Filed 6/9/15 P. v. Jones CA2/6

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION SIX

THE PEOPLE,

 Plaintiff and Respondent.

v.

PAUL E. JONES,

 Defendant and Appellant.

2d Crim. No. B254908

(Super. Ct. No. KA102869)

(Los Angeles County)

Paul E. Jones appeals his conviction by jury of criminal threats. (Pen. 

Code, § 422, subd. (a).)1 The trial court found true the allegations of a serious felony 

prior conviction (§ 667, subd. (a)(1)), a prior prison term (§ 667.5, subd. (b)), and prior 

strike conviction (§§ 667, subds. (b)-(i), 1170.12, subds. (a)-(d)). It struck the prior 

prison term allegation and sentenced appellant to nine years in state prison, consisting of 

two years on the criminal threats count, doubled to four years per the strike, plus five 

years for the prior conviction (§ 667, subd. (a)(1)). Appellant was awarded 409 days of 

custody credits. 

Appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion by allowing the 

prosecution to admit evidence of his prior murder conviction to show that the victim had 

a reasonable and sustained fear of death or bodily harm. He also asserts the evidence is 

insufficient to support his conviction. We affirm. 

 

1 All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.
2

FACTS

Appellant was convicted of murder in 1981 and paroled in 2009. He lived 

with his mother, Bettye Johnson, and her two grandchildren. One day in August 2013, 

appellant became angry. He "bumped" Johnson while she was at the refrigerator and 

started cursing and flailing his arms. When she asked him to stop, he got angrier. 

Appellant said that he would "burn the house down and hope everybody dies in the 

house." He then left. 

Johnson immediately called the police because she was afraid that appellant 

would get "physical" with her. During the 911 call, which the jury heard, Johnson said 

that appellant was "cussing and screaming and -- and telling me he's gonna blow my head 

off." She asked the police dispatcher to "send somebody in a hurry" and instructed her 

grandson, Parker, to go back into his room. Johnson said she wanted appellant "to leave 

and not come back," but was concerned because "he's got [the] keys to my house." 

The sheriff's deputy who responded to the call found Johnson and Parker 

outside and described them as "shaken up." Parker thought appellant was capable of 

burning down the house because of his violent behavior. Johnson told the deputy she was 

fearful for her safety and that of her grandchildren because appellant "was on parole for 

murder." Following his arrest, appellant made a series of jailhouse phone calls to 

dissuade his mother and Parker from testifying against him. 

Appellant called Parker's sister, Kristen, as a witness. Kristin, who was at 

the house on the day of the incident, heard appellant arguing with Johnson, but did not 

hear what they were saying. She did not hear appellant make any threats. 

DISCUSSION

Admission of Prior Murder Conviction

Appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion when it admitted 

evidence of his 1981 murder conviction because it was too attenuated from the present 

offense and because its potential for undue prejudice substantially outweighed its 

probative value. (Evid. Code, §§ 352, 1109, subd. (e).) We are not persuaded.
3

The trial court held a hearing outside the jury's presence to decide whether 

Johnson could testify that she feared appellant's threat because of his prior murder 

conviction. Appellant moved to exclude the evidence, arguing that his mother's 

"understanding of the facts and circumstances surrounding the murder [were] inaccurate." 

Appellant expressly disavowed "any complaints regarding the [murder] conviction 

because of how old it is." He also contended that regardless of Johnson's understanding 

of his murder conviction, prejudice automatically results anytime "anybody hears 

murder." 

The trial court acknowledged that the evidence was "certainly" prejudicial, 

but determined that People v. Garrett (1994) 30 Cal.App.4th 962 (Garrett), supported its 

admission. The court emphasized that the prior murder conviction was not being 

introduced for a dispositional purpose, but rather to establish a "crucial element" of 

criminal threats – the victim's reasonable and sustained fear. The court noted that 

Johnson might be fearful because she knew that "the gentleman who is making a threat 

took someone's life at some other point in his life." 

Generally, evidence of a person's bad acts is inadmissible to prove a 

person's propensity to commit similar acts on a separate occasion. (Evid. Code, § 1101, 

subd. (a).) But this rule does not affect the admissibility of evidence to prove some other 

relevant fact, such as an element of the offense. (Evid. Code, §§ 1101, subds. (b) & (c), 

210.) Nonetheless, the court may exclude relevant evidence "if its probative value is 

substantially outweighed by the probability that its admission will (a) necessitate undue 

consumption of time or (b) create substantial danger of undue prejudice, of confusing the 

issues, or of misleading the jury." (Evid. Code, § 352.)

