TOC-i TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT ADVANCED NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULEMAKING

ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS

CHAPTERS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2. ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK CHAPTER 3. MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT CHAPTER 4. SCREENING ANALYSIS CHAPTER 5. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS CHAPTER 6. ENERGY USE AND END-USE LOAD CHARACTERIZATION CHAPTER 7. MARKUPS FOR EQUIPMENT PRICE DETERMINATION CHAPTER 8. LIFE-CYCLE COST AND PAYBACK PERIOD ANALYSES CHAPTER 9. SHIPMENTS ANALYSIS CHAPTER 10. NATIONAL IMPACT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 11. LIFE-CYCLE COST SUB-GROUP ANALYSIS CHAPTER 12. MANUFACTURER IMPACT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 13. UTILITY IMPACT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 14. EMPLOYMENT IMPACT ANALYSIS REPORTS ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS FOR ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS APPENDICES APPENDIX 5A: SUPPLEMENTARY ENGINEERING ANALYSIS RESULTS APPENDIX 5B: SCALING RELATIONSHIPS IN MANUFACTURING APPENDIX 8A: LCC AND PBP RESULTS APPENDIX 8B: UNCERTAINTY AND VARIABILITY APPENDIX 8C: UTILITIES SAMPLE APPENDIX 8D: LCC SENSITIVITY RESULTS APPENDIX 10A: NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS AND NET NATIONAL PRESENT

VALUE RESULTS LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONSTOC-ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT ............................................ 1-1 1.2 OVERVIEW OF APPLIANCE STANDARDS .............................. 1-1 1.3 OVERVIEW OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER STANDARDS ............ 1-2 1.3.1 Process Improvement............................................. 1-5 1.4 STRUCTURE OF THE DOCUMENT ..................................... 1-6

CHAPTER 2. ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 2-1 2.2 BACKGROUND ..................................................... 2-4 2.3 MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT ........................... 2-4 2.3.1 Market Assessment .............................................. 2-4 2.3.2 Technology Assessment........................................... 2-4 2.4 SCREENING ANALYSIS .............................................. 2-5 2.4.1 Technology Screening ............................................ 2-5 2.4.2 Baseline Equipment ............................................. 2-5 2.5 ENGINEERING ANALYSIS ............................................ 2-6 2.5.1 Design Option Approach .......................................... 2-6 2.5.2 Efficiency-Level Approach ........................................ 2-7 2.5.3 Cost-Assessment Approach ........................................ 2-8 2.5.4 Other Regulatory Impacts on the Engineering Analysis .................. 2-8 2.6 ENERGY USE AND END-USE LOAD CHARACTERIZATION ............... 2-8 2.7 MARKUPS FOR EQUIPMENT PRICE DETERMINATION................... 2-8 2.8 LIFE-CYCLE COST AND PAYBACK PERIOD ANALYSES ................. 2-9 2.8.1 LCC Spreadsheet Model .......................................... 2-9 2.9 SHIPMENTS ANALYSIS.............................................. 2-10 2.10 NATIONAL IMPACT ANALYSIS ...................................... 2-11 2.11 LIFE-CYCLE COST SUB-GROUP ANALYSIS ............................ 2-12 2.11.1 Purchase Price Increases ......................................... 2-13 2.11.2 Consumer Participation .......................................... 2-13 2.12 MANUFACTURER IMPACT ANALYSIS ................................ 2-13 2.12.1 Industry Characterization......................................... 2-13 2.12.2 Industry Cash Flow ............................................. 2-14 2.12.3 Manufacturer Sub-Group Analysis ................................. 2-14 2.12.4 Interview Process ............................................... 2-15 2.12.5 Competitive Impact Assessment ................................... 2-16 2.13 UTILITY IMPACT ANALYSIS ......................................... 2-16 2.14 NET NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT IMPACTS ............................. 2-16 2.15 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT .................................... 2-17 2.16 REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS ................................... 2-18TOC-iii CHAPTER 3. MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 3-1 3.2 DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER DEFINITION ........................... 3-1 3.3 PROPOSED PRODUCT CLASSES ....................................... 3-4 3.4 NATIONAL SHIPMENT ESTIMATE ..................................... 3-5 3.5 MANUFACTURERS OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS ................ 3-9 3.5.1 Potential Small Business Impacts ................................... 3-9 3.5.2 Distribution and Sales Channels .................................... 3-9 3.5.3 Import Duties on Core Steel ...................................... 3-11 3.6 TOTAL OWNING COST EVALUATION................................. 3-11 3.7 VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS ........................................... 3-13 3.7.1 National Electrical Manufacturers Association TP 1 Standard ............ 3-13 3.7.2 ENERGYSTAR®Transformers ..................................... 3-15 3.7.3 Federal Energy Management Program .............................. 3-16 3.7.4 New York State Energy Research and Development Authority ........... 3-16 3.7.5 National Grid .................................................. 3-16 3.7.6 Northeast Utilities .............................................. 3-17 3.7.7 Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnership ............................ 3-17 3.7.8 Sacramento Municipal Utility District............................... 3-18 3.7.9 United Illuminating ............................................. 3-18 3.7.10 Wisconsin Public Power ......................................... 3-18 3.7.11 Xcel Energy ................................................... 3-18 3.8 REGULATORY PROGRAMS .......................................... 3-19 3.8.1 California Efficiency Standard .................................... 3-19 3.8.2 Massachusetts Efficiency Standard ................................. 3-19 3.8.3 Minnesota Procurement Efficiency Standard ......................... 3-19 3.8.4 New York Efficiency Standard .................................... 3-20 3.8.5 Oregon Efficiency Standard....................................... 3-20 3.8.6 Vermont Efficiency Standard ..................................... 3-20 3.8.7 Wisconsin Efficiency Standard .................................... 3-21 3.8.8 U.S. Congress Draft Energy Bill ................................... 3-21 3.8.9 Canadian Efficiency Standard ..................................... 3-21 3.8.10 Mexican Efficiency Standard...................................... 3-24 3.9 TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT ........................................ 3-28 3.9.1 Distribution Transformer Types ................................... 3-29 3.9.2 Transformer Efficiency Levels .................................... 3-29 3.9.3 Transformer Losses ............................................. 3-31

