Simple Solutions
 

Ergonomics for Construction Workers
 

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
 

Simple Solutions 

———————— 

Ergonomics for Construction Workers
 

James T. Albers 

NIOSH Division of Applied Research and Technology 

Cheryl F. Estill 

NIOSH Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES 

Public Health Service 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

2007 
Disclaimers and Ordering Information 

This document is in the public domain and may be freely copied or reprinted. 

Disclaimers 

Mention of any company or product does not constitute endorsement by the National Institute for 

Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). In addition, citations to Web sites external to NIOSH do 

not constitute NIOSH endorsement of the sponsoring organizations or their programs or products. 

Furthermore, NIOSH is not responsible for the content of these Web sites. 

The views expressed by non-NIOSH authors in these proceedings are not necessarily those of NIOSH. 

Ordering Information 

To receive documents or other information about occupational safety and health topics, contact 

NIOSH at: 

NIOSH—Publications Dissemination
 

4676 Columbia Parkway
 

Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998
 

Phone: (800) CDC-INFO (232-4636)
 

TTY: (888) 232-6348
 

E-mail: cdcinfo@cdc.gov
 

Website: www.cdc.gov/niosh
 

For a monthly update on news at NIOSH, subscribe to NIOSH eNews by visiting
 

www.cdc.gov/niosh/eNews.
 

NIOSH is a federal government research agency that works to identify the causes of work-related 

diseases and injuries, evaluate the hazards of new technologies and work practices, and create ways to 

control these hazards so that workers are protected. 

DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2007–122, August 2007. 
Acknowledgments 

Writing and Research

 James T. Albers, NIOSH Division of Applied Research and Technology

 Cheryl F. Estill, NIOSH Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies 

Editing and Design

 Eugene Darling, Labor Occupational Health Program (LOHP), University of California, Berkeley

 Kate Oliver, LOHP

 Laura Stock, LOHP

 Anne Votaw, NIOSH 

Illustrations

 Mary Ann Zapalac 

Photo Credits 

All photos: NIOSH, except: p.23 (bottom) Jennifer Hess; p.27 (both photos) Earl Dotter; p.29 

(bottom) Racatac Industries Inc.; p.31 (both photos) Non-Stop Scaffolding; p.35 (left) Genie 

Industries, (right) Scott Schneider; p.37 (bottom) Streimer Sheet Metal Works, Inc.; p.39 (bottom) 

Hilti Corporation; p.41 (top) Midstate Education and Service Foundation, (bottom) Tape Tech Tools; 

p.43 (both photos) Midstate Education and Service Foundation; p.49 (bottom) Expanded Shale, Clay, 

and Slate Institute; p.51 (top) Messer Construction, (bottom) Spec Mix Inc.; p.53 (top) Scott Fulmer, 

(middle/bottom) Jennifer Hess; p.55 (top) Wood’s Powr-Grip; p.59 Cal/OSHA; p.61 (all photos) 

Cal/OSHA; p.63 (all photos) Midstate Education and Service Foundation; p.65 (bottom) Quickpoint, 

Inc.; p.67 (bottom) ErgoAir, Inc.; p.69 (top) Messer Construction; p.71 (middle/bottom) Midwest 

Tool and Cutlery Co.; p.73 (bottom) Slip-On Lock Nut Co. and Morton Machine Works. 

Tip Sheet Contributors 

Tip Sheet #1. Jim Albers, MPH, CIH, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH, and Cherie Estill, MS, PE, NIOSH, 

Cincinnati, OH. 

Tip Sheet #2. Scott Schneider, MS, CIH, Laborers’ Health and Safety Fund of North America, 

Washington, DC, and Jim Albers, MPH, CIH, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH. 

Tip Sheet #3. Jennifer Hess, DC, PhD, University of Oregon Labor Education and Research Center, 

Eugene, OR, and Jim Albers, MPH, CIH, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH. 

Tip Sheet #4. Kate Stewart, MS, and Steve Russell, MS, Seattle, WA, and Build It Smart, Olympia, 

WA. 

Tip Sheet #5. Peter Vi, MS, Construction Safety Association of Ontario, Etobicoke, Ontario, 

Canada, and Jim Albers, MPH, CIH, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH. 

Tip Sheet #6. Phil Lemons and Kelly True, Streimer Sheet Metal, Portland, OR, and Jim Albers, 

MPH, CIH, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH. 
Tip Sheet #7. Charles P. Austin, MS, CIH, Sheet Metal Occupational Health Institute Trust (SMOHIT), 

Alexandria, VA. 

Tip Sheet #8. Greg Shaw, Midstate Education and Service Foundation, Ithaca, NY. 

Tip Sheet #9. Greg Shaw, Midstate Education and Service Foundation, Ithaca, NY. 

Tip Sheet #10. Dan Anton, PhD, PT, ATC, University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Department of 

Occupational and Environmental Health, Iowa City, IA. 

Tip Sheet #11. Pamela Entzel, JD, MPH, Center to Protect Workers’ Rights, Silver Spring, MD, Jim 

Albers, MPH, CIH, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH, and Cherie Estill, MS, PE, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH. 

Tip Sheet #12. Jennifer Hess, DC, PhD, University of Oregon Labor Education and Research Center, 

Eugene, OR, and the Center to Protect Workers’ Rights, Silver Spring, MD. 

Tip Sheet #13. Jim Albers, MPH, CIH, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH, and Cherie Estill, MS, PE, NIOSH, 

Cincinnati, OH. 

Tip Sheet #14. Adapted from the booklet Easy Ergonomics: A Guide to Selecting Non-Powered Hand 

Tools (2004), a joint publication of the California Dept. of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA) 

and NIOSH. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease 

Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) 

Publication No.2004-164. 

Tip Sheet #15. Greg Shaw, Midstate Education and Service Foundation, Ithaca, NY. 

Tip Sheet #16. Jim Albers, MPH, CIH, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH, and Cherie Estill, MS, PE, NIOSH, 

Cincinnati, OH. 

Tip Sheet #17. Jim Albers, MPH, CIH, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH, and Cherie Estill, MS, PE, NIOSH, 

Cincinnati, OH. 

Tip Sheet #18. Jim Albers, MPH, CIH, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH, and Cherie Estill, MS, PE, NIOSH, 

Cincinnati, OH. 

Tip Sheet #19. Charles P. Austin, MS, Sheet Metal Occupational Health Institute Trust (SMOHIT), 

Alexandria, VA, Jim Albers, MPH, CIH, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH, and Cherie Estill, MS, PE, NIOSH, 

Cincinnati, OH. 

Tip Sheet #20. Jim Albers, MPH, CIH, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH, and Cherie Estill, MS, PE, NIOSH, 

Cincinnati, OH. 
Reviewers 

NIOSH wishes to acknowledge the following early reviewers of this document. Reviewers’ 

RUJDQL]DWLRQVDUHOLVWHGIRULGHQWL¿FDWLRQRQO\:KLOHWKHLUVXJJHVWLRQVKDYHLPSURYHGWKHTXDOLW\

of the material, the authors accept full responsibility for the content: Tom Alexander (Independent 

Electrical Contractors, National Safety Committee), Tony Barsotti, CSP (Temp-Control Mechanical 

Corporation), Bruce Bowman, PE (Independent Electrical Contractors, National Safety Committee), 

Stephen Hecker, PhD (University of Washington-Seattle), Ira Janowitz, MS, CPE (Lawrence Livermore 

National Laboratory), Rashod Johnson, PE (Masonry Contractors Association of America), Phil 

Lemons, CSP (Streimer Sheet Metal), John Masarick (Independent Electrical Contractors), Mike 

McCullion, CSP (Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association), Jim McGlothlin, 

PhD, CPE (Purdue University), Gary Mirka, PhD (Iowa State University), Brian L. Roberts, CSP, CIE 

(Independent Electrical Contractors), Kristy Schultz, MS, CIE (California State Compensation Insurance 

Fund). 

SIMPLE SOLUTIONS
 

Table of Contents
 

Foreword...............................................................................................................................................9
 

Why This Booklet? .............................................................................................................................11
 

Oh, My Aching Body!.........................................................................................................................13
 

What Is Ergonomics? ........................................................................................................................15
 

Simple Solutions for Floor and Ground-Level Work

 Introduction....................................................................................................................................19
 

TIP SHEET #1 Fastening Tools that Reduce Stooping ...................................................................23 

TIP SHEET #2 Motorized Concrete Screeds ..................................................................................25 

TIP SHEET #3 Rebar-Tying Tools ..................................................................................................27 

TIP SHEET #4 Kneeling Creepers..................................................................................................29 

TIP SHEET #5 Adjustable Scaffolding for Masonry Work ............................................................31 

Simple Solutions for Overhead Work

 Introduction....................................................................................................................................33
 

TIP SHEET #6 Bit Extension Shafts for Drills and Screw Guns....................................................37
 

TIP SHEET #7 Extension Poles for Powder-Actuated Tools..........................................................39
 

TIP SHEET #8 Spring-Assisted Drywall Finishing Tools ..............................................................41
 

TIP SHEET #9 Pneumatic Drywall Finishing Systems ..................................................................43
 

Simple Solutions for Lifting, Holding, and Handling Materials

 Introduction....................................................................................................................................45
 

TIP SHEET #10 Lightweight Concrete Block ..................................................................................49
 

TIP SHEET #11 Pre-Blended Mortar and Grout Bulk Delivery Systems.........................................51
 

TIP SHEET #12 Skid Plates to Move Concrete-Filled Hoses...........................................................53
 

TIP SHEET #13 Vacuum Lifters for Windows and Sheet Materials.................................................55
 

Simple Solutions for Hand-Intensive Work

 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................57
 

TIP SHEET #14 Ergonomic Hand Tools...........................................................................................61
 

TIP SHEET #15 Easy-Hold Glove for Mud Pans .............................................................................63
 

TIP SHEET #16 Power Caulking Guns.............................................................................................65
 

TIP SHEET #17 Reduced Vibration Power Tools.............................................................................67
 

TIP SHEET #18 Power Cleaning and Reaming with a Brush...........................................................69
 

TIP SHEET #19 Snips for Cutting Sheet Metal ................................................................................71
 

TIP SHEET #20 Quick-Threading Lock Nuts...................................................................................73
 

Glossary...............................................................................................................................................75
 

References ..........................................................................................................................................81
 

SIMPLE SOLUTIONS
 

Foreword
 

Construction is a physically demanding occupation, but a vital part of our nation and the U.S. 

economy. In 2006, the total annual average number of workers employed in construction rose to 

an all-time high of nearly 7.7 million, according to U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data. This large 

workforce handled tasks that range from carrying heavy loads to performing repetitive tasks, placing 

them at risk of serious injury. The physically demanding nature of this work helps to explain why 

injuries, such as strains, sprains, and work-related musculoskeletal disorders, are so prevalent and 

are the most common injury resulting in days away from work. 

Although the construction industry presents many workplace hazards, there are contractors in 

the U.S. who are successfully implementing safety and health programs to address these issues, 

including work-related musculoskeletal disorders. 

The safety and health of all workers is a top priority for NIOSH. This booklet is intended to aid in 

the prevention of common job injuries that can occur in the construction industry. 

The solutions in this booklet are practical ideas to help reduce the risk of repetitive stress injury in 

common construction tasks. While some solutions may need the involvement of the building owner 

or general contractor, there are also many ideas that individual workers and supervisors can adopt. 

7KHUHDUHVHFWLRQVRQÀRRUDQGJURXQGOHYHOZRUNRYHUKHDGZRUNPDWHULDOKDQGOLQJDQGKDQG

intensive work. For each type of work, “simple solutions” for various tasks are described in a series 

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worker and employer, how much it costs, and where it can be purchased. All these solutions are 

readily available and are actually in use today in the U.S. construction industry. 

We encourage both contractors and workers to consider the “simple solutions” in this booklet and 

look for ways you can adapt them to your own job and worksite. 

John Howard, M.D. 

Director 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

— 9 —
 
— 10 —
 
SIMPLE SOLUTIONS
 

Why This Booklet? 

This booklet is intended for construction workers, unions, supervisors, contractors, safety 

specialists, human resources managers—anyone with an interest in safe construction sites. Some of the 

most common injuries in construction are the result of job demands that push the human body beyond 

its natural limits. Workers who must often lift, stoop, kneel, twist, grip, stretch, reach overhead, or work 

in other awkward positions to do a job are at risk of developing a work-related musculoskeletal disorder 

(WMSD). These can include back problems, carpal tunnel syndrome, tendinitis, rotator cuff tears, 

sprains, and strains. 

To aid in the prevention of these injuries, this booklet suggests many simple and inexpensive ways to 

make construction tasks easier, more comfortable, and better suited to the needs of the human body. 

Example of a “simple solution.” This ironworker uses
 

a tool that automatically ties rebar with the pull of a 


trigger. The extended handle lets him work while standing 


upright. No leaning, kneeling, stooping, or hand twisting 


are necessary.
 

Did You Know . . . ? 

•	 Construction is one of the most hazardous industries in the United States. 

•	 The number of back injuries in U.S. construction was 50% higher than the average for all other U.S.

 industries in 1999 (CPWR, 2002). 

•	 Backaches and pain in the shoulders, neck, arms, and hands were the most common symptoms

 reported by construction workers in one study (Cook et al, 1996). 

•	 Material handling incidents account for 32% of workers’ compensation claims in construction, and

 25% of the cost of all claims. The average cost per claim is $9,240 (CNA, 2000). 

— 11 —
 
• Musculoskeletal injuries can cause temporary or even permanent disability, which can affect the 

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injury. All of the items described in this booklet have been used on working construction sites. Given 

the nature of construction, some solutions here may not be appropriate for all worksites. Sometimes 

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This booklet provides general information regarding the methods some construction contractors have 

used to reduce workers’ exposures to risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The 

examples described in this booklet may not be appropriate for all types of construction work. The use 

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not occur. The information contained in this booklet does not produce new obligations or establish any 

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Our goal has been to describe solutions that are also cost-effective. Although the cost of some of the 

solutions here exceeds $1,000, which may be too high for some contractors, we believe successful 

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— 12 —
 
SIMPLE SOLUTIONS
 

Oh, My Aching Body!
 

Construction work is hard work, and construction workers feel the results. In one survey, seven out 

ten construction workers from 13 trades reported back pain, and nearly a third went to the doctor for it 

(Cook et al, 1996). 

Back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, tendinitis, rotator cuff syndrome, sprains, and strains are types 

of musculoskeletal disorders. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are caused by job 

DFWLYLWLHVDQGFRQGLWLRQVOLNHOLIWLQJUHSHWLWLYHPRWLRQVDQGZRUNLQFRQ¿QHGDUHDV$OORIWKHVHDUHSDUW

of construction work. WMSDs can become long-term, disabling health problems that keep you from 

working and enjoying life. Not only do these injuries hurt your body, but they can reduce your earnings 

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You have an increased risk of these injuries if you often: 

• Carry heavy loads 

• Work on your knees 

• Twist your hands or wrists 

• Stretch to work overhead 

• Use certain types of tools 

• 8VHYLEUDWLQJWRROVRUHTXLSPHQW

On top of that, tight deadlines mean a fast pace. Pushing the pace increases your risk even more. 

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highest risks for developing a WMSD were “in industries characterized by manual handling and forceful 

repetitive exertions.” According to the study, construction work accounted for 10 of the top 25 sectors in 

need of interventions to prevent neck, back, and upper extremity WMSDs (Silverstein, 1998). 

One insurance company reported that 29% of insured mechanical and electrical contractors’ workers’ 

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disability. The insurer also reported that WMSD claims for electrical contractors average around $6,600 

for each WMSD, while the average claim for a mechanical contractor was around $7,300 (NIOSH 

2006). 

Many people in construction believe that sprains and strains are just the nature of the business. But 

new tools and materials are now available that can make work less risky and increase productivity. This 

booklet shows some of the solutions, large and small, to WMSDs. 

— 13 —
 
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QHHGWRUHYLHZFRVWTXDOLW\DQGVLWHVSHFL¿FLQIRUPDWLRQWRPDNHVXUHWKDWWKHVROXWLRQZLOOPHHW\RXU

needs. Also, these ideas can be adapted. Notice the principles involved: What kinds of activities are most 

likely to cause injuries? How can they be minimized? 

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injuries. We wish you the best as you strive to make improvements to the work you do and your 

worksite. 

NIOSH believes that better work practices and tools can 

reduce the frequency and seriousness of sprains and 

strains among construction workers. 

These suggestions can be adapted for your own jobsite. 

SAFER • HEALTHIER • PEOPLETM 

— 14 —
 
SIMPLE SOLUTIONS
 

What Is Ergonomics? 

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Ergonomics tries to come up with solutions to make sure workers stay safe, comfortable, and productive. 

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Ergonomics is a new topic for the construction industry, but the ideas have been around for many years. 

For example, in 1894 the split-level scaffold was designed for masonry work in the U.S. to reduce 

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by reducing the time spent in awkward positions. There is still a strong case for using ergonomic 

improvements both to reduce workers’ exposure to risk factors for WMSDs and to improve their 

productivity. 

Ergonomics looks at how: 

A 

R 

E 

• Physical abilities of the human body 

— and — 

• Limitations of the human body 

R 

E 

L 

A 

T 

E 

D 

T 

O 

• Work tasks 

• 7RROVHTXLSPHQWDQGPDWHULDOV

• The job environment 

Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders 

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are the leading cause of disability for people in their 

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• Gripping • Kneeling • Lifting 

• Working in awkward positions • Applying force • Repeating movements 

• Bending • Working overhead • Twisting 

• 8VLQJYLEUDWLQJHTXLSPHQW • 6TXDWWLQJ • Over-reaching. 

7KHEHVWZD\WRUHGXFH:06'VLVWRXVHWKHSULQFLSOHVRIHUJRQRPLFVWRUHGHVLJQWRROVHTXLSPHQW

materials, or work processes. 

— 15 —
 
 

 

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jobs reduces workers’ contact with those factors that can result in injury. When ergonomic changes are 

introduced into the workplace or job site, they should always be accompanied by worker training on how 

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Do You Need an Ergonomics Program? 

Many ergonomics experts recommend that employers and joint labor-management groups develop their 

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may operate as part of the site’s health and safety program, or may be separate. An ergonomics program 

can be a valuable way to reduce injuries, improve worker morale, and lower workers’ compensation 

costs. Often, these programs can also increase productivity. 

There may be a particularly urgent need for an ergonomics program at your site if: 

•	 Injury records or workers’ compensation claims show excessive hand, arm, and shoulder 

problems; low back pain; or carpal tunnel syndrome. 