To establish a violation of section 422, the prosecution had to prove that 

defendant acted with the specific intent that his statement be taken as a threat, that the 

threat caused Johnson to be in sustained fear and that her fear was reasonable under the 

circumstances. (§ 422, subd. (a);

2 Garrett, supra, 30 Cal.App.4th at pp. 966-967.) A 

 

2 Section 422, subdivision (a), states: "Any person who willfully threatens to 

commit a crime which will result in death or great bodily injury to another person, with 
4

defendant's prior criminal and violent conduct is relevant to establish these elements. 

(People v. Jones (2012) 54 Cal.4th 1, 49; Garrett, at p. 966; see People v. Allen (1995) 33 

Cal.App.4th 1149, 1156.) Specifically, "'[t]he victim's knowledge of defendant's prior 

conduct is relevant in establishing that the victim was in a state of sustained fear. 

[Citation.]'" (People v. Wilson (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 789, 808.) As Garrett observed,

"[s]eldom will evidence of a defendant's prior criminal conduct be ruled inadmissible 

when it is the primary basis for establishing a crucial element of the charged offense." 

(Garrett, at p. 967.)

In Garrett, the defendant's wife hung up on him during an argument. The 

defendant called her back and said, "'[Y]ou better sit here on this . . . phone and listen to 

me, because when I get off this phone, I'm coming there to put a bullet in your head.'" 

(Garrett, supra, 30 Cal.App.4th at p. 965.) The court upheld the admission of evidence 

that the wife knew about his prior manslaughter conviction. (Id. at p. 966.) It stated: 

"Clearly . . . the fact that Wife knew that [the defendant] had killed a man with a gun in 

the past and that [he] was aware that she knew . . . is extremely relevant and probative in 

terms of establishing . . . that . . . his statement that he would 'put a bullet in [Wife's] 

head,' would be taken as a threat; that upon hearing the statement, Wife was in a state of 

sustained fear; and that the nature of the statement was such as to convey an immediate 

prospect of execution of the threat and to render Wife's fear reasonable." (Id. at p. 967.) 

Like the defendant in Garrett, appellant was charged with criminal threats, 

had a prior homicide conviction and was related to the victim. (See Garrett, supra, 30 

Cal.App.4th at pp. 966-967.) Although Johnson testified she did not know the details 

surrounding appellant's murder conviction, she was aware he was on parole for that 

conviction when he threatened to burn down her house with everyone in it. Johnson's 

 

the specific intent that the statement, made verbally, in writing, or by means of an 

electronic communication device, is to be taken as a threat, even if there is no intent of 

actually carrying it out, which, on its face and under the circumstances in which it is 

made, is so unequivocal, unconditional, immediate, and specific as to convey to the 

person threatened, a gravity of purpose and an immediate prospect of execution of the 

threat, and thereby causes that person reasonably to be in sustained fear for his or her 

own safety or for his or her immediate family's safety, shall be punished by imprisonment 

in the county jail not to exceed one year, or by imprisonment in the state prison."
5

knowledge of the prior murder conviction was highly probative on each element of the 

charge of making a criminal threat: appellant's specific intent that Johnson construe his 

words as a threat; whether she was in sustained fear as a result of that threat; and, whether 

that fear was reasonable. (Garrett, at p. 967.) That the evidence was also damaging to 

the defense does not make it unduly prejudicial within the meaning of Evidence Code 

section 352. (People v. Zapien (1993) 4 Cal.4th 929, 958, superseded by statute on other 

grounds.) 

Appellant argues his prior murder conviction was not probative because it 

occurred 32 years earlier. As the People point out, appellant was in prison for 28 of those 

years, with the threat occurring four years after his release. Where, as here, the defendant 

was incarcerated for the majority of the time between offenses, the prior crime is not "so 

remote as to warrant [its] exclusion." (People v. Davis (2009) 46 Cal.4th 539, 602; 

People v. Peete (1946) 28 Cal.2d 306, 308-309, 318-319 [lapse of 23 years since prior 

conviction was insignificant given that defendant was incarcerated for 18 of those 

years].) 

In People v. Culbert (2013) 218 Cal.App.4th 184, we held that the lapse of 

11 years between the prior incident and the present offense did not require exclusion of 

the evidence. In both instances, the defendant had confronted family members and 

threatened to kill them. (Id. at p. 192.) We concluded that "[g]iven the similarities 

between the two incidents and the prior incident's relevance in proving appellant's intent 

and [the victim's] reasonable fear, the trial court had discretion to admit the evidence." 

(Id. at p. 193.) 