CHAPTER 4. SCREENING ANALYSIS 4.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 4-1 4.2 DISCUSSION OF DESIGN OPTIONS .................................... 4-1 4.3 DESIGN OPTIONS NOT SCREENED OUT OF THE ANALYSIS .............. 4-3TOC-iv

4.3.1 Conductor Materials ............................................. 4-3 4.3.2 Core Materials .................................................. 4-4 4.4 DESIGN OPTIONS SCREENED OUT OF THE ANALYSIS................... 4-5 4.4.1 Silver as a Conductor Material ..................................... 4-5 4.4.2 High-Temperature Superconductors ................................. 4-6 4.4.3 Amorphous Core Material in Stacked Core Configuration ................ 4-7 4.4.4 Carbon Composite Materials for Heat Removal ........................ 4-7 4.4.5 High-Temperature Insulating Material ............................... 4-8 4.4.6 Solid-State (Power Electronics) Technology .......................... 4-8 4.5 SUMMARY OF DESIGN OPTIONS SCREENED OUT ...................... 4-9 CHAPTER 5. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS 5.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 5-1 5.2 STRUCTURING THE ENGINEERING ANALYSIS ......................... 5-2 5.2.1 Scaling Relationships in Transformer Manufacturing.................... 5-9 5.3 TECHNICAL DESIGN INPUTS ........................................ 5-11 5.3.1 Design Line 1 Representative Unit ................................. 5-16 5.3.2 Design Line 2 Representative Unit ................................. 5-17 5.3.3 Design Line 3 Representative Unit ................................. 5-18 5.3.4 Design Line 4 Representative Unit ................................. 5-19 5.3.5 Design Line 5 Representative Unit ................................. 5-21 5.3.6 Design Line 6 Representative Unit ................................. 5-22 5.3.7 Design Line 7 Representative Unit ................................. 5-23 5.3.8 Design Line 8 Representative Unit ................................. 5-24 5.3.9 Design Line 9 Representative Unit ................................. 5-24 5.3.10 Design Line 10 Representative Unit ................................ 5-25 5.3.11 Design Line 11 Representative Unit ................................ 5-26 5.3.12 Design Line 12 Representative Unit ................................ 5-27 5.3.13 Design Line 13 Representative Unit ................................ 5-28 5.3.14 Summary of Design Line Coverage................................. 5-29 5.4 MATERIAL AND LABOR INPUTS ..................................... 5-34 5.4.1 Material Inputs to the Design Software - Liquid-Immersed .............. 5-35 5.4.2 Material Inputs to the Design Software - Dry-type ..................... 5-39 5.4.3 Labor Cost Inputs to the Design Software............................ 5-41 5.5 RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS ON EACH DESIGN LINE .................. 5-42 5.6 TWO EXAMPLE TRANSFORMER DESIGNS AND COST BREAKDOWNS ... 5-56 5.6.1 Results for DL3 Transformer, M6CuAl at $3 A and $1 B ............... 5-56 5.6.2 Results for DL12 Transformer, M3CuCu at $3A and $1B ............... 5-61 CHAPTER 6. ENERGY USE AND END-USE LOAD CHARACTERIZATION 6.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 6-1 6.1.1 Transformer Losses .............................................. 6-1TOC-v