•	 Workers often say that some tasks are causing aches, pains, or soreness, especially if these 

symptoms do not go away after a night’s rest. 

•	 7KHUHDUHMREVRQWKHVLWHWKDWUHTXLUHIRUFHIXODFWLRQVPRYHPHQWVWKDWDUHUHSHDWHGRYHUDQG

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raising arms, bending over, or kneeling. 

• Other businesses similar to yours have high rates of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. 

• 7UDGHPDJD]LQHVRULQVXUDQFHSXEOLFDWLRQVLQ\RXULQGXVWU\IUHTXHQWO\FRYHUWKHVHGLVRUGHUV

Effective ergonomics programs have included the following elements: 

•	 Employer commitment of time, personnel, and resources 

•	 Someone in charge of the program who is authorized to make decisions and institute change 

•	 $FWLYHHPSOR\HHLQYROYHPHQWLQLGHQWLI\LQJSUREOHPVDQG¿QGLQJVROXWLRQV

•	 $FOHDUO\GH¿QHGDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVWUXFWXUHVXFKDVDFRPPLWWHH

•	 A system to identify and analyze risk factors 

• 	 $V\VWHPWRUHVHDUFKREWDLQDQGLPSOHPHQWVROXWLRQVVXFKDVQHZHTXLSPHQW

•	 Worker and management training 

•	 Medical care for injured workers 

— 16 —
 
• Maintaining good injury records 

• Regular evaluation of the program’s effectiveness. 

Education and training programs have been developed for construction general contractors by the 

Associated General Contractors, the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners, the Sheet Metal 

Occupational Health Institute, and the Laborers’ Union. Although the problems and solutions described 

LQWKHVHRUJDQL]DWLRQV¶PDWHULDOVPD\EHVSHFL¿FWRDVHFWRURUWUDGH\RXPD\¿QGWKHPXVHIXOZKHQ

developing your own ergonomics program. 

For additional information on developing an ergonomics program, see Elements of Ergonomics 

Programs (NIOSH Pub. No. 97-117) at www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/97-117. 

— 17 —
 
— 18 —
 
INTRODUCTION
 

Simple Solutions for 

Floor and Ground-Level Work 

The Problem 

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may develop a serious muscle or joint injury. Your risk is higher if you stoop or kneel often or for long 

periods of time. It is also higher if you twist your body while working in these positions. 

These positions can also make it harder to do your job. When stooping or kneeling, you can’t lift, push, 

or pull as much weight without putting stress on your body. 

Injuries & Disorders 

Below are some of the injuries you may develop 

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Lower back. Your spine runs from the top of your 

neck down to your lower back. It is made up of 

many bones called vertebrae, one below another. 

Between the vertebrae are joints and discs. These 

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inside. 

When you bend forward, your back muscles work 

harder and the ligamentsORQJ¿EHUVVXSSRUWLQJ

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different parts of the spine, including nerves. This 

can cause back pain. If you bend forward over and 

over for months or years, the discs are weakened, 

which may lead to disc rupture (or “herniation”). 

Twisting your body while bending puts even 

more pressure on the discs, and more stress on the 

cartilage and ligaments, especially when you are 

exerting force to lift, push, or pull objects. 

— 19 —
 
c 

Knee. The muscles in your knee are
 

connected to your leg by tendons. Between
 

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called bursa. They lubricate the knee so it
 

moves easily.
 

Continual stress on your knee can cause 

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DQGLQÀDPHGbursitis). This stress can also 

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resulting in pain (tendinitis). 

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developing bursitis, tendinitis, or arthritis in 

the knee. The risk of arthritis increases for 

workers who already have had a knee injury 

and work in these positions. 

Some Solutions 

Floor-level work cannot be eliminated from 

but it is possible to change how you do it so 

on your body. Solutions are available that can 

level of stress on your back, knee, and other 

body. They may also reduce how often and h 

body is subjected to this stress. Many of the solutions can 

also eliminate other potential safety hazards and increase 

productivity. 

The type of task and the site conditions will determine which solutions are best for you. A few possible 

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Change materials or work processes. One of the most effective solutions may be to use materials, 

building components, or work methods that are less labor-intensive, so the task takes less time and you 

therefore kneel and stoop for a shorter period. Because there may be cost, contract, and engineering 

issues involved, an individual construction worker or subcontractor usually cannot make a decision like 

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However, individual workers often can change the way they do the work. Sometimes people work 

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assembling, mixing, or other tasks. This is common, for example, when assembling sheet metal ducts 

or building rebar cages. This increases the amount of stooping or kneeling that is necessary. Rather than 

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is possible to make your own improvised workbench out of materials you have available. 

— 20 —
 
I

Change tools and/or equipment. For example, use tools with extension handles that let you stand up 

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Change work rules and provide training.&RQWUDFWRUVFDQVHWVLWHUXOHVWKDWUHTXLUHWKHXVHRIEHQFKHV

tables, or sawhorses to raise the work up so less kneeling and stooping are necessary. Rules can also 

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ÀRRUOHYHOZRUNZLWKRXWDEUHDN,QFDVHVZKHUHNQHHOLQJRQDKDUGVXUIDFHFDQQRWEHDYRLGHGNQHH

pads or some other type of padding should be used. Also, a policy of providing ergonomics training 

PD\KHOSZRUNHUVPRUHTXLFNO\LGHQWLI\SRWHQWLDOSUREOHPVDQG¿QGHIIHFWLYHVROXWLRQV

Example: Gurney converted to work table
 

— 21 —
 
— 22 —
 
TIP SHEET #1 

Fastening Tools that
 

Simple Solutions Floor & Ground-Level Work . 

Solution: Autofeed stand-up screw gun
 

The Problem 

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construction workers often use screw 

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VWRRSLQJEHQGLQJNQHHOLQJRUVTXDWWLQJIRU

long periods of time. Working repeatedly in 

these positions can result in fatigue, pain, 

and injury. 

Your lower back and knees are the areas 

at greatest risk of a muscle or joint injury 

ZKHQ\RXVWRRSEHQGNQHHORUVTXDWIRU

prolonged periods. Your risk is increased if 

you have to lift, push, or pull while stooping. 

One Solution 

Use an auto-feed screw gun with an 

extension that allows you to stand upright 

while working. Standing while you work 

keeps your spine and knees in a neutral 

position, minimizing strain and muscle 

fatigue. Many stand-up tools have adjustable 

OHQJWKVWR¿WZRUNHUVRIGLIIHUHQWKHLJKWV

Stand-up screw guns that automatically 

feed the screws are available. Powderactuated fastening tools (PATs) can be used 

with a stand-up handle provided by the 

manufacturer. 

How It Works 

A screw gun with an extension can be 

XVHGWRVHFXUHVXEÀRRULQJIDOVHÀRRUVDQG

decking; to construct concrete forms; and to 

do other wood-to-wood jobs. You can also 

Reduce Stooping
 

Problem: Stooping to use screw gun 

— 23 —
 
 

 

use it for drywall and some metal-to-metal work. Screws for these guns come on easy-loading, collated 

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PRGHOVKDYHEHHQLPSURYHGVRWKH\GRQRWMDPOLNHROGHUPRGHOV7KHUHDUHPRGHOVZLWK¿[HGDQG

telescoping extensions. Some use extensions that can be removed, allowing the screw gun to be used by 

itself for walls. 

A powder-actuated fastening tool with a stand-up handle can be used to fasten metal track to concrete 

GHFNVIRULQWHULRUVWHHOIUDPLQJWRLQVWDOOSO\ZRRGRQWRFRQFUHWHDVDVXEVWUDWHIRUZRRGÀRRUVWRDWWDFK

lumber to concrete and masonry, and to make steel-to-steel connections. These are a fast, reliable, 

HI¿FLHQWIDVWHQLQJPHWKRGWKDWFDQEHXVHGLQGHSHQGHQWRIZHDWKHUFRQGLWLRQV7KH\¿UHDFDOLEHU

explosive charge to drive their fasteners. The fasteners are made from hardened steel and have a knurled 

shaft to anchor them securely in the base material. Pre-drilling holes is not necessary. The driving depth 

FDQEHDGMXVWHGIRUYDU\LQJMREVLWHFRQGLWLRQV+HDULQJSURWHFWLRQLVDGYLVHGZKHQ¿ULQJ3$7V

%HQH¿WVIRUWKH:RUNHUDQG(PSOR\HU

Workers who spend less time in a stooped position, or kneeling, have less chance of developing lower 

back and knee injuries. Productivity is also improved. Studies have shown that autofeed stand-up 

screw guns are about twice as fast at placing screws as traditional screw guns. Both stand-up screw 

JXQVDQG3$7WRROVZLWKVWDQGXSKDQGOHVKDYHLPSURYHGVLQFHWKH\ZHUH¿UVWLQWURGXFHGDQGDUHQRZ

more dependable and easier to use. Screws are more expensive than nails and may not be cost-effective 

IRUVRPHMREV+RZHYHUXVLQJVFUHZVPD\LPSURYHWKHTXDOLW\RIFRQVWUXFWLRQRQRWKHUMREVVXFKDV

LQVWDOOLQJVXEÀRRUV

Approximate Cost 

Stand-up screw guns are $200–400. PAT fastening tools with stand-up handles are $500–700. The PAT 

handles can also be purchased separately 

For More Information 

Ɣ Products related to this solution are described at www.cpwr.com/simple.html. Products also may be

 found on the internet using the following search terms: 

Stand-Up Screw Guns: “screw gun extension” 

Powder-Actuated Tools with Stand-Up Handles: (tool manufacturer) + “stand-up handle” 

Ɣ /RFDOFRQWUDFWRUWRRODQGHTXLSPHQWVXSSOLHUVRUUHQWDOFRPSDQLHVPD\EHDQRWKHUVRXUFHRI

 information on products. 

Ɣ For general information on this solution, check www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org and
 

www.elcosh.org.
 

— 24 —
 
TIP SHEET #2 

Motorized 

Concrete Screeds 

Simple Solutions Floor & Ground-Level Work . 

The Problem 

W Problem: Hand screeding hen you hand screed concrete, you work 

bent over, and you have to use a strong grip 

to pull the board over the wet concrete. Your 

arms and shoulders exert a lot of force over 

and over. 

Doing this work often or for a long period 

of time increases your chance of fatigue and 

pain. It puts major stresses on your back, 

knees, hands, arms, and shoulders, which 

may lead to serious muscle or joint injuries. 

One Solution 

Use a motorized screed (also called a 

vibratory screed). You can work standing 

upright, and operating the screed takes much 

less effort than hand screeding. 

This type of screed eliminates both 

screeding in a stooped position and the need 

for repeated arm and shoulder movements. 

How It Works 

The motorized screed consists of a blade or 

SORZWKDWÀRDWVRQWKHFRQFUHWHRQHRUWZR

gasoline motors that vibrate the blade, metal 

support tubing, and handles to hold when 

Solution: Motorized screeding
 

you operate it. 

It works best for small to medium-sized 

jobs. 

— 25 —
 
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A motorized screed should reduce a worker’s chance of developing muscle and joint injuries. This 

HTXLSPHQWJUHDWO\UHGXFHVWKHSK\VLFDOHIIRUWQHHGHGIRUKDQGVFUHHGLQJDQGHOLPLQDWHVWKHIUHTXHQWDQG

prolonged stooping. Little effort is needed to move the plow over the concrete surface. 

6FUHHGLQJZLWKPRWRUL]HGHTXLSPHQWFDQEHIDVWHUWKDQKDQGVFUHHGLQJ0DQ\FRQWUDFWRUVUHSRUW

improvements in productivity. The vibration of the blade improves the consolidation of the concrete and 

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There are some drawbacks. Although you can work around electrical or plumbing stubs, some hand 

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location. A single-engine screed weighs around 50 lbs., and can be awkward to lift and carry. Some 

VFUHHGVKDYHDTXLFNUHOHDVHV\VWHPWRUHPRYHWKHSORZIURPWKHIUDPHZKLFKPDNHVFDUU\LQJHDVLHU

Vibration can also be a problem. It is important to protect workers from hand-arm vibration syndrome 

(HAVS), a nerve disorder that can become disabling. NIOSH measured vibration levels on three types of 

motorized screeds. Two had the gasoline engine placed at the bottom of the frame and above the plow. 

One screed had the engine placed on a single shaft, and the operator held the shaft below the engine. 

Vibration levels for the two types with the engine at the bottom were below the current recommended 

guidelines to prevent HAVS. The third screed, which was also older and poorly maintained, gave off 

much higher vibration that could exceed current HAVS guidelines. Higher vibration levels are expected 

when the engine is connected to the frame or shaft that the operator must grip. When buying a motorized 

screed, ask about vibration levels and test drive the screed. 

Approximate Cost 

A single-engine motorized screed costs around $1,500. A twin-engine model costs around $4,000 and 

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For More Information 

Ɣ Products related to this solution are described at www.cpwr.com/simple.html. Products also may be 

found on the internet using the following search terms: “power screed,” “vibratory screed,” or 

“concrete screed.” 

Ɣ /RFDOFRQWUDFWRUWRRODQGHTXLSPHQWVXSSOLHUVRUUHQWDOFRPSDQLHVPD\EHDQRWKHUVRXUFHRI

 information on products. 

Ɣ For general information on this solution, check www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org and
 

www.elcosh.org.
 

— 26 —
 
TIP SHEET #3 

Rebar-Tying Tools
 

The Problem 

Ironworkers tie rebar by hand with pliers and 

WLHZLUH7KLVZRUNUHTXLUHVUHSHDWHGIDVW

hand and arm movements while applying a 

lot of force. If you tie rebar at ground level, 

you also have to work in a stooped position, 

with your body bent deeply forward. 

Tying rebar by hand increases your chance 

of developing hand-wrist disorders due to 

the high hand forces used to grip pliers, the 

rapid hand movements used to wrap and 

twist wire, and the high pressure on the hand 

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If you work at ground level, you also are at 

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prolonged stooping and bending. 

One Solution 

Use a rebar-tying tool. This lowers your 

risk of hand and wrist injury because it 

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UHTXLUHGZKHQXVLQJSOLHUV6RPHUHEDUWLHUV

allow you to work standing up, so there is 

less stress on your low back due to stooping 

and bending. 

How It Works 

Both manual and battery-powered rebartying tools are currently available. 

Battery-powered rebar tiers automatically 

fasten the bars together with tie wire. They 

can be used whenever a simple “wrap and 

twist” tie is needed. However, they do not 

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ties. 

Problem: Tying rebar by hand
 

Solution: Rebar-tying tool with extension handle
 

Simple Solutions Floor & Ground-Level Work . 

— 27 —
 
Several companies offer power rebar tiers. With one tool design, you press the trigger and the tool feeds 

wire around the bars and then twists and cuts the wire. These models are not stand-up tools, but an 

adjustable extension handle is available. 

A second tool is a stand-up power tier that uses coiled spring wire to hold the bars together. The tool 

DXWRPDWLFDOO\3VFUHZV ́RUVSLQVÀDWFRLOHGZLUHDURXQGWKHLQWHUVHFWLQJEDUV7KLVWRROZDVGHVLJQHG

using ergonomic principles. 

%HQH¿WVIRUWKH:RUNHUDQG(PSOR\HU

Workers should experience fewer injuries. Studies conducted by NIOSH and the Construction Safety 

Association of Ontario (Canada) compared manual methods and one model of power tying tool, and 

showed that using the power tool may reduce the risk of injury to workers’ hands, wrists, and low back. 

There have been documented increases in productivity. The NIOSH-Ontario studies found that power 

tying tools can tie rebar twice as fast as hand tying. Actual productivity increases will depend on the type 

RIZRUNDQGWKHIUHTXHQF\RIW\LQJ$OVRFRQWUDFWRUVDQGURGEXVWHUVZKRXVHGWKHPRGHORISRZHUWRRO

LQYROYHGLQWKHVWXGLHVUHSRUWHGWKH\SUHIHUUHGLWWRPDQXDOW\LQJIRUÀDWZRUN%HIRUHXVLQJRQHRIWKHVH

tying tools, make sure the ties are approved for the job you will be doing. 

Approximate Cost 

Wire feeding tiers are under $2,700 and wire costs around 2 cents per tie. Tiers using coiled spring wire 

DUHXQGHUDQGZLUHFRVWVDURXQGFHQWVSHUWLH3RZHUHGPRGHOVJHQHUDOO\UHTXLUHH[WUDEDWWHULHV

and chargers, which may be included in the price. 

For More Information 

Ɣ Products related to this solution are described at www.cpwr.com/simple.html. Products also may be

 found on the internet using the following search terms: “rebar tying system” or “rebar tier.” 

Ɣ /RFDOFRQWUDFWRUWRRODQGHTXLSPHQWVXSSOLHUVRUUHQWDOFRPSDQLHVPD\EHDQRWKHUVRXUFHRI

 information on products. 

Ɣ For general information on this solution, check www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org and
 

www.elcosh.org.
 

— 28 —
 
TIP SHEET #4 

Kneeling Creepers
 

The Problem 

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NQHHOLQJVTXDWWLQJRUVWRRSLQJ EHFDXVH

WKHZRUN LVFORVHWRWKHÀRRU.QHHOLQJRQ

a hard surface puts a lot of direct pressure 

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the tendons, ligaments, and cartilage of the 

knee joint. Working in either position often 

or for long periods of time can lead to knee 

problems, including knee osteoarthritis. 

If you work in a stooped position, there is 

stress on your lower back as well as your 

knees, possibly leading to back pain and 

even a serious back injury. 

One Solution 

Use a portable kneeling creeper with chest 

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RUVTXDWWLQJWRZRUNDWÀRRUOHYHOWKHVH

devices will reduce the stress to your knees, 

ankles, and lower back. 

How It Works 

Kneeling creepers are available with 

removable seats and cushioned knee 

supports. They are very low and have 

2 to 3 inch casters. The knee supports on 

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The cushioned knee supports reduce the 

pressure on your knees, just as ordinary 

knee pads do. 

Problem: Kneeling to work near floor
 

Solution: Laying tile with kneeling creeper
 

Simple Solutions Floor & Ground-Level Work . 

— 29 —
 
Some models are available with an adjustable cushioned chest support. It is useful when doing 

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back strain and some of the pressure on your knees. 

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Kneeling creepers provide support when work must be done in awkward and stressful positions. They 

reduce stress on the knees and lower back, and can help prevent serious muscle and joint problems. 

Since work can be done with less discomfort and pain, productivity often also increases. 

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where tools can be conveniently placed. 

