[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 13-14733

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 9:08-cr-80022-KAM-4

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

LABENZ TURNER, 

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

________________________

(July 17, 2014)

Before CARNES, Chief Judge, WILSON and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

Labenz Turner appeals the revocation of his supervised release and resulting 

24-month sentence, which the district court imposed after finding that he had

Case: 13-14733 Date Filed: 07/17/2014 Page: 1 of 15 
2

violated the terms of his supervised release by committing felony battery. Turner 

contends that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he committed felony 

battery and that his sentence is procedurally and substantively unreasonable. 

I. 

In August 2008 Turner pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit 

armed bank robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371. He was sentenced to 54 

months imprisonment and a three-year term of supervised release, but the 

supervised release was cut short by events that occurred on July 19, 2013.1

 Early 

that morning, police responded to a 911 call at the Stonybrook Apartments in 

Riviera Beach, Florida. According to witnesses at the scene, Turner had forced 

Kijafa Smith to leave an apartment at gun point, hit her in the face, and pulled her 

down the stairs. He then forced her into a sedan with two other men who dropped 

them off at Smith’s car. After Smith dropped Turner off at an unknown location, 

she drove to the home of some her relatives, where police found her sitting in her 

car. 

As a result of these events, Turner’s probation officer filed a superseding 

petition to revoke his supervised release in August 2013. The petition listed nine 

different violations of the terms of his supervised release. Six of them qualified as 

 1 The following summary of events was taken from the probation officer’s report and 

recommendation. We will consider and analyze the evidence presented against Turner at his 

hearing separately. 

Case: 13-14733 Date Filed: 07/17/2014 Page: 2 of 15 
3

Grade A violations: (1) occupied burglary with a firearm, (2) kidnapping, (3) 

felony battery, (4) aggravated assault, (5) possession of a firearm during 

commission of a felony, and (6) being a felon in possession of a firearm. 

See United States Sentencing Guidelines § 7B1.1(a)(1)(A)(i) (Nov. 2012). The 

remaining three were Grade C violations: (7) Turner’s failure to submit truthful 

and complete monthly reports, (8) failure to attend a required weekly therapy class, 

and (9) failure to report to his probation officer. See id.

The district court held an evidentiary hearing to determine whether Turner 

had in fact violated the terms of his supervised release. At the start of the 

evidentiary hearing, Turner admitted to all of the Grade C violations. However, he 

denied committing the six Grade A violations (which were all criminal offenses). 

To prove those violations, the government called Detectives Francisco 

Aguirre and Richard Rott, the police officers who had responded to the 911 call. 

The detectives described how they had arrived at the apartment and interviewed 

two of Smith’s cousins, Shana and Shanae Johnson, both of whom witnessed 

Smith’s abduction. The district court allowed the detectives to testify about the 

statements of Shana and Shanae, subject to a later ruling on their admissibility. 

Detective Aguirre testified that Shanae told him that Smith had been staying at her 

apartment because she was scared of Turner and that Turner had pulled Smith from 

the apartment while pointing a gun at her and hitting her. Detective Rott’s account 

Case: 13-14733 Date Filed: 07/17/2014 Page: 3 of 15 
4

of Shana’s story was similar. The detectives had also made recordings of the 

women’s statements, which were played at the hearing but not transcribed by the 

court reporter or physically entered into evidence. Detective Aguirre testified that

Shana showed him a necklace that she said Turner had ripped off of Smith’s neck 

while pulling her out of the apartment; Smith later confirmed that the necklace was 

hers. 

In addition to testifying about the eyewitnesses’ statements, the detectives 

described their encounters with Smith. Detective Aguirre testified that when he 

located Smith, she appeared to be very frightened and did not want to talk to him. 

Her face was swollen and bruised and she had a cut on her left cheek that required 

stitches. Detective Rott testified that Smith’s wound was still bleeding when they 

arrived. Smith eventually went to the hospital to get her injuries treated. After she

left the hospital, she gave Detective Rott a recorded statement about what had 

happened. Like the other recordings, it was played in court but not transcribed or 

physically entered into evidence. 