6.1.2 Transformer Loading ............................................. 6-2 6.2 HOURLY LOAD MODEL .............................................. 6-2 6.2.1 Overview of Hourly Load Modeling ................................. 6-2 6.2.2 Hourly Load Simulation Method .................................... 6-3 6.2.3 Hourly Load Simulation Inputs ..................................... 6-5 6.2.3.1 Utility Sample ...........................................6-5 6.2.3.2 Customer Type...........................................6-8 6.2.3.3 Transformer Initial Peak Loading ............................6-9 6.2.3.4 Load Factor and Inverse Load Factor ........................6-10 6.2.3.5 Load Distribution Function ................................6-11 6.2.3.6 Hourly System Load .....................................6-12 6.3 MONTHLY LOAD MODEL ........................................... 6-13 6.3.1 Overview ..................................................... 6-13 6.3.2 Monthly Load Estimation Steps ................................... 6-13 6.3.3 Monthly Load Model Inputs ...................................... 6-15 6.3.3.1 Customer Demand and Usage Data ..........................6-15 6.3.3.2 Customer Sampling Weights ...............................6-16 6.3.3.3 Initial Peak Load ........................................6-16 6.3.3.4 Transformer Load Factor ..................................6-17 6.3.3.5 Root Mean Square-to-Average-Load Ratio ....................6-21 6.3.3.6 Transformer Peak Responsibility Factor ......................6-22 CHAPTER 7. MARKUPS FOR EQUIPMENT PRICE DETERMINATION 7.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 7-1 7.2 OVERVIEW OF MARKUP EQUATIONS ................................. 7-1 7.3 ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED PRICE ................................... 7-2 7.3.1 Estimation of Transformer Weights.................................. 7-3 7.3.2 Overhead and Profit for Installation Expenses ......................... 7-4 7.3.3 Dry-type Transformer Installed Price Equation......................... 7-4 7.3.4 Liquid-Immersed Transformer Installed Price Equation .................. 7-5 CHAPTER 8. LIFE-CYCLE COST AND PAYBACK PERIOD ANALYSES 8.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 8-1 8.1.1 General Approach for LCC ........................................ 8-1 8.1.2 The Baseline Scenario ............................................ 8-2 8.1.3 Total Owning Cost............................................... 8-2 8.2 LIFE-CYCLE COST METHOD .......................................... 8-3 8.2.1 Definition ...................................................... 8-3 8.2.2 LCC Spreadsheet Key Steps ....................................... 8-3 8.2.2.1 Step #1: Select A & B..................................... 8-6 8.2.2.2 Step #2: Select Designs that Meet a Chosen Candidate Standard Level ........................................... 8-6TOC-vi 8.2.2.3 Step #3: Load and Price Profile .............................. 8-7 8.2.2.4 Step #4: Calculate Cost of Losses............................ 8-7 8.2.2.5 Step #5: Project Losses and Costs into the Future ............... 8-8 8.2.2.6 Step #6: Select Discount Rate............................... 8-8 8.2.2.7 Step #7: Calculate Present Value of Future Cost of Losses ........ 8-8 8.2.2.8 Step #8: Results Reported.................................. 8-8 8.2.2.9 Step #9: Results of Distribution of Transformers ................ 8-9 8.2.2.10 Step #10: Results for “Average” Scenario ..................... 8-9 8.2.2.11 Repeat Process ........................................... 8-9 8.3 LCC INPUTS ......................................................... 8-9 8.3.1 A and B Transformer Selection Parameters and Usage Rates ............. 8-10 8.3.2 Database of Transformer Designs .................................. 8-13 8.3.3 Markup and Installation Costs ..................................... 8-14 8.3.4 Transformer Loading ............................................ 8-14 8.3.5 Electricity Price Analysis......................................... 8-14 8.3.5.1 Hourly Marginal Electricity Price Model for Liquid-Immersed Transformers ........................................... 8-15 8.3.5.2 Monthly Analysis........................................ 8-18 8.3.5.3 Data Collection and Modeling .............................. 8-22 8.3.6 Load Growth Trends ............................................ 8-28 8.3.7 Electricity Cost and Price Trends .................................. 8-29 8.3.8 Discount Rate.................................................. 8-30 8.3.9 Effective Date of Standard........................................ 8-35 8.3.10 Transformer Service Life ......................................... 8-36 8.3.11 Maintenance Costs .............................................. 8-36 8.3.12 Power Factor .................................................. 8-36 8.3.13 Default Scenario ............................................... 8-36 8.4 LCC RESULTS ...................................................... 8-37 8.4.1 Design Line 1 Results ........................................... 8-39 8.4.2 Design Line 2 Results ........................................... 8-39 8.4.3 Design Line 3 Results ........................................... 8-39 8.4.4 Design Line 4 Results ........................................... 8-40 8.4.5 Design Line 5 Results ........................................... 8-40 8.4.6 Design Line 6 Results ........................................... 8-41 8.4.7 Design Line 7 Results ........................................... 8-41 8.4.8 Design Line 8 Results ........................................... 8-41 8.4.9 Design Line 9 Results ........................................... 8-42 8.4.10 Design Line 10 Results .......................................... 8-42 8.4.11 Design Line 11 Results .......................................... 8-43 8.4.12 Design Line 12 Results .......................................... 8-43 8.4.13 Design Line 13 Results .......................................... 8-43 8.5 LCC SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ........................................ 8-44 8.5.1 Design Line 1 Summary Sensitivity Results .......................... 8-45 8.5.2 Design Line 1 Sensitivity Results by Candidate Standard Level .......... 8-46TOC-vii

8.5.3 Design Line 9 Summary Sensitivity Results .......................... 8-50 8.5.4 Design Line 9 Sensitivity Results by Candidate Standard Level .......... 8-51 8.6 DISTRIBUTIONAL PAYBACK PERIOD................................. 8-54 8.6.1 Payback Period ................................................ 8-54 8.6.2 Inputs ........................................................ 8-54 8.6.3 Baseline Scenario Complications .................................. 8-55 8.6.4 PBP Results ................................................... 8-56 8.6.5 Design Line 1 Results ........................................... 8-56 8.6.6 Design Line 2 Results ........................................... 8-56 8.6.7 Design Line 3 Results ........................................... 8-57 8.6.8 Design Line 4 Results ........................................... 8-58 8.6.9 Design Line 5 Results ........................................... 8-58 8.6.10 Design Line 6 Results ........................................... 8-59 8.6.11 Design Line 7 Results ........................................... 8-59 8.6.12 Design Line 8 Results ........................................... 8-60 8.6.13 Design Line 9 Results ........................................... 8-60 8.6.14 Design Line 10 Results .......................................... 8-61 8.6.15 Design Line 11 Results .......................................... 8-61 8.6.16 Design Line 12 Results .......................................... 8-62 8.6.17 Design Line 13 Results .......................................... 8-62 8.7 USER INSTRUCTIONS FOR SPREADSHEETS ........................... 8-63 8.7.1 Startup ....................................................... 8-63 8.7.1.1 Sheet Overview ......................................... 8-63 8.7.2 Basic Instructions .............................................. 8-65