These devices can be used to assist injured workers retuning to the job, since they can work with less 

stress to their knees and back. 

Approximate Cost 

Kneeling creepers without the chest support cost around $200 and the optional adjustable chest support 

is around $75. 

For More Information 

Ɣ Products related to this solution are described at www.cpwr.com/simple.html. Products also may be

 found on the internet using the following search terms: “kneeling creeper.” 

Ɣ /RFDOFRQWUDFWRUWRRODQGHTXLSPHQWVXSSOLHUVRUUHQWDOFRPSDQLHVPD\EHDQRWKHUVRXUFHRI

 information on products. 

Ɣ For general information on this solution, check www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org and
 

www.elcosh.org.
 

— 30 —
 
TIP SHEET #5 

Adjustable Scaffolding
 

for Masonry Work
 

The Problem Problem: Conventional unguarded 

frame scaffolding 

Masons often need to stoop to pick up brick,
 

block, and mortar and place them on a wall.
 

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twisting of the body. 

You have to bend deeper and twist your 

body more often if you keep materials 

below hip height, or lay brick or block 

on a section of wall below hip height. 

)UHTXHQWVWRRSLQJFDXVHVIDWLJXHDQGSXWV

stress on your lower back. This stress 

increases your chance of developing low 

back pain or serious back injury. Your risk 

of injury is even higher if you also twist 

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holding heavy objects. 

Solution: Masons finish top course on split-level One Solution adjustable scaffolding 

Use split-level adjustable scaffolding. 

This allows a brick or block mason to 

stoop less because the materials and work 

surface are both kept near waist height, 

which is more comfortable and stresses 

your body less. Split-level adjustable 

scaffolds are available for jobs ranging 

from small single-story residential work 

to large high-rise building projects. This 

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jobs. 

Simple Solutions Floor & Ground-Level Work . 

— 31 —
 
How It Works 

Adjustable scaffolding has separate platforms for the worker and the materials. Since the worker 

platform can be raised or lowered, the materials and the work surface can both be positioned around the 

height of the worker’s waist. Small scaffolds can be raised manually using hand jacks or a hand winch. 

Taller scaffolds can be raised using a powered winch. 

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Masons reduce their chance of developing low back pain or back injury. Workers spend less time 

handling materials because brick, block, and mortar are moved shorter distances. Workers expend less 

physical effort and report less fatigue at the end of the day. They also appreciate the wider platforms, 

which give more room to move around. 

0DVRQWHQGHUVZKREXLOGFRQYHQWLRQDOIUDPHVFDIIROGVDOVRJHWLPSRUWDQWEHQH¿WV6SOLWOHYHODGMXVWDEOH

scaffolds reduce the heavy physical labor involved in continuously changing the height of a frame 

scaffold. There is less lifting and carrying of frames and heavy boards, and less moving materials to the 

ground and back. Split-level adjustable scaffolds also reduce the danger of falling that mason tenders 

face when building frame scaffolds. 

Measurable increases in productivity have been reported when split-level adjustable scaffolds are 

used. One study found that masons’ productivity increased 20% when using the scaffolds, and some 

contractors have reported even greater increases in productivity. 

Approximate Cost 

Costs vary depending upon how the work platform is raised (manual vs. powered), the height of the 

masonry wall, and the overall size of the project. Heavy-duty scaffolding for three-story commercial 

work runs about $300 per lineal foot. Light-duty scaffolding for residential and light commercial work 

of the same height runs about $200 per lineal foot. Contractors who have used these systems say that 

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For More Information 

Ɣ Products related to this solution are described at www.cpwr.com/simple.html. Products also may be

 found on the internet using the following search terms: “adjustable scaffolding.” 

Ɣ /RFDOFRQWUDFWRUWRRODQGHTXLSPHQWVXSSOLHUVRUUHQWDOFRPSDQLHVPD\EHDQRWKHUVRXUFHRI

 information on products. 

Ɣ For general information on this solution, check www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org and
 

www.elcosh.org.
 

— 32 —
 
INTRODUCTION 

Simple Solutions for 

Overhead Work 

The Problem 

On some construction jobs you need to work overhead, reaching up with one or both arms raised above 

your shoulders. Your head may be tilted back, looking up to see what you are doing. Whether you are 

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Eventually it may lead to serious muscle and joint injuries. 

You are at risk of injury if you do this work often or for long periods of time. The risk is increased if you 

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body while your arms are in an awkward, raised position. 

When you work with your arms raised, injuries are even more likely if you have to use repetitive 

PRYHPHQWVRUDORWRIIRUFH)RUH[DPSOHXVLQJVRPHKDQGWRROVRYHUKHDGUHTXLUHV\RXWRUHSHDWWKH

same motions over and over, as well as apply force, while you are reaching up. Lifting, holding, and 

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Working overhead also may reduce your ability to do the job safely and productively. For example, you 

are at risk of many types of injury if your vision is 

obstructed, if you have an unstable footing, or if 

you have trouble holding or positioning a tool. 

Injuries & Disorders 

Below are some of the injuries you may develop
 

when you work overhead.
 

Shoulder. Shoulder pains and injuries are usually 

the result of overworking the shoulder. When you 

keep your arm raised above your shoulder (or keep 

your arm stretched out), your shoulder begins to 

ache after a short time. It tires easily. 

The muscles in your shoulder are connected to your 

arm by tendons. Between the tendons and bones are 

VPDOOVDFV RIÀXLG FDOOHG bursa. They lubricate the 

shoulder so it moves easily. Continual stress on your 

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VZROOHQVWLIIDQGLQÀDPHGbursitis). Bursitis
 

— 33 —
 
can make it painful, or even impossible, to raise your 

arm. Continual stress on the shoulder can also cause the 

VKRXOGHUWHQGRQVWREHFRPHLQÀDPHGUHVXOWLQJ LQSDLQ

(tendinitis). 

Another shoulder injury is the rotator cuff tear. The 

rotator cuff is a group of four muscles and their 

tendons that wrap around the front, back, and top of the 

shoulder joint. These let the shoulder function through 

a wide range of motions. Stress on the shoulder may 

cause them to tear, which can make routine activities 

GLI¿FXOWDQGSDLQIXO

A NIOSH review of studies found that the risk of 

developing shoulder pain or a shoulder muscle or joint 

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working with raised shoulders (60° or more), using 

repetitive arm or shoulder movements while in this 

position, and applying force while in this position. 

Neck. The neck is a complicated structure composed of seven bones called cervical vertebrae, one below 

another. It also has cartilage, nerves, muscles, and ligaments ORQJ ¿EHUVVXSSRUWLQJWKHPXVFOHV:KHQ

\RXNHHS\RXUQHFNEHQWIRUZDUGRUEDFNZDUGRUEHQGLWIUHTXHQWO\WKHPXVFOHVZRUNKDUGHUDQGWKH

OLJDPHQWVÀH[DQGVWUHWFK(YHQWXDOO\WKHOLJDPHQWVFDQSDUWLDOO\WHDUUHVXOWLQJ LQD neck sprain. 

Another common condition is tension neck syndrome. This is muscle strain that results from long 

periods of looking up. It can cause neck stiffness, muscle spasms, and pain in the neck or radiating from 

the neck. 

It is also possible to develop arthritis in the neck. The risk of arthritis increases for workers who already 

have had a neck injury and still do overhead work. 

According to a 1997 NIOSH study, your risk of developing neck pain or a neck musculoskeletal disorder 

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repetitive movements, and applying force while in this position. 

Some Solutions 

Overhead work cannot be eliminated from construction, but it is possible to change how you do it so it is 

easier on your body. Solutions are available that can reduce the level of stress on your shoulders, neck, 

and arms. They may also reduce how often and how long the body is subjected to this stress. Many of 

the solutions can also eliminate other potential safety hazards and increase productivity. 

The type of task and the site conditions will determine which solutions are best for you. A few possible 

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— 34 —
 
I

General solutions for doing overhead work with less risk of injury include: 

Change materials or work processes. One of the most effective solutions may be to use materials, 

building components, or work methods that are less labor-intensive, so the task takes less time and you 

reach overhead for a shorter period. For example, installing embedded concrete inserts into ceiling forms 

would eliminate the prolonged overhead drilling needed to place all-thread rods for ceiling systems. 

An individual construction worker or subcontractor usually cannot make a decision like this. Certain 

FKDQJHVPD\UHTXLUHWKHDSSURYDORIWKHEXLOGLQJRZQHUDUFKLWHFWHQJLQHHURUJHQHUDOFRQWUDFWRU

Change tools and/or equipment. For example, use bit extensions for drills and screw guns that allow 

you to hold the tool at waist or shoulder level rather than above your head. Use mechanical lifts or hoists 

to raise and position building materials rather than lifting them manually. Or use a lift to raise yourself 

so you are closer to the work. Ina few cases, cost and site conditions may restrict the use of such 

HTXLSPHQW

Change work rules and provide training.&RQWUDFWRUVFDQHQFRXUDJHWKHXVHRIHTXLSPHQWOLNH

extensions, lifts, and hoists that reduce the need for workers to raise their arms. Site rules can limit the 

amount of time that workers do overhead work withouta break. Also, a policy of providing ergonomics 

WUDLQLQJPD\KHOSZRUNHUVPRUHTXLFNO\LGHQWLI\SRWHQWLDOSUREOHPVDQG¿QGHIIHFWLYHVROXWLRQV

Mechanical lifts reduce the strain
 

of holding and positioning objects
 

Person-lifts provide stable platforms for overhead
 

work and eliminate handling of ladders and scaffolding
 

— 35 —
 
— 36 —
 
TIP SHEET #6 

Bit Extension Shafts 

for Drills and Screw Guns 

Simple Solutions Overhead Work . 

The Problem 

If you use a drill or screw gun for overhead 

work, you are forced to keep your arms 

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positions. You have to push upward with a 

heavy tool above your shoulders, using your 

shoulder muscles instead of your biceps. 

This work can put stress on your arms, neck, 

shoulders, and back. It can lead to fatigue 

and serious muscle or joint injuries. 

One Solution 

Use a bit extension shaft for the drill or 

screw gun, so you can hold the tool below 

your shoulder and closer to your waist. 

You strain your arms, neck, shoulders, and 

back less because you don’t have to hold 

the tool above your shoulders or work in 

an awkward position. You work with your 

upper arms held close to your sides, and 

your hands in front of your body. You are 

pushing with your biceps muscles instead 

of your shoulders. 

How It Works 

The extension is like a normal socket, but 

longer. It can be made from carbon steel 

tube stock. One end of the tube is welded to 

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chuck. An impact socket is welded onto the 

other end of the tube. A bit can then be 

Problem: Drilling overhead
 

Solution: Using extension
 

— 37 —
 
inserted into the socket. PVC pipe is used as a sleeve over the extension. Part of the PVC pipe slides 

over the bit. The sleeve protects your hands from the spinning shaft and gives you better control of the 

tool. You hold the tool with one hand and the sleeve with the other. 

Extensions are available from several manufacturers in many different lengths and diameters. Lengths 

generally run from 12 to 40 inches. It is also possible to make your own extension. Before using an 

extension for drilling or fastening, you should determine whether it is appropriate for the job. 

%HQH¿WVIRUWKH:RUNHUDQG(PSOR\HU

%LWH[WHQVLRQVVKRXOGUHGXFHDZRUNHU¶VFKDQFHRIGHYHORSLQJPXVFOHDQGMRLQWLQMXULHV:RUNHUVEHQH¿W

from not having to hold a heavy tool above their shoulders for long periods. The extension itself weighs 

less than two pounds. Using the extension is easy after a little practice. One company that uses the 

extensions says that their workers like the way the extension prevents shoulder strain. 

However, an extension does not solve the problems caused by holding your neck tilted back to look up 

at your work. To cut down on neck strain, avoid looking up when you don’t have to. To be safe, make 

sure you push the extension onto the drill chuck tightly, before you turn on the power. In a screw gun, 

the screw must also be tight in the bit. 

Approximate Cost 

You can make your own bit extension, which will cost $1–2 for materials plus labor. Manufactured bit 

extensions cost from approximately $12 for a 12-inch model to $45 for a 24-inch model. 

For More Information 

Ɣ Products related to this solution are described at www.cpwr.com/simple.html. Products also may be

 found on the internet using the following search terms: “bit extension shaft.” 

Ɣ /RFDOFRQWUDFWRUWRRODQGHTXLSPHQWVXSSOLHUVRUUHQWDOFRPSDQLHVPD\EHDQRWKHUVRXUFHRI

 information on products. 

Ɣ For general information on this solution, check www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org and
 

www.elcosh.org.
 

— 38 —
 
 

TIP SHEET #7 

Extension Poles for 

Powder-Actuated Tools 

Simple Solutions Overhead Work . 

The Problem 

Using powder-actuated fastening tools 

(PATs) for overhead work may lead to 

serious shoulder, arm, and hand injuries. 

You work with your arms above your 

shoulders, an awkward position that may 

cause sore muscles and joints. Sometimes 

\RXKDYHWRKROGWKLVGLI¿FXOWSRVLWLRQIRU

a long time, or repeat the position over 

and over during your shift. This can cause 

fatigue and eventually lead to arm and 

shoulder problems like bursitis or rotator 

cuff tendinitis. 

The recoil shock transmitted from the tool 

to your hand, arm, and shoulder put you at 

even greater risk of injury. Also, when you 

shoot fasteners at ceiling height you must 

work from a ladder, scaffold, or power lift, 

which have their own hazards. 

Problem: Using PAT overhead
 

Solution: PAT with modular extension
 

One Solution 

Use an extension pole for overhead work. 

7KLVLVD¿[HGKHLJKWRUPRGXODUSROH

attached to the powder-actuated tool. Using 

the extension, the tool is entirely out of 

\RXUKDQG$OO\RXKDYHWRGRLVVTXHH]HWKH

trigger. 

You no longer need to raise your arms above 

your shoulders and hold them there to work 

on the ceiling. The extension does it for you. 

The extension lets you keep a more neutral 

body posture. Your arms are closer to your 

— 39 —
 
body and below your shoulders. This cuts down on the risk of injury to your shoulders, arms, and hands. 

There is also less recoil shock directed to your shoulders and neck. In addition, you can work on the 

ground rather than using a ladder, scaffold, or lift. 

How It Works 

The powder-actuated tool attaches to the top of the pole. A hand trigger (like a motorcycle brake) is 

DWWDFKHGWRWKHERWWRPRIWKHSROH<RXQHHGRQO\VTXHH]HWKHWULJJHUWRRSHUDWHWKHWRRO

7KHH[WHQVLRQSROHFDQEHHLWKHU¿[HGKHLJKWRUDGMXVWDEOH/HQJWKVRIDYDLODEOHH[WHQVLRQVUDQJHIURP

WRIHHWWKRXJKSROHVORQJHUWKDQIHHWPD\EHWRRGLI¿FXOWWRSRVLWLRQDQGFRQWURO7KHJXQPXVWEH

KHOGWLJKWWRWKHVXEVWUDWHDWDGHJUHHDQJOHXQWLOWKH¿ULQJLVFRPSOHWH

%HQH¿WVIRUWKH:RUNHUDQG(PSOR\HU

Workers have less chance of developing a shoulder, arm, and hand injury. With the tool attached to the 

pole, you can keep your arms below your shoulders. You will also feel less recoil shock at your shoulder. 

Moreover, with the gun further from your head, the noise exposure will be lower. Using the pole will 

also keep your eyes and face further from the concrete dust and debris. You do still need to look up to 

position the shot, which puts some strain on your neck. 

Productivity may improve when there is less setup time using the tool extension, because there are no 

are no ladders, scaffolds, or lifts needed. 

Approximate Cost 

A modular pole assembly costs from $300–400. However, if ladders, scaffolds, or lifts were rented for 

this work in the past, you will no longer have this cost. 

For More Information 

Ɣ Products related to this solution are described at www.cpwr.com/simple.html. Products also may be

 found on the internet using the following search terms: (PAT manufacturer) + “pole tool.” 

Ɣ /RFDOFRQWUDFWRUWRRODQGHTXLSPHQWVXSSOLHUVRUUHQWDOFRPSDQLHVPD\EHDQRWKHUVRXUFHRI

 information on products. 

Ɣ For general information on this solution, check www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org and
 

www.elcosh.org.
 

— 40 —
 
TIP SHEET #8 

Spring-Assisted 

Drywall Finishing Tools 

The Problem 

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3PXGER[HV ́IRUGU\ZDOO ¿QLVKLQJ\RX

need to use a lot of strength to push the 

compound out of the box. The forceful, 

repetitive pushing motions combined 

with reaching overhead can cause fatigue. 

Eventually this work can lead to serious 

wrist, arm, shoulder, and back injuries. 

:LWKDÀDWER[\RXRIWHQKDYHWRSXVK

hard while bending your wrist and back. 

When you bend like this while pushing 

forcefully, you increase your chance of 

developing a muscle or joint injury. Your 

risk is higher when you do the same job 

over and over. 

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WKHPWRSXVKHYHQKDUGHUWKDQÀDWER[HV

EHFDXVH\RXKDYHWRVTXHH]HWKHFRPSRXQG

into a tighter space. 

One Solution 

Use a VSULQJDVVLVWHG¿QLVKLQJWRRO. This 

does most of the pushing for you. SpringDVVLVWHGÀDWER[HVDQG FRUQHUWRROVDUH

DYDLODEOHWKDWFXWGRZQVLJQL¿FDQWO\RQWKH

strain caused by pushing. 

:LWKVSULQJDVVLVWHGÀDWER[HVWKHVSULQJV

provide up to 75% of the force needed to 

push the compound onto the wall. Springassisted corner tools provide 100% of the 

IRUFHQHHGHGWR¿QLVKFRUQHUV

Problem: Hand drywall finishing with mudbox
 

Solution: Spring-assisted mudbox
 

Simple Solutions Overhead Work . 

— 41 —
 
How It Works 

6SULQJDVVLVWHGÀDWER[HVORRNDQGZRUNMXVWOLNHUHJXODUER[HV7KHER[ZKHHOVDFWLYDWHWKHSRZHU

assist feature. Springs on the outside of the box pull on levers. The levers then push on a pressure plate, 

DQGWKHFRPSRXQGVTXLUWVRXWZKHQWKHZKHHOVWRXFKWKHZDOO7KHER[HVFRPHLQVHYHUDOGLIIHUHQW

widths and with different handle lengths. 

