# Patent

## Title
Laser machining apparatus

## Abstract

This apparatus uses a programmable controller to control laser beam and standard fiber chopper units. The units usually are affixed to resin mix heads. The conventional choppers use steel blades that are randomly spaced, angled and sized. The PC also varies the speed of the standard chopper. The laser device operates in a manner that allows one to set the pulse rate for the specific purpose of varying the fiber length. During operation, the intensity of the laser may be adjusted to accommodate cutting or different sizes and kinds of fibers. The apparatus preferably produces fiber reinforced urethane substrates such as interior door panels for automobile doors.

## Background
This invention relates to a programmable fiber chopper or gun which may be used, for example, to break continuous rovings such as glass fiber strands into discrete fiber lengths, the lengths being discharged from the chopper or gun at high velocity.

Glass choppers use fluid or eletric powered blade rotors to break continuous glass rovings into individual short glass fiber lengths. These choppers use a hard rubber back up roll as an anvil which cooperates with a rotor carrying one or more transversely extending blades. The back up roll and rotor cooperate to chop a discrete glass fiber length off the continuous roving each time a rotor blade contacts the back up roll.

Continuous fiberglass filaments are manufactured by flowing molten glass through a bushing, followed by attenuating the material. The resultant filaments, after solidifying, may then be directed to another area for conversion into desired products, or collected on a bobbin for storage prior to further processing. Formation of the filaments also normally involves treating the filaments with a size to enhance the properties of the fiberglass in subsequent operations.

Continuous filaments include a single filament or a plurality of filaments in a strand, with the filament having a continuous length or substantial length, e.g., greater than one foot. A plurality of filaments is a plurality of segments of a single filament in adjacent relationships, such as occurs when a single filament is wrapped around a bobbin tube.

Typically, fiberglass packages are formed from continuous filaments wound onto a tube. The inner end of the filament is then pulled from within the interior of the package to unwind the filament. This interior end feeds into the glass chopper.

Fiber choppers are employed in conjunction with liquid resin spray dispensers to form a stream of resin-impregnated chopped fibers that are laid down on a substrate to form a glass fiber reinforced structure. Typically, a fiber chopper has a body or housing, a backing roller and a chopping roller. As an elongated glass fiber strand passes between the rollers, it is chopped into relatively short fiber segments and propelled by the action of the rollers out through a nozzle opening in the body of the chopper. The body and thus the nozzle are oriented so as to direct the stream of fibers into intersecting relationship with a stream of catalyzed resin, thus forming a stream of resin-impregnated chopped fibers. The stream of resin impregnated fibers is directed toward a substrate, and is allowed to impinge the substrate and form a layer of resin-impregnated fibers on the substrate. Typical products include auto body parts, underground storage tanks and boats.

The programmable controller (PLC) of this invention is used with laser beam or existing standard fiber chopper units. The units typically are used in conjunction with resin mix heads. Conventional glass choppers use steel blades, chisel-shaped teeth and the like. The cutting blades or teeth are randomly spaced, angled and sized to yield chopped fibers of different length. In addition to the embodiment of varying the spacing, angling and sizing, a programmable controller can vary the cutting. These varying speeds and configurations respond to a program to produce chopped fibers of varying lengths. The laser device operates in a manner that allows me to set the pulse rate for the specific purpose of varying the fiber length. During the injection operation, intensity of the laser may be adjusted to accommodate cutting of different sizes and kinds of fibers.

The lasers I use in my glass fiber chopper may vary widely. The device produces a beam of coherent or monochromatic light as a result of photon-stimulated emission. The beams have extremely high energy, as they consist of a single wave-length and frequency. I designed my laser chopper for use in producing long fiber reinforced urethane products such as interior panels for automobile doors.

