Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility 

U.S. Department of Energy 

12000 Jefferson Avenue 

Newport News, VA 23606 

 

The Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility 

SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 

For Calendar Year 2006 

Prepared by: 

ESH&Q Division 

Jefferson Science Associates, LLC 

Date: November 2007 
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TJNAF’S SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 

FOR CALENDAR YEAR 2006 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

This annual report documents the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF) active 

environmental protection program by presenting the results of environmental activities and 

monitoring programs that are within the Lab’s EMS (environment management system). The report 

provides the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the public with information on radioactive and 

non-radioactive pollutants, if any, added to the environment as a result of Lab operations. 

The Lab continued to be operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association, Inc. 

(SURA) during the first portion of 2006. On June 1, Jefferson Science Associates, LLC (JSA) 

replaced SURA as the management and operations contractor. JSA is a joint venture of SURA and 

Computer Science Corporation. 

Major Scientific and Research Programs 

TJNAF’s main purpose is to make available a research facility to support the nuclear physics 

community and the nation. 

CEBAF The Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at TJNAF provides an 

electron beam to three experimental halls where a variety of basic physics experiments are conducted. 

The electron beam begins its first orbit at the injector and proceeds through the underground 

racetrack-shaped accelerator tunnel at nearly the speed of light. The accelerator uses superconducting 

radio frequency (SRF) technology to drive electrons to higher and higher energies. The accelerator’s 

electron beam can be split for simultaneous use by the three experimental halls, which are circular, 

partially buried domed chambers. Special equipment in each hall records the interactions between 

incoming electrons and the target materials. A continuous electron beam is necessary to accumulate 

data at an efficient rate yet ensures that each interaction is separate enough to be fully observed. 

Initial authorization to upgrade the accelerator to 12GeV (gigaelectron Volts) from the current 6 GeV 

was provided by the DOE in 2006. 

FEL The Free-Electron Laser supports basic science research and serves universities, private 

industry, NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration), the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Air 

Force, and the U.S. Army. Designed and built with TJNAF’s expertise in SRF accelerator 

technology, the FEL provides intense, powerful beams of laser light that can be tuned to a precise 

wavelength or color. The FEL is the most powerful tunable laser in the world, and has produced well 

beyond its design level of 10 kilowatts (kW) average power. It attained a record 14.2 kW at a 

wavelength of 1.61 microns on October 30, 2006, an important wavelength for both the optimal 

transmission of laser light through the atmosphere and for materials processing. The FEL also holds 

the world record in generating terahertz wavelengths. 

Research Areas Staff and visiting scientists will continue using TJNAF’s Center for Advanced 

Studies of Accelerators (CASA), the SRF, and the Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (LQCD) 

Computing Project, to perform research and development (R&D) programs to lead the world in both 

SRF and energy-recovering linac technologies. This research will also involve providing these 

technologies and the supporting knowledge base for the construction of new accelerators for DOE 
 ii 

Office of Science research projects at other laboratories in nuclear physics, basic energy sciences, and 

possibly high energy physics. 

The E in Environment, Safety, and Health (ES&H) 

Ultimate responsibility for protection of the environment and public health rests with the Lab 

Director, while line management implements identified objectives within their areas of responsibility. 

ES&H staff, situated within both the line organizations and in the Environmental, Safety, Health, and 

Quality (ESH&Q) Division, provide support to line management and share their expertise with the 

Lab as a whole. TJNAF’s program is implemented in numerous ways. 

Integrated Safety Management (ISM) System Through ISM, TJNAF incorporates ES&H 

requirements into all work procedures. The primary objective of ISM is to make safety, health, and 

environmental protection a part of routine business at TJNAF. During 2006, the Safety, Health & 

Environmental Protection Policy was updated to better incorporate ISM principles. As well, with the 

new contract and organization change, a transition to evaluate and incorporate all new contractual 

requirements started with the inception of JSA. 

Environmental Management System (EMS) Implementation Since its inception, TJNAF has had an 

environmental protection program. The Lab’s EMS was declared established by the Department of 

Energy in December 2005. Throughout 2006, involved Lab staff, including the EMS Committee, 

continued to integrate EMS elements into Lab programs and procedures. 

Work Smart Standards (WSS) Process The goal of the WSS process is to provide a means to 

implement EH&S in a manner that is both effective and cost-efficient. The WSS Set is comprised of 

the laws, regulations, and standards necessary and sufficient to ensure worker and public health and 

safety, and to protect the environment. 

Implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Most facility construction 

activities and all accelerator upgrades are subject to review under the NEPA. The initial TJNAF 

construction, a later upgrade to CEBAF, and some major new buildings have been addressed in 

Environmental Assessments (EAs). An EA published in January 2007 addressed both the planned 

12 GeV CEBAF upgrade and other activities identified in the Lab’s Ten-Year Master Plan. Routine 

Lab activities and special projects are usually covered under site-specific NEPA Categorical 

Exclusions (CXs). 

ESH&Q Performance Measures Both the DOE/SURA and DOE/JSA contract-based measures are 

used to evaluate TJNAF’s ES&H performance. The fiscal year 2006 measures include items such as 

permit exceedances and affirmative procurement performance. The Lab reached its affirmative 

procurement goal of 100% for fiscal year (FY) 2006. Also addressed in both contracts are metrics 

involving worker safety and health. The Lab received an excellent FY 2006 “A-“ rating in ES&H; 

environmental performance, though still very good, received a “B” rating. 

Inspections TJNAF’s commitment to protection of the environment and public health and safety are 

demonstrated through its inspection programs. Both key Lab staff and external agencies, including 

the local sanitation district, and DOE Site Office staff, conduct inspections to ensure operations and 

activities at TJNAF are being done in the most sound manner. The Environmental Protection Agency 

(EPA) performed an unannounced multimedia inspection in June 2006. Such inspection results, 

along with compliance with all applicable laws and regulations, are provided in this report. 
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Compliance 

Except for one minor incident, a low pH reading in our sanitary sewer waste water stream in 

September, TJNAF complied with all applicable Federal, State, and local environmental laws, 

regulations, and DOE guidance during 2006. As a result, TJNAF operations had no discernable 

impact on public health or the environment. A June 2006 EPA multimedia compliance inspection 

noted only a few minor concerns, which were addressed immediately. The Lab was therefore found 

by the EPA to be in compliance with all reviewed regulations. Individual programs reviewed by the 

EPA are discussed herein. 

 

The Lab compliance status within all environmental programs is discussed in Section 2 of this report. 

Radiation-related issues, especially those dealing with water resources and public health, are 

highlighted in Section 3. Non-radiological environmental issues, such as water sampling and 

monitoring, are addressed throughout this report. The TJNAF ES&H Manual, which addresses many 

environmental topics, and the Lab’s WSS Set are regularly updated to ensure that new environmental 

compliance initiatives are integrated into site operations. 

Special Item – Pollution Prevention Awards 

Cryogenic Refrigeration System Improvements at Jefferson Lab 

An innovative helium refrigeration process which substantially reduces the amount of electricity and 

cooling water required (by as much as 35 to 45 percent), was developed and demonstrated. At 

TJNAF, costs of approximately $1,000 per day can be avoided by fully integrating this process. This 

innovation was granted both a DOE Best in Class award for FY 2006 and a 2007 White House 

Closing the Circle award. The process is already being put into practice both at other DOE facilities 

and in general industry. 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... i

Major Scientific and Research Programs ............................................................................................ i

The E in Environment, Safety, and Health (ES&H) ........................................................................... ii

Compliance ........................................................................................................................................ iii

Special Item – Pollution Prevention Awards ..................................................................................... iii

SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1

1.1 PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT .............................................................................................. 1

1.2 LABORATORY MISSION ................................................................................................... 1

1.3 SITE OPERATIONS .............................................................................................................. 1

1.5 FACILITIES AND 2006 ACTIVITIES ................................................................................. 4

ENVIRONMENT, SAFETY, AND HEALTH .................................................................................. 6

SECTION 2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PROGRAM .................................................... 7

2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ............................................................... 7

2.2 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PROGRAMS .............................................. 9

2.2.1 Environmental Monitoring Program .............................................................................. 9

2.2.1.1 Monitoring Water Conditions ................................................................................... 10

2.2.1.2 Monitoring Air Emissions ........................................................................................ 13

2.2.2 Other Programs with Compliance Commitments ......................................................... 14

2.2.2.1 General Water Programs .......................................................................................... 14

2.2.2.2 General Air Programs ............................................................................................... 15

2.2.2.4 Emergency Planning & Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA) ......................... 17

2.2.2.5 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) ............................................................ 18

2.2.2.6 Compliance with Other Regulations and Federal Standards .................................... 18

2.2.3 Environmental Stewardship at TJNAF: Other Site Programs ...................................... 20

2.3 APPRAISALS, ASSESSMENTS, AND INSPECTIONS ................................................... 22

SECTION 3 ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOLOGICAL PROGRAM............................................. 24

3.1 RADIATION EXPOSURE PATHWAYS ........................................................................... 24

3.1.1 Direct Radiation ............................................................................................................ 25

3.1.2 Waterborne Radiation ................................................................................................... 26

3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION MONITORING .......................................................... 27

3.2.1 Air ................................................................................................................................. 27

3.2.2 Water ............................................................................................................................ 27

3.3 OTHER SUPPORT ACTIVITIES ....................................................................................... 32

3.4 ASSESSMENTS OF POTENTIAL DOSE TO THE PUBLIC AND TO BIOTA ............... 33

3.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE .................................................................................................... 34

3.5.1 QA in Sampling Procedures ........................................................................................ 34

3.5.2 QA in Analysis .......................................................................................................... 34

3.5.3 External QA Performance Evaluations ......................................................................... 35

SECTION 4 DISTRIBUTION LIST ................................................................................................ 36

ACRONYMS and ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. 38
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FIGURES 

Figure 1.3 - 1 Site Map ....................................................................................................................... 3 

Figure 2.2 - 1 Affirmative Procurement Performance ...................................................................... 21

EXHIBITS 

Exhibit 3.2- 1 TJNAF Radiological Dose Reporting Table for 2006 .......................................... 29

Exhibit 3.2- 2 TJNAF Radiological Atmospheric Releases for 2006 .......................................... 29

Exhibit 3.2- 3 Monitoring Well Locations ................................................................................... 30

Exhibit 3.2- 4 Maximum Groundwater Measurements for Radionuclides Relevant to TJNAF 

Operations January 2006 through December 2006 ............................................... 31

Exhibit 3.2- 5 TJNAF Liquid Effluent Discharges of Radionuclides to HRSD for 2006 ............ 31

Exhibit 3.2- 6 Analytical Results for Discharges to HRSD in2006..................................32 

Exhibit 3.4- 1 Radiation Boundary Monitor RBM Results for 2006 ........................................... 33
TJNAF’S 

SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 

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SECTION 1 

INTRODUCTION 

1.1 PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT 

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) requires its facilities to establish and annually report on 

environmental programs and performance. This document marks the 13th year that Thomas Jefferson 

National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF) has been preparing a Site Environmental Report (SER). This 

report addresses the status and results of the Lab's environmental protection (EP) program, which also 

addresses public health items, for calendar year (CY) 2006. It serves to inform TJNAF staff, DOE, 

regulators, and the public about site environmental performance, and provides a historical record of 

identified items of interest or concern. 

The SER is available in a viewable downloadable pdf file. The CY 2006 SER, along with the earlier 

reports, can be found at by going to TJNAF’s web page at http://www.jlab.org/ehs/ser/. 