6SULQJDVVLVWHGFRUQHU¿QLVKHUVKDYHK\GUDXOLFDOO\GDPSHGVSULQJV:KHQ\RXWXUQDKDQGOHWKHVSULQJ

SXVKHVWKHFRPSRXQGWKURXJKDQRUPDOFRUQHU¿QLVKLQJKHDG$OO\RXQHHGWRGRLVJXLGHWKHWRROGRZQ

the corner. 

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%HQH¿WVIRUWKH:RUNHUDQG(PSOR\HU

A spring-assisted mudbox should reduce a worker’s chance of developing a muscle or joint injury. More 

than 80% of the workers involved in one study liked using the new tools much better than the older 

ones. After using both new tools, all workers in the study said they were not as tired as when using the 

regular tools. Most said they had less pain. 

7KHVDPHVWXG\VXJJHVWHGWKDWWKHUHZHUHJDLQVLQSURGXFWLYLW\6SULQJDVVLVWHGÀDWER[HVJDYHWKHVDPH

results and were just as fast as regular boxes. However, they led to less worker fatigue and pain, and 

workers said they got more done because they were less tired. They also were able to use the new boxes 

for a longer time without becoming fatigued. In addition, most workers said that the new spring-assisted 

corner tool was faster and easier to use, compared to the older corner boxes. 

Approximate Cost 

You can rent or purchase these tools. Rentals cost about the same as for regular boxes. One manufacturer 

VHOOVDVHWRIWKUHHVSULQJDVVLVWHGÀDWER[HVIRUDERXWDQGDVSULQJDVVLVWHGFRUQHU¿QLVKHUIRU

about $1,400. 

For More Information 

Ɣ Products related to this solution are described at www.cpwr.com/simple.html. Products also may be

 found on the internet using the following search terms: “drywall tool” + “spring assisted.” 

Ɣ /RFDOFRQWUDFWRUWRRODQGHTXLSPHQWVXSSOLHUVRUUHQWDOFRPSDQLHVPD\EHDQRWKHUVRXUFHRI

 information on products. 

Ɣ For general information on this solution, check www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org and
 

www.elcosh.org.
 

— 42 —
 
TIP SHEET #9 

Pneumatic Drywall
 

Finishing Systems
 

The Problem 

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effort and repetition. Your body is forced 

into awkward positions that can lead to 

serious wrist, shoulder, arm, and back 

injuries. 

Working with bent wrists, and with your 

back bent or twisted, is common in hand 

¿QLVKLQJ<RXUHSHDWFHUWDLQGLI¿FXOWKDQG

arm, and back movements over and over. 

6RPHWRROVXVHGLQWKLVZRUNVXFKDVÀDW

and corner “mudboxes”) may also cause 

problems because you use a lot of strength to 

push on them. 

The combination of pushing and working in 

an awkward position causes fatigue as well 

as tired and sore muscles. Eventually it can 

increase your chance of developing a muscle 

or joint injury. 

One Solution 

Use a SQHXPDWLFGU\ZDOO¿QLVKLQJV\VWHP. 

<RXFDQDYRLGKDQG¿QLVKLQJDQG\RX

ZRQ¶WKDYHWR XVHÀDWDQG FRUQHUER[HV

$OWKRXJKWKHZRUNZLOOVWLOOUHTXLUHVRPH

awkward positions and motions, you will 

not be exerting high forces at the same time 

or for as long a time. An air compressor 

gives enough pressure to force the drywall 

FRPSRXQGWKURXJKWKHÀDWDQGFRUQHU

¿QLVKLQJKHDGVRIWKHSQHXPDWLFV\VWHP

7KHSQHXPDWLFV\VWHPUHTXLUHVPXFKOHVV

SK\VLFDOHIIRUWWKDQKDQG¿QLVKLQJDQGLW

cuts down on the repeated wrist, arm, and 

Problem: Hand drywall finishing with mudbox
 

Solution: Pneumatic finishing system
 

Simple Solutions Overhead Work . 

— 43 —
 
and back movements. It also takes less effort to use than the automatic tools. You do not need to push 

with the same strong force used with boxes. You only have to guide the powered tool down the corner. 

How It Works 

An air compressor forces the drywall compound from the hopper into a tube. You do not need to hand 

pump the compound. Air forces the compound through the head of the tool when you pull the trigger. 

7KHKHDGVJLYHWKHVDPHTXDOLW\RI¿QLVKWKDWER[HVGR7KHWRROUHTXLUHVDQDLUOLQHIURPWKHKRSSHUWR

the applicator. You also need electrical power for the air compressor. 

%HQH¿WVIRUWKH:RUNHUDQG(PSOR\HU

These systems should reduce a worker’s chance of developing muscle and joint injuries. In one study, 

most workers who tried the pneumatic system liked it better than the regular tools. Workers reported that 

their muscles were not as tired, and they did not have as much pain after using the pneumatic system. 

There can also be an improvement in productivity. Workers in the study said the pneumatic system is 

IDVWHUWKDQWKHROGHU¿QLVKLQJER[HV6RPHZRUNHUVVDLGWKDWLWWRRNDZKLOHWROHDUQWKHQHZV\VWHP

$OWKRXJKXVLQJWKHV\VWHPZDVVORZDW¿UVWLWEHFDPHIDVWHUZLWKLQWZRPRQWKV

There are some drawbacks to the pneumatic system. The air and electrical lines may restrict your
 

movement while you work.
 

7KHQHZV\VWHPDOVRWDNHVORQJHUWRPRYHVHWXSDQGFOHDQWKDQKDQG¿QLVKLQJHTXLSPHQW7KHUHIRUH

LWPD\QRWEHDVSUDFWLFDOIRUVPDOO¿QLVKLQJMREV

Approximate Cost 

3QHXPDWLF¿QLVKHUVVWDUWDURXQGDQGFRVWPRUHGHSHQGLQJRQIHDWXUHV

For More Information 

Ɣ Products related to this solution are described at www.cpwr.com/simple.html. Products also may be

 found on the internet using the following search terms: “drywall tool” + “pneumatic.” 

Ɣ /RFDOFRQWUDFWRUWRRODQGHTXLSPHQWVXSSOLHUVRUUHQWDOFRPSDQLHVPD\EHDQRWKHUVRXUFHRI

 information on products. 

Ɣ For general information on this solution, check www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org and
 

www.elcosh.org.
 

— 44 —
 
INTRODUCTION
 

Simple Solutions for Lifting, 

Holding, and Handling Materials 

The Problem 

On many construction sites, workers spend time lifting, carrying, holding, pushing, or pulling loads 

of material. Although it is common today to use mechanical devices for some of this work, a lot of 

materials are still handled manually. Sometimes it is not possible to use mechanical material handling 

devices due to site conditions. 

If you lift and carry materials often or for long periods of time, there is constant stress on your back 

and shoulders. Eventually you may develop a serious muscle or joint injury. You are at risk if you often 

handle materials that are heavy and/or bulky, carry materials long distances, stoop downward to pick up 

heavy objects, or stretch upward while holding them. Your risk is higher if you twist your body when 

handling heavy items. 

<RXPD\DOVRGHYHORSDQLQMXU\LI\RXIUHTXHQWO\SXVKRUSXOOKHDY\FDUWVGROOLHVRURWKHUWUDQVSRUW

HTXLSPHQW

Injuries & Disorders 

Below are some of the injuries you may develop when 

you do manual material handling. 

Back. Low back pain, and more serious 

musculoskeletal injuries to the back, can occur 

suddenly or develop over a period of time. For 

H[DPSOHVXGGHQTXLFNPRYHPHQWVHVSHFLDOO\

while handling heavy objects, may lead 

immediately to painful muscle strains. These 

strains may develop into serious injuries when 

the muscles are not allowed to heal and are 

exposed to additional stress. 

Your spine runs from the top of your neck down 

to your lower back. It is made up of many bones 

called vertebrae, one below another. Between the 

vertebrae are joints and discs. These give your back 

ÀH[LELOLW\VRLWFDQPRYH7KHGLVFVDUHÀH[LEOH

because they have a substance like jelly inside. 

Herniated disc 

— 45 —
 
When you lift, bend forward, stretch upward, or stretch outward, your back muscles work harder 

and the ligaments ORQJ ¿EHUVVXSSRUWLQJWKHEDFNPXVFOHV ÀH[DQGVWUHWFK7KHGLVFVJHWVTXHH]HG$V

WKH\DUHVTXHH]HGWKH\FDQSUHVVRQGLIIHUHQWSDUWVRIWKHVSLQHLQFOXGLQJQHUYHV7KLVFDQFDXVHEDFN

pain. If you bend forward over and over for months or years, the discs are weakened, which may lead to 

disc rupture (or “herniation”). 

Twisting your body while bending puts even more pressure on the discs, especially when you are 

exerting force to lift, push, or pull objects. 

Trapezius muscle Shoulder and neck. Carrying even light loads above 

\RXUVKRXOGHUVPD\TXLFNO\ OHDGWRWLUHGDQGVRUHQHFN

and shoulder muscles. The risk of developing a more
 

serious neck or shoulder problem increases when you
 

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Carrying or resting heavy objects on your shoulders 

may stress the shoulder and neck muscles and cause 

injury where the load contacts your body. 

The muscles in your shoulder are connected to your 

arm by tendons. Between the tendons and bones 

DUHVPDOOVDFVRIÀXLGFDOOHG bursa. They lubricate 

the shoulder so it moves easily. Continual stress on 

\RXUVKRXOGHUFDQFDXVHWKHEXUVDWRJHWVTXHH]HG

VZROOHQVWLIIDQG LQÀDPHG bursitis). Bursitis can 

make it painful, or even impossible, to raise your 

arm. 

Continual stress on the shoulder can also cause the 

VKRXOGHUWHQGRQVWREHFRPHLQÀDPHGUHVXOWLQJ LQ

pain (tendinitis). 

Another common condition is tension neck syndrome. This is a type of muscle strain that can cause neck 

stiffness, muscle spasms, and pain in the neck or radiating from the neck. It affects the trapezius muscle, 

a large, thin muscle that runs from the upper back through the shoulder area to the neck. You may notice 

a tender “knot” in this muscle as well as stiffness and pain. 

Arms, hands, and wrists. If you carry heavy objects with hard sharp edges, they can dig into your skin 

and injure the soft tissues in your hands. Or, if you carry objects that are hard to grip and hold, they may 

force your hand or wrist into awkward, stressful positions and cause disorders like tendinitis or carpal 

tunnel syndrome. 

Some Solutions 

Manual material handling is still common in construction, but it is possible to change how you do it 

so it is easier on your body. Solutions are available that can reduce the level of stress on your back, 

shoulder, neck, and other parts of your body. They may also reduce how often and how long your body 

is subjected to this stress. Many of the solutions can also eliminate other potential safety hazards and 

increase productivity. 

— 46 —
 
f

The type of task and the site conditions will determine which solutions are best for you. A few possible 

VROXWLRQVIRUVSHFL¿FPDWHULDO KDQGOLQJWDVNVDUHH[SODLQHG LQ7LS6KHHWV±

General solutions for doing material handling with less risk of injury include: 

Change materials or work processes. One of the most effective solutions may be to use materials, 

building components, or work methods that are less labor-intensive. There are alternative materials 

WKDWFDQEHKDQGOHGZLWKRXWUHTXLULQJDORWRISK\VLFDOVWUHQJWKDQDZNZDUGSRVWXUHRUUHSHWLWLYH

motion. For example, half-weight bags of Portland cement and lightweight concrete masonry blocks are 

currently available in many areas. An individual construction worker or subcontractor usually cannot 

PDNHDGHFLVLRQWRVZLWFKPDWHULDOV&HUWDLQFKDQJHVPD\UHTXLUHWKHDSSURYDORIWKHEXLOGLQJRZQHU

architect, engineer, or general contractor. 

Change tools and/or equipment. You can buy or rent material handling devices for all aspects of 

construction. Devices include special round handles and cushioned grips for carrying heavy objects; 

powered and non-powered carts and dollies for indoor or outdoor use; rolling carts to move sheet 

materials, pipes, or conduit; and stands and jacks to hold materials during installation. 

Mechanical, hydraulic, and vacuum lifts are available in a variety of sizes and styles. Some allow 

relatively easy positioning of components and materials. 

Ergonomic Guidelines for Manual Material Handling (DHHS/NIOSH Publication No. 2007-131) 

GHVFULEHVPDQ\ GLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIPDWHULDO KDQGOLQJDQGWUDQVSRUWHTXLSPHQW7KLVERRNOHWFDQEH

accessed at www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2007-131/pdfs/2007-131.pdf 

,QDIHZFDVHVFRVWDQGVLWHFRQGLWLRQVPD\UHVWULFWWKHXVHRIVXFKHTXLSPHQW

Power vacuum lifter avoids manual lifting
 

— 47 —
 
Change work rules.)RUH[DPSOHFRQWUDFWRUVFDQUHTXLUHWKDWPDWHULDOVEHVWRUHGDWDFRQYHQLHQWKHLJKW

off the ground and transported in most situations with mechanical devices. Improved planning of 

laydown areas and materials storage can minimize the number of times materials need to be moved. 

Provide training and related programs. A policy of providing ergonomics training may help workers 

PRUHTXLFNO\LGHQWLI\SRWHQWLDOSUREOHPVDQG¿QGHIIHFWLYHVROXWLRQV

Workplace exercise programs are popular in the construction industry. Although they may be a part 

of any effort to prevent muscle and joint disorders, exercise programs are not a substitute for other 

solutions. No studies have shown that they prevent injuries by themselves. Studies indicate only that 

exercise may have a short-term effect on reducing low back pain. There also is no evidence supporting 

the use of “body mechanics education” as an effective means to prevent back pain or serious back 

disorders. In edition, NIOSH does not recommend the use of back belts to prevent back injuries. 

Training in the NIOSH lifting guidelines is especially important. NIOSH recommends that one person 

lift no more than 51 lbs. when the lifting can be done using the following “best practices”: 

x When you pick up or set down a load, don’t reach more than 10 inches away from your body. 

x Don’t twist your body. 

x Lift with your legs, not your back. Keep your back as straight as possible. 

x Lift the load using a solid two-handed grip. 

When lifting, holding, and positioning materials on a construction site you can’t always follow these 

“best practices.” In that case, the 51 lb. weight limit needs to be lowered. See the “Applications Manual 

IRUWKH5HYLVHG1,26+/LIWLQJ(TXDWLRQ ́IRUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQRQKRZWRXVHWKHJXLGHOLQHV

This information should be passed along to workers in training programs. 

— 48 —
 
Simple Solutions Lifting, Holding, & Handling Materials . 

The Problem 

A regular concrete block (also called a 

concrete masonry unit, or CMU) can weigh 

up to 50 pounds, depending on size. For 

masons and mason tenders, lifting and 

placing CMUs can cause fatigue and put 

strain on the low back, hands, and arms. If 

you do this work often, you may be at risk 

of a serious muscle or joint injury. 

The risk depends on how many units you 

handle, how heavy they are, how often you 

work with them, how low they are stored, 

and how high you have to reach to place 

them on the course. You have even more 

risk if you twist your body when lifting or 

holding CMUs, or if you lift or hold them 

with one hand. 

One Solution 

Use lightweight concrete block. Units 

weigh 30-40% less than regular block 

ZLWKRXWVDFUL¿FLQJVWUHQJWKRUSHUIRUPDQFH

Working with lightweight block can improve 

your output during the day and still decrease 

the total weight you lift. Less weight means 

you will be less tired and there will be less 

stress on your back, hands, and arms. 

How It Works 

The aggregate used for lightweight block is 

made from shale, clay, and/or slate. These 

materials are expanded in a rotary kiln at 

temperatures over 1000° C. 

TIP SHEET #10 

Lightweight 

Concrete Block 

Problem: Laying standard concrete block
 

Solution: Types of lightweight block
 

— 49 —
 
The block is structurally strong, stable, and durable, yet also light in weight and a good insulator. The 

block density is only 40–50 pounds per cubic foot. An ordinary block made from rock and sand has 

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UHTXLUHGRIUHJXODUKHDY\FRQFUHWHEORFN$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\IRU7HVWLQJDQG0DWHULDOV$670&

6WDQGDUGV6SHFL¿FDWLRQVIRU/RDGEHDULQJ&RQFUHWH0DVRQU\8QLWV

%HQH¿WVIRUWKH:RUNHUDQG(PSOR\HU

Laying lightweight CMUs reduces a worker’s fatigue and lowers stress on the back and arm muscles. 

One study looked at how concrete block of different weights affects muscle stress. Masons built two 

walls. One used lightweight CMUs and the other regular CMUs. When workers built the lightweight 

CMU wall, they had less back and arm muscle stress. The difference was greatest when lifting the block 

to the top of high walls. 

There can also be a gain in productivity. According to the National Concrete Masonry Association 

1&0$3OLJKWHUZHLJKWXQLWVUHVXOWHGLQKLJKHUSURGXFWLYLW\UDWHVRWKHUIDFWRUVEHLQJHTXDO ́

Approximate Cost 

Lightweight block costs slightly more per unit than standard block. However, since masons and mason 

tenders can work faster and better, there should be a reduction in labor cost. This can account for up to 

RIWKH¿QLVKHGZDOOFRVW6KLSSLQJDQGKDQGOLQJFRVWVPD\EHORZHUDVZHOO

For More Information 

Ɣ Products related to this solution are described at www.cpwr.com/simple.html. Products also may be 

found on the internet using the following search terms: lightweight “concrete (or) masonry (or) 

block.” 

Ɣ /RFDOFRQWUDFWRUWRRODQGHTXLSPHQWVXSSOLHUVRUUHQWDOFRPSDQLHVPD\EHDQRWKHUVRXUFHRI

 information on products. 

Ɣ For general information on this solution, check www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org and 

www.elcosh.org. The Expanded Shale, Clay, and Slate Institute (ESCSI) in Salt Lake City, UT also 

has more information at www.escsi.org. 

— 50 —
 
TIP SHEET #11 

Pre-Blended Mortar and 

Grout Bulk Delivery Systems 

Simple Solutions Lifting, Holding, & Handling Materials . 

The Problem 

When laborers mix mortar or grout in the 

traditional way, they have to lift heavy 

cement bags and shovel sand into the mixer. 

They usually repeat these motions over and 

over. Full cement bags weigh around 100 

pounds, and workers may handle more than 

100 bags a day. 

Workers are at risk of back pain, shoulder 

pain, and even disabling muscle or joint 

injuries. The injuries can be the result of 

one-time accidents, but they usually develop 

over a long period of time. 

Your risk of injury from lifting and 

shoveling depends on the weight of the load, 

the number of loads you lift, how long you 

do this work, and where the bags are placed. 