I designed the chopper of this invention to produce chopped fibers having a length ranging from 1/2 inch to 6 inches. In a second embodiment, however, the chopper can cut lengths as short as 1/4 inch. In still another embodiment, the chopper can cut fibers of varying length. With the aid of a programmable controller, the chopper can vary the length of fibers during its operation. For example, when producing fibers for a molding operation of ribbed part, the chopper can produce short fibers for the ribs and long fibers for the body of the part. A programmable controller (PLC) easily controls the chopper to vary fiber lengths during chopping. Typically, the PLC and chopper are used with a robotic arm to produce the desired chopped fiber pattern.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the laser beam of this invention.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged fragmentary view showing another embodiment of the laser beam cutting device of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an apparatus combining the laser glass chopper with a resin mixing head.

FIG. 4 is a side view of a continuous non-laser cutter for a fibrous chopper.

The laser I use in my glass fiber chopper may vary widely. The device produces a beam of coherent or monochromatic light as a result of photon-stimulated emission. The beams have extremely high energy, as they consist of a single wave-length and frequency. Materials capable of producing this effect are certain high-purity crystals (ruby, yttrium garnet, and metallic tungstates or molybdates doped with rare-earth ions). Other materials include semiconductors such as gallium arsenide, neodymium-doped glass; and various gases, including carbon dioxide, helium, argon and neon; and plasmas.

In one embodiment, this non-contact cutting method cuts or chops the glass fibers at high speeds using a diffraction-limited neodymium (Nd) yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) laser operated in a high peak power mode at a high pulse rates. In this manner, the fibers can be cut with a minimal heat affected zone (HAZ). Selective and multiple wavelength processing is employed. In applying the laser, different and multiple wavelengths are used to rapidly cut the fibers with minimal physical damage and with minimal heat damage to the fibers.

FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic block diagram 10 of cutting fibers with a laser operated in a high peak power mode at high pulse rates, in accordance with the prevent invention. Specifically, a beam 12 from oscillator 14 is applied to an amplifier 16. The oscillator 14 may be any low power oscillator capable of generating a beam that is diffraction limited, i.e., the best available beam, such as a commercially available diffraction-limited Nd:YAG laser or rod laser oscillator. The amplifier 16 may be any suitable amplifier capable of amplifying beam 12 while preserving the beam quality, and is preferably a slab laser amplifier which is commercially available. The advantage of a slab laser amplifier is that it can maintain the beam quality from the oscillator.

FIG. 1 also shows amplified beam 18 output from amplifier 16 applied to a Q-switch crystal 20. Switch 20 may be any suitable commercially available Q-switch device, preferably capable of providing a very short pulse length. For the same energy content, a shorter pulse length pulse has greater peak power than a longer pulse length pulse. The amplified beam 18 is then focused, i.e. reduced in cross-section, at focusing lens 22. The focused beam 24 then cuts fiber 26.

In a preferred embodiment, cuts are achieved at average powers greater than 40 watts, with pulse rates greater than 3,000 pulses/second. The peak energy is preferably between 6 and 10 mJ, and cutting speeds are preferably between 10 and 25 ipm. Cutting is preferably performed in an inert environment, such as a N.sub.2 purge. These parameters result in clean cuts with minimal HAZ.

Several combinations of wavelengths are possible, including, but not limited to the following. A first combination comprises the fundamental and frequency doubled Nd:YAG wavelengths (i.e., a 1.06 micron wavelength and a 0.530 micron wavelength). This combination provides increased coupling and power density for the same optics because of the shorter wavelength components, since all produced laser energy is used.

FIG. 1 also shows that gas nozzle 28, such as a nitrogen (N.sub.2) or carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) gas nozzle can be included to protect the fibers during the process. Gas 29 emitted from nozzle 28 changes the environment in which the fibers are cut. The gas can be used to prevent the formation of oxides or burning of the fibers. Hence, cutting can be performed in an inert environment.

FIG. 2 shows nozzle 28 and laser beam 24 combined into a unitary piece of apparatus. In this embodiment, nozzle 28 requires gas inlet 28A.