CHAPTER 9. SHIPMENTS ANALYSIS 9.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 9-1 9.2 MODEL OVERVIEW .................................................. 9-1 9.3 MODEL INPUTS ..................................................... 9-2 9.3.1 Shipments Data ................................................. 9-3 9.3.2 Shipments Backcast ............................................. 9-8 9.3.3 Shipments Forecast .............................................. 9-8 9.3.4 Long-Term Purchase Elasticity .................................... 9-10 9.3.5 Dry-type/Liquid-immersed Market Shares ........................... 9-11 9.3.6 Stock Accounting .............................................. 9-12 9.3.7 Retirement Function ............................................ 9-13 9.3.8 Initial Stock ................................................... 9-15 9.3.9 Effective Date of Standard........................................ 9-15 9.3.10 Affected Stock ................................................. 9-16 9.4 RESULTS .......................................................... 9-16TOC-viii CHAPTER 10. NATIONAL IMPACT ANALYSIS 10.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................... 10-1 10.1.1 National Impact Spreadsheet Flowchart ............................. 10-2 10.2.1 National Energy Savings Overview................................. 10-5 10.2.2 National Energy Savings Inputs ................................... 10-6 10.2.2.1 Size Scaling of Losses and Costs ........................... 10-7 10.2.2.2Mapping LCC Design Line Data to Product Classes ............ 10-9 10.2.2.3 Root Mean Square Loading .............................. 10-11 10.2.2.4Load Growth .......................................... 10-11 10.2.2.5Affected Stock ......................................... 10-12 10.2.2.6Unit Energy Consumption ................................ 10-13 10.2.2.7Electricity Site-to-Source Conversion ....................... 10-13 10.3 NET PRESENT VALUE CALCULATION ............................... 10-15 10.3.1 Net Present Value Overview ..................................... 10-16 10.3.2 Net Present Value Inputs ........................................ 10-17 10.3.2.1 First Cost ............................................. 10-18 10.3.2.2Operating Cost ......................................... 10-19 10.3.2.3 Peak Responsibility Factor ............................... 10-20 10.3.2.4Initial Peak Load ....................................... 10-21 10.3.2.5 Electricity Price Forecast Scalar ........................... 10-21 10.3.2.6Marginal Electricity Costs ................................ 10-21 10.3.2.7Discount Rate.......................................... 10-22 10.4 RESULTS ......................................................... 10-22 10.4.1 National Energy Savings and Net Present Value from Candidate Standard Levels ............................................... 10-22 10.4.1.1 Liquid-Immersed Results................................. 10-23 10.4.1.2Dry-Type Results ....................................... 10-24 10.5.1.1 Introduction ........................................... 10-26 10.5.1.2Model Flowchart ....................................... 10-26 10.5.2 NES/NPV.................................................... 10-27 10.5.2.1 Input Worksheets ....................................... 10-27 10.5.2.2 Shipments and Affected Stock (from “Stock” sheets) ........... 10-27 10.5.2.3 Marginal Prices ........................................ 10-27 10.5.2.4 Site2Source ........................................... 10-27 10.5.2.5 Calculation Worksheet................................... 10-28 10.5.2.6Annual Impacts ........................................ 10-28 10.5.2.7 Output Worksheets...................................... 10-28 10.5.2.8 Output ............................................... 10-28 10.5.2.9 Summary of Results ..................................... 10-28 10.6 USING THE SPREADSHEET ......................................... 10-29TOC-ix CHAPTER 11. LIFE-CYCLE COST SUB-GROUP ANALYSIS 11.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................... 11-1 11.2 PURCHASE PRICE INCREASES ....................................... 11-1

CHAPTER 12. MANUFACTURER IMPACT ANALYSIS 12.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................... 12-1 12.2 METHODOLOGY ................................................... 12-1 12.2.1 Phase 1: Industry Profile......................................... 12-1 12.2.2 Phase 2: Industry Cash Flow Analysis and Interview Guide ............. 12-1 12.2.2.1 Industry Cash Flow Analysis ............................... 12-2 12.2.2.2Interview Guide ......................................... 12-2 12.2.3 Phase 3: Sub-Group Analysis ..................................... 12-3 12.2.3.1 Manufacturer Interviews .................................. 12-3 12.2.3.2Revised Industry Cash Flow Analysis ........................ 12-4 12.2.3.3 Manufacturer Sub-Group Analysis .......................... 12-4 12.2.3.4Competitive Impact Assessment ............................ 12-4 12.2.3.5 Manufacturing Capacity Impact ............................ 12-4 12.2.3.6Employment Impacts ..................................... 12-5 12.2.3.7 Cumulative Regulatory Burden ............................. 12-5 12.3 RESULTS .......................................................... 12-5 12.3.1 Phase 1 – Industry Profile ........................................ 12-5 12.3.2 Phase 2 – Industry Cash Flow ..................................... 12-6 12.3.3 Phase 3 – Sub-Group Analysis .................................... 12-6

CHAPTER 13. UTILITY IMPACT ANALYSIS 13.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................... 13-1 13.2 METHODOLOGY ................................................... 13-2 13.3 RESULTS FORMAT.................................................. 13-3

CHAPTER 14. EMPLOYMENT IMPACT ANALYSIS 14.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................... 14-1 14.2 ASSUMPTIONS ..................................................... 14-1 14.3 METHODOLOGY ................................................... 14-1

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR ELECTRICAL

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................... EA-1 2.0 METHODOLOGY .................................................. EA-1 3.0 RESULTS FORMAT................................................. EA-2TOC-x REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS FOR ELECTRICAL

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................. RIA-1 2.0 METHODOLOGY ................................................. RIA-1 APPENDIX 5A: SUPPLEMENTARY ENGINEERING ANALYSIS RESULTS APPENDIX 5B: SCALING RELATIONSHIPS IN MANUFACTURING 5B.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................5B-1 5B.2 THEORY AND BASIS FOR SCALING RULES............................5B-4 5B.2.1 Power and Voltage Equations .....................................5B-4 5B.2.2 Losses ........................................................5B-5 5B.2.3 Output and Winding Coefficients .................................5B-11 5B.2.4 Scaling Laws .................................................5B-12

APPENDIX 8A: LCC AND PBP RESULTS 8A.1 LCC & PAYBACK RESULTS FOR LIQUID-IMMERSED TRANSFORMERS, DESIGN LINES 1 - 5 ................................................ 8A-1 8A.1.1Design Line 1 Results .......................................... 8A-1 8A.1.2Design Line 2 Results .......................................... 8A-7 8A.1.3Design Line 3 Results ......................................... 8A-13 8A.1.4Design Line 4 Results ......................................... 8A-19 8A.1.5Design Line 5 Results ......................................... 8A-25 8A.2 LCC & PAYBACK RESULTS FOR DRY-TYPE TRANSFORMERS, DESIGN LINES 6 - 13 .............................................. 8A-31 8A.2.1Design Line 6 Results ......................................... 8A-31 8A.2.2Design Line 7 Results ......................................... 8A-37 8A.2.3Design Line 8 Results ......................................... 8A-43 8A.2.4Design Line 9 Results ......................................... 8A-49 8A.2.5Design Line 10 Results ........................................ 8A-55 8A.2.6Design Line 11 Results ........................................ 8A-61 8A.2.7Design Line 12 Results ........................................ 8A-67 8A.2.8Design Line 13 Results ........................................ 8A-73

APPENDIX 8B: UNCERTAINTY AND VARIABILITY 8B.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................8B-1 8B.2 UNCERTAINTY .....................................................8B-1 8B.3 VARIABILITY ......................................................8B-1 8B.4 APPROACHES TO UNCERTAINTY AND VARIABILITY ..................8B-2TOC-xi