If you have to stoop down to a low pallet to 

pick up bags, or reach above your shoulders 

to dump them, your risk is especially high. 

You have even more risk if you twist your 

body while lifting. 

One Solution 

Use pre-blended mortar and grout mix 

for the job. This can be delivered to the site 

LQEXONDQG GRHVQ¶WUHTXLUHOLIWLQJ EDJVRU

shoveling sand. 

Bulk pre-blended mortar and grout can 

be used with conventional mixers or 

with European-style silo mixers. All dry 

ingredients are handled mechanically, with 

either a forklift or boom truck, eliminating 

the risk of injury due to manual handling. 

Problem: Traditional method of loading mixer
 

Solution: Loading a silo system
 

— 51 —
 
How It Works 

Pre-blended dry ingredients (including sand, pigments, and admixtures) are delivered to the site in 

2,000 – 3,000 pound bulk bags. These are moved by forklift or boom truck over a funnel-shaped silo that 

straddles a conventional mortar mixer. The mix is released into the silo by pulling a hitch pin on the bag. 

To begin mixing, the mixer operator simply pulls a handle that opens the silo’s discharge slide gate. The 

pre-blended material is gravity-fed from the silo directly into the mixer below. No electricity is needed. 

Only water needs to be added to produce the mortar and grout. 

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Laborers have less risk of disabling injuries due to constant manual lifting. Productivity is also increased 

because time-consuming manual handling of bags and sand is eliminated. One laborer may be able to 

tend two or three mixers. 

With silo systems, bags don’t break or leak. The product is more consistent because it is pre-mixed. 

There is no problem of sand freezing in winter. Silo dispensers can save space on congested jobsites and 

reduce material theft. Most silo systems are easily moved around the jobsite. Disposal of bags is not a 

problem since all bulk bags are removed by the supplier and either reused or recycled. 

These systems do not eliminate the risk of silica dust exposure, but dust curtains are available to reduce 

WKHUHOHDVHRIVLOLFDFRQWDLQLQJGXVW6SHFL¿FVDIHW\SURFHGXUHVPXVWEHIROORZHGZKHQORDGLQJWKHVLOR

climbing the silo’s ladder, and moving the system. 

Approximate Cost 

Contractors estimate that using these systems adds about 7 - 8% to mortar cost. However, the additional 

FRVWPD\EHRIIVHWE\LPSURYHPHQWVLQHI¿FLHQF\DQGSURGXFWLYLW\JDLQV3UHEOHQGHGPRUWDUV\VWHPV

may not be cost-effective for smaller jobs. A supplier, however, should be able to help you determine if 

this product is appropriate for your work. 

For More Information 

Ɣ Products related to this solution are described at www.cpwr.com/simple.html. Products also may be

 found on the internet using the following search terms: (silo or bulk) “delivery systems.” 

Ɣ /RFDOFRQWUDFWRUWRRODQGHTXLSPHQWVXSSOLHUVRUUHQWDOFRPSDQLHVPD\EHDQRWKHUVRXUFHRI

 information on products. 

Ɣ For general information on this solution, check www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org and
 

www.elcosh.org.
 

— 52 —
 
TIP SHEET #12 

Skid Plates to Move 

Concrete-Filled Hoses 

One Solution 

Skid plates (also known as “hose placing 

discs”) may be useful when concrete boom 

pumps and other alternative ways of moving 

the concrete cannot be used. Skid plates are 

two-foot diameter concave metal disks that 

are placed under the hose couplings. They 

have a cradle to hold the hose and handles 

for carrying. They decrease the friction with 

the rebar matting underneath and make the 

hose easier to pull. They also prevent the 

latches on the hose from catching on the 

rebar. 

How It Works 

/DERUHUVXVXDOO\PRYHFRQFUHWH¿OOHG KRVHV Skid plate 

across rebar matting by pulling on ropes 

attached to the hose, or by using long metal 

hooked rods. 

Simple Solutions Lifting, Holding, & Handling Materials . 

The Problem 

Charged concrete hoses are heavy and 

pulling them takes a lot of strength. The 

latches on a hose may snag on rebar. 

Workers must sometimes bend down and 

lift the hose to free it. 

Pulling, lifting, and moving sections of hose 

can force your body into awkward positions 

and put strain on your lower back and knees. 

If you have to use jerking motions or twist 

your body while doing this work, there is 

even more strain on your back. Handling 

concrete hoses, especially for long periods 

of time, may cause fatigue, back pain, and 

even serious muscle or joint injuries. 

Problem: Pulling concrete hose without skid plate
 

Solution: Pulling hose with skid plate and hook
 

— 53 —
 
Skid plates slide more easily across the rebar matting, reducing the friction. Pulling is easier. Also, hose 

couplings do not catch on the rebar matting. This decreases the need for laborers to jerk the hose or bend 

over to free it. 

From four to six skid plates should be used near the pour end of the hose. They are most effective when 

the hose is secured to each plate. You can fasten the hose to a plate with rebar tying wire or rubber 

EXQJHHFRUGV%RWKFDQTXLFNO\EHUHPRYHGZKHQQHFHVVDU\8VLQJunsecured skid plates may lead to 

more bending, awkward positions, and back strain. 

%HQH¿WVIRUWKH:RUNHUDQG(PSOR\HU

At least one study has found that using skid plates secured to the hose can reduce stress to the low back 

that otherwise would increase the chance of developing a serious injury. 

Use of secured skid plates does not result in loss of productivity. It takes only moments to place skid 

plates under hoses and secure them. If workers are less fatigued from pulling heavy hoses, productivity 

may actually increase. 

There are a few drawbacks. For example, it is still possible for skid plates to catch on Nelson studs (4” 

WDOOVWHHOURGVZHOGHGWRWKHVXEÀRRULQJWRUHLQIRUFHWKHFRQFUHWH6NLGSODWHVUHGXFHWKHSK\VLFDOVWUHVV

of pulling a hose, but they don’t get rid of it. The plates should be used only when the charged hose 

FDQQRWEHPRYHGZLWKDERRPFUDQHRUPRWRUL]HGFRQFUHWHSODFHPHQWHTXLSPHQW

Approximate Cost 

Prices run about $200–300 per plate. 

For More Information 

Ɣ Products related to this solution are described at www.cpwr.com/simple.html. Products also may be

 found on the internet using the following search terms: “concrete” + “hose placing disc.” 

Ɣ /RFDOFRQWUDFWRUWRRODQGHTXLSPHQWVXSSOLHUVRUUHQWDOFRPSDQLHVPD\EHDQRWKHUVRXUFHRI

 information on products. 

Ɣ For general information on this solution, check www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org and
 

www.elcosh.org.
 

— 54 —
 
–

TIP SHEET #13 

Vacuum Lifters for 

Windows and Sheet Materials 

Simple Solutions Lifting, Holding, & Handling Materials . 

The Problem
 

Manually installing large windows and sheet 

PDWHULDOVUHTXLUHVZRUNHUVWRKDQGOHKHDY\

and bulky objects. You may need to lift and 

carry them some distance to the installation 

site. When installing them, you may have to 

use a lot of strength to hold them while they 

are placed and secured. 

This work puts stress on your back and 

shoulders, which can lead to serious muscle 

and joint injuries. Injuries can be even more 

serious when you have to work in awkward 

positions or hold materials for a long 

period of time. Manually placing windows 

and sheet materials may also lead to hand 

injuries. 

One Solution 

Use vacuum lifters to install windows and 

RWKHUÀDWSDQHOV9DFXXPOLIWHUVHOLPLQDWH

the need to manually lift and position heavy 

and awkward materials. 

A vacuum lifter can be attached to a forklift, 

or to a small counter-balanced crane built in 

the shop. It can also be attached to a larger 

crane for outdoor work. 

How It Works 

There are both non-powered and powered 

vacuum lifter systems available with load 

capacities from 375 1400 pounds. Nonpowered “hand cup” systems lift and carry 

the load using manually-operated, pumpProblem: Installing window using manual suction
 

cups still requires lifting
 

Solution: Using powered vacuum lift
 

— 55 —
 
style vacuum cups attached to a specially-designed frame. Some of these frames permit loads to
 

be rotated and tilted. In some cases, the cups can be removed from the frame so they can be used
 

individually for lifting and carrying.
 

Although some contractors use manual systems, a more typical system is a powered lifter using cups 

with a cord-free 12-volt vacuum pump. “Below-the-hook” powered vacuum lifters are a little more 

expensive but feature rotation and tilt. 

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Large window units and other panels can be installed without the usual physical stress that comes with 

lifting, carrying, holding, and positioning heavy objects. Using lifters will help reduce the possibility 

that a worker will develop a muscle or joint injury. 

$YDFXXPOLIWHUDOVRNHHSVWKH¿QJHUVDQGDUPVIURPEHLQJFDXJKWLQSLQFKSRLQWVZKHQSRVLWLRQLQJDQG

setting the window or panel. 

There should be a gain in productivity, since workers will be less fatigued and able to install more 

windows or panels. There may also be less damage to windows and other materials. 

Approximate Cost 

Manually-operated “hand cup” frames featuring rotation and tilt cost around $1,200. You will spend 

about $300 total for four 9-inch pump-style vacuum cups to use with them. 

A basic four-cup DC-powered lifter costs around $2,500. Below-the-hook vacuum lifters are available 

ZLWKYDULRXVRSWLRQVDQGFRQ¿JXUDWLRQVUDQJLQJIURP±

For More Information 

Ɣ Products related to this solution are described at www.cpwr.com/simple.html. Products also may be

 found on the internet using the following search terms: “vacuum lifters.” 

Ɣ /RFDOFRQWUDFWRUWRRODQGHTXLSPHQWVXSSOLHUVRUUHQWDOFRPSDQLHVPD\EHDQRWKHUVRXUFHRI

 information on products. 

Ɣ For general information on this solution, check www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org and
 

www.elcosh.org.
 

— 56 —
 
INTRODUCTION
 

Simple Solutions for
 

Hand-Intensive Work
 

The Problem 

Construction workers usually spend a lot of time gripping tools or materials with one or both hands. This 

work can put stress on your hand, wrist, and/or elbow, causing discomfort and pain. Eventually you may 

develop a serious muscle or joint injury. Your ability to use your hands and wrists may be reduced, and 

you may even become permanently disabled. 

You are at risk of injury if you often use a forceful grip on tools, bend your wrist when using them, or 

PRYH\RXUZULVWUDSLGO\RUUHSHWLWLYHO\,QMXULHVDOVRFDQUHVXOWLI\RXIUHTXHQWO\KROGYLEUDWLQJWRROVRU

if tool handles that are hard or sharp often press into your hand, wrist, or arm. 

Gripping tools and other materials can be physically demanding, repetitive work. It may injure the 

muscles, tendons, and cartilage of your hand, wrist, and elbow. Damage to the nerves and blood vessels 

can also occur. 

If you experience soreness or pain, and continue doing the work without allowing your muscles and 

tendons to rest and heal, the pain may get worse and you may eventually develop a serious disorder. 

Injuries & Disorders 

Below are some of the injuries you may develop 

when you do hand-intensive work. 

Tendinitis. Most of the muscles that move your 

KDQGDQG ¿QJHUVDUHDFWXDOO\LQ\RXUIRUHDUP7KHVH

PXVFOHVDUHFRQQHFWHGWRWKHKDQGDQG ¿QJHUVE\

tendons, which are like cords passing through your 

wrist. 

You can strain the tendons in your wrist if you 

IUHTXHQWO\H[HUWVWURQJIRUFHZLWK\RXUKDQGEHQG

your wrist while working, or repeat the same wrist 

movements over and over. If this strain continues 

over time, you may develop tendinitis. Tendinitis 

makes it painful to use your hand, especially to 

grasp things. 

— 57 —
 
Carpal tunnel syndrome. The carpal tunnel is an 

area in your wrist that is surrounded by bone and 

tissue. A nerve and several tendons pass through 

this tunnel. If you have tendinitis and your tendons 

swell, there is less room in the tunnel for the nerve. 

:KHQWKHQHUYHLVVTXHH]HGWKLVZD\WKHFRQGLWLRQ

is called carpal tunnel syndrome. It often leads to 

pain, tingling, or numbness in your hand, wrist, or 

arm. These symptoms are often felt at night. 

If left untreated, carpal tunnel syndrome can 

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things or even use that hand at all. 

Epicondylitis. Forceful twisting motions may cause 

strain on your elbow tendons, causing discomfort 

or pain. This condition is called epicondylitis, also 

known as tennis elbow. 

7ULJJHU¿QJHU5HSHDWHGSUHVVXUHRQD¿QJHU

(such as when using the trigger on a power tool) 

PD\VWUDLQWKHWHQGRQUXQQLQJWRWKDW¿QJHU

as well as the tendon covering This may cause 

discomfort or pain. 

Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). Operating vibrating tools like needle guns, chipping hammers, 

DQGURWDU\KDPPHUGULOOVPD\OHDGWR¿QJHUGLVFRORUDWLRQWLQJOLQJDQGQXPEQHVV*DQJUHQHLVSRVVLEOH

in the most severe cases. 

— 58 —
 
Some Solutions 

Hand-intensive work cannot be eliminated from construction, but it is possible to change how you do 

it so the work is easier on your body. Solutions are available that can reduce the level of stress on your 

hands, wrists, and arms. They may also reduce how often and how long your body is subjected to this 

stress. Many of the solutions can also eliminate other potential safety hazards and increase productivity. 

The type of task and the site conditions will determine which solutions are best for you. A few possible 

VROXWLRQVIRUVSHFL¿FKDQGLQWHQVLYHWDVNVDUHH[SODLQHGLQ7LS6KHHWV±

General solutions for doing hand-intensive work with less risk of injury include: 

Change materials or work processes. One of the most effective solutions may be to use materials, 

building components, or work methods that are less labor-intensive. For example, use lock nuts or button 

nuts on all-thread systems to reduce repeated hand-arm twisting and turning. An individual construction 

ZRUNHURUVXEFRQWUDFWRUXVXDOO\FDQQRWPDNHDGHFLVLRQOLNHWKLV&HUWDLQFKDQJHVPD\UHTXLUHWKH

approval of the building owner, architect, engineer, or general contractor. 

Change tools and/or equipment. If the work 

UHTXLUHVIUHTXHQWLQWHQVLYHKDQGDFWLYLW\\RXFDQ

often substitute a power tool for a manual tool. This 

will reduce the amount of hand force needed and the 

number of repeated movements, especially twisting 

motions. You will get the job done with less effort. 

You can also use ergonomically improved tools. 

Select a tool that comes with a power grip, or add a 

power grip to existing tools. Compressible foam can 

be used to wrap a narrow tool handle and improve 

the grip. Some power tools have a large trigger that 

FDQEHRSHUDWHGZLWKPXOWLSOH¿QJHUVVR\RXGRQ¶W
 

FRQVWDQWO\SXWDOOWKHVWUHVVRQRQH¿QJHU$OVRORRN
 

for power tools that meet stricter European handDUPYLEUDWLRQUHTXLUHPHQWV

Choose the right tool for the job. For example, snips 

and other tools are available with features such as 

offset handles that can help keep your wrist straight 

on some types of jobs. Also, never use your hand to 

hammer or pound anything into place. 

In a few cases, cost and site conditions may restrict the use of ergonomically improved tools. 

Change work rules and provide training.&RQWUDFWRUVFDQHQFRXUDJHWKHXVHRIHTXLSPHQWOLNHHUJRQRPLF

tools. Site rules can limit the amount of time that workers do hand-intensive jobs withouta break. A 

SROLF\RISURYLGLQJHUJRQRPLFVWUDLQLQJPD\KHOSZRUNHUVPRUHTXLFNO\LGHQWLI\SRWHQWLDOSUREOHPVDQG

¿QG HIIHFWLYH VROXWLRQV

Offset handles can help keep the wrist straight
 

— 59 —
 
— 60 —
 
TIP SHEET #14 

Ergonomic Hand Tools
 

The Problem 

Using a conventional hand tool over and 

over can lead to muscle strain or even a 

serious injury like carpal tunnel syndrome 

or tendinitis. Using the wrong tool, or using 

a tool the wrong way, can strain your hand, 

wrist, forearm, shoulder, and neck. 

One Solution 

8VHDQ3HUJRQRPLF ́WRROWKDW¿WVWKHMRE

Many new tools are available that may help 

prevent muscle and joint injuries. However, 

some new tools advertised as “ergonomic” 

have not been carefully designed. 

A tool can be considered “ergonomic” 

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allows a good grip, takes less effort, does not 

UHTXLUH\RXWRZRUNLQDQDZNZDUGSRVLWLRQ

GRHVQRWGLJLQWR\RXU¿QJHUVRUKDQGDQG

is comfortable and effective. Remember that 

a tool designed for one task may put more 

stress on the hand or wrist when used for 

a different task. For example, needle-nose 

pliers work well for crimping electrical wire 

but should not be used for twisting. 

How It Works 

Here are some tips for selecting an
 

ergonomic hand tool.
 

Handle. The handle should be non-slip, 

coated with soft material, and not have sharp 

edges. You may want to add a soft sleeve to 

the handle for a better and more comfortable 

grip. However, make sure the sleeve doesn’t 

increase the handle diameter to more than 

Avoid tools with finger grooves
 

Tool with soft grip and spring-loaded handle
 

Tool with offset handle can help keep wrist straight
 

Simple Solutions Hand-Intensive Work . 

— 61 —
 
two inches, which would make it harder to grip. Make sure the sleeve does not slip on the handle. If your 

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WKHKDQGOHVKRXOGQ¶WSUHVVFRQWLQXDOO\RQ\RXUSDOP$YRLGWRROVZLWK¿QJHUJURRYHVRQWKHJULS*URRYHV

WKDWGRQRW¿W\RXUKDQGFDQSXWPRUHSUHVVXUHRQ\RXU¿QJHUVZKLFKFDQLQMXUHWKH¿QJHUWHQGRQV

Wrist position. Pick a tool that keeps your wrist straight when you use it. A tool with a bent handle 

may work best if you are applying a horizontal force (in the same direction as your straight forearm and 

wrist). A tool with a straight handle may work best if you are applying an upward or downward force. 

Handle diameter. )RUVLQJOHKDQGOHWRROVLIWKHWDVNUHTXLUHVKLJKIRUFHKDQGOHGLDPHWHUVKRXOGEH

EHWZHHQLQFKHVDQGLQFKHV)RUORZIRUFHWDVNVUHTXLULQJSUHFLVLRQRUDFFXUDF\KDQGOHGLDPHWHU

should be between 1/4 inch and 1/2 inch. 

