# Patent

## Title
Method and controller for controlling output torque of a propulsion unit

## Abstract

Method for controlling output torque (Teng) of a propulsion unit in a vehicle powertrain including driven wheels drivingly connected to the propulsion unit via a mechanical transmission with a drive shaft, wherein the method including the steps of registering driver torque demand (Td) for vehicle propulsion, registering propulsion unit rotational speed (ωe), and controlling the output torque (Teng) of the propulsion unit to asymptotically follow the driver torque demand (Td) using a closed-loop linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) based controller (9) having the driver torque demand (Td) and the propulsion unit rotational speed (ωe) as input data, in order to minimize driveline oscillations.

## Background
The present application is the U.S. national stage of International Application PCT/EP2010/003986, filed 5 Jul. 2010, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application 61/223,428, filed 7 Jul. 2009, both of which are incorporated by reference.


BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY
The present invention relates to a method for controlling output torque of a propulsion unit in a vehicle powertrain comprising driven wheels drivingly connected to the propulsion unit via a mechanical transmission with a drive shaft, and to a corresponding controller.
It is known that an automotive powertrain is a naturally light-damped oscillatory system that will generate oscillations in response to a rapid change of force transmission. The oscillations caused by a pedal tip-in manoeuvre, where the driver for example quickly depresses the accelerator pedal negatively effects the perceived vehicle drivability, causing variations in the vehicle longitudinal tractive force, known as shuffle or vehicle jerking.
The vehicle powertrain also includes an inevitable backlash mainly due to gear play, which is caused by manufacturing tolerances in transmission and differential components. When the direction of force transmission reverses, the presences of backlash causes temporary discontinuation of the force transmission in the powertrain followed by impulsive force transmission, so that an acceleration shock occurs. Rapid transversal from positive to negative force transmission and vice versa in the powertrain will thus generate said acceleration shock, which give raise to shunt or clonk when opposing sides of the backlash are reached.
In one known solution, model state reference trajectories of engine speed are generated. These reference trajectories are based on the registered change in accelerator pedal position, and are designed to provide a damped transition to a new torque request and a relatively smooth transition of the backlash. A power demand controller subsequently generates a compensated power demand to the engine according to the said generated reference trajectories, thereby reducing shuffle. A force transmission based on reference trajectories however leads to relatively low drivability in terms of quick response to driver torque demand with good damping of driveline oscillations.
Another known solution for only reducing shunt due to backlash in production vehicles is to use simple but carefully tuned compensation schemes to avoid traversing the backlash too rapidly, wherein negative backlash effects are traded against loss of responsiveness to torque requests. Such a solution is presented in U.S. Pat. No. 6,377,882 B1, where a central control section detects a reversal in transmission force, and in response thereto restricts the applied torque to a half of a target torque between a time point preceding the detected time point of backlash and a time point after said detected time point of backlash. Thereafter, the central control section changes the torque in a stepped manner to the target torque. As a result, an abrupt change in acceleration is reduced and the negative effects of backlash are decreased. This solution however does not solve the problem of shuffle, and none of the presented prior art solutions take into account varying parameters of the system and its environment, thus requiring careful tuning and calibration of the system to function properly.
There is thus a need for an improved method and system for controlling output torque of a propulsion unit removing the above mentioned disadvantages.
It is desirable to provide an inventive method and torque controller for controlling output torque of a propulsion unit where the previously mentioned problems are partly avoided. A method according to an aspect of the present invention comprises the steps of registering driver torque demand for vehicle propulsion, registering propulsion unit rotational speed, and controlling said output torque of said propulsion unit to asymptotically follow said driver torque demand. Controlling is performed using a closed-loop linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) based controller having said driver torque demand and said propulsion unit rotational speed as input data, with the aim to minimize driveline oscillations.
A controller according to an aspect of the present invention is a closed-loop linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) based controller, and wherein the controller is arranged to control the output torque of said propulsion unit by the steps of registering driver torque demand for vehicle propulsion, registering propulsion unit rotational speed, and controlling said output torque of said propulsion unit to asymptotically follow said driver torque demand having said driver torque demand and said propulsion unit rotational speed as input data, in order to minimize driveline oscillations.
Further advantages are achieved by implementing one or several of the features of the dependent claims.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the figures, wherein:
FIG. 1 shows a model of mode transition conditions according to the invention;
FIG. 2 shows a driveline model with backlash according to the invention;
FIG. 3 shows a simulation of the drive shaft torque after en engine torque step;