8B.5 PROBABILITY ANALYSIS AND THE USE OF CRYSTAL BALL............8B-3 APPENDIX 8C: UTILITIES SAMPLE APPENDIX 8D: LCC SENSITIVITY RESULTS 8D.1 DESIGN LINE 1 RESULTS .......................................... 8D-1 8D.1.1Design Line 1; Candidate Standard Level 1 ......................... 8D-2 8D.1.1.1 Baseline ........................................ 8D-3 8D.1.1.2 Low A & B Distribution ........................... 8D-4 8D.1.1.3 High A & B Distribution ........................... 8D-5 8D.1.1.4 Low Loading .................................... 8D-6 8D.1.1.5 High Loading .................................... 8D-7 8D.1.1.6 Low Electricity Price .............................. 8D-8 8D.1.1.7 High Electricity Price.............................. 8D-9 8D.1.1.8 Low Load Growth ............................... 8D-10 8D.1.1.9 High Load Growth ............................... 8D-11 8D.1.2Design Line 1; Candidate Standard Level 2 ........................ 8D-12 8D.1.2.1 Baseline ....................................... 8D-13 8D.1.2.2 Low A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-14 8D.1.2.3 High A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-15 8D.1.2.4 Low Loading ................................... 8D-16 8D.1.2.5 High Loading ................................... 8D-17 8D.1.2.6 Low Electricity Price ............................. 8D-18 8D.1.2.7 High Electricity Price............................. 8D-19 8D.1.2.8 Low Load Growth ............................... 8D-20 8D.1.2.9 High Load Growth ............................... 8D-21 8D.1.3Design Line 1; Candidate Standard Level 3 ........................ 8D-22 8D.1.3.1 Baseline ....................................... 8D-23 8D.1.3.2 Low A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-24 8D.1.3.3 High A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-25 8D.1.3.4 Low Loading ................................... 8D-26 8D.1.3.5 High Loading ................................... 8D-27 8D.1.3.6 Low Electricity Price ............................. 8D-28 8D.1.3.7 High Electricity Price............................. 8D-29 8D.1.3.8 Low Load Growth ............................... 8D-30 8D.1.3.9 High Load Growth ............................... 8D-31 8D.1.4Design Line 1; Candidate Standard Level 4 ........................ 8D-32 8D.1.4.1 Baseline ....................................... 8D-33 8D.1.4.2 Low A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-34 8D.1.4.3 High A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-35 8D.1.4.4 Low Loading ................................... 8D-36 8D.1.4.5 High Loading ................................... 8D-37TOC-xii 8D.1.4.6 Low Electricity Price ............................. 8D-38 8D.1.4.7 High Electricity Price............................. 8D-39 8D.1.4.8 Low Load Growth ............................... 8D-40 8D.1.4.9 High Load Growth ............................... 8D-41 8D.1.5Design Line 1; Candidate Standard Level 5 ........................ 8D-42 8D.1.5.1 Baseline ....................................... 8D-43 8D.1.5.2 Low A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-44 8D.1.5.3 High A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-45 8D.1.5.4 Low Loading ................................... 8D-46 8D.1.5.5 High Loading ................................... 8D-47 8D.1.5.6 Low Electricity Price ............................. 8D-48 8D.1.5.7 High Electricity Price............................. 8D-49 8D.1.5.8 Low Load Growth ............................... 8D-50 8D.1.5.9 High Load Growth ............................... 8D-51 8D.2 DESIGN LINE 9 RESULTS ......................................... 8D-52 8D.2.1Design Line 9; Candidate Standard Level 1 ........................ 8D-53 8D.2.1.1 Baseline ....................................... 8D-54 8D.2.1.2 Low A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-55 8D.2.1.3 High A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-56 8D.2.1.4 Low Loading ................................... 8D-57 8D.2.1.5 High Loading ................................... 8D-58 8D.2.1.6 Low Electricity Price ............................. 8D-59 8D.2.1.7 High Electricity Price............................. 8D-60 8D.2.1.8 Low Load Growth ............................... 8D-61 8D.2.1.9 High Load Growth ............................... 8D-62 8D.2.2Design Line 9; Candidate Standard Level 2 ........................ 8D-63 8D.2.2.1 Baseline ....................................... 8D-64 8D.2.2.2 Low A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-65 8D.2.2.3 High A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-66 8D.2.2.4 Low Loading ................................... 8D-67 8D.2.2.5 High Loading ................................... 8D-68 8D.2.2.6 Low Electricity Price ............................. 8D-69 8D.2.2.7 High Electricity Price............................. 8D-70 8D.2.2.8 Low Load Growth ............................... 8D-71 8D.2.2.9 High Load Growth ............................... 8D-72 8D.2.3Design Line 9; Candidate Standard Level 3 ........................ 8D-73 8D.2.3.1 Baseline ....................................... 8D-74 8D.2.3.2 Low A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-75 8D.2.3.3 High A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-76 8D.2.3.4 Low Loading ................................... 8D-77 8D.2.3.5 High Loading ................................... 8D-78 8D.2.3.6 Low Electricity Price ............................. 8D-79 8D.2.3.7 High Electricity Price............................. 8D-80 8D.2.3.8 Low Load Growth ............................... 8D-81TOC-xiii 8D.2.3.9 High Load Growth ............................... 8D-82 8D.2.4Design Line 9; Candidate Standard Level 4 ........................ 8D-83 8D.2.4.1 Baseline ....................................... 8D-84 8D.2.4.2 Low A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-85 8D.2.4.3 High A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-86 8D.2.4.4 Low Loading ................................... 8D-87 8D.2.4.5 High Loading ................................... 8D-88 8D.2.4.6 Low Electricity Price ............................. 8D-89 8D.2.4.7 High Electricity Price............................. 8D-90 8D.2.4.8 Low Load Growth ............................... 8D-91 8D.2.4.9 High Load Growth ............................... 8D-92 8D.2.5Design Line 9; Candidate Standard Level 5 ........................ 8D-93 8D.2.5.1 Baseline ....................................... 8D-94 8D.2.5.2 Low A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-95 8D.2.5.3 High A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-96 8D.2.5.4 Low Loading ................................... 8D-97 8D.2.5.5 High Loading ................................... 8D-98 8D.2.5.6 Low Electricity Price ............................. 8D-99 8D.2.5.7 High Electricity Price............................ 8D-100 8D.2.5.8 Low Load Growth .............................. 8D-101 8D.2.5.9 High Load Growth .............................. 8D-102 APPENDIX 10A: NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS AND NET NATIONAL PRESENT VALUE RESULTS 10A.1 1% LOAD GROWTH .............................................. 10A-1 10A.1.1 7% Discount Rate ........................................ 10A-1 10A.1.1.1 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed, Low Price