For double-handle tools, grip span for high-force tasks should be at least 2 inches when closed and no 

PRUHWKDQLQFKHVZKHQIXOO\RSHQ)RUORZIRUFHWDVNVUHTXLULQJSUHFLVLRQRUDFFXUDF\JULSVSDQ

should be at least 1 inch when closed and no more than 3 inches when fully open. 

Pinching, gripping, or cutting tools. Choose a tool with a spring-loaded handle that automatically 

returns to an open position. If continuous high force is necessary, consider using a clamp, a grip, or 

locking pliers. 

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:KHQ\RXFKRRVHDWRROWKDW¿WV\RXUWDVN\RXUHGXFH\RXUFKDQFHRIGHYHORSLQJDQLQMXU\<RXPD\

DOVRJHWWKHMREGRQHTXLFNHUDQGLPSURYHWKHTXDOLW\RI\RXUZRUN

Approximate Cost 

Many tool manufacturers now produce ergonomically improved hand tools. Often these are no more 

expensive than non-ergonomic tools. 

For More Information 

Ɣ Products related to this solution are described at www.cpwr.com/simple.html. Products also may be

 found on the internet using the following search terms: (type of tool) + “ergonomically designed.” 

Ɣ /RFDOFRQWUDFWRUWRRODQGHTXLSPHQWVXSSOLHUVRUUHQWDOFRPSDQLHVPD\EHDQRWKHUVRXUFHRI

 information on products. 

Ɣ For general information on this solution, check www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org and
 

www.elcosh.org. Other good information is available at:


 www.thomasnet.com (in the search box enter “tools: ergonomically designed”)

 vendorweb.humantech.com/browse.asp

 www.advancedergonomics.com/product/tools.htm 

— 62 —
 
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

 

 - 

The Problem 

A mud pan full of drywall compound can

weigh more than five pounds. Continuously 

gripping the pan can put a lot of stress on

your hand, wrist, and forearm. If the mud

pan is too wide for your hand, you have to

squeeze its sides to hold it, putting more 

strain on your forearm muscles.

The smooth sides and bottom on a mud

pan make it hard to grip with bare hands.

Because of its weight, size, and smoothness,

you must use a lot of hand force to hold the

pan.

All these types of strain can tire your hand,

wrist, arm, and forearm. If you do drywall

work often and for long periods of time, the

strain may lead to serious injuries.

One Solution 

Use an easy-hold glove attached to the

mud pan, which you can make yourself.

The glove cuts down on the hand strength

required to grip the pan. With the glove, all 

you need to do is balance the pan.

How It Works 

The glove is bolted to the pan with a swivel

mount. A bolt is welded to the bottom of

the pan, and held by a nut inside the glove.

This holds the pan in place. You never have

to squeeze the pan. Because of the swivel 

mount, you can spin the pan in your hand

T I P S H E E T # 1 5 

Easy-Hold Glove 

for Mud Pans 

Problem: Holding mud pan without glove 

Solution: Holding mud pan with glove 

S i m p l e S o l u t i o n s 

Glove assembly 

H a n d I n t e n s i v e Wo r k . 

— 63 —
 
DVQHHGHG7KHJORYH¿WVVQXJO\RQ\RXUKDQG$9HOFURVWUDSKROGVLWLQSODFH7KHJORYHVSUHDGVWKH

weight of the pan over your whole hand. You need only to open your hand wide to balance the pan. The 

pan swivels easily. 

%HQH¿WVIRUWKH:RUNHUDQG(PSOR\HU

Finishers who used the easy-hold glove liked it and said it was great for long periods of coating drywall. 

They said that it cut down on their long-term fatigue and pain. Researchers found that wearing the glove 

led to a 25% reduction in grip force needed to hold the pan. 

There are some drawbacks. Finishers said that it takes time to put the glove on and take it off. Other 

tasks, such as putting up tape, cannot be done while wearing the glove. 

Approximate Cost 

If you make your own easy-hold glove (see section below), the cost of materials is low. You can begin 

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7RPDNH\RXURZQ8VHDWLJKW¿WWLQJJORYHZLWKDVWLIISDOPVXFKDVD¿QJHUOHVVELF\FOHJORYH0DNH

sure the glove is not so tight that it affects blood circulation in your hand. But if the glove is too loose, 

\RXZLOOHQGXSJULSSLQJWKHPXGSDQWLJKWHU$JORYHZLWKRXW¿QJHUVOHWV\RXXVH\RXURZQ¿QJHUV

PRUHHDVLO\+RZHYHULWDOVRPDNHVWKHJORYHDOLWWOHKDUGHUWRWDNHRIIEHFDXVHWKH¿QJHUKROHVFDQJHW

caught on your knuckles. 

Fix the head of a small bolt to the bottom of the mud pan. You can weld the bolt or “glue” it using a 

metal-to-metal adhesive. Place a large (up to two-inch) washer on the bolt. Punch the bolt through the 

palm of the glove. Inside the glove, place another large washer over the bolt that sticks through. Tighten 

a lock nut over the bolt inside the glove. Cut off any part of the bolt that sticks above the nut and sand 

the bolt smooth. If the bolt still presses on the palm of your hand inside the glove, cover it with duct tape 

or another material. 

For More Information 

Ɣ Products related to this solution are described at www.cpwr.com/simple.html. 

Ɣ /RFDOFRQWUDFWRUWRRODQGHTXLSPHQWVXSSOLHUVRUUHQWDOFRPSDQLHVPD\EHDQRWKHUVRXUFHRI

 information on products. 

Ɣ For general information on this solution, check www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org and
 

www.elcosh.org.
 

— 64 —
 
TIP SHEET #16 

Power Caulking Guns
 

Simple Solutions Hand-Intensive Work . 

The Problem 

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high hand forces to pull the trigger. If you 

use these guns often and for long periods 

of time, you are at risk of stressing the soft 

tissues in your hand, wrist, and forearm. This 

can lead to serious muscle or joint injuries. 

7KHPRUHSUHVVXUH\RXUJXQUHTXLUHVWRSXOO

the trigger (low mechanical advantage), the 

higher your chance of injury. You may have 

to use even more force when you apply 

thicker sealant material. If you have to 

bend your wrist or twist your forearm when 

pulling the trigger, you also increase your 

chance of injury. 

Your chance of developing an injury 

increases if the gun you use has sharp edges 

or grooves on the trigger, or has a wide span 

between the trigger and the grip, forcing you 

to stretch your hand. 

One Solution 

Use a power caulking gun. These guns 

may be powered by a battery or may be 

pneumatic (powered by compressed air). 

With a power caulking gun you won’t need 

to pull the trigger to apply the caulk or 

sealant. This will reduce the stress to your 

¿QJHUVKDQGDQGIRUHDUP

How It Works 

A battery (cordless gun) or compressed air 

(pneumatic gun) provides the power to force 

the caulk from the gun. Some guns have a 

Problem: Manually squeezing caulking gun
 

Solution: Caulking adapter for drill
 

— 65 —
 
 

 

 

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electrical outlet or generator to charge the batteries in a cordless gun, or an air compressor to power a 

pneumatic gun. When you use a pneumatic gun, the hose may produce some resistance (or “drag”) on 

the tool, possibly increasing the grip force necessary. 

Cordless guns are available for tube, sausage, and bulk caulks. A 12-volt or higher cordless gun will 

produce 600+ lbs. of thrust force. Pneumatic guns will handle sausage and bulk caulks. 

Another device available is a caulk-dispensing adapter that can be used with a cordless drill or variable 

speed AC drill. These adapters are available for 10 oz. and 30 oz. caulk cartridges. 

%HQH¿WVIRUWKH:RUNHUDQG(PSOR\HU

Use of power caulking guns should result in less soft tissue fatigue, discomfort, and injury. Although 

SRZHUFDXONLQJJXQVDUHKHDYLHUWKDQQRQSRZHUHGJXQVWKH\GRQRWUHTXLUHKLJKKDQGIRUFHVWRJHWWKH

caulk out of the gun. 

One minor drawback is that pneumatic caulking guns are tethered to the air compressor with a hose, and 

the hose must be moved along with the gun. 

Approximate Cost 

Cordless caulking guns, with 12-volt battery and charger, range from $200–300, depending on size. 

Pneumatic caulking guns start around $20. Caulking attachments for cordless drills cost $45–50. 

For More Information 

Ɣ Products related to this solution are described at www.cpwr.com/simple.html. Products also may be

 found on the internet using the following search terms: 

Cordless Caulking Guns: “cordless caulk (or caulking) gun” 

Pneumatic Caulking Guns: “pneumatic caulk (or caulking) gun” 

Caulk-Dispensing Attachments for Drills: “power caulker drill attachment” 

Ɣ /RFDOFRQWUDFWRUWRRODQGHTXLSPHQWVXSSOLHUVRUUHQWDOFRPSDQLHVPD\EHDQRWKHUVRXUFHRI

 information on products. 

Ɣ For general information on this solution, check www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org and
 

www.elcosh.org.
 

— 66 —
 
TIP SHEET #17 

Reduced Vibration 


Power Tools
 

The Problem 

From chainsaws to impact drills to soil 

compactors, some hand-held power tools 

can produce a lot of vibration. Certain tools 

generate vibration levels so high that they 

can damage the blood vessels and nerves in 

your hands. 

The problem usually begins with numbness 

and tingling in your hands. After you have 

been exposed to vibration for a while, 

\RXU¿QJHUWLSVPD\EHFRPHGLVFRORUHGRU

white, especially when they get cold. You 

may also lose grip strength. In extreme 

cases, gangrene is possible. This injury is 

VRPHWLPHVFDOOHG3ZKLWH¿QJHU ́RU3KDQG

arm vibration syndrome” (HAVS). 

You are at greater risk of developing a 

vibration-related injury if you use vibrating 

power tools often or for long periods of time. 

These injuries can be prevented, but there is 

no cure once you have them. 

One Solution 

Use reduced vibration power tools. Many 

tools are now available that are designed to 

produce less vibration. They should always 

EHXVHGZLWKIXOO¿QJHUHGDQWLYLEUDWLRQ

JORYHVWKDWDUHFHUWL¿HGWRPHHW,QWHUQDWLRQDO

Organization for Standardization (ISO) 

vibration standards (ISO 10819). Gloves 

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YLEUDWLRQDGHTXDWHO\HYHQZKHQXVLQJDWRRO

designed for low vibration. 

Always keep your hands warm when using 

any vibrating tool, and use as light a hand 

grip as possible. Using a lighter grip helps 

reduce your exposure to vibration. 

Problem: Some soil compactors can produce high
 

vibration levels
 

Solution: Use reduced vibration tools
 

with anti-vibration gloves such as these
 

air bladder gloves
 

Simple Solutions Hand-Intensive Work . 

— 67 —
 
How It Works
 

Many manufacturers now offer reduced vibration tools. Although there are no regulations limiting 

vibration exposure in the U.S., there are limits in Europe and companies produce tools for both markets. 

The European limits have been adopted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as 

recommended exposure limits (S2.70-2006). 

The possible harm caused by operating a vibrating tool is related to the level of vibration and the amount 

of time the tool is used. The higher the vibration level, the shorter the time the tool can be used safely. 

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meters per second per second (m/s2) over any 8-hour period. For example, use of a tool with a high level 

of vibration (10 m/s2

) would be limited to a shorter period (2 hours per day). For text of the European 

regulation search for “Directive 2002/44/EC” in any Internet search engine. 

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tools on the web (go to http://vibration.niwl.se/eng). Vibration measurements are approximate, not 

absolute. They can vary depending on how the vibration is measured, how the tool is being used, and the 

condition of the tool. Also check users’ manuals for vibration information. 

If you know the vibration level of a tool, you can determine how much time you can safely use it. (This 

is called “trigger time.”) There are several vibration exposure calculators on the web. If you enter a 

tool’s vibration level (in m/s2

) the calculator will tell you the trigger time. Vibration exposure calculators 

can be used to help determine whether the tool you use produces too much vibration. Calculators can be 

found online by using the following search terms: “vibration exposure calculator.” 

%HQH¿WVIRUWKH:RUNHUDQG(PSOR\HU

Reduced vibration tools allows workers more “trigger time” with less risk of injury. Where trigger time 

limits are enforced by the employer, using reduced vibration tools may also increase productivity. Using 

anti-vibration gloves alone may not eliminate exposure to all harmful vibration. 

Approximate Cost 

Reduced vibration power tools are available for purchase and rental. Contact the tool manufacturer or 

representative for prices. Anti-vibration work gloves usually cost $40–50. 

For More Information 

Ɣ Products related to this solution are described at www.cpwr.com/simple.html. Products also may be

 found on the internet using the following search terms: “low vibration tools.” 

Ɣ /RFDOFRQWUDFWRUWRRODQGHTXLSPHQWVXSSOLHUVRUUHQWDOFRPSDQLHVPD\EHDQRWKHUVRXUFHRI

 information on products. 

Ɣ For general information on this solution, check www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org and 

www.elcosh.org. Information, including additional vibration exposure calculators, is also available 

from the Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) at www.ccohs.ca. 

— 68 —
 
 

TIP SHEET #18 

Power Cleaning and 

Reaming with a Brush 

Simple Solutions Hand-Intensive Work . 

The Problem 

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ream pipes, grates, and other building 

materials can strain your hands, wrists, 

forearms, and elbows. Using the brush may 

be light work, but you must bend your wrist 

and use fast pulling, pushing, or rotating 

motions. If you do this work often, you can 

be at risk of a serious muscle or joint injury. 

Your chance of developing a serious injury 

increases when you have to apply high hand 

force to the brush or use a pinch grip to hold 

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WKHEUXVKPD\EHKDUGHUWRKROGDQGUHTXLUH

more force. 

One Solution 

Place the wire brush in the chuck of a 

battery-powered or corded screw gun or 

screwdriver. The power tool will eliminate 

the repeated hand, wrist, and forearm 

motions and may improve your grip. 

How It Works 

The power tool rotates the brush for you. 

Choose a power tool with a soft, non-slip 

handle (plastic or rubber covering). The 

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whole hand. It should not have sharp edges 

or ridges. You will need less hand strength to 

grip this type of handle than to grip a brush. 

The smaller handles on manual wire brushes 

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WKDQZLWKWKHIXOOKDQG7KLVUHTXLUHVPRUH
 

muscle force. 

Problem: Brushing copper tube by hand
 

Solution: Using wire brush with power driver
 

— 69 —
 
There will be less localized pressure on your hand because the handle won’t dig into your skin. There 

also will be fewer rapid movements of your hand, wrist, and forearm. The rotation of the power tool 

replaces the motions necessary with the manual wire brush. 

Many power tools can help keep your wrist straight. Some have handles that change from in-line to 

pistol-grip (two-way handles). These prevent awkward wrist positions because the tool bends—not your 

wrist. Or, depending on the location of the work, you can use a power tool with either a pistol grip or inline handle, whichever best reduces wrist bending in each situation. 

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Using a power tool with the wire brush should result in less strain on your hand, wrist, forearm, and 

elbow. It will also improve productivity because the work is faster than using a brush by hand. 

You do need access to a power source. This may be an electrical outlet or generator to run a corded tool 

or to charge the batteries in a cordless one. 

Approximate Cost 

3URIHVVLRQDOTXDOLW\WRROVFDQEHSXUFKDVHGDWPRVWKDUGZDUHKRPHLPSURYHPHQWDQGFRPPHUFLDO

building supply stores. Prices vary and you should shop around before purchasing one. If you plan 

WRXVHWKHWRRORIWHQFRQVLGHUSXUFKDVLQJDKHDY\GXW\FRQWUDFWRURUSURIHVVLRQDOTXDOLW\PRGHO)RU

professional models, a corded screw gun runs $125–150. A battery-powered screw gun (14.4–18 volts) 

is $180–250. A battery-powered screwdriver (2.4–3.4 volts) is $100–125. Wire brushes are available as 

accessories from many power tool manufacturers. 

For More Information 

Ɣ Products related to this solution are described at www.cpwr.com/simple.html. 

Ɣ /RFDOFRQWUDFWRUWRRODQGHTXLSPHQWVXSSOLHUVRUUHQWDOFRPSDQLHVPD\EHDQRWKHUVRXUFHRI

 information on products. 

Ɣ For general information on this solution, check www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org and
 

www.elcosh.org.
 

— 70 —
 
The Problem 

Cutting sheet metal with snips takes a lot 

of hand force. You often need to work with 

your wrist in an awkward position. If you 

do this work often or for long periods of 

time, you may experience hand or wrist pain. 

Eventually you may develop a serious injury. 

Using the wrong snip for the job increases 

your chance of injury. Snips come in many 

shapes and sizes. Manufacturers produce 

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workers. If you use left-cut snips to do a 

right-cut task, your hand and wrist will be 

in a stressful position and you will have 

to use more force. If you cut sheet metal 

that is thicker than the snip manufacturer 

recommends, more force will also be 

necessary. If you use dull snips, they will 

make your work even harder. 

One Solution 

Use the right size and type of snip for the 

task. New types of snips are available that 

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VWUDLJKWHUDQGUHTXLUHOHVVKDQGIRUFH

Any snip you use should be sharp and tight. 

Do not use dull or damaged snips. Where 

necessary use compound snips, which 

provide much more power. Some compound 

snips will increase your hand strength by 12 

times. Electric snips are usually best when 

you need to make many cuts. 

Most snips are made for cutting soft metal 

only. For hard metal, you should use other 

cutting tools designed for that purpose. 

TIP SHEET #19
 

Snips for Cutting 

Sheet Metal 

Problem: All-purpose snips are not
 

suitable for every job
 

One solution: Tapping into duct
 

using upright snip
 

Simple Solutions Hand-Intensive Work . 

— 71 —
 
How It Works 

Improvements found in the newer snips include less space between the handles, soft grips and curved 

handles. Using a curved handle can help keep your wrist straight. A soft grip lowers the pressure on your 

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WRRO$QXSULJKWVQLSFDQKHOSNHHS\RXUZULVWVWUDLJKWHUZKHQZRUNLQJLQFRQ¿QHGDUHDVRURYHUKHDG

1RSDLURIVQLSVZLOOZRUNZHOOIRUHYHU\WDVN'HFLGHZKDWWKHMREUHTXLUHVDQGVHOHFWWKHFRUUHFWVQLSV

0DQXIDFWXUHUVPDNHVSHFL¿FVQLSVIRUOHIWDQGULJKWFXWVVWUDLJKWFXWVDQGZLGHRUWLJKWFXUYHGFXWV

7KHUHDUHVSHFL¿FVQLSVIRUGLIIHUHQWJDXJHVRIVKHHWPHWDO'LIIHUHQWVQLSVDUHPDGHWR¿WOHIWDQGULJKW

handed workers. 