FIG. 4 shows the LQR-controller structure according to the invention;
FIG. 5 shows an arrangement comprising the controller structure, vehicle, and state observer according to the invention;
FIG. 6 shows a Bode diagram example of the transfer function from the driver's torque demand to the derivative of the drive shaft torque;
FIG. 7 shows simulation example of engine torque rise with backlash traversing;
FIG. 8 shows in the upper plot engine torque optimization trajectories, and corresponding loss function values in the lower plot;
FIG. 9 shows measured engine speed and estimated drive shaft torque and backlash angle in response to a torque step request;
FIG. 10a shows measured engine speed, engine torque, and estimated drive shaft torque in response to a torque step request without controller.
FIG. 10b shows measured engine speed, engine torque, and estimated drive shaft torque in response to a torque step request with a controller according to the invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The inventive method and torque controller for controlling output torque of a propulsion unit uses a closed-loop linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) based torque controller for damping driveline oscillations in an automotive driveline. The developed controller has the attractive feature of fitting very well into the archetypical heavy truck engine control system of today, being based on torque control. Thus, the controller can easily be incorporated as an additional torque compensator. The inventive method and controller is suitable for controlling output torque of different types of propulsion units, such as diesel engines, spark ignition engines, and electric motors. The torque control of the LQR controller is particularly advantageous for propulsion units having fast torque response, such as a diesel engine, because of the optimal control with respect to quick response to driver torque demand while maintaining good damping of driveline oscillations.
The controller damps driveline oscillations by compensating the driver's engine torque demand, which is asymptotically tracked. This is achieved by using the time derivative of the drive shaft torque, which is closely related to the vehicle jerk, as a virtual system output that is regulated to zero. Thereby the controller does not need a reference model for generation of reference trajectories for the control law evaluation.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the LQR-based torque controller is also extended to optimization based handling of the backlash. The properties of the controller are disclosed and the behaviour is illustrated by simulation examples and verified by experiments.
The LQR-based controller is a model based controller. The piecewise linear fourth order model shown in FIG. 2 has been disclosed in more detail in Templin, P. (2008), “Simultaneous estimation of driveline dynamics and backlash size for control design”, Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications—CCA2008, pp 13-18, and a more detailed motivation of the backlash description is given in Nordin, M., Gutman, P. O. (2002), “Controlling mechanical systems with backlash—a survey”, Automatica, 2002, pp. 1633-1649.
The model illustrated in FIG. 2 has two input signals, engine torque Teng and road load Tload. Engine speed ωe and vehicle speed ωv are measurable output signals and also model state variables of an observer described more in detail below. The third state is the drive shaft torsion angle θs and the last is the backlash angle θb. The derivative of the drive shaft torque {dot over (T)}shaft and the backlash angle θb are defined as model outputs. The backlash size is defined to be 2α so that the backlash angle θb is limited by −α≦θb≦α. Measurement signals for engine speed ωe and vehicle speed ωv, are normally available in a powertrain control unit.
The nonlinearity introduced by the backlash effectively decouples the engine from the wheels during the transition of the backlash. It is therefore possible to define three modes 1, 2, 3 of the model as shown in FIG. 1, including their mode transitions. The powertrain can be in contact mode either on the negative 1 or on the positive 2 drive side, or it can be in non-contact mode 3 during the backlash transition. The condition for changing mode from negative side contact mode 1 to non-contact mode 3 is drive shaft torque Tshaft>0. The condition for changing mode from positive side contact mode 2 to non-contact mode 3 is drive shaft torque Tshaft<0. The conditions for changing mode from non-contact mode 3 to negative side contact mode 1 are backlash angle θb=−α and time derivative of the backlash angle {dot over (θ)}b<0, and the conditions for changing mode from non-contact mode 3 to positive side contact mode 2 are backlash angle θb=α and time derivative of said backlash angle {dot over (θ)}b>0.
The main variables for the changes are thus the drive shaft torque Tshaft and the current position in the backlash angle θb. The drive shaft cannot transmit positive torque when the system is in contact on the negative side, and the drive shaft cannot transmit negative torque when the system is in contact on the positive side.
The engine is described as an ideal torque source Teng with a mass-moment of inertia Je and viscous friction be. The gearbox ratio together with the final gear is described by the ratio r. It is assumed that the driveline main flexibility is in the drive shafts, represented by ks and cs. Wheel slip is often neglected for simplicity. In this approach it is represented by the damper cw. The vehicle inertia is denoted Jv, with viscous friction term bv. The road load is described by the exogenous signal Tload, and represents mainly road inclination, road resistance, and wind resistance. Wheel speed ωω is not a model state variable since the wheel slip is included but it can be defined as an extra model output if needed.
The state space representation of equation 1 and equation 2 below can be derived from the laws of motion and the properties of the dampers with




  
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defined for convenience.