Elasticity Scenario (0.00) ........................... 10A-1 10A.1.1.2 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed Set, Medium

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ...................... 10A-3 10A.1.1.3 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed Set, High Price

Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) .......................... 10A-5 10A.1.1.4 Price Elasticity for Dry Type, Default Price Elasticity

Scenario (0.00) ................................... 10A-7 10A.1.2 3% Discount Rate ....................................... 10A-12 10A.1.2.1 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed, Low Price

Elasticity Scenario (0.00) .......................... 10A-12 10A.1.2.2 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed Set, Medium

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ..................... 10A-14 10A.1.2.3 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed Set, High Price

Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) ......................... 10A-16 10A.1.2.4 Price Elasticity for Dry Type, Default Price Elasticity

Scenario (0.00) .................................. 10A-18TOC-xiv

10A.2 0% LOAD GROWTH ............................................. 10A-23 10A.2.1 7% Discount Rate ....................................... 10A-23 10A.2.1.1 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed, Low Price

Elasticity Scenario (0.00) .......................... 10A-23 10A.2.1.2 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed Set, Medium

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ..................... 10A-25 10A.2.1.3 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed Set, High Price

Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) ......................... 10A-27 10A.2.1.4 Price Elasticity for Dry Type, Default Price Elasticity

Scenario (0.00) .................................. 10A-29 10A.2.2 3% Discount Rate ....................................... 10A-34 10A.2.2.1 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed, Low Price

Elasticity Scenario (0.00) .......................... 10A-34 10A.2.2.2 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed Set, Medium

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ..................... 10A-36 10A.2.2.3 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed Set, High Price

Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) ......................... 10A-38 10A.2.2.4 Price Elasticity for Dry Type, Default Price Elasticity

Scenario (0.00) .................................. 10A-40TOC-xv LIST OF TABLES Table 1.3.1 Distribution Transformers Analyses in Accordance with the Process Rule 1-5 Table 3.2.1 Normal Impedance Ranges for Liquid-Immersed Transformers......... 3-3 Table 3.2.2 Normal Impedance Ranges for Dry-Type Transformers ............... 3-3 Table 3.3.1 Proposed Distribution Transformer Product Classes.................. 3-5 Table 3.4.1 National Distribution Transformer Shipment Estimates for 2001 ........ 3-7 Table 3.7.1 NEMA Efficiency Levels for Liquid-Immersed Distribution Transformers... 3-14 Table 3.7.2 NEMA Efficiency Levels for Dry-Type Distribution Transformers ..... 3-15 Table 3.7.3 National Grid Design 2000 Rebate Amounts ...................... 3-17 Table 3.7.4 Northeast Utilities Energy Conscious Construction Rebate Amounts ... 3-17 Table 3.8.1 Canadian Standards for Dry-Type Transformers.................... 3-23 Table 3.8.2 Characteristics of Regulated Distribution Transformers in Mexico ..... 3-24 Table 3.8.3 Minimum Efficiency Levels for Transformers in Mexico............. 3-25 Table 3.8.4 Maximum Allowed Losses for Transformers in Mexico.............. 3-26 Table 3.8.5 Transitional Standards for Small Manufacturers in Mexico ........... 3-27 Table 3.8.6 Transitional Maximum Losses for Small Manufacturers in Mexico..... 3-28 Table 3.9.1 Options and Impacts of Increasing Transformer Efficiency ........... 3-33 Table 4.2.1 General Loss-Reduction Interventions for Distribution Transformers .... 4-3 Table 4.3.1 Design Options Not Screened Out of the Analysis ................... 4-5 Table 4.5.1 Design Options Screened Out of the Analysis....................... 4-9 Table 5.2.1 Product Classes and Number of kVA Ratings ....................... 5-2 Table 5.2.2 Engineering Design Lines (DL) and Representative Units for Analysis... 5-4 Table 5.2.3 Common Scaling Relationships in Transformers .................... 5-9 Table 5.3.1 A and B Combinations used by Software to Generate Design Database . 5-13 Table 5.3.2 Core Steel Grades, Thicknesses and Associated Losses .............. 5-14 Table 5.3.3 Core Configurations Used in Each Design Line .................... 5-15 Table 5.3.4 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL1 .... 5-17 Table 5.3.5 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL2 .... 5-18 Table 5.3.6 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL3 .... 5-19 Table 5.3.7 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL4 .... 5-20 Table 5.3.8 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL5 .... 5-21 Table 5.3.9 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL6 .... 5-22 Table 5.3.10 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL7 .... 5-23 Table 5.3.11 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL8 .... 5-24 Table 5.3.12 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL9 .... 5-25 Table 5.3.13 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL10 ... 5-26 Table 5.3.14 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL11 ... 5-27 Table 5.3.15 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL12 ... 5-28 Table 5.3.16 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL13 ... 5-29 Table 5.3.17 Liquid-Immersed Design Lines and Representative Units ............ 5-30 Table 5.3.18 Dry-Type, Low-Voltage Design Lines and Representative Units ....... 5-31 Table 5.3.19 Dry-Type, Medium-Voltage, Single-Phase Design Lines ............. 5-32 Table 5.3.20 Dry-Type, Medium-Voltage, Three-Phase Design Lines ............. 5-33TOC-xvi