1.2 LABORATORY MISSION 

TJNAF is a national accelerator facility managed and operated over the course of 2006 by both the 

Southeastern Universities Research Association. Inc. (SURA) and Jefferson Science Associates, LLC 

(JSA) for the DOE. The accelerator complex portion of the Lab includes an underground electron 

accelerator, the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF), which is TJNAF's primary 

research tool. CEBAF operates at energies up to about 6 GeV (billion (Giga-) electron volts) and 

provides beam to three underground halls that house physics program experiments. The CEBAF 

accelerator is used to conduct physics user driven research into how nucleons are built from quarks 

and gluons, and how this structure leads to the standard nucleon-based picture of the nucleus. 

TJNAF’s basic mission is to provide forefront scientific facilities, opportunities, and leadership 

essential for discovering the fundamental nature of nuclear matter, to partner with industry to apply 

its advanced technology, and to serve the nation and its communities through education and public 

outreach, all with uncompromising excellence in environment, safety, and health. 

1.3 SITE OPERATIONS 

As a world-class research institution, TJNAF attracts resident and visiting physicists and other 

scientists. Approximately 630 full-time physicists, engineers, technicians, and support staff work at 

the Lab. More than 1,200 academic and industrial researchers from across the United States and from 

approximately 30 countries and 187 institutions participate in scientific collaborations at TJNAF. 

Since TJNAF first began running experiments with CEBAF in 1994, data have been gathered for 

131 experiments, and partial data have been gathered on another ten experiments. On average, 

TJNAF research has been the basis for the theses of 25-30 percent of all new U.S. nuclear physics 

Ph.D.s each year for the last several years. The Lab has thus far produced more than 220 patent 

disclosures. Of those, 140 were submitted for the patent-application process. Seventy patents had 

been issued by the end of 2006, including light-guide technologies, medical imagers, flaw-detection 

equipment, a fire detection/prevention system, and an electronic lockout device that can be used for 

both safety and security purposes. 
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There are six major facilities and program areas on the DOE site: 

• CEBAF, a superconducting radio frequency (SRF) electron accelerator; 

• End Stations A, B, and C (large halls that house physics experiments), which make use of 

beams from CEBAF; 

• the Institute for SRF Science and Technology, which serves primarily as an R&D center for 

SRF accelerator cavities; 

• the Center for Advanced Studies of Accelerators (CASA), which supports the site 

accelerators and considers future planning opportunities; 

• a Free-Electron Laser (FEL) User Facility, which produces laser beams to serve university, 

industry, and military partners; and 

• a Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (LQCD) Computer, a 1/4 Teraflop commodity-PCbased machine. 

The site buildings and end stations can be seen on Figure 1.3-1, a site map of Jefferson Lab. 

1.4 SITE HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION 

Prior to the construction of TJNAF, there were several occupants of this general area of Newport 

News. The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) acquired most of the Oyster Point area, including the 

land presently used by TJNAF. The U.S. Air Force later acquired the land and installed a BOMARC 

missile site on a portion of the property. After closure of the BOMARC missile base, the DOD 

started disposing of the property and conveyed some land to the Commonwealth of Virginia, the 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and others. Ownership of the NASA 

property, including 100 acres of undeveloped land, was conveyed to the DOE in 1987. An additional 

52 acres of land was also transferred to the DOE from other sources. The total DOE-owned parcel 

upon which TJNAF is built is 163 acres. 

In 1986, an adjacent 44 acres were conveyed to SURA by the City of Newport News. A SURA 

residence facility is located on a portion of this land. Adjacent to this property is the former 

BOMARC missile site. 

Sign at Main Entrance to TJNAF 
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Figure 1.3 - 1 

Site Map 
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Also adjacent to the DOE-owned site is a 10.7-acre parcel owned by the Commonwealth of Virginia 

and leased to the City of Newport News. The Applied Research Center (ARC) is located on this 

property, and is used by TJNAF, industry, and universities. Other adjacent land owned by the 

Commonwealth of Virginia is leased to JSA and the DOE for its use in support of Lab operations. 

This area, the DOE-owned site, and other nearby properties are considered part of the city's Jefferson 

Center for Research and Technology. 

1.5 FACILITIES AND 2006 ACTIVITIES 

The 163-acre DOE site is primarily divided into two main areas. One includes R&D labs, fabrication 

facilities, and administrative offices and is referred to as the campus. The second is a 40-acre fenced 

area, termed the Accelerator Site, where the CEBAF and FEL accelerators and related structures that 

accommodate experiment support functions are located. The accelerator site is located on the south 

end of the DOE property, and access is restricted through one entrance that is staffed 24 hours a day. 

The front view of the main administration building, CEBAF Center, located on the campus, is shown 

in the photo following this text. 

Front Entrance to CEBAF Center 

Facilities 

There are four major facilities that have more than minimal environmental protection or public 

health-related implications. They are CEBAF, its experimental halls (End Stations), the SRF Facility, 

and the FEL User Facility. A short description of each follows. These facilities and other activities 

that have potential environmental implications, such as the use of chemicals and oil products, are 

discussed elsewhere in the report. 

CEBAF This accelerator provides continuous wave electron beams with energies of 0.5 to 5.7 GeV. 

CEBAF is used as a tool for exploring the transition area or range where strongly interacting (nuclear) 

matter can be understood as bound states of protons and neutrons, and the regime where the 

underlying fundamental quark-and-gluon structure of matter is evident. The nature of this transition 

is at the frontier of our understanding of matter. 
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Atomic Structure 

End Stations (Halls A, B, and C) Each hall (or end station) has its own set of complementary 

experimental equipment. Hall A has a pair of superconducting, high-resolution magnetic 

spectrometers optimized for precision electron scattering coincidence experiments. The CEBAF 

Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS), which supports studies of both electron- and photoninduced reactions, is housed in Hall B. The third end station, Hall C, contains a pair of moderate 

resolution spectrometers, with one capable of high momentum particle detection, and the second 

optimized for the detection of short-lived reaction products. 

The SRF Facility The SRF program is centered in the Lab's Institute for SRF Science and 

Technology. This Institute's strength is in R&D and large-scale applications of SRF, including to 

better upgrade or advance CEBAF and the FEL. Some ongoing work in the ARC also supports 

development of state-of-the-art surface science and SRF R&D to improve accelerator capabilities. 

FEL User Facility The FEL is an accelerator that was initially designed to provide 1,000 watts 

(1 kilowatt (kW)) of infrared (IR) light with picosecond pulse length for use by TJNAF, industrial, 

DOD, and university partners. The accelerator has since been upgraded, enabling operation in a 

range that extends from 1,000 watts of ultraviolet (UV) light to 10,000 watts (10 kW) of IR light. 

Achievements and Future Planning 

The FEL is an unparalleled laser in its capability as a light source, and is opening up new applications 

in national security, materials science, photobiology, photochemistry, and high sensitivity 

spectroscopy. These applications hold such exciting research potential that the TJNAF FEL is being 

replicated at a number of institutions. 

Analysis and R&D work on the proposed upgrade of CEBAF to 12 GeV continued in 2006. This 

upgrade in electron beam energy levels, new or upgraded equipment in the three existing 

experimental halls, and a future experimental hall, Hall D, will support experiments that test the 

strong force that holds atomic particles together. 
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ENVIRONMENT, SAFETY, AND HEALTH 

Environmental Review 

An environmental assessment, termed EA, performed under National Environmental Policy Act 

(NEPA) procedures, was conducted prior to the construction of the original CEBAF project, resulting 

in a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI). In 1997 and 2002, EAs that also yielded FONSIs 

addressed a CEBAF upgrade, an FEL upgrade, and five building construction projects. Existing 

NEPA-related documentation is periodically reviewed. In April of 2005, an Environmental 

Assessment Determination Proposal for the further upgrade and operation of the CEBAF and FEL 

accelerators and construction and use of buildings associated with the TJNAF’s 2005 Ten-Year Site 

Plan was recommended. In 2006, DOE/EA-1534 was prepared to assess the impacts of the proposed 

actions, including the 12 GeV CEBAF upgrade. This EA also resulted in a FONSI issued in January 

2007, documenting that an Environmental Impact Statement was not required for the defined action. 

ES&H Resources 

To ensure that staff, employees, subcontractors, and users are aware of and utilize ES&H principles, 

ES&H responsibilities are incorporated into each position description. The facility makes available to 

every employee, user, and visitor, a variety of ES&H resources to serve the TJNAF community. 

Local resources include: 1) ES&H staff that support specific line organizations; 2) ES&H program 

specialists that serve the entire facility in their area of expertise; 3) groups and committees that 

address Lab-wide concerns, develop policy, and resolve selected issues; and, 4) the TJNAF ES&H 

Manual, the primary source of ES&H implementing procedures. Other ES&H resources available to 

and utilized by program managers include: DOE subject matter experts; DOE program specialists 

who deal with policy issues at all levels; and colleagues at other DOE facilities who share expertise 

and lessons learned from their own unique experiences. 

 
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SECTION 2 

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PROGRAM 

There are many facets to TJNAF’s Environmental Protection (EP) program. As stated in Section 1, 

the Lab’s mission, along with worker health and safety, includes protection of the environment and 

public health. Various controls, including the Lab’s Integrated Safety Management (ISM) System 

and the Environmental Management System (EMS), were used in 2006 to accomplish the EP aspect 

of the mission. 

The site’s EP program provides guidance and requirements for implementing site environmental 

programs, for making environmentally preferable choices, and for the review of performance through 

assessments and inspections. TJNAF had one mishap in September 2006 resulting in a notice of 

violation from the local sanitary wastewater district. The cause was identified promptly and 

remedied. Compliance with both applicable EP and public health-related laws and regulations are 

interwoven into Lab operations. Other than the above-mentioned incident, TJNAF demonstrated 

compliance with these laws and regulations. There were no compliance findings noted at the closing 

session of the June 2006 EPA multimedia inspection. TJNAF’s EMS program was identified by the 

EPA’s lead inspector as a model program. Areas reviewed during the inspection included water, air, 

waste, and emergency planning and reporting. EPA’s concerns regarding some regulatory 

interpretation issues are noted in the waste program section below (Section 2.2.2.3). 

2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 

An EMS focuses on establishing management-level programs that serve as the basis to direct the 

performance of Lab activities that could affect the environment. The overall management system 

format includes setting up the organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, 

procedures, processes, and resources for developing, integrating, achieving, reviewing, and 

maintaining the commitments made in the Lab’s Safety, Health and Environmental Protection Policy. 

The DOE declared that the Lab’s EMS was in place in December 2005. The EMS serves in 

conjunction with the Lab’s already-established ISM System. The objective of these systems is to 

make safety, health, and environmental protection a routine part of doing business at and with 

TJNAF. The EMS is based on International Organization of Standardization (ISO) 14001 and DOE 

Order 450.1, Environmental Protection Program. In 2006, elements of the EMS continued to be 

incorporated into existing site documents, such as the Lab’s ES&H Manual and workplace standard 

operating procedures (SOPs). 

Site Policy on Safety, Heath and Environmental Protection

TJNAF’s Policy includes EMS and was updated in July 2006 to further incorporate ISM principles. 

The updated policy reflects the current ES&H commitments to both the Lab population of staff, users, 

and visitors, and to our local community neighbors. 
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A portion of TJNAF’s Safety, Health, and Environmental Protection Policy follows: 

“Jefferson Lab considers no activity to be so urgent or important that we will compromise 

our standards for environmental protection, safety, or health. It is Jefferson Lab’s policy 

to identify and meet all applicable ES&H laws, regulations, standards, and our 

contractual commitments to the Department of Energy...” 

Christoph Leemann, TJNAF Director 

July 2006 

Environmental Planning and Analysis Procedures 

Environmental planning and analysis are accomplished by documenting and reviewing projects and 

activities for EMS considerations, such as through NEPA. Line management is responsible for 

providing notification of actions and impacts of new activities to the ESH&Q Division’s 

environmental staff for review and authorization as applicable. TJNAF flows down appropriate 

ES&H requirements, through subcontract documents, to its subcontractors. These documents address 

environmental consequences and identify mitigation measures to minimize any such consequences. 