Contact mode:




  
    
      
        
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          ⁢
          
            
          
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          1
        
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Non-contact mode:




  
    
      
        
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                    θ
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          2
        
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FIG. 3 includes an X-Y diagram wherein the y-axis denotes drive shaft torque Tshaft in Newton meter and the x-axis denotes time in seconds. The diagram shows a simulation of the drive shaft torque Tshaft after a pedal tip-in manoeuvre by the driver, including the shunt and shuffle-phenomenon. Initially, the system is in contact mode 1 on the negative drive side up to t=5,0 seconds, during which the drive shaft torque Tshaft is negative. Then follows the traversing of the backlash, during which the powertrain is in non-contact mode 3, and the drive shaft torque Tshaft becomes zero. Finally, the system is in contact mode 2 on the positive drive side. During the transition of the backlash 4, the engine accelerates freely which makes the relative speed compared to the wheels higher. When the system enters contact mode 2 on the positive side, drive shaft torque Tshaft increases rapidly and the vehicle jerks forward giving raise to shunt effect 5. A high impact speed amplifies the forthcoming oscillations, i.e. shuffle 6, and may also be clearly audible to the driver. It is therefore essential that a controller monitors the transition conditions between the modes 1, 2, 3.
The main requirements on the powertrain controller are performance related, and emphasis is on drivability. The drivability requirement is here basically translated into requirements on damping of driveline oscillations and smooth traversal of the driveline backlash, while still providing a quick response to driver torque demands Td. In addition to the performance related demands on the controller, the controller should fit into the existing control structure of the propulsion unit control unit, in particular diesel engine control unit.
The resulting LQR-controller structure 10 is depicted in FIG. 4, where it can be seen that the main source for controller torque demand Tr is the driver. The accelerator pedal position 7 and engine speed ωe are translated into driver torque demand Td. A torque reference set point Tr is subsequently determined in a first comparator 17 by comparing the driver torque demand Td with a set of active torque limitations 8, and selecting the minimum value of all said input values as torque reference set point Tr. Said torque reference set point Tr is subsequently compensated by the damping/backlash controller 9 described below, which generates a compensated torque Tc. Finally, a controller torque demand Tf is determined in a second comparator 18 by comparing the compensated torque Tcwith a set of active torque limitations 8, and selecting the minimum value of all said input values as controller torque demand Tf. The impact of the second application of the active torque limits 8 in the second comparator 18 is minimized by a tuning of the controller 9 that minimizes overshoots at requested torque steps. A consequence of the chosen controller structure 10 is that a compensated torque Tc must approach a torque reference set point Tr asymptotically.
The invention is however not limited to use of said active torque limits 8 and first and second comparators 17, 18, in which case the torque reference set point Tr is identical to the driver torque demand Td, and controller torque demand Tf is identical to compensated torque Tc.
It is desirable that the complete controller 9 should be easy to tune. Since the controller 9 is model based, much of the tuning is done implicitly by fitting a model to the specific powertrain. Additional tuning can often be made with a small number of parameters that affect the closed loop properties in an intuitive way.
The control design is based on the piecewise linear model of the system presented in FIG. 2. The controller 9 relics on full state information {circumflex over (x)}for calculation of the controller torque demand Tf, i.e. the engine torque request, but only the engine speed ωe and vehicle speed ωv are measurable outputs. It is furthermore not possible to measure the backlash angle θb to determine if the system is in any of the contact modes 1, 2 or in a non-contact mode 3. The solution is showed in FIG. 5, where an arrangement comprising the controller structure 10, vehicle 11, and state observer 12 is disclosed. Road load 16 is a variable parameter that affects the vehicle 11. The state observer 12 is used to gain full state vector information {circumflex over (x)}and to detect system mode changes. The observer 12 for the contact modes 1, 2 cannot be based on the state space description in equation 1 directly with the available measurement signals because the system is not observable. But the fourth order model may be reduced to third order since the backlash angle θb is constant in contact modes 1, 2. Then the state vector is observable using either both available measurements ωe, ωv or the engine speed only ωe, if the quality of the vehicle speed ωv measurement is poor.
The described embodiment of the invention uses the Loop Transfer Recovery (LTR)-methodology for the contact mode observer design. LTR-design tries to balance the influence of state and measurement disturbances with a tuning, parameter. In this way, robust and good closed-loop properties can be obtained. An observer gain of the inventive method and torque controller might however alternatively be based on pole placement techniques or Kalman filter theory. A detailed description of the (LTR)-methodology is presented by Pettersson, M. (1997), “Driveline modelling and control”, PhD Thesis, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Linköping University Sweden, and Glad, T., Ljung, L. (2000), “Control Theory”, Taylor Francis, 2000, chapter 9. The observer 12 outputs are drive shaft torsion angle θs, and drive shaft torque Tshaft, which are used for the control law evaluation and state mode transitions, respectively.
When the system enters the non-contact mode 3 due to backlash, state information can only be estimated by using a system simulation because the engine and the wheels are effectively decoupled and the system observability is lost. A detailed description of said system simulation is presented in Ferrari-Trecate G., Mehdi, G. (2006), “Observability analysis and state observers for automotive powertrains with backlash: a hybrid system approach”, International Journal of Control, Vol. 79, No. 5, May 2006, pp. 496-507, and Templin, P. (2008), “Simultaneous estimation of driveline dynamics and backlash size for control design”, Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications—CCA2008, pp 13-18. With the described observer 12, using the LTR-based design for the contact modes 1, 2, system simulation for the non-contact mode 3, and the mode transition conditions described in relation to FIG. 1, the controller 9 has all the information it needs for the control law evaluation.
The contact mode is characterized in that the backlash angle is constant, which essentially means that the fourth state equation row of equation 1 is not active in this mode. The controller 9 is therefore derived using equation 1 with the backlash angle state removed, so the state vector is here defined as xa=(θs,θa,θr). The upper left 3×3-part of the system matrix in equation 1 is denoted Aa and the corresponding input matrix Ba. The drive shaft torque can be defined as an output:




  
    
      
        
          
            T
            shaft
          
          ⁡
          
            (
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            )
          
        
        =
        
          
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                  ′
                
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                  k
                  s
                
                ⁢
                
                  
                    
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                      ′
                    
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              a
            
            ⁡
            
              (
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        (
        
          Equation
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          3
        
        )
      
    
  




The main task for the controller 9 is to damp driveline oscillations, i.e. shuffle 6, which in this context is interpreted as regulating the time derivative of the drive shaft torque {dot over (T)}shaft to zero. The time derivative of the drive shaft torque {dot over (T)}shaft is therefore defined as a model output and included in a performance index, also called cost function of the LQR controller 9. An advantage with this choice is that no state reference trajectories are needed for the implementation of the final control law since the reference value for the drive shaft torque derivative {dot over (T)}shaft is always zero.
A control signal should always be included in a performance index as a mean to balance performance and control effort. In this case however, a requirement of the controller 9 is to asymptotically follow the driver's torque demand Td. A solution to this is to include the difference between the driver's torque demand Td and the controller torque demand Tf in the performance index. Integral action is introduced by extending the model by a fourth state xu that integrates the difference between said driver's torque demand Td and said controller torque demand Tf. This ensures that the controller output, i.e. controller torque demand Tf. asymptotically follows the driver's torque demand Td, i.e. that the controller output approaches the driver's torque demand Td. The performance index can then be written:




  
    
      
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        =
        
          
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          ⁢
          
            
          
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          4
        
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with the system outputs yT(t)=[{dot over (T)}shaft(t) xu(t)], a diagonal positive semi definite 2×2 weighting matrix Q=diag(q1,q2), the compensated torque u(t)=Tc representing controller torque demand Tf before active torque limitations 8, and the torque reference set point ur=Tr representing driver's engine torque demand Td after active torque limitations 8.
Before the optimal control law that minimizes equation 4 can be derived by standard methods it needs to be re-formulated. Define the steady state solution xar such that

Aaxar+Baur=0xar=−Aa−1Baur   (Equation 5)

Define a new set of state variables ζ and a new control variable υ.