The government did not call any of the eyewitnesses or Smith because they 

had not cooperated with the investigation since their initial contact with the police. 

The government did, however, introduce a recording of a phone call that Turner 

placed from jail to Smith in which Smith admitted that she had told the police that 

Turner had hit her with his fist. It also entered into evidence photographs of 

Case: 13-14733 Date Filed: 07/17/2014 Page: 4 of 15 
5

Smith’s injuries taken at the scene and at the hospital, a photograph of the necklace

that had been ripped off of her neck, and photographs of bloodstains in the car in 

which Smith was found. 

After the government rested, Turner called Smith as a witness. She testified 

that she was in a relationship with Turner in July 2013 when all of this happened.

2

 

Smith stated that on July 19, she had asked Turner to come pick her up at Shana 

Johnson’s apartment. She further testified that, as they were leaving the apartment, 

they got into an argument because another girl had called Turner’s cell phone. 

Smith wanted to see the phone, and Turner did not want to give it up. Smith said 

that she had tried to take Turner’s phone from him, which led to a scuffle, and that 

Turner had grabbed her shirt, tearing her necklace from her neck. However, Smith 

testified that he did not hit her until they got into her car. Once they were in her 

car, the fight for the phone continued. Smith first stated that Turner hit her on the 

left side of her face with his fist while she was driving the car and he was in the 

passenger seat. The district court interrupted her testimony at that point to note 

that the story was unbelievable. Speaking to Turner, the court said, “You know 

she just said that she was driving the car and you reached over and hit her. But the 

cut on the pictures are on the left side of her face. You know that, right, Mr. 

Turner?” Turner’s attorney responded that he had told Smith and Turner to tell the 

 2

 By all appearances, their relationship was still intact at the time of the hearing.

Case: 13-14733 Date Filed: 07/17/2014 Page: 5 of 15 
6

truth but that the testimony she had given was inconsistent with what they had told 

him before. Smith then revised the story slightly, saying that she was not driving 

when the fight happened but was sitting in the driver’s seat while Turner was in the 

passenger seat. Smith concluded her testimony by denying that she had been 

kidnapped and denying that Turner had ever possessed a gun. 

Finally, Turner himself took the stand. Like Smith, he claimed that she had 

called him over to the apartment to pick her up. He also said that the cause of their 

altercation was that another woman had called his phone and Smith wanted to see 

it. Turner said that Smith tried to grab the phone, and “I grabbed her like, like 

roughly pushed [her].” Turner testified that they then got into the car, with Smith 

in the driver’s seat and him on the passenger side. When Smith tried to get the 

phone again, he “jerked back like that and hit her.” As he explained it, “I hit her. 

My fist was balled up, but I jerked back and when I did like this, I hit her.” Turner 

maintained that he did not intentionally hit her and that it had been an accident. 

Turner said that he loved Smith and would never do anything to hurt her. He also 

pointed out that, “if this woman was in fear of her life of me, she wouldn’t be here 

[testifying] for me.” 

After the close of evidence, the district court stated that it would reserve its 

ruling about the admissibility of the hearsay statements of Shana, Shanae, and 

Smith. But it then asked Turner’s counsel if, even without any of the hearsay 

Case: 13-14733 Date Filed: 07/17/2014 Page: 6 of 15 
7

statements, there was sufficient evidence (based on the police officers’ 

observations, the evidence of her injuries, and the jail telephone call between 

Turner and Smith) to support a finding that Turner had at least committed battery. 

Turner’s counsel conceded that the evidence before the court was sufficient to find 

simple battery, and the court ended the hearing without making any formal 

findings on the issue. 