3D\DWWHQWLRQWRWKHPDQXIDFWXUHU¶VVSHFL¿FDWLRQV0DQXIDFWXUHUVFRORUFRGHVQLSKDQGOHVIRUWKHW\SH

RIFXWWKH\PDNH2\HOORZIRUVWUDLJKWJUHHQIRUULJKWDQGUHGIRUOHIW8VHVQLSVWKDW¿WERWK\RXUKDQG

and the job you do, either left-handed or right-handed. Always wear eye protection when using snips. 

%HQH¿WVIRUWKH:RUNHUDQG(PSOR\HU

Choosing the correct snips should make the job easier. Your hand and wrist should be less tired, and less 

likely to be injured. You also should be able to get the job done faster. 

Approximate Cost 

The best snip for the job should not cost much more than other snips. Newer snips are often between 

$10–40. 

For More Information 

Ɣ Products related to this solution are described at www.cpwr.com/simple.html. Products also may be

 found on the internet using the following search terms: “aviation snips” + “ergonomic design.” 

Ɣ /RFDOFRQWUDFWRUWRRODQGHTXLSPHQWVXSSOLHUVRUUHQWDOFRPSDQLHVPD\EHDQRWKHUVRXUFHRI

 information on products. 

Ɣ For general information on this solution, check www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org and
 

www.elcosh.org.
 

— 72 —
 
The Problem 

When you tighten a standard lock nut around 

the thread on a long rod, you have to twist 

your hand, wrist, and forearm over and over. 

Making these twisting movements can strain 

the muscles and tendons in your hand, wrist, 

and elbow. The strain can become more 

serious if you do this work a lot and you 

repeat the same movements for a long period 

of time. You can eventually develop pain and 

even a serious injury. 

Your chance of injury depends on the 

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the nut, the distance the nut is threaded, 

and the number of nuts threaded. Working 

in positions where you have to reach above 

your shoulders to thread the nut increases 

your chance of injury. 

One Solution 

Use a quick-threading lock nut. Depending 

on the type of nut, these can either snap onto 

an all-thread rod at any position, or slide up 

and down the rod freely. They eliminate the 

repeated hand, wrist, forearm, and elbow 

twisting. They can also reduce the time 

you spend working above your shoulders 

because they go on faster. 

How It Works 

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nuts—two piece lock nuts and button lock 

nuts. 

TIP SHEET #20
 

Quick-Threading 

Lock Nuts 

Problem: Tightening conventional nut on all-thread 

Solution: Two piece slip-on lock nut (top)
 

and button lock nut (bottom)
 

Simple Solutions Hand-Intensive Work . 

— 73 —
 
When using the two piece lock nut, you twist the two sections of the nut apart until the slot is open, then 

place the nut on the all-thread rod where you need it. Then twist the two sections together again until the 

slot is closed and the sections are snug against each other. Finally, tighten the nut with a wrench until the 

openings on the two sections face in opposite directions. 

:KHQXVLQJWKHEXWWRQORFNQXW\RX¿UVWSXVKWKHEXWWRQWRORRVHQWKHQXWIURPWKHWKUHDG7KHQVOLGH

the nut to the spot you want. Let go of the button to make the nut re-connect with the thread. Then 

tighten it as you would any nut. 

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8VLQJTXLFNWKUHDGLQJORFNQXWVVKRXOGUHGXFHWKHVWUDLQRQ\RXUKDQGZULVWDQGIRUHDUP,WVKRXOG

therefore lessen the chance of pain and musculoskeletal injury. Because you spend less time working 

above your shoulders, there is also less overall strain on your shoulders, neck, and back during a shift. 

In addition, these nuts should lead to a gain in productivity because they take less time. They make 

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WKUHDGLQJORFNQXWVPD\QRWEHDSSURSULDWHIRUDOOMREVDQGWKHLUXVHPD\UHTXLUHWKHDSSURYDORIWKH

building owner, architect, engineer, or general contractor. 

Approximate Cost 

The two piece lock nuts start at $2–3 each, depending on diameter. Metric sizes are available. The button 

lock nuts start at approximately $6 each. 

For More Information 

Ɣ Products related to this solution are described at www.cpwr.com/simple.html. 

Ɣ /RFDOFRQWUDFWRUWRRODQGHTXLSPHQWVXSSOLHUVRUUHQWDOFRPSDQLHVPD\EHDQRWKHUVRXUFHRI

 information on products. 

Ɣ For general information on this solution, check www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org and
 

www.elcosh.org.
 

— 74 —
 
SIMPLE SOLUTIONS
 

Glossary
 

ANSI 

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FRRUGLQDWHVYROXQWDU\VWDQGDUGVLQPDQ\¿HOGV$16,HQFRXUDJHVWKHSULYDWHVHFWRUDQGJRYHUQPHQWWR

reach agreement on the need for standards and establish priorities. 

Arthritis 

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Awkward position 

See Awkward posture. 

Awkward posture 

Deviation from the natural or “neutral” position of a body part. A neutral position is one that puts 

minimal stress on the body part. Awkward postures typically include reaching above or behind, twisting, 

EHQGLQJIRUZDUGRUEDFNZDUGSLQFKLQJVTXDWWLQJDQGNQHHOLQJ:RUNLQJIUHTXHQWO\LQDZNZDUG

postures can cause fatigue, pain, and musculoskeletal injury. 

Body mechanics education 

Education that emphasizes how best to align the musculoskeletal system during work and other activities 

to reduce abnormal joint stress, muscle strain, and fatigue. 

Bursa 

6PDOOÀDWÀXLG¿OOHGVDFVORFDWHGLQWKRVHDUHDVRIWKHERG\ZKHUHUHSHDWHGSUHVVXUHLVH[HUWHGGXULQJ

movement of body parts, such as the shoulder, elbow, and knee. Bursa allow these body parts to move 

more easily. 

Bursitis 

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Carpal tunnel 

An opening inside the wrist through which the median nerve and several tendons pass. The tunnel is 

formed by the wrist bones and a dense ligament. 

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) 

$FRQGLWLRQLQZKLFKWKHUHLVSUHVVXUHRQWKHPHGLDQQHUYHLQWKHFDUSDOWXQQHO7KHQHUYHJHWVVTXHH]HG

when the tendons swell. Symptoms can include pain, tingling, or numbness in the hand, wrist, or arm. 

These symptoms are often felt at night. 

Cartilage 

Thick, white connective tissue attached to the surfaces of bones where they contact other bones, forming 

a low-friction cushion. It is structurally more rigid than a tendon. 

Cervical vertebrae 

Seven small irregular bones in the neck that support and allow head movement. 

— 75 —
 
Contact stress 

3UHVVXUHRQRQHVSHFL¿FDUHDRIWKHERG\VXFKDVWKHIRUHDUPRUVLGHVRIWKH¿QJHUVWKDWFDQLQKLELW

QHUYHIXQFWLRQDQGEORRGÀRZLQWKDWDUHD,WLVFDXVHGE\FRQWLQXRXVRUUHSHDWHGFRQWDFWZLWKKDUGRU

sharp objects such as table edges or unpadded, narrow tool handles. 

Cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) 

$QLQMXU\WKDWGHYHORSVRYHUDSHULRGRIWLPHEHFDXVHRIUHSHDWHGVWUHVVRQDVSHFL¿FERG\SDUWVXFK

DVWKHEDFNKDQGZULVWRUIRUHDUP0XVFOHVDQGMRLQWVDUHVWUHVVHGWHQGRQVDUHLQÀDPHGQHUYHVDUH

SLQFKHGDQGRUWKHÀRZRIEORRGLVUHVWULFWHG6LPLODUWRRepetitive stress injury. 

Discs 

See Intervertebral discs. 

Disorder 

A medical condition in which some body function does not work as it should. 

Epicondylitis 

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the elbow), or “golfer’s elbow” (medial or inside part of the elbow). 

Ergonomics 

7KHVFLHQFHRI¿WWLQJZRUNSODFHFRQGLWLRQVDQGMREGHPDQGVWRWKHFDSDELOLWLHVRIZRUNHUV¶ERGLHV

Ergonomics program 

A systematic process, often spelled out in writing, for identifying, analyzing, and controlling ergonomic 

hazards at a particular workplace. 

Fatigue 

A condition that results when the body cannot provide enough energy for the muscles to perform a task. 

Force 

The amount of physical effort needed to do a task. 

Gangrene 

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Grip force 

Physical force applied by the hand when holding or gripping an object. 

Hand-arm vibration 

Vibration (generally from a hand tool) that goes through the hand and can travel to the arm and other 

areas of the body. 

Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) 

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FDXVHGE\XVLQJYLEUDWLQJKDQGWRROVIUHTXHQWO\RUIRUORQJSHULRGVRIWLPH,WLQYROYHVEORRGYHVVHO

GDPDJHVXFKDVFORVXUHRIWKHGLJLWDO¿QJHUDUWHULHV

Herniated disc 

A condition where the soft inner part of an intervertebral disc pushes out through a tear in the disc. 

— 76 —
 
In-line grip 

A hand tool handle which is straight. 

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A protective response of the body to infection and injury. Symptoms may include tissue swelling, 

redness, pain, and a feeling of warmth. 

Intervertebral discs 

Discs that sit between the bones of the spinal column (vertebrae) in the back and neck. The discs act as 

cushions or “shock absorbers” between the bones. Discs have a strong outer wall and a soft inner gel. 

ISO 

The International Organization for Standardization. This is a non-governmental organization, a network 

consisting of the national standards institutes of 157 countries. 

Joint 

The area where two bones are attached to allow body movement. A joint is usually formed of ligaments 

and cartilage. 

Ligaments 

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Manual material handling 

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Median nerve 

The main nerve passing through the carpal tunnel in the wrist. 

Muscle force 

Physical force applied with the muscles. 

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) 

A group of conditions that involve the nerves, tendons, muscles, and supporting structures such as 

intervertebral discs. The various conditions can differ in severity from mild symptoms once in a while to 

severe chronic and disabling disorders. Examples include carpal tunnel syndrome, tenosynovitis, tension 

neck syndrome, and low back pain. 

Musculoskeletal system 

The soft tissues and bones in the body. The parts of the musculoskeletal system are bones, muscles, 

tendons, ligaments, cartilage, nerves, and blood vessels. 

Nerves 

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touch to work. 

Neutral body posture 

The natural position of body parts, the best position to minimize stress. For example, when standing, the 

head should be aligned over the shoulders, shoulders aligned over hips, hips aligned over ankles, and 

elbows at the side of the body. 

— 77 —
 
Neutral position 

See Neutral body posture. 

NIOSH 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH, part of the Centers for Disease Control 

and Prevention (CDC) under the Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government 

agency with a mandate to conduct and fund occupational safety and health research and training. 

OSHA 

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. OSHA is a federal government agency, part of the U.S. 

Dept. of Labor, whose mission is to help prevent workplace injuries and protect the health of workers. 

OSHA adopts and enforces workplace health and safety standards. 

Pistol grip 

A hand tool handle which resembles the handle of a pistol and is typically used when the tool axis must 

be horizontal. 

Power grip 

A grasp in which the hand wraps completely around a handle. The handle runs parallel to the knuckles 

and protrudes on either side. 

Repetitive stress injury (RSI) 

An injury caused by working in the same awkward position, or repeating the same stressful motions, 

over and over. This is one type of Musculoskeletal disorder. 

Risk factor 

An action and/or condition that may cause an injury or illness, or make it worse. Examples related to 

ergonomics include forceful exertion, awkward posture, and repetitive motion. 

Rotator cuff 

The main source of stability and mobility for the shoulder. Four muscles and their tendons make up the 

rotator cuff. They wrap around the front, back, and top of the shoulder joint. They rotate the arm inward, 

outward, and away from the side. 

Rotator cuff tear 

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painful. 

Rotator cuff tendinitis 

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tendons of the rotator cuff. It is sometimes called “pitcher’s shoulder.” 

Ruptured disc 

See Herniated disc. 

Soft tissues 

Tissues that connect, support, or surround other structures and organs of the body. 

Sprain 

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— 78 —
 
Strain 

An injury caused by a muscle, tendon, or ligament stretching. 

Stress 

Demand (or “burden”) on the human body caused by something outside of the body, such as a work 

task, the physical environment, work-rest schedules, and social relationships. 

Tendinitis 

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Tendon 

Tough rope-like material that connects the muscles to the bones. Tendons transfer forces and movements 

from the muscles to the bones. Tendons do not stretch, and excessive force or twisting may cause them 

to tear or fray like a rope. 

Tenosynovitis 

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commonly affected, although tenosynovitis may occur in any tendon sheath. 

Tension neck syndrome (TNS) 

Fatigue, stiffness, tenderness, swelling, weakness, or pain in the neck or shoulder area, or headache 

radiating from the neck. It is caused by strain on various neck and shoulder muscles, often from long 

periods of looking upward. The trapezius muscle is particularly affected and may develop a “knot.” 

Thoracic outlet syndrome 

A cumulative trauma disorder of the nerves and blood vessels of the shoulder and upper arm. Symptoms 

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Trapezius muscle 

A large, thin muscle that runs from the upper back through the shoulder area to the neck. Straining this 

muscle can cause tension neck syndrome. 

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WKHP,WFDQEHFDXVHGE\UHSHDWHGSUHVVXUHRQD¿QJHUVXFKDVZKHQXVLQJWKHWULJJHURQDSRZHUWRRO

Trigger time 

The length of time a person can safely use a vibrating power tool, based on its vibration level. 

Whole body vibration (WBV) 

Working conditions that involve sitting, standing, or lying on a vibrating surface. Excessive exposure 

may contribute to back pain. 

Work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WMSD) 

A musculoskeletal disorder caused or made worse by the work environment. WMSDs can cause severe 

symptoms such as pain, numbness, and tingling; reduced productivity; lost time from work; temporary 

or permanent disability; loss of motion; inability to perform job tasks; and an increase in workers’ 

compensation costs. 

Definitions adapted in part from ergonomics materials provided by NIOSH, Cornell University, the Virginia 


Polytechnic Institute and State University, and the Washington State Dept. of Labor and Industries.
 

— 79 — 
— 80 —
 
SIMPLE SOLUTIONS
 

References
 

Why This Booklet? 

Center to Protect Workers’ Rights [2002]. Construction Chart Book, 2nd edition. Silver Spring, MD: CPWR. [www.cdc.gov/ 

elcosh/docs/d0100/d000038/sect41.html]. Date accessed: July 2006. 

Cook TM, Rosecrance JC, Zimmerman CL [1996]. The University of Iowa construction survey. Washington, DC: Center to 

Protect Workers’ Rights, Report No. E1-96. 

Schneider S [1995]. Ergonomics. Implement Ergonomic Interventions in Construction. Applied Occupational and
 

Environmental Hygiene 10:822–824.
 

Oh, My Aching Body! 

Cook TM, Rosecrance JC, Zimmerman CL [1996]. The University of Iowa construction survey. Washington, DC: Center to 

Protect Workers’ Rights, Report No. E1-96. 

NIOSH [2006]. Proceedings of a meeting to explore the use of ergonomic interventions for the mechanical and electrical 

trades. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2006-119. 

Silverstein B, Kalat J [1998]. Work-related disorders of the back and upper extremity in Washington State, 1989-1996. 

Olympia, WA: SHARP Program, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, TR 40-1-1997. 

Simple Solutions for Floor and Ground-Level Work — Introduction 

Haslegrave CM, Tracy MF, Corlett EN [1997]. Strength capability while kneeling. Ergonomics 40(12):1363-1379. 

Kirkesov-Jensen L, Eenberg E [1996]. Occupation as a risk factor for knee disorders. Scandinavian Journal of Work 

Environment and Health 22:165-175. 

Maher CG [2000]. A systematic review of workplace interventions to prevent low back pain. Australian Journal of
 

Physiotherapy 46:259-269.
 

Manninen P, Heliövaara M, Riihimäki S [2002]. Physical workload and the risk of severe knee osteoarthritis. Scandinavian 

Journal of Work Environment and Health 29(1):25-32. 

National Research Council and Institute of Medicine (NRC/IOM) [2001]. Musculoskeletal disorders and the workplace. 

Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 

Pope MH, Koh KL, Magnusson ML [2002]. Spine ergonomics. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 48:49-68. 

5LW]%%UXQQKRO]O.>@.QHHMRLQWOHVLRQVRISLSH¿WWHUVDQGZHOGHUVHPSOR\HGE\WKHSXEOLFZDWHUDQGJDVZRUNV,Q

Hogstedt C, Rueterwall C (eds.), Progress in occupational epidemiology. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium 

on Epidemiology in Occupational Health in Stockholm, Sweden, 16-19 August 1988. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science 

Publishers B.V., pp.227-230. 

— 81 —
 
Seidler A, Bolm-Audorff U, Heiskel H, Henkel N, Roth-Küver B, Kaiser U, Bickeböller R, Willingstorfer WJ, Beck W, 

Elsner G [2001]. The role of cumulative physical work load in lumbar spine disease: risk factors for lumbar osteochondrosis 

and spondylosis associated with chronic complaints. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 58:735-746. 

6RORPRQRZ0%DUDWWD59%DQNV$)UHXGHQEHUJHU&=KRX%+>@)OH[LRQUHOD[DWLRQUHVSRQVHWRVWDWLFOXPEDUÀH[LRQ

in males and females. Clinical Biomechanics 18:273-279. 

Tip Sheet #1. Fastening Tools that Reduce Stooping 

Bernold LE, Lorenc SJ, Davis ML [2001]. Technological intervention to eliminate back injury risks for nailing. Journal of 

Construction Engineering and Management 127(3):245-250. 

Hess JA, Kincl L, Albers J [2006]. Evaluation of a tool extension to reduce low back injury in carpenters. Proceedings of the 

International Ergonomics Association 2006 Congress, The Netherlands, July 10-14, 2006. 

Tip Sheet #2. Motorized Concrete Screeds 

$OEHUV-5XVVHOO66WHZDUW.>@&RQFUHWHOHYHOLQJWHFKQLTXHV$FRPSDUDWLYHHUJRQRPLFVDVVHVVPHQW3URFHHGLQJVRI

the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 48th Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, September 20-24, 2004. 

Goldsheyder D, Weiner SS, Nordin M, Hiebert R [2004]. Musculoskeletal symptom survey among cement and concrete 

workers. Work 23(2):111-121. 