The cutting process is essentially one of material removal from the cut or kerf. The effectiveness of a laser for cutting can be increased by the use of a gas jet with laser beam. The gas jet usually is an inert gas such as CO.sub.2 or N.sub.2. The gas aids in cooling the fibers resulting in a square edge cut. The cooling effect outside the beam focus is normally large enough to prevent burning outside this region at high speeds. A limited amount of carbonization at the cut edge occurs, however, with or without an inert environment. Often, air at high speeds may prevent burning of the fiber cut. At slow speeds, one should use can inert gas to prevent excessive carbonization. The effect is little more than discoloration and decreases with faster cutting speeds.

The inert gas nozzle and the fluid discharge block for discharging the cut fibers can be the same piece of equipment.

FIG. 3 also show chopper 30 having body 32 and nozzle 34. Nozzle 34 may have any configuration. Nozzle 34 alone or with a deflector (not shown) causes all of the fiber segments issuing from nozzle 34 to form fiber stream 36. Resin spray head 38 then directs resin spray 40 at fiber stream 36. Resin spray head 38 is normally situated immediately below the fiber chopper 30.

FIG. 3 also shows fluid discharge block 42 discharging fluid (air) 44. Block 42 is used if necessary in the event that nip rollers 46 do not propel fibers 26 with sufficient force to discharge nozzle 34. In another embodiment, nozzle 28 and inert gas 29 may be used to propel fibers 26. In this event, block 42 is not needed. In still another embodiment, block 42 and nozzle 28 may not be needed. Faster cutting speeds may eliminate the need for these units. Programmable controller (PLC) 48 adjusts laser beam 24 to vary the chopped fiber length as desired during the chopping operation.

The production efficiency of this laser glass fiber chopping apparatus is greatly improved by use of the continuous cutter in accordance with the present invention. Downtime due to individual blade replacement is effectively eliminated and in actual usage, the continuous cutter has operated satisfactorily indefinite periods of time. This compares to an average production life of less than 24 hours for a replaceable blade type cutter head. Even improved cutter rings, cutter wheels or hoops using chisel-shaped teeth have a finite life of one or two weeks.

FIG. 4 shows non-laser, fibrous chopper 50 which is any fibrous chopper known in the art. Chopper 50 includes cutting roller 52 and parallel roller 54 aligned parallel to roller 52. An adjustable drive means (not shown) drives rollers 52 and 54. Outer peripheral surface 56 of roller 52 includes chisel-shaped teeth 58. Teeth 58 may be other cutting edges such as cutting blades. Teeth 58 may be equally spaced, angled and uniformly sized in height and width. Teeth 58 also may be randomly spaced, angled and sized to give chopped fibers of different length. Outer peripheral surface 60 of wheel 54 is made of elastomer material 62. Cooperative rotation of rollers 52 and 54 causes teeth 58 to cut fibers 26 against surface 60, thereby producing chopped fibers 36. Fibers 26 may be in the form of continuous fibers, filaments, strands and the like.

In operation, chopper 50 replaces laser 22 and laser beam 24. In addition to the embodiment of varying the spacing, angling and sizing of teeth 58, controller 48 can vary the speed of rollers 52 and 54. Controller 48 also can vary the speed of nip rollers 46. These varying speeds and configurations respond to a programmed controller 48 to produce chopped fibers 36 in varying length ranging from 1/2 inch to 6 inches. The memory or program for controller 48 is stored in a computer or EEPROM (not shown) connected to controller 48.

The industry typically uses polyester resins in spray-up applications for producing auto body parts, underground storage tanks and boat hulls. While my apparatus may be used in such applications, I designed my laser chopper for use in producing fiber reinforced polyurethane products.