Later, the district court issued an “order finding defendant committed felony 

battery” in which it concluded, without considering the tape-recorded hearsay 

statements of Shana, Shanae, or Smith, that the government had presented 

sufficient evidence to support a finding that Turner committed felony battery. The 

district court stated that its findings were buttressed by Smith’s “false and 

incredible testimony” as to how she sustained her injuries. Smith could not have 

been injured in the way that she said –– by Turner accidentally hitting her with his 

left hand while she was in the driver’s seat and he in the passenger seat — because 

the left side of Smith’s face was severely injured. In addition, Smith had admitted 

in the recorded telephone call placed from jail that Turner had hit her with his fist, 

which contradicted any suggestion that the contact was accidental. The district 

court found that Turner had also perjured himself. The case proceeded to 

sentencing. 

Case: 13-14733 Date Filed: 07/17/2014 Page: 7 of 15 
8

Prior to sentencing, the probation office prepared a report and 

recommendation which calculated Turner’s guidelines sentence range to be 24 to 

30 months imprisonment (due to his Grade A violation for felony battery and 

criminal history category of IV). See U.S.S.G. § 7B1.4(a). Under 18 

U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3), however, the maximum term of imprisonment that can be 

imposed upon revocation of supervised release for his original offense ––

conspiracy to commit bank robbery –– was 24 months. Thus, because the statutory 

maximum term of imprisonment was less than the guidelines range, the statutory 

maximum became the applicable guidelines range under U.S.S.G. § 7B1.4(b)(1). 

At the sentence hearing, the government asked for the maximum statutory sentence

of 24 months imprisonment. The court agreed and imposed that sentence, finding 

that it was appropriate in part because Turner had inflicted serious injuries on 

Smith and perjured himself. Turner did not object to the accuracy of the guidelines 

calculation. However, he did object to the court’s findings that the battery had 

caused “great bodily harm” and that he had perjured himself. 

Turner raises two arguments on appeal. First, he contends that the 

government failed to prove that he committed felony battery because there was no 

evidence that he intentionally struck his victim and no evidence that he caused the 

victim great bodily harm. Second, he argues that his sentence is procedurally and 

substantively unreasonable. 

Case: 13-14733 Date Filed: 07/17/2014 Page: 8 of 15 
9

II. 

A court may revoke a defendant’s term of supervised release and impose a 

term of imprisonment when it finds by a preponderance of the evidence that the 

defendant violated a condition of that release. See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3); United 

States v. Hofierka, 83 F.3d 357, 363 (11th Cir. 1996). The district court in this 

case found that Turner violated the terms of his supervised release by committing

felony battery, which is defined in Florida as (1) “[a]ctually and intentionally 

touch[ing] or strik[ing] another person against the will of the other,” and (2) 

thereby causing that person “great bodily harm, permanent disability, or permanent 

disfigurement.” Fla. Stat. § 784.041(1). 

We review the district court’s conclusion that Turner violated the terms of 

his supervised release for abuse of discretion, United States v. Copeland, 20 F.3d 

412, 413 (11th Cir. 1994), and we are bound by the district court’s findings of fact 

unless they are clearly erroneous, United States v. Almand, 992 F.2d 316, 318 

(11th Cir. 1993). Credibility determinations are the province of the factfinder and 

“will almost never be clear error.” United States v. Rodriguez, 398 F.3d 1291, 

1296 (11th Cir. 2005). 

Case: 13-14733 Date Filed: 07/17/2014 Page: 9 of 15 
10

The district court did not clearly err in concluding that Turner intentionally 

struck Smith and caused her great bodily harm. The court heard testimony from 

both of the police officers that Smith seemed shaken and traumatized when she

spoke to them. In fact, both detectives testified that she did not want to talk to 

them at first, but that she eventually did because her relatives warned her that she 

could be hurt worse the next time if she did not do something about it. The court

also saw a photograph of Smith’s injuries. And as Detective Aguirre testified, the 

cut on Smith’s cheek was so severe that it had to be stitched up. In light of the 

severity of those injuries, the court reasoned that they must have been inflicted 

intentionally. Its conclusion was buttressed by the jailhouse phone call between 

Turner and Smith in which Smith admitted that she had told the police that he had 

hit her with his fist.3

 

The district court’s decision was also bolstered by the adverse credibility 

findings it made as to both Smith and Turner. Criminal defendants do not have to 

testify in their own defense, but if a defendant testifies and the factfinder does not 

believe him, the factfinder may consider his testimony as substantive evidence of 

his guilt and conclude that the opposite of his testimony is true. See United States 

v. Brown, 53 F.3d 312, 314 (11th Cir. 1995). That is what happened in this case. 

