few medium and fine

roots; few fine and very fine pores; grayish brown

(2.5Y 5/2) face of prisms; many fine and medium

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and dark yellowish

brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron oxides; neutral;

clear smooth boundary.

2Cg1—35 to 48 inches, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2)

silty clay; massive with weak medium and thick

plate-like divisions, and few vertical grayish brown

(2.5Y 5/2) separation cracks; firm; few very fine

and fine roots; common fine and very fine, and

few medium pores; many fine distinct dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron oxides

and light gray (10YR 7/2) areas of iron depletion;

less than 1 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear

smooth boundary.

2Cg2—48 to 72 inches, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty

clay; massive; very firm; common fine distinct dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron oxides

and light gray (10YR 7/2) areas of iron depletion;

less than 1 percent rock fragments; slightly

alkaline, (slightly effervescence at 70 inches).

The thickness of the solum and depth to the

underlying fine-textured material range from 20 to 40

inches. Redoximorphic features occur within 30 inches

of the mineral soil surface. Rock fragments range up

to 10 percent fine gravel.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,

value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. It is fine sandy

loam, sandy loam, loamy fine sand, fine sand, or sand

in the fine earth fraction. Unless limed, reaction

ranges from strongly acid to slightly acid.
100 Soil Survey

The Bh or Bhs is neutral or has hue of 5YR or

7.5YR, value of 1 to 3, and chroma of 0 to 2. It is

loamy fine sand, fine sand, or sand in the fine earth

fraction. Unless limed, reaction ranges from strongly

acid to slightly acid.

The Bs horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loamy fine sand, fine

sand, or sand in the fine earth fraction. Unless limed,

reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutral.

The BC horizon, if present, has hue of 7.5YR to

2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. It is loamy

fine sand, fine sand or sand in the fine earth fraction.

Reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutral.

The 2BC horizon, if present, has hue of 7.5YR to

2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. It is silty

clay loam, silty clay, or clay in the fine earth fraction.

Reaction ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline.

The 2C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 5. It is silty clay loam, silty

clay, or clay in the fine earth fraction. Free carbonates

are in many pedons. Reaction ranges from neutral to

moderately alkaline.

Fluvaquents

Fluvaquents consist of very deep, somewhat poorly

drained to poorly drained soils formed in material

deposited by rivers and streams. Fluvaquents are on

the most actively flooded parts of alluvial plains. This

unit is named above the series level of classification

because of the variability of the soil properties and the

composition of the material in which it formed. Slopes

range from 0 to 3 percent.

Fluvaquents occur in a complex with well drained

Udifluvents. They are commonly adjacent to Lovewell,

Cornish, Medomak, Rumney, Adams, and Colton soils

on the landscape. Fluvaquents have soil profiles that

vary in texture, whereas Lovewell, Cornish, and

Medomak soils have mainly silt loam and very fine

sandy loam in the solum, and Rumney soils have

mainly sandy loam or loam in the solum. Fluvaquents

lack spodic development which is characteristic of

Adams and Colton soils.

Fluvaquents are in that part of the floodplain where

intermittent erosion and re-deposition of sediments by

the stream cause the composition and properties to

differ from place to place. Because of the wide range

in texture and other properties, a typical pedon of

Fluvaquents is not provided.

Generally, the surface layer of these soils is 2 to 12

inches thick. The depth to bedrock is more than 60

inches. Redoximorphic features occur within 20 inches

of the mineral soil surface. Rock fragments including

gravel, channers, and cobbles range from 0 to 50

percent by volume.

The surface layer has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of

1 to 3, and chroma of 0 to 2. Textures are generally

sandy loam to silt loam in the fine earth fraction with or

without mucky analogues. Reaction is strongly acid to

slightly alkaline.

The substratum has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3

to 6, and chroma of 3 or less. Texture is generally

sandy loam, silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam in the

fine earth fraction. Some pedons have thin strata of

sand or loamy sand. Reaction is strongly acid to

slightly alkaline.

Grenville Series

The Grenville series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on lowlands. These soils formed in

loamy, high lime, glacial till deposits. Slopes range

from 3 to 15 percent.

The Grenville soils are in a drainage sequence with

moderately well drained Hogansburg soils, somewhat

poorly drained Malone soils, and very poorly drained

Runeberg soils. Grenville soils are also near the

Neckrock and Muskellunge soils in the landscape. The

Grenville soils are very deep and Neckrock soils are

20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock. Grenville soils lack

redoximorphic features and have less clay than is

characteristic of Muskellunge soils.

Typical pedon of Grenville loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes, in the town of Chazy, Clinton County, 700 feet

north of County Route 23 (Old Route 191) and 3,080

feet west of Lakeshore Road, in a field; USGS

Champlain topographic quadrangle, lat. 44 degrees 53

minutes 15 seconds N., and long. 73 degrees 23

minutes 25 seconds W., NAD27:

Ap—0 to 9 inches, dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam;

moderate medium granular structure; very friable;

many fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments; slightly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw1—9 to 12 inches, brown (10YR 4/3) loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; common fine roots; 10 percent rock

fragments; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bw2—12 to 17 inches, dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) loam; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; very friable; few fine roots; 10

percent rock fragments; neutral; gradual smooth

boundary.

C—17 to 35 inches, brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly fine

sandy loam; massive; friable; few fine roots; 20

percent rock fragments; moderately alkaline,

strongly effervescent; clear smooth boundary.
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 101

Cd—35 to 72 inches, brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly fine

sandy loam; massive; firm; common medium

distinct gray (10YR 5/1) mottles; 20 percent rock

fragments; moderately alkaline, strongly

effervescent.

The thickness of the solum and the depth to

carbonates ranges from 17 to 40 inches. Rock

fragments range from 5 to 30 percent by volume in the

surface, 5 to 35 percent in the subsoil, and from 15 to

40 percent in the substratum.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and

chroma of 2 or 3. It is silt loam, loam, or fine sandy

loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from

strongly acid to slightly acid.

The Bw horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 3

to 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is fine sandy loam or

loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from

moderately acid to neutral.

The BC horizon, if present, has hue of 7.5YR to

2.5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. It is fine

sandy loam or loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction

is neutral or slightly alkaline.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3

to 5, and chroma of 2 to 3. It is fine sandy loam or

loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction is slightly

alkaline or moderately alkaline and it is calcareous.

Guff Series

The Guff series consists of moderately deep, poorly

drained soils on marine plains. They formed in clayey

marine sediments overlying bedrock. Slopes range

from 0 to 3 percent.

Guff soils are in a drainage sequence with the

somewhat poorly drained Matoon soils. They are also

associated with Adjidaumo, Muskellunge, Neckrock,

Ogdensburg, and Runeberg soils. Adjidaumo and

Muskellunge are deeper to bedrock than Guff soils.

Neckrock and Ogdensburg soils have coarser material

overlying the bedrock. Runeberg soils are coarser

textured and deeper to bedrock than Guff soils.

Typical pedon of Guff silty clay loam, in the town of

Morristown, St. Lawrence County, about 300 feet eastnortheast of a point on Scotch Bush Road, that is

5,400 feet southeast of the junction of Scotch Bush

Road and Center Road; USGS Edwardsville

topographic quadrangle, lat. 44 degrees 35 minutes

05 seconds N., and long. 75 degrees 34 minutes 48

seconds W., NAD27:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay

loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; moderate very fine and

fine granular structure; friable; many very fine and

fine and few medium roots; common very fine and

fine tubular pores; slightly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bg1—9 to 14 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay;

moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to

moderate fine and very fine subangular blocky;

firm; sticky, plastic; common very fine and fine,

and very few medium roots; common very fine

and fine tubular pores; many medium distinct dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) soft masses of iron

oxide; few medium faint very dark gray (10YR 3/1)

organic stains on faces of peds; neutral; clear

wavy boundary.

Bg2—14 to 20 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay;

moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to

moderate fine and very fine angular blocky; firm;

sticky, plastic; few very fine and fine roots;

common fine and very fine tubular pores; many

medium and coarse distinct dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) soft masses of iron oxide; neutral;

clear wavy boundary.

BCg—20 to 39 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty

clay; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to

weak very fine angular blocky, firm; slightly sticky

and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine

tubular pores; common medium distinct dark gray

(10YR 4/1) areas of iron depletion and dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) soft masses of iron

oxide; few medium light gray (10YR 7/1) calcium

carbonate concretions in the lower part; slightly

alkaline, slightly effervescent; abrupt smooth

boundary.

R—39 inches; weathered limestone bedrock. A thin

discontinuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy

loam layer of saprolite immediately overlies the

bedrock. This layer contains about 20 percent

weathered rock fragments.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 18 to 40

inches. The depth to carbonates commonly ranges

from 18 to 40 inches, however; carbonates are absent

in some pedons. The depth to bedrock ranges from 20

to 40 inches. Rock fragments (mainly gravel) range

from 0 to 5 percent by volume in the A and B horizons,

and from 0 to 20 percent in the C horizon.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2

or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. Dry values are 4 or 5.

Texture is silty clay loam, silty clay, silt loam, or clay in

the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from

moderately acid to neutral.

The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3

to 5, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is silty clay loam, silty

clay, or clay in the fine earth fraction. Reaction is

neutral or slightly alkaline.
102 Soil Survey

The BCg and Cg horizons, when present, are

similar in color and texture to the Bg horizon but differ

in having free carbonates. Thin 2C horizons

composed of glacial till or saprolite are in some

pedons. Reaction in the BCg and Cg horizons are

slightly or moderately alkaline.

Hailesboro Series

The Hailesboro series consists of very deep,

somewhat poorly drained soils on glacial lake plains.

These soils formed in silt loam and silty clay loam

lacustrine or marine deposits. Slopes range from 0 to

8 percent (fig. 4).

Hailesboro soils are on landscapes near the

Muskellunge, Adjidaumo, Roundabout, Flackville,

Swanton, and Hogansburg soils. The Hailesboro soils

do not have as much clay as the somewhat poorly

drained Muskellunge soils and poorly drained

Adjidaumo soils. Hailesboro soils are more clayey

than the somewhat poorly drained Roundabout soils.

The Hailesboro soils do not have contrasting layers as

the sandy over clayey Flackville soils and the loamy

over clayey Swanton soils. Hailesboro soils generally

have few or no rock fragments in contrast to

Hogansburg soils.

Typical pedon of Hailesboro silt loam, in the town of

Champlain, Clinton County, about 400 feet north of US

Route 11, at a point 400 feet east of the intersection of

Route 11 and US Route 9, in a pasture; USGS

Champlain topographic quadrangle, lat. 44 degrees 58

minutes 16 seconds N., and long. 73 degrees 26

minutes 43 seconds W., NAD27:

Ap—0 to 9 inches, dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam;

pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine granular and

thin platy structure; friable; many fine roots;

moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

BE—9 to 15 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam;

moderate thin and medium platy structure; friable;

common fine roots; few fine distinct dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron oxides

and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) areas of iron

depletion; moderately acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

Btg—15 to 30 inches, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

silty clay loam; weak thick platy structure parting

to strong angular blocky; friable; few fine and

medium roots; common distinct clay films on ped

faces; common fine distinct dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) masses of iron oxides; moderately

acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Cg1—30 to 38 inches, gray (10YR 5/1) silt loam; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

common medium prominent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) masses of iron oxides; slightly acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

Cg2—38 to 72 inches, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

silty clay loam; moderate coarse angular blocky

structure; firm; gray (10YR 5/1) faces of peds;

neutral.

Figure 4.—A profile of Hailesboro underlain by a gray

substratum (where the knife is inserted). Most of the

roots are above 20 inches deep, where the soil remains

mostly unsaturated or is partly saturated for short

periods during the growing season.
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 103

The thickness of the solum ranges from 22 to 45

inches. Depth to carbonates ranges from 30 to 80

inches. Redoximorphic features occur within 20 inches

of the mineral soil surface. Depth to bedrock is greater

than 60 inches. Rock fragments range from 0 to 5

percent by volume throughout the soil.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value

of 3 or 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. It is silt loam or very

fine sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction is

moderately acid to neutral.

The BE horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5

or 6, and chroma of 1 to 3. It is silt loam or very fine

sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction is

moderately acid to slightly alkaline.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is dominantly silt loam or

silty clay loam in the fine earth fraction, with thin

subhorizons of very fine sandy loam. Reaction ranges

from moderately acid to slightly alkaline.

The BC horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 1 to 3. It is very fine sandy loam,

silt loam or silty clay loam in the fine earth fraction.

Reaction ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 2 or 3. It is very fine sandy loam,

silt loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay in the fine earth

fraction. Reaction is neutral to moderately alkaline.

Heuvelton Series

The Heuvelton series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils on gently sloping and

dissected glacial lake plains. These soils formed in

lacustrine and marine silt and clay deposits. Slopes

range from 3 to 25 percent.

The Heuvelton soils are in a drainage sequence

with the somewhat poorly drained Muskellunge soils,

and the poorly drained and very poorly drained

Adjidaumo soils. Heuvelton soils are also near the

Grenville, Hogansburg, Malone, Swanton, and

Neckrock soils. Heuvelton soils have more clay in the

subsoil and substratum than Grenville, Hogansburg,

and Malone soils. The Heuvelton soils lack a coarse

loamy subsoil as is characteristic of Swanton soils.

Heuvelton soils are very deep to limestone bedrock

compared to moderately deep Neckrock soils.

Typical pedon of Heuvelton silty clay loam, 3 to 8

percent slopes, in the town of Champlain, Clinton

County, about 2,400 feet east of intersection of Mason

Road with NY Route 9B, and about 750 feet south of

NY Rt. 9B; USGS Champlain topographic quadrangle,

lat. 44 degrees 56 minutes 21 seconds N., and long.

73 degrees 24 minutes 2 seconds W., NAD27:

Ap—0 to 6 inches, dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure

parting to moderate medium granular; friable;

many fine and very fine roots; less than 1 percent

rock fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

BE—6 to 10 inches, brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure parting to moderate medium granular;

friable; many fine and very fine roots; neutral;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—10 to 18 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay;

moderate fine angular blocky structure; firm;

common very fine roots; common thin

discontinuous clay skins on faces of peds and

lining pores; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt2—18 to 22 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay;

moderate fine angular blocky structure; firm;

common very fine roots; common thin

discontinuous clay skins on faces of peds and

lining pores; few medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1)

areas of iron depletion, and common fine distinct

dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron

oxides; moderately acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

Btg—22 to 32 inches, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty

clay; strong fine angular blocky structure; firm; few

very fine roots; common thin discontinuous clay

skins on faces of peds; many fine and medium

distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) masses

of iron oxides; slightly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

BCg—32 to 39 inches, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2)

clay; strong medium and fine angular blocky

structure; very firm; few very fine roots; many

medium and fine distinct dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/6), and few fine distinct yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) masses of iron oxides; 1 percent rock

fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Cg—39 to 72 inches, dark gray (5Y 4/1); clay;

massive; very firm; few fine distinct light olive

brown (2.5Y 5/4), and few medium distinct dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) masses of iron

oxides; slightly alkaline, (strongly effervescent at

57 inches).

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40

inches. Depth of carbonates ranges from 20 to 70

inches. Redoximorphic features occur within 30 inches

of the mineral soil surface. Rock fragments range

from 0 to 25 percent in surface and subsurface

horizons, and from 0 to 10 percent below.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 2

to 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. It is silt loam, silty clay

loam or silty clay in the fine earth fraction. Reaction

ranges from strongly acid to neutral.
104 Soil Survey

The BE horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 3

to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is silty clay loam, silty

clay, or clay in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges

from strongly acid to neutral.

The E horizon, where present, has hue of 7.5YR to

5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 or 3. It is very fine

sandy loam, silt loam or silty clay loam in the fine earth

fraction. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutral.

The B/E or E/B horizon, where present, has hue of

7.5YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is

silty clay loam, silty clay or clay in the fine earth

fraction. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutral.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 3 to

6, and chroma of 2 to 4. In pedons with matrix colors

in chroma of 2, the color is lithochromic and not

evidence of an aquic moisture regime. It is silty clay

loam, silty clay, or clay in the fine earth fraction.

Reaction ranges from moderately acid to slightly

alkaline.

The BC horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 3

to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is silty clay loam, silty

clay, or clay in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges

from moderately acid to slightly alkaline.

The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 5Y, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 1 to 4. It is silty clay loam, silty clay,

or clay in the fine earth fraction, or it is varved with

texture ranging from clay to silt loam with fine sand

and very fine sand in varves. Reaction ranges from

neutral to moderately alkaline.

Hogansburg Series

The Hogansburg series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils on upland glacial till

plains. They formed in loamy, calcareous deposits

derived mainly from limestone or dolomitic limestone.

Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.

The Hogansburg soils are in a drainage sequence

with well drained Grenville soils, somewhat poorly

drained Malone soils, and very poorly drained

Runeberg soils on the landscape. The Hogansburg

soils are commonly adjacent to Fahey, Coveytown,

Muskellunge, and Neckrock soils on the landscape

(fig. 5). Hogansburg soils have less rock fragments

than the Fahey soils and less sand than in the solum

of Coveytown soils. The Hogansburg soils have less

clay than somewhat poorly drained Muskellunge soils.

Hogansburg soils are deeper to bedrock than the

moderately deep Neckrock soils.

Typical pedon of Hogansburg loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes, in the in the town of Chazy, Clinton County,

about 75 feet west of the Stetson, Road at a point

2,600 feet south of the intersection of North Farm

Road and the Stetson Road, in a cornfield; USGS

Champlain topographic quadrangle, lat. 44 degrees 53

minutes 20 seconds N., and long. 73 degrees 24

minutes 59 seconds W., NAD27:

Ap—0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) loam; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry;

moderate medium and fine granular structure;

very friable; common medium and fine roots; 5

percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bw—10 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; common very fine and fine roots; 5

percent rock fragments; slightly alkaline; slightly

effervescent; clear smooth boundary.

BC—15 to 19 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

fine sandy loam; weak medium and fine

subangular blocky structure; very friable; common

fine roots; few fine distinct light olive brown (2.5Y

5/6) masses of iron oxides; 10 percent rock

fragments; moderately alkaline; violently

effervescent; clear smooth boundary.

C—19 to 35 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly loam;

moderate medium platy structure; friable; few fine

roots in the upper part; many coarse prominent

light gray (10YR 6/1) areas of iron depletion

oriented linearly along plates, and common fine

distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) masses of iron

oxides; 15 percent rock fragments; moderately

alkaline; violently effervescent; clear wavy

boundary.

Cd—35 to 72 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly loam;

moderate medium platy structure; firm; few fine

faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) masses of

iron oxides and few coarse faint grayish brown

(10YR 5/2) areas of iron depletion; 20 percent

rock fragments (including 5 percent cobbles);

moderately alkaline; violently effervescent.

Thickness of the solum ranges from 18 to 34

inches. Depth to carbonates ranges from 10 to 33

inches. Redoximorphic features occur within 30 inches

of the mineral soil surface. Rock fragments range

from 3 to 35 percent by volume in the surface, 5 to 35

percent in the subsoil, and 15 to 40 percent in the

substratum.

The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is silt loam, loam,

or fine sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction

ranges from strongly acid to neutral.

The Bw horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. Texture is silt loam, loam

or fine sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction

ranges from strongly acid to slightly alkaline.

The BC horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 105

or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silt loam, loam or

fine sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction

ranges from strongly acid to moderately alkaline.

The C or Cd horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value

of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is loam or fine

sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction is

slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline.

Lovewell Series

The Lovewell series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils on flood plains. These

soils formed in alluvial sediments dominated by very

fine sand and silt. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

The Lovewell soils are in a drainage sequence with

the somewhat poorly drained Cornish soils and the

very poorly drained Medomak soils. Lovewell soils are

also in the landscape near the Monadnock,

Hogansburg, Adams, Colton, and Wonsqueak soils.

Lovewell soils have fewer rock fragments than

Monadnock and Hogansburg soils. The Lovewell soils

have an irregular decrease in organic carbon content

relative to depth whereas Adams and Colton soils

decrease in organic carbon with depth. Lovewell soils

do not have a thick organic accumulation as is

characteristic of Wonsqueak soils.

Typical pedon of Lovewell very fine sandy loam,

stratified substratum, in the town of Champlain,

Clinton County, about 250 feet north of intersection of

Simmons Road with St. John’s Road, and 2,600 feet

east of St. John’s Road, in a cornfield; USGS Mooers

topographic quadrangle, lat. 44 degrees 57 minutes

14 seconds N., and long. 73 degrees 30 minutes 31

seconds W., NAD27:

Figure 5.—One of three major rivers flow through Akwesasne. The Raquetter River sliced through glacial till ridges (consisting

of Grenville, Hogansburg, and Malone soils) and deposited fine-grained sands at varying depths over silt, clay or loamy

till. The silt and clay sediments of Adjidaumo and Muskellunge soils are remnants of proglacial lake and marine

environments.
106 Soil Survey

Ap—0 to 11 inches, dark brown (10YR 3/3) very fine

sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure parting to weak medium granular; friable;

common very fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bw1—11 to 20 inches, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

very fine sandy loam; weak coarse and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine

roots; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—20 to 30 inches, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

very fine sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

face of prisms; weak very coarse prismatic

structure parting to weak coarse subangular

blocky; few very fine roots; common medium

distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) areas of iron

depletion, and common medium faint dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron

oxides; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Cg1—30 to 50 inches, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

very fine sandy loam; massive; friable; many

medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6), and

common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

masses of iron oxides; very strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Cg2—50 to 56 inches, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine

sand; massive with weak thick plate-like divisions;

very friable; many medium and coarse yellowish

brown (10YR 5/6 and 5/4) masses of iron oxides;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Cg3—56 to 75 inches, gray (10YR 5/1) fine sand;

massive; very friable; many coarse distinct dark

yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) masses of iron

oxides; strongly acid.

Thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 30

inches. Redoximorphic features occur within 30 inches

of the mineral soil surface. Rock fragments range

from 0 to 5 percent by volume to a depth of 40 inches

and from 0 to 20 percent below 40 inches. Some

pedons have buried horizons.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3

to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is silt loam or very fine

sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges

from very strongly acid to slightly acid unless limed.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5,

and chroma of 2 to 4. It is silt loam or very fine sandy

loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from

very strongly acid to slightly acid.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to

6, and chroma of 1 to 4. It is silt loam, very fine sandy

loam, or loamy very fine sand in the fine earth fraction.

Below 40 inches texture ranges from silt loam to fine

gravel. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to

slightly acid.

Malone Series

The Malone series consists of very deep,

somewhat poorly drained soils on lowlands. They

formed in loamy calcareous glacial till derived mainly

from dolostone or limestone. Slopes range from 0 to 8

percent.

The Malone soils are in a drainage sequence with

well drained Grenville soils, moderately well drained

Hogansburg soils, and very poorly drained Runeberg

soils. Malone soils are adjacent to Kalurah,

Coveytown, Muskellunge, Hailesboro, and Swanton

soils. The Malone soils have redoximorphic features

higher in the subsoil than Grenville and Hogansburg

soils. Malone soils lack the sandy subsoil that is part

of Coveytown soils. Muskellunge and Hailesboro soils

are dominated by lacustrine clay and silt sediments.

Malone soils lack a clayey substratum characteristic of

Swanton soils.

Typical pedon of Malone gravelly loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes, in the town of Plattsburgh, Clinton

County, 0.7 mile south of Beekmantown townline,

about 1.6 miles northeast of West Plattsburgh and 25

feet east of State Route 190, in a pasture; USGS

Morrisonville topographic quadrangle, lat. 44 degrees

43 minutes 32 seconds N., and long. 73 degrees 32

minutes 28 seconds W., NAD27:

Ap—0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

gravelly loam; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2);

moderate fine granular structure; very friable;

many fine roots; 20 percent rock fragments;

slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—9 to 20 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly fine

sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) to gray

(10YR 5/1) on faces of peds; weak medium and

fine blocky structure; ; friable; common fine roots;

few fine pores; many (30 percent) medium faint

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) areas of iron depletion

and common (20 percent) medium faint yellowish

brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron oxides; 25

percent rock fragments; slightly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bw2—20 to 30 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly fine

sandy loam; massive; friable; few fine roots; few

fine pores; many (40 percent) medium faint

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron

oxides; 30 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear

wavy boundary.

Cdg—30 to 72 inches, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very

gravelly sandy loam; weak thick platy structure;

very firm; few medium and fine faint brown (10YR

5/3) and distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

masses of iron oxides; 35 percent rock fragments;

strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 107

Thickness of the solum ranges from 18 to 36

inches. Depth of carbonates ranges from 20 to 50

inches. Redoximorphic features occur within 20 inches

of the mineral soil surface. Depth to bedrock is greater

than 60 inches. Rock fragments range from 5 to 35

percent by volume in the surface and subsoil, and

from 5 to 50 percent in the substratum.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 5,

and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture ranges from silt loam,

loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam in the fine earth

fraction. Reaction is moderately acid or slightly acid.

The Bw horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3

to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is loam, fine sandy

loam or sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction

is slightly acid or neutral.

The Bg horizon, if present, has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y,

value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is loam,

fine sandy loam, or sandy loam in the fine earth

fraction. Reaction is slightly acid or neutral.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5

or 6 and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is fine sandy loam

or sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction

ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline.

Matoon Series

The Matoon series consists of moderately deep,

somewhat poorly drained soils formed in silt and clay

sediments deposited in marine environments. They

are nearly level or gently sloping soils where the

underlying bedrock is 20 to 40 inches deep. Slope

generally ranges from 0 to 6 percent.

Matoon soils are in a drainage sequence with the

poorly drained Guff soils. They are also associated

with Heuvelton, Muskellunge, Adjidaumo,

Summerville, Neckrock, and Ogdensburg soils.

Heuvelton, Muskellunge, and Adjidaumo soils formed

in materials similar to Matoon soils but are all very

deep. Summerville are loamy soils shallow to bedrock.

Neckrock soils are on higher landscape positions and

have less clay. Ogdensburg soils are on similar

landscape positions but have less clay.

Typical pedon of Matoon silty clay loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes, in the town of Morristown, St. Lawrence

County, about 200 feet northeast of a point on Old

Mills Road that is 200 feet from the junction with NY

Route 37; USGS Morristown topographic quadrangle,

lat. 44 degrees 32 minutes 50 seconds N., and long.

75 degrees 39 minutes 43 seconds W., NAD27:

Ap—0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silty clay loam, gray (10YR 6/1) dry; moderate very

fine, fine and medium granular structure; very

friable; many fine and few medium roots; slightly

acid, abrupt smooth boundary.

BAg—8 to 12 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) and gray

(10YR 5/1) silty clay loam; grayish brown (10YR

5/2) on faces of peds; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine

and few medium roots; many fine vesicular, few

fine and medium tubular pores; few faint silt

linings in tubular pores; many fine and medium

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6 and 5/6) and

common fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) soft

masses of iron oxide, total 40 percent; neutral;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Btg1—12 to 16 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) silty clay; dark

gray (10YR 4/1) to gray (10YR 5/1) on faces of

peds; moderate medium prismatic structure

parting to moderate medium subangular blocky;

firm; common fine and few medium roots; few

very fine, fine and medium vesicular pores;

common distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films

on ped faces and in pores; many fine and medium

distinct dark yellowsih brown (10YR 4/4), strong

brown (7.5YR 4/6) and brown ((7.5YR 5/4) soft

masses of iron oxide; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

Btg2—16 to 27 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

clay; moderate medium prismatic structure parting

to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky;

firm; few fine and medium roots; few fine and

medium vesicular pores; few faint clay films on

ped faces and in pores; few fine and medium faint

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) soft masses of iron

oxide; less than 1% rock fragments; slightly

alkaline; slightly effervescent; abrupt smooth

boundary.

R—27 inches, sandstone bedrock.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 16 to 40

inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches.

Carbonates are commonly found in the horizon above

the bedrock. Rock fragments, mostly gravel or

cobbles, range from 0 to 2 percent by volume in the A

and upper B horizons, and from 0 to 20 percent in the

lower part of the B horizon and in the C horizon.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value

of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is silt loam or

silty clay loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction is

slightly acid or neutral.

The BA horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3

to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is silt loam, silty

clay loam or silty clay in the fine earth fraction.

Reaction is neutral or slightly alkaline.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2 in some subhorizons. It has

redoximorphic features in the form of soft masses of

iron oxides. Texture is silty clay loam, silty clay or clay

in the fine earth fraction. Reaction is neutral or slightly

alkaline.
108 Soil Survey

Some pedons have a C horizon that has hue of

10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 or 2. This

horizon commonly is silt loam, silty clay loam or silty

clay in the fine-earth fraction. It is less commonly

varved silt and very fine sand. Some pedons have a

thin layer of saprolite above the rock. Reaction ranges

from neutral to moderately alkaline.

The R horizon is sandstone, dolomitic sandstone,

or limestone bedrock.

Mino Series

The Mino series consists of very deep, somewhat

poorly drained soils on lowland plains. These soils

were formed in loamy glacial lacustrine deposits.

Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

The Mino soils occur on landscapes near the

Hailesboro, Muskellunge, Swanton, and Hogansburg

soils. Mino soils have less clay throughout the profile

than both Hailesboro and Muskellunge soils. The Mino

soils lack clayey substrata as is characteristic of

Swanton soils. Mino soils typically lack or have only

trace amounts of rock fragments which are more

common in Hogansburg soil profiles.

Typical pedon of Mino loam, in the town of

Beekmantown, Clinton County, about 0.3 mile west of

U.S. Route 9 and about 100 feet south of Conroy

Road, in a cornfield; USGS Beekmantown topographic

quadrangle, lat. 44 degrees 47 minutes 22 seconds

N., and long. 73 degrees 26 minutes 6 seconds W.,

NAD27:

Ap—0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loam; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry;

moderage fine granular structure; very friable;

many fine roots; 1 percent rock fragments;

moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bw1—9 to 12 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) very fine

sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; friable;

few medium and fine roots; common medium

distinct light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) and

common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR

5/8) masses of iron oxides, and few medium faint

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) areas of iron depletion;

1 percent rock fragments; neutral; gradual smooth

boundary.

Bw2—12 to 16 inches, pale brown (10YR 6/3) loamy

very fine sand; weak fine angular blocky structure;

friable; few medium and fine roots; many medium

distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6 and yellowish

brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron oxides; neutral;

gradual smooth boundary.

Bw3—16 to 24 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) very fine

sandy loam; weak fine angular blocky structure;

friable; few medium and fine roots; grayish brown

(10YR 5/2) on faces of peds; many medium

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron

oxides, and many medium distinct brown (7.5YR

5/2) areas of iron depletion; 1 percent rock

fragments; neutral; gradual smooth boundary.

Cg1—24 to 37 inches, light gray (10YR 7/2) very fine

sandy loam; massive with weak medium plate-like

divisions; friable; many medium distinct brownish

yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron oxides; 1

percent rock fragments; neutral; gradual smooth

boundary.

Cg2—37 to 78 inches, gray (10YR 5/1) very fine sandy

loam; massive; friable; common medium distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron

oxides; neutral.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40

inches. Redoximorphic features occur within 20 inches

of the mineral soil surface. Depth to bedrock is greater

than 60 inches. Rock fragments range from 0 to 5

percent by volume in the solum and substratum.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4,

and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is fine sandy loam, very

fine sandy loam, loam or silt loam in the fine earth

fraction. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to slightly

acid.

The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is fine sandy

loam, very fine sandy loam, and loam in the fine earth

fraction, with thin subhorizons of silt loam and loamy

very fine sand. Reaction ranges from moderately acid

to neutral.

The BC horizon, if present, has hue of 7.5YR to

2.5Y, value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is

fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam and loam in the

fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from moderately

acid to neutral.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4

to 7, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture is fine sandy loam,

very fine sandy loam, and loam in the fine earth

fraction. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to

moderately alkaline.

Munuscong Series

The Munuscong series consists of very deep, very

poorly drained soils formed in loamy materials

deposited over fine marine sediments. They are nearly

level soils in low-lying areas on marine plains and in

basins in the uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 2

percent.

Munuscong soils are in a drainage sequence with

the moderately well drained Elmwood soils and the

somewhat poorly drained Swanton soils. Other

associated soils include the Adjidaumo, Dorval, Guff,
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 109

Ogdensburg, Runeberg, Stockholm and Wegatchie

soils. Munuscong soils have coarser textures in the

subsoil than the Adjidaumo, Wegatchie, and Guff

soils. Munuscong soils are deeper to bedrock than the

Guff and Ogdensburg soils. Munuscong soils do not

have organic subsoil horizons like Dorval soils.

Munuscong soils have finer textured substratums than

Runeberg soils and finer textured subsoils than

Stockholm soils.

Typical pedon of Munuscong mucky fine sandy

loam, in the town of Lisbon, St. Lawrence County,

about 400 feet west-southwest of a point on County

Road 53 that is 100 feet east-southeast of the

intersection of Fisher Rd; USGS Morley topographic

quadrangle, lat. 44 degrees 41 minutes 07 seconds

N., and long. 75 degrees 13 minutes 47 seconds W.,

NAD27:

Ap—0 to 8 inches; black (10YR 2/1) mucky fine sandy

loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; strong

medium granular structure; friable; many fine

roots; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bg—8 to 22 inches; light gray (10YR 6/1) fine sandy

loam; many white (10YR 8/1) washed fine sand

grains; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

very friable; few fine and medium tubular and

vesicular pores, few coarse tubular pores; thin

grayish brown firm lens at the bottom of the

horizon have few coarse pores with thin continuous

clay linings; common fine roots; common medium

prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and

brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) soft masses of iron

oxide; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

BCg—22 to 26 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine

sandy loam; weak thin platy structure; friable; few

fine and medium vesicular pores; few fine roots;

common medium prominent yellowish red (5YR

5/6) soft masses of iron oxide and common

medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) areas of iron

depletion; slightly alkaline, slightly effervescent;

abrupt smooth boundary.

2Cg1—26 to 38 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty

clay; few thin lenses of gray (10YR 5/1) fine sandy

loam which total 1.5 inches; weak thick platy

divisions (varved); firm, slightly sticky; very fine,

medium and coarse pores, thin discontinuous clay

films in larger pores; few fine roots; many medium

and coarse distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

soft masses of iron oxide and few medium faint

light gray (10YR 6/1) areas of iron depletion;

moderately alkaline, slightly effervescent; gradual

wavy boundary.

2Cg2—38 to 48 inches; gray (10 YR 5/1) silty clay

loam; weak thick plate-like divisions; firm, sticky;

few fine, medium and coarse pores; few fine

roots; many coarse prominent reddish brown

(2.5YR 4/4), 5YR 4/4) soft masses of iron oxide

and common medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4)

root stains in old root channels; moderately

alkaline, slightly effervescent; gradual wavy

boundary.

2Cg3—48 to 98 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay; few

white (N 8/ , 10YR 8/2) shell fragments; weak fine

and medium plate-like divisions; firm, sticky; few

fine, medium and coarse pores; few fine roots in

top 6 inches; few coarse prominent olive brown

(2.5Y 4/4) soft masses of iron oxide; moderately

alkaline, strongly effervescent.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40

inches. Depth to carbonates ranges from 20 to 40

inches. Rock fragment content throughout the soil

ranges from 0 to 5 percent by volume.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and

chroma of 1 or 2. It is fine sandy loam or sandy loam.

Reaction ranges from slightly acid to slightly alkaline.

The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, chroma of 1

or 2, and value of 4 to 6. It is fine sandy loam or sandy

loam. Thin strata of loam or sandy clay loam are in

some pedons. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to

slightly alkaline.

The BCg horizon, present in some pedons, is

similar in characteristics to the Bg horizon.

The 2C horizon has hue of 5YR to 5Y, value of 5 or

6, and chroma of 1 to 4. It is silty clay, silty clay loam,

or clay. Reaction is slightly alkaline or moderately

alkaline.

Muskellunge Series

The Muskellunge series consists of very deep,

somewhat poorly drained soils on glacial lake plains.

These soils formed in lacustrine and marine

sediments having a high content of clay and silt.

Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.

The Muskellunge soils are in a drainage sequence

with the moderately well drained Heuvelton soils, and

the poorly drained and very poorly drained Adjidaumo

soils. Muskellunge soils are also near the

Hogansburg, Malone, Hailesboro, Swanton, and

Pinconning soils on the landscape. The Muskellunge

soils generally lack rock fragments which are common

in the Hogansburg and Malone soils. Muskellunge

soils have more clay throughout the subsoil and

substratum than the Hailesboro soils. Muskellunge

soils have more clay in the surface and subsoil than

Swanton and Pinconning soils.

Typical pedon of Muskellunge silty clay loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes, in the town of Beekmantown, Clinton

County, about 2,200 feet east of Moffitt Road and
110 Soil Survey

1,100 feet south of Pardy Road (at the dead end

portion), in a cornfield; USGS Beekmantown

topographic quadrangle, lat. 44 degrees 45 minutes

30 seconds N., and long. 73 degrees 26 minutes 7

seconds W., NAD27:

Ap—0 to 9 inches, dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay

loam; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak

course and medium blocky structure parting to

weak very fine subangular blocky; firm; common

very fine roots; slightly alkaline (limed); abrupt

smooth boundary.

BE—9 to 16 inches, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

silty clay; moderate very fine angular blocky

structure; firm; common very fine roots; many fine

faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of

iron oxides; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—16 to 23 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay;

strong fine angular blocky structure; firm; common

very fine roots; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) on faces

of peds; common fine and medium distinct dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron

oxides; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—23 to 38 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay;

strong medium and fine angular blocky structure;

firm; few very fine roots; gray (10YR 5/1) on faces

of peds; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR

5/6) and many fine distinct dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) masses of iron oxides; slightly alkaline;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Cg1—38 to 45 inches, brown (7.5YR 4/2) silty clay;

weak thick platy structure; firm; gray (10YR 5/1)

on faces of platy aggregates; few fine distinct

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) areas of iron depletion

and many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR

5/6) masses of iron oxides; slightly alkaline; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Cg2—45 to 72 inches, dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) clay; massive; very firm; gray (5Y 5/1) on

faces of common vertical desiccation cracks;

common medium and course distinct yellowish

brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron oxides; slightly

alkaline, slightly effervescent.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40

inches. Depth to carbonates ranges from 20 to 70

inches. Redoximorphic features occur within 20 inches

of the mineral soil surface. Gravel ranges from 0 to 5

percent by volume in the solum and 0 to 10 percent in

the substratum.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value

of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. It is silt loam or silty

clay loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges

from strongly acid to neutral.

The E or BE horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y,

value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is silt

loam or silty clay loam in the fine earth fraction, and

also, includes silty clay in BE horizons. Reaction

ranges from strongly acid to slightly alkaline.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silty clay loam,

silty clay or clay within the range of 35 to 60 percent

clay. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to slightly

alkaline.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is silty clay or clay in

the fine earth fraction. Varves may occur in the lower

part with silt and very fine sand textures included.

Reaction ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline.

Neckrock Series

The Neckrock series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on limestone (or dolomitic

limestone) bedrock controlled lowlands. They formed

in loamy glacial till deposits. Slopes range from 0 to 15

percent.

The Neckrock soils are in a drainage sequence with

the somewhat poorly drained Ogdensburg soils.

Neckrock soils are also near the Summerville,

Hogansburg, Grenville, Coveytown, and Muskellunge

soils on the landscape. Moderately deep Neckrock

soils are on similar landforms as the shallow

Summerville soils. The Neckrock soils have bedrock

within 40 inches deep whereas Hogansburg, Grenville,

Coveytown, and Muskellunge soils are very deep to

bedrock.

Typical pedon of Neckrock loam, in a NeckrockSummerville complex, strongly sloping, very rocky, in

the town of Chazy, Clinton County, about 1.2 miles

northeast of intersection of Old Route 348 and Ashley

Road, and about 50 feet northwest of Route 348, in a

wooded area; USGS Beekmantown topographic

quadrangle, lat. 44 degrees 52 minutes 4 seconds N.,

and long. 73 degrees 27 minutes 21 seconds W.,

NAD27:

A—0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loam; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry;

moderate fine and very fine subangular blocky

structure parting to weak fine and very fine

granular; very friable; many fine, very fine and

medium, and few coarse roots; 10 percent rock

fragments (including 5 percent cobbles);

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

EB—9 to 17 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) and yellowish

brown (10YR 5/4) loam; weak medium subangular
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 111

blocky structure parting to moderate fine

subangular blocky; friable; many very fine, and

common medium and fine roots; 10 percent rock

fragments; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt—17 to 27 inches, yellowish brown and dark

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 and 4/4) cobbly loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure parting

to moderate fine subangular blocky; common clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; friable; many

fine, and common medium and very fine roots;

common fine and very fine, and few medium

pores; 15 percent rock fragments (including 5

percent cobbles); neutral; clear smooth boundary.