Tip Sheet #3. Rebar-Tying Tools 

$OEHUV-7+XGRFN6'>@%LRPHFKDQLFDODVVHVVPHQWRIWKUHHUHEDUW\LQJWHFKQLTXHV,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI

Occupational Safety and Ergonomics 13(3):279-289. 

Albers J, Hudock S, Kong YK [2005]. NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Report, Genesis Steel Services, Inc. Cincinnati, 

OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for 

Occupational Safety and Health, HETA 2003-0146-2976. [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/2003-0146-2976.pdf] 

Dababneh AJ, Waters TR [2000]. Ergonomics of rebar tying. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 15(10):721­

727. 

Forde M [2002]. Reinforcing ironwork: PATH (posture, activity, tools, handling) analysis. Lowell, MA: Construction 

Occupational Health Program, Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell. Technical Report T61. [www.uml.edu/Dept/WE/COHP]. Date accessed: December 2004. 

Vi P [2003]. Reducing risk of musculoskeletal disorders through the use of rebar-tying machines. Applied Occupational and 

Environmental Hygiene 18(9):649-654. 

Vi P [2005]. Promoting early return to pre-injury job using a rebar-tying machine. Journal of Occupational and Environmental 

Hygiene 2:D34-D37. 

Tip Sheet #4. Kneeling Creepers 

-HQVHQ/.0LNNHOVHQ6/RIW,3(HQEHUJ:>@:RUNUHODWHGNQHHGLVRUGHUVLQÀRRUOD\HUVDQGFDUSHQWHUV-RXUQDORI

Occupational and Environmental Medicine 42(8):835-842. 

.LYLPlNL-5LLKLPlNL++lQQLQHQ.>@.QHHGLVRUGHUVLQFDUSHWDQGÀRRUOD\HUVDQGSDLQWHUV6FDQGLQDYLDQ-RXUQDORI

Work Environment and Health 18:310–316. 

— 82 —
 
Tip Sheet #5. Adjustable Scaffolding for Masonry Work 

Breithaupt J [2005]. A scaffold by any other name. Masonry 44(4).
 

Breithaupt J [2005]. Saving the day ... Each and every day. Masonry 43(3).
 

de Jong AM, Vink P, De Kroon JC [2003]. Reasons for adopting technological innovations reducing physical workload in
 

bricklaying. Ergonomics 46(11):1091-1108.
 

Entzel P, Albers JT, Welch L [2007]. Ergonomic best practices for masonry construction. Applied Ergonomics 38 (2007):
 

557–566.
 

Fletcher LT [1973]. Masonry productivity (Thesis). Austin, TX: University of Texas at Austin, College of Engineering, Center
 

for Building Research.
 

Gilbreth, FB [1909]. Bricklaying systems. New York: Myron Clark.
 

Jorgensen K, Jensen BR, Kato M [1991]. Fatigue development in the lumbar paravertebral muscles of bricklayers during the
 

working day. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 8:237-245.
 

Luttmann A, Jager M, Laurig W [1996]. Task analysis and electromyography for bricklaying at different wall heights.
 

International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 8:247-260.
 

6DN(>@$GMXVWDEOHVFDIIROGLQJVDIHW\EHQH¿WV0DVRQU\&RQVWUXFWLRQ0DJD]LQH42(7).
 

Suprenant BA [1990]. Tower scaffolding increases productivity 20%. Masonry Construction Magazine 34(7):20-23.
 

University of Texas, Austin [1974]. Findings of masonry productivity research. Austin, TX: Contract H-1470, U.S.
 

Department of Housing and Urban Development.
 

Urlings IJM, Wortel E [1991]. Implementation of an ergonomically improved adjustable height platform in the Dutch
 

building and construction industry. Proceedings of the 11th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association,
 

France, 2006.
 

YDQGHU0ROHQ+)*URXZVWUD5.XLMHU36OXLWHU-.)ULQJV'UHVHQ0+:>@(I¿FDF\RIDGMXVWLQJZRUNLQJKHLJKW

and mechanizing of transport on physical work demands and local discomfort in construction work. Ergonomics 47(7):772­

783.
 

Vink P, Koningsveld EAP [1990]. Bricklaying: a step by step approach to better work. Ergonomics 33(3):349-352.
 

Simple Solutions for Overhead Work — Introduction 

National Research Council and Institute of Medicine (NRC/IOM) [2001]. Musculoskeletal disorders and the workplace. 

Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 

Welch LS, Hunting KL, Kellogg J [1995]. Work-related musculoskeletal symptoms among sheet metal workers. American 

Journal of Industrial Medicine 27(6):783-791. 

Tip Sheet #6. Bit Extension Shafts for Drills and Screw Guns 

Anton D, Shibley LD, Fethkes NB, Hess J, Cook TM, Rosecrance J [2001]. The effect of overhead drilling position on 

shoulder moment and electromyography. Ergonomics 44(5):489-501. 

— 83 —
 
Tip Sheet #7. Extension Poles for Powder-Actuated Tools
 

Wos H, Lindberg J, Jakus R, Norlander S [1992]. Evaluation of impact loading in overhead work using a bolt pistol support. 

Ergonomics 35(9):1069-1079. 

Tip Sheet #8. Spring-Assisted Drywall Finishing Tools 

Pan CS, Chiou SS, Hsiao H, Becker P, Akladios M [2000]. Assessment of perceived traumatic injury hazards during drywall 

taping and sanding. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 25:621-631. 

Washington State Department of Labor and Industries [2002]. Wallboard: ergonomics demonstration project. [www.lni. 

wa.gov/wisha/ergo/demofnl/wallboard_fnl.pdf]. Date accessed: September 2005. 

Tip Sheet #9. Pneumatic Drywall Finishing Systems 

Construction Safety Association of Ontario [2004]. Ergonomic and hygiene interventions to improve the health and safety 

RIGU\ZDOO¿QLVKLQJZRUNHUV>ZZZZVLERQFDZVLEZVLEVLWHQVISXEOLFUHVHDUFKHUJRQRPLFK\JLHQHGU\ZDOOZRUNHUV@'DWH

accessed: September 2005. 

Pan CS, Chiou SS, Hsiao H, Becker P, Akladios M [2000]. Assessment of perceived traumatic injury hazards during drywall 

taping and sanding. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 25:621-631. 

Washington State Department of Labor and Industries [2002]. Wallboard: ergonomics demonstration project. [www.lni. 

wa.gov/wisha/ergo/demofnl/wallboard_fnl.pdf]. Date accessed: September 2005. 

Simple Solutions for Lifting, Holding, and Handling Materials — Introduction 

Dempsey PG, Hashemi L [1999]. Analysis of workers’ compensation claims associated with manual materials handling. 

Ergonomics 42(1):183-195. 

Gallagher S, Hamrick CA, Cornelius KM, Redfern MS [2001]. The effects of restricted workspace on lumbar spine loading. 

Occupational Ergonomics 2(4):201-213. 

Hess J, Hecker S [2003]. Stretching at work for injury prevention: Issues, evidence, and recommendations. Applied
 

Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 18(5):331-338.
 

Holmström EB, Lindell J, Moritz U [1992]. Low back and neck/shoulder pain in construction workers: Occupational 

workload and psychosocial risk factors. Part 2: Relationship to neck and shoulder pain. Spine 17(6):672-677. 

Latza U, Pfahlberg A, Gefeller O [2002]. Impact of repetitive manual materials handling and psychosocial work factors on 

the future prevalence of chronic low-back pain among construction workers. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and 

Health 28(5):314-323. 

National Research Council and Institute of Medicine (NRC/IOM) [2001]. Musculoskeletal disorders and the workplace. 

Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 

1,26+>@$SSOLFDWLRQVPDQXDOIRUWKHUHYLVHG1,26+OLIWLQJHTXDWLRQ&LQFLQQDWL2+86'HSDUWPHQWRI+HDOWKDQG

Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS 

(NIOSH) Publication No. 94-110. 

Pope MH, Koh KL, Magnusson ML [2002]. Spine ergonomics. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 48:49-68. 

:DWHUV753XW]$QGHUVRQ9*DUJ$>@5HYLVHG1,26+HTXDWLRQIRUWKHGHVLJQDQGHYDOXDWLRQRIPDQXDOOLIWLQJWDVNV

Ergonomics 36(7):749-776. 

— 84 —
 
Tip Sheet #10. Lightweight Concrete Block 

Anton D, Rosecrance JC, Gerr F, Merlino LA, Cook TM [2005]. Effect of concrete block weight and wall height on
 

electromyographic activity and heart rate of masons. Ergonomics 48(10):1314-1330.
 

Brouwer J, Bulthuis BM, Begemann-Meijer M [1991]. The workload of gypsum bricklayers: the effect of lowering the mass 

and reducing the size of a gypsum brick. In: Queinnec Y, Daniellou F (eds.), Designing for everyone: Proceedings of the 

Eleventh Congress of the International Ergonomics Association. London: Taylor and Francis. 

GH/RR]H039LVVHU%+RXWLQJ,YDQ5RR\0$YDQ'LHHQ-+7RXVVDLQW+0>@:HLJKWDQGIUHTXHQF\HIIHFWRQ

spinal loading in a bricklaying task. Journal of Biomechanics 29(11):1425-1433. 

Entzel P, Albers JT, Welch L [2007]. Ergonomic best practices for masonry construction. Applied Ergonomics 38 (2007): 

557–566. 

Expanded Shale and Clay Institute. High performance concrete masonry: Information Sheet 3650.4 for mason contractors. 

[www.smartwall-systems.org]. Date accessed: February 2006. 

Lochonic L [2003]. Lightweight CMU: A weight off our shoulders. Livonia, MI: Masonry Institute of Michigan, The Story 

Pole, 34(4). [www.escsi.org]. Date accessed: October 2005. 

Zellers K, Simonton K [1997]. An optimized lighter-weight concrete masonry unit: Biomechanical and physiological effects 

on masons. Olympia, WA: SHARP Program, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries. 

Tip Sheet #11. Pre-Blended Mortar and Grout Bulk Delivery Systems 

Entzel P, Albers JT, Welch L [2007]. Ergonomic best practices for masonry construction. Applied Ergonomics 38 (2007): 

557–566. 

Goldsheyder D, Nordin M, Weiner SS, Hiebert R [2002]. Musculoskeletal symptom survey among mason tenders. American 

Journal of Industrial Medicine 42(5):384-396. 

Schierhorn C [1996]. Dispensing preblended mortar into conventional mixers. The Aberdeen Group, Masonry Construction, 

3XEOLFDWLRQ0>IWSLPJVHEXLOGFRPZRF0SGI@'DWHDFFHVVHG$XJXVW

Tip Sheet #12. Skid Plates to Move Concrete-Filled Hoses 

$KQ.3DTXHW9/%XFKKRO]%>@(UJRQRPLFDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHFRQFUHWHSRXULQJRSHUDWLRQGXULQJKLJKZD\

construction. 128th Annual Meeting of American Public Health Association, Boston, MA. [apha.confex.com/apha/128am/ 

techprogram/paper_13287.htm]. Date accessed: September 2005. 

Hess JA, Hecker S, Weinstein M, Lunger M [2004]. A participatory ergonomics intervention to reduce risk factors for lowback disorders in concrete laborers. Applied Ergonomics 35(5):427-441. 

Occupational and Industrial Orthopaedic Center [2003]. Ergonomics working for cement and concrete construction laborers. 

[www.lhsfna.org]. Date accessed: September 2005. 

Tip Sheet #13. Vacuum Lifters for Windows and Sheet Materials 

Schwind GF [1994]. The ergonomics of below-the-hook lifters. Material Handling Engineering 49(4):77-81. 

Simple Solutions for Hand-Intensive Work — Introduction 

Chao A, Kumar AI,. Emery C, Nagaajaao K, You H [2000]. An ergonomic evaluation of Cleco pliers. Proceedings of the IEA 

2000/HFES 2000 Congress, USA, July 29 - August 4, 2000. 

— 85 —
 
Keyserling WM [2000]. Workplace risk factors and occupational musculoskeletal disorders. Part 2: A review of 

biomechanical and psychophysical research on risk factors associated with upper extremity disorders. American Industrial 

Hygiene Association Journal 61(2):231-243. 

Marras WS, Schoenmarklin RW [1993]. Wrist motions in industry. Ergonomics 36(4):342-351. 

National Research Council and Institute of Medicine (NRC/IOM) [2001]. Musculoskeletal disorders and the workplace. 

Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 

NIOSH [1997]. Musculoskeletal disorders and workplace factors, 2nd edition. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health 

and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 

DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-141. 

Rosecrance JC, Cook TM, Anton DC, Merlino LA [2002]. Carpal tunnel syndrome among apprentice construction workers. 

American Journal of Industrial Medicine 42(2):107-116. 

Schoenmarklin RW, Marras WS, Leurgans SE [1994]. Industrial wrist motions and risk of cumulative trauma disorders in 

industry. Ergonomics 37(9):1449-1459. 

Welch LS, Hunting KL, Kellogg J [1995]. Work-related musculoskeletal symptoms among sheet metal workers. American 

Journal of Industrial Medicine 27(6):783-791. 

Tip Sheet #14. Ergonomic Hand Tools 

Adapted from the booklet Easy Ergonomics: A Guide to Selecting Non-Powered Hand Tools (2004), a joint publication of the 

California Dept. of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA) and NIOSH. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health 

and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 

DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.2004-164. Other sources include: 

$QWRQ'&RRN705RVHFUDQFH-&0HUOLQR/$>@0HWKRGIRUTXDQWLWDWLYHO\DVVHVVLQJSK\VLFDOULVNIDFWRUVGXULQJ

variable noncyclic work. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health 29(5):354-362. 

Dababneh A, Waters T [1999] The ergonomic use of hand tools: guidelines for the practitioner. Applied Occupational and 

Environmental Hygiene 14:208-215. 

Dababneh A, Lowe B, Krieg E, Kong YK, Waters T [2004]. A checklist for the ergonomic evaluation of nonpowered hand 

tools. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 1(12):D135-D145. 

Merlino LA, Rosecrance JC, Anton D, Cook TM [2003]. Symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders among apprentice
 

construction workers. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 18(1):57-64.
 

2UHJRQ'HSDUWPHQWRI&RQVXPHUDQG%XVLQHVV6HUYLFHV:RUNHUV¶&RPSHQVDWLRQ'LYLVLRQ>@:RUNVLWHPRGL¿FDWLRQ

digest. [wcd.oregon.gov//communications/publications/2184.pdf]. Date accessed: September 2005. 

Radwin RG [2003]. Ergonomically-designed hand tools. Presentation at the American Industrial Hygiene Conference and 

Exposition. [homepages.cae.wisc.edu/~radwin/presentations.htm]. Date accessed: September 2005. 

Tichauer ER, Gage H [1977]. Ergonomic principles basic to hand tool design. American Industrial Hygiene Association 

Journal 38(11):622-634. 

Tip Sheet #15. Easy-Hold Glove for Mud Pans 

0RRUH-6>@'H4XHUYDLQ¶VWHQRV\QRYLWLV6WHQRVLQJWHQRV\QRYLWLVRIWKH¿UVWGRUVDOFRPSDUWPHQW-RXUQDORI

Occupational and Environmental Medicine 39(10):990-1002. 

5HPSHO'.HLU3-6PXW]:3+DUJHQV$>@(IIHFWVRIVWDWLF¿QJHUWLSORDGLQJRQFDUSDOWXQQHOSUHVVXUH-RXUQDORI

Orthopaedic Research 15(3):422-426. 

— 86 —
 
6KDZ*-R\FH7>@(UJRQRPLFVRIGU\ZDOO¿QLVKLQJ+RZ¿QLVKLQJWRROVDQGWHFKQLTXHVDIIHFWUHSHWLWLYHVWUDLQLQMXULHV

LQWKH¿QLVKLQJWUDGHV&RQIHUHQFH3URFHHGLQJVth Annual Construction Safety and Health Conference, Rosemont, Illinois, 

May 21-23, 2002. [www.apla-tech.com/pdf/ergo.pdf]. Date accessed: September 2006. 

Tip Sheet #16. Power Caulking Guns 

Dababneh A, Lowe B, Krieg E, Kong YK, Waters T [2004]. A checklist for the ergonomic evaluation of nonpowered hand 

tools. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 1(12):D135-D145. 

0HWKQHU00>@,GHQWL¿FDWLRQRISRWHQWLDOKD]DUGVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKQHZUHVLGHQWLDOFRQVWUXFWLRQ$SSOLHG2FFXSDWLRQDO

and Environmental Hygiene 15(2):189-192. 

Tichauer ER, Gage H [1977]. Ergonomic principles basic to hand tool design. American Industrial Hygiene Association 

Journal 38(11):622-634. 

Tip Sheet #17. Reduced Vibration Power Tools 

*ULI¿Q0-+RZDUWK+9&3LWWV30)LVFKHU6.DXOEDUV8'RQDWL30%HUHWRQ3)>@*XLGHWRJRRGSUDFWLFHVRQ

hand-arm vibration (V7.7). [www.humanvibration.com/EU/VIBGUIDE/HAV_Good_practice_Guide_V7.7_English_260506. 

pdf]. Date accessed: October 2006. 

1DYDO6DIHW\&HQWHU>@$FTXLVLWLRQVDIHW\YLEUDWLRQ>ZZZVDIHW\FHQWHUQDY\PLODFTXLVLWLRQYLEUDWLRQGHIDXOWKWP@

Date accessed: November 2006. 

Tip Sheet #18. Power Cleaning and Reaming with a Brush 

None. 

Tip Sheet #19. Snips for Cutting Sheet Metal 

Anton D, Rosecrance J, Gerr F, Reynolds J, Meyers A, Cook T [2007]. Effect of aviation snip design and task height on upper 

extremity muscular activity and wrist posture. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Hygiene 4:99-113. 

Merlino LA, Rosecrance JC, Anton D, Cook TM [2003]. Symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders among apprentice
 

construction workers. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 18(1):57-64.
 

Welch LS, Hunting KL, Kellogg J [1995]. Work-related musculoskeletal symptoms among sheet metal workers. American 

Journal of Industrial Medicine 27(6):783-791. 

Tip Sheet #20. Quick-Threading Lock Nuts 

Pope DP, Silman AJ, Cherry NM, Pritchard C, Macfarlane GJ [2001]. Association of occupational physical demands and 

psychosocial working environment with disabling shoulder pain. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 60:852-858 

Sommerich CM, McGlothlin JD, Marras WS [1993]. Occupational risk factors associated with soft tissue disorders of the 

shoulder: a review of recent investigations in the literature. Ergonomics 36(6):697-717. 

— 87 —
 
— 88 —
 

 

 

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