[Cite as Johnson v. Sloan, 2016-Ohio-5375.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 

ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

ASHTABULA COUNTY, OHIO 

ROBERT L. JOHNSON, : PER CURIAM OPINION 

 Petitioner, : 

 CASE NO. 2016-A-0009

 - vs - : 

BRIGHAM SLOAN, WARDEN, : 

 Respondent. : 

Original Action for Writ of Habeas Corpus. 

Judgment: Petition dismissed. 

Stephen P. Hanudel, 124 Middle Avenue, Suite 900, Elyria, OH 44035 (For Petitioner). 

Mike DeWine, Ohio Attorney General, and Stephanie L. Watson, Assistant Attorney 

General, Criminal Justice Section, 150 East Gay Street, 16th Floor, Columbus, OH 

43215 (For Respondent). 

PER CURIAM. 

{¶1} Robert L. Johnson petitions this court to issue a writ of habeas corpus to 

Brigham Sloan, Warden of the Lake Erie Correctional Institution. Mr. Johnson contends 

Warden Sloan is confining him in contravention of law due to an improper juvenile 

bindover procedure. For the reasons that follow, we dismiss the petition. 

{¶2} Mr. Johnson was bound over from the juvenile court in 1987 and pled 

guilty to one count of aggravated robbery, with a gun specification, and one count of 

aggravated murder, with a felony murder specification, in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. In 
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March 1988, the trial court sentenced Mr. Johnson to serve 10-15 years for the 

aggravated robbery conviction, 3 years for the gun specification, and life imprisonment 

for the aggravated murder conviction. 

{¶3} Mr. Johnson was permitted to pursue a delayed direct appeal in the Eighth 

District Court of Appeals, which affirmed the trial court’s judgment. State v. Johnson, 

8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 55295, 55811, & 55812, 1989 Ohio App. LEXIS 1525 (Apr. 20, 

1989). His subsequent application for reopening was denied. State v. Johnson, 8th 

Dist. Cuyahoga Motion No. 16591, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 3617 (Apr. 20. 1989). The 

Ohio Supreme Court declined a discretionary appeal. 

{¶4} Mr. Johnson later filed a motion for relief from judgment, which was denied 

by the trial court. He then filed a motion for leave to file a delayed motion for new trial, 

which the trial court granted, but the resulting motion for new trial was denied. The 

Eighth District affirmed the trial court’s decision on appeal. State v. Johnson, 8th Dist. 

Cuyahoga No. 80247, 2002-Ohio-2712. The Supreme Court of Ohio again declined a 

discretionary appeal. 

{¶5} In 2003, Mr. Johnson filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the 

United States District Court, Northern District of Ohio, which was dismissed. Mr. 

Johnson’s petition before this court indicates he was subsequently denied a certificate 

of appealability by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.

{¶6} Mr. Johnson filed the instant petition for habeas corpus on January 29, 

2016. According to Mr. Johnson’s petition, he never raised the issue of an improper 

bindover procedure in any of the above-mentioned proceedings. This court issued an 

alternative writ on February 29, 2016. On March 24, 2016, Warden Sloan filed a Return 
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of Writ. Mr. Johnson construed this pleading as a motion to dismiss and filed a 

response in opposition. This court also accepts this pleading as a motion to dismiss, 

pursuant to Civ.R. 12(B)(6), as that is the relief requested therein. 

{¶7} A writ of habeas corpus is a civil action under Ohio law. Fuqua v. 

Williams, 100 Ohio St.3d 211, 2003-Ohio-5533, ¶7. Therefore, “[t]he Civil Rules may 

apply to habeas cases where not ‘clearly inapplicable’ by their nature.” Gaskins v. 

Shiplevy, 74 Ohio St.3d 149, 150 (1995) (“Gaskins I”), quoting Pegan v. Crawmer, 73 

Ohio St.3d 607, 608 (1995). 

{¶8} Under Civ.R. 12(B)(6), a respondent may move to dismiss a complaint for 

failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. In order to grant a dismissal of 

a complaint pursuant to Civ.R. 12(B)(6), it must appear beyond doubt that the relator 

can prove no set of facts entitling him to relief. Snitzky v. Wilson, 11th Dist. Trumbull 

No. 2003-T-0095, 2004-Ohio-7229, ¶10 (citation omitted). “In construing a complaint 

upon a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, all factual allegations stated in the 

complaint must be presumed to be true and all reasonable inferences in favor of the 

nonmoving party be made.” Id., citing Celeste v. Wiseco Piston, 151 Ohio App.3d 554, 

2003-Ohio-703 (11th Dist.).