  
    
      
        
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          ⁢
          
            
          
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          6
        
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v(t)=(u(t)−ur)   (Equation 7)

Desired outputs are the derivative of the drive shaft torque as defined in equation 3, and the fourth state xu. The transformed system then becomes




  
    
      
        
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Tshaft(t)=Caxa(t){dot over (T)}shaft(t)=CaAaxa(t)+CaBau(t)=CaAa(xa(t)−xar(t))+CaBa(u(t)−ur)   (Equation 9)





  
    
      
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                      .
                    
                    shaft
                  
                
              
              
                
                  
                    x
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            ]
          
          =
          
            
              
                
                  [
                  
                    
                      
                        
                          
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                ⁢
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        (
        
          Equation
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          10
        
        )
      
    
  




The minimization of equation 4 can now be written




  
    
      
        
          
            min
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          -=
          
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            ⁢
            
              
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                  d
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        ⁢
        
          =
          ̑
        
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          min
          ⁢
          
            
              ∫
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                      [
                      
                        
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                  ⁡
                  
                    [
                    
                      
                        
                          
                            Q
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                          S
                        
                      
                      
                        
                          
                            S
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                    ]
                  
                
                ⁡
                
                  [
                  
                    
                      
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              ⁢
              
                d
                t
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        
          Equation
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          11
        
        )
      
    
  




which is solved by using the Riccati-equation and forming a state feedback control law.

ATP+PA−(PB+S)R−1(BTP+ST)+Qζ=0   (Equation 12)





  
    
      
        K
        =
        
          
            
              R
              
                -
                1
              
            
            ⁡
            
              (
              
                
                  
                    B
                    T
                  
                  ⁢
                  P
                
                +
                
                  S
                  T
                
              
              )
            
          
          =
          
            
              (
              
                
                  
                    B
                    T
                  
                  ⁢
                  P
                
                +
                
                  S
                  T
                
              
              )
            
            
              1
              +
              
                
                  D
                  T
                
                ⁢
                QD
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        
          Equation
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          13
        
        )
      
    
  




K(1×4)=└Ka(1×3) Ku(1×1)┘

v(t)=−Kζ(t)=−Ka(xa(t)−xar)−Kuxuu(t)=−Kaxa(t)−Kuxu(t)+(1−KaAa1Ba)ur=−Kaxa(t)−Kuxu(i)+Krur   (Equation 14)

The control law is thus the sum of a linear weighting of the states xa and xu and a feed forward term from the driver's torque demand Td. It can be noted that no reference trajectories are needed for the evaluation.
FIG. 6 shows a Bode diagram example of the transfer function from the driver's torque demand Td to the derivative of the drive shaft torque {dot over (T)}shaft.
In the upper plot, the y-axis denotes magnitude in decibel while the x-axis denotes frequency in radians per second. In the lower plot, the y-axis denotes phase in degrees while the x-axis denotes frequency in radians per second. The dashed line is the characteristics of the system without controller, the solid line with said inventive controller.
According to an additional aspect of the invention, an optimization based strategy is applied for the traversal of the backlash. The controller 9 handles engine torque variations and road disturbances well when the system is in any of the contact modes 1, 2. But if the sign of the drive shaft torque Tshaft changes, the traversing of the backlash may cause shunts and amplification of the following oscillations as illustrated in FIG. 3. The inventive idea is to limit the requested torque until the opposite side of the backlash is reached, so that the relative speed between the engine and the wheels is limited when the opposing side is reached. Here, requested torque denotes either torque request received from driver, i.e. driver torque demand Td, or if active torque limitations 8 are applied, torque request received from first comparator 17, i.e. torque reference set point Tr. In the disclosed embodiment, this is made by introducing a fixed intermediate torque hold value urhold to the torque reference set point ur, thus limiting the torque reference set point ur, until contact is reached.
FIG. 7 shows a simulation example where a torque step rise is requested. In the upper plot, the y-axis denotes engine torque in Newton meter and the x-axis denotes time in seconds. This plot shows the reference torque ur corresponding to torque reference set point Tr, the same signal slightly low-pass filtered urf where also an intermediate torque hold value urhold is visible. Low-pass filtration of the input signal is normally performed to reduce high-frequency noise, resonance and aliasing etc. Application of the hold level to the reference torque ur, is well as subsequent low-pass filtration is performed prior to evaluation of the optimal control low of the controller 9 derived in equation 14 above. The third signal uctrl is the controller output corresponding to compensated torque Tc.
In the lower plot, the y-axis denotes drive shaft torque Tshaft in Newton meter and the x-axis denotes time in seconds. This plot shows the drive shaft torque Tshaft increase, where the oscillatory solid curve shows the result without any controller 9 and the smoother dashed curve shows the outcome when the controller 9 is active.
This behaviour requires application of a modified version of the performance index of equation 4 to find an appropriate intermediate torque hold level that limits the jerk following the traversing of the backlash.