Environmental Objectives and Targets 

The Lab operates within the DOE/JSA contractual requirements, including meeting all environmental 

conditions noted in permits. Also, as TJNAF implements its EMS, it regularly identifies 

environmental objectives and targets that would improve site programs, including those that would 

increase the Lab’s focus on the pollution prevention (P2) process. 

Implementation and Operations Controls 

The DOE/JSA contract and environmental permits define the environmental protection terms and 

conditions for the operation and performance of TJNAF. ISM (including environmental protection) 

roles, responsibilities, and implementation procedures are included in the Lab’s ES&H Manual. EMS 

awareness training for Lab staff continued in 2006. Lab management committed to and developed 

programs to provide EMS awareness training to subcontractors and visiting scientific users during 

2006. 

The Lab develops Target Implementation Plans (TIPs) under its EMS. Lead is used extensively for 

radiological shielding in the accelerator tunnel and in the experimental halls. One TIP to improve 

lead storage practices facilitated the design for a lead storage facility. In 2006, the lead storage 

facility was constructed and began functioning. At the time that collection of lead began in the new 

facility, the Lab temporarily became a self-declared large quantity generator (LQG) of hazardous 

waste. This occurred in June 2006, then TJNAF returned to small quantity generator (SQG) status 

(which was documented in a letter from the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) in 

August. 

Identification of Environmental Aspects and Impacts 

Updates to the EMS-specific aspect and impact identification were made in 2006. The primary 

environmental aspects at TJNAF continued to be water discharges and waste issues. In addition, 

intensive uses of resources such as electricity and water that are needed to operate a particle 

accelerator are considered aspects. 
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Performance Measurement 

The Lab, on a quarterly basis, reviews contract performance measure results for various topical areas 

that include ES&H. Meeting measurable objectives in the form of best management practices 

(BMPs) including those that exist within the general site storm water permit, were reviewed in 2006. 

The Lab’s BMPs under that permit were updated for use in 2007 to better reflect current site storm 

water management measures. The Lab, with assistance from the DOE, continued to monitor EMS 

implementation progress via an internal September 2006 EMS audit. 

Corrective Action and Self-Assessment Procedures 

In 2006 the Lab successfully completed all corrective action items identified from the December 2005 

EMS improvement initiative. An EMS management audit/assessment was conducted in September 

2006. 

A consultant and a DOE Oak Ridge specialist served as the primary audit team. No compliance 

violations were noted; however, 16 opportunities for improvement were identified. Each of the 

improvement opportunities was assigned to an appropriate staff member and recorded in the site’s 

corrective action database. In addition, as part of their June inspection, the EPA inspection team 

reviewed the Lab’s EMS program and complimented the Lab on its program. 

Management Review Process 

The Director’s Council, comprised of senior management, reviews the ISM System Program 

Description through regular reviews. The Lab also has an EMS management review procedure. The 

EMS Management Representative and other senior managers reviewed the Lab’s EMS program along 

with the 2006 internal EMS audit/assessment. 

2.2 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PROGRAMS 

2.2.1 Environmental Monitoring Program 

Environmental monitoring is one of the primary methods the Lab uses to assess environmental 

conditions. Monitoring is conducted to: verify compliance with applicable regulations and other 

requirements; evaluate the Lab’s impact on the environment and public health; identify potential 

environmental problems; provide data to support management decisions; and evaluate the need for 

remedial actions or mitigative measures. 

The site program establishes guidelines for examining potentially environmentally harmful materials 

such as chemicals, oils, and radioactive materials that are generated by the facility. An integral part 

of the program is routine sampling and tracking of air emissions, process water, wastewater, and 

groundwater. These are monitored to ensure that environmental releases from TJNAF do not have a 

negative impact on the surrounding environment and that they remain within any applicable permit or 

other regulatory requirement. 

Both permit-required and routine monitoring practices center on the potential environmental exposure 

pathways appropriate to medium-energy particle physics laboratories. These pathways include 

personnel exposure to external and internal radiation, a major focus of the site’s monitoring program. 

Programs responsive to on-site and offsite radiation protection requirements have been instituted. 

Exposure potentials for radiation are discussed in Section 3. 
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Standard sample collection and analysis methods are documented in program and departmental 

procedures. Routine environmental monitoring is performed under the direction of responsible line 

management and is overseen by the Lab’s ESH&Q Division’s environmental staff. General program 

information is provided below. 

2.2.1.1 Monitoring Water Conditions 

Both ground and surface water quality protection are high priorities at TJNAF. Groundwater 

quality is a focus area primarily due to operating the underground CEBAF accelerator and the 

potential for groundwater activation. Preventing surface water pollution is another area of 

attention during both general site usage and civil construction actions. 

Rain Garden at TJNAF 

Standards used to protect water quality include Virginia regulations, the Clean Water Act 

(CWA), and others identified in the Lab’s WSS Set. TJNAF complies with all requirements 

and performs monitoring under some of the applicable site water quality permits. The Lab 

held a maximum of six active water permits in 2006, discussed further below: one for 

groundwater quality, one general permit for cooling water discharges, two for surface storm 

water quality, one for groundwater dewatering, and one for industrial sanitary wastewater 

discharges. By the end of 2006, the cooling water general permit was merged into the Lab’s 

individual groundwater quality permit. In addition, the authority for the two surface storm 

water-related permits was transferred from one Commonwealth agency to another. 

Groundwater quality is maintained through managing operations and implementing shielding 

to minimize impacts. Surface water quality is maintained by discharging to the environment 

only permitted effluent from cooling towers and unpolluted waters, such as rainwater. 

Control measures identified for the site include using Lab programs and procedures where 

materials of concern are used or stored. Other than the Hampton Roads Sanitation District 

(HRSD) notice of violation and the temporary change to LQG status, all environmental 

permit conditions were met in 2006. Other site water quality programs that do not involve 

monitoring also apply and are described in Section 2.2.2.1. 

The multimedia compliance inspection by the U. S. EPA was conducted on June 26-28, 2006. 

The Lab’s programs under all water permits were reviewed during this inspection. The 

reviewers did point out that one storm water channel that flows under the accelerator site 

fence had debris and soil was eroding along the side of the storm water channel. This erosion 

concern was already being addressed, and was remedied soon after the inspection was 
TJNAF’S 

SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 

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11 

completed. Except for that one concern, there were no water-related deficiencies or 

recommendations noted in the EPA inspection close out presentation. 

Information on general water quality parameters is included in the rest of Section 2.2, and 

radiological parameter information is presented in Section 3.2. 

Virginia Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (VPDES) Permits 

Facilities in Virginia that directly discharge to waters of the United States must obtain a 

VPDES Permit, which satisfies Federal National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 

requirements. The Virginia program is designed to protect surface waters by limiting 

primarily non-radiological releases of effluents into streams, lakes, and other waters, 

including wetlands. TJNAF began 2006 with two VPDES permits: one for cooling tower 

discharges, and one for site storm water runoff. Quarterly reports under these two permits are 

provided to the Virginia DEQ. 

Cooling Water Discharges – VPDES General Permit No. VAG250018 and 

VA0089320 

This discharge is the effluent from the CHL Building (Building 8) cooling towers. It 

was covered under the general permit (VAG250018) until superseded by VPDES 

Permit No. VA0089320 in July 2006. 

Both the permits for this discharge covered the same water quality parameters; 

however, the reporting limits changed under the new permit. The major change set a 

very low chlorine limit of 0.019 mg/l (milligrams/liter), a level at which there are no 

acceptable sampling and quality assurance techniques. According to the DEQ, the 

lowest quantification level recognized by the DEQ, 0.1 mg/l, remains satisfactory for 

reporting and meeting permit terms. 

Quarterly sampling was performed and flow information as well as sampling results 

for pH, temperature, ammonia, total hardness, total dissolved copper, total dissolved 

zinc, and total residual chlorine were reported under the terms of the applicable 

permit. The products that TJNAF uses for cooling water treatment were approved by 

the DEQ and there are no environmental concerns with the use of these water 

treatment products. 

Groundwater Monitoring - VPDES Permit No. VA0089320 

This individual permit covers the quality of groundwater flowing across the site, 

including groundwater that is discharged to the surface in a dewatering operation to 

prevent damage to the experiment apparatus in the partially buried experimental 

halls. The new permit, effective July 17, 2006, incorporated the discharges from the 

cooling towers, as noted above. 

Wells and Dewatering 

Groundwater monitoring for both non-radiological and radiological quality is 

conducted and results are reported for fifteen monitoring wells and at the 

groundwater dewatering collection point. Reports for each well are provided on an 

either quarterly, semi-annual, or annual basis. The wells and the collected withdrawn 

groundwater were sampled for the general water quality parameters of pH, 
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conductivity, total suspended solids (TSS), and total dissolved solids (TDS). 

Monitoring for radioactivity is discussed in Section 3. 

Because of the potential for activation of groundwater from accelerator operations, 

baseline water quality values for certain parameters were obtained prior to 1995, and 

their collection completed when the accelerator became operational. The present 

well monitoring program enables the comparison of current and baseline values to 

verify that TJNAF site activities are not degrading the quality of local groundwater. 

Non-radiological and radiological sampling data collected in 2006 were 

representative of groundwater quality during accelerator operations and are consistent 

with previous baseline measurements. 

Cooling Water Discharges (4th quarter 2006) 

The parameters reported herein were the same as those reported under the previous 

permit, with the exception of the chlorine limit, as discussed above. There were no 

concerns noted under this permit in 2006. 

Hampton Roads Sanitation District Permit No. 0117 

Facilities in Virginia that discharge to the Hampton Roads Sanitation District (HRSD) must 

obtain this industrial wastewater discharge permit. The HRSD program is designed to meet 

all Virginia effluent limits. Standard industrial wastewater, cooling tower effluent for all but 

the building 8 tower mentioned earlier, and a small quantity of activated water are authorized 

for release per permit conditions. 

HRSD conducted an inspection on February 6, 2006. The inspection covered several TJNAF 

buildings and a review of monthly and quarterly records. There were no identified concerns 

that required any response to HRSD. TJNAF received a Gold pretreatment excellence award 

for its 2005 performance, and would have received the same in 2006 were it not for the one 

September pH violation. Our otherwise excellent performance still qualified us for the Silver 

Pretreatment Excellence Award for 2006. 

To meet monitoring requirements, TJNAF performs monthly sampling at two sanitary sewer 

outflow streams to verify that pH levels are within permit limits. Besides the discharges 

noted above, there are three special discharges to the sanitary sewer system. TJNAF has 

three elementary neutralization systems that record pH information electronically and have 

built in safeguards to prevent release of any acid below a set pH value. The primary system 

in Building 31 handles waste acid from cryomodule research and development, cavity 

production, and some general maintenance activities. A small elementary neutralization tank 

in Building 31 handles waste acid rinsewater, and a third system handles small amounts of 

rinsewater from a small chemistry lab in Building 58. 

The activated water that was collected and discharged in 2006 was a combination of the 

output from dehumidification equipment in the experimental halls and small withdrawals 

from various beam dump cooling water systems. The activated water program is 

appropriately managed by the Radiation Control (RadCon) Department to stay within all 

permit requirements. The total radioactivity discharged to the sanitary sewer in 2006 was 

0.943 Curie (Ci) of tritium (or about 19% of the 5 Curie total allowed under the permit), and 

0.0014 Ci of other gamma-emitting radionuclides (or 0.14% of the total 1 Curie allowed 

under the same permit). 
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For all monitoring, subcontracted analytical laboratories, and/or RadCon Department staff 

(for radiological parameters only), perform all sampling at the prescribed sampling points. 