The district court disbelieved both Turner and Smith because it found that the 

 3

 Although no recording or transcript of that conversation is in the record, the parties do 

not dispute the district court’s characterization of it. 

Case: 13-14733 Date Filed: 07/17/2014 Page: 10 of 15 
11

injury could not have happened the way they described it. The district court did 

not clearly err in reaching this conclusion and finding that Turner struck Smith 

intentionally. See Rodriguez, 398 F.3d at 1296.

Turner contends that Smith’s injuries did not constitute “great bodily harm,” 

as required for felony battery, because there was no evidence about how many 

stitches her wound required or that there would be any permanent scarring. As 

Turner concedes, however, the term “great bodily injury” is not a precise one. And 

the Florida District Court of Appeal has upheld a conviction for felony battery 

where the victim suffered a busted lip, loose tooth, and a cut on his hand, which 

required treatment at an emergency room. See Gaines v. State, 800 So. 2d 732 

(Fla. 5th DCA 2001); see also State v. Williams, 9 So. 3d 658, 659 (Fla. 4th DCA 

2009) (injuries sufficient for felony battery where the defendant bit the victim on 

the arm and shoulder causing lacerations which required emergency medical 

treatment); T.S. v. State, 965 So. 2d 1288 (Fla. 2d DCA 2007) (imposing 

conviction for felony battery where defendant punched victim in her right eye, 

fracturing her eye socket, which required reparative surgery and caused victim to 

suffer from double vision). Moreover, whether a victim has suffered great bodily 

harm is an issue of fact to be resolved by the factfinder, and it will not be disturbed 

if there is sufficient evidence to sustain it. Owens v. State, 289 So. 2d 472, 474 

(Fla. 2d DCA 1974). 

Case: 13-14733 Date Filed: 07/17/2014 Page: 11 of 15 
12

In this case, Detective Aguirre testified that Smith’s face was swollen and 

bruised and that she had a laceration on her left cheek that required stitches. 

Detective Rott testified that her wound was bleeding badly enough when he arrived 

that he called for medics. Although Smith did not ride to the hospital in the 

ambulance, she did go to the hospital to have her injuries treated. And the district 

court saw a photograph of her face that depicted the extent of her injuries. In light 

of that evidence, we are not left with a “definite and firm conviction” that the 

district court erred in concluding that Smith suffered “great bodily harm” as a 

result of Turner’s actions. See United States v. Ghertler, 605 F.3d 1256, 1267 

(11th Cir. 2010) (quotation marks omitted). The district court’s revocation of 

Turner’s supervised release was proper. 

III.

Turner next challenges his sentence as procedurally and substantively 

unreasonable. We review a sentence imposed upon revocation of supervised 

release for reasonableness, United States v. Sweeting, 437 F.3d 1105, 1106–07 

(11th Cir. 2006), applying a deferential abuse of discretion standard, Gall v. United 

States, 552 U.S. 38, 51, 128 S.Ct. 586, 597 (2007).

To the extent that Turner argues his sentence was contrary to the evidence 

presented at the revocation hearing, this appears to be an argument that the 

sentence is procedurally unreasonable because it is based on clearly erroneous 

Case: 13-14733 Date Filed: 07/17/2014 Page: 12 of 15 
13

facts. See id. As discussed above, however, the district court’s findings regarding 

Turner’s commission of a felony battery and perjury are not clearly erroneous, and 

thus Turner’s procedural reasonableness argument fails.