Table 5.4.1 Variable Material Inputs for Liquid-Immersed Units ................ 5-36 Table 5.4.2 Variable Tank Sizes for Design Line 1 ........................... 5-37 Table 5.4.3 Summary Table of Fixed Material Costs for Liquid-Immersed Units.... 5-38 Table 5.4.4 Variable Material Inputs for Dry-Type Units ...................... 5-39 Table 5.4.5 Summary Table of Fixed Material Costs for Dry-Type Units.......... 5-41 Table 5.4.6 Labor Markups for Liquid-Immersed and Dry-Type Manufacturers .... 5-42 Table 5.6.1 Bill of Materials for Example Design from DL3 Database ............ 5-59 Table 5.6.2 Bill of Materials for Example Design from DL12 Database ........... 5-63 Table 6.2.1 Utility Sample for Hourly Load Simulation Data .................... 6-6 Table 8.3.1 Distributions of A Values for Liquid-Immersed Transformers: Three

Scenarios with Usage Percentages .............................. 8-12 Table 8.3.2 Distributions of A Values for Dry-Type Transformers: Three Scenarios

with Usage Percentages ....................................... 8-13 Table 8.3.3 Generation Capacity Costs .................................... 8-16 Table 8.3.4 Representative Cost Recovery Factors ........................... 8-17 Table 8.3.5 Percentage of All C&I Customers, by Subdivision, in the Utility Sample 8-20 Table 8.3.6 Variables Used to Estimate Company Discount Rates ............... 8-32 Table 8.3.7 Typical Owners of Different Types of Transformers ................ 8-33 Table 8.3.8 Real Discount Rates by Ownership Category ...................... 8-34 Table 8.3.9 Transformer Ownership by Design Line .......................... 8-35 Table 8.4.1 Candidate Standard Levels Evaluated For Each Design Line .......... 8-37 Table 8.4.2 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 1 Representative Unit ........ 8-39 Table 8.4.3 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 2 Representative Unit ........ 8-39 Table 8.4.4 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 3 Representative Unit ........ 8-40 Table 8.4.5 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 4 Representative Unit ........ 8-40 Table 8.4.6 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 5 Representative Unit ........ 8-40 Table 8.4.7 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 6 Representative Unit ........ 8-41 Table 8.4.8 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 7 Representative Unit ........ 8-41 Table 8.4.9 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 8 Representative Unit ........ 8-42 Table 8.4.10 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 9 Representative Unit ........ 8-42 Table 8.4.11 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 10 Representative Unit ....... 8-42 Table 8.4.12 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 11 Representative Unit ....... 8-43 Table 8.4.13 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 12 Representative Unit ....... 8-43 Table 8.4.14 Summary LCC Savings for Design Line 13 Representative Unit ....... 8-44 Table 8.5.1 Mean LCC Savings ($), Summary for Design Line 1

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-46 Table 8.5.2 Mean LCC Savings ($), Summary for Design Line 9 Representative Unit 8-50 Table 8.6.1 Possible Cases of First Cost (FC) and Operating Cost (OC) Combinations,

for PBP Analysis ............................................ 8-55 Table 8.6.2 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 1

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-57 Table 8.6.3 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 2

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-58TOC-xvii

Table 8.6.4 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 3

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-58 Table 8.6.5 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 4

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-59 Table 8.6.6 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 5

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-59 Table 8.6.7 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 6

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-60 Table 8.6.8 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 7

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-60 Table 8.6.9 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 8

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-61 Table 8.6.10 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 9

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-61 Table 8.6.11 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 10

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-62 Table 8.6.12 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 11

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-62 Table 8.6.13 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 12

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-63 Table 8.6.14 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 13

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-63 Table 9.3.1 Distribution Transformer Shipment Estimates for 2001 ............... 9-4 Table 9.3.2 Liquid-Immersed Distribution Transformer Shipment Estimates, 2001 ... 9-5 Table 9.3.3 Dry-Type, Low-Voltage Distribution Transformer Shipment

Estimates, 2001 .............................................. 9-6 Table 9.3.4 Dry-Type, Medium-Voltage Distribution Transformer Shipment

Estimates 2001 ............................................... 9-7 Table 9.4.1 Cumulative Shipments of Transformers between 2007-2035 by Candidate

Standard Level ............................................. 9-16 Table 10.2.1 Mapping of Design Line (DL) to Product Class (PC) .............. 10-10 Table 10.2.2 Average Site-to-Source Conversion Factors for No-Load Losses and

Load Losses ............................................... 10-14 Table 10.3.1 First Cost of Distribution Transformers by Candidate Standard Levels and

Product Class (2001$/kVA) ................................... 10-19 Table 10.3.2 Peak Responsibility Factors by Product Class..................... 10-20 Table 10.3.3 Initial Peak Loading by Product Class........................... 10-21 Table 10.3.4 Marginal Energy and Demand Cost by Product Class .............. 10-22 Table 10.4.1 Summary of Cumulative NES (2007-2035) and NPV (2007-2070) Impact 10-23 Table 10.4.2 Net Present Value During 2007-2070: Liquid-Immersed Transformers by

Product Class .............................................. 10-24 Table 10.4.3 Cumulative Primary Energy Savings During 2007-2035: Liquid-Immersed

Transformers by Product Class ................................ 10-24TOC-xviii

Table 10.4.4 Net Present Value During 2007-2070: Dry-Type Transformers by

Product Class .............................................. 10-25 Table 10.4.5 Cumulative Primary Energy Savings During 2007-2035: Dry-Type

Transformers by Product Class ................................ 10-26 Table 5A.1 Engineering Design Lines and Representative Units for Analysis ..... 5A-2 Table 5B.1 Common Scaling Relationships in Transformers ...................5B-2 Table 5B.2 Nominal 60 Hz, Core-Type, Liquid-Filled, 12 kV