HRSD independently performs periodic sampling at all discharge streams for a full 

complement of metals and other parameters to validate TJNAF’s compliance with permit and 

regulatory requirements. This includes an annual seven-day period of monitoring flows and 

taking samples to help determine if our discharges remain consistent and if any changes to the 

permit are necessary. On September 27, TJNAF received a notice of violation for going 

below the Lab’s HRSD pH permit limit of 5.0. This incident occurred during the abovementioned annual week-long manhole sampling performed by HRSD. The cause was 

identified promptly and remedied. 

2.2.1.2 Monitoring Air Emissions 

TJNAF complies with Commonwealth and Federal regulations regarding sources of potential 

air pollution. The Federal Clean Air Act (CAA) and its 1990 Amendments (CAAA) regulate 

the air emissions from DOE’s processes and facilities. TJNAF has no processes that require 

air permitting. Emission estimates on the site’s natural gas-fired boilers are derived from 

consumption and emission factors, and this information is provided to the DEQ upon request. 

There have been no major changes in TJNAF’s minimal level of air emissions since the 1995 

review of non-radiological emission sources. Therefore, TJNAF, remains below any 

reporting thresholds. Compliance with all applicable clean air standards was maintained in 

2006. 

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) 

NESHAPs govern air emissions that contain hazardous components, such as radionuclides 

and asbestos. 

Radionuclide Emissions 

The EPA administers the radionuclide program in Virginia. Radionuclide emissions 

generated during CEBAF and FEL testing and operations fall under NESHAPs 

requirements. (Refer to Section 3 for discussion of direct radiation, the primary form 

of radiation generated on-site.) 

To address NESHAPs requirements, TJNAF uses sampling results and calculations to 

demonstrate that Lab operations remain below the EPA-defined threshold for 

permitting of 10 millirem per year (mrem/yr) potential effective dose equivalent to 

any member of the public. As airborne concentrations are below monitoring 

thresholds, routine monitoring of radioactive airborne emissions at the site boundary 

is not required; however, the Lab does make periodic confirmatory measurements to 

verify low emissions. 

Under requirements of the CAA, TJNAF submits the annual NESHAPs emission 

report to the EPA. The estimated dose equivalent from airborne releases in 

conjunction with the Lab’s accelerator operations during 2006 was 0.010 mrem. 

Refer to Section 3.2.1 for more information. 
TJNAF’S 

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Asbestos Removal 

The NESHAP standard requires that individuals conducting asbestos-related training 

and activities follow approved procedures, and employ specific work practices to 

prevent release of asbestos to the air. The Trailer City Complex, removed then 

demolished in early 2006, contained no asbestos materials. 

2.2.2 Other Programs with Compliance Commitments 

2.2.2.1 General Water Programs 

General Permit for Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4s) -

VAR040079 

This permit authorizes operators of MS4s to discharge storm water to surface waters within 

Virginia. The permit’s intent is to keep surface waters free of sediment and other pollutants. 

Under this permit, the Lab maintains a storm water management program, as noted in 

Chapter 6733 of the TJNAF ES&H Manual. The permit also requires that the Lab implement 

appropriate best management practices (BMPs) and set related measurable goals to address 

the control measures identified in the permit. One of the BMPs is to track by FY the number 

of incidents, such as spills, that could or did impact storm water. There were not any spill 

incidents that had the potential to affect storm water quality in 2006. 

General Permit for Storm Water Discharges of Storm Water from Construction 

Activities –VPDES Permit No. VAR103277 

The main requirement under this permit is that the Lab have a documented Storm Water 

Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) that must be followed for all projects disturbing one or 

more acres of land. The permit authorizes TJNAF to discharge storm water from areas 

disturbed by such construction activities. Though no monitoring is required under this 

permit, strict erosion and control measure inspection and maintenance requirements are 

incorporated into subcontractor specifications. TJNAF’s Facilities & Logistics Management 

Division oversees civil construction projects, ensuring that subcontractors adhere to this 

permit and other contract-specified standards. 

Permit to Withdraw Groundwater - No. GW0047200 

Pumping to maintain water table control will be necessary for the life of the facility, to 

prevent the partially buried experimental halls from taking on water and damaging equipment 

in the halls. A network of tile fields and drains collects local groundwater into a sump pit, 

from which it is pumped and discharged to the surface. The only parameter regulated under 

this permit is the quantity of water pumped. This authorization enables TJNAF to pump a 

maximum of 775,000 gallons monthly and 7,074,000 gallons annually. 

The quantities of water pumped from these tile fields are reported to the DEQ. All 

withdrawal quantities, both monthly and annually, were well within permit limits. The 

affected groundwater is sampled for water quality parameters under VPDES Permit 

No. 0089320. There were no unusual issues regarding this discharge in 2006. 

Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plan 

The TJNAF SPCC Plan is reviewed annually and last updated in 2004. This plan addresses 

all oil-containing storage tanks and equipment on-site. Oil inventory at TJNAF consists 

mainly of numerous oil-filled electrical transformers ranging in volume from 2 gallons to 
TJNAF’S 

SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 

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about 4,800 gallons, and emergency generators (including one holding 5,000 gallons). The 

total volume of oil on-site is estimated to be about 40,000 gallons, with about 6,000 gallons 

of this total under the control of Dominion Virginia Power, the regional electric service 

provider. The Lab maintains a used oil collection area to assist in managing any resulting 

used oil. To ensure proper handling and response (in the event of a spill or release), all staff 

who work with oil receive SPCC Training. 

Potential oil spill sources are located such that surface water discharge spillways and the 

sluice gates located at the site boundary can be effectively used to prevent any oil spills from 

leaving the site. Most DOE transformers utilize secondary containment, while the Dominion 

Virginia Power transformers have none. Like TJNAF, Dominion Virginia Power maintains a 

SPCC Plan that includes oil-containing items at the Lab. 

There were no spills in 2006. Minor leaks were promptly addressed, and there was no 

adverse impact on public health or the environment as a result of the minor contained leaks. 

Secondary Containment in Use 

2.2.2.2 General Air Programs 

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 

The EPA has established NAAQS for sulfur oxides, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, 

ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and lead. In 2006, the Hampton Roads area, which includes 

Newport News, Virginia, remained in attainment status for all NAAQS pollutants; the ozone 

nonattainment designation of prior years was revised to attainment in 2006. 

 

No monitoring of air pollutant emissions is required at TJNAF. There are no applicable 

NAAQS emissions sources present on the site, although accelerator operations do result in 

the generation of small quantities of ozone. There are no environmental or public health 

effects from this generation; however, ozone is monitored as a worker health issue and is 

appropriately controlled. 
TJNAF’S 

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Stratospheric Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) 

To support the CAAA and one of the objectives in Executive Order (EO) 13148, Greening 

the Government through Leadership in Environmental Management, TJNAF strives to 

minimize the use of ODSs by using safe, cost-effective, environmentally preferable 

alternatives. ODS-containing items used at TJNAF include refrigerants, degreasers, cleaners, 

and aerosol can propellants. The phase out of these substances will have a moderate impact 

on the site. To reduce ODSs and ODS-containing items on-site, TJNAF utilizes trained and 

licensed subcontractors and staff to perform all work involving ODS-containing refrigeration 

and air conditioning equipment. As well, TJNAF has one ODS recovery machine on-site. 

The one remaining chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-based chiller on-site receives preventive and 

corrective maintenance by a qualified mechanical subcontractor to ensure optimal 

performance and minimal CFC losses. 

TJNAF maintains four, 150-pound Halon fire extinguishers for use on delicate electronic 

equipment in the experimental halls. They release no ODSs unless used, and there has been 

no such use to date. They will require hydrostatic testing in 2008, and minor releases can be 

expected at that time. 

The Director of Facilities & Logistics Management must approve all purchases of equipment 

containing ODSs. 

2.2.2.3 Waste Programs 

Waste Management 

Waste streams at the Lab include both RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 

1976) (hazardous and non-hazardous solid) and non-RCRA (low-level radioactive and 

medical) wastes. Site programs address applicable Federal requirements, which Virginia has 

adopted. The Lab endeavors to reduce its waste generation and has made progress in some 

areas. Lab staff encourages the reuse or recycling of previously used or discarded materials 

wherever possible. Waste generation and recycling quantities are tracked and reported 

annually to the DOE. 

There have been no waste management activities associated with spills or cleanup actions 

under other Federal programs such as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, 

Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA). There were no such waste-related 

compliance issues in 2006. 

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 

RCRA promotes the protection of health and the environment and the conservation of 

valuable material and energy resources. RCRA provides the EPA with the authority to 

regulate solid waste, from minimization and recovery to collection and disposal. 

RCRA wastes include the Lab’s hazardous and non-hazardous special waste streams and 

waste that is recycled or sent to a landfill. In June of 2006, the EPA conducted a multimedia 

compliance inspection, with DEQ assistance. Some RCRA issues were discussed but no 

violations were noted. One issue involved labeling of lab-pack containers; TJNAF addressed 

the concern immediately, and no other concerns were noted during the closing conference. 

However, soon after the compliance inspection, EPA posted on its Enforcement and 
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Compliance History Online (ECHO) website that the site was in violation of RCRA. EPA 

has since acknowledged that the posting was an error and has stated that the record would be 

removed; the removal of the posting had not yet been accomplished during 2006. 

In FY 2006, 7.13 tons of routine RCRA hazardous wastes and approximately 195 tons of 

general refuse were reported to the DOE. An increase from the FY 2005 generation of 

RCRA waste resulted from one-time removal of lead debris from the site. The Lab has been a 

SQG of hazardous waste since its inception; however as a result of the lead cleanup, TJNAF 

voluntarily reported as a large-quantity generator for two months in 2006 (then returned to 

SQG status). RCRA hazardous and normal landfill wastes are managed for disposal by the 

appropriate staff in the ESH&Q Division and in the Facilities & Logistics Management 

Division, respectively. 

The two largest volume hazardous wastes generated were a waste acid mixture used for 

niobium cavity processing and waste solvents from cleaning operations. TJNAF neither 

transports hazardous wastes nor operates any regulated treatment or disposal units. All 

wastes are disposed of through licensed waste handling transporters and facilities. 

Improvements in hazardous waste generation rates have been recognized and documented 

with the use of performance measures. TJNAF has made notable progress in meeting 

hazardous waste minimization objectives, primarily through the use of the newest acid 

neutralization system. ESH&Q Division staff, working with those regularly using chemicals, 

continued to emphasize substitution, reduction, and reuse of hazardous materials in the 

workplace. 

Other Wastes 

Other wastes generated at the Lab (not covered under RCRA) include radioactive, medical, 

and recyclable wastes. Only a minimal amount of medical waste is generated at TJNAF, and 

its disposal is in accordance with the site program and all applicable regulations. Other nonhazardous wastes are disposed of in landfills, reused on-site, recycled, or used for other 

purposes offsite. The quantity recycled in FY 2006 was about 120 tons, which included 

about 37 tons of scrap metal. These “other wastes” are managed for disposal by the 

appropriate RadCon, Facilities & Logistics Management, and Occupational Health staff. 

There were no compliance issues in any of these programs in 2006. 

Low-Level Radioactive Wastes (LLW) 

The only radioactive waste the Lab generates is LLW; thus, there is no source of special 

nuclear materials. In 2006, 2.9 m3

 (cubic meters) of LLW was generated at TJNAF. To date, 

there has been no generation of mixed (a mixture of hazardous and radioactive) waste. 

2.2.2.4 Emergency Planning & Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA) 

Under EPCRA, which is aligned with the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act 

(SARA), TJNAF is responsible for planning for, and being prepared to respond to chemical 

emergencies. As well, TJNAF is responsible for completing applicable reporting 

requirements, such as toxic chemical usage and environmental releases, if there are any. 