  
    
      
        J
        =
        
          
            
              ∫
              0
              
                t
                f
              
            
            ⁢
            
              
                (
                
                  
                    
                      1
                      2
                    
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                        y
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                      ⁡
                      
                        (
                        t
                        )
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    
                      Qy
                      ⁡
                      
                        (
                        t
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                  +
                  
                    
                      1
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                        (
                        
                          
                            u
                            ⁡
                            
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                              t
                              )
                            
                          
                          -
                          
                            u
                            r
                          
                        
                        )
                      
                      2
                    
                  
                
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              ⁢
              
                d
                t
              
            
          
          +
          
            
              q
              b
            
            ⁢
            
              
                
                  θ
                  .
                
                b
                2
              
              ⁡
              
                (
                
                  t
                  +
                
                )
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        
          (
          
            Equation
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            15
          
          )
        
        ⁢
        
          
        
      
    
  




The additional term is evaluated at the time instance t, which is defined as the time when the opposing side of the backlash is reached. The intermediate torque hold value urhold is chosen to minimize equation 15 with the help of numerical optimization. During the optimization, the linear controller 9 is active when the system is in contact mode. During the backlash transition, i.e. non-contact mode, the controller operates in an open loop configuration, and controller output uctrl can for example be held constant. Many other implementations of the inventive idea are however possible, such as a time-variable controller output during the non-contact mode.

The solid lines in the upper plot of FIG. 8 show examples of how the controller output uctrl varies for a range of urhold-values and a reasonable qb-value, wherein the arrow 12 indicated decreased urhold-values. The dashed lines show the signals corresponding the low-pass filtered reference torque urf, wherein the y-axis denotes engine torque in Newton meter and the x-axis denotes time in seconds. The lower plot of FIG. 8 shows how the result of the performance index of equation 15 varies with said urhold-values, and that a specific urhold-value can be determined that minimizes the performance index value of equation 15, whereby the y-axis denotes performance index and the x-axis denotes torque reference hold level in Newton meter.
The tuning parameters of the controller summarize to q1, q2, and qb. The final tuning of these will be made in the vehicle to obtain the desired drivability. q1 makes the trade-off between controller responsiveness and how fast oscillations decay, q2 is tuned to assure expected control value tracking of the driver's reference value. The effect of the shunt after the traversing of the backlash is determined by qb. This gives the person responsible for the tuning a clear set of parameters to work with. The model based approach ensures the adaption to the specific vehicle.
Below, experimental results from tests of the presented controller on a Volvo FH16 heavy duty truck are presented. The observer and control law are implemented on a laptop computer which is connected to the truck CAN-bus.
The methodology for estimating the parameters of the presented model is described in detail in Templin, P. (2008), “Simultaneous estimation of driveline dynamics and backlash size for control design”, Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE international Conference on Control Applications—CCA2008, pp 13-18. The method is implemented on a laptop and uses the same standard signals as the controller. The main parameters for the test vehicle are listed below.
FIG. 9 shows a measurement of the combined observer behaviour at an engine torque step down request. The curve scales are normalized and the x-axis denotes time in seconds. The engine speed ωe is measured and the engine torque signal is estimated by the engine control unit. The drive shaft torque Tshaft and the backlash angle θb are estimated by the combined observer 12. Initially, the vehicle is accelerating at high engine torque Teng. Zero engine torque is requested at t≈14.2 s. The drive shaft torque Tshaft rapidly decays to 0 Nm and then the backlash is quickly traversed, whereby the backlash angle goes from +α to −α. As the drive shaft torque Tshaft becomes increasingly negative, the engine speed “swings back”, until the drive shaft transmits zero torque and the backlash is entered again. During this decoupled period, the engine speed ωe decays due to engine friction only. In this case, the position in the backlash never reaches the positive drive side before it falls back to the negative side again and thereafter stays there.
The controller 9 is tested in the case when there is a stepwise request for a torque rise Td. The driveline is initially in contact mode on the negative drive side. The upper plot of FIG. 10(a) shows a reference measurement of the engine speed ωe following an engine torque step, wherein the left y-axis denotes engine speed in rpm, right y-axis denotes engine torque in Newton meter, and the x-axis denotes time in seconds. The lower plot of FIG. 10(a) shows the estimated drive shaft torque Tshaft calculated by the observer 12, wherein the y-axis denotes said drive shaft torque Tshaft in Newton meter and the x-axis denotes time in seconds. FIG. 10(b) shows a corresponding step using the closed loop controller 9. The physical units of the plots of FIG. 10(b) correspond to those of FIG. 10(a). The controller thus behaves well and in good agreement with the simulations.
The simulation results and the control design are based on data obtained from system identification experiments with a Volvo FH16 Rigid 6×4 truck.

