We turn now to his challenge to the substantive reasonableness of the

sentence. A court imposing a sentence for a violation of terms of supervised 

release should “sanction primarily the defendant’s breach of trust, while taking into 

account, to a limited degree, the seriousness of the underlying violation and the 

criminal history of the violator.” U.S.S.G. Ch. 7 Pt. A(3)(b). However, in 

imposing a sentence for this purpose, a court must still consider the § 3559(a) 

factors.4 See Sweeting, 437 F.3d at 1107. The party challenging the sentence 

bears the burden of showing it is unreasonable in light of the record and the 

§ 3553(a) factors. United States v. Turner, 626 F.3d 566, 573 (11th Cir. 2010). 

And we will not reverse the sentence as substantively unreasonable unless the 

district court “(1) fail[ed] to afford consideration to relevant factors that were due 

significant weight, (2) [gave] significant weight to an improper or irrelevant factor, 

or (3) commit[ed] a clear error of judgment in considering the proper factors.” 

 4

 Those factors include: (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history 

and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need for deterrence; (3) the need to protect the 

public; (4) the need to provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational training or 

medical care; (5) the sentencing guidelines range; (6) pertinent policy statements of the 

Sentencing Commission; (7) the need to avoid unwanted sentencing disparities; and (8) the need 

to provide restitution to victims. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), (a)(2)(B)–(D), (a)(4)–(7). 

Case: 13-14733 Date Filed: 07/17/2014 Page: 13 of 15 
14

United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1189 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc) (quotation

marks omitted). 

Turner has two basic arguments: (1) that the district court erroneously based 

its sentence not on Turner’s breach of trust but on its “finding of felony battery”

and “purported ‘perjury and obstruction’ at the violation hearing”; and (2) that his 

24-month sentence is “greater than necessary to comply with the statutory 

sentencing goals.” As for the first argument, the district court clearly stated that it 

was sentencing Turner because he “ha[d] violated the terms and conditions of his 

supervised release.” The fact that the district court also considered the 

circumstances of the underlying violation and Turner’s conduct at the hearing does 

not constitute error; courts are entitled to consider “the seriousness of the 

underlying violation and the criminal history of the violator.” U.S.S.G. Ch. 7 Pt. 

A(3)(b). Courts are also entitled, under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), to consider the 

nature and circumstances of a defendant’s offense as well as his history and 

characteristics. As a result, Turner cannot show that the court’s consideration of 

those facts was improper. 

Nor do we agree with Turner that the sentence imposed was greater than 

necessary to comply with the statutory sentencing factors. The guidelines range

was originally 24 to 30 months imprisonment. See U.S.S.G. § 7B1.4(a). But 

because the maximum term of imprisonment that can be imposed upon revocation 

Case: 13-14733 Date Filed: 07/17/2014 Page: 14 of 15 
15

of supervised release for his underlying conviction was 24 months, see 18 U.S.C. 

§ 3583(e)(3), that maximum became the guidelines range, see U.S.S.G. 

§ 7B1.4(b)(1). In sentencing Turner to 24 months imprisonment, the district court 

stayed within that revised guidelines range. We ordinarily expect sentences that 

are within the guidelines range to be reasonable. See United States v. Hunt, 526 

F.3d 739, 746 (11th Cir. 2008). And Turner has not given us any reason –– as 

distinguished from conclusory assertions –– to think that his within-guidelines 

sentence is unreasonable. He does not contend that the district court failed to 

consider relevant factors that were due significant weight. See Irey, 612 F.3d at 

1189. He has not shown that the district court gave significant weight to an 

improper or irrelevant factor. Id. And he does not argue that the court committed 

a clear error of judgment in considering the factors. Id. Under these 

circumstances, the district court did not abuse its discretion in imposing a 24-

month, within-guidelines sentence. This is particularly true in light of the violent 

nature of Turner’s violation and his troubled past, which reveal a need both to 

protect the public from Turner and to provide adequate deterrence. See 18 U.S.C. 

§ 3553(a)(1), (2)(b)–(c). 

AFFIRMED.

Case: 13-14733 Date Filed: 07/17/2014 Page: 15 of 15