TJNAF files an annual SARA Tier II report with three emergency planning and response 

groups (EPRGs) - the EPA, the DEQ, and a local planning group. The items reported for 

2006 were nitric, hydrofluoric, and sulfuric acids; bromine; argon; helium; nitrogen; lead; 
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propylene glycol; and hydraulic oil. The Lab has not used any chemicals that are either toxic 

or on the persistent, bioaccumulative, or toxic (PBT) list in quantities that exceed Toxic 

Release Inventory reporting thresholds. Under EPCRA, the Lab must also have a MSDS 

(Material Safety Data Sheet) available for every chemical on-site. TJNAF has had no 

releases to date that meet the CERCLA or SARA release reporting criteria. 

2.2.2.5 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 

NEPA, as amended, outlines the Federal policy to restore and enhance the environment and 

to attain the widest range of beneficial use without degradation. NEPA-related actions are 

handled in conjunction with the DOE, which is committed to following both the DOE and 

EPA-related regulations. TJNAF assists the DOE by preparing documents and performing 

assessments of existing documentation. 

NEPA requires that projects with potentially significant environmental impacts be evaluated 

and alternative actions explored. These evaluations are to be performed and reported as 

either an Environmental Assessment (EA) or an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). 

Besides the EAs, TJNAF meets routine NEPA requirements by continuing to implement a 

program of reviewing construction activities for compliance. Activities in 2006 were 

addressed under the site’s active DOE-approved Categorical Exclusion (CX) actions, EAs, 

and internal CX reviews. During 2006, an EA (DOE/EA-1534) was prepared to address the 

CEBAF 12 GeV Upgrade. The Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) for the EA was 

completed by the DOE in January 2007. 

2.2.2.6 Compliance with Other Regulations and Federal Standards 

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 

FIFRA applies to the storage and use of herbicides and pesticides. Use of these substances 

has environmental implications, especially where water quality is concerned. As such, the 

application of herbicides and pesticides is handled and permitted by subcontractors through a 

Commonwealth-administered certification program. 

In order to minimize the chances of herbicides and pesticides washing into local storm water 

channels, TJNAF requires that there be no outdoor application of these compounds when rain 

is expected. To further minimize the chances of pollution, no industrial-strength herbicides 

or pesticides are stored or disposed of on TJNAF property. Only small amounts are mixed on 

site. The subcontractor is further responsible for handling any waste disposal through an 

authorized disposal facility. Small containers of household pesticides are stored on-site and 

applied per manufacturer’s recommendations. 

Applicable Executive Orders (EO) 

There were numerous activities conducted throughout the Lab in 2006 that furthered efforts 

to be an environmental steward, especially in waste minimization and P2. Some actions were 

related to EO requirements, others were staff-initiated, and some a combination of the two. 

Information on how the Lab addresses applicable EOs follows: 

 

EO 11990 Protection of Wetlands 

EO 11990 ensures that adverse impacts to wetlands from construction activities are 

avoided or responsibly mitigated. Evaluation of TJNAF activities involving potential 

wetlands is accomplished through the NEPA review process. 
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EO 11998 Floodplain Management 

EO 11988 relates to the occupancy and modification of floodplains. There is 

localized flooding during significant rain events, but no part of the site is within the 

100-year floodplain 

EO 13101 Greening the Government through Waste Prevention, Recycling and 

Federal Acquisition 

EO 13101 encourages agencies to implement Affirmative Procurement (AP) by 

promoting the purchase of products made with recycled materials. The purchase of 

these materials helps “close-the-loop” in the recycling process. 

To comply with this EO, the DOE has set goals and performance standards, including 

a DOE complex-wide FY 2006 procurement target of 100% for purchasing recycled 

content EPA-listed products. The Lab has reached an internal goal of 100%, as its 

compliance level rose to 98%, with an adjusted compliance total of 100% for 

FY 2006. 

EO 13123 Greening the Government through Efficient Energy Management 

This initiative focuses on energy efficiency (E2) as a means of P2. The DOE seeks a 

2005 energy use reduction of 20%, and a 2010 energy use reduction of 25% for 

industrial/lab category facilities from a 1999 baseline. For FY 2006, TJNAF 

documented a 47.1% energy use reduction in all reportable industrial/lab category 

buildings compared to the 1999 baseline year. The site’s highly energy intensive 

production-related buildings and the CEBAF Center’s Computer Center are 

considered to be exempt from reporting at this time. 

EO 13148 Greening the Government through Leadership in Environmental 

Management 

This EO identifies a number of actions for Federal Agencies to implement. These 

actions include developing an Environmental Management System (EMS), reducing 

the use of ODS and toxic chemicals, and reporting under EPCRA. 

In 2006, TJNAF addressed EO 13148 and general P2 and E2 goals by: further 

implementing our EMS (see Section 2.1); working to reduce ODS use (see 

Section 2.2.2.2); minimizing chemical use, not only in day to day Lab operations but 

also in grounds maintenance; reusing and recycling various items, from chemicals to 

cardboard boxes (to the extent practical) (see Section 2.2.3); and disposing of wastes 

in the most environmentally practical and safe manner. TJNAF continues to make 

progress in meeting the requirements of this EO, as found throughout this report. 
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Dogwood Blossoms 

2.2.3 Environmental Stewardship at TJNAF: Other Site Programs 

Waste Minimization and Pollution Prevention (WMin/P2) 

Waste minimization, in combination with other P2 strategies, is recognized as the most cost-effective 

form of environmental protection (EP). TJNAF’s WMin/P2 Awareness Plan fosters the philosophy 

that waste prevention is superior to paying either for special disposal or for remediation. The goal of 

the program is to incorporate WMin/P2 into the decision-making process at every level throughout 

the organization. This is accomplished by having line managers, assisted by both line and ESH&Q 

Division staff members, ensure that staff are knowledgeable about the benefits of WMin/P2; consider 

the waste implications of a new or modified process during the planning stage; and are recognized 

when ways to enhance EP are brought to their manager’s attention. These practices benefit the 

environment, protect employees and public health, reduce site waste disposal costs, and foster good 

community relations. 

EP in Product and Service Life Cycles 

A variety of products and materials are purchased or otherwise obtained for on-site use. When the 

materials have served their purpose, they are disposed of in accordance with TJNAF policy. As there 

are EH&S risks involved, TJNAF has programs and procedures in place that include EP and 

sustainability considerations. 

Environmentally Preferable Purchasing and Planning 

TJNAF is committed to integrating environmentally preferable purchasing and sustainability 

considerations into the acquisition of products, services, and construction projects when feasible. 

This responsibility is founded on the Lab’s commitment to P2 and sound environmental stewardship. 

Our efforts go beyond the AP requirements regarding EPA-designated products under EO 13101, and 

include the active avoidance of purchasing items that contain ozone-depleting substances. 

TJNAF continues to make steady and consistent progress toward meeting the DOE AP goals and 

requirements and in implementing other environmentally preferable purchasing measures (refer to 

Section 2.2.2.6). Refer to Figure 2.2-1, which shows the Lab’s consistent progress. The percentage 
TJNAF’S 

SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 

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21 

of products purchased with recycled content that meet EPA definitions are indicated. The numbers 

shown include those purchased that met ‘exclusion’ criteria (such as an unavailability of recycled 

content products or unsatisfactory pricing). 

Procurement continues to increase employee awareness of EPA-designated products and provide 

ready access to these recycled content/remanufactured products. Office supply purchases made using 

Purchase Cards (PCards) have been restricted as a full line of AP items is available using the Lab’s 

e-commerce system. Facilities & Logistics Management and other staff continue to explore 

opportunities to find users or vendors that will take or buy items that are no longer needed for Lab 

operations. 

Figure 2.2- 1 

Affirmative Procurement Performance 

EP Considerations in Building and System Design and Construction Activities 

Though the CEBAF accelerator complex is the site’s primary energy user, energy management 

principles are applied throughout the Lab. Subcontractors and staff who are involved with the design 

of new buildings, or with changing and modifying existing buildings or utility systems, evaluate and 

implement energy and water conserving strategies where feasible. In 2006, TJNAF continued 

evaluating energy- and water-saving technologies for potential site application. 

Environmentally Preferable Use 

Besides selecting the environmentally preferred product or service for the desired activity, staff and 

users of TJNAF are responsible for following safe and environmentally sound use, storage, and waste 

management practices. 

Lab AP Performance

0

20

40

60

80

100

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Fiscal Year

2006

 Percentage of Recycled Content Products 
TJNAF’S 

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Standard requirements, such as ensuring that secondary containment is present and proper ventilation 

for the process is provided, help to minimize exposure to potential hazards. Lab staff and 

subcontractors have taken opportunities to minimize energy and water use. 

Energy Management - With an increased emphasis on energy management, selected mechanical and 

electrical improvements have been made to building and process systems and equipment in order to 

improve their performance and reliability. The Lab has exceeded the prescribed energy goals. 

Facilities & Logistics Management, which is also responsible for new building construction, is also 

taking energy efficiency (E2) into account during the design process. 

Water Conservation - TJNAF uses about 56 million gallons of water annually, with 79% directly 

related to process or facility heat rejection. Much of this water is evaporated in cooling towers for 

process cooling and air conditioning. With an increased emphasis on water conservation, water-using 

processes and site maintenance activities continue to receive extra attention. Available techniques are 

used to minimize water use, including a regular maintenance program. New projects that need water 

are reviewed to minimize water use. Existing water-using activities are, or will be, evaluated to 

reduce water usage as much as possible based on a life cycle cost. In addition to new water use 

reductions at the cryogenic plant, water reductions for landscaping were again implemented in 2006. 

Environmentally Preferable Disposal 

Today’s rapidly changing technologies, products, and practices carry the risk of generating materials 

and wastes that, if improperly managed, could impair or threaten public health and the environment. 

In this regard, TJNAF encourages, and, where appropriate, requires the purchase and use of products 

and services whose waste products will have minimal impact on the environment and public health. 

Once the waste is generated, Lab staff members are responsible for ensuring proper segregation and 

disposal of waste items. 

The range of options for disposition of materials includes recycling, neutralizing, scrapping, or 

providing spent chemicals or equipment to co-workers on-site or to other DOE facilities for reuse, or 

disposal in a local landfill. The Lab intends that all items be disposed of in the most environmentally 

acceptable manner, meeting all applicable regulatory and contractual requirements. 

The Lab continues to implement waste reduction strategies and to educate and encourage staff on the 

proper disposition of recyclable materials. Lab staff, users and subcontractors continued to utilize 

Lab-wide office product recycling centers. Products collected at these local centers are: aluminum 

cans, small batteries, cardboard, CDs/diskettes, copier/fax/inkjet/laser cartridges, paper wastes, 

packing peanuts, telephone books, transparencies, Tyvek® envelopes, and plastic and glass bottles. 

The presence of local recycling centers has considerably increased staff recycling awareness and 

participation. In FY 2006, with scrap metal and automatic data processing equipment included in the 

total, TJNAF recycled about 120 tons of materials. 

2.3 APPRAISALS, ASSESSMENTS, AND INSPECTIONS 

The DOE Site Office, the DOE Oak Ridge Office, and various Commonwealth and local authorities 

provide external oversight of the TJNAF EP Program. Assurance that on-site processes do not 

adversely affect the environment is achieved through self-assessments, routine and invited 

inspections, and oversight by the DOE, DEQ, and the HRSD. TJNAF complies with all applicable 

laws, regulations, and permits. Actions of note undertaken in 2006 are described here. 
TJNAF’S 

SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 

For Calendar Year 2006 

23 

DOE Review of TJNAF Self-Assessment 

The DOE Site Office’s Overlay Report, produced in conjunction with SURA/JSA’s annual Lab-wide 

self-assessment, covers ES&H topics, and contains Site Office observations and reviews, DOE 

appraisal results, and other information. The Report provides an overall performance assessment for 

the year. For FY 2006, the Overlay Performance Evaluation Report yielded a rating of “A-”, deemed 

by DOE as a notable accomplishment, in the ES&H category. The reduction from the previous 

“Outstanding” rating for environmental performance to a “B” was due to the one minor permit 

violation discussed earlier. 