Vehicle mass
24450
kg



Engine moment of inertia
5.635
kgm2



Wheel radius
0.508
m










Final gear ratio
3.79



Gearbox ratio (4'th gear)
5.571











Combined shaft stiffness
179
kNm/rad



Combined shaft damping
8.26
kNm/(rad/s)



Combined wheel damping
81.5
kNm/(rad/s)










Reference signs mentioned in the claims should not be seen as limiting the extt of the matter protected by the claims, and their sole function is to make claims easier to understand.
As will be realised, the invention is capable of modification in various obvious respects, all without departing from the scope of the appended claims. Accordingly, the drawings and the description thereto are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not restrictive.
Reference Sign Correspondence Table
















ωc
Propulsion unit rotational speed



ωw
Wheel speed



ωv
Vehicle speed



{circumflex over (x)}
Full state vector information



θs
Drive shaft torsion angle



θb
Backlash angle



{dot over (θ)}b
Time derivative of backlash angle



Tshaft
Drive shaft torque



{dot over (T)}shaft
Time derivative of a drive shaft torque



Teng
Output torque of a propulsion unit



Td
Driver torque demand



Tf
Controller torque demand



Tr, u(r), ur
Torque reference set point



urf
Low pass filtered torque reference set point



Tc, u(t), uctrl
Compensated torque, controller output



urhold
Intermediate torque hold value



xu
Integrated difference between Td and Tf



Je
Engine mass-moment of inertia



be
Engine viscous friction



Jv
Vehicle inertia



bv
Vehicle viscous friction



r
Combined gearbox and final gear ratio



ks
Drive shafts spring constant



cs
Drive shafts damping constant



cw
Damping constant representing wheel slip



 1
Contact mode on the negative drive side



 2
Contact mode on the positive drive side



 3
Non-contact mode



 4
Backlash transition



 5
Shunt



 6
Shuffle



 7
Accelerator pedal position



 8
Active torque limitations



 9
Controller



10
Controller structure



11
Vehicle



12
Observer



13
Hold time



14
Arrow indicating decreased urhold-values



15
Engine torque request



16
Road load



17
First comparator



18
Second comparator

## Claims

1. A method for controlling output torque (Teng) of a propulsion unit in a vehicle powertrain comprising driven wheels drivingly connected to the propulsion unit via a mechanical transmission with a drive shaft, the method comprising:
registering a driver torque demand (Td) for vehicle propulsion;
registering a propulsion unit rotational speed (ωe);
controlling the output torque (Teng) of the propulsion unit to asymptotically follow the driver torque demand (Td) using a closed-loop linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) based controller having the driver torque demand (Td) and the propulsion unit rotational speed (ωe) as input data, in order to minimize oscillations;
receiving, via the closed-loop LQR based controller, a full state vector information ({circumflex over (x)}) from a state observer based on at least the propulsion unit rotational speed (ωe);
generating, via the closed-loop LQR based controller, a controller torque demand (Tf) used for the controlling of the output torque (Teng) of the propulsion unit based on the driver torque demand (Td) and the full state vector information ({circumflex over (x)}),
and wherein the controlling of the output torque (Teng) of the propulsion unit is realized by regulating at least the following three performance index components of the controller to zero:
a time derivative of a drive shaft torque ({dot over (T)}shaft) of the drive shaft;
an integrated difference (xu) between the driver torque demand (Td) and the controller torque demand (Tf); and
a current difference between the driver torque demand (Td) and the controller torque demand (Tf).

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the state observer is based on a Loop Transfer Recovery (LTR) design, and the state observer is adapted to generate the full state vector information ({circumflex over (x)}) based on at least the propulsion unit rotational speed (ωe) and the controller torque demand (Tf).

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the full state vector information ({circumflex over (x)}) includes as a state variable at least a drive shaft torsion angle (θS).

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of registering the driver torque demand (Td) for vehicle propulsion comprises the steps of:
translating an accelerator pedal position into the driver torque demand (Td);
deriving a torque reference set point (Tr) from the driver torque demand (Td) by comparing the driver torque demand (Td) with at least one active torque limitation, and setting the torque reference set point (Tr) to a minimum torque value out of torque values of a comparison;
supplying the torque reference set point (Tr) to the closed-loop LQR based controller as the driver torque demand (Td).