One industrial application for the laser chopper of this invention is compression molding of interior trim panels for automobile doors. Vinyl panels first are vacuumed formed and transferred to the open mold of a compression mold. The laser chopper than sprays chopped glass fiber strands onto the vinyl preform. The chopped strands range in length from 1/2 inch to 6 inches. The glass is shaped onto the vinyl preform with a polyol, isocyanate (--NCO) urethane resin mixture. The resulting polyurethane contained a small amount of blowing agent to yield a polyurethane foam having a density of about 0.5 lbs/ft.sup.3. The densities, however, may range from 0.25 to 2.0 lbs/ft.sup.3. More specifically, a polyol such as polypropylene glycol is treated with a diisocyanate in the presence of some water and a catalyst (amines, tin soaps, organic tin compounds). As the polymer forms, the water reacts with the isocyanate groups to cause crosslinking and also produces carbon dioxide, which causes foaming. In other cases, trifluoromethane or similar volatile material may be used as blowing agents.

The glass loading is the polyurethane was about 15 to 18 weight percent. The polyurethane foam, however, may contain 10 to 60 weight percent glass fibers. Additional trim may be included in the mold, such as carpet panels. After compression molding, the part is ready for fastening to an automobile door. The glass loading and spray pattern can be tailored as desired with the use of a programmable controller. For example, ribs molded into the panel require high glass loadings of short fibers in the rib area. Edges of the panel require additional glass for added strength.

Weight percent as used herein is based on weight average molecular weight.

While compression molding demonstrates the industrial uses for this laser chopper, one can use the laser to produce a wide variety of substrates with a wide variety of molding operations. The laser easily lends itself to use with, for example, resin inspected molding (RIM). The laser easily works with other fibers, such as polyamides (nylon), mineral fibers, aramid (Kevlar) fibers and the like.

While we show the fiber spray and resin spray coming together before spraying the substrate to be molded, these streams can be combined, separated or run independently of each other. The streams also can be mixed from concentric tubes with the fibers preferably being fed by the center tube. One also could first spray the fibers into a mold before pouring in the resin.

Although the now preferred embodiments of the invention have been set forth, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.

## Claims

1. An apparatus for chopping continuous fibers into discrete fiber lengths comprising: continuous fibers are glass fiber strands; chopper; and from the chopper and controlling the means for feeding fibers into the chopper to vary the fiber lengths with minimal physical damage and with minimal heat damage to the fibers.

2. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the chopper is a laser creating a laser beam.

3. An apparatus according to claim 2 wherein the laser has a variable power range and a variable pulse rate, the laser beam has a variable wavelength based on the variable power range and the variable pulse rate of the laser, and the programmable controller includes a program to vary the power range and vary the pulse rate of the laser.

4. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the fiber chopper is a rotatable roller having a periphery, cutting blades mounted on the periphery and a rotatable backing roller mounted for cooperation with the cutting blades for chopping discrete fiber lengths.

5. An apparatus according to claim 4 wherein the cutting blades are knife edges or chisel-shaped teeth.

6. An apparatus according to claim 4 wherein the cutting blades are randomly spaced, angled and sized to yield discrete fiber lengths ranging from 1/2 inch to 6 inches in length.

7. An apparatus according to claim 4 wherein the fiber chopper has a rotation speed and the programmable controller controls the rotation speed.

8. An apparatus according to claim 7 wherein the programmable controller also controls the means for feeding continuous fibers to the chopper.

9. A method for chopping continuous fibers into discrete fiber lengths comprising the steps of: fibers are glass fiber strands; fluid; lengths with minimal physical damage and with minimal heat damage to the strands.

10. A method according to claim 9 wherein the chopping is carried out with a laser creating a laser beam.

11. A method according to claim 9 wherein the continuous fibers are chopped by feeding them into a rotating roller having a periphery, cutting blades mounted on the periphery and a rotating backing roller mounted for cooperation with the cutting blades for chopping discrete fiber lengths.

12. A method according to claim 11 wherein randomly spaced, angled and sized cutting blades chop the continuous fibers into discrete fiber lengths ranging from 1/2 inch to 6 inches in length.

13. A method according to claim 11 including the step of controlling the rotating rollers to vary the fiber lengths.

14. A method according to claim 11 including the step of controlling the means for feeding continuous fibers to the chopper.