External Inspections 

There were three external environmental inspections during 2006. HRSD staff conducted the first 

inspection of the year on February 6, 2006. The inspection covered several TJNAF buildings and a 

review of monthly and quarterly records. In June 2006, the EPA (with the assistance of the DEQ) 

conducted a multi-day, multimedia compliance inspection. While some waste management concerns 

were noted, all such concerns were resolved immediately, and the closeout conference cited no 

compliance issues. However, as discussed in Section 2.2.2.3, EPA has incorrectly posted on its 

publicly-available compliance data base that the facility was found to be in violation of RCRA. 

Efforts to correct this information continued through 2006. 

The DEQ Division of Air Quality completed an inspection during September 2006, which confirmed 

that the Lab has no sources of air emissions that require permitting. 
TJNAF’S 

SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 

For Calendar Year 2006 

24 

SECTION 3 

ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOLOGICAL PROGRAM 

Radiation and a variety of radioactive materials are produced as byproducts of research activities at 

TJNAF. The impacts of operating radiation-producing equipment and of working with and around 

radioactive materials have been taken into account in Lab procedures. Any potential impacts have 

been significantly reduced by applying standard control measures and by implementing ALARA, “as 

low as reasonably achievable”, principles. The resultant potential effective dose equivalents to 

members of the public from various pathways, such as inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption, are 

evaluated by the RadCon Department to demonstrate compliance with EPA and DOE regulatory 

limits. 

TJNAF protects the environment and the public from exposure to radiation by implementing a 

number of both engineered and administrative controls. The radiological monitoring program is the 

primary means by which TJNAF accomplishes this objective. Exposure reduction support activities 

include using permanent and temporary shielding; using active and passive controls at activated water 

locations; and following proper protocols when handling radioactive materials and wastes. 

The radiological monitoring program is designed to verify that radiation exposures, for on-site 

radiation workers, others at Jefferson Lab, and for members of the general public, are below 

applicable limits and are ALARA. The program also assures that Lab support activities and 

accelerator testing and operations, as described within the approved operational safety envelope, will 

result in minimal impacts to the environment and have minimal to no effect on public health. 

3.1 RADIATION EXPOSURE PATHWAYS 

Accelerator operations produce two broad pathways of potential radiation exposure to the public and 

environment: direct or prompt radiation, and induced radioactivity in equipment, air, and water. 

Direct radiation has a potential impact only within close proximity to a working accelerator on the 

site. In the category of induced radioactivity, the only authorized pathway to the environment for 

these materials is via regulated airborne and liquid effluents. TJNAF performed extensive 

environmental monitoring in 2006 to measure these forms of accelerator-produced radiation. 

Pathways to the general public are modeled and monitored when appropriate or as required by law. 

The decision to monitor a particular pathway is based on the: 

 type of operations 

 radionuclides released 

 potential hazard 

 experience from previous monitoring results at TJNAF 

 experience at other nuclear and high-energy physics laboratories 

radioactivity – a natural and spontaneous process by which the unstable 

atoms of an element emit or radiate excess energy from their nuclei and, 

thus, change (or decay) to atoms of a different element or to a lower energy 

state of the same element. 
TJNAF’S 

SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 

For Calendar Year 2006 

25 

3.1.1 Direct Radiation 

Direct or prompt radiation results from the interaction of the accelerator beam with matter. 

Accelerator operation (i.e., running an electron beam) produces significant levels of direct radiation 

within the accelerator enclosure. This radiation is produced within the beam enclosure and its 

production stops when an accelerator is turned off. 

Almost all direct radiation is absorbed by extensive shielding, which is an integral part of accelerator 

design - any possible exposure to this radiation is at a maximum on-site and decreases with distance, 

so is insignificant at the site boundary. During 2006, TJNAF continued regular accelerator operations 

in support of physics experiments in the three experimental halls, as well as operation of the FreeElectron Laser facility. Accelerator operations and related activities were performed within an 

approved safety envelope, thereby maintaining potential exposures from prompt radiation well below 

design goals. 

Earth Berm at Experimental Hall A 

Accelerator enclosures, where direct radiation can be produced, are not accessible during accelerator 

operations. There are approximately 50 active, real-time radiation monitors and a series of associated 

passive integrating detectors deployed around the accelerator site. The primary purpose of most of 

these instruments is to shut off the accelerator in case of unusual radiation levels; a secondary benefit 

is measuring on-site radiation. The majority of the electronic detectors are connected to a central 

computer system that automatically records the radiation levels for subsequent examination. When 

appropriate, TJNAF employees, subcontractors, and visitors wear detection devices to monitor their 

on-site radiation exposure. Six dual-channel microprocessor-based instruments for monitoring 

gamma and neutron radiation levels collected direct radiation data (see Section 3.4 below) at the site 

boundary in 2006. 

As stated above, the interaction of the accelerator beam with matter can cause the formation of 

radioactive materials through activation of matter. The beamlines, magnets, beamline-components, 

targets, detectors, other experimental area equipment, and the energy dissipating devices (beam 

dumps) used to contain the beam’s energy may become activated. Cooling and ground waters, 

lubricants, and air in the beam enclosure may also become activated. These activated air, liquids, and 

particulates are possible sources of airborne and waterborne radioactivity. Though the direct 
TJNAF’S 

SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 

For Calendar Year 2006 

26 

radiation stops when the accelerator is turned off, the activated equipment, water, and air continue to 

emit radiation. All material exposed to the beam is monitored for radioactivity prior to being 

removed from an accelerator enclosure. 

Controls are in place to minimize exposure from both direct radiation and radiation from activated 

materials on Lab personnel, the environment, and the public. 

3.1.2 Waterborne Radiation 

TJNAF is situated in the central section of Newport News, Virginia, at an average elevation of about 

35 feet above mean sea level. The site is in a Zone C area on the local flood maps, so is not 

considered to be within the 100-year floodplain. The Lab’s accelerator site is located in the 

watershed of Brick Kiln Creek, which discharges to the Big Bethel Recreation Area. As water is a 

vital natural resource, contamination could present potential problems to the general population. 

Because of this, both the Federal government and the Commonwealth of Virginia regulate both 

groundwater and surface water. 

Groundwater 

An important element of the Lab’s EMS, the TJNAF Groundwater Protection Management Program 

provides a strategy to minimize impacts to groundwater resources, and is used as a management tool 

to guide program implementation. The Program ensures compliance with Federal, Commonwealth, 

and local regulations, other identified standards, and effective resource management practices. The 

Lab’s groundwater monitoring program serves to assess the effect of TJNAF activities on 

groundwater quantity and quality (see Section 3.2.2). 

Soil activation is a potential source of groundwater contamination. Groundwater quality in the soil 

surrounding the accelerator complex is the Commonwealth’s greatest concern with site operations. 

The monitoring of VPDES-permitted wells for specified groundwater quality parameters continued in 

2006. Through a combination of engineered controls (e.g. shielding) designed into the CEBAF and 

FEL facilities, and adherence to operational limits, no significant amount of soil or groundwater 

activation is expected on-site, and no offsite effect is anticipated. 

Surface Water 

Surface water quality is maintained by discharging only permitted effluent from a cooling tower and 

unpolluted waters, such as rainwater, to the environment. To verify that there is no surface water 

activation, the surface water sampling program commenced at the time construction of the 

experimental halls was completed. The program continued in 2006, and included the quarterly 

sampling of the groundwater dewatering surface discharge under the VPDES groundwater quality 

permit discussed in Section 2.2.1.1. Additional samples were taken at a variety of locations on-site 

and analyzed to verify surface water quality. 

All potentially activated water that is collected or discharged from accelerator enclosures is sampled 

to ensure it meets strict limits for on-site surface discharge. Any such water exceeding surface release 

criteria was collected and disposed of through the permitted process. described in Section 2.2.1.1. 

The RadCon Department addresses any activated water spills, and if necessary, institutes mitigating 

measures to minimize potential impact on surface or groundwater. 
TJNAF’S 

SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 

For Calendar Year 2006 

27 

Control measures involving radioactive water identified for the site include: 

 Using proper procedures, such as secondary containment, around containers where 

activated water may be temporarily stored. 

 Having activated water management procedures in place and using protocols, which 

provide for sampling and monitoring of potentially activated water (before release) from 

within all accelerator enclosures. 

For information about other non-radiological surface water quality issues at TJNAF, refer to 

Section 2.2. 

3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION MONITORING 

TJNAF uses environmental monitoring to assess local and offsite environmental conditions. The site 

environmental monitoring program verifies that any radiation exposures, and radioactive and nonradioactive releases, comply with applicable regulations and other requirements. 

While radiation dose rates offsite (from direct and airborne radioactivity) are expected to be well 

below limits set for the general public, monitoring ensures that the established controls are effective. 

TJNAF operations have minimal radiological dose impact to the public and the environment. 

Adhering to Lab programs and using the input from outside advisory committees ensures that the Lab 

continues to function within regulatory and established administrative limits for direct radiation and 

airborne emissions. There have been no offsite releases of waterborne radioactivity (apart from the 

small quantities discharged under the Lab’s HRSD permit). 

The overall effects on the environment and the public from TJNAF’s operations are summarized in 

Exhibit 3.2-1. There were no non-routine releases so all values shown result from routine operations. 

The net ambient external dose measured was 1.1 mrem (11 μSv (microSieverts)). This is well below 

the DOE standard of 100 mrem (1 mSv) for dose to members of the public from all pathways. 

Information about the air and water monitoring programs follows. 

3.2.1 Air 

Airborne radionuclide concentrations continue to be too low to directly measure at the site boundary. 

Annual calculations, using EPA-approved computer modeling codes, show that TJNAF operational 

emissions remain several orders of magnitude lower than the EPA 10 mrem/yr limit. TJNAF 

continued making measurements to verify the very low calculated release rate. (Refer to 

Exhibits 3.2-1 and 3.2-2) A report, documenting that the 2006 dose to the maximally exposed 

individual of the public was 0.010 mrem/yr (0.10 μSv/yr) due to airborne releases, was sent to the 

EPA in 2007. This dose is insignificant when compared to the applicable EPA regulatory limit of 

10 mrem/yr (100 μSv/yr). 

3.2.2 Water 

Groundwater 

Activation of groundwater, as a result of direct or secondary radiation, is possible in certain locations 

around the accelerator complex. Tightly controlled operational protocols and extensive shielding 

around the accelerator beam enclosures minimize groundwater activation. The monitoring conditions 
TJNAF’S 

SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 

For Calendar Year 2006 

28 

in VPDES Permit No. VA0089320 serve as the basis for evaluating accelerator-produced 

radioactivity in groundwater. The data collected through the completion of facility construction in 

1995 provide a groundwater quality baseline for comparisons during long-term facility operation. 

The background samples were analyzed for naturally occurring radionuclides, accelerator-produced 

radionuclides, and selected chemical parameters. The radionuclides analyzed in 2006 are those 

known to relate to operations associated with electron accelerators. They include H-3 (Tritium), 

Be-7, Na-22, Mn-54, and gross beta. Total manmade radioactivity was also analyzed. The general 

water quality parameters measured were pH, conductivity, TSS and TDS. 

This VPDES groundwater quality permit specifies EPA-approved sampling and analysis protocols, 

which were the basis of groundwater monitoring in 2006. Fifteen wells were sampled at either 

quarterly, semi-annual, or annual intervals. The permitted wells included the “A”, “B”, and “C” Ring 

wells (labeled as to proximity to the CEBAF accelerator) and the upgradient well, as shown on 

Exhibit 3.2-3. Along with the A-ring wells, the groundwater dewatering effluent at the experimental 

halls was also monitored quarterly in 2006 and reported under this permit. The annual effective dose 

equivalent to an individual consuming water activated at this level is so negligible it cannot be 

measured. 