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of generating the controller torque demand (Tf) used for controlling the output torque (Teng) of the propulsion unit comprises the steps of:
generating a compensated torque (Te) by the closed loop LQR based controller;
comparing the compensated torque (Tc) with at least one active torque limitation, and;
setting the controller torque demand (Tf) to a minimum torque value out of torque values of a comparison.

6. The method according to claim 1, comprising taking backlash into account in the method for controlling the output torque (Teng) of the propulsion unit by the following step:
in case the powertrain backlash will be traversed, providing an intermediate torque hold value (Urhold) that a requested torque (Td, Tr) may not exceed until a contact mode is reached, in order to limit acceleration shocks following the traversing of the backlash.

7. The method according to claim 6, comprising
including backlash angle (θb) as a state variable in the full state vector information ({circumflex over (x)});
determining if the powertrain is in a negative side contact mode, a positive side contact mode, or a non-contact mode, based on state mode transition conditions;
determining if the powertrain backlash will be traversed;
determining the intermediate torque hold value (Urhold);
controlling the output torque (Teng) of the propulsion unit by means of an optimal control law of the closed loop LQR based controller in a contact mode, and controlling the output torque (Teng) of the propulsion unit by means of an open-loop control during the non-contact mode.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the state mode transition conditions are based on a backlash angle (θb), a time derivative of the backlash angle ({dot over (θ)}b), and the drive shaft torque (Tshaft).

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the state mode transition condition or conditions for determining when the goes from:
the negative site contact mode to the non-contact mode is when the drive shaft torque (Tshaft)>0;
the positive side contact mode to the non-contact mode is when the drive shaft torque (Tshaft)<0;
the non-contact mode to the negative side contact mode are when the backlash angle (θb)=−α and the time derivative of the backlash angle ({dot over (θ)}b)<0; and
the non-contact mode to the positive side contact mode are when the backlash angle (θb)=α and the time derivative of the backlash angle ({dot over (θ)}b)>0,
wherein the backlash angle (θb) is limited by −α≦θb≦α.

10. The method according to claim 6, wherein the intermediate torque hold value (Urhold) is determined by numerical optimization based on at least an estimate of a time derivative of the backlash angle ({dot over (θ)}b) at a time instance when an opposing side of the powertrain backlash is reached.

11. A propulsion unit torque controller for controlling output torque (Teng) of a propulsion unit in a vehicle powertrain comprising driven wheels drivingly connected to the propulsion unit via a mechanical transmission with a drive shaft, wherein the controller is a closed-loop linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) based controller, and the closed loop LQR based controller is arranged to control the output torque (Teng) of the propulsion unit by the following steps:
registering a driver torque demand (Td) for vehicle propulsion;
registering a propulsion unit rotational speed (ωe);
controlling the output torque (Teng) of the propulsion unit to asymptotically follow the driver torque demand (Td) having the driver torque demand (Td) and the propulsion unit rotational speed (ωe) as input data, in order to minimize oscillations,
wherein the dosed loop LQR based controller is arranged to:
receive a full state vector information ({circumflex over (x)}) from a state observer based on at least the propulsion unit rotational speed (ωe);
generate a controller torque demand (Tf) used for controlling an output torque (Teng) of the propulsion unit based on the driver torque demand (Td) and the full state vector information ({circumflex over (x)}), and
wherein the closed loop LQR based controller is arranged to control the output torque (Teng) of the propulsion unit by regulating the following three performance index components of the controller to zero:
a time derivative of a drive shaft torque ({dot over (T)}shaft) of the drive shaft;
an integrated difference (xu) between the driver torque demand (Td) and the controller torque demand (Tf); and
a current difference between the driver torque demand (Td) and the controller torque demand (Tf).

12. The propulsion unit torque controller according to claim 11, wherein the closed loop LQR based controller is arranged to take backlash into account when controlling the output torque (Teng) of the propulsion unit by:
in case powertrain backlash will be traversed, providing an intermediate torque hold value (Urhold) that a requested torque (Td, Tr) may not exceed until a contact mode is reached, in order to limit acceleration shocks following the traversing of the backlash.

13. The propulsion unit torque controller according to claim 12, comprising
including a backlash angle (θb) as a state variable in the full state vector information ({circumflex over (x)});
determining if the powertrain is in a negative side contact mode, a positive side contact mode, or a non-contact mode, based on state mode transition conditions;
determining if the powertrain backlash will be traversed;
determining the intermediate torque hold value (Urhold);
controlling the output torque (Teng) of the propulsion unit by means of optimal control law of the closed loop LQR based controller in contact mode, and controlling the output torque (Teng) of the propulsion unit by means of open-loop control during non-contact mode.