C—27 to 32 inches, brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly

loam; massive; firm; few fine roots; few fine and

medium pores; 40 percent rock fragments

(including 5 percent cobbles); strongly

effervescent, moderately alkaline; abrupt irregular

boundary.

2R—32 inches, dark gray (10YR 4/1) fractured

limestone bedrock.

Thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock is 20

to 40 inches. Carbonates occur within 6 inches of

bedrock contact in most pedons. Clay content in the

argillic horizon ranges from 18 to 22 percent. Rock

fragments range from 5 to 25 percent by volume in the

solum, and from 10 to 45 percent in the substratum.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and

chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is silt loam, loam or fine

sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. Unless limed,

reaction ranges from moderately acid to slightly

alkaline.

The EB or BE horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 2 or 3 in the E part, and chroma of

4 to 6 in the B part. Texture is loam or fine sandy loam

in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from

moderately acid to slightly alkaline.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 2 to 6 (with chroma of 2 being

inherent parent material color). Texture is silty clay

loam, silt loam or loam in the fine earth fraction.

Reaction ranges from moderately acid to slightly

alkaline.

The BC horizon, if present, has hue of 10YR or

2.5Y, value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 2 to 4 (with

chroma of 2 being inherent parent material color). Few

faint redox concentrations may be present. Texture is

silty clay loam, silt loam or loam in the fine earth

fraction. Reaction ranges from neutral to moderately

alkaline.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3

or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. Few faint or distinct redox

concentrations may be present. Texture is fine sandy

loam, loam or silt loam in the fine earth fraction.

Reaction ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline.

Nicholville Series

The Nicholville series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils on glacial lake plains

and low benches in the uplands. These soils formed in

wind or water deposited material having a high content

of silt and very fine sand. Slopes range from 0 to 8

percent.

The Nicholville soils are in a drainage sequence

with the somewhat poorly drained Roundabout soils.

The Nicholville soils are on landscapes near the

Adams, Muskellunge, Hailesboro, Monadnock, and

Schroon soils. Nicholville soils are finer textured than

the sandy Adams soils, and they are coarser textured

than the clayey Muskellunge and Hailesboro soils.

Nicholville soils typically have more silt and very fine

sand and less rock fragments than the loamy

Monadnock and Schroon soils.

Typical pedon of Nicholville very fine sandy loam, 3

to 8 percent slopes, in the town of Beekmantown,

Clinton County, about 5/8 mile south of the junction of

NY Route 22 and West Hill Road, then 0.25 mile east

of Route 22, in a field along a drainage ditch; USGS

Plattsburgh topographic quadrangle, lat. 44 degrees

44 minutes 41 seconds N., and long. 73 degrees 27

minutes 52 seconds W., NAD27:

Ap—0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

very fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure;

very friable; common medium, fine, and very fine

roots; few medium, and common fine and very

fine pores; moderately acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bs1—9 to 12 inches, dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very fine

sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common fine and very fine

roots; common fine and very fine pores;

moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bs2—12 to 20 inches, brown (7.5YR 4/4) very fine

sandy loam; weak medium and fine subangular

blocky structure; very friable; common fine and

very fine roots; common fine and very fine pores;

few fine faint strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of

iron oxides; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

C1—20 to 30 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) loamy very

fine sand; single grain; very friable; few fine and

very fine roots; common fine and very fine pores;

common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR

4/6) and few fine distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/4)

soft masses of iron oxides; moderately acid; clear

wavy boundary.
112 Soil Survey

C2—30 to 34 inches, dark brown (10YR 4/3) loamy

fine sand; single grain; very friable; few fine and

very fine pores; few fine distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4)

masses of iron oxides and few fine distinct dark

brown (7.5YR 3/2) areas of iron depletion;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

2C—34 to 72 inches, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loamy

very fine sand; massive; friable; few fine and very

fine pores; many coarse distinct brown (7.5YR

4/4) and common fine distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron oxides; moderately

acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 12 to 38

inches. Redoximorphic features occur between 20 to

30 inches below the mineral soil surface. Depth to

bedrock is more than 60 inches. Rock fragments

range from 0 to 10 percent by volume throughout the

soil.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,

value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. It is silt loam or

very fine sandy loam in the fine earth fraction.

Reaction ranges from extremely acid to moderately

acid, unless limed.

In some undisturbed areas, the soil typically has an

O horizon, an E horizon, and a Bh or Bhs horizon.

These are usually destroyed by plowing.

The Bs horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of

3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. It ranges from loamy very

fine sand to silt loam in the fine earth fraction.

Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately

acid.

The 2C or C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value

of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. The fine earth fraction

ranges from silt loam to loamy fine sand in the fine

earth fraction above a depth of 38 inches, and sandy

loam or silt loam to very fine sand below. Reaction

ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid.

Pinconning Series

The Pinconning series consists of very deep, very

poorly drained soils on glacial lake plains, upland

depressions and swales between glacial lake beach

deposits. These soils formed in loamy sands over

lacustrine silt and clay. Slopes range from 0 to 2

percent.

The Pinconning soils are in a drainage sequence

with moderately well drained Flackville soils and in

close association with somewhat poorly drained

Swanton soils. Pinconning soils have more sand in the

surface and subsoil than the Swanton soils. The

Pinconning soils are also adjacent in the landscape to

the Sciota, Wainola, Deinache, Adjidaumo,

Wonsqueak, and Hogansburg soils. Pinconning soils

have 20 to 40 inches of sandy material over clay

whereas Sciota, Wainola, and Deinache have deeper

sand deposits. Pinconning soils differ from Adjidaumo

soils in having a sandy mantle whereas Adjidaumo

soils generally lack sandy material. The Pinconning

soils do not have a thick organic surface and

subsurface that is characteristic of Wonsqueak soils.

Finally, Pinconning soils generally lack rock fragments

which are characteristic of loamy Hogansburg soils

formed in glacial till.

Typical pedon of Pinconning mucky loamy fine

sand, in the town of Champlain, Clinton County, about

1,600 feet east of Angelville Road and McBride Road

intersection, and 500 feet north of McBride Road, in a

hayfield; USGS Mooers topographic quadrangle, lat.

44 degrees 55 minutes 4 seconds N., and long. 73

degrees 31 minutes 5 seconds W., NAD27:

Ap—0 to 9 inches, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) mucky

loamy fine sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

dry; moderate fine and very fine granular

structure; very friable; many very fine, and

common fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Cg1—9 to 11 inches, gray (10YR 6/1) fine sand; weak

medium and thick platy structure; very friable;

common very fine roots; few fine and medium

distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) soft masses of

iron oxides; slightly alkaline; clear smooth

boundary.

Cg2—11 to 22 inches, 60 percent light gray (10YR

7/1) and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine sand;

moderate thick and medium platy structure; very

friable; few very fine roots; few fine and medium

distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) and yellowish

brown (10YR 5/6) soft masses of iron oxides;

slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.

Cg3—22 to 27 inches, gray (10YR 5/1) loamy fine

sand; massive; very friable; common fine and very

fine, and few medium tubular pores; common

medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and

common medium and coarse distinct yellowish

brown (10YR 5/4) soft masses of iron oxides; 1

percent cobbles; slightly alkaline; clear smooth

boundary.

Cg4—27 to 36 inches, gray (10YR 5/1) loamy fine

sand; massive; very friable; common fine and

medium tubular pores; few medium distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) soft masses of iron

oxides; 1 percent cobbles; slightly alkaline; abrupt

smooth boundary.

2Cg5—36 to 60 inches, dark gray (10YR 4/1) varved

silt loam and silty clay; weak thick and very thick

varves; firm; many medium and common fine

tubular pores; common medium distinct dark
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 113

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4 and 4/6) soft masses

of iron oxides; slightly effervescent, slightly

alkaline; clear smooth boundary.

2Cg6—60 to 72 inches, dark gray (N 4/0) silty clay;

massive; firm; few very fine pores; common

coarse distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

and strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) soft masses of iron

oxides; slightly effervescent, slightly alkaline.

The depth to contrasting material ranges from 20 to

40 inches. Redoximorphic features occur within 20

inches of the mineral soil surface. Depth to bedrock is

greater than 60 inches. Rock fragments are one

percent or less by volume.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value

of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is sand, fine

sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam or fine

sandy loam with or without mucky analogue. Reaction

is moderately acid to slightly alkaline.

The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 6,

and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is sand, fine sand,

loamy sand, loamy fine sand in the fine earth fraction.

Reaction is slightly acid to slightly alkaline.

The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y (or it is

neutral), value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 0 to 4. Texture

is silty clay loam, silty clay or clay in the fine earth

fraction. Reaction is slightly alkaline or moderately

alkaline.

Redwater Series

The Redwater series consists of deep, somewhat

poorly drained soils. They formed in recent alluvium

where the stream gradient is controlled by bedrock.

Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

Redwater soils are associated with the Adams,

Adjidaumo, and Croghan soils. The Redwater soils are

not as sandy in the solum as Adams and Croghan

soils. Redwater soils are coarser textured in the

subsoil than Adjidaumo soils.

Typical pedon of Redwater fine sandy loam, in the

town of Louisville, St. Lawrence County, about 30 feet

south of the Grasse River, and 1,200 feet east of the

Town Line Road Bridge; USGS Chase Mills

topographic quadrangle, lat. 44 degrees 50 minutes

43 seconds N., and long. 75 degrees 04 minutes 30

seconds W., NAD27:

Ap—0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure;

friable; many very fine, fine, and medium roots;

slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw1—7 to 19 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine

sandy loam; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; many very fine, fine, and

medium roots and few coarse roots; many fine

vesicular pores and few fine medium and coarse

tubular pores; many coarse faint very dark grayish

brown (10YR 3/2) areas of iron depletion, and

common fine faint dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) soft masses of iron oxide; slightly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bw2—19 to 30 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine

sandy loam; very weak coarse prismatic structure

parting to moderate coarse subangular blocky;

friable; common fine and medium roots, and few

coarse roots; many very fine pores, common fine

and medium, and few coarse tubular pores; many

coarse faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

areas of iron depletion, and common medium faint

dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) soft masses of

iron oxide; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

BC—30 to 38 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

4/2) and dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam;

weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky; friable;

common fine and few medium and coarse roots;

many fine and few medium tubular pores; common

medium faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4),

and common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR

4/6) soft masses of iron oxide, and common fine

faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) areas of iron

depletion; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C—38 to 50 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and

light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) fine sandy loam;

massive; friable; common fine and few medium

and coarse roots; many fine tubular pores; few

thin lenses of sand less than 1/2 inch thick; many

coarse distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) soft

masses of iron oxide; neutral; abrupt smooth

boundary.

R—50 inches; hard limestone bedrock.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40

inches. The depth to bedrock ranges from 40 to 60

inches. Rock fragments (mostly gravel-size limestone)

range from 0 to 15 percent by volume in the A and B

horizons, and from 0 to 50 percent in the C horizon.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value 3 or 4, and

chroma of 2 or 3. It is silt loam, fine sandy loam, sandy

loam, or loam in the fine-earth fraction. Reaction is

strongly acid to slightly acid.

The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is most commonly fine

sandy loam and less commonly loam in the fine-earth

fraction. Thin subhorizons of silt loam, loamy sand, or

loamy fine sand are in some pedons. Reaction is

slightly acid or neutral.

The BC horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

3 or 4, chroma of 2 to 4. It is fine sandy loam or loam
114 Soil Survey

in the fine-earth fraction. Reaction is slightly acid or

neutral.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

4 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is fine sandy loam,

loamy sand, loamy fine sand, fine sand, or sand in the

fine-earth fraction. It is commonly stratified. Reaction

is slightly acid or neutral.

Roundabout Series

The Roundabout series consists of very deep,

somewhat poorly drained soils on glacial lake plains.

These soils formed in silt or very fine sand deposits in

freshwater and marine environments. Slopes range

from 0 to 3 percent.

Roundabout soils are in a drainage sequence with

moderately well drained Nicholville soils. Roundabout

soils are commonly adjacent to Swanton,

Muskellunge, Hailesboro, and Adjidaumo soils on the

landscape. The Roundabout soils do not have the

contrasting textures of loamy over clayey as in

Swanton soils. Roundabout soils average less than 18

percent clay in the control section, whereas

Muskellunge soils have more than 35 percent clay,

and Hailesboro soils have between 18 and 35 percent

clay. The Roundabout soils have less clay and a

lighter-color surface than Adjidaumo soils.

Typical pedon of Roundabout silt loam, in the town

of Chazy, Clinton County, about 0.5 mile north of the

intersection of Lake Shore Road with Dunn Road, and

about 410 feet west of Lake Shore Road, in a

cornfield; USGS Beekmantown topographic quadrangle,

lat. 44 degrees 50 minutes 23 seconds N., and long.

73 degrees 24 minutes 41 seconds W., NAD27:

Ap—0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure parting to moderate medium and fine

granular; friable; common medium, fine and very

fine roots; common fine and very fine pores;

neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw—9 to 18 inches, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) very

fine sandy loam; moderate coarse and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine

and very fine roots; common fine and very fine

pores; many fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR

5/6) soft masses of iron oxides; neutral; clear

smooth boundary.

Bg1—18 to 23 inches, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silt

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine roots; common fine

and very fine pores; common fine distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and few fine distinct

dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) soft masses of

iron oxides; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Bg2—23 to 31 inches, gray (5Y 5/1) very fine sandy

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine roots; common fine

and very fine pores; common medium prominent

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and few fine

prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) soft

masses of iron oxides; neutral; clear smooth

boundary.

Cg1—31 to 37 inches, gray (5Y 5/1) silt loam; weak

medium platy structure; friable; few fine and very

fine pores; common fine prominent yellowish

brown (10YR 5/6) and few fine prominent dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) soft masses of iron

oxides; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

Cg2—37 to 45 inches, dark gray (5Y 4/1) silty clay

loam; moderate thick and medium platy structure;

firm; few fine and very fine pores; few fine

prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) and

few fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) soft masses of iron oxides; neutral; gradual

smooth boundary.

Cg3—45 to 72 inches, dark gray (5Y 4/1) silt loam;

massive; firm; neutral.

Thickness of the solum ranges from 16 to 35

inches. Redoximorphic features occur within 20 inches

of the mineral soil surface. Depth to bedrock is more

than 60 inches. Rock fragments are generally absent,

but range up to 4 percent by volume within a depth of

40 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and

chroma of 2 to 4. It is silt loam or very fine sandy loam

in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from very

strongly acid to slightly acid.

The B horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to

6, and chroma of 1 to 4. It is silt loam or very fine

sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction is very

strongly acid to slightly acid.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to

6, and chroma of 1 to 4. It is silt loam or very fine

sandy loam in the fine earth fraction, and also has thin

strata of silty clay loam. Reaction is moderately acid to

neutral to a 40 inch depth, and ranges from

moderately acid to moderately alkaline below 40

inches.

Runeberg Series

The Runeberg series consists of very deep, very

poorly drained soils on glacial ground moraine and

toeslopes of drumlins. These soils formed in loamy

deposits. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.

The Runeberg soils are in a drainage sequence

with the well drained Grenville soils, moderately well

drained Hogansburg soils, and the somewhat poorly
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 115

drained Malone soils. Runeberg soils are also near the

Peasleeville, Chazy, Ogdensburg, and Cook soils on

the landscape. The Runeberg soils have a grayer

matrix and are less acid than Peasleeville soils.

Runeberg soils are very deep to bedrock whereas

Chazy and Ogdensburg soils are moderately deep.

Runeberg soils lack the sandy surface and subsoil

layers characteristic of Cook soils.

Typical pedon of Runeberg mucky loam, in the town

of Beekmantown, Clinton County, about 1,100 feet

north of intersection with Jersey Swamp Road and

1,200 feet east of Durand Road on west side of

Transmission Line; USGS Beekmantown topographic

quadrangle, lat. 44 degrees 45 minutes 31 seconds

N., and long. 73 degrees 29 minutes 16 seconds W.,

NAD27:

A—0 to 9 inches, black (10YR 2/1) mucky loam; dark

gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak medium subangular

blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; very

friable; many very fine, fine and medium roots; 10

percent rock fragments (including 5 percent

cobbles); neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Bw—9 to 17 inches, brown (10YR 4/3) cobbly loam;

weak coarse and medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; many very fine, and

common fine roots; common fine and very fine,

and few medium pores; grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

on faces of peds; common medium and coarse

distinct light gray (10YR 6/1) areas of iron

depletion, and many medium and fine distinct dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) soft masses of iron

oxides; 15 percent rock fragments (including 5

percent gravel); slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy

boundary.

BCg—17 to 22 inches, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

sandy loam; moderate thick and medium platy

structure; friable; few very fine and fine pores;

dark gray (10YR 4/1) on faces of peds; common

medium and coarse distinct yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) soft masses of iron oxides, and few

coarse distinct light gray (10YR 6/1) areas of iron

depletion; 13 percent gravel; slightly alkaline,

slightly effervescent; clear smooth boundary.

Cg1—22 to 42 inches, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine

sandy loam; massive with weak thick and medium

plate-like divisions and few very coarse gray

(10YR 5/1) separation cracks; friable; few very

fine pores; many fine and medium distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) soft masses of iron

oxides; 13 percent gravel; moderately alkaline,

strongly effervescent; gradual smooth boundary.

Cg2—42 to 72 inches, grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

gravelly fine sandy loam; massive; friable; few

very fine pores; few fine distinct yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) soft masses of iron oxides, and few

medium faint gray (10YR 5/1) areas of iron

depletion; 20 percent rock fragments (including 10

percent cobbles); moderately alkaline, strongly

effervescent.

Thickness of solum ranges from 22 to 36 inches.

Depth to carbonates ranges from 17 to 36 inches.

Redoximorphic features occur within 20 inches of the

mineral soil surface. Coarse fragments range from 3

to 15 percent by volume in the solum and from 3 to 20

percent in the substratum.

Some pedons have an O horizon less than 4 inches

thick.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y (or it is

neutral), value 2 or 3, and chroma of 1. It is sandy

loam, fine sandy loam, or loam in the fine earth

fraction. Reaction is slightly acid or neutral.

The B horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 or

5, and chroma of 1 to 3. It is sandy loam, fine sandy

loam or loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction is

slightly acid to slightly alkaline.

The BC horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 1 to 3. It is sandy loam, fine sandy

loam or loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction is

slightly acid to slightly alkaline.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 or

6, and chroma of 1 to 3. It is sandy loam, fine sandy

loam or loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction is

slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline.

Sciota Series

The Sciota series consists of very deep, somewhat

poorly drained soils on glacial lake plains and

toeslopes of beach ridges. These soils formed in

sandy sediments. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

The Sciota soils are in a drainage sequence with

somewhat excessively drained Champlain soils and

poorly drained Deinache soils. Sciota soils are also

near the Wainola, Flackville, Pinconning, Trout River,

Malone and Coveytown soils on the landscape. Sciota

soils lack a spodic horizon which is characteristic of

Wainola soils. The Sciota soils do not have clayey

substrata within 40 inches of the surface as in the

Flackville and Pinconning soils. Sciota soils are grayer

than and not as gravelly as Trout River soils. The

Sciota soils have less silt and clay than the loamy

Malone soils and the loamy substrata of Coveytown

soils.

Typical pedon of Sciota fine sand, in the town of

Mooers, Clinton County, about 0.75 mile southeast of

junction of LaValley Road with Angelville Road, and

3,000 feet south of LaValley Road, in a cornfield;

USGS Mooers topographic quadrangle, lat. 44
116 Soil Survey

degrees, 55 minutes, 41 seconds N., and long. 73

degrees, 31 minutes and 31 seconds W., NAD27:

Ap—0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

fine sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak

medium subangular blocky structure parting to

weak fine granular; very friable; many very fine

and fine, and few medium roots; moderately acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw1—9 to 14 inches, pale brown (10YR 6/3) and light

olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) fine sand; very weak coarse

and medium subangular blocky structure; very

friable; few very fine roots; common coarse and

medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) soft

masses of iron oxides and few fine and medium

distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) areas of iron

depletion; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—14 to 19 inches, pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine

sand; very weak coarse and medium subangular

blocky structure; very friable; common fine and

medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) soft

masses of iron oxides and few fine faint light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) areas of iron depletion;

slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw3—19 to 24 inches, mixed pale brown (10YR 6/3)

and light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) fine sand;

weak coarse and medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; many coarse and medium

distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and many fine

and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

soft masses of iron oxides, and common fine faint

light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) areas of iron

depletion; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

BC—24 to 37 inches, mixed light brownish gray (10YR

6/2) and pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sand; weak

thin and medium platy structure; loose; common

medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and

common fine distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

soft masses of iron oxides; slightly alkaline; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Cg1—37 to 50 inches, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2)

loamy fine sand; single grain; very friable;

common medium and coarse prominent yellowish

brown and dark yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 and 4/

4) soft masses of iron oxides; slightly alkaline;

clear smooth boundary.

Cg2—50 to 57 inches, dark gray (N 4/0) fine sand;

single grain; very friable; few fine and medium

distinct very dark gray (N 3/0) organic stains;

slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.

Cg3—57 to 72 inches, dark gray (N 4/0) sand; single

grain; very friable; slightly alkaline.

Thickness of the solum ranges from 18 to 39

inches. Depth to carbonates ranges from 20 to 80

inches. Redoximorphic features occur within 40 inches

of the mineral soil surface. Rock fragments are

typically absent, but may range up to 2 percent by

volume in the lower subsoil and substratum.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3,

and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is fine sand, loamy fine

sand or fine sandy loam in the fine earth fraction.

Unless limed, reaction ranges from moderately acid to

neutral.

The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. It has faint to prominent

redox concentrations and depletions. Texture is fine

sand or loamy fine sand in the fine earth fraction.

Reaction ranges from slightly acid to slightly alkaline.

The BC horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3

to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. It has faint to prominent

redox concentrations and depletions. Texture is fine

sand or loamy fine sand in the fine earth fraction.

Reaction ranges from slightly acid to slightly alkaline.

The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y (or it is

neutral), value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 2. It has

faint to prominent redox concentrations and

depletions. Texture is fine sand, sand or loamy fine

sand in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from

neutral to moderately alkaline

Stockholm Series

The Stockholm series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils formed in sandy deposits that overlie

clayey marine sediments. They are nearly level soils

on marine plains. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

Stockholm soils are in a drainage sequence with

the moderately well drained Flackville soils. Other

associated soils are the Adjidaumo, Muskellunge,

Deinache, and Swanton soils. The Stockholm soils

have a sandy solum which is lacking in the clayey

Adjidaumo and Muskellunge soils. The Stockholm

soils have a finer textured substratum than the

Deinache soils. The Stockholm soils have a coarser

textured solum than the Swanton soils.

Typical pedon of Stockholm loamy fine sand, in the

Town of Canton, St. Lawrence County, in an

abandoned field 130 feet southeast from a point on

County Road 186 that is about .86 mile southwest of

the junction of New York Rt. 68 and County Road 186;

USGS Rensselaer Falls topographic quadrangle, lat.

44 degrees 37 minutes 17 seconds N., and long. 75

degrees 15 minutes 49 seconds W., NAD27:

Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) loamy fine

sand, brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; weak fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

common fine and medium roots; common
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 117

medium tubular pores; few medium distinct strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) soft masses of iron oxide;

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bhs—10 to 12 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3)

loamy fine sand; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine

and medium roots; common fine and medium

tubular pores; common fine distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) soft masses of iron oxide; few fine

nodules; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bs—12 to 20 inches; 60 percent friable yellowish

brown (10YR 5/4) and 40 percent firm dark

reddish brown (5YR 3/4) fine sand; weak fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; firm parts

are cemented and massive; many fine roots; few

fine tubular pores and common fine vesicular

pores; common medium and coarse distinct

strong brown (7.5YR 4/6 and 5/6) soft masses of

iron oxide; moderately acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

BCg—20 to 23 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

fine sand; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; few

fine tubular and vesicular pores; common medium

and coarse distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) soft

masses of iron oxide; moderately acid; abrupt

broken boundary.

2BCg—23 to 30 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay; weak

medium prismatic structure parting to moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky; firm;

common fine and medium roots along prism

faces; common fine and medium vesicular pores;

many coarse distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

and common medium distinct yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) soft masses of iron oxide; grayish

brown (10YR 5/2) fine sandy loam coatings on

faces of prisms; slightly acid; clear irregular

boundary.

2Cg—30 to 58 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay; moderate

coarse prismatic structure; firm; few fine roots on

prism faces; many coarse distinct dark brown

(10YR 4/3) and few fine distinct dark yellowish

brown (10YR 4/6) soft masses of iron oxide; few

fine vesicular pores; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

2C—58 to 72 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay

loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure; firm;

few fine roots on prism faces; few fine vesicular

pores; dark gray (10YR 4/1) prism faces; common

coarse faint gray (10YR 5/1) areas of iron

depletion, and common fine distinct yellowish

brown (10YR 5/6) soft masses of iron oxide; 3

percent rock fragments; neutral.

The thickness of the solum and depth to the

underlying fine textured material ranges from 17 to 39

inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches.

The soil has few or no rock fragments.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of

2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is fine sandy loam,

sandy loam, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, fine sand,

or sand. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to

moderately acid, but varies with cultivation and liming

practices.

The Bhs horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of

2 or 3, and chroma of 1 to 3. Textures are loamy sand,

loamy fine sand, fine sand, or sand. Reaction is

strongly acid or moderately acid.

The Bs horizon has hue of 5YR or 10YR, value of 3 to

5, chroma of 3 to 6. Textures are loamy sand, loamy

fine sand, fine sand, or sand. Reaction is strongly acid

or moderately acid.

The BCg horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. Textures are loamy fine

sand or sand with upper part and silty clay or clay in

the lower part. Reaction is strongly acid or moderately

acid in the upper part and strongly acid to slightly acid

in the lower part.

The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3

to 5, and chroma of 1 to 4. It is silty clay loam, clay

loam, silty clay, or clay. Reaction ranges from neutral

to moderately alkaline.

Summerville Series

The Summerville series consists of shallow, well

drained soils on limestone (or dolomitic limestone)

bedrock controlled lowlands. They formed in loamy

glacial till deposits. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent.

The Summerville soils are near the Neckrock,

Hogansburg, Grenville, Coveytown and Muskellunge

soils on the landscape. The shallow Summerville soils

are on similar landforms as the moderately deep

Neckrock soils. The Summerville soils have bedrock

within 20 inches of the surface whereas Hogansburg,

Grenville, Coveytown and Muskellunge soils are very

deep.

Typical pedon of Summerville loam, in a NeckrockSummerville complex, strongly sloping, very rocky, in

the Town of Chazy, Clinton County, about 0.25 mile

south of Ridge Road intersection with Old Route 348,

and 70 feet west of Old Route 348 in wooded area;

USGS Beekmantown topographic quadrangle, lat. 44

degrees 50 minutes 59 seconds N., and long. 73

degrees 28 minutes 54 seconds W., NAD27:

A—0 to 5 inches, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loam; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure parting to moderate fine and very

fine granular; very friable; many fine and very fine,
118 Soil Survey

common medium and few coarse roots; 5 percent

rock fragments; slightly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bw—5 to 12 inches, brown (10YR 4/3) loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; many fine, common medium and few

coarse roots; 10 percent rock fragments; slightly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

2R—12 inches, dark gray (N 4/0) massive limestone

bedrock.

The thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock

range from 10 to 20 inches. Rock fragments range

from 0 to 35 percent by volume.

The A horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2

or 3, and chroma of 0 to 3. Texture is sandy loam, fine

sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam in

the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from slightly

acid to moderately alkaline.

The Bw horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2

to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. Texture is sandy loam, fine

sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam in

the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from slightly

acid to moderately alkaline.

Some pedons have a BC horizon with hue of 5YR

to 10YR, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture

is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam,

loam, or silt loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction

ranges from slightly acid to moderately alkaline.

Swanton Series

The Swanton series consists of very deep,

somewhat poorly drained soils on lake plains and on

depressions of uplands. These soils were formed in a

loamy mantle over clayey lacustrine sediments.

Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

Swanton soils are associated with moderately well

drained Flackville soils and very poorly drained

Pinconning soils. The Swanton soils are also

commonly on landscapes adjacent to Muskellunge,

Hailesboro, Adjidaumo, Roundabout, and Mino soils.

The Swanton soils differ from the Muskellunge,

Hailesboro, and Adjidaumo soils in having more sand

in the subsoil. Swanton soils differ from the somewhat

poorly drained Roundabout and Mino soils in having a

clayey substratum within 40 inches deep.

Typical pedon of Swanton very fine sandy loam, in

the town of Chazy, Clinton County, about 1,000 feet

east of the intersection of Reynolds Road and US

Route 9, and about 525 feet south of Reynolds Road

in a wooded area; USGS Beekmantown topographic

quadrangle, lat. 44 degrees 48 minutes 38 seconds

N., and long. 73 degrees 25 minutes 49 seconds W.,

NAD27:

Ap—0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

very fine sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR

6/2) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure parting to weak medium granular; very

friable; many fine and very fine, common medium,

and few coarse roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bw1—9 to 17 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy

loam; weak medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; friable; many fine and very fine,

and common medium roots; many fine and

medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and

common fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) soft masses of iron oxides, and common fine

and medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) areas

of iron depletion; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—17 to 24 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy

loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; very friable; few very fine and

fine roots; gray (10YR 5/1) on faces of peds;

common medium and coarse distinct yellowish

brown (10YR 5/6) and common medium faint

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) soft masses of iron

oxides; 1 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear

smooth boundary.

Bg—24 to 31 inches, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine

sandy loam; weak coarse and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few very fine roots; gray

(10YR 5/1) on faces of peds; many medium and

coarse distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

soft masses of iron oxides; neutral; abrupt smooth

boundary.

2Cg1—31 to 50 inches, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty

clay; massive; firm; many medium distinct dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) and few fine distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) soft masses of iron

oxides; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

2Cg2—50 to 72 inches, dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay;

massive; firm; few fine distinct yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) soft masses of iron oxides; slightly

alkaline.

Thickness of the solum and depth to underlying

clayey material range from 18 to 40 inches.

Redoximorphic features occur within 20 inches of the

mineral soil surface. Depth to bedrock is greater than

60 inches. Rock fragments range from 0 to 3 percent

by volume in the solum and are generally absent in the

underlying clayey horizons.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value

of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is sandy loam,

fine sandy loam or very fine sandy loam in the fine

earth fraction. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to

neutral.

The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 3
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 119

to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture is sandy loam, fine

sandy loam, or very fine sandy loam in the fine earth

fraction, and less commonly loamy fine sand.

Reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutral.

The Bg horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 3

to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is sandy loam or

fine sandy loam in the fine earth fraction, and less

commonly loamy fine sand. Reaction ranges from

strongly acid to neutral.

The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5GY (or it is

neutral), value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 4. Texture

is silty clay loam, silty clay or clay in the fine earth

fraction. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to

moderately alkaline.

Udifluvents

Udifluvents consist of very deep, well drained soils

formed in sediments deposited by rivers and streams.

Udifluvents are on the most actively flooded areas of

alluvial plains in the county. This unit is named above

the series level of classification because of the

variability of the soil properties and the composition of

the material in which it formed. Slopes range from 0 to

3 percent.

Udifluvents occur in a complex with somewhat

poorly and poorly drained Fluvaquents. They are

commonly adjacent to Lovewell, Cornish, Medomak,

Rumney, Adams and Colton soils on the landscape.

Udifluvents have soil profiles that vary in texture,

whereas Lovewell, Cornish and Medomak soils have

mainly silt loam and very fine sandy loam in the solum,

and Rumney soils have mainly sandy loam or loam in

the solum. Udifluvents lack spodic development which

is characteristic of Adams and Colton soils.

Udifluvents are in areas of floodplains immediately

adjacent to rivers and streams. Scouring, cutting,

lateral erosion, changing stream channels and

redeposition of sediments during frequent flooding are

responsible for the variability in composition and

properties of Udifluvents. Because of the wide range

of texture and other variabilities, a typical pedon of

Udifluvents is not provided.

Generally, the surface layer is 3 to 12 inches thick.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

Redoximorphic features may occur within 50 inches of

the mineral soil surface. Rock fragments range from 0

to 50 percent by volume.

The surface layer has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of

3 to 6, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture generally ranges

from loamy sand to loam in the fine earth fraction.

Reaction is very strongly acid to neutral.

The substratum has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 3

to 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture generally ranges

from sand to silty clay loam in the fine earth fraction.

Reaction is strongly acid to slightly alkaline.

Udorthents

Udorthents consist of very deep, well drained to

somewhat poorly drained loamy sediments resulting

from human activity such as use of fill material. Slopes

range from 0 to 25 percent.

Udorthents occur on a wide variety of landscapes

and soils. They are commonly associated with

miscellaneous map units such as landfills.

Because the properties of Udorthents vary from one

place to another, a typical pedon is not described.

The surface layer is commonly 2 to 10 inches thick.

Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Rock

fragments range from 0 to 50 percent.

Generally, the surface layer has hue of 7.5YR to

2.5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture

ranges from sandy loam to silt loam in the fine earth

fraction. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to

neutral.

The substratum has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of

4 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 6. Texture ranges from

sandy loam to silty clay loam in the fine earth fraction.

Reaction ranges from strongly acid to slightly alkaline.

Waddington Series

The Waddington series consists of very deep,

somewhat excessively drained soils on outwash plains

and beach ridges. These soils formed in gravelly glacial

outwash material. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.

The Waddington soils occur on landscapes near

the Fahey, Coveytown, Croghan, Hogansburg, and

Malone soils. The Waddington soils lack

redoximorphic features above 30 inch deep in contrast

to moderately well drained Fahey soils. Waddington

soils lack loamy glacial till deposits within 40 inches

and redox concentrations as is characteristic of

Coveytown soils. The Waddington soils are more

loamy and gravelly than the moderately well drained

Croghan soils. Waddington soils were formed in

gravelly outwash deposits whereas Hogansburg and

Malone soils were formed in loamy till deposits with

typically fewer rock fragments.

Typical pedon of Waddington gravelly loam, 3 to 8

percent slope, in the town of Mooers, Clinton County,

about 3,500 feet north of the intersection of North Star

Road with Hogle Road, and about 10 feet west of

Hogle Road in a small gravel pit; USGS Mooers

topographic quadrangle, lat. 44 degrees 59 minutes

58 seconds N., and long. 73 degrees 34 minutes 32

seconds W., NAD27:
120 Soil Survey

Ap—0 to 9 inches, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

gravelly loam; weak medium and fine granular

structure; very friable; few medium and coarse,

and many fine and very fine roots; 15 percent rock

fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw1—9 to 17 inches, strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) very

gravelly fine sandy loam; weak medium and fine

subangular blocky structure parting to weak

medium granular; very friable; few coarse, and

many fine and very fine roots; 35 percent rock

fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—17 to 26 inches, brown (7.5YR 4/4) very gravelly

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; many fine and very fine roots; 55 percent

rock fragments; neutral; clear irregular boundary.

BC—26 to 31 inches, dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very

gravelly loamy sand; single grain; loose; few fine

and very fine roots; 55 percent rock fragments;

neutral; clear irregular boundary.

C—31 to 72 inches, mixed dark grayish brown (10YR

4/2), brown (10YR 4/3), and dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) extremely gravelly coarse sand; single

grain; loose; few very fine roots in upper part; 60

rock fragments; moderately alkaline, strongly

effervescent.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 18 to 30

inches. Depth to free carbonates ranges from 10 to 30

inches. Bedrock is deeper than 60 inches. Rock

fragments range from 15 to 55 percent by volume in

the solum, and from 40 to 65 percent in the C horizon.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value

of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. It commonly is sandy

loam, fine sandy loam, or loam in the fine earth

fraction. Reaction is slightly acid or neutral.

The Bw horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 3

to 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It commonly is sandy loam,

loam, and fine sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. It

is neutral or slightly alkaline.

The BC horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 3

to 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. It is loamy sand or sandy

loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from

neutral to moderately alkaline.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. It ranges from coarse sand

to loamy sand in the fine earth fraction with varying

degrees of stratification. Reaction is slightly alkaline or

moderately alkaline.

Wainola Series

The Wainola series consists of very deep,

somewhat poorly drained soils on outwash plains and

glacial lake shorelines. These soils formed in sandy

deposits. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

The Wainola soils are in a drainage sequence with

excessively drained and somewhat excessively

drained Adams soils, moderately well drained Croghan

soils, and poorly drained Deinache soils. The Wainola

soils occur on landscapes near the Monadnock,

Schroon, Flackville, Swanton, Fahey, and Coveytown

soils. Wainola soils are sandier and typically have less

rock fragments than the loamy Monadnock and

Schroon soils which occur on nearby glacial till

landscapes. Wainola soils have less clay in the

substratum than Flackville and Swanton soils. The

Wainola soils have redoximorphic features within the

subsoil and less rock fragments than Fahey soils.

Wainola soils do not have a loamy substratum within

40 inches deep as in somewhat poorly drained

Coveytown soils.

Typical pedon of Wainola loamy fine sand, in the

town of Mooers, Clinton County, about 3,200 feet

south-southwest of intersection of LaValley Road and

River Road, and about 2,600 feet southwest of A.

Gonya farmhouse in brushy woodlot; USGS Mooers

topographic quadrangle, lat. -44 degrees 55 minutes

48 seconds N., and long. 73 degrees 31 minutes 40

seconds W., NAD27:

Oi—0 to 1 inches, black (10YR 2/1) slightly

decomposed roots and leaves.

A—1 to 4 inches, black (10YR 2/1) loamy fine sand;

weak fine granular structure; very friable; many

fine and very fine, and common medium roots;

very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

E—4 to 7 inches, mixed brown (7.5YR 5/2 - 60%)

and pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) fine sand; single

grain; loose; many fine and very fine, and few

medium roots; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bs1—7 to 10 inches, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

loamy fine sand; very weak medium platy

structure; common 3

/4 inch dusky red (2.5YR 3/2)

orstein nodules; friable; many fine and very fine

roots; common medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4)

soft masses of iron oxides; very strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bs2—10 to 12 inches, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) fine

sand; single grain; common 1/2" dusky red (2.5YR

3/2) orstein nodules; loose; common fine and very

fine roots; common medium distinct brown (7.5YR

5/4) soft masses of iron oxides; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bs3—12 to 22 inches, strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) fine

sand; single grain; few 1/4" orstein nodules; loose;

few very fine roots; common fine and medium

distinct pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) areas of iron

depletion, and many medium and coarse distinct

light brown (7.5YR 6/4) and common medium faint
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 121

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) soft masses of iron

oxides; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—22 to 34 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) fine sand;

single grain; loose; few very fine roots; common

fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) soft

masses of iron oxides, and few medium faint

pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) areas of iron depletion;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C—34 to 72 inches, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

fine sand; single grain; loose; few fine distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and common medium

and coarse distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

soft masses of iron oxides; strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 18 to 42

inches. Redoximorphic features occur within the

spodic horizon and 20 inches of the mineral soil

surface. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches.

Rock fragments range from 0 to 5 percent by volume

throughout the soil.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,

value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is fine sand or

loamy fine sand in the fine earth fraction. Reaction

ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid.

The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

5 to 7, and chroma of 2 or 3. It is fine sand or loamy

fine sand in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges

from very strongly acid to slightly acid.

The Bs horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 3

to 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. It is fine sand or loamy fine

sand in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from

very strongly acid to slightly acid.

The BC horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4

to 6 and chroma of 2 to 6. It is fine sand or loamy fine

sand in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from

very strongly acid to slightly acid.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4

to 7 and chroma of 2 to 4. It is fine sand or loamy fine

sand in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from

very strongly acid to slightly acid.

Wegatchie Series

The Wegatchie Series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils on lake plains. These soils formed in silty

lacustrine deposits. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

The Wegatchie soils are in a drainage sequence

with the somewhat poorly drained Hailesboro soils.