The VPDES groundwater quality action and permit levels for radiological parameters are 

representative of normal background radionuclides, which are also generated through TJNAF 

activities. Note that if a permit action level should be reached at an A-Ring well, it would not result 

in a permit violation, but would trigger an internal investigation of potential causes. 

The maximum radiological results obtained from monitoring the wells in the accelerator vicinity 

during 2006 are presented in the first part of Exhibit 3.2-4. The results from the other locations 

described in the permit are shown in the second half of the exhibit. All measurements were within 

permit levels. No accelerator-produced activity has been detected. All values represent natural 

background, and variations are normal. 

Other Water Monitoring 

The Cooling Water Tank (located in Building 92) and the floor drain sump (FDS) pit (located 

in Building 97) are considered one HRSD sampling point. The cooling water tank is used to collect 

activated water from various sources, including from the beam dump cooling water systems and from 

various discharges from accelerator apparatus and accelerator dehumidification condensate. The FDS 

pit contains various discharges including low-level activated dehumidification condensate from the 

hall air conditioning systems. Sampling and analysis for applicable radionuclides were performed 

and reviewed to ensure HRSD criteria were met prior to any discharge from either location to the 

sanitary system. The analytical results are recorded and monthly and quarterly concentration values 

are maintained and are provided to HRSD upon request. The total quantity of radioactivity released 

to HRSD in 2006 is presented in Exhibit 3.2-5. See Exhibit 3.2-6 for the monthly and composite 

quarterly activity concentrations (at the sampling point) for 2006. The concentrations varied based on 

the quantity of beam dump cooling water discharged during the reporting period. 

In 2006, other water sampling and analysis for radioactivity were performed on a periodic basis on 

various discharges from the accelerator enclosure sumps. Any water identified as a potential concern 

was collected and discharged according to the terms of the HRSD permit. 
TJNAF’S 

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29 

Exhibit 3.2- 1 

TJNAF Radiological Dose Reporting Table for 2006 

Pathway 

Dose to Maximally 

Exposed 

Individual 

mrem/ (mSv) 

% of DOE Limit 

100 mrem/yr 

Estimated Population 

Dose 

 person-rem / 

(person-Sv) 

Population within 

80 km 

Air 0.01 (1.0E-04) 0.01 0.024 (2.4 E-04) - 

Water 0 0 N/A - 

Other Pathways 1.1 (1.1 E-02) 1.1 Unknown/ Unknowable - 

All Pathways 1.1 (1.1 E-02) 1.1 214,000 est. 

Notes: 0.007 = 7 x 10-3 = 7 E-03 

 Values presented in Exhibits 3.2-1, 3.2-2, & 3.2-5 are presented in Scientific Notation (example, 2 E-05 is 

 0.00002) 

 mSv = MilliSievert 

Exhibit 3.2- 2 

TJNAF Radiological Atmospheric Releases for 2006 

Radionuclide [half-life 

(timeframes)] Ci (Bq) in CY 2006 

Tritium [12.26 yr] 1.07 E-02 (4.0 E+08) 

Be-7 [53 .6 days] 1.56 E-03 (5.8 E +07) 

C-11 [20.3 m] 4.57 E-01 (1.7 E+10) 

N-13 [9.96 m] 3.46 (1.3 E+11) 

O-15 [123 sec] 1.84 (6.8 E+10) 

Cl-38 [37.29 m] 1.94 E-02 (7.2 E+08) 

Cl-39 [ 55.5 m] 2.36 E-01 (8.7 E+09) 

Ar-41 [1.83 hr] 1.59 E-04 (5.9 E +06) 

Notes: 1 pCi = 1 x 10 E-12 Ci = 0.037 Bequerel (Bq) 

 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 

 m: minutes 
TJNAF’S 

SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 

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Exhibit 3.2.2- 3 

Monitoring Well Locations 
TJNAF’S 

SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 

For Calendar Year 2006 

31 

Exhibit 3.2- 4 

Maximum Groundwater Measurements for Radionuclides Relevant to TJNAF Operations 

January 2006 through December 2006 

Radionuclides at Associated Wells Relevant to Accelerator Operations (in pCi/l unless noted otherwise) 

Analyte A-Ring B-Ring 

A and B Rings

(Permit Level) C-Ring 

C-Ring 

(Permit Level) 

Gross Beta 21.7 11.9 50 7.1 153 

Manmade Radioactivity < 0.151 mrem/yr < 0.238 mrem/yr 1 mrem/yr not applicable −

Tritium ND at < 906 ND at < 899 5000 ND at < 939 < 1000 

Sodium-22 ND at < 14.4 ND at < 20.8 − ND at < 9.0 < 61 

Beryllium-7 ND at < 102 ND at < 170 − ND at < 78.0 < 835 

Manganese-54 ND at < 13.5 ND at < 17.1 − ND at < 8.7 < 51 

Radionuclides at Other Permit Locations (in pCi/l) 

Analyte Upgradient Well Discharge 001 

Gross Beta 4.0 19.4 

Tritium ND at < 892 ND at < 934 

Sodium-22 ND at < 6.1 ND at < 21.2 

Beryllium-7 ND at < 53.0 ND at < 160.0 

Manganese-54 ND at < 6.0 ND at < 18.4 

 

Notes: No accelerator-produced activity has been detected. 

 ND: Not detectable above permit-required sensitivity limits 

 Conversion: 1 pCi = 1 x 10-12 Ci = 0.037 Bq 

Exhibit 3.2- 5 

TJNAF Liquid Effluent Discharges of Radionuclides to HRSD for 2006 

Radionuclide 

Tritium 

(Permit Level 5 Ci) (Bq) 

H-3 

Other Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides 

(Permit Level 1 Ci) (Bq) 

Be-7 Na-22 Mn-54 

Ci (Bq) in CY 2006 9.43 E-1 (3.5 E+10) 1.39 E-03 

(5.14 E+07) 

4.02 E-05 

(1.49 E+06) 

 3.83 E-06 

 (1.42 E+05) 
TJNAF’S 

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Exhibit 3.2- 6 

Analytical Results for Discharges to HRSD in 2006 

Monthly Values

Reporting Period 

Tritium 

Concentration (pCi/l) Reporting Period 

Tritium 

Concentration (pCi/l) 

January 84,000 July 18,000 

February 55,000 August 14,000 

March 42,000 September 36,000 

April 36,000 October 17,000 

May 56,000 November 31,000 

June 45,000 December 7,000 

Quarterly Values 

Reporting Period 

Tritium Concentration 

(pCi/l) 

Other Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides 

Concentration (pCi/l) 

 Be-7 Na-22 Mn-54 

First Quarter 53,000 95 0.37 None detected 

Second Quarter 46,000 14 1.1 0.12 

Third Quarter 20,000 6.0 0.7 None detected 

Fourth Quarter 16,000 120 4.1 0.53 

Notes: These effluent concentrations are well below the 0.1 μCi/ml (1,000,000 pCi/l) permit limit. 

 Radionuclides are analyzed at EPA sensitivity levels or better. 

 Conversion: 1pCi = 1 x 10-12 Ci = 0.037 Bq 

3.3 OTHER SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 

Permanent shielding in the form of thick concrete walls and earthen berms protects the environment 

from exposure. Monitoring equipment continually measures and records radiation levels both inside 

and outside the facility, and where appropriate, automatically interrupts beam operation if unusual 

levels are detected. 

Various accelerator-related water systems have the potential for becoming activated. All areas where 

activated water could be present have controls in place. Locations with a high potential for activation 

have secondary containment or other physical measures installed and administrative lockout/tagout 

controls. Other areas with less or even minimal potential for activation are monitored periodically to 

ensure levels are within expected values. 

The RadCon Department establishes access-controlled areas to temporarily store radioactive 

materials, including those being stored for decay, and wastes. There is negligible impact to the 

environment and no impact on public health from the small quantity of these materials stored on-site. 
TJNAF’S 

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33 

3.4 ASSESSMENTS OF POTENTIAL DOSE TO THE PUBLIC AND TO BIOTA 

The six active (real-time) radiation measurement devices noted in Section 3.1.1, installed along the 

accelerator site boundary, continued to be used to verify offsite dose to the public due to TJNAF 

operations. These electronic detectors - radiation boundary monitors (RBMs) - measure and log 

radiological information. In addition, passive integrating detectors are used for a number of site 

boundary measurements. All measured dose values were within statutory and administrative limits. 

Exhibit 3.4-1 displays the radiation doses in mrem for 2006 at RBM-1 positioned near Hall A. 

RBM-1 is the detector that saw the largest dose from a combination of accelerator and experimental 

hall operations in 2006. A comparison with natural background radiation is made, which indicates 

the relatively low levels of TJNAF’s contribution to the public dose. These background levels do not 

include contributions to dose from naturally-occurring radon, which typically doubles the natural 

radiation dose to the public. 

TJNAF does not release any residual radioactive material, such as concrete or soil, so there are no 

resulting dose impacts to the public. The absorbed dose to any local aquatic animals, or terrestrial 

plants or animals, from TJNAF operations will not exceed the internationally recommended dose 

limits for terrestrial biota. There are no potential releases of a magnitude that could result in doses 

exceeding 0.1 rad/day to terrestrial animals, the lowest limit for any biota, so no dose limits will be 

exceeded. 

TJNAF did not contribute significantly to the radiation dose received by the public through either 

airborne or waterborne pathways. The direct radiation exposure was again measurable in 2006, but 

was found to be about 11% of the TJNAF design goal of 10 mrem/year (which is one-tenth of the 

DOE limit). 

Exhibit 3.4- 1 

Radiation Boundary Monitor RBM-1 Results for 2006 

Period Neutron (mrem) Gamma (mrem) Total (mrem) 

Jan-June 0.071 ± 0.018 0.018 ± 0.005 0.089 ± 0.02 

July-Dec 0.822 ± 0.023 0.21 + 0.006 1.03 + 0.02 

TOTAL 0.89 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.01 1.12 ± 0.03 

Natural Background ~1.8 ~110 ~112 

Notes: 

 Statistical errors are quoted at 1 sigma. 

 Systematic errors including calibration (not included) are approximately 30% for neutrons. 

 Gamma dose equivalent rates are estimated based on best known statistical correlation techniques. 

 RBM-1 received the highest dose. 

 Conversion: 1 mrem = 0.01 mSv 
TJNAF’S 

SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 

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3.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE 

Regular quality assurance (QA) efforts are being made to ensure that TJNAF’s environmental 

monitoring program is performed in accordance with the principles of the TJNAF QA Program 

Manual. 

3.5.1 QA in Sampling Procedures 

The TJNAF QA Program includes qualification of the laboratories that provide analytical services, 

verification of certification to perform analytical work, and review of performance test results. Also 

included in this review is the adequacy of their internal quality control (QC) practices, recordkeeping, 

chain of custody, and the relevant portions of the QA program itself. 

The RadCon Department and other program management are involved in the qualification process for 

environmentally sensitive services, including offsite analytical laboratories, and are responsible for 

auditing their own QA practices and implementing relevant QA procedures. The TJNAF QA 

function, now known as the QA/Continuous Improvement Department, performs independent 

assessments of all functional areas, including those for EP activities. The DOE oversight 

organizations, in their independent overview capacity, also perform periodic audits and surveillance 

of TJNAF. No QA concerns were noted for CY 2006 regarding sampling protocols or results. 

Universal Laboratories, Inc. (Universal Labs) collected most VPDES and HRSD permit-related water 

samples. Eberline Services performed all radiological analyses on identified samples. Several field 

audits were performed and showed Universal Labs’ collection procedures were satisfactory. 

Other samples that involve radiochemicals, including some required by the HRSD permit, are 

collected by the RadCon Department and analyzed in the RadCon radiological analysis lab 

(Building 52). 