Appellant contends the two incidents here are not sufficiently similar to 

justify admission of the prior. We disagree. Appellant was convicted of murder and 

served a 28-year prison term. Four years after his release, he became angry and abusive, 

telling his mother he would burn down the house and hopefully kill everyone in it. Given 

the murder's relevance in proving appellant's intent and his mother's reasonable fear, the 

trial court had discretion to allow the evidence. (See People v. Culbert, supra, 218 

Cal.App.4th at p. 193; Garrett, supra, 30 Cal.App.4th at p. 967.) 
6

Sufficiency of the Evidence

Appellant argues the evidence was insufficient to prove he violated section 

422 because the threat to burn down the house was not "so unequivocal, unconditional, 

immediate, and specific [that it] convey[ed] . . . a gravity of purpose and an immediate 

prospect of execution of the threat," so as to cause Johnson "reasonably to be in sustained 

fear for . . . her own safety or for . . . her immediate family's safety." (§ 422, subd. (a).) 

He contends the statement was merely an emotional outburst during an argument with his 

mother rather than a serious death threat. 

In reviewing an insufficient evidence claim, we consider the entire record 

in the light most favorable to the judgment to determine whether it discloses substantial 

evidence such that a reasonable jury could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable 

doubt. (People v. Elliot (2005) 37 Cal.4th 453, 466.) We presume the existence of every 

fact supporting the judgment that the jury reasonably could deduce from the evidence, 

and a judgment will be reversed only if there is no substantial evidence to support the 

verdict under any hypothesis. (People v. Bolin (1998) 18 Cal.4th 297, 331; People v. 

Quintero (2006) 135 Cal.App.4th 1152, 1162.) On review, we may not substitute our 

judgment for that of the jury, reweigh the evidence, or reevaluate the credibility of 

witnesses. (People v. Ochoa (1993) 6 Cal.4th 1199, 1206.) 

For purposes of section 422, the nature of a threat must be determined by 

reviewing the circumstances under which it is made. (People v. Butler (2000) 85 

Cal.App.4th 745, 753 [ambiguous statement may be criminal threat under certain 

circumstances].) In other words, threats are judged by their context. (People v. Bolin, 

supra, 18 Cal.4th at pp. 339-340.) Appellant compares this case to In re Ricky T. (2001) 

87 Cal.App.4th 1132, 1135-1136, 1138 (Ricky T.), in which the statements, "'I'm going to 

get you'" and "'I'm going to kick your ass,'" were held not to be criminal threats because 

they were neither unequivocal nor immediate. We reject the comparison. 
7

The juvenile in Ricky T. made the allegedly threatening statements when 

the victim, a teacher, accidentally hit him while opening a door. (Ricky T., supra, 87 

Cal.App.4th at p. 1137.) There was no evidence of a show of physical force by the 

juvenile, nor any attempt to use force against the victim. (Id. at p. 1138.) The incident 

also was not reported to the police until the next day. (Ibid.) 

Here, the evidence of conduct both before and after appellant's threat 

reasonably justifies the jury's conclusion that it caused objectively reasonable fear for 

more than a "momentary, fleeting, or transitory" period of time. (People v. Allen, supra, 

33 Cal.App.4th at p. 1156.) His threat to burn down the house with everyone in it, 

including Johnson and her grandchildren, was not an "angry adolescent's utterance[]"

made in "emotional response to an accident" between a student and teacher. (Ricky T., 

supra, 87 Cal.App.4th at p. 1141.) It was an utterance to a close relative by a man she 

knew was on parole for murder and who was behaving erratically. Not only did Johnson 

immediately dial 911, but she also asked the dispatcher to "send somebody in a hurry." 

She said, "My son's going crazy," and reported that he was cursing, waving his arms and 

"throwing stuff." She expressed concern that he had the key to her house, saying, "I don't 

want him to have it." 

The responding sheriff's deputy described both Johnson and Parker as 

"shaken up." Parker believed appellant was capable of burning down the house because 

of the way he was acting, and Johnson was afraid because appellant "was on parole for 

murder." Appellant asserts that since he was about to go to work, the machinations of 

burning down a house rendered his threat fleeting and fantastical, regardless of its 

offensive nature. Even if such an inference were plausible, it is the function of the jury, 

not the appellate court, to evaluate the evidence and make reasonable inferences. (See 

People v. Ochoa, supra, 6 Cal.4th at p. 1206.) The jury could reasonably believe based 

on the evidence presented, particularly Johnson's knowledge of the prior murder 
8

conviction and her reaction to the threat, that it was far more serious than an emotional 

outburst. 

The judgment is affirmed. 

 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.

PERREN, J.

We concur:

GILBERT, P. J.

YEGAN, J.
9

Juan Carlos Dominguez, Judge

Superior Court County of Los Angeles

______________________________

Jerome J. Haig, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant 

and Appellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant 

Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Victoria B. 

Wilson, Supervising Deputy Attorney General, Jessica C. Owen, Deputy Attorney 

General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.