They are closely associated with the Dorval, Malone,

Munuscong, Roundabout, and Summerville soils.

Wegatchie soils have more silt and clay in the solum

than the Malone, Munuscong, Roundabout, and

Summerville soils and in addition, are deeper to

bedrock than the Summerville soils. Wegatchie soils

are mineral soils while Dorval soils formed in organic

materials.

Typical pedon of Wegatchie silt loam, in the town of

Hammond, St. Lawrence County, about 40 feet west of

Oakpoint Road and 4,200 feet south of the junction of

Oakpoint Road and River Road; USGS Morristown

topographic quadrangle, lat. 44 degrees 30 minutes

00 seconds N., and long. 75 degrees 44 minutes 30

seconds W., NAD27:

Ap—0 to 8 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt loam,

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure parting to fine

and medium granular; friable, slightly sticky;

common fine and few medium roots; few fine

distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) soft masses of

iron oxide; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bg1—8 to 13 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine roots; common fine

tubular and vesicular pores, few macropores; few

faint silt coats on ped faces; common fine faint

grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) and light brownish gray

(2.5Y 6/2) areas of iron depletion, and many fine

and medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) soft

masses of iron oxide; neutral; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bg2—13 to 19 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay

loam; gray (10YR 5/1) ped faces; moderate very

fine, fine and medium angular blocky structure;

friable; few fine roots; common fine vesicular and

tubular pores, few macropores; few faint silt coats

on ped faces; many fine and medium distinct

brown (7.5YR 5/4), strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) and

dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) soft masses of iron oxide;

neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

BCg—19 to 40 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silt loam;

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) prism faces; moderate

coarse prismatic structure; firm; few fine roots on

prism faces; many fine and medium tubular and

vesicular pores; common fine distinct strong

brown (7.5YR 5/8) and many moderate distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) soft masses of iron

oxide; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary.

C—40 to 72 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt

loam; many moderate distinct gray (10YR 6/1) silt

loam varves; weak medium plate-like divisions;

firm; 10 percent rock fragments; slightly alkaline,

slightly effervescent.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40

inches. The depth to carbonates ranges from 20 to 60
122

inches. Bedrock is at depths greater than 60 inches.

Rock fragments, mostly gravel, range from 0 to 2

percent by volume in the solum and from 0 to 10

percent in the C horizon.

The A horizon is neutral or has hue of 10YR, value

of 2 or 3, and chroma of 0 to 2. It is silt loam, very fine

sandy loam, loam or their mucky analogs. Reaction

ranges from moderately acid to neutral.

The B horizon is neutral or has hue of 7.5YR to

2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 2. It is silt

loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, or very fine sandy

loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from

slightly acid to slightly alkaline.

The BC horizon is neutral or has hue of 7.5YR to

5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 0 to 2. Texture is

similar to the B horizon. Reaction is slightly acid to

slightly alkaline.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 3 to

6; and chroma of 1 to 6. Chroma of 3 to 6 is restricted

to depths greater than 30 inches. It is very fine sandy

loam, silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam in the fine

earth fraction, and it is commonly varved. Reaction

ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline.

Wonsqueak Series

The Wonsqueak series consists of very deep, very

poorly drained soil on ground moraines, outwash

plains, lake plains and glacial till plains. These soils

formed in organic deposits that are 16 to 51 inches

thick over loamy mineral sediments. Slopes range

from 0 to 2 percent.

The Wonsqueak soils are commonly adjacent to

Bucksport, Runeberg, Cook, Sunapee, Schroon, and

Malone soils on the landscape. Wonsqueak soils have

organic deposits up to 51 inches deep whereas

Bucksport soils have deeper organic deposits.

Wonsqueak soils have a thicker organic surface than

the very poorly drained Runeberg and Cook soils

which are dominantly mineral soils. The Wonsqueak

soils also contrast with the dominantly mineral

Sunapee, Schroon, and Malone soils in having a darkcolored matrix.

Typical pedon of Wonsqueak muck, in the town of

Chazy, Clinton County, 0.8 mile west of Ridge Road at

a point 1.25 mile north of the intersection of State Rt.

191 and Ridge Road in woodland; USGS Champlain

topographic quadrangle, lat. 44 degrees 54 minutes

21 seconds N., and long. 73 degrees 29 minutes 9

seconds W., NAD27:

Oa1—0 to 7 inches, black (N 2/0) sapric material;

moderate fine and medium granular structure;

very friable; many fine and very fine, and few

medium roots; 5 percent unrubbed fiber; strongly

acid (5.2 in H2O); abrupt smooth boundary.

Oa2—7 to 23 inches, very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

sapric material; weak very thick platy structure

parting to weak medium subangular blocky;

friable; common very fine, and few fine roots; 10

percent unrubbed fiber, 5 percent rubbed fiber;

strongly acid (5.4 in H2O); clear smooth boundary.

Oa3—23 to 31 inches, very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

sapric material; weak medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine

roots; 10 percent unrubbed fiber, 5 percent rubbed

fiber; strongly acid (5.4 in H2O); abrupt smooth

boundary.

Cg—31 to 72 inches, dark gray (10YR 4/1) silt loam;

massive; slightly sticky; neutral.

The depth to the loamy substratum ranges from 16

to 51 inches. Woody fragments in the organic material

range from 0 to 20 percent by volume. Rock

fragments in the substratum range from 0 to 15

percent by volume.

The surface tier has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR (or it is

neutral), value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 0 to 3. It is

dominantly sapric material with some pedons having

thin layers of hemic or fibric material. Reaction ranges

from extremely acid to slightly acid in 0.01M calcium

chloride.

The subsurface tier has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR,

value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is dominantly

sapric material having thin layers of hemic or fibric

material. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to

slightly acid in 0.01M calcium chloride.

The bottom tier has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of

2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is dominantly sapric

material with thin layers of hemic and fibric material in

some pedons. Reaction ranges from very strongly

acid to slightly acid in 0.01M calcium chloride.

The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 5GY (or it is

neutral), value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 4. Texture

ranges from fine sandy loam to silty clay loam in the

fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from strongly acid

to neutral.
123

The first part of this section describes the factors of

soil formation and relates them to the formation of

soils in the survey area. The second part defines the

processes of soil horizon development as they relate

to soil formation on Akwesasne.

Factors of Soil Formation

Soils are products of weathering and other physical

and chemical processes that act on parent material.

The properties of a soil at a given point on the earth

depends on the combination of the following factors:

the physical and chemical composition of the parent

material; climate; plant and animal life; topography;

and time. The relative influence of each of these

factors differs from place to place, and each modifies

the effect of the others. For example, the impact of

climate over a given area is tempered by relief or

parent material. In many areas, the influence of a

single factor is dominant.

Parent Material

Parent material is the unconsolidated earthy

material in which soils are formed. It influences the

physical, chemical, and mineralogical composition of

the soils. It also influences the rate at which soil

forming processes will proceed.

Most of the soils on Akwesasne formed in deposits

left as a result of continental glaciation. Marine or

lacustrine deposits and till are the most extensive

types of parent material. Less extensive are glacial

outwash, alluvial deposits and organic deposits.

A huge, water body existed during glacial and postglacial periods. Streams flowing into this lake (and

later a sea) dropped their suspended sediment over

hundreds of years to form lacustrine and marine

deposits. Adjidaumo and Muskellunge are examples

of soils developed from this material.

Soils formed in glacial till have a wide range of

characteristics as a result of the heterogeneous nature

of till deposits, particularly its rock fragments and soil

particles. Some soils such as Grenville and

Hogansburg soils formed in very deep glacial till

deposits and have a dense substratum. In some

places, the glacial till is moderately deep or shallow

over bedrock. Neckrock and Summerville soils, for

example, are moderately deep and shallow

respectively to limestone bedrock.

As the glacial ice melted, large quantities of

meltwater transported and sorted soil and rock debris.

This material is referred to as glacial outwash and was

redeposited in layers of sand and gravel on outwash

plains, beach ridges, and terraces. Adams and

Waddington are examples of soils formed in this

material. These soils are coarse textured.

In more recent times, overflowing streams have

deposited alluvial material on the floodplains. This

material tends to be variable in texture. Examples of

soils formed in this material are Lovewell and

Fluvaquents soils which formed in medium textured

alluvium.

Soils formed in organic deposits are mainly in

depressions in the uplands and along the lake plain of

the St. Lawrence River. Dorval and Wonsqueak are

examples of soils formed in well decomposed organic

material.

Topography

The shape of the land surface, the slope, and the

position of the land surface as related to the water

table have a great influence on the formation of soil.

Soils that formed in convex sloping positions where

little runoff accumulates are generally well drained and

have a bright, unmottled subsoil. Examples of soils in

this category are Waddington and Grenville. In level or

slightly concave areas, the seasonal high water table

is usually closer to the surface for extended periods.

This results in gray mottling (redox depletions or other

redoximorphic features) close to the surface and

commonly a thick, dark surface layer resulting from

higher organic matter.

Some soils are wet because they occupy a position

where water accumulates and is perched above a

restricting layer in the soil. Pinconning soils are an

example.

Most local differences in soils are primarily the

result of differences in parent material and topography.

The table on “relationships between parent material,

landscape position, and drainage” provides more

information on topographic associations with soil series.

Formation of the Soils
124 Soil Survey

Climate

Climate, particularly temperature and precipitation,

is one of the most influential of the soil forming

factors. It determines to a large degree the kind of

weathering processes that occur. It also affects the

growth and kind of vegetation, and the leaching and

translocation of weathered material.

Most of Akwesasne has a humid, temperate climate

which tends to promote the development of

moderately weathered, leached soils. In general, soil

temperature is affected by elevation from north to

south as well as proximity to the St. Lawrence River.

More specific data is in the climate section under

“General Nature of the Survey Area”.

Plant and Animal Life

All living organisms, including plants, animals,

bacteria, and fungi, influence soil formation.

Vegetation is generally responsible for the amount of

organic matter and nutrients in the soil and for the

color and structure of the surface layer. Earthworms

and other burrowing animals help to keep the soil

porous and permeable to air and water. Animal waste

products aggregate soil particles and improve soil

structure. Bacteria and fungi decompose vegetation

which releases nutrients for plant use.

Much of Akwesasne was originally under native

forest consisting of coniferous and northern hardwood

species. The loss of nutrients through leaching is slow

under hardwoods because they take up large

quantities of bases (nutrients) and return much of

them to the soil surface each year as leaf litter.

Conifers, such as balsam fir, do not use large

amounts of nutrients. Therefore, the soil becomes

more acid and leaching is more rapid.

The root zone is shallow in many upland soils

making trees susceptible to windthrow. Uprooted trees

also cause mixing of soil materials.

Human activities like cultivation have influenced

changes in soil properties. Addition of nutrients

through fertilizers, mixing soil horizons with plows, and

accelerated erosion have affected many soils.

Time

The degree of soil profile development is also

affected by time. In geological terms, the parent

material in which soils formed on Akwesasne is

relatively young. Most of the deposits were left by the

last glacier, 12,000 to 14,000 years ago. All soils have

not reached the same stage of soil profile

development. Soil-forming factors other than age of

deposits influence these processes. Hogansburg soils

appear to be younger than Adams soils. However, a

difference in parent material has caused much of the

difference in appearance.

An immature soil is one that has not had enough

time to develop distinct horizons. Lovewell soils, for

example, were formed in alluvial sediments. They

formed on flood plains receiving periodic deposition of

soil material from streams interrupting soil

development.

Processes of Soil Formation

The soil-forming factors and subsequent processes

of soil formation result in the development of different

layers, or soil horizons. These soil horizons can be

viewed in a vertical cut called a soil profile. The soil

profile extends from the surface downward into

material that soil-forming processes have altered very

little. Most soils contain three major horizons: the A,

the B, and the C horizons.

Several processes cause the formation of soil

horizons. They include accumulation of organic matter,

leaching of soluble salts and minerals, translocation of

clay minerals, reduction and transfer of iron, and

formation of dense layers in the subsoil (Buol, Hole,

and McCracken; 1980).

Organic matter accumulates as plant residue

decomposes. This process darkens the surface layer

and helps to form the O horizon. It takes a long time to

replace this organic matter once it has been lost. The

organic matter content of the surface layer of soils on

Akwesasne averages about 4 to 5 percent.

For soils to develop a distinct subsoil, some of the

lime and other soluble salts must be leached before

other soil processes such as translocation of clay

minerals can take place. Factors that affect leaching

include the kinds of salts originally present, the rate

and depth of percolation, type of native vegetation,

and the soil texture.

One of the more important processes of soil

horizon development in some soils is the translocation

of silicate clay minerals. The parent material

determines the content of clay minerals in the soil;

however, clay content varies from one soil horizon to

another. Clay particles are transported (eluviated)

downward from the A horizon and redeposited

(illuviated) in the B horizon as clay films on ped faces,

as linings along pores and root channels, and as

coatings on some rock fragments. In some soils, an E

horizon has formed by considerable eluviation of clay

minerals to the B horizon.

The reduction and transfer of iron compounds

occur mainly in the wetter, more poorly drained soils.

This process is known as gleying. In poorly drained
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 125

and very poorly drained soils, such as Munuscong

soils, the grayish subsoil indicates the reduction,

removal, and transfer of iron. In moderately well

drained and somewhat poorly drained soils, such as

Hogansburg and Malone soils, yellowish brown and

reddish brown mottles indicate the segregation of iron

compounds. In these soils, oxidation takes place

along with some reduction.

Some soils on Akwesasne have a spodic horizon in

the subsoil that is commonly below an E horizon. The

spodic horizon is evidence of transported (illuviated)

amorphous materials composed of organic matter and

aluminum, with or without iron. It is generally dark

reddish brown or reddish brown and has a texture of

fine sandy loam or sandier. Adams and Croghan are

examples of soils with spodic horizons.

127

 (1) Allan, P.F., Garland, L.E., and Dugan, R., 1963, Rating northeastern soils for

their suitability for wildlife habitat. In Transactions of the twenty-eighth North

American wildlife and natural resources conference, pp. 247-261.

(2) American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO).

1998. Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of

sampling and testing. 19th edition, 2 volumes.

(3) American Society of Testing and Materials, 1998. Standard classification of soils

for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D 2487.

(4) Broughton, J.G., Fisher, D.W., Isachsen, Y.W., Rickard, L.V., and Offield, T.W.,

1961, Geologic Map of New York: Adirondack Sheet: New York State Museum

and Science Service.

(5) Buol, S.W., Hole, F.D., and McCracken, R.J., 1980, . Soil genesis and

classification. 3rd edition.

(6) Cadwell D.H., et. al., 1991, Surficial Geologic Map of New York, Adirondack

Sheet, The University of the State of New York.

(7) Carlisle F.J., et. al., 1958, Soil Survey of Franklin County, New York, United

States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service.

(8) Coleman, A.P., 1937, Lake Iroquois, Ontario Dept. Mines 45th Annual Report,

1936, V.45,, Part 7, p.1-36.

(9) Cornell Cooperative Extension Service, 1978, Cornell Field Crop Handbook:

p.3-63.

(10) Cornell Cooperative Extension Service, 1989, The Home Fruit Planting,

Information Bulletin 156, revised edition 6/95: p. 1-31.

(11) Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of

wetlands and deep-water habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service FWS/OBS-79/31.

(12) Denny, C.S., 1974, Pleistocene geology of the northeast Adirondack region, New

York; U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper, No.786, 50p.

(13) Dethier, B.E., July 1966, Precipitation in New York State: Cornell University

Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 1009.

(14) Federal Register. July 13, 1994. Changes in hydric soils of the United States.

References
128 Soil Survey

(15) Federal Register. February 24, 1995. Hydric soils of the United States.

(16) Fisher D.W., et.al. 1970 (reprinted 1995), Geologic Map of New York,

Adirondack Sheet, The University of the State of New York.

(17) Hurt, G.W., P.M. Whited, and R.F. Pringle, editors. 1996. Field indicators of

hydric soils in the United States.

(18) Isachsen, Y.W., Landing, E., Lauber, J.M., Rickard, L.V., and Rogers, W.B.,

(eds.), 1991, Geology of New York: A simplified account: New York State

Education Department, Educational Leaflet No.28, 283p.

(19) Mordoff, R.A., 1934, The Climate of New York State: Cornell University

Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 444.

(20) National Research Council. 1995. Wetlands: Characteristics and boundaries.

(21) Ruhe, Robert V. 1956. Geomorphic surfaces and the nature of soils. Soil

Science 82: 441-455.

(22) Tiner, R.W., Jr. 1985. Wetlands of Delaware. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and

Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control,

Wetlands Section.

(23) Simonson, R.W., 1959, Outline of Generalized Theory of Soil Genesis: Soil

Science Society of America Proc., V.23, p.152-156, illus.

(24) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1970, Forest Service Resource

Bulletin NE-20.

(25) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,

National engineering handbook. (Available in the State Office of the Natural

Resources Conservation Service at Syracuse, NY).

(26) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,

National forestry manual. (Available in the State Office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service at Syracuse, NY).

(27) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,

National soil survey handbook. Soil Survey Staff. (Available in the State Office of

the Natural Resources Conservation Service at Syracuse, NY).

(28) United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation

Service. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making

and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Soil Survey Staff. U.S. Department of

Agriculture Handbook 436.

(29) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1961, Land capability

classification. U.S. Dept. Agr. Handbook 210.

(30) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1958, Soil Survey of

Franklin County, New York; Series 1952, No. 1, Issued May 1958.
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 129

(31) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1981, Land resource

regions and major land resource areas of the United States. U.S. Department of

Agriculture Handbook 296.

(32) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1991,. Soil survey

laboratory methods manual. Soil Survey Investigations Report 42.

(33) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1994, Keys to soil

taxonomy, 6th edition, Soil Survey Staff

(34) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1993, Soil survey

manual, Soil Survey Staff, U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18.

(35) United States Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Laboratory. 1987. Corps

of Engineers wetlands delineation manual. Waterways Experiment Station

Technical Report Y-87-1.

131

Ablation till. Loose, permeable till deposited during

the final downwasting of glacial ice. Lenses of

crudely sorted sand and gravel are common.

Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single

mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as

granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds.

Clods are aggregates produced by tillage or

logging.

Alluvial fan. The fanlike deposit of a stream where it

issues from a gorge upon a plain or of a tributary

stream near or at its junction with its main stream.

Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay,

deposited on land by streams.

Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage

required by one mature cow of approximately

1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1

month.

Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized

by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic

features.

Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim

after the removal of soil for construction and other

uses. Revegetation and erosion control are

extremely difficult.

Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by

an accumulation of illuvial clay.

Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces.

Available water capacity (available moisture

capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water

available for use by most plants. It is commonly

defined as the difference between the amount of

soil water at field moisture capacity and the

amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed

as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in

inches, in a 40-inch profile or to a limiting layer is

expressed as:

Very low 0 to 2.4

Low 2.4 to 3.2

Moderate 3.2 to 5.2

High more than 5.2

Back slope. The geomorphic component that forms

the steepest inclined surface and principal

element of many hillsides. Back slopes in profile

are commonly steep, are linear, and may or may

not include cliff segments.

Basal till. Compact glacial till deposited beneath the

ice.

Base saturation. The degree to which material having

cation-exchange properties is saturated with

exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K),

expressed as a percentage of the total cationexchange capacity.

Bedding planes. Fine strata, less than 5 millimeters

thick, in unconsolidated alluvial, eolian, lacustrine,

or marine sediment.

Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and

other unconsolidated material or that is exposed

at the surface.

Bedrock-controlled topography. A landscape where

the configuration and relief of the landforms are

determined or strongly influenced by the

underlying bedrock.

Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream,

subject to flooding.

Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60

centimeters) in diameter.

Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet above

the ground surface; the point on a tree where

diameter measurements are ordinarily taken.

Brush management. Use of mechanical, chemical, or

biological methods to make conditions favorable

for reseeding or to reduce or eliminate competition

from woody vegetation and thus allow understory

grasses and forbs to recover. Brush management

increases forage production and thus reduces the

hazard of erosion. It can improve the habitat for

some species of wildlife.

Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium

carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium

carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with

cold, dilute hydrochloric acid.

Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See

Crown.)

Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil

particles and in tiny spaces between particles.

Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds

capillary water in the soil.

Glossary
132 Soil Survey

Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a

landscape that formed in similar kinds of parent

material but have different characteristics as a

result of differences in relief and drainage.

Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity.

The common soil cations are calcium, potassium,

magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen.

Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of

exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil,

expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100

grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some

other stated pH value. The term, as applied to

soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity

but is more precise in meaning.

Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or

more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen

hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal

plow depth.

Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less

than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural

class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay,

less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40

percent silt.

Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low

content of iron, manganese, and clay because of

the chemical reduction of iron and manganese

and the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A

type of redoximorphic depletion.

Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the

surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root

channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin.

Climax plant community. The stabilized plant

community on a particular site. The plant cover

reproduces itself and does not change so long as

the environment remains the same.

Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand.

Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly

rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25

centimeters) in diameter.

Cobbly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35

percent, by volume, rounded or partially rounded

rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25

centimeters) in diameter. Very cobbly soil material

has 35 to 60 percent of these rock fragments, and

extremely cobbly soil material has more than 60

percent.

Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both,

moved by creep, slide, or local wash and

deposited at the base of steep slopes.

Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil

or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern

or so small in area that it is not practical to map

them separately at the selected scale of mapping.

The pattern and proportion of the soils or

miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all

areas.

Compressible (in tables). Excessive decrease in

volume of soft soil under load.

Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in

combination with needed cultural and

management practices. In a good conservation

cropping system, the soil-improving crops and

practices more than offset the effects of the soildepleting crops and practices. Cropping systems

are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving

practices in a conservation cropping system

include the use of rotations that contain grasses

and legumes and the return of crop residue to the

soil. Other practices include the use of green

manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper

tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest

control.

Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not

invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount

of crop residue on the surface throughout the

year.

Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion

and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to

deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes

resistance of soil material to rupture and to

penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness

of puddled soil material; and the manner in which

the soil material behaves when subject to

compression. Terms describing consistence are

defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.”

Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that

follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing

crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled

crops or summer fallow.

Control section. The part of the soil on which

classification is based. The thickness varies

among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that

part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches

and 40 or 80 inches.

Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical

action that dissolves or weakens concrete or

uncoated steel.

Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to

improve and protect the soil between periods of

regular crop production, or a crop grown between

trees and vines in orchards and vineyards.

Cropping system. Growing crops according to a

planned system of rotation and management

practices.

Crop residue management. Returning crop residue

to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure,

organic matter content, and fertility and helps to

control erosion.
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 133

Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting

farming operations on sloping farmland in such a

way that tillage is across the general slope.

Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including

the living branches and their foliage.

Crystalline bedrock A type of hard, massive bedrock

that formed under heat and/or pressure without

further classification.

Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations

tend to cave in or slough.

Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting

grazing land for a prescribed period.

Delta. A body of alluvium having a surface that is

nearly flat and fan shaped; deposited at or near

the mouth of a river or stream where it enters a

body of relatively quiet water, generally a sea or

lake.

Dense layer (in tables). A very firm, massive layer that

has a bulk density of more than 1.8 grams per

cubic centimeter. Such a layer affects the ease of

digging and can affect filling and compacting.

Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over

bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches

deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches;

moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to

20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10 inches.

Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the

surface for the specified use.

Diamicton A non-genetic term for a non-sorted or

poorly sorted sediment that contains a wide range

of particle sizes (geology) (19).

Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth,

generally a terrace, built to protect downslope

areas by diverting runoff from its natural course.

Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and

duration of wet periods under conditions similar to

those under which the soil formed. Alterations of

the water regime by human activities, either

through drainage or irrigation, are not a

consideration unless they have significantly

changed the morphology of the soil. Seven

classes of natural soil drainage are recognized—

excessively drained, somewhat excessively

drained, well drained, moderately well drained,

somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and

very poorly drained. These classes are defined in

the “Soil Survey Manual.”

Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water,

from an area.

Drumlin. A low, smooth, elongated oval hill, mound, or

ridge of compact glacial till. The longer axis is

parallel to the path of the glacier and commonly

has a blunt nose pointing in the direction from

which the ice approached.

Duff. A generally firm organic layer on the surface of

mineral soils. It consists of fallen plant material

that is in the process of decomposition and

includes everything from the litter on the surface

to underlying pure humus.

Ecotone. Transition between two or more diverse

communities as, for example between forest and

grassland.

Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution

or colloidal suspension from one place to another

within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material

through eluviation are eluvial; those that have

received material are illuvial.

Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in

which all horizons between the upper boundary of

saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated.

Eolian soil material. Earthy parent material

accumulated through wind action; commonly

refers to sandy material in dunes or to loess in

blankets on the surface.

Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a

perched water table in a soil in which saturated

layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated

layers within 2 meters of the surface.

Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by

water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by

such processes as gravitational creep.

Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic

processes acting over long geologic periods and

resulting in the wearing away of mountains and

the building up of such landscape features as

flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural

erosion.

Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid than

geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human or

animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature,

such as a fire, that exposes the surface.

Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope

or cliff breaking the general continuity of more

gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from

erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp.

Esker. A narrow, winding ridge of stratified gravelly

and sandy drift deposited by a stream flowing in a

tunnel beneath a glacier.

Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the

soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel

or sand for construction purposes.

Excess lime (in tables). Excess carbonates in the soil

that restrict the growth of some plants.

Extrusive rock. Igneous rock derived from deepseated molten matter (magma) emplaced on the

earth’s surface.

Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water

into the soil.
134 Soil Survey

Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide

plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper

balance, for the growth of specified plants when

light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth

factors are favorable.

Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed of

all organic soil material. Peat contains a large

amount of well preserved fiber that is readily

identifiable according to botanical origin. Peat has

the lowest bulk density and the highest water

content at saturation of all organic soil material.

Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a

soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry

weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has

drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3

days after a soaking rain; also called normal field

capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary

capacity.

Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay.

Flaggy soil material. Material that is, by volume, 15

to 35 percent flagstones. Very flaggy soil material

has 35 to 60 percent flagstones, and extremely

flaggy soil material has more than 60 percent

flagstones.

Flagstone. A thin fragment of sandstone, limestone,

slate, shale, or (rarely) schist 6 to 15 inches (15 to

38 centimeters) long.

Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a

stream and is subject to flooding unless protected

artificially.

Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river

action, as a fluvial plain.

Foot slope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill.

Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge.

Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants

(underbrush) covering the ground in a forest.

Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition

and development because of given physical and

biological factors by which it may be differentiated

from other stands.

Fragile (in tables). A soil that is easily damaged by

use or disturbance.

Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil

moisture. Frost action can damage roads,

buildings and other structures, and plant roots.

Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers

especially to the processes or soil-forming factors

responsible for the formation of the solum, or true

soil, from the unconsolidated parent material.

Glacial drift. Pulverized and other rock material

transported by glacial ice and then deposited.

Also, the sorted and unsorted material deposited

by streams flowing from glaciers.

Glacial outwash. Gravel, sand, and silt, commonly

stratified, deposited by glacial meltwater.

Glacial till. Unsorted, nonstratified glacial drift

consisting of clay, silt, sand, and boulders

transported and deposited by glacial ice.

Glaciofluvial deposits. Material moved by glaciers

and subsequently sorted and deposited by

streams flowing from the melting ice. The deposits

are stratified and occur as kames, eskers, deltas,

and outwash plains.

Glaciolacustrine deposits. Material ranging from fine

clay to sand derived from glaciers and deposited

in glacial lakes mainly by glacial meltwater. Many

deposits are interbedded or laminated.

Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage,

resulting in the reduction of iron and other

elements in the profile and in gray colors.

Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed

waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to

grass as protection against erosion. Conducts

surface water away from cropland.

Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as

much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 centimeters)

in diameter. An individual piece is a pebble.

Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35

percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock

fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as

3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter.

Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving

crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage

of maturity or soon after maturity.

Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of

the material below the water table.

Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by

running water and through which water ordinarily

runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a

gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is

an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to

be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser

depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary

tillage.

Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated

except by blasting or by the use of special

equipment that is not commonly used in

construction.

Hardpan. A hardened or cemented soil horizon, or

layer. The soil material is sandy, loamy, or clayey

and is cemented by iron oxide, silica, calcium

carbonate, or other substance.

Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil

material intermediate in degree of decomposition

between the less decomposed fibric material and

the more decomposed sapric material.
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 135

High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and

corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue

from these crops can be used to control erosion

until the next crop in the rotation is established.

These crops return large amounts of organic

matter to the soil.

Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to

the surface, having distinct characteristics

produced by soil-forming processes. In the

identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter

represents the major horizons. Numbers or

lowercase letters that follow represent

subdivisions of the major horizons. An explanation

of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey

Manual.” The major horizons of mineral soil are as

follows:

O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and

decaying plant residue.

A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the

surface in which an accumulation of humified

organic matter is mixed with the mineral material.

Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was

originally part of a B horizon.

E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main

feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or

some combination of these.

B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A

horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of

transition from the overlying A to the underlying C

horizon.

The B horizon also has distinctive characteristics,

such as (1) accumulation of clay, sesquioxides,

humus, or a combination of these; (2) prismatic or

blocky structure; (3) redder or browner colors than

those in the A horizon; or (4) a combination of

these.

C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer,

excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected

by soil-forming processes and does not have the

properties typical of the overlying soil material.

The material of a C horizon may be either like or

unlike that in which the solum formed. If the

material is known to differ from that in the solum,

an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the

letter C.

Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath

the soil.

R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil.

The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, but

it can be directly below an A or a B horizon.

Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable

part of the organic matter in mineral soils.

Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped

according to their runoff potential. The soil

properties that influence this potential are those

that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on

a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting

when the soil is not frozen. These properties are

depth to a seasonal high water table, the

infiltration rate and permeability after prolonged

wetting, and depth to a very slowly permeable

layer. The slope and the kind of plant cover are

not considered but are separate factors in

predicting runoff.

Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a

molten or partially molten state. Major varieties

include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are

andesite, basalt, and granite.

Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one

horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally,

material is removed from an upper horizon and

deposited in a lower horizon.

Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or

roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is

absolutely impervious to air and water all the time.

Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the

immediate surface of soil or other material, as

contrasted with percolation, which is movement of

water through soil layers or material.

Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream,

that flows for prolonged periods only when it

receives ground-water discharge or long,

continued contributions from melting snow or

other surface and shallow subsurface sources.

Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low

content of iron and manganese oxide because of

chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay

content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A

type of redoximorphic depletion.

Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in

production of crops.

Kame. An irregular, short ridge or hill of stratified

glacial drift.

Knoll. A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacent

landforms.

Lacustrine deposit. Material deposited in lake water

and exposed when the water level is lowered or

the elevation of the land is raised.

Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches

(7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones

adversely affect the specified use of the soil.

Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or

other material by percolating water.

Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil

passes from a plastic to a liquid state.

Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay

particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less

than 52 percent sand particles.
136 Soil Survey

Low-residue crops. Such crops as corn used for

silage, peas, beans, and potatoes. Residue from

these crops is not adequate to control erosion until

the next crop in the rotation is established. These

crops return little organic matter to the soil.

Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to

support loads.

Marine deposit. Material deposited in a sea or

brackish-water environment, and exposed when

the water level is lowered or the elevation of the

land is raised.

Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil

matrix that do not have a clearly defined boundary

with the surrounding soil material and cannot be

removed as a discrete unit. Common compounds

making up masses are calcium carbonate,

gypsum or other soluble salts, iron oxide, and

manganese oxide. Masses consisting of iron

oxide or manganese oxide generally are

considered a type of redoximorphic concentration.

Mechanical treatment. Use of mechanical equipment

for seeding, brush management, and other

management practices.

Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam,

silt loam, or silt.

Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in

mineralogical composition, chemical composition,

or structure by heat, pressure, and movement.

Nearly all such rocks are crystalline.

Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and

low in organic material. Its bulk density is more

than that of organic soil.

Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop

production and prevention of soil damage.

Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no

natural soil and supports little or no vegetation.

Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy

loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.

Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay

loam, or silty clay loam.

Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich surface

horizon (or horizons) that has high base saturation

and pedogenic soil structure. It may include the

upper part of the subsoil.

Moraine. An accumulation of earth, stones, and other

debris deposited by a glacier. Some types are

terminal, lateral, medial, and ground.

Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil,

including the texture, structure, porosity,

consistence, color, and other physical, mineral,

and biological properties of the various horizons,

and the thickness and arrangement of those

horizons in the soil profile.

Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that

vary in number and size. Mottles noted in map unit

descriptions are associated with saturated or

near-saturated conditions, as in poorly drained

soils. These same mottles are described more

precisely in the respective series descriptions as

redoximorphic features, in the form of depletions

or concentrations. Descriptive terms are as

follows: abundance—few, common, and many;

size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast—

faint, distinct, and prominent. The size

measurements are of the diameter along the

greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5

millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15

millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse,

more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch).

Muck. Dark, finely divided, well decomposed organic

soil material. (See Sapric soil material.)

Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees

of three simple variables—hue, value, and

chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a

color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of

4.

Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3.

(See Reaction, soil.)

Nodules. Cemented bodies lacking visible internal

structure. Calcium carbonate, iron oxide, and

manganese oxide are common compounds

making up nodules. If formed in place, nodules of

iron oxide or manganese oxide are considered

types of redoximorphic concentrations.

Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant

essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,

magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper,

boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and

water.

Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in

various stages of decomposition. The content of

organic matter in the surface layer is described as

follows:

Very low less than 0.5 percent

Low 0.5 to 1.0 percent

Moderately low 1.0 to 2.0 percent

Moderate 2.0 to 4.0 percent

High 4.0 to 8.0 percent

Very high more than 8.0 percent

Outwash plain. A landform of mainly sandy or coarse

textured material of glaciofluvial origin. An

outwash plain is commonly smooth; where pitted,

it generally is low in relief.

Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the

movement of water and the growth of roots. For
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 137

example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan,

and traffic pan.

Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and

mineral material in which soil forms.

Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely undecomposed

organic matter, that has accumulated under

excess moisture. (See Fibric soil material.)

Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a

granule, a prism, or a block.

Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a

soil.” A pedon is three dimensional and large

enough to permit study of all horizons. Its area

ranges from about 10 to 100 square feet (1

square meter to 10 square meters), depending on

the variability of the soil.

Percolation. The downward movement of water

through the soil.

Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water

through the soil adversely affects the specified

use.

Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables

water or air to move downward through the profile.

The rate at which a saturated soil transmits water

is accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil

physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated

hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil

Survey Manual.” In line with conventional usage in

the engineering profession and with traditional

usage in published soil surveys, this rate of flow

continues to be expressed as “permeability.”

Terms describing permeability, measured in

inches per hour, are as follows:

Very slow less than 0.06 inch

Slow 0.06 to 0.2 inch

Moderately slow 0.2 to 0.6 inch

Moderate 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches

Moderately rapid 2.0 to 6.0 inches

Rapid 6.0 to 20 inches

Very rapid more than 20 inches

Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on

features that affect its use and management, such

as slope, stoniness, and flooding.

pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and

alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.)

Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or

pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil.

Pitting (in tables). Pits caused by melting around ice.

They form on the soil after plant cover is removed.

Plasticity index. The numerical difference between

the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of

moisture content within which the soil remains

plastic.

Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil

changes from semisolid to plastic.

Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil directly

below the plowed layer.

Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed

depressions. Unless the soils are artificially

drained, the water can be removed only by

percolation or evapotranspiration.

Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapid

permeability, the soil may not adequately filter

effluent from a waste disposal system.

Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil

material consisting mainly of particles of nearly the

same size. Because there is little difference in size

of the particles, density can be increased only

slightly by compaction.

Poor outlets (in tables). Refers to areas where

surface or subsurface drainage outlets are difficult

or expensive to install.

Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth).

Depth to which roots could penetrate if the content

of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has

no properties restricting the penetration of roots to

this depth.

Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for

producing a specified plant or sequence of plants

under specific management.

Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending

through all its horizons and into the parent

material.

Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that

maintains enough cover to protect the soil and

maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the

desirable vegetation. This practice increases the

vigor and reproduction capacity of the key plants

and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch

necessary to conserve soil and water.

Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a

soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH

7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction

because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The

degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH

values, are:

Extremely acid less than 4.4

Very strongly acid 4.5 to 5.0

Strongly acid 5.1 to 5.5

Moderately acid 5.6 to 6.0

Slightly acid 6.1 to 6.5

Neutral 6.6 to 7.3

Slightly alkaline 7.4 to 7.8

Moderately alkaline 7.9 to 8.4

Strongly alkaline 8.5 to 9.0

Very strongly alkaline 9.1 and higher

Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules,

concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and other

features resulting from the accumulation of iron or
138 Soil Survey

manganese oxide. An indication of chemical

reduction and oxidation resulting from saturation.

Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from

which iron and manganese oxide or a combination

of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been

removed. These zones are indications of the

chemical reduction of iron resulting from

saturation.

Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic

concentrations, redoximorphic depletions, reduced

matrices, a positive reaction to alpha,alphadipyridyl, and other features indicating the

chemical reduction and oxidation of iron and

manganese compounds resulting from saturation.

Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in

situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II).

The chemical reduction results from nearly

continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a

change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after

exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A

type of redoximorphic feature.

Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered

rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the

loose earth material above the solid rock.

Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface,

considered collectively.

Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated

erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and

not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm

machinery.

Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical

means during road construction. It is commonly

on the uphill side of the road.

Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a

diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example,

pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders.

Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated

by plant roots. This zone, as defined in the map

unit description, is the average depth that

cultivated plant roots occupy during the growing

season. Some soils have root zones that are

limited by a restrictive layer. In poorly drained

soils, excess moisture in the spring retards early

root growth. Excessively drained soils may limit

roots by lack of moisture in the summer.

Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream

channels from an area. The water that flows off

the surface of the land without sinking into the soil

is called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil

before reaching surface streams is called groundwater runoff or seepage flow from ground water.

Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral

fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters

in diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As

a soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or

more sand and not more than 10 percent clay.

Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly

sand-sized particles.

Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly

decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has

the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk

density, and the lowest water content at saturation

of all organic soil material.

Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive

pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of

saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix

into an unlined auger hole.

Seasonal high water table. A zone of saturation at

the highest average depth during the wettest

season. It is at least six inches thick, persists in

the soil for more than a few weeks, and is within

six feet of the soil surface. The depth to the

seasonal high water table implies the degree of

wetness in the soil.

Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles

deposited from suspension in water. The chief

kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate,

formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from

sand; shale, formed from clay; and limestone,

formed from soft masses of calcium carbonate.

There are many intermediate types. Some winddeposited sand is consolidated into sandstone.

Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through

the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified

use.

Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are

almost alike, except for differences in texture of

the surface layer. All the soils of a series have

horizons that are similar in composition, thickness,

and arrangement.

Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of a

clay deposit.

Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer

of soil material from the land surface by the action

of rainfall and surface runoff.

Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when

dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and

swelling can damage roads, dams, building

foundations, and other structures. It can also

damage plant roots.

Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The

mineral form is called quartz.

Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles that

range in diameter from the upper limit of clay

(0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine

sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil

that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12

percent clay.
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 139

Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic

criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner,

and have similar conservation needs or

management requirements for the major land

uses in the survey area.

Sinkhole. A depression in the landscape where

limestone has been dissolved.

Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site

based on the height of the dominant stand at an

arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average

height attained by dominant and codominant trees

in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is

75 feet, the site index is 75.

Slippage (in tables). Soil mass susceptible to

movement downslope when loaded, excavated, or

wet.

Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the

horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical

distance divided by horizontal distance, then

multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a

drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance.

In this survey, classes for simple slopes are as

follows:

Nearly level....................................3 percent or less

Gently sloping ..................................... 3 to 8 percent

Strongly sloping................................8 to 15 percent

Moderately steep............................15 to 25 percent

Steep ............................................... 25 to 35 percent

Very steep .............................. 35 percent and higher

Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special

practices are required to ensure satisfactory

performance of the soil for a specific use.

Slow intake (in tables). The slow movement of water

into the soil.

Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds,

resulting from restricted permeability in the soil.

Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3

inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones

adversely affect the specified use of the soil.

Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with

trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and

other equipment commonly used in construction.

Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s

surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has

properties resulting from the integrated effect of

climate and living matter acting on earthy parent

material, as conditioned by relief over periods of

time.

Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2

millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging

between specified size limits. The names and

sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in

the United States are as follows:

Very coarse sand 2.0 to 1.0

Coarse sand 1.0 to 0.5

Medium sand 0.5 to 0.25

Fine sand 0.25 to 0.10

Very fine sand 0.10 to 0.05

Silt 0.05 to 0.002

Clay less than 0.002

Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C

horizon, in which the processes of soil formation

are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E,

and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of

the material in these horizons are unlike those of

the material below the solum. The living roots and

plant and animal activities are largely confined to

the solum.

Spodic horizon. A dark reddish brown or reddish

brown soil layer with fine sandy loam or coarser

texture. This layer is a result of illuviated organic

matter and aluminum, with or without iron.

Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60

centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24

inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat.

Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers

that interfere with or prevent tillage.

Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic

arrangement of strips or bands that provide

vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water

erosion.

Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil

particles into compound particles or aggregates.

The principal forms of soil structure are—platy

(laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates

longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with

rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular),

and granular. Structureless soils are either single

grained (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or

massive (the particles adhering without any

regular cleavage, as in many hardpans).

Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left on

the soil or partly worked into the soil. It protects

the soil from wind erosion and water erosion after

harvest, during preparation of a seedbed for the

next crop, and during the early growing period of

the new crop.

Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of

the solum below plow depth.

Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth,

ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan.

Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum.
140

Subsurface layer. Technically, the E horizon.

Generally refers to a leached horizon lighter in

color and lower in content of organic matter than

the overlying surface layer.

Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or

its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth

from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters).

Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the

“Ap horizon.”

Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons,

considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions

of these horizons.

Swale. One of the lowest parts of the landscape

where soils tend to be poorly drained.

Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat

or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea.

Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt,

and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic

textural classes, in order of increasing proportion

of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy

loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay

loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and

clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam

classes may be further divided by specifying

“coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.”

Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material

that is too thin for the specified use.

Till plain. An extensive area of nearly level to

undulating soils underlain by glacial till.

Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related

to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling

emergence, and root penetration.

Toeslope. The outermost inclined surface at the base

of a hill; part of a foot slope.

Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most

favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily

rich in organic matter and is used to topdress

roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining.

Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example,

zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soils

in extremely small amounts. They are essential to

plant growth.

Unstable fill (in tables). Risk of caving or sloughing

on banks of fill material.

Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than

the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the

lowlands along streams.

Varve. A sedimentary layer or a lamina or sequence of

laminae deposited in a body of still water within a

year. Specifically, a thin pair of graded

glaciolacustrine layers seasonally deposited,

usually by meltwater streams, in a glacial lake or

other body of still water in front of a glacier. The

fine-grained, dark-colored, winter layer

accompanies a coarser, light colored summer

layer.

Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional

areas that are excavated at an angle across a

sloping road. They are used to reduce the

downward velocity of water and divert it off and

away from the road surface. Water bars can easily

be driven over if constructed properly.

Water-worked (wave-worked) deposits. Material

remaining from an ancient shoreline of a lake or

sea. Much of the clay and silt particles have been

washed out by wave movement leaving behind

mostly sand, gravel or cobbles.

Weathering. All physical and chemical changes

produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the

earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These

changes result in disintegration and

decomposition of the material.

Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of

coarse grained particles that are well distributed

over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil

normally can be easily increased in density and

bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with

poorly graded soil.

Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees by

the wind.
141

Tables
142 Soil Survey

Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at MASSENA FAA AP, NY5134)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Temperature | Precipitation _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | 2 years in | | |2 years in 10| |

 | | | | 10 will have-- | | | will have-- | |

 | | | |_______________________| | |_____________| |

 | | | | | | Average | | | | Average |Average

 Month |Average|Average|Average| Maximum | Minimum |number of|Average| | |number of|snowfall

 | daily | daily | |temperature|temperature| growing | | Less | More |days with|

 |maximum|minimum| | higher | lower | degree | |than--|than--|0.10 inch|

 | | | | than-- | than-- | days* | | | | or more | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | oF | oF | oF | oF | oF | Units | In | In | In | | In

 | | | | | | | | | | |

January-----| 24.2 | 4.3 | 14.3 | 54 | -30 | 1 | 2.13 | 1.31| 2.86| 6 | 16.2

 | | | | | | | | | | |

February----| 26.5 | 6.5 | 16.5 | 52 | -27 | 3 | 1.99 | 1.20| 2.70| 5 | 13.9

 | | | | | | | | | | |

March-------| 37.5 | 19.1 | 28.3 | 71 | -13 | 23 | 2.15 | 1.31| 2.91| 6 | 10.0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

April-------| 52.7 | 32.6 | 42.6 | 81 | 13 | 147 | 2.65 | 1.67| 3.54| 7 | 2.7

 | | | | | | | | | | |

May---------| 66.6 | 43.8 | 55.2 | 89 | 27 | 472 | 2.53 | 1.63| 3.36| 7 | 0.4

 | | | | | | | | | | |

June--------| 75.3 | 52.5 | 63.9 | 91 | 36 | 716 | 3.12 | 1.91| 4.21| 6 | 0.0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

July--------| 80.6 | 57.7 | 69.1 | 93 | 42 | 904 | 3.17 | 1.88| 4.33| 6 | 0.0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

August------| 77.5 | 55.5 | 66.5 | 92 | 39 | 821 | 3.74 | 2.52| 4.85| 7 | 0.0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

September---| 68.8 | 47.2 | 58.0 | 87 | 28 | 539 | 3.49 | 2.05| 4.77| 6 | 0.0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

October-----| 56.9 | 37.0 | 46.9 | 79 | 18 | 243 | 2.81 | 1.57| 3.91| 6 | 1.0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

November----| 42.8 | 27.7 | 35.3 | 70 | 5 | 57 | 3.13 | 2.23| 3.95| 8 | 6.3

 | | | | | | | | | | |

December----| 28.7 | 11.7 | 20.2 | 57 | -23 | 6 | 3.19 | 1.98| 4.29| 8 | 19.7

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Average---| 53.2 | 33.0 | 43.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Extreme---| 100 | -38 | --- | 94 | -33 | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Total-----| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3933 | 34.11 | 29.92| 38.16| 78 | 70.0

 | | | | | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the

maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which

growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (40 degrees F).
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 143

 Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at MASSENA FAA AP, NY5134)

__________________________________________________________________

 | Temperature __________________|_______________________________________________

 | | |

 Probability | | |

 | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF

 | or lower | or lower | or lower __________________|_____________|_____________|___________________

 | | |

Last freezing | | |

 temperature | | |

 in spring: | | |

 | | |

 1 year in 10 | | |

 later than-- | April 27 | May 9 | May 27

 | | |

 2 year in 10 | | |

 later than-- | April 23 | May 5 | May 21

 | | |

 5 year in 10 | | |

 later than-- | April 16 | April 26 | May 10

 | | |

First freezing | | |

 temperature | | |

 in fall: | | |

 | | |

 1 yr in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | October 5| September 25| September 15

 | | |

 2 yr in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | October 10 | September 30| September 19

 | | |

 5 yr in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | October 21 | October 9 | September 27

 | | | ________________________________________________________________

Table 3.—Growing Season

(Recorded for the period 1961-90 at MASSENA FAA AP,

 NY5134)

___________________________________________________

 |

 | Daily Minimum Temperature

 | During growing season |____________________________________

 Probability | | |

 | Higher | Higher | Higher

 | than | than | than

 | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 o ______________|____________|___________|___________ F

 | Days | Days | Days

 | | |

9 years in 10 | 165 | 143 | 117

 | | |

8 years in 10 | 173 | 151 | 124

 | | |

5 years in 10 | 188 | 165 | 139

 | | |

2 years in 10 | 203 | 179 | 153

 | | |

1 year in 10 | 211 | 187 | 161

 | | | ___________________________________________________
144 Soil Survey

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent

symbol | | |

_______|_________________________________________________________________________|____________|________

 | | |

2 |Lovewell very fine sandy loam, stratified substratum---------------------| 11 | *

5 |Fluvaquents-Udifluvents complex, frequently flooded----------------------| 28 | 0.2

6 |Redwater fine sandy loam-------------------------------------------------| 3 | *

15B |Waddington gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes--------------------------| 2 | *

18A |Adams loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes----------------------------------| 23 | 0.2

18B |Adams loamy sand, 3 to 8 percent slopes----------------------------------| 21 | 0.2

20A |Croghan loamy fine sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes---------------------------| 69 | 0.5

33 |Wainola loamy fine sand--------------------------------------------------| 73 | 0.5

39A |Churchville silty clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes-----------------------| 731 | 5.5

39B |Churchville silty clay loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes-----------------------| 274 | 2.0

40B |Heuvelton silty clay loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes-------------------------| 27 | 0.2

40C |Heuvelton silty clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------------------------| 2 | *

41A |Muskellunge silty clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes-----------------------| 871 | 6.5

41B |Muskellunge silty clay loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes-----------------------| 57 | 0.4

42 |Adjidaumo silty clay-----------------------------------------------------| 2,701 | 20.2

43 |Adjidaumo mucky silty clay-----------------------------------------------| 1,655 | 12.4

44 |Mino loam----------------------------------------------------------------| 6 | *

45 |Sciota fine sand---------------------------------------------------------| 37 | 0.3

46 |Deinache fine sand-------------------------------------------------------| 33 | 0.2

47B |Elmwood fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes---------------------------| 12 | *

48 |Swanton very fine sandy loam---------------------------------------------| 78 | 0.6

49 |Munuscong mucky fine sandy loam------------------------------------------| 233 | 1.7

50 |Hailesboro silt loam-----------------------------------------------------| 102 | 0.8

51 |Wegatchie silt loam------------------------------------------------------| 151 | 1.1

53B |Nicholville very fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------------------| 7 | *

60C |Grenville loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes-----------------------------------| 41 | 0.3

61B |Hogansburg loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes-----------------------------------| 691 | 5.2

62A |Malone gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------------------------------| 65 | 0.5

62B |Malone gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------------------------------| 23 | 0.2

64 |Runeberg mucky loam------------------------------------------------------| 13 | *

66 |Matoon silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes----------------------------| 37 | 0.3

68B |Fahey gravelly fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, loamy substratum--| 7 | *

69A |Coveytown loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes------------------------------| 4 | *

70 |Guff silty clay loam-----------------------------------------------------| 58 | 0.4

94B |Neckrock-Summerville complex, gently sloping, rocky----------------------| 53 | 0.4

94C |Neckrock-Summerville complex, strongly sloping, rocky--------------------| 5 | *

101 |Wonsqueak muck-----------------------------------------------------------| 28 | 0.2

104 |Udorthents, wet substratum-----------------------------------------------| 56 | 0.4

105 |Udorthents, smoothed-----------------------------------------------------| 15 | 0.1

107 |Udorthents, loamy--------------------------------------------------------| 47 | 0.4

110 |Borosaprists and Fluvaquents, frequently flooded-------------------------| 29 | 0.2

144 |Roundabout silt loam-----------------------------------------------------| 12 | *

147A |Flackville loamy fine sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes------------------------| 128 | 1.0

147B |Flackville loamy fine sand, 3 to 8 percent slopes------------------------| 60 | 0.4

148 |Stockholm loamy fine sand------------------------------------------------| 250 | 1.9

149 |Pinconning mucky loamy fine sand-----------------------------------------| 92 | 0.7

181 |Dorval muck--------------------------------------------------------------| 202 | 1.5

260C |Grenville loam, strongly sloping, very stony-----------------------------| 122 | 0.9

261B |Hogansburg loam, gently sloping, very stony------------------------------| 1,880 | 14.0

263B |Malone gravelly loam, gently sloping, very stony-------------------------| 855 | 6.4

264 |Runeberg mucky loam, very stony------------------------------------------| 71 | 0.5

270B |Coveytown loamy sand, gently sloping, very stony-------------------------| 4 | *

W |Water--------------------------------------------------------------------| 1,345 | 10.0

 | |____________|________

 | Total---------------------------------------------------------------| 13,400 | 100.0

_______|_________________________________________________________________________|____________|________

 * Less than 0.1 percent.
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 145

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture

(Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. They are for nonirrigated

 areas. Absence of a yield indicates that the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop

 generally is not grown on the soil.)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Land |Alfalfa hay | Corn |Corn silage |Grass-legume| Pasture

 and soil name | capability | | | | hay | __________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Tons | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM

 | | | | | |

2: | | | | | |

 Lovewell, stratified | | | | | |

 substratum-------------| 2w | 4.50 | 140.00 | 25.00 | 4.50 | 7.50

 | | | | | |

5: | | | | | |

 Fluvaquents, frequently | | | | | |

 flooded----------------| 5w | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Fluvaquents, frequently | | | | | |

 flooded----------------| 5w | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.00

 | | | | | |

 Udifluvents, frequently | | | | | |

 flooded----------------| 5w | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.50

 | | | | | |

6: | | | | | |

 Redwater----------------| 3w | 3.00 | 100.00 | 16.00 | 3.50 | 5.00

 | | | | | |

15B: | | | | | |

 Waddington--------------| 3s | 4.50 | 130.00 | 18.00 | 4.00 | 7.00

 | | | | | |

18A: | | | | | |

 Adams-------------------| 3s | 2.00 | --- | 12.00 | 2.50 | 3.00

 | | | | | |

18B: | | | | | |

 Adams-------------------| 3s | 2.00 | --- | 12.00 | 2.50 | 3.00

 | | | | | |

20A: | | | | | |

 Croghan-----------------| 2w | 3.00 | --- | 14.00 | 3.00 | 5.00

 | | | | | |

33: | | | | | |

 Wainola-----------------| 3w | --- | 100.00 | 14.00 | 3.00 | 5.50

 | | | | | |

39A: | | | | | |

 Churchville-------------| 3w | --- | 100.00 | 16.00 | 3.00 | 5.00

 | | | | | |

39B: | | | | | |

 Churchville-------------| 3w | --- | 100.00 | 16.00 | 3.00 | 5.00

 | | | | | |

40B: | | | | | |

 Heuvelton---------------| 2e | 4.50 | 110.00 | 20.00 | 4.00 | 7.50

 | | | | | |

40C: | | | | | |

 Heuvelton---------------| 3e | 4.00 | 110.00 | 18.00 | 3.50 | 7.00

 | | | | | |

41A: | | | | | |

 Muskellunge-------------| 3w | 3.00 | 120.00 | 17.00 | 3.50 | 5.50

 | | | | | |

41B: | | | | | |

 Muskellunge-------------| 3w | 3.00 | 120.00 | 17.00 | 3.50 | 5.50

 | | | | | |

42: | | | | | |

 Adjidaumo---------------| 4w | --- | --- | 15.00 | 3.00 | 2.50

 | | | | | |

43: | | | | | |

 Adjidaumo, mucky silty | | | | | |

 clay-------------------| 5w | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.00

 | | | | | |

44: | | | | | |

 Mino--------------------| 3w | 3.50 | 120.00 | 18.00 | 3.50 | 5.50

 | | | | | |
146 Soil Survey

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Land |Alfalfa hay | Corn |Corn silage |Grass-legume| Pasture

 and soil name | capability | | | | hay | __________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Tons | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM

 | | | | | |

45: | | | | | |

 Sciota------------------| 3w | --- | 100.00 | 12.00 | 3.00 | 5.00

 | | | | | |

46: | | | | | |

 Deinache----------------| 4w | --- | --- | 12.00 | 3.00 | 4.00

 | | | | | |

47B: | | | | | |

 Elmwood-----------------| 2w | 4.00 | --- | 22.00 | 4.00 | 8.00

 | | | | | |

48: | | | | | |

 Swanton-----------------| 3w | 3.00 | 120.00 | 18.00 | 3.00 | 5.50

 | | | | | |

49: | | | | | |

 Munuscong---------------| 5w | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

50: | | | | | |

 Hailesboro--------------| 3w | 3.50 | 100.00 | 18.00 | 3.00 | 5.50

 | | | | | |

51: | | | | | |

 Wegatchie---------------| 4w | --- | --- | 10.00 | 3.00 | 2.50

 | | | | | |

53B: | | | | | |

 Nicholville-------------| 2e | 4.50 | 120.00 | 20.00 | 4.00 | 7.50

 | | | | | |

60C: | | | | | |

 Grenville---------------| 3e | 5.50 | 130.00 | 25.00 | 4.50 | 8.50

 | | | | | |

61B: | | | | | |

 Hogansburg--------------| 2e | 4.50 | 125.00 | 24.00 | 4.00 | 7.50

 | | | | | |

62A: | | | | | |

 Malone------------------| 3w | 2.50 | 100.00 | 16.00 | 2.50 | 5.00

 | | | | | |

62B: | | | | | |

 Malone------------------| 3w | 2.50 | 100.00 | 16.00 | 2.50 | 5.00

 | | | | | |

64: | | | | | |

 Runeberg----------------| 5w | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.50

 | | | | | |

66: | | | | | |

 Matoon------------------| 3w | --- | 90.00 | 15.00 | 3.00 | 5.50

 | | | | | |

68B: | | | | | |

 Fahey-------------------| 2w | --- | --- | 14.00 | 3.00 | 5.00

 | | | | | |

69A: | | | | | |

 Coveytown---------------| 3w | 3.50 | 120.00 | 15.00 | 3.00 | 5.50

 | | | | | |

70: | | | | | |

 Guff--------------------| 4w | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.50

 | | | | | |

94B: | | | | | |

 Neckrock----------------| 6s | --- | --- | --- | --- | 4.00

 | | | | | |

 Summerville-------------| 6s | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.00

 | | | | | |

94C: | | | | | |

 Neckrock----------------| 6s | --- | --- | --- | --- | 4.00

 | | | | | |

 Summerville-------------| 6s | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.00

 | | | | | |

101: | | | | | |

 Wonsqueak---------------| 7w | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 147

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Land |Alfalfa hay | Corn |Corn silage |Grass-legume| Pasture

 and soil name | capability | | | | hay | __________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Tons | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM

 | | | | | |

104: | | | | | |

 Udorthents, wet | | | | | |

 substratum-------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

105: | | | | | |

 Udorthents, smoothed----| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

107: | | | | | |

 Udorthents, Loamy-------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

110: | | | | | |

 Borosaprists------------| 8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Fluvaquents-------------| 5w | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

144: | | | | | |

 Roundabout--------------| 3w | 3.50 | 120.00 | 18.00 | 3.50 | 5.50

 | | | | | |

147A: | | | | | |

 Flackville--------------| 2w | 3.50 | 110.00 | 18.00 | 4.00 | 7.50

 | | | | | |

147B: | | | | | |

 Flackville--------------| 2w | 4.00 | 140.00 | 18.00 | 4.00 | 7.50

 | | | | | |

148: | | | | | |

 Stockholm---------------| 4w | --- | --- | 14.00 | 3.00 | 4.50

 | | | | | |

149: | | | | | |

 Pinconning--------------| 5w | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.50

 | | | | | |

181: | | | | | |

 Dorval------------------| 5w | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

260C: | | | | | |

 Grenville, very stony---| 6s | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.50

 | | | | | |

261B: | | | | | |

 Hogansburg, very stony--| 6s | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.50

 | | | | | |

263B: | | | | | |

 Malone, very stony------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.50

 | | | | | |

264: | | | | | |

 Runeberg, very stony----| 6s | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.00

 | | | | | |

270B: | | | | | |

 Coveytown, very stony---| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.50

 | | | | | |

W: | | | | | |

 Water-------------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

_________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________
148 Soil Survey

Table 6.—Prime Farmland

(Only the soils considered prime farmland are listed. Urban or built-up areas of the soils listed are

not considered prime farmland. If a soil is prime farmland only under certain conditions, the

conditions are specified in parentheses after the soil name.)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Map | Soil name

symbol | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

2 |Lovewell very fine sandy loam, stratified substratum

6 |Redwater fine sandy loam (Prime farmland if drained)

40B |Heuvelton silty clay loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

41A |Muskellunge silty clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (Prime farmland if drained)

41B |Muskellunge silty clay loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes (Prime farmland if drained)

44 |Mino loam (Prime farmland if drained)

47B |Elmwood fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

48 |Swanton very fine sandy loam (Prime farmland if drained)

50 |Hailesboro silt loam (Prime farmland if drained)

61B |Hogansburg loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

62A |Malone gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (Prime farmland if drained)

62B |Malone gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes (Prime farmland if drained)

66 |Matoon silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes (Prime farmland if drained)

144 |Roundabout silt loam (Prime farmland if drained)

147A |Flackville loamy fine sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes

147B |Flackville loamy fine sand, 3 to 8 percent slopes ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 149

Table 7.—Soil Rating for Small Fruit

Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation

Detailed Soil Map Legend

_____________________________________________________

 |

 Map symbol and | Relative rating for

 soil name | some soil properties

_________________|_________________________________

 |

2: |

 Lovewell, |

 stratified |

 substratum-----|0.857 Favorable for most small

 | fruit +

 | 1.000 Favorable (soil drainage)

 | 0.961 Very favorable texture

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.420 Fair (pH)

 |

5: |

 Fluvaquents, |

 frequently |

 flooded--------|not rated

 |

 Fluvaquents, |

 frequently |

 flooded--------|not rated

 |

 Udifluvents, |

 frequently |

 flooded--------|not rated

 |

6: |

 Redwater--------|0.691 Fair for most small fruit +

 | 1.000 Very favorable texture

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.420 Fair (pH)

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

15B: |

 Waddington------|0.804 Favorable for most small

 | fruit +

 | 1.000 Very favorable texture

 | 0.750 Somewhat favorable

 | (drainage)

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.719 Favorable (pH)

 |

18A: |

 Adams-----------|0.714 Fair for most small fruit +

 | 0.750 Somewhat favorable

 | (drainage)

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.600 Favorable (texture)

 | 0.000 Poor (pH is too low or

 | high)

 |

18B: |

 Adams-----------|0.714 Fair for most small fruit +

 | 0.750 Somewhat favorable

 | (drainage)

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.600 Favorable (texture)

 | 0.000 Poor (pH is too low or

 | high)
150 Soil Survey

Table 7.—Soil Rating for Small Fruit—continued

Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation

Detailed Soil Map Legend

_____________________________________________________

 |

 Map symbol and | Relative rating for

 soil name | some soil properties

_________________|_________________________________

 |

20A: |

 Croghan---------|0.734 Fair for most small fruit +

 | 1.000 Favorable (soil drainage)

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.156 Poor (too sandy or

 | clayey)

 | 0.000 Poor (pH is too low or

 | high)

 |

33: |

 Wainola---------|0.611 Fair for most small fruit +

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.459 Fair (texture)

 | 0.000 Poor (pH is too low or

 | high)

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

39A: |

 Churchville-----|0.631 Fair for most small fruit +

 | 0.830 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.010 Poor (too sandy or

 | clayey)

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

39B: |

 Churchville-----|0.631 Fair for most small fruit +

 | 0.830 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.010 Poor (too sandy or

 | clayey)

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

40B: |

 Heuvelton-------|0.807 Favorable for most small

 | fruit +

 | 1.000 Favorable (soil drainage)

 | 0.913 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.010 Poor (too sandy or

 | clayey)

 |

 40C: |

 Heuvelton-------|0.807 Favorable for most small

 | fruit +

 | 1.000 Favorable (soil drainage)

 | 0.913 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.010 Poor (too sandy or

 | clayey)

 |
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 151

Table 7.—Soil Rating for Small Fruit—continued

Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation

Detailed Soil Map Legend

_____________________________________________________

 |

 Map symbol and | Relative rating for

 soil name | some soil properties

_________________|_________________________________

 |

41A: |

 Muskellunge-----|0.555 Fair for most small fruit +

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.087 Somewhat poor (pH)

 | 0.010 Poor (too sandy or

 | clayey)

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

41B: |

 Muskellunge-----|0.555 Fair for most small fruit +

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.087 Somewhat poor (pH)

 | 0.010 Poor (too sandy or

 | clayey)

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

42: |

 Adjidaumo-------|0.479 Poor for most small fruit +

 | 0.969 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.010 Poor (too sandy or

 | clayey)

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

43: |

 Adjidaumo, mucky|

 silty clay-----|0.479 Poor for most small fruit +

 | 0.969 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.010 Poor (too sandy or

 | clayey)

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

44: |

 Mino------------|0.721 Fair for most small fruit +

 | 1.000 Very favorable texture

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.719 Favorable (pH)

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

45: |

 Sciota----------|0.661 Fair for most small fruit +

 | 0.913 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.156 Poor (too sandy or

 | clayey)

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |
152 Soil Survey

Table 7.—Soil Rating for Small Fruit—continued

Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation

Detailed Soil Map Legend

_____________________________________________________

 |

 Map symbol and | Relative rating for

 soil name | some soil properties

_________________|_________________________________

 |

46: |

 Deinache--------|0.404 Poor for most small fruit +

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.156 Poor (too sandy or

 | clayey)

 | 0.031 Somewhat poor (pH)

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

47B: |

 Elmwood---------|0.916 Very favorable for small

 | fruit +

 | 1.000 Very favorable texture

 | 1.000 Favorable (soil drainage)

 | 0.997 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 |

48: |

 Swanton---------|0.750 Fair for most small fruit +

 | 1.000 Very favorable texture

 | 0.997 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

49: |

 Munuscong-------|0.510 Poor for most small fruit +

 | 1.000 Very favorable texture

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.281 Fair (pH)

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

50: |

 Hailesboro------|0.674 Fair for most small fruit +

 | 0.913 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.248 Fair (texture)

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

51: |

 Wegatchie-------|0.489 Poor for most small fruit +

 | 0.913 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.116 Poor (too sandy or

 | clayey)

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

53B: |

 Nicholville-----|0.857 Favorable for most small

 | fruit +

 | 1.000 Very favorable texture

 | 1.000 Favorable (soil drainage)

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.420 Fair (pH)
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 153

 Table 7.—Soil Rating for Small Fruit—continued

 Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation

 Detailed Soil Map Legend

_____________________________________________________

 |

 Map symbol and | Relative rating for

 soil name | some soil properties

_________________|_________________________________

 |

 |

60C: |

 Grenville-------|0.916 Very favorable for small

 | fruit +

 | 1.000 Very favorable texture

 | 1.000 Favorable (soil drainage)

 | 0.997 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 |

 | 0.580 Favorable (pH)

 |

61B: |

 Hogansburg------|0.874 Favorable for most small

 | fruit +

 | 1.000 Very favorable texture

 | 1.000 Favorable (soil drainage)

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

62A: |

 Malone----------|0.747 Fair for most small fruit +

 | 1.000 Very favorable texture

 | 0.969 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

62B: |

 Malone----------|0.747 Fair for most small fruit +

 | 1.000 Very favorable texture

 | 0.969 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

64: |

 Runeberg--------|0.540 Poor for most small fruit +

 | 1.000 Very favorable texture

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.580 Favorable (pH)

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

66: |

 Matoon----------|0.620 Fair for most small fruit +

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.719 Favorable (pH)

 | 0.010 Poor (too sandy or

 | clayey)

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

68B: |

 Fahey-----------|0.817 Favorable for most small

 | fruit +

 | 1.000 Very favorable texture

 | 1.000 Favorable (soil drainage)

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.031 Somewhat poor (pH)
154 Soil Survey

Table 7.—Soil Rating for Small Fruit—continued

Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation:

Detailed Soil Map Legend

____________________________________________________

 |

 Map symbol and | Relative rating for

 soil name | some soil properties

 ________________|_________________________________

 |

 |

69A: |

 Coveytown-------|0.741 Fair for most small fruit +

 | 0.913 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.730 Favorable (texture)

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

70: |

 Guff------------|0.473 Poor for most small fruit +

 | 0.913 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.010 Poor (too sandy or

 | clayey)

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

94B: |

 Neckrock--------|0.857 Favorable for most small

 | fruit +

 | 1.000 Favorable (soil drainage)

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.719 Favorable (pH)

 | 0.500 Fair (texture)

 |

 Summerville-----|0.788 Favorable for most small

 | fruit +

 | 1.000 Favorable (soil drainage)

 | 0.997 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.961 Very favorable texture

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 |

94C: |

 Neckrock--------|0.857 Favorable for most small

 | fruit +

 | 1.000 Favorable (soil drainage

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.719 Favorable (pH)

 | 0.500 Fair (texture)

 Summerville-----|0.788 Favorable for most small

 | fruit +

 | 1.000 Favorable (soil drainage)

 | 0.997 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.961 Very favorable texture

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 |

101: |

 Wonsqueak-------|0.407 Poor for most small fruit

 | *+

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.281 Fair (pH) *+

 | 0.000 Poor (too sandy or

 | clayey)

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 155

Table 7.—Soil Rating for Small Fruit—continued

Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation

Detailed Soil Map Legend

 _____________________________________________________

 |

 Map symbol and | Relative rating for

 soil name | some soil properties

 _________________|_________________________________

 |

 |

 |

 104: |

 Udorthents, wet |

 substratum-----|not rated

 |

 105: |

 Udorthents, |

 smoothed-------|not rated

 |

 107: |

 Udorthents, |

 Loamy----------|not rated

 |

 110: |

 Borosaprists----|not rated

 |

 Fluvaquents-----|not rated

 |

 144: |

 Roundabout------|0.741 Fair for most small fruit +

 | 1.000 Very favorable texture

 | 0.913 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

 147A: |

 Flackville------|0.877 Favorable for most small

 | fruit +

 | 1.000 Favorable (soil drainage)

 | 0.969 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.459 Fair (texture)

 |

 147B: |

 Flackville------|0.877 Favorable for most small

 | fruit +

 | 1.000 Favorable (soil drainage)

 | 0.969 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.459 Fair (texture)

 |

 148: |

 Stockholm-------|0.447 Poor for most small fruit +

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.459 Fair (texture)

 | 0.031 Somewhat poor (pH)

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

 149: |

 Pinconning------|0.504 Poor for most small fruit +

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.580 Favorable (pH)

 | 0.459 Fair (texture)

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit
156 Soil Survey

Table 7.—Soil Rating for Small Fruit—continued

Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation

Detailed Soil Map Legend

_____________________________________________________

 |

 Map symbol and | Relative rating for

 soil name | some soil properties

_________________|_________________________________

 |

 |

181: |

 Dorval----------|0.407 Poor for most small fruit

 | *+

 | 0.750 Favorable - few or no

 | stones +

 | 0.281 Fair (pH) *+

 | 0.000 Poor (too sandy or

 | clayey)

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

260C: |

 Grenville, very |

 stony----------|0.716 Fair for most small fruit +

 | 1.000 Very favorable texture

 | 1.000 Favorable (soil drainage)

 | 0.997 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.150 Poor - too stony

 |

261B: |

 Hogansburg, very|

 stony----------|0.674 Fair for most small fruit +

 | 1.000 Very favorable texture

 | 1.000 Favorable (soil drainage)

 | 0.580 Favorable (pH)

 | 0.150 Poor - too stony

 |

263B: |

 Malone, very |

 stony----------|0.547 Poor for most small fruit +

 | 1.000 Very favorable texture

 | 0.969 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.150 Poor - too stony

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

264: |

 Runeberg, very |

 stony----------|0.340 Poor for most small fruit +

 | 1.000 Very favorable texture

 | 0.580 Favorable (pH)

 | 0.150 Poor - too stony

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

270B: |

 Coveytown, very |

 stony----------|0.541 Poor for most small fruit +

 | 0.913 Very favorable - good pH

 | 0.730 Favorable (texture)

 | 0.150 Poor - too stony

 | 0.000 Drainage not favorable

 | for most small fruit

 |

W: |

 Water-----------|not rated

_________________|_________________________________

All values are rounded.

* Indicates null data was used.

+ Indicates default values were used.
Table 8.—Forestland Management and Productivity ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | Map symbol and |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume |  soil name |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood | | | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | | 2: | | | | | | | | | | Lovewell, stratified | | | | | | | | | | substratum-------------| 10A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|eastern white pine--| 75 | 143 |Eu

 | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 65 | 129 | e | | | | | | |red maple-----------| 62 | 43 | p | | | | | | | | | | w | | | | | | | | | | 5: | | | | | | | | | | Fluvaquents, frequently | | | | | | | | | | flooded----------------| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |  | | | | | | | | | | Fluvaquents, frequently | | | | | | | | | | flooded----------------| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |  | | | | | | | | | | Udifluvents, frequently | | | | | | | | | | flooded----------------| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |  | | | | | | | | | | 6: | | | | | | | | | | Redwater----------------| 3W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight | — |red maple-----------| 70 | 43 |No | | | | | | |quaking aspen-------| — | — | w | | | | | | |eastern cottonwood--| — | — | | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| — | — | | | | | | | | | | | 15B: | | | | | | | | | | Waddington--------------| 3F |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight | — |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43 |ea | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57 | r | | | | | | |American beech------| — | — | | | | | | | |American basswood---| — | — | | | | | | | | | | | 18A: | | | | | | | | | | Adams-------------------| 3S |Slight |Slight |Severe |Slight | — |eastern white pine--| 70 | 129 |ba | | | | | | |red pine------------| 55 | 86 | w | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 50 | 114 | s | | | | | | | | | | 18B: | | | | | | | | | | Adams-------------------| 3S |Slight |Slight |Severe |Slight | — |eastern white pine--| 70 | 129 |ba | | | | | | |red pine------------| 55 | 86 | w | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 50 | 114 | s | | | | | | | | | | 20A: | | | | | | | | | | Croghan-----------------| 10S |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight | — |eastern white pine--| 65 | 114 |Eu | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 55 | 29 | N | | | | | | |red maple-----------| — | — | e | | | | | | | | | |
Table 8.—Forestland Management and Productivity—continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | Map symbol and |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tre soil name |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood | | | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 33: | | | | | | | | | | Wainola-----------------| 6W |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Severe |red maple-----------| 60 | 43 |easte

 | | | | | | |quaking aspen-------| 75 | 86 | whit | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 68 | 57 | Norw | | | | | | |paper birch---------| 63 | 72 | | | | | | | | | | | 39A: | | | | | | | | | | Churchville-------------| 3W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate| — |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43 |easte | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 | 143 | east | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57 | | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| — | — | 39B: | | | | | | | | | | Churchville-------------| 3W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate| — |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43 |easte | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 | 143 | east | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57 | | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| — | — | | | | | | | | | | | 40B: | | | | | | | | | | Heuvelton---------------| 2A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight | — |northern red oak----| 70 | 57 |easte | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43 | whit | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 | 143 | | | | | | | |white ash-----------| — | — | | | | | | | | | | | 40C: | | | | | | | | | | Heuvelton---------------| 2R |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Slight | — |northern red oak----| 70 | 57 |easte | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43 | whit | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 | 143 | | | | | | | |white ash-----------| — | — | | | | | | | | | | | 41A: | | | | | | | | | | Muskellunge-------------| 3W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight | — |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43 |Europ | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57 | Norw | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 | 143 | east | | | | | | |red maple-----------| 70 | 43 | pine | | | | | | | | | | 41B: | | | | | | | | | | Muskellunge-------------| 3W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight | — |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43 |Europ | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57 | Norw | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 | 143 | east | | | | | | |red maple-----------| 70 | 43 | pine | | | | | | | | | | 42: | | | | | | | | | | Adjidaumo---------------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe | — |red maple-----------| 50 | 29 |easte | | | | | | |black ash-----------| — | — | east | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 55 | 86 | pine | | | | | | | | | |
Table 8.—Forestland Management and Productivity—continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | Map symbol and |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume | T soil name |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood | | | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | | 43: | | | | | | | | | | Adjidaumo, mucky silty | | | | | | | | | | clay-------------------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe | — |red maple-----------| 50 | 29 |eas

 | | | | | | |black ash-----------| — | — | ea | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 55 | 86 | p | | | | | | | | | | 44: | | | | | | | | | | Mino--------------------| 3W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate| — |white ash-----------| 69 | 43 |Eur | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57 | ea | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 | 10 | p | | | | | | | | | | 45: | | | | | | | | | | Sciota------------------| 3W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate| — |red maple-----------| 60 | 43 |eas | | | | | | |eastern arborvitae--| — | — | ea | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 65 | 114 | p | | | | | | | | | | 46: | | | | | | | | | | Deinache----------------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Severe |red maple-----------| 55 | 29 |eas | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| — | — | wh | | | | | | |eastern arborvitae--| — | — | | | | | | | | | | | 47B: | | | | | | | | | | Elmwood-----------------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|eastern white pine--| 66 | 114 |eas | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 62 | 43 | re | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57 | sp | | | | | | | | | | 48: | | | | | | | | | | Swanton-----------------| 7W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Severe |eastern white pine--| 70 | 129 |eas | | | | | | |red maple-----------| 57 | 29 | wh | | | | | | |white spruce--------| 45 | 100 | | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 45 | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | 49: | | | | | | | | | | Munuscong---------------| 3W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Severe |quaking aspen-------| 50 | 43 |eas | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| — | — | wh | | | | | | |red maple-----------| — | — | | | | | | | |paper birch---------| — | — | | | | | | | |black ash-----------| — | — | | | | | | | |tamarack------------| — | — | | | | | | | |black spruce--------| — | — | | | | | | | |eastern arborvitae--| — | — | | | | | | | | | | |
Table 8.—Forestland Management and Productivity—continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | Map symbol and |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume | Trees  soil name |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood | | | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | | 50: | | | | | | | | | | Hailesboro--------------| 3W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate| — |white ash-----------| 70 | 43 |eastern 

 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57 | white  | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 | 143 | | | | | | | |red maple-----------| 57 | 43 | | | | | | | | | | | 51: | | | | | | | | | | Wegatchie---------------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe | — |red maple-----------| 50 | 29 |black a | | | | | | |white ash-----------| — | — | | | | | | | |quaking aspen-------| — | — | | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| — | — | | | | | | | | | | | 53B: | | | | | | | | | | Nicholville-------------| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight | — |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43 |eastern  | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57 | white  | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 | 143 | | | | | | | | | | | 60C: | | | | | | | | | | Grenville---------------| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |sugar maple---------| 70 | 43 |black c | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57 | walnut | | | | | | |American basswood---| 75 | 43 | white  | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 | 143 | | | | | | | |black cherry--------| — | — | | | | | | | | | | | 61B: | | | | | | | | | | Hogansburg--------------| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight | — |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43 |eastern  | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 | 143 | white  | | | | | | |American basswood---| — | — | | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 75 | 43 | | | | | | | | | | | 62A: | | | | | | | | | | Malone------------------| 3W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate| — |red maple-----------| 60 | 43 |eastern  | | | | | | |northern red oak----| — | — | white  | | | | | | |eastern arborvitae--| — | — | | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| — | — | | | | | | | | | | | 62B: | | | | | | | | | | Malone------------------| 3W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate| — |red maple-----------| 60 | 43 |eastern  | | | | | | |northern red oak----| — | — | white  | | | | | | |eastern arborvitae--| — | — | | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| — | — | 64: | | | | | | | | | | Runeberg----------------| 5W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Severe |eastern arborvitae--| 45 | 72 |balsam  | | | | | | |red maple-----------| 60 | 43 | arborv | | | | | | |black ash-----------| — | — | | | | | | | | | | |
Table 8.—Forestland Management and Productivity—continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | Map symbol and |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree soil name |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood | | | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | | 66: | | | | | | | | | | Matoon------------------| 3W |Slight |Severe |Slight |Moderate| — |red maple-----------| 60 | 43 |white 