3.5.2 QA in Analysis 

Samples collected by external analytical laboratories are analyzed for radiological (and nonradiological) attributes using standard EPA-approved analytical procedures. Both external facilities 

and Jefferson Lab have a continuing program of analytical laboratory QC, participation in 

interlaboratory crosschecks, analysis of various blanks, and replicate sampling and analysis verifies 

data quality. RadCon, other ESH&Q Division staff, and other responsible Jefferson Lab personnel 

review all analytical data for the samples analyzed under their subcontracts. The analytical results are 

reviewed relative to the accompanying QA/QC results and compared with regulatory limits for 

acceptability. These reviews include inspection of chain-of-custodies, sample stewardship, sample 

handling and transport, and sampling protocols. When applicable to the analysis requested, analytical 

labs must be appropriately certified. 

 

Ongoing precision and accuracy are monitored by analysis of the following with each batch of 

samples taken under Permit VA0089320: laboratory standards, duplicate determinations, matrix 

spikes, and matrix spike duplicates. These data are used to calculate the relative standard deviation 

on all applicable parameters. The quality of the data is then evaluated and compared to regulatory 

limits to determine acceptability. Satisfactory results from the vendors enable Jefferson Lab to 

validate compliance with the QA requirements in our permit. 
TJNAF’S 

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35 

3.5.3 External QA Performance Evaluations 

TJNAF participated in two independent, external performance evaluation programs in 2006. One 

of them, the Mixed Analyte Performance Evaluation Program (MAPEP) is conducted by DOE’s 

Radiological and Environmental Services Laboratory, and is available to all DOE subcontractors. 

This program tests the quality of environmental radiological and non-radiological measurements 

and provides DOE with complex-wide comparability of measurement performance. Performance 

evaluation samples are distributed semi-annually to participating labs. The results for 2006, 

including those results noted below can be found at http://www.inl.gov/resl/mapep/reports.html. 

In 2006, Eberline Services and TJNAF’s RadCon lab participated in the MAPEP. Performance 

results for all Eberline Services analyses were satisfactory for all relevant radionuclides in 2006. 

The RadCon lab’s results were satisfactory with the following exceptions. 

The TJNAF lab conducts analyses on three MAPEP sample matrices: Mixed Analyte Water 

(MAW), Mixed Analyte Soil (MAS), and Radiological Air Filter (RdF). Samples are analyzed 

by gamma spectroscopy. In addition, the MAW sample contains tritium. The RadCon lab 

conducted tritium analysis on the MAW sample, but was unable to eliminate chemical 

interferences in the matrix, and consequently reported an incorrect value for tritium. However, 

this type of sample is not normally encountered at the Lab, and routine counting procedures do 

not address preparation and analysis of such samples.. Therefore, TJNAF participates in a second 

performance evaluation program for tritiated water samples, through Environmental Resource 

Associates® (ERA). The samples provided through this program are a better match for the 

characteristics of water samples being counted in the RadCon lab. TJNAF results for tritium 

performance through the ERA program were satisfactory in 2006. 

Additionally, in one MAW sample, the TJNAF result for Americium-241 (Am-241) was not 

satisfactory. This is not a nuclide of concern at TJNAF, but analysis for Am-241 can be used to 

indicate general performance for low-energy gamma emitters. Subsequent to this round of 

performance testing, TJNAF determined that the typical activity levels for this nuclide were 

below the level at which the RadCon lab could consistently report a statistically valid value using 

standard counting conditions. Therefore, TJNAF has discontinued conducting analysis for 

Am-241 in performance testing. 
TJNAF’S 

SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 

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36 

SECTION 4 

DISTRIBUTION LIST 

INTERNAL 

Dr. Christoph W. Leemann, Laboratory Director and President of JSA 

Mr. Michael D. Dallas, Chief Operating Officer 

Dr. Anthony W. Thomas, Associate Director, Chief Scientist 

Dr. Lawrence Cardman, Associate Director, Experimental Nuclear Physics 

Dr. Andrew M. Hutton, Associate Director, Accelerator Operations, Research & Development 

Dr. George Neil, Associate Director, Free Electron Laser and Chief Technology Officer 

Mr. Joseph Scarcello, Chief Financial Officer 

Mr. Craig R. Ferguson, Associate Director, Environment, Safety, Health and Quality Division 

Ms. Sally J. Fisk, Chief of Staff 

Mr. Bruce L. Lenzer, Quality Assurance & Continuous Improvement Manager 

Dr. Allison F. Lung, 12 GeV Upgrade Deputy Project Manager 

Dr. R. Roy Whitney, Chief Information Officer 

Mr. Will Oren, Engineering Manager 

Mr. Vashek Vylet, Radiation Control Department Head, ESH&Q Division 

Ms. Linda L. Even, Environmental Department Manager, ESH&Q Division 

Mr. Carter B. Ficklen, ESH&Q Reporting Manager, ESH&Q Division 

Mr. John J. Kelly, Emergency Manager 

Mr. Robert T. May, Deputy Associate Director, ESH&Q Division 

Mr. Claus H. Rode, Associate Director for Project Management and Integration /12 GeV Project 

Manager 

Rhonda M. Scales, Esq., Legal Counsel 

Dr. Dennis M. Skopik, Deputy Associate Director, Experimental Physics Division Safety Officer 

Mr. John R. Sprouse, Jr., Facilities and Logistics Manager 

Mr. Mark J. Waite, Procurement Director 

EXTERNAL 

The Honorable Timothy M. Kaine, Governor 

The Office of The Honorable Jo Ann S. Davis 

The Honorable Thelma D. Drake 

The Honorable J. Randy Forbes 

The Honorable Phillip A. Hamilton 

The Honorable Terry G. Kilgore 

The Honorable Mamie E. Locke 

The Honorable G. Glenn Oder 

The Honorable Robert C. Scott 

The Honorable John W. Warner 

The Honorable James Webb 

The Honorable Martin E. Williams 

The Honorable Joe S. Frank, Mayor, City of Newport News 

The Honorable Ross A. Kearney, II, Mayor, City of Hampton 
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SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 

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37 

The Honorable Kenneth L. Bowman, Chairperson, York County Board of Supervisors 

Mr. Jerry Levine, Department Head for Engineering & Infrastructure, Princeton Plasma Physics 

Laboratory 

Dr. Sayed Rokni, Acting Associate Director, ES&H, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center 

Mr. Bruce Bradley, President/Publisher, The Virginian-Pilot 

Dr. Jerry P. Draayer, President, Southeastern Universities Research Association, Inc. 

Mr. Leslie P. Foldesi, Director, Bureau of Radiological Health Program, Virginia Department of 

Health 

Mr. Ted Poston, Environmental Characterization & Risk Assessment Pacific Northwest National 

Laboratory 

Mr. Ronald E. Johnson, Chief, Industrial Waste Division, Hampton Roads Sanitation District 

Mr. Digby Soloman, President/Publisher, Daily Press, Inc. 

Mr. William Griffing, Section Head, ES&H Section, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 

Mr. Michael Martin, Hampton Roads Sanitation District 

Mr. James A. Turi, DOE Site Manager, TJNAF 

Mr. David Luke, DOE Site Office, TJNAF 

Mr. Scott J. Mallette, DOE Deputy Site Office Manager, TJNAF 

Mr. L. Preston Bryant, Jr., Secretary of Natural Resources (for Virginia) 

Mr. Steven J. Neilson, DOE Industrial/Occupational Safety Specialist, TJNAF 

Ms. Deanna D. Austin, Sr. Engineer, Virginia Department of Environmental Quality 

Mr. Mark H. Sauer, Sr. Environmental Engineer, Virginia Department of Environmental Quality 
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ACRONYMS and ABBREVIATIONS 

These acronyms and abbreviations reflect the typical manner in which terms are used for this specific 

document and may not apply to all situations. 

ALARA As Low As Reasonably 

Achievable 

Am Americium 

AP Affirmative Procurement 

ARC Applied Research Center 

BMP Best Management Practice 

Bq Becquerel 

CAA Clean Air Act 

CAAA Clean Air Act Amendments 

CASA Center for Advanced Studies of 

Accelerators 

CEBAF Continuous Electron Beam 

Accelerator Facility 

CERCLA 

Comprehensive Environmental 

Response, Compensation, and 

Liability Act 

CFC Chlorofluorocarbon 

CHL Central Helium Liquifier 

Ci Curie 

CLAS CEBAF Large Acceptance 

Spectrometer 

CWA Clean Water Act 

CX Categorical Exclusion 

CY Calendar Year 

DEQ (Virginia) Department of 

Environmental Quality 

DOD U.S. Department of Defense 

DOE U.S. Department of Energy 

E2 Energy Efficiency 

EA Environmental Assessment 

ESH Extremely Hazardous Substance 

ES&H Environment, Safety, and Health 

ESH&Q Environmental, Safety, Health, and 

Quality 

EIS Environmental Impact Statement 

E M S Environmental Management 

System 

EO Executive Order of the President of 

the United States 

EP Environmental Protection 

EPA Environmental Protection Agency 

EPCRA Emergency Planning and 

Community Right-to-Know Act 

EPRGs Emergency Planning and Response 

Groups 

ERA Environmental Resources 

Associates 

FDS Floor Drain Sump 

FEL Free-Electron Laser 

FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and 

Rodenticide Act 

FONSI Finding of No Significant Impact 

FY Fiscal Year 

GeV Billion (Giga-) electron Volts 

HRSD Hampton Roads Sanitation District 

IR Infrared 

ISM Integrated Safety Management 

ISO International Organization of 

Standardization 

JSA Jefferson Science Associates, LLC.

kW Kilowatt 

LQCD Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics 

LQG Large Quantity Generator 

LINAC Linear Accelerator 

LLW Low Level Radioactive Waste 

MAPEP Mixed Analyte Performance 

Evaluation Program 

MAS Mixed Analyte Soil 

MAW Mixed Analyte Water 

μSv MicroSievert 

m3 Cubic Meters 

mg/l Milligrams per liter 

mrem Millirem 

MS4 Municipal Separate Storm Sewer 

Systems 

MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet 

mSv MilliSievert 

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality 

Standards 

NASA National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration 

N D Not detectable 

NEPA National Environmental Policy Act 
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NESHAPs National Emission Standards for 

Hazardous Air Pollutants 

ODS Ozone-Depleting Substance 

P2 Pollution Prevention 

PBT Persistent, Bioaccumulative, or 

Toxic 

PCards Purchase Cards 

pCi/ l Picocuries per liter 

QA Quality Assurance 

QAP Quality Assessment Program 

QC Quality Control 

RadCon Radiation Control (Department) 

RBM Radiation Boundary Monitor 

RCRA Resource Conservation and 

Recovery Act 

RdF Radiological Air Filter 

R&D Research and Development 

RF Radiofrequency 

SA/QA Self-Assessment / Quality 

Assurance 

SARA Superfund Amendments and 

Reauthorization Act 

SER Site Environmental Report 

SNS Spallation Neutron Source 

SOP Standard Operating Procedure 

SPCC Spill Prevention, Control, and 

Countermeasure 

SQG Small Quantity Generator 

SRF Superconducting Radiofrequency 

SURA Southeastern Universities Research 

Association 

Sv Sievert 

SWP3 Storm Water Pollution Prevention 

Plan 

TDS Total Dissolved Solids 

TIP Target Implementation Plan 

TJNAF 

Thomas Jefferson National 

Accelerator Facility (Jefferson 

Lab) 

TSS Total Suspended Solids 

Universal 

Labs Universal Laboratories, Inc. 

UV Ultraviolet 

VPDES Virginia Pollutant Discharge 

Elimination System 

WMin/P2 Waste Minimization/Pollution 

Prevention 

WSS Work Smart Standards