{¶9} A writ of habeas corpus is necessary in certain exceptional circumstances 

where there is an unlawful restraint of an individual’s liberty. Johnson v. TimmermanCooper, 93 Ohio St.3d 614, 616 (2001). Habeas corpus relief, like other extraordinary 

writ actions, is generally not available to a petitioner where there is or was an adequate 

remedy at law. State ex rel. Fryerson v. Tate, 84 Ohio St.3d 481, 485 (1999) (“Fryerson 

II”), citing Gaskins v. Shiplevy, 76 Ohio St.3d 380, 383 (1996) (“Gaskins II”). The 
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Supreme Court has, however, “carved out a limited exception to this general rule, to 

apply when the habeas petitioner is challenging the jurisdiction of the court that 

sentenced him.” Id. “Accordingly, if a prisoner fails to present a jurisdictional error 

committed by the trial court in the underlying action, his habeas corpus claim will be 

subject to dismissal for failure to raise a viable claim for relief.” Snitzky, supra, at ¶12, 

citing Novak v. Gansheimer, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2003-A-0023, 2003-Ohio-5428, 

¶5, citing R.C. 2725.05. 

{¶10} When alleging a trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction, the habeas 

corpus petitioner must establish the lack of jurisdiction was “patent and unambiguous.” 

Ross v. Saros, 99 Ohio St.3d 412, 2003-Ohio-4128, ¶14, citing Agee v. Russell, 92 

Ohio St.3d 540, 544 (2001). This court has previously explained the concept of a 

“patent and unambiguous” lack of jurisdiction: 

[I]f there [is] no set of facts under which a trial court * * * could have 

jurisdiction over a particular case, the alleged jurisdictional defect 

will always be considered patent and unambiguous. On the other 

hand, if the court * * * generally has subject matter jurisdiction over 

the type of case in question and [its] authority to hear that specific 

action [depends] on the specific facts before [it], the jurisdictional 

defect is not obvious and the [trial court] should be allowed to 

decide the jurisdictional issue. 

State ex rel. The Leatherworks Partnership v. Stuard, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2002-T0017, 2002-Ohio-6477, ¶19. 

{¶11} These requirements have been applied to habeas corpus petitions that 

allege unlawful restraint due to an improper bindover. See, e.g., Gaskins I, supra; State 

ex rel. Harris v. Anderson, 76 Ohio St.3d 193 (1996); Fryerson II, supra; In re Baker v. 

Stewart, 116 Ohio App.3d 580 (10th Dist.1996); and Snitzky, supra. Again, habeas 

corpus may lie only when the challenged bindover procedure is void, such that the trial 
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court patently and unambiguously lacked jurisdiction. See In re Fryerson, 7th Dist. 

Belmont No. 97-BA-38, 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 5252, *3-4 (Oct. 24, 1997) (“Fryerson I”); 

see also Stallings v. Mitchell, 11th Dist. 97-T-0010, 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 4572, *4 

(Oct. 10, 1997), citing Gaskins II, supra (“the Supreme Court of Ohio has held that such 

a writ will not lie when the bindover judgment shows that the juvenile court followed the 

correct procedure”). 

{¶12} Here, the juvenile court issued its bindover judgments in 1987. At that 

time, R.C. 2151.26 and Juv.R. 30 required the court to conduct an investigation prior to 

bindover, including a mental and physical examination.1 Former R.C. 2151.26(C) also 

expressly provided that the juvenile defendant could waive the physical examination. 

Following the investigation, the juvenile court was required to hold a hearing to 

determine whether the case should be transferred to the general division for the juvenile 

to be tried as an adult. See former R.C. 2151.26(A)(1)(c). 

{¶13} Mr. Johnson alleges the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas did 

not have jurisdiction to convict and sentence him due to a purported failure to administer 

the physical examination prior to his amenability hearing and bindover from juvenile 

court. Mr. Johnson concedes he received two mental examinations, both of which 

indicated he was amenable to bindover. 

{¶14} The bindover judgments issued by the juvenile court indicate that a 

physical examination was, in fact, administered. Although Mr. Johnson now asserts 

such examination never took place, the entries were sufficient to invoke the jurisdiction 

of the common pleas court to convict and sentence him. The common pleas court had 

 

1. R.C. 2151.26 was repealed effective January 1, 2002, and recodified as R.C. 2152.12. Pursuant to 

R.C. 2152.12 and the current Juv.R. 30, a physical examination is no longer required prior to a juvenile’s 

bindover to be tried as an adult. 
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general subject matter jurisdiction over the type of case in question, i.e., a juvenile 

criminal case bound over, and its authority to hear Mr. Johnson’s case depended on the 

specific facts before it, i.e., a proper bindover. 

{¶15} The bindover judgments, on their face, reflect that the requirements for a 

proper bindover were met; therefore, any alleged lack of jurisdiction was not “patent and 

unambiguous.” Mr. Johnson possessed an adequate remedy at law to raise the 

physical examination issue in his direct appeal from his conviction and sentence, which 

he did not do. Therefore, even presuming these allegations as true, Mr. Johnson can 

prove no set of facts that would entitle him to relief, by means of a writ of habeas 

corpus, for lack of a physical examination prior to bindover. 

{¶16} For this reason, Warden Sloan’s motion to dismiss has merit, and Mr. 

Johnson’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus is hereby dismissed. 

CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, P.J., DIANE V. GRENDELL, J., TIMOTHY P. CANNON, 

J., concur.