 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| — | — | yello | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| — | — | | | | | | | |northern red oak----| — | — | | | | | | | | | | | 68B: | | | | | | | | | | Fahey-------------------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |eastern white pine--| 65 | 114 |easter | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | red p | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 55 | 29 | spruc | | | | | | | | | | 69A: | | | | | | | | | | Coveytown---------------| 2W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate| — |red maple-----------| 55 | 29 |easter | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 65 | 114 | white  | | | | | | | | | | 70: | | | | | | | | | | Guff--------------------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Severe |red maple-----------| — | 29 |black  | | | | | | |white ash-----------| — | — | | | | | | | |American elm--------| — | — | | | | | | | | | | | 94B: | | | | | | | | | | Neckrock----------------| — | — | — | — | — | — |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43 |easter | | | | | | |eastern arborvitae--| — | — | easte | | | | | | |white ash-----------| — | — | | | | | | | | | | | Summerville-------------| — | — | — | — | — | — |sugar maple---------| 57 | 29 |easter | | | | | | |paper birch---------| 53 | 57 | easte | | | | | | |American beech------| — | — | pine,  | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 50 | 86 | | | | | | | |quaking aspen-------| — | — | | | | | | | |eastern arborvitae--| — | — | | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| — | — | | | | | | | | | | | 107: | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents, Loamy-------| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |  | | | | | | | | | | 110: | | | | | | | | | | Borosaprists------------| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |  | | | | | | | | | | Fluvaquents-------------| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |  | | | | | | | | | |
Table 8.—Forestland Management and Productivity—continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | Map symbol and |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tre soil name |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood | | | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | | 144: | | | | | | | | | | Roundabout--------------| 9W |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Severe |eastern white pine--| 75 | 143 |Europ

 | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| 55 | 114 | bals | | | | | | |red maple-----------| 55 | 29 | east | | | | | | |gray birch----------| — | 129 | pine | | | | | | | | | | 147A: | | | | | | | | | | Flackville--------------| 3S |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight | — |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43 |easte | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | whit | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 70 | 129 | | | | | | | |black cherry--------| — | — | | | | | | | | | | | 147B: | | | | | | | | | | Flackville--------------| 3S |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight | — |eastern white pine--| 70 | 129 |Norwa | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | east | | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 60 | 43 | pine | | | | | | | | | | 148: | | | | | | | | | | Stockholm---------------| 3W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate| — |red maple-----------| 75 | 43 |easte | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 65 | 114 | whit | | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| 60 | — | | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| — | — | 94C: | | | | | | | | | | Neckrock----------------| 3D |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight | — |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43 |easte | | | | | | |eastern arborvitae--| — | — | east | | | | | | |white ash-----------| — | — | | | | | | | | | | | Summerville-------------| 2D |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slight |sugar maple---------| 57 | 29 |easte | | | | | | |paper birch---------| 53 | 57 | east | | | | | | |American beech------| — | — | pine | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 50 | 86 | | | | | | | |quaking aspen-------| — | — | | | | | | | |eastern arborvitae--| — | — | | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| — | — | | | | | | | | | | | 101: | | | | | | | | | | Wonsqueak---------------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Severe |black spruce--------| 20 | 29 |black  | | | | | | |tamarack------------| — | — | tama | | | | | | |eastern arborvitae--| — | — | | | | | | | |balsam fir----------| — | — | | | | | | | |quaking aspen-------| — | — | | | | | | | |red maple-----------| — | — | | | | | | | | | | |
Table 8.—Forestland Management and Productivity—continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | Map symbol and |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tre soil name |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood | | | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | | 104: | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents, wet | | | | | | | | | | substratum-------------| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 

 | | | | | | | | | | 105: | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents, smoothed----| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 149: | | | | | | | | | | Pinconning--------------| 3W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Severe |quaking aspen-------| 50 | 43 |black  | | | | | | |black ash-----------| — | — | arbo | | | | | | |eastern arborvitae--| — | — | | | | | | | |red maple-----------| 55 | 29 | | | | | | | |paper birch---------| — | — | | | | | | | | | | | 181: | | | | | | | | | | Dorval------------------| 2W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe | — |red maple-----------| 50 | 29 |easte | | | | | | |white ash-----------| — | — | whit | | | | | | |eastern arborvitae--| — | — | | | | | | | |American elm--------| — | — | | | | | | | | | | | 260C: | | | | | | | | | | Grenville, very stony---| 3X |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |sugar maple---------| 70 | 43 |Austr | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57 | Doug | | | | | | |American basswood---| 75 | 43 | Euro | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 | 143 | Norw | | | | | | | | | | blac | | | | | | | | | | east | | | | | | | | | | 261B: | | | | | | | | | | Hogansburg, very stony--| 3A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight | — |sugar maple---------| 65 | 43 |easte | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 75 | 143 | whit | | | | | | |white ash-----------| 75 | 43 | | | | | | | |American basswood---| — | — | | | | | | | | | | | 263B: | | | | | | | | | | Malone, very stony------| 3W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate| — |red maple-----------| 60 | 43 |easte | | | | | | |northern red oak----| — | — | whit | | | | | | |eastern arborvitae--| — | — | | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| — | — | | | | | | | | | | | 264: | | | | | | | | | | Runeberg, very stony----| 3W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Severe |eastern arborvitae--| 45 | 72 |black  | | | | | | |red maple-----------| 60 | 43 | arbo | | | | | | |black ash-----------| — | — | spru
Table 8.—Forestland Management and Productivity—continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | Map symbol and |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume | Tree soil name |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood | | | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 270B: | | | | | | | | | | Coveytown, very stony---| 2W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate| — |red maple-----------| 55 | 29 |easter

 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 65 | 114 | white  | | | | | | |yellow birch--------| — | — | | | | | | | | | | | W: | | | | | | | | | | Water-------------------| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |  | | | | | | | | | | _________________________|______|________|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|______
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 165

Table 9.—Recreational Development

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need

 for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an

 entry indicates that no rating is applicable.)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails | _________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

2: | | | | |

 Lovewell, stratified | | | | |

 substratum------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | flooding | wetness | flooding | wetness | flooding

 | | | wetness | | wetness

 | | | | |

5: | | | | |

 Fluvaquents, frequently| | | | |

 flooded---------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

 Fluvaquents, frequently| | | | |

 flooded---------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

 Udifluvents, frequently| | | | |

 flooded---------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

6: | | | | |

 Redwater---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | flooding | wetness | flooding | wetness | flooding

 | wetness | | wetness | | wetness

 | | | | |

15B: | | | | |

 Waddington-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Severe:

 | small stones | small stones | slope | | small stones

 | | | small stones | | droughty

 | | | | |

18A: | | | | |

 Adams------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | too sandy | too sandy | too sandy | too sandy | droughty

 | | | | |

18B: | | | | |

 Adams------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | too sandy | too sandy | slope | too sandy | droughty

 | | | too sandy | |

 | | | | |

20A: | | | | |

 Croghan----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | droughty

 | | | | |

33: | | | | |

 Wainola----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | too sandy | wetness | too sandy | wetness

 | | wetness | | wetness | droughty

 | | | | |

39A: | | | | |

 Churchville------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly | wetness | wetness

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | |

 | | | | |

39B: | | | | |

 Churchville------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly | wetness | wetness

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | |

 | | | | |
166 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Recreational Development—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

_________________________________________________________________________________________ and soil name | | | | trails |

 | | | | |

40B: | | | | |

 Heuvelton--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly | wetness | wetness

 | wetness | wetness | slope | |

 | | | wetness | |

 | | | | |

40C: | | | | |

 Heuvelton--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | erodes easily | slope

 | slope | slope | | | wetness

 | wetness | wetness | | |

 | | | | |

41A: | | | | |

 Muskellunge------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | | | | |

41B: | | | | |

 Muskellunge------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | | | | |

42: | | | | |

 Adjidaumo--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly | too clayey | too clayey

 | too clayey | too clayey | too clayey | wetness | wetness

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | |

 | | | | |

43: | | | | |

 Adjidaumo, mucky silty | | | | |

 clay------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly | ponding | ponding

 | ponding | ponding | ponding | |

 | | | | |

44: | | | | |

 Mino-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | | | | |

45: | | | | |

 Sciota-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | too sandy | too sandy | too sandy | too sandy | wetness

 | wetness | | wetness | | droughty

 | | | | |

46: | | | | |

 Deinache---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | too sandy | too sandy | too sandy | too sandy | wetness

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness |

 | | | | |

47B: | | | | |

 Elmwood----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly | wetness | wetness

 | | | | |

48: | | | | |

 Swanton----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly | wetness | wetness

 | wetness | | wetness | |

 | | | | |

49: | | | | |

 Munuscong--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | percs slowly | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding

 | ponding | | | |

 | | | | |

50: | | | | |

 Hailesboro-------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | | wetness | | |
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 167

Table 9.—Recreational Development—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails | _________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

51: | | | | |

 Wegatchie--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | | | | |

53B: | | | | |

 Nicholville------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | slope | wetness | wetness

 | | | wetness | |

 | | | | |

60C: | | | | |

 Grenville--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | | slope

 | slope | slope | | |

 | | | | |

61B: | | | | |

 Hogansburg-------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | wetness | wetness

 | wetness | wetness | small stones | |

 | | | wetness | |

 | | | | |

62A: | | | | |

 Malone-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | small stones

 | | wetness | | | wetness

 | | | | |

62B: | | | | |

 Malone-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | small stones

 | | wetness | | | wetness

 | | | | |

64: | | | | |

 Runeberg---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | | | | |

66: | | | | |

 Matoon-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | | | | |

68B: | | | | |

 Fahey------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | small stones | small stones | small stones | wetness | droughty

 | wetness | wetness | | |

 | | | | |

69A: | | | | |

 Coveytown--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | percs slowly | wetness | too sandy | wetness

 | | too sandy | | wetness | droughty

 | | wetness | | |

 | | | | |

70: | | | | |

 Guff-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly | ponding | ponding

 | ponding | ponding | ponding | |

 | | | | |

94B: | | | | |

 Neckrock---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | | slope

 | | | small stones | | depth to rock

 | | | depth to rock | |

 | | | | |

 Summerville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Severe:

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock

 | | | | |
168 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Recreational Development—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails | _________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

94C: | | | | |

 Neckrock---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | | slope

 | slope | slope | | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

 Summerville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Severe:

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | depth to rock

 | | | depth to rock | |

 | | | | |

101: | | | | |

 Wonsqueak--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | excess humus | excess humus | excess humus | excess humus | excess humus

 | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding | wetness

 | | | | |

104: | | | | |

 Udorthents, wet | | | | |

 substratum------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

105: | | | | |

 Udorthents, smoothed---|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

107: | | | | |

 Udorthents, Loamy------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

110: | | | | |

 Borosaprists-----------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

 Fluvaquents------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

144: | | | | |

 Roundabout-------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | | | | |

147A: | | | | |

 Flackville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly | too sandy | wetness

 | | | | wetness | droughty

 | | | | |

147B: | | | | |

 Flackville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly | too sandy | wetness

 | | | | wetness | droughty

 | | | | |

148: | | | | |

 Stockholm--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | wetness | wetness | | |

 | | | | |

149: | | | | |

 Pinconning-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly | ponding | ponding

 | ponding | ponding | ponding | |

 | | | | |

181: | | | | |

 Dorval-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | excess humus | excess humus | excess humus | excess humus | excess humus

 | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding

 | | | | |
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 169

Table 9.—Recreational Development—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

___________________________________________________________________________________________________ and soil name | | | | trails |

 | | | | |

260C: | | | | |

 Grenville, very stony--|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | | large stones

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

261B: | | | | |

 Hogansburg, very stony-|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | wetness | large stones

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | small stones | | wetness

 | wetness | wetness | | |

 | | | | |

263B: | | | | |

 Malone, very stony—----|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | large stones | large stones | wetness | large stones

 | | percs slowly | small stones | | small stones

 | | wetness | wetness | | wetness

 | | | | |

264: | | | | |

 Runeberg, very stony---|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | large stones | wetness | wetness

 | | | wetness | |

 | | | | |

270B: | | | | |

 Coveytown, very stony--|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | large stones | large stones | too sandy | large stones

 | | percs slowly | too sandy | wetness | wetness

 | | wetness | wetness | | droughty

 | | | | |

W: | | | | |

 Water------------------| — | — | — | — | —-

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
170 Soil Survey

Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat

(See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is

applicable.)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements | Potential as habitat for |_______________________________________________________|__________________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland

 and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild-

 | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life

 | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_________

 | | | | | | | | | |

2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Lovewell, stratified | | | | | | | | | |

 substratum-------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

5: | | | | | | | | | |

 Fluvaquents, frequently | | | | | | | | | |

 flooded (poorly drained)|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good

 | poor | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Fluvaquents, frequently | | | | | | | | | |

 flooded----------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair

 | poor | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Udifluvents, frequently | | | | | | | | | |

 flooded----------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

6: | | | | | | | | | |

 Redwater----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair

 | | | | | | | | | |

15B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Waddington--------------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

18A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Adams-------------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

18B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Adams-------------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

20A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Croghan-----------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

33: | | | | | | | | | |

 Wainola-----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair

 | | | | | | | | | |

39A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Churchville-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair

 | | | | | | | | | |

39B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Churchville-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

40B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Heuvelton---------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

40C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Heuvelton---------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

41A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Muskellunge-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair

 | | | | | | | | | |

41B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Muskellunge-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 171

Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements | Potential as habitat for |_______________________________________________________|__________________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland

 and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild-

 | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life

 | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_________

 | | | | | | | | | |

42: | | | | | | | | | |

 Adjidaumo---------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Fair |Good

 | | | | | | | | | |

43: | | | | | | | | | |

 Adjidaumo, mucky silty | | | | | | | | | |

 clay-------------------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Very |Poor |Good

 | poor | | | | | | | poor | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

44: | | | | | | | | | |

 Mino--------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair

 | | | | | | | | | |

45: | | | | | | | | | |

 Sciota------------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair

 | | | | | | | | | |

46: | | | | | | | | | |

 Deinache----------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair

 | | | | | | | | | |

47B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Elmwood-----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

48: | | | | | | | | | |

 Swanton-----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair

 | | | | | | | | | |

49: | | | | | | | | | |

 Munuscong---------------|Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Good

 | | | | | | | | | |

50: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hailesboro--------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair

 | | | | | | | | | |

51: | | | | | | | | | |

 Wegatchie---------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Fair |Good

 | | | | | | | | | |

53B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Nicholville-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

60C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Grenville---------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

61B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hogansburg--------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

62A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Malone------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair

 | | | | | | | | | |

62B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Malone------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

64: | | | | | | | | | |

 Runeberg----------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good

 | poor | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

66: | | | | | | | | | |

 Matoon------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

68B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Fahey-------------------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor | | | poor | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |
172 Soil Survey

Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements | Potential as habitat for |_______________________________________________________|__________________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland

 and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild-

 | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life

 | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_________

 | | | | | | | | | |

69A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Coveytown---------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair

 | | | | | | | | | |

70: | | | | | | | | | |

 Guff--------------------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good

 | poor | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

94B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Neckrock----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Summerville-------------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

94C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Neckrock----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Summerville-------------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

101: | | | | | | | | | |

 Wonsqueak---------------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Very |Poor |Good

 | poor | | | | | | | poor | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

104: | | | | | | | | | |

 Udorthents, wet | | | | | | | | | |

 substratum-------------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very

 | poor | poor | | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

105: | | | | | | | | | |

 Udorthents, smoothed----|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very

 | poor | poor | | poor | poor | poor | poor | | poor | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

107: | | | | | | | | | |

 Udorthents, Loamy-------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very

 | poor | poor | | poor | poor | poor | poor | | poor | poor

110: | | | | | | | | | |

 Borosaprists------------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good

 | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | | | poor | poor |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Fluvaquents-------------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good

 | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | | | poor | poor |

 | | | | | | | | | |

144: | | | | | | | | | |

 Roundabout--------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair

 | | | | | | | | | |

147A: | | | | | | | | | |

 Flackville--------------|Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

147B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Flackville--------------|Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

148: | | | | | | | | | |

 Stockholm---------------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair

 | | | | | | | | | |

149: | | | | | | | | | |

 Pinconning--------------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Fair |Good

 | | | | | | | | | |
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 173

Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements | Potential as habitat for |_______________________________________________________|__________________________

 Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland

 and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild-

 | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life

 | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_________

 | | | | | | | | | |

181: | | | | | | | | | |

 Dorval------------------|Very |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Very |Poor |Good

 | poor | poor | poor | | | | | poor | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

260C: | | | | | | | | | |

 Grenville, very stony---|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

261B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hogansburg, very stony--|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

263B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Malone, very stony------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

264: | | | | | | | | | |

 Runeberg, very stony—---|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good

 | poor | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

270B: | | | | | | | | | |

 Coveytown, very stony---|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor | | | | | | poor | | | poor

 | | | | | | | | | |

W: | | | | | | | | | |

 Water-------------------| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —

 | | | | | | | | | | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______
174 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Building Site Development

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite

 investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating

 is applicable.)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | | |

2: | | | | | |

 Lovewell, stratified | | | | | |

 substratum-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding

 | cutbanks cave | | wetness | | frost action | wetness

 | | | | | |

5: | | | | | |

 Fluvaquents, frequently | | | | | |

 flooded----------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | | |

 Fluvaquents, frequently | | | | | |

 flooded----------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | | |

 Udifluvents, frequently | | | | | |

 flooded----------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | | |

6: | | | | | |

 Redwater----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding

 | cutbanks cave | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | wetness

 | | | | | wetness |

 | | | | | |

15B: | | | | | |

 Waddington--------------|Severe: |Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave | | | slope | frost action | small stones

 | | | | | | droughty

 | | | | | |

18A: | | | | | |

 Adams-------------------|Severe: |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave | | | | | droughty

 | | | | | |

18B: | | | | | |

 Adams-------------------|Severe: |Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave | | | slope | | droughty

 | | | | | |

20A: | | | | | |

 Croghan-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | droughty

 | cutbanks cave | | | | wetness |

33: | | | | | |

 Wainola-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | wetness

 | cutbanks cave | | | | wetness | droughty

 | | | | | |

39A: | | | | | |

 Churchville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | wetness

 | | | | | low strength |

 | | | | | |

39B: | | | | | |

 Churchville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | wetness

 | | | | | low strength |

 | | | | | |
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 175

Table 11.—Building Site Development—Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | | |

40B: | | | | | |

 Heuvelton---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness | shrink-swell | wetness | shrink-swell | frost action | wetness

 | | wetness | | slope | low strength |

 | | | | wetness | |

 | | | | | |

40C: | | | | | |

 Heuvelton---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness | shrink-swell | wetness | slope | frost action | slope

 | | slope | | | low strength | wetness

 | | wetness | | | |

 | | | | | |

41A: | | | | | |

 Muskellunge-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | wetness

 | | | | | low strength |

 | | | | | |

41B: | | | | | |

 Muskellunge-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | wetness

 | | | | | low strength |

 | | | | | |

42: | | | | | |

 Adjidaumo---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | too clayey

 | | | | | low strength | wetness

 | | | | | wetness |

43: | | | | | |

 Adjidaumo, mucky silty | | | | | |

 clay-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding | frost action | ponding

 | | | | | low strength |

 | | | | | ponding |

 | | | | | |

44: | | | | | |

 Mino--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | wetness

 | | | | | |

45: | | | | | |

 Sciota------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | wetness

 | cutbanks cave | | | | wetness | droughty

 | | | | | |

46: | | | | | |

 Deinache----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | cutbanks cave | | | | |

 | | | | | |

47B: | | | | | |

 Elmwood-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness | shrink-swell | wetness | shrink-swell | frost action | wetness

 | | wetness | | slope | low strength |

 | | | | wetness | |

 | | | | | |

48: | | | | | |

 Swanton-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | wetness

 | | | | | |

49: | | | | | |

 Munuscong---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding | ponding | shrink-swell | ponding | frost action | ponding

 | | | ponding | | ponding |

 | | | | | |
176 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Building Site Development—Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | |

_________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | | |

50: | | | | | |

 Hailesboro--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | wetness

 | | | | | |

51: | | | | | |

 Wegatchie---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | wetness

 | | | | | low strength |

 | | | | | wetness |

 | | | | | |

53B: | | | | | |

 Nicholville-------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | slope | frost action | wetness

 | | | | wetness | |

 | | | | | |

60C: | | | | | |

 Grenville---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | slope

 | dense layer | | | | slope |

 | | | | | |

61B: | | | | | |

 Hogansburg--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | slope | frost action | wetness

 | | | | wetness | |

 | | | | | |

62A: | | | | | |

 Malone------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | small stones

 | | | | | | wetness

 | | | | | |

62B: | | | | | |

 Malone------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | small stones

 | | | | | | wetness

 | | | | | |

64: | | | | | |

 Runeberg----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | wetness

 | | | | | wetness |

 | | | | | |

66: | | | | | |

 Matoon------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | wetness

 | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | low strength |

 | | | | | wetness |

 | | | | | |

68B: | | | | | |

 Fahey-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | slope | wetness | droughty

 | cutbanks cave | | | wetness | |

 | | | | | |

69A: | | | | | |

 Coveytown---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | wetness

 | cutbanks cave | | | | wetness | droughty

 | | | | | |

70: | | | | | |

 Guff--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding | frost action | ponding

 | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | low strength |

 | | | | | ponding |

 | | | | | |
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 177

Table 11.—Building Site Development—Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | | |

94B: | | | | | |

 Neckrock----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | slope

 | | | | | | depth to rock

 | | | | | |

 Summerville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | | | | | |

94C: | | | | | |

 Neckrock----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope

 | | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | | | | | |

 Summerville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | | | | depth to rock | |

 | | | | | |

101: | | | | | |

 Wonsqueak---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | excess humus | low strength | wetness | low strength | frost action | excess humus

 | wetness | wetness | | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | | | | | |

104: | | | | | |

 Udorthents, wet | | | | | |

 substratum-------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | | |

105: | | | | | |

 Udorthents, smoothed----|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | | |

107: | | | | | |

 Udorthents, Loamy-------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | | |

110: | | | | | |

 Borosaprists------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | | |

 Fluvaquents-------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | | |

144: | | | | | |

 Roundabout--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | wetness

 | | | | | |

147A: | | | | | |

 Flackville--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | wetness

 | cutbanks cave | | | | shrink-swell | droughty

 | | | | | wetness |

 | | | | | |

147B: | | | | | |

 Flackville--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | slope | frost action | wetness

 | cutbanks cave | | | wetness | shrink-swell | droughty

 | | | | | wetness |

 | | | | | |

148: | | | | | |

 Stockholm---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | low strength | wetness

 | cutbanks cave | | | | wetness |

 | | | | | |
178 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Building Site Development—Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|__________________

 | | | | | |

149: | | | | | |

 Pinconning--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | ponding | ponding | shrink-swell | ponding | shrink-swell | ponding

 | cutbanks cave | | ponding | | ponding |

 | | | | | |

181: | | | | | |

 Dorval------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | excess humus | low strength | shrink-swell | low strength | frost action | excess humus

 | ponding | subsides | subsides | subsides | subsides | ponding

 | | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding |

 | | | | | |

260C: | | | | | |

 Grenville, very stony---|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action | large stones

 | dense layer | | | | slope | slope

 | | | | | |

261B: | | | | | |

 Hogansburg, very stony--|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | slope | frost action | large stones

 | | | | wetness | | wetness

 | | | | | |

263B: | | | | | |

 Malone, very stony------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | large stones

 | | | | | | small stones

 | | | | | | wetness

 | | | | | |

264: | | | | | |

 Runeberg, very stony----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | wetness

 | | | | | wetness |

 | | | | | |

270B: | | | | | |

 Coveytown, very stony---|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | frost action | large stones

 | | | | | wetness | wetness

 | | | | | | droughty

 | | | | | |

W: | | | | | |

 Water-------------------| — | — | — | — | — | —

 | | | | | |

_________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 179

Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need

 for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an

 entry indicates that no rating is applicable.)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill

 | fields | | | | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

2: | | | | |

 Lovewell, stratified | | | | |

 substratum------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | thin layer

 | wetness | seepage | seepage | wetness | wetness

 | | wetness | wetness | |

 | | | | |

5: | | | | |

 Fluvaquents, frequently| | | | |

 flooded---------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

 Fluvaquents, frequently| | | | |

 flooded---------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

 Udifluvents, frequently| | | | |

 flooded---------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

6: | | | | |

 Redwater---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | thin layer

 | wetness | seepage | seepage | seepage | wetness

 | | wetness | depth to rock | wetness |

 | | | | |

15B: | | | | |

 Waddington-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter | seepage | seepage | seepage | seepage

 | | | too sandy | | small stones

 | | | | | too sandy

 | | | | |

18A: | | | | |

 Adams------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter | seepage | seepage | seepage | seepage

 | | | too sandy | | too sandy

 | | | | |

18B: | | | | |

 Adams------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter | seepage | seepage | seepage | seepage

 | | | too sandy | | too sandy

 | | | | |

20A: | | | | |

 Croghan----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness | seepage | seepage | seepage | seepage

 | poor filter | wetness | too sandy | wetness | too sandy

 | | | wetness | |

 | | | | |

33: | | | | |

 Wainola----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness | seepage | seepage | seepage | too sandy

 | poor filter | wetness | too sandy | wetness | wetness

 | | | wetness | |

 | | | | |

39A: | | | | |

 Churchville------------|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | wetness | | | |
180 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill

 | fields | | | | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

39B: | | | | |

 Churchville------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | slope | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | wetness | | | |

 | | | | |

40B: | | | | |

 Heuvelton--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | slope | too clayey | wetness | too clayey

 | wetness | | wetness | |

 | | | | |

40C: | | | | |

 Heuvelton--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | slope | too clayey | slope | too clayey

 | wetness | | wetness | wetness |

 | | | | |

41A: | | | | |

 Muskellunge------------|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | | too clayey | wetness | hard to pack

 | wetness | | wetness | | too clayey

 | | | | | wetness

 | | | | |

41B: | | | | |

 Muskellunge------------|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | | too clayey | wetness | hard to pack

 | wetness | | wetness | | too clayey

 | | | | | wetness

 | | | | |

42: | | | | |

 Adjidaumo--------------|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | | too clayey | wetness | hard to pack

 | wetness | | wetness | | too clayey

 | | | | | wetness

 | | | | |

43: | | | | |

 Adjidaumo, mucky silty | | | | |

 clay------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | ponding | too clayey | ponding | hard to pack

 | ponding | | ponding | | too clayey

 | | | | | ponding

 | | | | |

44: | | | | |

 Mino-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | | | | |

45: | | | | |

 Sciota-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness | seepage | seepage | seepage | too sandy

 | poor filter | wetness | too sandy | wetness | wetness

 | | | wetness | |

 | | | | |

46: | | | | |

 Deinache---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness | seepage | seepage | seepage | too sandy

 | poor filter | wetness | too sandy | wetness | wetness

 | | | wetness | |

 | | | | |

47B: | | | | |

 Elmwood----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | seepage | hard to pack

 | wetness | | wetness | | too clayey

 | | | | |
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 181

Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill

 | fields | | | | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

48: | | | | |

 Swanton----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | seepage | hard to pack

 | wetness | | wetness | wetness | too clayey

 | | | | | wetness

 | | | | |

49: | | | | |

 Munuscong--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | seepage | hard to pack

 | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding | too clayey

 | | | | | ponding

 | | | | |

50: | | | | |

 Hailesboro-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | wetness | | | |

 | | | | |

51: | | | | |

 Wegatchie--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | wetness | | | |

 | | | | |

53B: | | | | |

 Nicholville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | | | | |

60C: | | | | |

 Grenville--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | small stones

 | | | | |

61B: | | | | |

 Hogansburg-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | small stones

 | wetness | | | |

 | | | | |

62A: | | | | |

 Malone-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | wetness | | | |

 | | | | |

62B: | | | | |

 Malone-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | wetness | | | |

 | | | | |

64: | | | | |

 Runeberg---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | wetness | | | |

 | | | | |

66: | | | | |

 Matoon-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | wetness | too clayey | wetness | hard to pack

 | wetness | depth to rock | wetness | depth to rock | too clayey

 | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

68B: | | | | |

 Fahey------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness | seepage | too sandy | seepage | seepage

 | poor filter | wetness | wetness | wetness | small stones

 | | | | | too sandy

 | | | | |
182 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill

 | fields | | | | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

69A: | | | | |

 Coveytown--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | seepage | wetness | seepage | small stones

 | wetness | wetness | | wetness | wetness

 | | | | |

70: | | | | |

 Guff-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | ponding | too clayey | ponding | hard to pack

 | ponding | depth to rock | ponding | depth to rock | too clayey

 | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

94B: | | | | |

 Neckrock---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | depth to rock | | | |

 | | | | |

 Summerville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | | | | |

94C: | | | | |

 Neckrock---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | | |

 | | | | |

 Summerville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | | depth to rock | | |

 | | | | |

101: | | | | |

 Wonsqueak--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | excess humus | wetness | seepage | wetness

 | ponding | seepage | | wetness |

 | | wetness | | |

 | | | | |

104: | | | | |

 Udorthents, wet | | | | |

 substratum------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

105: | | | | |

 Udorthents, smoothed---|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

107: | | | | |

 Udorthents, Loamy------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

110: | | | | |

 Borosaprists-----------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

 Fluvaquents------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

144: | | | | |

 Roundabout-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | wetness | | | |

 | | | | |

147A: | | | | |

 Flackville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | seepage | too clayey

 | wetness | | wetness | |
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 183

Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill

 | fields | | | | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

147B: | | | | |

 Flackville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | seepage | too clayey

 | wetness | | wetness | |

 | | | | |

148: | | | | |

 Stockholm--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | seepage | too clayey

 | wetness | | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | | | | |

149: | | | | |

 Pinconning-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | seepage | hard to pack

 | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding | too clayey

 | | | | | ponding

 | | | | |

181: | | | | |

 Dorval-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | excess humus | too clayey | seepage | hard to pack

 | subsides | seepage | ponding | ponding | too clayey

 | ponding | ponding | | | ponding

 | | | | |

260C: | | | | |

 Grenville, very stony--|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | | small stones

 | | | | |

261B: | | | | |

 Hogansburg, very stony-|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | small stones

 | wetness | | | |

 | | | | |

263B: | | | | |

 Malone, very stony-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | wetness | | | |

 | | | | |

264: | | | | |

 Runeberg, very stony---|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | wetness | | | |

 | | | | |

270B: | | | | |

 Coveytown, very stony--|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | wetness | | | |

 | | | | |

W: | | | | |

 Water------------------| — | — | — | — | —

 | | | | | ________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________
184 Soil Survey

Table 13.—Construction Materials

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need

 for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an

 entry indicates that no rating is applicable.)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

2: | | | |

 Lovewell, stratified | | | |

 substratum-------------|Fair: |Probable |Improbable: |Fair:

 | wetness | | too sandy | area reclaim

 | | | |

5: | | | |

 Fluvaquents, frequently | | | |

 flooded----------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | |

 Fluvaquents, frequently | | | |

 flooded----------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | |

 Udifluvents, frequently | | | |

 flooded----------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | |

6: | | | |

 Redwater----------------|Poor: |Probable |Probable |Poor:

 | wetness | | | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | | wetness

 | | | |

15B: | | | |

 Waddington--------------|Good |Probable |Probable |Poor:

 | | | | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

18A: | | | |

 Adams-------------------|Good |Probable |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | | too sandy | too sandy

 | | | |

18B: | | | |

 Adams-------------------|Good |Probable |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | | too sandy | too sandy

 | | | |

20A: | | | |

 Croghan-----------------|Fair: |Probable |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | | too sandy | too sandy

 | | | |

33: | | | |

 Wainola-----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | too sandy

 | | | |

39A: | | | |

 Churchville-------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | thin layer | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey

 | wetness | | |

 | | | |

39B: | | | |

 Churchville-------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | thin layer | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey

 | wetness | | |

 | | | |

40B: | | | |

 Heuvelton---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey

 | | | |

40C: | | | |

 Heuvelton---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey

 | | | |
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 185

Table 13.—Construction Materials—Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

41A: | | | |

 Muskellunge-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | thin layer

 | | | | too clayey

 | | | |

41B: | | | |

 Muskellunge-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | thin layer

 | wetness | | | wetness

 | | | |

42: | | | |

 Adjidaumo---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey

 | wetness | | | wetness

 | | | |

43: | | | |

 Adjidaumo, mucky silty | | | |

 clay-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey

 | wetness | | | wetness

 | | | |

44: | | | |

 Mino--------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines |

 | | | |

45: | | | |

 Sciota------------------|Fair: |Probable |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | | too sandy | too sandy

 | | | |

46: | | | |

 Deinache----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | too sandy

 | | | | wetness

 | | | |

47B: | | | |

 Elmwood-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | thin layer

 | | | |

48: | | | |

 Swanton-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | thin layer

 | | | |

49: | | | |

 Munuscong---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | wetness

 | shrink-swell | | |

 | wetness | | |

 | | | |

50: | | | |

 Hailesboro--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines |

 | | | |

51: | | | |

 Wegatchie---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | wetness

 | | | |

53B: | | | |

 Nicholville-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good

 | frost action | excess fines | excess fines |

 | | | |

60C: | | | |

 Grenville---------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |
186 Soil Survey

Table 13.—Construction Materials—Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

61B: | | | |

 Hogansburg--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

62A: | | | |

 Malone------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

62B: | | | |

 Malone------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

64: | | | |

 Runeberg----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | | wetness

 | | | |

66: | | | |

 Matoon------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey

 | wetness | | | wetness

 | depth to rock | | |

 | | | |

68B: | | | |

 Fahey-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | thin layer | thin layer | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

69A: | | | |

 Coveytown---------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | | too sandy

 | | | |

70: | | | |

 Guff--------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey

 | wetness | | | wetness

 | depth to rock | | |

 | | | |

94B: | | | |

 Neckrock----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

 Summerville-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | depth to rock

 | | | |

94C: | | | |

 Neckrock----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

 Summerville-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | depth to rock

 | | | |

101: | | | |

 Wonsqueak---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | excess humus

 | | | | wetness

 | | | |
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 187

Table 13.—Construction Materials—Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

104: | | | |

 Udorthents, wet | | | |

 substratum-------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | |

105: | | | |

 Udorthents, smoothed----|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | |

107: | | | |

 Udorthents, Loamy-------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | |

110: | | | |

 Borosaprists------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | |

 Fluvaquents-------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | |

144: | | | |

 Roundabout--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines |

 | | | |

147A: | | | |

 Flackville--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too sandy

 | | | |

147B: | | | |

 Flackville--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too sandy

 | | | |

148: | | | |

 Stockholm---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey

 | wetness | | | wetness

 | | | |

149: | | | |

 Pinconning--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too sandy

 | shrink-swell | | | wetness

 | wetness | | |

 | | | |

181: | | | |

 Dorval------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | excess humus

 | shrink-swell | | | wetness

 | wetness | | |

 | | | |

260C: | | | |

 Grenville, very stony---|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

261B: | | | |

 Hogansburg, very stony--|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

263B: | | | |

 Malone, very stony------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |
188 Soil Survey

Table 13.—Construction Materials—Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | | _________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

264: | | | |

 Runeberg, very stony----|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | | wetness

 | | | |

270B: | | | |

 Coveytown, very stony---|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | large stones

 | | | | too sandy

 | | | |

W: | | | |

 Water-------------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | _________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________
Table 14.—Water Management (The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite invest

 See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|________________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and |  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions | w | | levees | ponds | | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|___ | | | | | | | 2: | | | | | | | Lovewell, stratified | | | | | | | substratum------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | seepage | piping | cutbanks cave| flooding | flooding | erodes easily| er | | wetness | | frost action | wetness | wetness | | | | | | | | 5: | | | | | | | Fluvaquents, frequently| | | | | | | flooded---------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | va | | | | | | | Fluvaquents, frequently| | | | | | | flooded---------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | va | | | | | | | Udifluvents, frequently| | | | | | | flooded---------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | va | | | | | | | 6: | | | | | | | Redwater---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | seepage | piping | cutbanks cave| flooding | flooding | wetness | we | | wetness | | frost action | wetness | | | | | | | | | 15B: | | | | | | | Waddington-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | large stones | la | | | | | droughty | too sandy | dr | | | | | | | 18A: | | | | | | | Adams------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| fast intake | too sandy | dr | | piping | | | droughty | soil blowing | | | | | | | | 18B: | | | | | | | Adams------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | seepage | seepage | no water | deep to water| fast intake | too sandy | dr | | piping | | | slope | soil blowing | | | | | | droughty | |
Table 14.—Water Management—Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|________________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and |  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions | w | | levees | ponds | | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|___ | | | | | | | 20A: | | | | | | | Croghan----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | seepage | seepage | cutbanks cave| cutbanks cave| fast intake | too sandy | dr | | piping | | | wetness | wetness | | | wetness | | | droughty | soil blowing | | | | | | | | 33: | | | | | | | Wainola----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | seepage | seepage | cutbanks cave| cutbanks cave| wetness | too sandy | we | | piping | | | droughty | wetness | dr | | wetness | | | | soil blowing | | | | | | | | 39A: | | | | | | | Churchville------------|Slight |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | | piping | no water | frost action | wetness | erodes easily| er | | wetness | | percs slowly | | wetness | we | | | | | | | 39B: | | | | | | | Churchville------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | slope | piping | no water | frost action | slope | erodes easily| er | | wetness | | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | we | | | | slope | | | | | | | | | | 40B: | | | | | | | Heuvelton--------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | seepage | piping | no water | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easily| er | slope | | | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | pe | | | | slope | | | | | | | | | | 40C: | | | | | | | Heuvelton--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | slope | piping | no water | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easily| er | | | | percs slowly | wetness | slope | pe | | | | slope | | wetness | sl | | | | | | | 41A: | | | | | | | Muskellunge------------|Slight |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | | hard to pack | slow refill | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easily| er | | wetness | cutbanks cave| percs slowly | wetness | wetness | we | | | | | | |
Table 14.—Water Management—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|__________________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and | Gr and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions | wat | | levees | ponds | | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_____ | | | | | | | 41B: | | | | | | | Muskellunge------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limit | slope | hard to pack | slow refill | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easily| erod | | wetness | cutbanks cave| percs slowly | slope | percs slowly | perc | | | | slope | wetness | wetness | wetn | | | | | | | 42: | | | | | | | Adjidaumo--------------|Slight |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limit | | wetness | slow refill | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easily| erod | | | | percs slowly | slow intake | percs slowly | perc | | | | | wetness | wetness | wetn | | | | | | | 43: | | | | | | | Adjidaumo, mucky silty | | | | | | | clay------------------|Slight |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limit | | ponding | slow refill | frost action | erodes easily| erodes easily| erod | | | | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly | perc | | | | ponding | ponding | ponding | wetn | | | | | | | 44: | | | | | | | Mino-------------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limit | seepage | piping | slow refill | frost action | wetness | wetness | wetn | | wetness | | | | | | | | | | | | 45: | | | | | | | Sciota-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limit | seepage | seepage | cutbanks cave| cutbanks cave| wetness | too sandy | wetn | | piping | | | droughty | wetness | drou | | wetness | | | | soil blowing | | | | | | | | 46: | | | | | | | Deinache---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limit | seepage | seepage | cutbanks cave| cutbanks cave| fast intake | too sandy | wetn | | piping | | | wetness | wetness | drou | | wetness | | | droughty | soil blowing | | | | | | | | 47B: | | | | | | | Elmwood----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limit | seepage | hard to pack | no water | frost action | slope | erodes easily| erod | | piping | | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | root | | wetness | | slope | soil blowing | | | | | | | | |
Table 14.—Water Management—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|_______________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and |  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions |  | | levees | ponds | | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|__ | | | | | | | 48: | | | | | | | Swanton----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Li | seepage | wetness | no water | frost action | wetness | erodes easily| e | | | | percs slowly | soil blowing | wetness | p | | | | | | soil blowing | w | | | | | | | 49: | | | | | | | Munuscong--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Li | seepage | hard to pack | slow refill | frost action | percs slowly | percs slowly | p | | ponding | | percs slowly | soil blowing | soil blowing | w | | | | ponding | ponding | ponding | | | | | | | | 50: | | | | | | | Hailesboro-------------|Slight |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Li | | piping | slow refill | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easily| e | | wetness | | | wetness | wetness | w | | | | | | | 51: | | | | | | | Wegatchie--------------|Slight |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Li | | piping | slow refill | frost action | erodes easily| erodes easily| e | | wetness | | | wetness | wetness | w | | | | | | | 53B: | | | | | | | Nicholville------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Li | seepage | piping | no water | frost action | erodes easily| erodes easily| e | slope | | | cutbanks cave| | wetness | | | | | | | | 60C: | | | | | | | Grenville--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Li | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| rooting depth| slope | r | | | | | slope | | s | | | | | droughty | | d | | | | | | | 61B: | | | | | | | Hogansburg-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Li | seepage | piping | no water | frost action | rooting depth| wetness | r | slope | | | slope | slope | | | | | | | wetness | | | | | | | | | 62A: | | | | | | | Malone-----------------|Slight |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Li | | piping | no water | frost action | wetness | percs slowly | p | | | | percs slowly | droughty | wetness | w | | | | | | | d | | | | | | |
Table 14.—Water Management—Continued ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|______________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and |  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions |  | | levees | ponds | | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|_ | | | | | | | 62B: | | | | | | | Malone-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |L | slope | piping | no water | frost action | slope | percs slowly |  | | | | percs slowly | wetness | wetness |  | | | | slope | droughty | |  | | | | | | | 64: | | | | | | | Runeberg---------------|Slight |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |L | | piping | no water | frost action | percs slowly | percs slowly |  | | wetness | | percs slowly | wetness | wetness |  | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | 66: | | | | | | | Matoon-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |L | depth to rock| thin layer | no water | frost action | wetness | erodes easily|  | | wetness | | depth to rock| depth to rock| wetness |  | | | | | | depth to rock|  | | | | | | | 68B: | | | | | | | Fahey------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |L | seepage | seepage | slow refill | large stones | large stones | large stones |  | | wetness | cutbanks cave| slope | slope | too sandy |  | | | | cutbanks cave| wetness | wetness | | | | | | | | 69A: | | | | | | | Coveytown--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |L | seepage | piping | slow refill | cutbanks cave| fast intake | wetness |  | | wetness | cutbanks cave| | wetness | soil blowing |  | | | | | droughty | | | | | | | | | 70: | | | | | | | Guff-------------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |L | depth to rock| ponding | slow refill | percs slowly | percs slowly | erodes easily|  | | | depth to rock| ponding | ponding | ponding |  | | | | depth to rock| | depth to rock|  | | | | | | | 94B: | | | | | | | Neckrock---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |L | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | depth to rock|  | slope | | | | depth to rock| | | depth to rock| | | | droughty | | | | | | | | | Summerville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |L | depth to rock| piping | no water | deep to water| slope | depth to rock|  | | thin layer | | | depth to rock| | | | | | | | |
Table 14.—Water Management—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|_______________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and |  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions |  | | levees | ponds | | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|__ | | | | | | | 94C: | | | | | | | Neckrock---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Li | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope | s | | | | | depth to rock| depth to rock| d | | | | | droughty | | | | | | | | | Summerville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Li | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope | s | depth to rock| thin layer | | | depth to rock| depth to rock| d | | | | | | | 101: | | | | | | | Wonsqueak--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Li | seepage | piping | slow refill | frost action | wetness | erodes easily| e | | wetness | | subsides | | wetness | w | | | | | | | 104: | | | | | | | Udorthents, wet | | | | | | | substratum------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Li | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | v | | | | | | | 105: | | | | | | | Udorthents, smoothed---|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Li | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | v | | | | | | | 107: | | | | | | | Udorthents, Loamy------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Li | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | v | | | | | | | 110: | | | | | | | Borosaprists-----------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Li | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | v | | | | | | | Fluvaquents------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Li | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | v | | | | | | | 144: | | | | | | | Roundabout-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Li | seepage | piping | no water | frost action | percs slowly | erodes easily| e | | wetness | | percs slowly | wetness | percs slowly | p | | | | | | wetness | w | | | | | | |
Table 14.—Water Management—Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|________________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and |  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions | w | | levees | ponds | | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|___ | | | | | | | 147A: | | | | | | | Flackville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | seepage | piping | no water | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | pe | | | | | droughty | soil blowing | dr | | | | | | | 147B: | | | | | | | Flackville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | seepage | piping | no water | percs slowly | slope | percs slowly | pe | | | | slope | wetness | wetness | dr | | | | | droughty | soil blowing | | | | | | | | 148: | | | | | | | Stockholm--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | seepage | piping | slow refill | percs slowly | fast intake | percs slowly | we | | wetness | cutbanks cave| | wetness | wetness | dr | | | | | droughty | | | | | | | | | 149: | | | | | | | Pinconning-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | seepage | seepage | slow refill | percs slowly | fast intake | percs slowly | pe | | ponding | cutbanks cave| ponding | ponding | soil blowing | we | | | | cutbanks cave| droughty | ponding | dr | | | | | | | 181: | | | | | | | Dorval-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | seepage | ponding | no water | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly | pe | | | | subsides | soil blowing | soil blowing | we | | | | ponding | ponding | ponding | | | | | | | | 260C: | | | | | | | Grenville, very stony--|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| rooting depth| slope | ro | | | | | slope | | sl | | | | | droughty | | dr | | | | | | | 261B: | | | | | | | Hogansburg, very stony-|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Lim | seepage | piping | no water | frost action | rooting depth| wetness | ro | slope | | | slope | slope | | | | | | | wetness | | | | | | | | |
Table 14.—Water Management—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|_______________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces and |  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions |  | | levees | ponds | | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|__ | | | | | | | 263B: | | | | | | | Malone, very stony-----|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Li | slope | piping | no water | frost action | slope | percs slowly | p | | | | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | w | | | | slope | droughty | | d | | | | | | | 264: | | | | | | | Runeberg, very stony---|Slight |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Li | | piping | no water | frost action | percs slowly | percs slowly | p | | wetness | | percs slowly | rooting depth| wetness | r | | | | | wetness | | w | | | | | | | 270B: | | | | | | | Coveytown, very stony--|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Li | seepage | seepage | slow refill | slope | slope | too sandy | w | | wetness | cutbanks cave| cutbanks cave| wetness | wetness | d | | | | | | | W: | | | | | | | Water------------------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|__
Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties (Absence of an entry indicates that the data were not estimated.) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing |  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number— |Liq and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________|lim | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______|___ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pc | | | | | | | | | | | 2: | | | | | | | | | | |  Lovewell, | | | | | | | | | | |  stratified | | | | | | | | | | |  substratum-----| 0-11 |Very fine sandy|ML, CL-ML, CL|A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|50-80 | 0- | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | 11-30 |Very fine sandy|CL, ML, CL-ML|A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|50-70 | 0- | | loam, silt | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | 30-50 |Very fine sandy|CL-ML, CL, ML|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|45-65 | 0- | | loam, silt | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, loamy | | | | | | | | |  | | very fine sand| | | | | | | | |  | 50-75 |Stratified fine|ML, SM, SP-SM|A-3, A-2, A-4| 0 | 0 |85-100|80-100|50-95 | 5-55 | 0- | | sand | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 5: | | | | | | | | | | |  Fluvaquents, | | | | | | | | | | |  frequently | | | | | | | | | | |  flooded--------| 0-12 |Mucky silt loam|ML, CL, SM |A-2, A-4, A-6| 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|40-100|15-95 | 0- | 12-72 |Very gravelly |ML, SC-SM, |A-2, A-6 | 0 | 0-15 |55-100|40-100|15-100| 5-90 | 0- | | sandy loam, | GM, CL | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly silt | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | |  Fluvaquents, | | | | | | | | | | |  frequently | | | | | | | | | | |  flooded--------| 0-12 |Silt loam |SM, ML, CL |A-2, A-4, A-6| 0 | 0-5 |86-100|86-100|40-100|15-95 | 0- | 12-72 |Very gravelly |CL, ML, SC- |A-6, A-2 | 0 | 0-15 |55-100|40-100|15-100| 5-90 | 0- | | sandy loam, | SM, GM | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly silt | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing |  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number— |Liq and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________|lim | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______|___ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pc

 | | | | | | | | | | |  Udifluvents, | | | | | | | | | | |  frequently | | | | | | | | | | |  flooded--------| 0-12 |Gravelly loamy |CL, GM, ML, |A-1, A-4, A-2| 0 | 0-10 |60-80 |55-75 |30-75 |10-65 | 0- | | sand | SM | | | | | | | |  | 12-72 |Very gravelly |GM, ML, CL |A-6, A-1, A- | 0 | 0-15 |50-100|35-100|15-100| 5-90 | 0- | | sand, gravelly| | 2, A-4 | | | | | | |  | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | |  | | silt loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 6: | | | | | | | | | | |  Redwater--------| 0-7 |Fine sandy loam|CL-ML, ML, |A-2-4, A-2, | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|50-100|25-80 |15- | | | SC-SM, SM | A-4, A-6 | | | | | | |  | 7-38 |Fine sandy |SM, CL-ML, |A-6, A-4, A- | 0 | 0 |80-100|75-100|50-95 |30-75 |15- | | loam, loam, | ML, SC-SM | 2-4, A-2 | | | | | | |  | | silt loam | | | | | | | | |  | 38-50 |Fine sandy |GM, GW, SM, |A-3, A-2, A- | 0 | 0-20 |50-100|35-100|20-85 | 0-50 | 0- | | loam, | SW | 1, A-2-4 | | | | | | |  | | stratified | | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly sandy| | | | | | | | |  | | loam to sand, | | | | | | | | |  | | loamy fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sand, loamy | | | | | | | | |  | | sand | | | | | | | | |  | 50-60 |Unweathered | | | — | — | — | — | — | — | —  | | bedrock | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 15B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Waddington------| 0-9 |Gravelly loam |CL-ML, GM, |A-4, A-2-4, | — | 0-25 |50-90 |45-80 |45-80 |15-65 |17- | | | SC-SM, SM | A-1 | | | | | | |  | 9-26 |Gravelly fine |CL, CL-ML, |A-1, A-2-4, | — | 0-25 |50-90 |40-80 |25-80 |10-60 |10- | | sandy loam, | SM, SP-SM | A-4 | | | | | | |  | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | 26-31 |Very gravelly |GM, GP-GM, |A-1, A-2-4 | — | 0-25 |50-85 |40-85 |20-50 | 5-30 | 0- | | loamy sand, | GW-GM, SM | | | | | | | |  | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | |  | | sand, very | | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly sandy| | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing |  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number— |Liqu and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________|limi | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______|____ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct 

 | | | | | | | | | | |  | 31-72 |Stratified |GP, GW-GM |A-1 | — | 4-30 |40-75 |25-45 |10-25 | 0-10 | 0-1 | | extremely | | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly | | | | | | | | |  | | coarse sand, | | | | | | | | |  | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | |  | | loamy sand, | | | | | | | | |  | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 18A: | | | | | | | | | | |  Adams-----------| 0-7 |Loamy sand |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-1, A- | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|45-85 | 5-40 | 0-1 | | | | 4, A-3 | | | | | | |  | 7-9 |Sand, loamy |SM, SP-SM |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|45-85 | 5-40 |15-2 | | fine sand | | | | | | | | |  | 9-27 |Loamy sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-4, A- | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|45-85 | 5-40 | 0-1 | | sand, loamy | | 3, A-1 | | | | | | |  | | fine sand | | | | | | | | |  | 27-72 |Fine sand, |SM, SP-SM, |A-1, A-3, A-2| 0 | 0-1 |80-100|70-100|40-80 | 5-30 | 0-1 | | sand, coarse | SW-SM | | | | | | | |  | | sand, gravelly| | | | | | | | |  | | sand | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 18B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Adams-----------| 0-7 |Loamy sand |SM, SP-SM |A-1, A-2, A- | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|45-85 | 5-40 | 0-1 | | | | 4, A-3 | | | | | | |  | 7-9 |Sand, loamy |SP-SM, SW-SM,|A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|45-85 | 5-40 |15-2 | | fine sand | SM | | | | | | | |  | 9-27 |Loamy sand, |SP-SM, SM |A-2, A-1, A- | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|45-85 | 5-40 | 0-1 | | sand, loamy | | 3, A-4 | | | | | | |  | | fine sand | | | | | | | | |  | 27-72 |Fine sand, |SM, SP-SM, |A-2, A-3, A-1| 0 | 0-1 |80-100|70-100|40-80 | 5-30 | 0-1 | | sand, coarse | SW-SM | | | | | | | |  | | sand, gravelly| | | | | | | | |  | | sand | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing |  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number— |Liqu and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________|limi | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______|____ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct 

 | | | | | | | | | | | 20A: | | | | | | | | | | |  Croghan---------| 0-1 |Moderately |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | —  | | decomposed | | | | | | | | |  | | plant material| | | | | | | | |  | 1-3 |Loamy fine sand|SM, SW-SM, |A-4, A-3, A- | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|45-80 | 5-40 | 0-1 | | | SP-SM | 2, A-1 | | | | | | |  | 3-9 |Fine sand |SP-SM, SM, |A-2, A-4, A- | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|45-80 | 5-40 | 0-1 | | | SW-SM | 1, A-3 | | | | | | |  | 9-33 |Fine sand, |SM, SW-SM, |A-4, A-1, A- | 0 | 0 |85-100|80-100|45-80 | 5-40 | 0-1 | | sand, loamy | SP-SM | 2, A-3 | | | | | | |  | | sand | | | | | | | | |  | 33-72 |Fine sand, |SM, SP-SM, |A-1, A-2, A-3| 0 | 0 |85-100|80-100|45-80 | 5-35 | 0-1 | | loamy sand, | SW-SM | | | | | | | |  | | coarse sand | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 33: | | | | | | | | | | |  Wainola---------| 0-1 |Slightly |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | —  | | decomposed | | | | | | | | |  | | plant material| | | | | | | | |  | 1-7 |Loamy fine |SM |A-2-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |90-100|50-80 |15-50 | 0-1 | | sand, fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sand | | | | | | | | |  | 7-22 |Fine sand, |SM, ML |A-2-4, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |90-100|50-80 |15-50 | 0-1 | | loamy fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sand, very | | | | | | | | |  | | fine sand | | | | | | | | |  | 22-34 |Fine sand, |ML, SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |90-100|50-80 |15-50 | 0-1 | | loamy fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sand, very | | | | | | | | |  | | fine sand | | | | | | | | |  | 34-72 |Fine sand, |SM |A-2-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |90-100|50-80 |15-35 | 0-1 | | loamy fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sand, very | | | | | | | | |  | | fine sand | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing |  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number— |Liqui and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________|limit  | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______|_____ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct 

 | | | | | | | | | | | 39A: | | | | | | | | | | |  Churchville-----| 0-11 |Silty clay loam|CL, MH, ML |A-7 | 0 | 0 |92-100|85-100|65-100|45-95 |40-55  | 11-22 |Silty clay |CL |A-7 | 0 | 0 |92-100|85-100|80-100|65-95 |40-50  | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay, clay | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | 22-72 |Cobbly loam, |GC, CL, GM, |A-4, A-2 | 0-7 | 0-20 |60-92 |50-85 |35-80 |25-70 |10-20  | | gravelly loam,| ML | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly very | | | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 39B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Churchville-----| 0-11 |Silty clay loam|MH, ML, CL |A-7 | 0 | 0 |92-100|85-100|65-100|45-95 |40-55  | 11-22 |Silty clay |CL |A-7 | 0 | 0 |92-100|85-100|80-100|65-95 |40-50  | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay, clay | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | 22-72 |Cobbly loam, |CL, GC, GM, |A-2, A-4 | 0-7 | 0-20 |60-92 |50-85 |35-80 |25-70 |10-20  | | gravelly loam,| ML | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly very | | | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 40B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Heuvelton-------| 0-6 |Silty clay loam|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-1 |90-100|80-100|80-100|70-95 |25-40  | 6-10 |Silty clay |CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|85-100|80-100|75-95 |30-55  | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay | | | | | | | | |  | 10-39 |Silty clay, |CL |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|85-100|80-100|75-95 |30-55  | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | 39-72 |Clay, silty |CL |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|85-100|80-100|75-100|25-50  | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing |  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number— |Li and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________|li | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______|__ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | P

 | | | | | | | | | | | 40C: | | | | | | | | | | |  Heuvelton-------| 0-6 |Silty clay loam|CL-ML, CL |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0-1 |90-100|80-100|80-100|70-95 |25 | 6-10 |Silty clay |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 |95-100|85-100|80-100|75-95 |30 | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay | | | | | | | | |  | 10-39 |Silty clay, |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 |95-100|85-100|80-100|75-95 |30 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | 39-72 |Clay, silty |CL |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|85-100|80-100|75-100|25 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 41A: | | | | | | | | | | |  Muskellunge-----| 0-9 |Silty clay loam|MH, CL, ML, |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0 |92-100|90-100|90-100|70-95 |30 | | | CH | | | | | | | |  | 9-38 |Silty clay, |CL, CH |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|92-100|90-100|70-95 |30 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | 38-72 |Silty clay, |CL, CH |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0 |92-100|85-100|75-100|50-95 |30 | | clay | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 41B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Muskellunge-----| 0-9 |Silty clay loam|ML, MH, CL, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 |92-100|90-100|90-100|70-95 |30 | | | CH | | | | | | | |  | 9-38 |Silty clay, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 |95-100|92-100|90-100|70-95 |30 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | 38-72 |Silty clay, |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 |92-100|85-100|75-100|50-95 |30 | | clay | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 42: | | | | | | | | | | |  Adjidaumo-------| 0-7 |Silty clay |MH, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-100|35 | 7-36 |Silty clay, |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|70-100|38 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | 36-72 |Silty clay, |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|65-100|60-100|35 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing |  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number— |Liq and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________|lim | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______|___ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pc

 | | | | | | | | | | | 43: | | | | | | | | | | |  Adjidaumo, mucky| | | | | | | | | | |  silty clay-----| 0-7 |Mucky silty |CH, CL |A-6, A-7-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|85-95 |35- | | clay | | | | | | | | |  | 7-36 |Silty clay, |CL, CH |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|70-100|38- | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | 36-72 |Silty clay, |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | — | 0 |95-100|95-100|65-100|60-100|35- | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 44: | | | | | | | | | | |  Mino------------| 0-9 |Loam |ML, SM |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|92-100|70-100|35-90 | 0- | 9-24 |Very fine sandy|ML, SM |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|92-100|70-95 |35-90 | 0- | | loam, loamy | | | | | | | | |  | | very fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sand, loam, | | | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | 24-78 |Very fine sandy|SM, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|92-100|70-95 |35-90 | 0- | | loam, loam, | | | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 45: | | | | | | | | | | |  Sciota----------| 0-9 |Fine sand |SM |A-2-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |65-80 |20-35 | 0- | 9-37 |Fine sand, |SM |A-2-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|60-80 |15-35 | 0- | | loamy fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sand | | | | | | | | |  | 37-72 |Loamy fine |SM, SP-SM |A-3, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|50-80 | 5-35 | 0- | | sand, fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sand, sand | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing |  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number— |Liqui and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________|limit  | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______|_____ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct 

 | | | | | | | | | | | 46: | | | | | | | | | | |  Deinache--------| 0-9 |Fine sand |SM |A-2-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |98-100|60-85 |15-45 | 0-14  | 9-44 |Fine sand, |SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |98-100|60-80 |15-40 | 0-14  | | loamy fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sand | | | | | | | | |  | 44-72 |Loamy very fine|SM, ML |A-2-4, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|85-100|30-90 | 0-25  | | sand, very | | | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, silt | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sand | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 47B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Elmwood---------| 0-6 |Fine sandy loam|ML, SM |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|65-90 |30-65 | 0-30  | 6-25 |Fine sandy |ML, CL, SC, |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|65-90 |30-65 | 0-30  | | loam, sandy | SM | | | | | | | |  | | loam, loam | | | | | | | | |  | 25-72 |Silty clay, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|80-95 |35-55  | | silty clay | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 48: | | | | | | | | | | |  Swanton---------| 0-9 |Very fine sandy|CL, ML, SC, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|60-95 |30-65 | 0-30  | | loam | SM | | | | | | | |  | 9-31 |Fine sandy |CL, ML, SC, |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|60-95 |30-65 | 0-30  | | loam, sandy | SM | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | 31-72 |Silty clay, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 |99-100|95-100|90-100|25-55  | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 49: | | | | | | | | | | |  Munuscong-------| 0-8 |Mucky fine |SC, SC-SM, SM|A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |92-100|60-85 |30-55 | 0-25  | | sandy loam | | | | | | | | |  | 8-26 |Fine sandy |SC, SC-SM, SM|A-4, A-2 | 0 | 0 | 100 |92-100|60-85 |30-55 | 0-30  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | 26-98 |Silty clay, |MH, CL, CH, |A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-95 |40-80  | | silty clay | ML | | | | | | | |  | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing |  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number— |Liq and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________|lim | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______|___ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pc

 | | | | | | | | | | | 50: | | | | | | | | | | |  Hailesboro------| 0-9 |Silt loam |CL-ML, ML, CL|A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |92-100|85-100|60-90 |20- | 9-30 |Silt loam, |ML, CL-ML, CL|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|92-100|85-100|60-95 |25- | | silty clay | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | 30-72 |Silt loam, |CL-ML, CL, ML|A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|92-100|90-100|70-95 |25- | | silty clay | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 51: | | | | | | | | | | |  Wegatchie-------| 0-8 |Silt loam |ML, MH |A-7, A-5, A-4| 0 | 0 |96-100|96-100|85-100|55-90 |35- | 8-40 |Silty clay |CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |96-100|96-100|80-100|50-95 |20- | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, silt | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | 40-72 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 |85-100|85-100|70-100|50-95 |20- | | silty clay | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 53B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Nicholville-----| 0-9 |Very fine sandy|CL-ML, ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0 |90-100|85-100|70-100|60-90 |20- | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | 9-20 |Very fine sandy|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |90-100|85-100|75-100|60-90 |15- | | loam, silt | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, loamy | | | | | | | | |  | | very fine sand| | | | | | | | |  | 20-34 |Loamy very fine|SM, SC-SM, |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 0 |90-100|85-100|65-100|30-90 |15- | | sand, loamy | ML, CL-ML | | | | | | | |  | | fine sand, | | | | | | | | |  | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | |  | | very fine sand| | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing |  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number— |Li and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________|lim | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______|___ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | P

 | | | | | | | | | | |  | 34-72 |Loamy very fine|ML, SC-SM, |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 0 |90-100|85-100|50-100|25-90 |15 | | sand, silt | SM, CL-ML | | | | | | | |  | | loam, loamy | | | | | | | | |  | | fine sand | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 60C: | | | | | | | | | | |  Grenville-------| 0-9 |Loam |ML, SM |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 0-15 |90-100|80-98 |50-90 |30-80 |35 | 9-17 |Loam, gravelly |ML, CL-ML, SM|A-4, A-2 | 0-1 | 0-15 |85-95 |70-90 |35-80 |25-65 |15 | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam | | | | | | | | |  | 17-35 |Gravelly fine |CL-ML, GM, |A-2, A-4 | 0-4 | 0-15 |70-95 |65-90 |35-80 |25-65 |15 | | sandy loam, | ML, SM | | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, loam | | | | | | | | |  | 35-72 |Gravelly fine |SM, ML, GM, |A-1, A-2, A-4| 0-5 | 1-15 |70-90 |50-85 |30-70 |20-55 |15 | | sandy loam, | GC-GM | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly loam,| | | | | | | | |  | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 61B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Hogansburg------| 0-10 |Loam |ML, SM |A-2, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-10 |85-98 |70-95 |50-95 |30-85 |35 | 10-19 |Loam, fine |CL-ML, GM, |A-4, A-2, A-1| 0-2 | 0-10 |70-95 |65-90 |30-90 |15-80 |15 | | sandy loam, | ML, SM | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly loam | | | | | | | | |  | 19-35 |Gravelly loam, |ML, GM, CL- |A-2, A-4, A-1| 0-7 | 1-15 |70-92 |55-90 |30-90 |15-80 |15 | | fine sandy | ML, SM | | | | | | | |  | | loam, loam | | | | | | | | |  | 35-72 |Gravelly loam, |SM, ML, GM, |A-4, A-2, A-1| 0-7 | 1-15 |70-92 |60-85 |30-70 |20-55 |15 | | gravelly fine | CL-ML | | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | |  | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing |  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number— |Liq and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________|lim | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______|___ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pc

 | | | | | | | | | | | 62A: | | | | | | | | | | |  Malone----------| 0-9 |Gravelly loam |SC, GC, CL |A-7, A-6, A-2| 0-1 | 0-15 |75-95 |60-90 |40-65 |30-60 |35- | 9-30 |Gravelly fine |GC, CL-ML, |A-6, A-4, A- | 0-1 | 0-15 |65-95 |50-90 |35-85 |15-65 |15- | | sandy loam, | SC-SM, SC | 2, A-1 | | | | | | |  | | gravelly sandy| | | | | | | | |  | | loam, loam | | | | | | | | |  | 30-72 |Very gravelly |SC, GC-GM, |A-1, A-4, A- | 1-5 | 0-15 |65-95 |35-90 |20-85 |10-65 |15- | | sandy loam, | GC, CL-ML | 6, A-2 | | | | | | |  | | gravelly fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 62B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Malone----------| 0-9 |Gravelly loam |GC, SC, CL |A-2, A-6, A-7| 0-1 | 0-15 |75-95 |60-90 |40-65 |30-60 |35- | 9-30 |Gravelly fine |SC-SM, CL-ML,|A-1, A-2, A- | 0-1 | 0-15 |65-95 |50-90 |35-85 |15-65 |15- | | sandy loam, | GC, SC | 4, A-6 | | | | | | |  | | gravelly sandy| | | | | | | | |  | | loam, loam | | | | | | | | |  | 30-72 |Very gravelly |GC-GM, SC, |A-2, A-4, A- | 1-10 | 0-15 |40-95 |35-90 |20-85 |10-65 |15- | | sandy loam, | GC, CL-ML | 6, A-1 | | | | | | |  | | gravelly fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 64: | | | | | | | | | | |  Runeberg--------| 0-9 |Mucky loam |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0-1 | 0-15 |90-100|80-95 |65-90 |50-80 | 0- | 9-22 |Cobbly loam, |ML, SC, SC- |A-4, A-2 | 0-1 | 1-15 |80-100|75-95 |50-80 |30-60 |15- | | sandy loam, | SM, SM | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam | | | | | | | | |  | 22-72 |Fine sandy |SC, ML, SC- |A-2, A-4 | 0-1 | 1-15 |85-100|75-95 |50-80 |30-60 |15- | | loam, gravelly| SM, SM | | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing |  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number— |Liq and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________|lim | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______|___ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pc

 | | | | | | | | | | | 66: | | | | | | | | | | |  Matoon----------| 0-8 |Silty clay loam|OL, ML, MH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 |96-100|96-100|85-100|65-95 |35- | 8-12 |Silty clay |MH, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 |96-100|96-100|85-100|65-95 |35- | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay, silt | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | 12-27 |Silty clay, |CL, CH |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0 |85-100|70-100|65-100|60-95 |35- | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | 27-37 |Unweathered | | | — | — | — | — | — | — | —  | | bedrock | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 68B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Fahey-----------| 0-9 |Gravelly fine |SP-SM, SM |A-4, A-2, A-1| 0-1 | 0-25 |70-98 |50-95 |35-80 |10-50 | 0- | | sandy loam | | | | | | | | |  | 9-27 |Very gravelly |SP-SM, SP, SM|A-1, A-3, A- | 0-1 | 3-30 |55-90 |35-80 |20-55 | 3-30 | 0- | | loamy fine | | 2-4 | | | | | | |  | | sand, very | | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly sand,| | | | | | | | |  | | cobbly loamy | | | | | | | | |  | | sand | | | | | | | | |  | 27-45 |Very gravelly |SW, GW |A-1 | 0-1 | 5-38 |40-85 |20-60 |15-45 | 0-10 | 0- | | sand, cobbly | | | | | | | | |  | | sand, | | | | | | | | |  | | extremely | | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly loamy| | | | | | | | |  | | sand | | | | | | | | |  | 45-72 |Very gravelly |GM, ML, SM, |A-4, A-2 | 1-7 | 8-30 |60-90 |40-75 |25-70 |15-65 |15- | | silt loam, | GC-GM | | | | | | | |  | | cobbly silt | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing |  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number— |Liq and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________|lim | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______|___ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pc

 | | | | | | | | | | | 69A: | | | | | | | | | | |  Coveytown-------| 0-8 |Loamy sand |SP-SM, SM |A-1, A-2, A-3| 0 | 0-10 |80-100|75-90 |35-70 | 5-35 | 0- | 8-28 |Sand, loamy |GM, GP, SP, |A-2, A-3, A-1| 0 | 0-5 |65-100|60-95 |25-70 | 2-35 | 0- | | fine sand, | SM | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly loamy| | | | | | | | |  | | sand | | | | | | | | |  | 28-72 |Gravelly fine |GM, SM |A-4, A-2 | 0-7 | 0-10 |65-85 |55-85 |40-60 |25-45 |20- | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly sandy| | | | | | | | |  | | loam, gravelly| | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 70: | | | | | | | | | | |  Guff------------| 0-9 |Silty clay loam|CL, MH, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|70-95 |35- | 9-39 |Clay, silty |CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|75-95 |38- | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | 39-49 |Unweathered | | | — | — | — | — | — | — | —  | | bedrock | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 94B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Neckrock--------| 0-9 |Loam |SM, ML |A-4 | 0-1 | 0-15 |85-100|80-95 |60-95 |40-85 |10- | 9-17 |Loam, fine |SM, CL-ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-15 |80-100|70-90 |50-85 |30-70 |15- | | sandy loam, | GM, ML | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly loam | | | | | | | | |  | 17-27 |Cobbly loam, |CL-ML, CL |A-4 | 0-5 | 1-9 |85-100|70-90 |50-85 |40-80 |25- | | gravelly silt | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | 27-32 |Very gravelly |SM, ML, GM |A-1-b, A-2, | 0-5 | 1-14 |60-90 |50-85 |30-80 |20-70 |10- | | loam, gravelly| | A-4 | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, silt | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | 32-40 |Unweathered | | | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0- | | bedrock | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing |  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number— |Li and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________|li | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______|__ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | P

 | | | | | | | | | | |  Summerville-----| 0-5 |Loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-15 |80-100|70-100|65-95 |55-75 |25 | 5-12 |Loam, fine |SC, SC-SM, |A-4, A-2-6, | 0-1 | 0-15 |80-100|70-100|55-95 |25-75 |20 | | sandy loam, | CL-ML, CL | A-2-4 | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam | | | | | | | | |  | 12-20 |Unweathered | | | — | — | — | — | — | — |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 94C: | | | | | | | | | | |  Neckrock--------| 0-9 |Loam |SM, ML |A-4 | 0-1 | 0-15 |85-100|80-95 |60-95 |40-85 |10 | 9-17 |Loam, fine |SM, ML, GM, |A-2, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-15 |80-100|70-90 |50-85 |30-70 |15 | | sandy loam, | CL-ML | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly loam | | | | | | | | |  | 17-27 |Cobbly loam, |CL-ML, CL |A-4 | 0-5 | 1-9 |85-100|70-90 |50-85 |40-80 |25 | | gravelly silt | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | 27-32 |Very gravelly |SM, ML, GM |A-1-b, A-2, | 0-5 | 1-14 |60-90 |50-85 |30-80 |20-70 |10 | | loam, gravelly| | A-4 | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, silt | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | 32-40 |Unweathered | | | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | | bedrock | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | |  Summerville-----| 0-5 |Loam |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0-15 |80-100|70-100|65-95 |55-75 |25 | 5-12 |Loam, fine |CL-ML, SC, |A-4, A-2-4, | 0-1 | 0-15 |80-100|70-100|55-95 |25-75 |20 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM, CL | A-2-6 | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam | | | | | | | | |  | 12-20 |Unweathered | | | — | — | — | — | — | — |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 101: | | | | | | | | | | |  Wonsqueak-------| 0-7 |Muck |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — |  | 7-31 |Muck |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | – | — | — | — |  | 31-72 |Silt loam, fine|SM, ML, CL- |A-4, A-2, A-6| 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|60-100|30-95 | 0 | | sandy loam, | ML, CL | | | | | | | |  | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing |  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number— |Li and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________|li | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______|__ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | P

 | | | | | | | | | | | 104: | | | | | | | | | | |  Udorthents, wet | | | | | | | | | | |  substratum-----| 0-4 |Loam |CL, ML, SC, |A-6, A-2, A-4| 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|55-100|30-95 | 0 | | | SM | | | | | | | |  | 4-72 |Very gravelly |SC, ML, GM, |A-2, A-4, A- | 0 | 0-10 |60-100|50-100|20-100|10-95 | 0 | | sandy loam, | CL | 6, A-1 | | | | | | |  | | gravelly fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | |  | | channery loam,| | | | | | | | |  | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | |  | | silty clay | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 105: | | | | | | | | | | |  Udorthents, | | | | | | | | | | |  smoothed-------| 0-4 |Loam |CL, SC, SM, |A-6, A-2, A-4| 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|55-100|30-95 | 0 | | | ML | | | | | | | |  | 4-72 |Very gravelly |ML, CL, GM, |A-1, A-2, A- | 0 | 0-10 |60-100|50-100|20-100|10-95 | 0 | | sandy loam, | SC | 4, A-6 | | | | | | |  | | gravelly fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | |  | | channery loam,| | | | | | | | |  | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | |  | | silty clay | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 107: | | | | | | | | | | |  Udorthents, | | | | | | | | | | |  Loamy----------| 0-4 |Loam | | | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|55-100|30-95 | 0 | 4-72 |Very gravelly |SC, ML, GM, |A-2, A-4, A- | 0 | 0-10 |60-100|50-100|20-100|10-95 | 0 | | sandy loam, | CL | 6, A-1 | | | | | | |  | | gravelly fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | |  | | channery loam,| | | | | | | | |  | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | |  | | silty clay | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing |  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number— |Liq and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________|lim | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______|___ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pc

 | | | | | | | | | | | 110: | | | | | | | | | | |  Borosaprists----| 0-7 |Mucky peat |PT |A-8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0- | 7-30 |Muck |PT |A-8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0- | 30-72 |Fine sandy |CL, SM, ML, |A-2, A-4, A-6| 0-2 | 0-2 |75-100|50-100|45-95 |25-95 |15- | | loam, silt | SC | | | | | | | |  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, gravelly| | | | | | | | |  | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly loamy| | | | | | | | |  | | sand, sand, | | | | | | | | |  | | silty clay | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | |  Fluvaquents-----| 0-5 |Mucky silt loam|SM, ML, CL |A-2, A-4, A-6| 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|40-100|15-95 | 0- | 5-72 |Very gravelly |SC-SM, CL, |A-2, A-6 | 0 | 0-15 |55-100|40-100|15-100| 5-90 | 0- | | sandy loam, | GM, ML | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly silt | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 144: | | | | | | | | | | |  Roundabout------| 0-9 |Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |90-100|80-100|55-95 | 0- | 9-31 |Very fine sandy|ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |90-100|80-100|55-95 | 0- | | loam, silt | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | 31-72 |Silt loam, |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|70-95 | 0- | | silty clay | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 147A: | | | | | | | | | | |  Flackville------| 0-12 |Loamy fine sand|SW-SM, SM |A-2, A-2-4, | 0 | 0 | 100 |90-100|45-85 | 5-50 | 0- | | | | A-3, A-4 | | | | | | |  | 12-26 |Fine sand, |SW-SM, SM |A-1, A-2, A-3| 0 | 0 | 100 |85-100|45-80 | 5-35 | 0- | | sand, loamy | | | | | | | | |  | | fine sand | | | | | | | | |  | 26-72 |Silty clay, |CL-ML, CL |A-6, A-7, A- | 0 | 0 | 100 |90-100|90-100|75-95 |20- | | clay, silty | | 4, A-7-6 | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing |  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number— |Li and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________|lim | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______|___ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | P

 | | | | | | | | | | | 147B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Flackville------| 0-12 |Loamy fine sand|SW-SM, SM |A-2, A-2-4, | 0 | 0 | 100 |90-100|45-85 | 5-50 | 0 | | | | A-3, A-4 | | | | | | |  | 12-26 |Fine sand, |SW-SM, SM |A-3, A-2, A-1| 0 | 0 | 100 |85-100|45-80 | 5-35 | 0 | | sand, loamy | | | | | | | | |  | | fine sand | | | | | | | | |  | 26-72 |Silty clay, |CL-ML, CL |A-7-6, A-7, | 0 | 0 | 100 |90-100|90-100|75-95 |20 | | clay, silty | | A-6, A-4 | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 148: | | | | | | | | | | |  Stockholm-------| 0-10 |Loamy fine sand|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |92-100|60-85 |10-45 | 0 | 10-23 |Loamy fine |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3, A-4| 0 | 0 | 100 |92-100|55-80 | 5-40 | 0 | | sand, fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sand, loamy | | | | | | | | |  | | sand, sand | | | | | | | | |  | 23-30 |Clay, clay |CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6, A- | 0 | 0 | 100 |92-100|85-100|70-95 |20 | | loam, silty | | 7, A-7-6 | | | | | | |  | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | 30-72 |Clay, clay |CL, CL-ML |A-7-6, A-4, | 0 | 0 | 100 |92-100|85-100|70-95 |20 | | loam, silty | | A-6, A-7 | | | | | | |  | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 149: | | | | | | | | | | |  Pinconning------| 0-9 |Mucky loamy |SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |99-100|50-75 |15-45 | 0 | | fine sand | | | | | | | | |  | 9-36 |Fine sand, |SP-SM, SM |A-4, A-3, A- | 0 | 0 | 100 |99-100|50-75 | 5-45 | 0 | | loamy fine | | 2-4 | | | | | | |  | | sand, loamy | | | | | | | | |  | | sand | | | | | | | | |  | 36-72 |Stratified |CL, CH |A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 |99-100|90-100|75-95 |40 | | silty clay to | | | | | | | | |  | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | |  | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | |  | | clay | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing |  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number— |Liq and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________|lim | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______|___ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pc

 | | | | | | | | | | | 181: | | | | | | | | | | |  Dorval----------| 0-31 |Muck |PT |A-8 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0- | 31-72 |Silty clay, |CL, CH |A-7 | 0 | 0 | 100 |92-100|90-100|75-95 |45- | | silty clay | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 260C: | | | | | | | | | | |  Grenville, very | | | | | | | | | | |  stony----------| 0-9 |Loam |ML, SM |A-2, A-4 | 1-7 | 0-15 |90-100|80-98 |50-90 |30-80 |35- | 9-17 |Loam, gravelly |SM, ML, CL-ML|A-2, A-4 | 0-4 | 0-15 |85-95 |70-90 |35-80 |25-65 |15- | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam | | | | | | | | |  | 17-35 |Gravelly fine |CL-ML, GM, |A-4, A-2 | 0-4 | 0-18 |70-95 |65-90 |35-80 |25-65 |15- | | sandy loam, | SM, ML | | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, loam | | | | | | | | |  | 35-72 |Gravelly fine |ML, SM, GM, |A-4, A-2, A-1| 0-5 | 1-20 |55-90 |50-85 |30-70 |20-55 |15- | | sandy loam, | GC-GM | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly loam,| | | | | | | | |  | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 261B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Hogansburg, very| | | | | | | | | | |  stony----------| 0-10 |Loam |ML, SM |A-2, A-4 | 1-7 | 0-10 |85-98 |70-95 |50-95 |30-85 |35- | 10-19 |Loam, fine |GM, CL-ML, |A-1, A-2, A-4| 0-7 | 0-10 |70-95 |65-90 |30-90 |15-80 |15- | | sandy loam, | ML, SM | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly loam | | | | | | | | |  | 19-35 |Gravelly loam, |GM, CL-ML, |A-1, A-2, A-4| 0-7 | 1-15 |70-92 |55-90 |30-90 |15-80 |15- | | fine sandy | ML, SM | | | | | | | |  | | loam, loam | | | | | | | | |  | 35-72 |Gravelly loam, |SM, CL-ML, |A-4, A-2, A-1| 0-7 | 1-15 |70-92 |60-85 |30-70 |20-55 |15- | | gravelly fine | GM, ML | | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | |  | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing |  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number— |Liqu and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |___________________________|limi | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______|____ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | | | Pct 

 | | | | | | | | | | | 263B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Malone, very | | | | | | | | | | |  stony----------| 0-9 |Gravelly loam |CL, SC, GC |A-6, A-7, A-2| 1-7 | 0-15 |75-95 |60-90 |40-65 |30-60 |35-4 | 9-30 |Gravelly fine |SC-SM, GC, |A-1, A-2, A- | 0-5 | 0-15 |65-95 |50-90 |35-85 |15-65 |15-2 | | sandy loam, | CL-ML, SC | 4, A-6 | | | | | | |  | | gravelly sandy| | | | | | | | |  | | loam, loam | | | | | | | | |  | 30-72 |Very gravelly |GC-GM, GC, |A-1, A-6, A- | 1-5 | 0-15 |65-95 |35-90 |20-85 |10-65 |15-2 | | sandy loam, | SC, CL-ML | 4, A-2 | | | | | | |  | | gravelly fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 264: | | | | | | | | | | |  Runeberg, very | | | | | | | | | | |  stony----------| 0-9 |Mucky loam |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 1-7 | 0-15 |90-100|80-95 |65-90 |50-80 | 0-2 | 9-22 |Cobbly loam, |ML, SC, SC- |A-2, A-4 | 0-1 | 1-15 |80-100|75-95 |50-80 |30-60 |15-2 | | sandy loam, | SM, SM | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly fine | | | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam | | | | | | | | |  | 22-72 |Fine sandy |ML, SC, SC- |A-2, A-4 | 0-1 | 1-15 |85-100|75-95 |50-80 |30-60 |15-2 | | loam, gravelly| SM, SM | | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | |  | | loam, loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 270B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Coveytown, very | | | | | | | | | | |  stony----------| 0-8 |Loamy sand |SP-SM, SM |A-1, A-2, A-3| 1-7 | 0-10 |80-100|75-90 |35-70 | 5-35 | 0-1 | 8-28 |Sand, loamy |GM, GP, SM, |A-1, A-2, A-3| 0 | 0-5 |65-100|60-95 |25-70 | 2-35 | 0-1 | | fine sand, | SP | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly loamy| | | | | | | | |  | | sand | | | | | | | | |  | 28-72 |Gravelly fine |GM, SM |A-2, A-4 | 0-7 | 0-10 |65-85 |55-85 |40-60 |25-45 |20-2 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | |  | | gravelly sandy| | | | | | | | |  | | loam, gravelly| | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | W: | | | | | | | | | | |  Water-----------| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|______|____
Table 16.—Physical Properties of the Soils (Entries under “Erosion factors—T” apply to the entire profile. Entries under “Wind erodibility group” and “Wind erodibility index” apply only to the surface layer. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimat

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | |Erosion factors|Wind  Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Organic |_______________|erodi- and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- | matter | | | |bility | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf | T |group _____________________|_______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|_____|___|______ | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | | | 2: | | | | | | | | | | |  Lovewell, stratified| | | | | | | | | | |  substratum---------| 0-11 | 7-20|0.95-1.35| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.35| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .32 | .32 | 5 | 3  | 11-30 | 7-20|0.95-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .49 | .49 | |  | 30-50 | 5-18|1.10-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.18-0.40| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .49 | .49 | |  | 50-75 | 0-18|1.30-1.50| 6-20 |0.04-0.08| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .20 | — | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 5: | | | | | | | | | | |  Fluvaquents, | | | | | | | | | | |  frequently flooded-| 0-12 | 7-27|0.90-1.20| 0.06-6 |0.15-0.25| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-15 | .32 | .32 | 3 | 6  | 12-72 | 7-35|1.20-1.60| 0.06-20 |0.03-0.16| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .28 | .32 | |  | | | | | | | | | | |  Fluvaquents, | | | | | | | | | | |  frequently flooded-| 0-12 | 7-27|0.90-1.20| 0.06-6 |0.15-0.25| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-9.0 | .32 | .32 | 3 | 6  | 12-72 | 7-35|1.20-1.60| 0.06-20 |0.03-0.16| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .28 | .32 | |  | | | | | | | | | | |  Udifluvents, | | | | | | | | | | |  frequently flooded-| 0-12 | 5-27|1.10-1.50| 0.2-20 |0.03-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 1.0-6.0 | .28 | .32 | 3 | 3  | 12-72 | 2-35|1.20-1.70| 0.06-20 |0.03-0.16| 0.0-2.9 | — | — | — | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 6: | | | | | | | | | | |  Redwater------------| 0-7 | 4-18|1.15-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.14-0.21| 0.0-2.9 | 3.0-6.0 | .28 | .28 | 3 | 5  | 7-38 | 4-18|1.20-1.45| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | — | .28 | .28 | |  | 38-50 | 1-10|1.25-1.55| 2-20 |0.01-0.10| 0.0-2.9 | — | .20 | .24 | |  | 50-60 | — | — |0.0000-20 | — | — | — | — | — | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 15B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Waddington----------| 0-9 | 4-20|0.90-1.20| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.13| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .17 | .24 | 3 | 5  | 9-26 | 4-20|1.20-1.40| 2-6 |0.07-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | — | .17 | .20 | |  | 26-31 | 4-10|1.30-1.50| 6-20 |0.01-0.08| 0.0-2.9 | — | .17 | .24 | |  | 31-72 | 0-10|1.30-1.50| 6-20 |0.01-0.08| 0.0-2.9 | — | .17 | .24 | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 18A: | | | | | | | | | | |  Adams---------------| 0-7 | 2-10|1.00-1.30| 6-20 |0.06-0.12| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .17 | .17 | 5 | 2  | 7-9 | 2-15|1.00-1.30| 6-20 |0.08-0.16| 0.0-2.9 | 1.0-3.0 | .17 | .17 | |  | 9-27 | 0-5 |1.10-1.45| 6-20 |0.03-0.10| 0.0-2.9 | 1.0-3.0 | .17 | .17 | |  | 27-72 | 0-5 |1.20-1.50| 20-101 |0.03-0.04| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .17 | .17 | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 16.—Physical Properties of the Soils—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors|Wind  Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Organic |_______________|erodi- and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- | matter | | | |bility | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf | T |group _____________________|_______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|_____|___|______ | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | | | 18B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Adams---------------| 0-7 | 2-10|1.00-1.30| 6-20 |0.06-0.12| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .17 | .17 | 5 | 2  | 7-9 | 2-15|1.00-1.30| 6-20 |0.08-0.16| 0.0-2.9 | 1.0-3.0 | .17 | .17 | |  | 9-27 | 0-5 |1.10-1.45| 6-20 |0.03-0.10| 0.0-2.9 | 1.0-3.0 | .17 | .17 | |  | 27-72 | 0-5 |1.20-1.50| 20-101 |0.03-0.04| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .17 | .17 | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 20A: | | | | | | | | | | |  Croghan-------------| 0-1 | 0-0 | — | 0.2-6 |0.20-0.50| — | 35-80 | — | — | 5 | 2  | 1-3 | 0-5 |1.10-1.50| 6-20 |0.05-0.09| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .17 | .17 | |  | 3-9 | 0-7 |1.10-1.50| 6-20 |0.05-0.09| 0.0-2.9 | 1.0-4.0 | .17 | .17 | |  | 9-33 | 0-5 |1.20-1.50| 20-101 |0.03-0.07| 0.0-2.9 | — | .17 | .17 | |  | 33-72 | 0-5 |1.20-1.50| 20-101 |0.03-0.06| 0.0-2.9 | — | .17 | .17 | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 33: | | | | | | | | | | |  Wainola-------------| 0-1 | 0-0 | — | 0.2-6 |0.20-0.50| — | 35-80 | — | — | 5 | 2  | 1-7 | 0-10|1.35-1.50| 6-20 |0.10-0.12| 0.0-2.9 | 1.0-8.0 | .17 | .17 | |  | 7-22 | 0-10|1.35-1.50| 6-20 |0.06-0.11| 0.0-2.9 | 0.6-1.0 | .15 | .15 | |  | 22-34 | 0-10|1.35-1.45| 6-20 |0.06-0.11| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .15 | .15 | |  | 34-72 | 0-8 |1.25-1.50| 6-20 |0.05-0.07| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .15 | .15 | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 39A: | | | | | | | | | | |  Churchville---------| 0-11 | 27-40|1.00-1.25| 0.6-2 |0.16-0.21| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-9.0 | .49 | — | 5 | 6  | 11-22 | 27-60|1.20-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.13-0.17| 3.0-5.9 | — | .28 | — | |  | 22-72 | 4-40|1.50-1.80| 0.06-0.2 |0.07-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | — | .28 | — | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 39B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Churchville---------| 0-11 | 27-40|1.00-1.25| 0.6-2 |0.16-0.21| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-9.0 | .49 | — | 5 | 6  | 11-22 | 27-60|1.20-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.13-0.17| 3.0-5.9 | — | .28 | — | |  | 22-72 | 4-40|1.50-1.80| 0.06-0.2 |0.07-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | — | .28 | — | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 40B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Heuvelton-----------| 0-6 | 27-40|1.00-1.25| 0.2-2 |0.16-0.21| 3.0-5.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .37 | .37 | 5 | 6  | 6-10 | 27-60|1.15-1.40| 0.2-2 |0.13-0.17| 3.0-5.9 | — | .28 | .28 | |  | 10-39 | 27-65|1.15-1.40| 0.2-2 |0.13-0.17| 3.0-5.9 | — | .28 | .28 | |  | 39-72 | 27-65|1.15-1.65|0.0015-0.2 |0.13-0.17| 3.0-5.9 | — | .28 | .28 | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 40C: | | | | | | | | | | |  Heuvelton-----------| 0-6 | 27-40|1.00-1.25| 0.2-2 |0.16-0.21| 3.0-5.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .37 | .37 | 5 | 6  | 6-10 | 27-60|1.15-1.40| 0.2-2 |0.13-0.17| 3.0-5.9 | — | .28 | .28 | |  | 10-39 | 27-65|1.15-1.40| 0.2-2 |0.13-0.17| 3.0-5.9 | — | .28 | .28 | |  | 39-72 | 27-65|1.15-1.65|0.0015-0.2 |0.13-0.17| 3.0-5.9 | — | .28 | .28 | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 16.—Physical Properties of the Soils—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors|Wind |W Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Organic |_______________|erodi-| and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- | matter | | | |bility|b | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf | T |group |_____________________|_______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|_____|___|______|_ | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 41A: | | | | | | | | | | | | Muskellunge---------| 0-9 | 27-40|1.00-1.25| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.21| 3.0-5.9 | 2.0-9.0 | .49 | .49 | 5 | 6 | 

 | 9-38 | 27-65|1.20-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.14| 3.0-5.9 | — | .28 | .28 | | | | 38-72 | 40-65|1.15-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.14| 3.0-5.9 | — | .28 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 41B: | | | | | | | | | | | | Muskellunge---------| 0-9 | 27-40|1.00-1.25| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.21| 3.0-5.9 | 2.0-9.0 | .49 | .49 | 5 | 6 |  | 9-38 | 27-65|1.20-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.14| 3.0-5.9 | — | .28 | .28 | | | | 38-72 | 40-65|1.15-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.14| 3.0-5.9 | — | .28 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 42: | | | | | | | | | | | | Adjidaumo-----------| 0-7 | 40-55|1.00-1.25| 0.2-0.6 |0.14-0.18| 3.0-5.9 | 4.0-10 | .37 | .37 | 5 | 4 |  | 7-36 | 27-60|1.20-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.14| 3.0-5.9 | 1.0-4.0 | .28 | .28 | | | | 36-72 | 27-65|1.20-1.40|0.0015-0.2 |0.12-0.14| 3.0-5.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .28 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 43: | | | | | | | | | | | | Adjidaumo, mucky | | | | | | | | | | | | silty clay---------| 0-7 | 40-55|0.60-1.10| 0.2-0.6 |0.15-0.20| 3.0-5.9 | 6.0-25 | .37 | .37 | 5 | 4 |  | 7-36 | 27-60|1.20-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.14| 3.0-5.9 | — | .28 | .28 | | | | 36-72 | 27-65|1.20-1.40|0.0015-0.2 |0.12-0.14| 3.0-5.9 | — | .28 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 44: | | | | | | | | | | | | Mino----------------| 0-9 | 4-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.16-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .28 | .28 | 5 | 3 |  | 9-24 | 4-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.13-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | — | .28 | .28 | | | | 24-78 | 4-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.13-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | — | .28 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 45: | | | | | | | | | | | | Sciota--------------| 0-9 | 1-5 |1.35-1.50| 6-20 |0.07-0.09| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .15 | .15 | 5 | 1 |  | 9-37 | 1-5 |1.35-1.55| 6-20 |0.05-0.10| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .15 | .15 | | | | 37-72 | 1-5 |1.30-1.60| 6-20 |0.04-0.10| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.0 | .15 | .15 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 46: | | | | | | | | | | | | Deinache------------| 0-9 | 1-5 |1.35-1.50| 6-20 |0.10-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-10 | .15 | .15 | 5 | 1 |  | 9-44 | 1-5 |1.35-1.45| 6-20 |0.05-0.10| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-2.0 | .15 | .15 | | | | 44-72 | 1-20|1.40-1.70| 0.6-6 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .20 | .20 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 47B: | | | | | | | | | | | | Elmwood-------------| 0-6 | 4-18|1.00-1.30| 2-6 |0.13-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 3.0-7.0 | .28 | .28 | 5 | 3 |  | 6-25 | 4-18|1.15-1.45| 2-6 |0.13-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .32 | .32 | | | | 25-72 | 27-65|1.35-1.70|0.0015-0.2 |0.12-0.18| 3.0-5.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .49 | .49 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Table 16.—Physical Properties of the Soils—Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors|Wind | Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Organic |_______________|erodi-| and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- | matter | | | |bility| | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf | T |group |_____________________|_______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|_____|___|______| | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 48: | | | | | | | | | | | | Swanton-------------| 0-9 | 7-20|1.00-1.30| 2-6 |0.13-0.25| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-9.0 | .28 | .28 | 5 | 3 | 

 | 9-31 | 5-20|1.15-1.45| 2-6 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-3.0 | .32 | .32 | | | | 31-72 | 27-60|1.40-1.70|0.0015-0.2 |0.11-0.16| 3.0-5.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .49 | .49 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 49: | | | | | | | | | | | | Munuscong-----------| 0-8 | 4-20|1.30-1.65| 2-6 |0.13-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-15 | .20 | .20 | 5 | 3 |  | 8-26 | 4-20|1.30-1.70| 2-6 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .24 | .24 | | | | 26-98 | 27-65|1.35-1.70| 0.06-0.2 |0.08-0.18| 6.0-8.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .28 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 50: | | | | | | | | | | | | Hailesboro----------| 0-9 | 10-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.22-0.25| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .49 | .49 | 5 | 5 |  | 9-30 | 18-35|1.20-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.22-0.25| 0.0-2.9 | — | .49 | .49 | | | | 30-72 | 5-35|1.20-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | — | .64 | .64 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 51: | | | | | | | | | | | | Wegatchie-----------| 0-8 | 7-27|1.00-1.25| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.35| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-10 | .49 | .49 | 5 | 5 |  | 8-40 | 18-35|1.20-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | — | .49 | .49 | | | | 40-72 | 18-35|1.20-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | — | .49 | .49 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 53B: | | | | | | | | | | | | Nicholville---------| 0-9 | 7-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.16-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .49 | .49 | 5 | 5 |  | 9-20 | 7-18|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | — | .64 | .64 | | | | 20-34 | 5-18|1.45-1.65| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | — | .64 | .64 | | | | 34-72 | 2-20|1.45-1.65| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | — | .49 | .49 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 60C: | | | | | | | | | | | | Grenville-----------| 0-9 | 4-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.16-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .32 | .32 | 3 | 5 |  | 9-17 | 4-18|1.25-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | — | .24 | .28 | | | | 17-35 | 4-18|1.25-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | — | .24 | .28 | | | | 35-72 | 4-18|1.60-1.85| 0.2-0.6 |0.06-0.13| 0.0-2.9 | — | .24 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 61B: | | | | | | | | | | | | Hogansburg----------| 0-10 | 4-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.16-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .32 | .32 | 3 | 5 |  | 10-19 | 4-18|1.25-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | — | .24 | .28 | | | | 19-35 | 4-18|1.25-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | — | .24 | .28 | | | | 35-72 | 4-18|1.70-1.95| 0.2-0.6 |0.06-0.13| 0.0-2.9 | — | .24 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 62A: | | | | | | | | | | | | Malone--------------| 0-9 | 4-22|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.09-0.16| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .20 | .28 | 3 | 5 |  | 9-30 | 4-18|1.20-1.50| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | — | .20 | .24 | | | | 30-72 | 4-18|1.70-1.90| 0.06-0.6 |0.06-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | — | .20 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Table 16.—Physical Properties of the Soils—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors|Wind |W Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Organic |_______________|erodi-|e and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- | matter | | | |bility|b | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf | T |group |i_____________________|_______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|_____|___|______|_ | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 62B: | | | | | | | | | | | | Malone--------------| 0-9 | 4-22|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.09-0.16| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .20 | .28 | 3 | 5 | 

 | 9-30 | 4-18|1.20-1.50| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | — | .20 | .24 | | | | 30-72 | 4-18|1.70-1.90| 0.06-0.6 |0.06-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | — | .20 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 64: | | | | | | | | | | | | Runeberg------------| 0-9 | 4-18|1.40-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 6.0-30 | .20 | .20 | 4 | 5 |  | 9-22 | 4-18|1.60-1.80| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .28 | .28 | | | | 22-72 | 4-18|1.75-1.85| 0.06-0.6 |0.06-0.13| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .28 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 66: | | | | | | | | | | | | Matoon--------------| 0-8 | 27-40|1.00-1.25| 0.2-0.6 |0.14-0.18| 3.0-5.9 | 3.0-7.0 | .49 | .49 | 2 | 6 |  | 8-12 | 25-55|1.10-1.30| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.14| 3.0-5.9 | — | .28 | .28 | | | | 12-27 | 35-60|1.20-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.14| 3.0-5.9 | — | .28 | .28 | | | | 27-37 | — | — |0.0000-20 | — | — | — | — | — | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 68B: | | | | | | | | | | | | Fahey---------------| 0-9 | 7-18|1.10-1.40| 6-20 |0.07-0.13| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .17 | .17 | 5 | 2 |  | 9-27 | 2-10|1.25-1.55| 6-20 |0.02-0.05| 0.0-2.9 | 1.0-3.0 | .15 | .17 | | | | 27-45 | 0-8 |1.45-1.65| 6-20 |0.01-0.03| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .10 | .17 | | | | 45-72 | 4-20|1.40-1.65| 0.2-2 |0.07-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .24 | .32 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 69A: | | | | | | | | | | | | Coveytown-----------| 0-8 | 4-10|1.10-1.40| 2-20 |0.04-0.08| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .20 | .17 | 5 | 2 |  | 8-28 | 0-10|1.25-1.55| 2-20 |0.02-0.07| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .17 | .20 | | | | 28-72 | 4-20|1.50-1.80| 0.2-2 |0.08-0.11| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .24 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 70: | | | | | | | | | | | | Guff----------------| 0-9 | 27-40|1.00-1.25|0.0015-0.2 |0.14-0.18| 3.0-5.9 | 4.0-8.0 | .37 | .37 | 2 | 4 |  | 9-39 | 27-60|1.20-1.40|0.0015-0.2 |0.12-0.14| 3.0-5.9 | — | .28 | .28 | | | | 39-49 | — | — |0.0000-20 | — | — | — | — | — | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 94B: | | | | | | | | | | | | Neckrock------------| 0-9 | 7-20|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .28 | .28 | 2 | 5 |  | 9-17 | 7-20|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.09-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-2.0 | .20 | .28 | | | | 17-27 | 18-22|1.30-1.60| 0.2-2 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .20 | .28 | | | | 27-32 | 7-20|1.45-1.75| 0.2-2 |0.09-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.0 | .20 | .28 | | | | 32-40 | — | — |0.0000-20 |0.00-0.00| — | — | — | — | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Summerville---------| 0-5 | 4-22|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.18-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .32 | .32 | 1 | 5 |  | 5-12 | 4-22|1.35-1.65| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .24 | .24 | | | | 12-20 | — | — |0.0000-20 | — | — | — | — | — | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Table 16.—Physical Properties of the Soils—Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors|Wind  Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Organic |_______________|erodi- and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- | matter | | | |bility | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf | T |group _____________________|_______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|_____|___|______ | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | | | 94C: | | | | | | | | | | |  Neckrock------------| 0-9 | 7-20|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .28 | .28 | 2 | 5  | 9-17 | 7-20|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.09-0.19| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-2.0 | .20 | .28 | |  | 17-27 | 18-22|1.30-1.60| 0.2-2 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .20 | .28 | |  | 27-32 | 7-20|1.45-1.75| 0.2-2 |0.09-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.0 | .20 | .28 | |  | 32-40 | — | — |0.0000-20 |0.00-0.00| — | — | — | — | |  | | | | | | | | | | |  Summerville---------| 0-5 | 4-22|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.18-0.22| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .32 | .32 | 1 | 5  | 5-12 | 4-22|1.35-1.65| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .24 | .24 | |  | 12-20 | — | — |0.0000-20 | — | — | — | — | — | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 101: | | | | | | | | | | |  Wonsqueak-----------| 0-7 | 0-6 |0.10-0.30| 0.2-6 |0.20-0.40| — | 60-100 | — | — | 2 | 8  | 7-31 | 0-6 |0.10-0.30| 0.2-6 |0.20-0.40| — | 50-99 | — | — | |  | 31-72 | 4-30|1.50-1.70| 0.2-2 |0.06-0.16| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-2.0 | .49 | .49 | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 104: | | | | | | | | | | |  Udorthents, wet | | | | | | | | | | |  substratum---------| 0-4 | 4-27|1.20-1.80| 0.06-20 |0.06-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-5.0 | .37 | .37 | 5 | 8  | 4-72 | 4-40|1.30-1.90| 0.06-6 |0.04-0.13| 0.0-2.9 | — | .32 | .37 | | 105: | | | | | | | | | | |  Udorthents, smoothed| 0-4 | 4-27|1.20-1.80| 0.06-20 |0.06-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-5.0 | .37 | .37 | 5 | 5  | 4-72 | 4-35|1.30-1.90| 0.06-6 |0.04-0.13| 0.0-2.9 | — | .32 | .37 | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 107: | | | | | | | | | | |  Udorthents, Loamy---| 0-4 | 4-27|1.20-1.80| 0.06-20 |0.06-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-5.0 | .37 | .37 | - | —  | 4-72 | 4-35|1.30-1.90| 0.06-6 |0.04-0.13| 0.0-2.9 | — | .32 | .37 | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 110: | | | | | | | | | | |  Borosaprists--------| 0-7 | 0-0 |0.30-0.60| 0.2-6 |0.35-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 50-100 | — | — | 2 | 5  | 7-30 | 0-0 |0.30-0.60| 0.2-6 |0.35-0.45| 0.0-2.9 | 50-100 | — | — | |  | 30-72 | 4-45|1.55-1.95| 0.2-20 |0.11-0.24| 3.0-5.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .28 | .37 | |  | | | | | | | | | | |  Fluvaquents---------| 0-5 | 4-27|0.90-1.20| 0.06-6 |0.15-0.25| 0.0-2.9 | 4.0-9.0 | .32 | .32 | 3 | 6  | 5-72 | 4-35|1.20-1.60| 0.06-20 |0.03-0.16| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .28 | .32 | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 144: | | | | | | | | | | |  Roundabout----------| 0-9 | 7-18|0.85-1.25| 0.2-2 |0.25-0.35| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-9.0 | .43 | .43 | 5 | 5  | 9-31 | 7-18|1.30-1.60| 0.2-2 |0.20-0.30| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-4.0 | .64 | .64 | |  | 31-72 | 7-40|1.40-1.70| 0.06-0.6 |0.16-0.26| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .64 | .64 | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 16.—Physical Properties of the Soils—Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors|Wind |W Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Organic |_______________|erodi-|e and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- | matter | | | |bility|b | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf | T |group |i_____________________|_______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|_____|___|______|_ | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 147A: | | | | | | | | | | | | Flackville----------| 0-12 | 2-10|1.10-1.50| 6-20 |0.08-0.09| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .17 | .17 | 5 | 1 | 

 | 12-26 | 0-6 |1.20-1.60| 6-20 |0.05-0.07| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .17 | .17 | | | | 26-72 | 27-65|1.15-1.40|0.0015-0.2 |0.12-0.17| 3.0-5.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .28 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 147B: | | | | | | | | | | | | Flackville----------| 0-12 | 2-10|1.10-1.50| 6-20 |0.08-0.09| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .17 | .17 | 5 | 1 |  | 12-26 | 0-6 |1.20-1.60| 6-20 |0.05-0.07| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-1.0 | .17 | .17 | | | | 26-72 | 27-65|1.15-1.40|0.0015-0.2 |0.12-0.17| 3.0-5.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .28 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 148: | | | | | | | | | | | | Stockholm-----------| 0-10 | 1-10|1.10-1.50| 2-6 |0.05-0.09| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-12 | .17 | .17 | 5 | 2 |  | 10-23 | 0-7 |1.20-1.50| 2-6 |0.06-0.08| 0.0-2.9 | — | .17 | .17 | | | | 23-30 | 27-65|1.15-1.40|0.0015-0.06 |0.12-0.17| 3.0-5.9 | — | .17 | .17 | | | | 30-72 | 27-65|1.15-1.40|0.0015-0.06 |0.12-0.17| 3.0-5.9 | — | .17 | .17 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 149: | | | | | | | | | | | | Pinconning----------| 0-9 | 1-10|1.00-1.20| 6-20 |0.12-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-15 | .17 | .17 | 3 | 2 |  | 9-36 | 0-10|1.40-1.55| 6-20 |0.06-0.11| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .17 | .17 | | | | 36-72 | 27-65|1.50-1.70|0.0015-0.2 |0.08-0.12| 6.0-8.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .32 | .32 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 181: | | | | | | | | | | | | Dorval--------------| 0-31 | 0-0 |0.13-0.42| 0.6-6 |0.20-0.25| — | 50-95 | — | — | 2 | 2 |  | 31-72 | 27-65|1.40-1.65|0.0015-0.06 |0.10-0.20| 6.0-8.9 | 0.0-8.0 | .28 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 260C: | | | | | | | | | | | | Grenville, very | | | | | | | | | | | | stony--------------| 0-9 | 4-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.16-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .32 | .32 | 3 | 8 |  | 9-17 | 4-18|1.25-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | — | .24 | .28 | | | | 17-35 | 4-18|1.25-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | — | .24 | .28 | | | | 35-72 | 4-18|1.60-1.85| 0.2-0.6 |0.06-0.13| 0.0-2.9 | — | .24 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 261B: | | | | | | | | | | | | Hogansburg, very | | | | | | | | | | | | stony--------------| 0-10 | 4-18|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.16-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-6.0 | .32 | .32 | 3 | 8 |  | 10-19 | 4-18|1.25-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | — | .24 | .28 | | | | 19-35 | 4-18|1.25-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | — | .24 | .28 | | | | 35-72 | 4-18|1.70-1.95| 0.2-0.6 |0.06-0.13| 0.0-2.9 | — | .24 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 263B: | | | | | | | | | | | | Malone, very stony--| 0-9 | 4-22|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.09-0.16| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .20 | .28 | 3 | 8 |  | 9-30 | 4-18|1.20-1.50| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | — | .20 | .24 | | | | 30-72 | 4-18|1.70-1.90| 0.06-0.6 |0.06-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | — | .20 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Table 16.—Physical Properties of the Soils—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors|Wind  Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear | Organic |_______________|erodi- and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- | matter | | | |bility | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf | T |group _____________________|_______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|_____|___|______ | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | | | | 

 | | | | | | | | | | | 264: | | | | | | | | | | |  Runeberg, very stony| 0-9 | 4-18|1.40-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | 6.0-30 | .20 | .20 | 4 | 8  | 9-22 | 4-18|1.60-1.80| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .28 | .28 | |  | 22-72 | 4-18|1.75-1.85| 0.06-0.6 |0.06-0.13| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .28 | .28 | |  | | | | | | | | | | | 270B: | | | | | | | | | | |  Coveytown, very | | | | | | | | | | |  stony--------------| 0-8 | 4-10|1.10-1.40| 2-20 |0.04-0.08| 0.0-2.9 | 2.0-8.0 | .20 | .17 | 5 | 8  | 8-28 | 0-10|1.25-1.55| 2-20 |0.02-0.07| 0.0-2.9 | 0.5-2.0 | .17 | .20 | |  | 28-72 | 4-20|1.50-1.80| 0.2-2 |0.08-0.11| 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-0.5 | .24 | .28 | |  | | | | | | | | | | | W: | | | | | | | | | | |  Water---------------| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | - | —  | | | | | | | | | | | _____________________|_______|______|_________|_____________|_________|_________|_________|_____|_____|___|______
224 Soil Survey

Table 17.—Chemical Properties of the Soils

(Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated.)

_____________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth | Cation | Soil |Calcium

 and soil name | |exchange |reaction |carbonate

 | |capacity | |

 | | ______________________|_______|_________|_________|__________

 | In |meq/100 g| pH | Pct

 | | | |

2: | | | |

 Lovewell, stratified | | | |

 substratum----------| 0-11 | 4.0-11 | 4.5-6.5 | 0

 | 11-30 | 1.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.5 | 0

 | 30-50 | 1.0-3.0 | 4.5-6.5 | 0

 | 50-75 | 1.0-2.0 | 4.5-6.5 | 0

 | | | |

5: | | | |

 Fluvaquents, | | | |

 frequently flooded--| 0-12 | 40-50 | 5.1-7.8 | 0-3

 | 12-72 | 3.0-25 | 5.1-7.8 | 0-5

 | | | |

 Fluvaquents, | | | |

 frequently flooded--| 0-12 | 40-50 | 5.1-7.8 | 0-3

 | 12-72 | 3.0-25 | 5.1-7.8 | 0-5

 | | | |

 Udifluvents, | | | |

 frequently flooded--| 0-12 | — | 4.5-7.3 | 0

 | 12-72 | — | 5.1-7.8 | 0

 | | | |

6: | | | |

 Redwater-------------| 0-7 | 10-40 | 5.1-6.5 | 0

 | 7-38 | 8.0-30 | 6.1-7.3 | 0

 | 38-50 | 6.0-25 | 6.1-7.3 | 0-1

 | 50-60 | — | — | —

 | | | |

15B: | | | |

 Waddington-----------| 0-9 | — | 6.1-7.3 | 0

 | 9-26 | — | 6.6-7.8 | 0

 | 26-31 | — | 6.6-8.4 | 0-5

 | 31-72 | — | 7.4-8.4 | 3-10

 | | | |

18A: | | | |

 Adams----------------| 0-7 | — | 3.6-5.5 | 0

 | 7-9 | — | 4.5-5.5 | 0

 | 9-27 | — | 4.5-6.0 | 0

 | 27-72 | 1.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.5 | 0

 | | | |

18B: | | | |

 Adams----------------| 0-7 | — | 3.6-5.5 | 0

 | 7-9 | — | 4.5-5.5 | 0

 | 9-27 | — | 4.5-6.0 | 0

 | 27-72 | 1.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.5 | 0

 | | | |

20A: | | | |

 Croghan--------------| 0-1 | — | 3.5-6.0 | —

 | 1-3 | — | 3.6-6.0 | 0

 | 3-9 | — | 4.5-6.0 | 0

 | 9-33 | — | 4.5-6.0 | 0

 | 33-72 | — | 4.5-6.0 | 0

 | | | |

33: | | | |

 Wainola--------------| 0-1 | — | 4.5-6.5 | —

 | 1-7 | 5.0-15 | 4.5-6.5 | 0

 | 7-22 | — | 4.5-6.5 | 0

 | 22-34 | 1.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.5 | 0

 | 34-72 | 1.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.5 | 0

 | | | |
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 225

Table 17.—Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued

_____________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth | Cation | Soil |Calcium

 and soil name | |exchange |reaction |carbonate

 | |capacity | |

 | | ______________________|_______|_________|_________|__________

 | In |meq/100 g| pH | Pct

 | | | |

39A: | | | |

 Churchville----------| 0-11 | — | 5.6-7.3 | 0

 | 11-22 | — | 6.1-7.8 | 0-3

 | 22-72 | — | 7.4-8.4 | 3-10

 | | | |

39B: | | | |

 Churchville----------| 0-11 | — | 5.6-7.3 | 0

 | 11-22 | — | 6.1-7.8 | 0-3

 | 22-72 | — | 7.4-8.4 | 3-10

 | | | |

40B: | | | |

 Heuvelton------------| 0-6 | — | 5.1-7.3 | 0

 | 6-10 | — | 5.1-7.3 | 0

 | 10-39 | — | 5.6-7.8 | 0-5

 | 39-72 | — | 6.6-8.4 | 3-10

 | | | |

40C: | | | |

 Heuvelton------------| 0-6 | — | 5.1-7.3 | 0

 | 6-10 | — | 5.1-7.3 | 0

 | 10-39 | — | 5.6-7.8 | 0-5

 | 39-72 | — | 6.6-8.4 | 3-10

 | | | |

41A: | | | |

 Muskellunge----------| 0-9 | — | 5.1-7.3 | 0

 | 9-38 | — | 5.1-7.8 | 0-5

 | 38-72 | — | 6.6-8.4 | 3-10

 | | | |

41B: | | | |

 Muskellunge----------| 0-9 | — | 5.1-7.3 | 0

 | 9-38 | — | 5.1-7.8 | 0-5

 | 38-72 | — | 6.6-8.4 | 3-10

 | | | |

42: | | | |

 Adjidaumo------------| 0-7 | — | 6.1-7.3 | 0

 | 7-36 | — | 6.6-7.8 | 0-3

 | 36-72 | — | 7.4-8.4 | 1-5

 | | | |

43: | | | |

 Adjidaumo, mucky | | | |

 silty clay----------| 0-7 | — | 6.1-7.3 | 0

 | 7-36 | — | 6.6-7.8 | 0-3

 | 36-72 | — | 7.4-8.4 | 1-5

 | | | |

44: | | | |

 Mino-----------------| 0-9 | — | 5.1-6.5 | 0

 | 9-24 | — | 5.6-7.3 | 0

 | 24-78 | — | 6.1-8.4 | 0-5

 | | | |

45: | | | |

 Sciota---------------| 0-9 | 9.0-15 | 5.6-7.3 | 0

 | 9-37 | 2.0-8.0 | 6.1-7.8 | 0-2

 | 37-72 | 1.0-5.0 | 6.6-8.4 | 0-5

 | | | |

46: | | | |

 Deinache-------------| 0-9 | 10-20 | 5.1-7.3 | 0

 | 9-44 | 1.0-9.0 | 6.6-8.4 | 0

 | 44-72 | 2.0-11 | 6.6-8.4 | 0-5

 | | | |

 | | | |

47B: | | | |

 Elmwood--------------| 0-6 | — | 4.5-6.5 | 0

 | 6-25 | 4.0-18 | 4.5-6.5 | 0

 | 25-72 | 3.0-15 | 5.6-7.8 | 0-5

 | | | |
226 Soil Survey

Table 17.—Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued

_____________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth | Cation | Soil |Calcium

 and soil name | |exchange |reaction |carbonate

 | |capacity | |

 | | ______________________|_______|_________|_________|__________

 | In |meq/100 g| pH | Pct

 | | | |

48: | | | |

 Swanton--------------| 0-9 | 5.0-12 | 5.1-7.3 | 0

 | 9-31 | 4.0-16 | 5.1-7.3 | 0

 | 31-72 | 3.0-15 | 5.6-8.4 | 0-3

 | | | |

49: | | | |

 Munuscong------------| 0-8 | 5.0-15 | 6.1-7.8 | 0

 | 8-26 | 2.0-10 | 6.1-7.8 | 0-5

 | 26-98 | 10-30 | 7.4-8.4 | 5-10

 | | | |

50: | | | |

 Hailesboro-----------| 0-9 | 8.0-12 | 5.6-7.3 | 0

 | 9-30 | 5.0-13 | 5.6-7.8 | 0-1

 | 30-72 | 5.0-10 | 6.6-8.4 | 0-5

 | | | |

51: | | | |

 Wegatchie------------| 0-8 | — | 5.6-7.3 | 0

 | 8-40 | — | 6.1-7.8 | 0-3

 | 40-72 | — | 6.6-8.4 | 1-10

 | | | |

53B: | | | |

 Nicholville----------| 0-9 | — | 3.6-6.0 | 0

 | 9-20 | — | 4.5-6.0 | 0

 | 20-34 | — | 4.5-6.5 | 0

 | 34-72 | — | 4.5-6.5 | 0

 | | | |

60C: | | | |

 Grenville------------| 0-9 | — | 5.1-6.5 | 0

 | 9-17 | — | 5.6-7.3 | 0-3

 | 17-35 | — | 7.4-8.4 | 3-10

 | 35-72 | — | 7.4-8.4 | 3-10

 | | | |

61B: | | | |

 Hogansburg-----------| 0-10 | 17-25 | 5.1-7.3 | 0

 | 10-19 | 10-20 | 5.1-7.8 | 0-5

 | 19-35 | 10-20 | 5.1-8.4 | 3-10

 | 35-72 | 8.0-25 | 7.4-8.4 | 3-10

 | | | |

62A: | | | |

 Malone---------------| 0-9 | 10-25 | 5.6-6.5 | 0

 | 9-30 | 15-40 | 6.1-7.3 | 0

 | 30-72 | 15-40 | 6.6-8.4 | 1-10

 | | | |

62B: | | | |

 Malone---------------| 0-9 | 10-25 | 5.6-6.5 | 0

 | 9-30 | 15-40 | 6.1-7.3 | 0

 | 30-72 | 15-40 | 6.6-8.4 | 1-10

 | | | |

64: | | | |

 Runeberg-------------| 0-9 | 25-55 | 6.1-7.3 | 0

 | 9-22 | 5.0-20 | 6.1-7.8 | 0-3

 | 22-72 | 3.0-12 | 7.4-8.4 | 3-10

 | | | |

66: | | | |

 Matoon---------------| 0-8 | — | 6.1-7.3 | 0

 | 8-12 | — | 6.6-7.8 | 0-1

 | 12-27 | — | 6.6-7.8 | 0-5

 | 27-37 | — | — | —

 | | | |
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 227

Table 17.—Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued

_____________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth | Cation | Soil |Calcium

 and soil name | |exchange |reaction |carbonate

 | |capacity | |

 | | ______________________|_______|_________|_________|__________

 | In |meq/100 g| pH | Pct

 | | | |

68B: | | | |

 Fahey----------------| 0-9 | — | 4.5-5.5 | 0

 | 9-27 | 10-35 | 5.1-7.3 | 0

 | 27-45 | 5.0-20 | 5.6-7.3 | 0

 | 45-72 | 3.0-10 | 5.6-8.4 | 0-3

 | | | |

69A: | | | |

 Coveytown------------| 0-8 | 5.0-25 | 5.1-6.5 | 0

 | 8-28 | 5.0-15 | 5.6-7.3 | 0-1

 | 28-72 | 2.0-12 | 6.1-8.4 | 0-5

 | | | |

70: | | | |

 Guff-----------------| 0-9 | — | 5.6-7.3 | 0

 | 9-39 | — | 6.6-8.4 | 0-5

 | 39-49 | — | — | —

 | | | |

94B: | | | |

 Neckrock-------------| 0-9 | 15-25 | 5.6-7.8 | 0

 | 9-17 | 8.0-18 | 5.6-7.8 | 0

 | 17-27 | 10-20 | 5.6-8.4 | 0-3

 | 27-32 | 4.0-11 | 6.6-8.4 | 3-10

 | 32-40 | — | — | —

 | | | |

 Summerville----------| 0-5 | 5.0-15 | 6.1-8.4 | 0-5

 | 5-12 | 2.0-15 | 6.1-8.4 | 0-10

 | 12-20 | — | — | —

 | | | |

94C: | | | |

 Neckrock-------------| 0-9 | 15-25 | 5.6-7.8 | 0

 | 9-17 | 8.0-18 | 5.6-7.8 | 0

 | 17-27 | 10-20 | 5.6-8.4 | 0-3

 | 27-32 | 4.0-11 | 6.6-8.4 | 3-10

 | 32-40 | — | — | —

 | | | |

 Summerville----------| 0-5 | 5.0-15 | 6.1-8.4 | 0-5

 | 5-12 | 2.0-15 | 6.1-8.4 | 0-10

 | 12-20 | — | — | —

 | | | |

101: | | | |

 Wonsqueak------------| 0-7 | — | 4.0-6.5 | 0

 | 7-31 | 20-50 | 4.5-6.5 | 0

 | 31-72 | 1.0-3.0 | 5.1-7.3 | 0

 | | | |

104: | | | |

 Udorthents, wet | | | |

 substratum----------| 0-4 | — | 4.5-7.3 | 0

 | 4-72 | — | 5.1-7.8 | 0-3

 | | | |

105: | | | |

 Udorthents, smoothed-| 0-4 | — | 4.5-7.3 | 0

 | 4-72 | — | 5.1-7.8 | 0-5

 | | | |

107: | | | |

 Udorthents, Loamy----| 0-4 | — | 4.5-7.3 | 0

 | 4-72 | — | 5.1-7.8 | 0-5

 | | | |

 | | | |

110: | | | |

 Borosaprists---------| 0-7 | 90-160 | 4.5-7.3 | 0

 | 7-30 | 90-160 | 4.5-7.3 | 0

 | 30-72 | — | 5.1-7.3 | 0

 | | | |
228 Soil Survey

 Table 17.—Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued

_____________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth | Cation | Soil |Calcium

 and soil name | |exchange |reaction |carbonate

 | |capacity | |

 | | ______________________|_______|_________|_________|__________

 | In |meq/100 g| pH | Pct

 | | | |

110: | | | |

 Fluvaquents----------| 0-5 | 40-50 | 5.1-7.8 | 0-3

 | 5-72 | 3.0-25 | 5.1-7.8 | 0-5

 | | | |

144: | | | |

 Roundabout-----------| 0-9 | 2.0-10 | 4.5-6.5 | 0

 | 9-31 | 1.0-4.0 | 4.5-6.5 | 0

 | 31-72 | 5.0-8.0 | 5.6-8.4 | 0-5

 | | | |

147A: | | | |

 Flackville-----------| 0-12 | — | 5.1-6.5 | 0

 | 12-26 | — | 5.1-7.3 | 0

 | 26-72 | — | 6.6-8.4 | 0-5

 | | | |

147B: | | | |

 Flackville-----------| 0-12 | — | 5.1-6.5 | 0

 | 12-26 | — | 5.1-7.3 | 0

 | 26-72 | — | 6.6-8.4 | 0-5

 | | | |

148: | | | |

 Stockholm------------| 0-10 | — | 3.6-6.0 | 0

 | 10-23 | — | 5.1-6.0 | 0

 | 23-30 | — | 5.1-6.5 | 0

 | 30-72 | — | 6.6-8.4 | 0-5

 | | | |

149: | | | |

 Pinconning-----------| 0-9 | 10-20 | 5.6-7.8 | 0

 | 9-36 | 1.0-6.0 | 6.1-7.8 | 0-3

 | 36-72 | 12-18 | 7.4-8.4 | 3-10

 | | | |

181: | | | |

 Dorval---------------| 0-31 | 100-160 | 5.1-7.8 | 0

 | 31-72 | 18-30 | 6.1-8.4 | 0-5

 | | | |

260C: | | | |

 Grenville, very stony| 0-9 | — | 5.1-6.5 | 0

 | 9-17 | — | 5.6-7.3 | 0-3

 | 17-35 | — | 7.4-8.4 | 3-10

 | 35-72 | — | 7.4-8.4 | 3-10

 | | | |

261B: | | | |

 Hogansburg, very | | | |

 stony---------------| 0-10 | 17-25 | 5.1-7.3 | 0

 | 10-19 | 10-20 | 5.1-7.8 | 0-5

 | 19-35 | 10-20 | 5.1-8.4 | 3-10

 | 35-72 | 8.0-25 | 7.4-8.4 | 3-10

 | | | |

263B: | | | |

 Malone, very stony---| 0-9 | 10-25 | 5.6-6.5 | 0

 | 9-30 | 15-40 | 6.1-7.3 | 0

 | 30-72 | 15-40 | 6.6-8.4 | 1-10

 | | | |

264: | | | |

 Runeberg, very stony-| 0-9 | 25-55 | 6.1-7.3 | 0

 | 9-22 | 5.0-20 | 6.1-7.8 | 0-3

 | 22-72 | 3.0-12 | 7.4-8.4 | 3-10

 | | | |
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 229

 Table 17.—Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued

_____________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth | Cation | Soil |Calcium

 and soil name | |exchange |reaction |carbonate

 | |capacity | |

 | | ______________________|_______|_________|_________|__________

 | In |meq/100 g| pH | Pct

 | | | |

270B: | | | |

 Coveytown, very stony| 0-8 | 5.0-25 | 5.1-6.5 | 0

 | 8-28 | 5.0-15 | 5.6-7.3 | 0-1

 | 28-72 | 2.0-12 | 6.1-8.4 | 0-5

 | | | |

W: | | | |

 Water----------------| — | — | — | —

______________________|_______|_________|_________|_______
230 Soil Survey

Table 18.—Soil Features

(See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is

not a concern or that data were not estimated.)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Restrictive layer Subsidence Risk of corrosion Map symbol |_________________________|_______________| Potential |_________________________

 and soil name | | Depth | | | for | Uncoated |

 | Kind |to top |Initial| Total frost action steel Concrete ________________________|_________________|_______|_______|_______|____________|____________|____________

 | | In | In | In | | |

 | | | | | | |

2: | | | | | | |

 Lovewell, stratified | | | | | | |

 substratum------------| — | — | 0 | — |High |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | | | | |

5: | | | | | | |

 Fluvaquents, frequently| | | | | | |

 flooded---------------| — | — | — | — | — | — | —-

 | | | | | | |

 Fluvaquents, frequently| | | | | | |

 flooded---------------| — | — | 0 | — |High |High |High

 | | | | | | |

 Udifluvents, frequently| | | | | | |

 flooded---------------| — | — | 0 | — |Moderate |High |High

 | | | | | | |

6: | | | | | | |

 Redwater---------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 40-60 | 0 | — |High |Moderate |Low

 | | | | | | |

15B: | | | | | | |

 Waddington-------------| — | — | 0 | — |Moderate |Low |Low

 | | | | | | |

18A: | | | | | | |

 Adams------------------| — | — | 0 | — |Low |Low |High

 | | | | | | |

18B: | | | | | | |

 Adams------------------| — | — | 0 | — |Low |Low |High

 | | | | | | |

20A: | | | | | | |

 Croghan----------------| — | — | 0 | — |Moderate |Low |High

 | | | | | | |

33: | | | | | | |

 Wainola----------------| — | — | 0 | — |Moderate |Low |Moderate

 | | | | | | |

39A: | | | | | | |

 Churchville------------|Abrupt textural | 20-40 | — | — |High |High |Low

 | change | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

39B: | | | | | | |

 Churchville------------|Abrupt textural | 20-40 | — | — |High |High |Low

 | change | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

40B: | | | | | | |

 Heuvelton--------------| — | — | 0 | — |High |High |Low

 | | | | | | |

40C: | | | | | | |

 Heuvelton--------------| — | — | 0 | — |High |High |Low

 | | | | | | |

41A: | | | | | | |

 Muskellunge------------| — | — | 0 | — |High |High |Low

 | | | | | | |

41B: | | | | | | |

 Muskellunge------------| — | — | 0 | — |High |High |Low

 | | | | | | |

42: | | | | | | |

 Adjidaumo--------------| — | — | 0 | — |High |High |Low

 | | | | | | |

43: | | | | | | |

 Adjidaumo, mucky silty | | | | | | |

 clay------------------| — | — | 0 | — |High |High |Low

 | | | | | | |
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 231

Table 18.—Soil Features—Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Restrictive layer Subsidence Risk of corrosion Map symbol |_________________________|_______________| Potential |_________________________

 and soil name | | Depth | | | for | Uncoated |

 | Kind |to top |Initial| Total frost action| steel | Concrete ________________________|_________________|_______|_______|_______|____________|____________|____________

 | | In | In | In | | |

 | | | | | | |

44: | | | | | | |

 Mino-------------------| — | — | 0 | — |High |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | | | | |

45: | | | | | | |

 Sciota-----------------| — | — | 0 | — |Moderate |Low |Moderate

 | | | | | | |

46: | | | | | | |

 Deinache---------------| — | — | 0 | — |Moderate |High |Low

 | | | | | | |

47B: | | | | | | |

 Elmwood----------------|Abrupt textural | 18-40 | 0 | — |High |Moderate |Moderate

 | change | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

48: | | | | | | |

 Swanton----------------|Abrupt textural | 18-40 | 0 | — |High |High |Moderate

 | change | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

49: | | | | | | |

 Munuscong--------------|Abrupt textural | 20-40 | 0 | — |High |High |Low

 | change | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

50: | | | | | | |

 Hailesboro-------------| — | — | 0 | — |High |High |Low

 | | | | | | |

51: | | | | | | |

 Wegatchie--------------| — | — | 0 | — |High |High |Low

 | | | | | | |

53B: | | | | | | |

 Nicholville------------| — | — | 0 | — |High |Low |Moderate

 | | | | | | |

60C: | | | | | | |

 Grenville--------------|Dense material | 17-40 | 0 | — |Moderate |Low |Low

 | | | | | | |

61B: | | | | | | |

 Hogansburg-------------|Dense material | 18-35 | 0 | — |High |Moderate |Low

 | | | | | | |

62A: | | | | | | |

 Malone-----------------|Dense material | 18-36 | 0 | — |High |High |Moderate

 | | | | | | |

62B: | | | | | | |

 Malone-----------------|Dense material | 18-36 | 0 | — |High |High |Moderate

 | | | | | | |

64: | | | | | | |

 Runeberg---------------| — | — | 0 | — |High |High |Low

 | | | | | | |

66: | | | | | | |

 Matoon-----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | 0 | — |High |High |Low

 | | | | | | |

68B: | | | | | | |

 Fahey------------------| — | — | 0 | — |Low |Low |High

 | | | | | | |

69A: | | | | | | |

 Coveytown--------------| — | — | 0 | — |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | | | | |

70: | | | | | | |

 Guff-------------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | 0 | — |High |High |Low

 | | | | | | |

94B: | | | | | | |

 Neckrock---------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | 0 | — |Moderate |Low |Low

 | | | | | | |

 Summerville------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | 0 | — |Moderate |Low |Low

 | | | | | | |
232 Soil Survey

Table 18.—Soil Features—Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Restrictive layer Subsidence | Risk of corrosion Map symbol |_________________________|_______________| Potential |_________________________

 and soil name | | Depth | | | for | Uncoated |

 | Kind |to top |Initial| Total frost action| steel | Concrete ________________________|_________________|_______|_______|_______|____________|____________|____________

 | | In | In | In | | |

 | | | | | | |

94C: | | | | | | |

 Neckrock---------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | 0 | — |Moderate |Low |Low

 | | | | | | |

 Summerville------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 | 0 | — |Moderate |Low |Low

 | | | | | | |

101: | | | | | | |

 Wonsqueak--------------| — | — | 0 | — |High |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | | | | |

104: | | | | | | |

 Udorthents, wet | | | | | | |

 substratum------------| — | — | — | — |High |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | | | | |

105: | | | | | | |

 Udorthents, smoothed---| — | — | — | — |Moderate |Low |Moderate

 | | | | | | |

107: | | | | | | |

 Udorthents, Loamy------| — | — | — | — |Moderate |Low |Low

 | | | | | | |

110: | | | | | | |

 Borosaprists-----------| — | — | — | — |High |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | | | | |

 Fluvaquents------------| — | — | 0 | — |High |High |High

 | | | | | | |

144: | | | | | | |

 Roundabout-------------| — | — | 0 | — |High |High |Moderate

 | | | | | | |

147A: | | | | | | |

 Flackville-------------|Abrupt textural | 20-40 | 0 | — |Moderate |Low |Moderate

 | change | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

147B: | | | | | | |

 Flackville-------------|Abrupt textural | 20-40 | 0 | — |Moderate |Low |Moderate

 | change | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

148: | | | | | | |

 Stockholm--------------|Abrupt textural | 17-39 | 0 | — |Moderate |High |High

 | change | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

149: | | | | | | |

 Pinconning-------------|Abrupt textural | 20-40 | 0 | — |Moderate |High |Moderate

 | change | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

181: | | | | | | |

 Dorval-----------------| — | — | 4-12 | 25-30 |High |High |Moderate

 | | | | | | |

260C: | | | | | | |

 Grenville, very stony--|Dense material | 17-40 | 0 | — |Moderate |Low |Low

 | | | | | | |

261B: | | | | | | |

 Hogansburg, very stony-|Dense material | 18-35 | 0 | — |High |Moderate |Low

 | | | | | | |

263B: | | | | | | |

 Malone, very stony-----|Dense material | 18-36 | 0 | — |High |High |Moderate

 | | | | | | |

264: | | | | | | |

 Runeberg, very stony---| — | — | 0 | — |High |High |Low

 | | | | | | |

270B: | | | | | | |

 Coveytown, very stony--| — | — | 0 | — |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | | | | |

W: | | | | | | |

 Water------------------| — | — | — | — | — | — | —

 | | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 19.—Water Features (Depths of layers are in feet. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Estimates of the frequency 

 ponding and flooding apply to the whole year rather than to individual months. Absence of an entry indica that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated.) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Water table | Ponding | Flooding | | |_______________|_____________________________|___________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | Frequ and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | water | | | | |group | | | | depth | ___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|_______|__________|__________|____________|______ | | | Ft | Ft | Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2: | | | | | | | | | Lovewell, stratified | | | | | | | | | substratum---------------| B | | | | | | | | | |January |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | No

 | |February |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | No | |March |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | Brief | Occas | |April |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | Brief | Occas | |May |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | Brief | Occas | |June | — | — | — | — | None | Brief | Occas | |July | — | — | — | — | None | Brief | Occas | |August | — | — | — | — | None | Brief | Occas | |September | — | — | — | — | None | Brief | Occas | |October | — | — | — | — | None | Brief | Occas | |November |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | No | |December |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | No | | | | | | | | | 5: | | | | | | | | | Fluvaquents, frequently | | | | | | | | | Flooded (poorly drained)-| D | | | | | | | | | |January | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-0.5| Brief |Occasional| Long | Freq | |February | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-0.5| Brief |Occasional| Long | Freq | |March | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-0.5| Brief |Occasional| Long | Freq | |April | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-0.5| Brief |Occasional| Long | Freq | |May |0.0-1.5| >6.0 |0.0-0.5| Brief |Occasional| Long | Freq | |June |0.5-1.5| >6.0 |0.0-0.5| Brief |Occasional| Long | Freq | |July | — | — | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | |September | — | — | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | |October |0.5-1.5| >6.0 |0.0-0.5| Brief |Occasional| Brief | Freq | |November |0.5-1.5| >6.0 |0.0-0.5| Brief |Occasional| Brief | Freq | |December |0.0-1.0| >6.0 |0.0-0.5| Brief |Occasional| Long | Freq | | | | | | | | | Fluvaquents, frequently | | | | | | | | | flooded------------------| D | | | | | | | | | |January |0.5-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | Long | Freq | |February |0.5-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | Long | Freq | |March |0.5-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | Long | Freq | |April |0.5-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | Long | Freq | |May |0.5-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | Long | Freq
Table 19.—Water Features—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Flooding | | |_______________|_____________________________|___________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | Frequ and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | water | | | | |group | | | | depth | ___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|_______|__________|__________|____________|______ | | | Ft | Ft | Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fluvaquents, frequently | | | | | | | | | flooded------------------| D | | | | | | | | | |June |0.5-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | Brief | Freq

 | |July | — | — | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | |September | — | — | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | |October |0.5-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | |November |0.5-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | |December |0.5-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | | | | | | | | | Udifluvents, frequently | | | | | | | | | flooded------------------| B | | | | | | | | | |January |2.0-6.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | |February |2.0-6.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | |March |2.0-6.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | |April |2.0-6.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | |May |2.0-6.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | |June | — | — | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | |October | — | — | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | |November |2.0-6.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | |December |2.0-6.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | | | | | | | | | 6: | | | | | | | | | Redwater------------------| B | | | | | | | | | |January |0.5-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | |February |0.5-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | |March |0.5-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | |April |0.5-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | |May |0.5-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | |November |0.5-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | |December |0.5-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | Brief | Freq | | | | | | | | | 15B: | | | | | | | | | Waddington----------------| A | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | — | — | — | — | None | — | No | | | | | | | | | 18A: | | | | | | | | | Adams---------------------| A | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | — | — | — | — | None | — | No | | | | | | | | | 18B: | | | | | | | | | Adams---------------------| A | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | — | — | — | — | None | — | No
Table 19.—Water Features—Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Flooding | | |_______________|_____________________________|__________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | Freq and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | water | | | | |group | | | | depth | ___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|_______|__________|__________|____________|_____ | | | Ft | Ft | Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | | 20A: | | | | | | | | | Croghan-------------------| B | | | | | | | | | |January |1.5-2.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N

 | |February |1.5-2.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |March |1.5-2.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |April |1.5-2.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |May |1.5-2.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |November |1.5-2.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |December |1.5-2.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | | 33: | | | | | | | | | Wainola-------------------| B | | | | | | | | | |January |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |February |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |March |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |April |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |May |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |November |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |December |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | | 39A: | | | | | | | | | Churchville---------------| D | | | | | | | | | |January |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |February |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |March |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |April |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |May |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |November |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |December |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | | 39B: | | | | | | | | | Churchville---------------| D | | | | | | | | | |January |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |February |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |March |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |April |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |May |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |November |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |December |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | |
Table 19.—Water Features—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Flooding | | |_______________|_____________________________|_____________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | Frequen and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | water | | | | |group | | | | depth | ___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|_______|__________|__________|____________|________ | | | Ft | Ft | Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | | 40B: | | | | | | | | | Heuvelton-----------------| C | | | | | | | | | |January |1.5-2.0|1.6-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non

 | |February |1.5-2.0|1.6-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |March |1.5-2.0|1.6-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |April |1.5-2.0|1.6-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |November |1.5-2.0|1.6-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |December |1.5-2.0|1.6-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | | | | | | | | | 40C: | | | | | | | | | Heuvelton-----------------| C | | | | | | | | | |January |1.5-2.0|1.6-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |February |1.5-2.0|1.6-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |March |1.5-2.0|1.6-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |April |1.5-2.0|1.6-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |November |1.5-2.0|1.6-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |December |1.5-2.0|1.6-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | | | | | | | | | 41A: | | | | | | | | | Muskellunge---------------| D | | | | | | | | | |January |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |February |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |March |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |April |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |May |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |November |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |December |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | | | | | | | | | 41B: | | | | | | | | | Muskellunge---------------| D | | | | | | | | | |January |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |February |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |March |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |April |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |May |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |November |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |December |1.0-1.5|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non
Table 19.—Water Features—Continued _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Flooding | | |_______________|_____________________________|_____________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | Frequen and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | water | | | | |group | | | | depth | ___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|_______|__________|__________|____________|________ | | | Ft | Ft | Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 42: | | | | | | | | | Adjidaumo-----------------| D | | | | | | | | | |January |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | None | |February |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | None | |March |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | None | |April |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | None | |May |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | None | |June |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | None | |November |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | None | |December |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | None 43: | | | | | | | | | Adjidaumo, mucky silty | | | | | | | | | clay---------------------| D | | | | | | | | | |January | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | — | None | |February | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | — | None | |March | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | — | None | |April | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | — | None | |May | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Brief |Occasional| — | None | |June | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Brief |Occasional| — | None | |November | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Brief |Occasional| — | None | |December | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Brief |Occasional| — | None | | | | | | | | | 44: | | | | | | | | | Mino----------------------| C | | | | | | | | | |January |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | None | |February |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | None | |March |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | None | |April |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | None | |May |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | None | |November |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | None | |December |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | None | | | | | | | | | 45: | | | | | | | | | Sciota--------------------| C | | | | | | | | | |January |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | None | |February |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | None | |March |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | None | |April |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | None | |May |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | None | |November |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | None | |December |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | None | | | | | | | | |
Table 19.—Water Features—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Flooding | | |_______________|_____________________________|____________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | Freque and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | water | | | | |group | | | | depth | ___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|_______|__________|__________|____________|_______ | | | Ft | Ft | Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | | 46: | | | | | | | | | Deinache------------------| A/D | | | | | | | | | |January |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non

 | |February |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non | |March |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non | |April |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non | |May |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non | |November |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non | |December |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non | | | | | | | | | 47B: | | | | | | | | | Elmwood-------------------| C | | | | | | | | | |January |1.5-3.0|1.5-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |February |1.5-3.0|1.5-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |March |1.5-3.0|1.5-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |April |1.5-3.0|1.5-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |May |1.5-3.0|1.5-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |November |1.5-3.0|1.5-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |December |1.5-3.0|1.5-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | | | | | | | | | 48: | | | | | | | | | Swanton-------------------| C/D | | | | | | | | | |January |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |February |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |March |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |April |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |May |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |November |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | |December |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.3| — | — | None | — | Non | | | | | | | | | 49: | | | | | | | | | Munuscong-----------------| B/D | | | | | | | | | |January | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | — | Non | |February | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | — | Non | |March | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | — | Non | |April | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | — | Non | |May | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Brief |Occasional| — | Non | |November |0.0-1.0| >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Brief |Occasional| — | Non | |December |0.0-1.0| >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Brief |Occasional| — | Non | | | | | | | | |
Table 19.—Water Features—Continued ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Flooding | | |_______________|_____________________________|____________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | Freque and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | water | | | | |group | | | | depth | ___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|_______|__________|__________|____________|_______ | | | Ft | Ft | Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | | 50: | | | | | | | | | Hailesboro----------------| C | | | | | | | | | |January |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non

 | |February |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non | |March |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non | |April |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non | |May |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non | |June |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non | |October |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non | |November |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non | |December |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non | | | | | | | | | 51: | | | | | | | | | Wegatchie-----------------| D | | | | | | | | | |January |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non | |February |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non | |March |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non | |April |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non | |May |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non | |June |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non | |November |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non | |December |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | Non | | | | | | | | | 53B: | | | | | | | | | Nicholville---------------| C | | | | | | | | | |January |1.5-2.0|1.5-3.2| — | — | None | — | Non | |February |1.5-2.0|1.5-3.2| — | — | None | — | Non | |March |1.5-2.0|1.5-3.2| — | — | None | — | Non | |April |1.5-2.0|1.5-3.2| — | — | None | — | Non | |May |1.5-2.0|1.5-3.2| — | — | None | — | Non | |November |1.5-2.0|1.5-3.2| — | — | None | — | Non | |December |1.5-2.0|1.5-3.2| — | — | None | — | Non | | | | | | | | | 60C: | | | | | | | | | Grenville-----------------| B | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | — | — | — | — | None | — | Non | | | | | | | | | 61B: | | | | | | | | | Hogansburg----------------| B | | | | | | | | | |March |1.5-2.0|1.5-2.8| — | — | None | — | Non | |April |1.5-2.0|1.5-2.8| — | — | None | — | Non | |May |1.5-2.0|1.5-2.8| — | — | None | — | Non | | | | | | | | |
Table 19.—Water Features—Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Flooding | | |_______________|_____________________________|__________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | Freq and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | water | | | | |group | | | | depth | ___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|_______|__________|__________|____________|_____ | | | Ft | Ft | Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | | 62A: | | | | | | | | | Malone--------------------| C | | | | | | | | | |January |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.0| — | — | None | — | N

 | |February |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |March |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |April |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |May |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |November |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |December |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | | 62B: | | | | | | | | | Malone--------------------| C | | | | | | | | | |January |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |February |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |March |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |April |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |May |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |November |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |December |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | | 64: | | | | | | | | | Runeberg------------------| C/D | | | | | | | | | |January |0.0-1.0|1.8-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |February |0.0-1.0|1.8-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |March |0.0-1.0|1.8-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |April |0.0-1.0|1.8-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |May |0.0-1.0|1.8-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |June |0.0-1.0|1.8-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |July |0.0-1.0|1.8-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |November |0.0-1.0|1.8-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |December |0.0-1.0|1.8-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | | 66: | | | | | | | | | Matoon--------------------| D | | | | | | | | | |January |0.5-1.5|1.6-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |February |0.5-1.5|1.6-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |March |0.5-1.5|1.6-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |April |0.5-1.5|1.6-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |May |0.5-1.5|1.6-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |November |0.5-1.5|1.6-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |December |0.5-1.5|1.6-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | |
Table 19.—Water Features—Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Flooding | | |_______________|_____________________________|__________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | Freq and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | water | | | | |group | | | | depth | ___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|_______|__________|__________|____________|_____ | | | Ft | Ft | Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | | 68B: | | | | | | | | | Fahey---------------------| B | | | | | | | | | |March |1.5-2.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N

 | |April |1.5-2.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |May |1.5-2.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | | 69A: | | | | | | | | | Coveytown-----------------| C | | | | | | | | | |January |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |February |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |March |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |April |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |May |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |November |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |December |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | | 70: | | | | | | | | | Guff----------------------| D | | | | | | | | | |January |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |February |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |March |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |April |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |May |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |June |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |November |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |December |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | | 94B: | | | | | | | | | Neckrock------------------| B | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | — | — | — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | | Summerville---------------| D | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | — | — | — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | | 94C: | | | | | | | | | Neckrock------------------| B | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | — | — | — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | | Summerville---------------| D | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | — | — | — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | |
Table 19.—Water Features—Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Flooding | | |_______________|_____________________________|__________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | Freq and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | water | | | | |group | | | | depth | ___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|_______|__________|__________|____________|_____ | | | Ft | Ft | Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | | 101: | | | | | | | | | Wonsqueak-----------------| D | | | | | | | | | |January | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | — | N

 | |February | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | — | N | |March | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0|Very long | Frequent | — | N | |April | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0|Very long | Frequent | — | N | |May | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | — | N | |June |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |July |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |September |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |October |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |November |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |December |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | | 104: | | | | | | | | | Udorthents, wet substratum| C | | | | | | | | | |January |1.0-3.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |February |1.0-3.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |March |1.0-3.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |April |1.0-3.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |May |1.0-3.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |June |1.0-3.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |July |1.0-3.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |October |1.0-3.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |November |1.0-3.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |December |1.0-3.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | | 105: | | | | | | | | | Udorthents, smoothed------| A | | | | | | | | | |January | 3.0 | >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |February | 3.0 | >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |March | 3.0 | >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |April | 3.0 | >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |May | 3.0 | >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |June | 3.0 | >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |November | 3.0 | >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |December | 3.0 | >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | |
Table 19.—Water Features—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Flooding | | |_______________|_____________________________|___________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | Frequ and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | water | | | | |group | | | | depth | ___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|_______|__________|__________|____________|______ | | | Ft | Ft | Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | | 107: | | | | | | | | | Udorthents, Loamy---------| A | | | | | | | | | |January | 3.0 | >6.0 | — | — | None | — | No

 | |February | 3.0 | >6.0 | — | — | None | — | No | |March | 3.0 | >6.0 | — | — | None | — | No | |April | 3.0 | >6.0 | — | — | None | — | No | |May | 3.0 | >6.0 | — | — | None | — | No | |June | 3.0 | >6.0 | — | — | None | — | No | |November | 3.0 | >6.0 | — | — | None | — | No | |December | 3.0 | >6.0 | — | — | None | — | No | | | | | | | | | 110: | | | | | | | | | Borosaprists--------------| D | | | | | | | | | |January | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | Brief | Occas | |February | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | Brief | Occas | |March | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | Long | Freq | |April | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | Long | Freq | |May | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | Long | Occas | |June | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Brief | Frequent | Brief | Occas | |July |0.0-1.0| >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Brief | Frequent | — | No | |September |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | No | |October |0.0-1.0| >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Brief |Occasional| — | No | |November |0.0-1.0| >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Brief |Occasional| — | No | |December | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | Brief | Occas Fluvaquents---------------| D | | | | | | | | | |January | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Brief |Occasional| Long | Freq | |February | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Brief |Occasional| Long | Freq | |March | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-2.0| Brief |Occasional| Long | Freq | |April | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-2.0| Brief |Occasional| Long | Freq | |May |0.0-1.5| >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Brief |Occasional| Long | Freq | |June |0.5-1.5| >6.0 |0.0-0.5| Brief |Occasional| Long | Freq | |July | — | — | — | — | None | Long | Freq | |September | — | — | — | — | None | Long | Freq | |October |0.5-1.5| >6.0 |0.0-0.5| Brief |Occasional| Long | Freq | |November |0.5-1.5| >6.0 |0.0-0.5| Brief |Occasional| Long | Freq | |December |0.0-1.0| >6.0 |0.0-0.5| Brief |Occasional| Long | Freq | | | | | | | | |
Table 19.—Water Features—Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Flooding | | |_______________|_____________________________|__________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | Freq and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | water | | | | |group | | | | depth | ___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|_______|__________|__________|____________|_____ | | | Ft | Ft | Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | | 144: | | | | | | | | | Roundabout----------------| C | | | | | | | | | |January |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N

 | |February |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |March |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |April |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |May |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |November |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | |December |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | | 147A: | | | | | | | | | Flackville----------------| C | | | | | | | | | |January |1.5-2.0|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |February |1.5-2.0|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |March |1.5-2.0|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |April |1.5-2.0|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |May |1.5-2.0|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |November |1.5-2.0|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |December |1.5-2.0|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | | 147B: | | | | | | | | | Flackville----------------| C | | | | | | | | | |January |1.5-2.0|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |February |1.5-2.0|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |March |1.5-2.0|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |April |1.5-2.0|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |May |1.5-2.0|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |November |1.5-2.0|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |December |1.5-2.0|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | | 148: | | | | | | | | | Stockholm-----------------| C | | | | | | | | | |January |0.0-1.0|1.4-3.2| — | — | None | — | N | |February |0.0-1.0|1.4-3.2| — | — | None | — | N | |March |0.0-1.0|1.4-3.2| — | — | None | — | N | |April |0.0-1.0|1.4-3.2| — | — | None | — | N | |May |0.0-1.0|1.4-3.2| — | — | None | — | N | |November |0.0-1.0|1.4-3.2| — | — | None | — | N | |December |0.0-1.0|1.4-3.2| — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | |
Table 19.—Water Features—Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Flooding | | |_______________|_____________________________|__________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | Freq and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | water | | | | |group | | | | depth | ___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|_______|__________|__________|____________|_____ | | | Ft | Ft | Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | | 149: | | | | | | | | | Pinconning----------------| B/D | | | | | | | | | |January |0.0-1.0|1.7-3.3|0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | — | N

 | |February |0.0-1.0|1.7-3.3|0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | — | N | |March |0.0-1.0|1.7-3.3|0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | — | N | |April |0.0-1.0|1.7-3.3|0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | — | N | |May |0.0-1.0|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |October |0.0-1.0|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |November |0.0-1.0|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | |December |0.0-1.0|1.7-3.3| — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | | 181: | | | | | | | | | Dorval--------------------| A/D | | | | | | | | | |January | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | — | N | |February | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | — | N | |March | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | — | N | |April | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | — | N | |May | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | — | N | |November | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | — | N | |December | 0.0 | >6.0 |0.0-1.0| Long | Frequent | — | N | | | | | | | | | 260C: | | | | | | | | | Grenville, very stony-----| B | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | — | — | — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | | 261B: | | | | | | | | | Hogansburg, very stony----| B | | | | | | | | | |March |1.5-2.0|1.5-2.8| — | — | None | — | N | |April |1.5-2.0|1.5-2.8| — | — | None | — | N | |May |1.5-2.0|1.5-2.8| — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | | 263B: | | | | | | | | | Malone, very stony--------| C | | | | | | | | | |January |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |February |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |March |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |April |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |May |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |November |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | |December |1.0-1.5|1.5-3.0| — | — | None | — | N | | | | | | | | |
Table 19.—Water Features—Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Ponding | Flooding | | |_______________|_____________________________|___________________ Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Surface| Duration |Frequency | Duration | Frequ and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | water | | | | |group | | | | depth | ___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|_______|__________|__________|____________|______ | | | Ft | Ft | Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | | 264: | | | | | | | | | Runeberg, very stony------| C/D | | | | | | | | | |January |0.0-1.0|1.8-3.0| — | — | None | — | No

 | |February |0.0-1.0|1.8-3.0| — | — | None | — | No | |March |0.0-1.0|1.8-3.0| — | — | None | — | No | |April |0.0-1.0|1.8-3.0| — | — | None | — | No | |May |0.0-1.0|1.8-3.0| — | — | None | — | No | |June |0.0-1.0|1.8-3.0| — | — | None | — | No | |July |0.0-1.0|1.8-3.0| — | — | None | — | No | |November |0.0-1.0|1.8-3.0| — | — | None | — | No | |December |0.0-1.0|1.8-3.0| — | — | None | — | No | | | | | | | | | 270B: | | | | | | | | | Coveytown, very stony-----| C | | | | | | | | | |January |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | No | |February |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | No | |March |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | No | |April |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | No | |May |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | No | |November |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | No | |December |1.0-1.5| >6.0 | — | — | None | — | No | | | | | | | | | W: | | | | | | | | | Water---------------------| — | | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | — | — | — | — | None | — | No | | | | | | | | | ___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|_______|__________|__________|____________|______
Akwesasne Territory: St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 247

Table 20.—Classification of the Soils

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class __________________________|_________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Adams--------------------|Sandy, mixed, frigid Typic Haplorthods

 Adjidaumo----------------|Fine, mixed, nonacid, frigid Mollic Endoaquepts

 Borosaprists-------------|Borosaprists

 Churchville--------------|Fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Epiaqualfs

 Coveytown----------------|Sandy over loamy, mixed, nonacid, frigid Aeric Endoaquents

 Croghan------------------|Sandy, mixed, frigid Aquic Haplorthods

 Deinache-----------------|Mixed, frigid Mollic Psammaquents

 Dorval-------------------|Clayey, mixed, euic Terric Borosaprists

 Elmwood------------------|Coarse-loamy over clayey, mixed, frigid Aquic Dystric Eutrochrepts

 Fahey--------------------|Sandy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Aquentic Haplorthods

 Flackville---------------|Sandy over clayey, mixed, frigid Aquic Haplorthods

 Fluvaquents--------------|Fluvaquents

 Grenville----------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Eutrochrepts

 Guff---------------------|Fine, mixed, nonacid, frigid Mollic Endoaquepts

 Hailesboro---------------|Fine-silty, mixed, frigid Aeric Endoaqualfs

 Heuvelton----------------|Fine, mixed, frigid Aquic Glossoboralfs

 Hogansburg---------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Aquic Eutrochrepts

 Lovewell-----------------|Coarse-silty, mixed, frigid Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts

 Malone-------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, nonacid, frigid Aeric Epiaquepts

 Matoon-------------------|Fine, mixed, superactive, frigid Aeric Epiaqualfs

 Mino---------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, nonacid, frigid Aeric Endoaquepts

 Munuscong----------------|Coarse-loamy over clayey, mixed, nonacid, frigid Mollic Epiaquepts

 Muskellunge--------------|Fine, mixed, superactive, frigid Aeric Epiaqualfs

 Neckrock-----------------|Fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Eutric Glossoboralfs

 Nicholville--------------|Coarse-silty, mixed, frigid Aquic Haplorthods

 Pinconning---------------|Sandy over clayey, mixed, nonacid, frigid Mollic Epiaquents

 Redwater-----------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Fluvaquentic Eutrochrepts

 Roundabout---------------|Coarse-silty, mixed, nonacid, frigid Aeric Epiaquepts

 Runeberg-----------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Endoaquolls

 Sciota-------------------|Mixed, frigid Aquic Udipsamments

 Stockholm----------------|Sandy over clayey, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Epiaquods

 Summerville--------------|Loamy, mixed, frigid Lithic Eutrochrepts

 Swanton------------------|Coarse-loamy over clayey, mixed, nonacid, frigid Aeric Epiaquepts

 Udifluvents--------------|Udifluvents

 Udorthents---------------|Udorthents

 Udorthents, Loamy--------|Udorthents

 Waddington---------------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic Eutrochrepts

 Wainola------------------|Sandy, mixed, frigid Typic Endoaquods

 Wegatchie----------------|Fine-silty, mixed, nonacid, frigid Mollic Endoaquepts

 Wonsqueak----------------|Loamy, mixed, euic Terric Borosaprists __________________________|_________________________________________________________________________
Table 21.—Relationship Between Parent Material, Position, and Drainage of Soil Series ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 | |Somewhat | |Moderately |Somewhat | Parent material and soil characteristics* |Excessively |excessively |Well |well |poorly |Poorly  |drained |drained |drained |drained |drained |drained ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Soils on Glacial Till Plains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | | | | |  Very deep, medium and moderately coarse | | |Grenville |Hogansburg |Malone |  textured glacial till with carbonates | | | | | |  within 40 inches deep. | | | | | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | |  Moderately deep, medium and moderately | | |Neckrock | | |  coarse textured till over limestone or | | | | | |  dolomitic limestone. | | | | | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | |  Shallow, medium and moderately coarse | | |Summerville | | |  textured till over limestone bedrock. | | | | | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Soils on Glacial Till Plains with Water-Worked Mantile ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | | | | |  | | | | | |  Very deep, coarse textured subsoil | | | | |Coveytown |  overlying a medium textured till | | | | | |  substratum at 20-40 inches deep. | | | | | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Soils on Outwash Plains, Eskers, and Glacial Beach Deposits ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | | | | |  Very deep, moderately coarse textured | |Waddington | | | |  beach deposits with coarse textured | | | | | |  calcareous substratum; averaging >35 | | | | | |  percent rock fragments. | | | | | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | |  Very deep, coarse textured beach | | | |Fahey | |  deposits with spodic horizon; averages | | | | | |  >35 percent rock fragments. | | | | | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | | 
Table 21.—Relationship Between Parent Material, Position, and Drainage of Soil Series—Continued ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 | |Somewhat | |Moderately |Somewhat | Parent material and soil characteristics* |Excessively |excessively |Well |well |poorly |Poorly  |drained |drained |drained |drained |drained |drained ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Soils on Outwash Plains, Eskers, and Glacial Beach Deposits ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | | | | |  Very deep, coarse textured outwash |Colton | | | | |  deposits with spodic horizon; averages | | | | | |  >35 percent rock fragments. | | | | | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | |  Very deep, coarse textured deltaic and | | | | |Sciota |Deinache  outwash deposits; few rock fragments. | | | | | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | |  Very deep, coarse textured outwash with | |Adams | |Croghan |Wainola |  spodic horizon; few rock fragments. | | | | | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Soils on Lacustrine and Marine Plains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | | | | |  Very deep, coarse textured outwash | | | |Flackville | |Stockholm  over lacustrine clay and silt; /f. | | | | | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | |  Very deep, medium and moderately coarse| | | |Elmwood |Swanton |  textured sediments over lacustrine clay| | | | | |  and silt. | | | | | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | |  Moderately deep, fine textured | | | | |Matoon |Guff  sediments in glacial lake and marine | | | | | |  environments with limestone bedrock at | | | | | |  20-40 inches deep. | | | | | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | |  Very deep, fine textured sediments that| | | | |Churchville |  are 20-40 inches thick overlying firm, | | | | | |  medium or moderately coarse textured | | | | | |  till deposits. | | | | | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | | 
Table 21.—Relationship Between Parent Material, Position, and Drainage of Soil Series—Continued --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 | |Somewhat | |Moderately |Somewhat | |VParent material and soil characteristics* |Excessively |excessively |Well |well |poorly |Poorly |p |drained |drained |drained |drained |drained |drained |d--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Soils on Lacustrine and Marine Plains -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | | | | Very deep, fine textured sediments in | | | |Heuvelton |Muskellunge |Adjidaumo |A glacial lake and marine environments | | | | | | | with calcareous substrata. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Very deep, medium and moderately fine | | | | |Hailesboro |Wegatchie | textured lacustrine sediments; averaging| | | | | | | 18 to 35 percent clay by weight. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Very deep, medium textured lacustrine | | | |Nicholville |Roundabout | | sediments averaging < 18 percent clay by| | | | | | | weight, and less than 15 percent sand or| | | | | | | coarser material between 10-40 inches | | | | | | | deep. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Very deep, medium textured lacustrine | | | | |Mino | | sediments averaging < 18 percent clay | | | | | | | by weight, and equal to or more than | | | | | | | 15 percent fine sand or coarser material| | | | | | | 10-40 inches deep. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Soils on Floodplains in Valleys -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | | | | Very deep, medium textured alluvium with| | | |Lovewell | | | contrasting or stratified deposits | | | | | | | below 40 inches deep; occasional | | | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Deep, moderately coarse and medium | | | | |Redwater | | textured alluvial sediments with | | | | | | | limestone bedrock between 40-60 inches | | | | | | | deep; occasional flooding. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Table 21.—Relationship Between Parent Material, Position, and Drainage of Soil Series—Continued --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 | |Somewhat | |Moderately |Somewhat | |VParent material and soil characteristics* |Excessively |excessively |Well |well |poorly |Poorly |p |drained |drained |drained |drained |drained |drained |d--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Soils on Floodplains in Valleys -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | | | | Very deep alluvial sediments of various | | |Udifluvents | |Fluvaquents |Fluvaquents | textures; frequently flooded. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Soils Formed in Swamps and Bogs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | | | | Very deep soil with organic deposits | | | | | | |W 16-51 inches thick over moderately | | | | | | |B coarse to moderately fine textured | | | | | | | deposits; pH is equal to or > 4.5 in | | | | | | | some layer. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Very deep soil with organic deposits | | | | | | |D 16-51 inches thick over fine textured | | | | | | |B deposits; pH > 4.5 throughout. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Very deep soil with well-decomposed | | | | | | |B organic deposits more than 16 inches | | | | | | | thick; ponded during most of the year. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Very deep soils formed in mainly medium | | | | | | |F textured grayish mineral material; | | | | | | | ponded during most of the year. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Disturbed by Human Activities -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | | | | Very deep, moderately coarse to | | |Udorthents | |Udorthents | | moderately fine textured, mixed soil | | | | | | | material. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * texture refers to dominant subsoil texture
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