Distribution Transformers ....................................5B-12 Table 8A.1.1 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 1 ............ 8A-1 Table 8A.1.2 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 1 ................... 8A-1 Table 8A.1.3 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 2 ............ 8A-7 Table 8A.1.4 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 2 ................... 8A-7 Table 8A.1.5 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 3 ........... 8A-13 Table 8A.1.6 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 3 .................. 8A-13 Table 8A.1.7 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 4 ........... 8A-19 Table 8A.1.8 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 4 .................. 8A-19 Table 8A.1.9 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 5 ........... 8A-25 Table 8A.1.10 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 5 .................. 8A-25 Table 8A.2.1 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 6 ........... 8A-31 Table 8A.2.2 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 6 .................. 8A-31 Table 8A.2.3 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 7 ........... 8A-37 Table 8A.2.4 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 7 .................. 8A-37 Table 8A.2.5 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 8 ........... 8A-43 Table 8A.2.6 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 8 .................. 8A-43 Table 8A.2.7 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 9 ........... 8A-49 Table 8A.2.8 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 9 .................. 8A-49 Table 8A.2.9 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 10 .......... 8A-55 Table 8A.2.10 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 10 ................. 8A-55 Table 8A.2.11 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 11 .......... 8A-61 Table 8A.2.12 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 11 ................. 8A-61 Table 8A.2.13 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 12 .......... 8A-67 Table 8A.2.14 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 12 ................. 8A-67 Table 8A.2.15 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 13 .......... 8A-73 Table 8A.2.16 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 13 ................. 8A-73 Table 8D.1.1 Mean LCC Savings ($), Summary Table for Design Line 1 .......... 8D-1 Table 8D.1.2 Standard Level: 1; Summary Table ............................. 8D-2 Table 8D.1.3 Standard Level: 2; Summary Table ............................ 8D-12 Table 8D.1.4 Standard Level: 3; Summary Table ............................ 8D-22 Table 8D.1.5 Standard Level: 4; Summary Table ............................ 8D-32 Table 8D.1.6 Standard Level: 5; Summary Table ............................ 8D-42 Table 8D.2.1 Mean LCC Savings ($), Summary Table for Design Line 9 ......... 8D-52 Table 8D.2.2 Standard Level: 1; Summary Table ............................ 8D-53 Table 8D.2.3 Standard Level: 2; Summary Table ............................ 8D-63 Table 8D.2.4 Standard Level: 3; Summary Table ............................ 8D-73TOC-xix

Table 8D.2.5 Standard Level: 4; Summary Table ............................ 8D-83 Table 8D.2.6 Standard Level: 5; Summary Table ............................ 8D-93 Table 10A.1.1 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed

Low Price Elasticity Scenario (0.00) ........................... 10A-1 Table 10A.1.2 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, Low Price Elasticity

Scenario (0.00) ............................................ 10A-2 Table 10A.1.3 Summary Results Table for Product Class 1, Low Price Elasticity

Scenario (0.00) ............................................ 10A-2 Table 10A.1.4 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, Low Price Elasticity

Scenario (0.00) ............................................ 10A-2 Table 10A.1.5 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed

Medium Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ....................... 10A-3 Table 10A.1.6 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, Medium Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.04) ........................................... 10A-4 Table 10A.1.7 Summary Results Table for Product Class 1, Medium Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.04) ........................................... 10A-4 Table 10A.1.8 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, Medium Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.04) ........................................... 10A-4 Table 10A.1.9 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed

High Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) .......................... 10A-5 Table 10A.1.10 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, High Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.20) ........................................... 10A-6 Table 10A.1.11 Summary Results Table for Product Class 1, High Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.20) ........................................... 10A-6 Table 10A.1.12 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, High Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.20) ........................................... 10A-6 Table 10A.1.13 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed

Medium Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ....................... 10A-7 Table 10A.1.14 Summary Results Table for All Dry-Type Product Classes ......... 10A-8 Table 10A.1.15 Summary Results Table for Product Class 3 ..................... 10A-9 Table 10A.1.16 Summary Results Table for Product Class 4 ..................... 10A-9 Table 10A.1.17 Summary Results Table for Product Class 5 ..................... 10A-9 Table 10A.1.18 Summary Results Table for Product Class 6 .................... 10A-10 Table 10A.1.19 Summary Results Table for Product Class 7 .................... 10A-10 Table 10A.1.20 Summary Results Table for Product Class 8 .................... 10A-10 Table 10A.1.21 Summary Results Table for Product Class 9 .................... 10A-11 Table 10A.1.22 Summary Results Table for Product Class 10 ................... 10A-11 Table 10A.1.23 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed

Low Price Elasticity Scenario (0.00) .......................... 10A-12 Table 10A.1.24 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, Low Price Elasticity

Scenario (0.00) ........................................... 10A-13 Table 10A.1.25 Summary Results Table for Product Class 1, Low Price Elasticity

Scenario (0.00) ........................................... 10A-13TOC-xx

Table 10A.1.26 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, Low Price Elasticity

Scenario (0.00) ........................................... 10A-13 Table 10A.1.27 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed

Medium Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ...................... 10A-14 Table 10A.1.28 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, Medium Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.04) .......................................... 10A-15 Table 10A.1.29 Summary Results Table for Product Class 1, Medium Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.04) .......................................... 10A-15 Table 10A.1.30 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, Medium Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.04) .......................................... 10A-15 Table 10A.1.31 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed

High Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) ......................... 10A-16 Table 10A.1.32 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, High Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.20) .......................................... 10A-17 Table 10A.1.33 Summary Results Table for Product Class 1, High Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.20) .......................................... 10A-17 Table 10A.1.34 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, High Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.20) .......................................... 10A-17 Table 10A.1.35 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed

Medium Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ...................... 10A-18 Table 10A.1.36 Summary Results Table for All Dry-Type Product Classes ........ 10A-19 Table 10A.1.37 Summary Results Table for Product Class 3 .................... 10A-20 Table 10A.1.38 Summary Results Table for Product Class 4 .................... 10A-20 Table 10A.1.39 Summary Results Table for Product Class 5 .................... 10A-20 Table 10A.1.40 Summary Results Table for Product Class 6 .................... 10A-21 Table 10A.1.41 Summary Results Table for Product Class 7 .................... 10A-21 Table 10A.1.42 Summary Results Table for Product Class 8 .................... 10A-21 Table 10A.1.43 Summary Results Table for Product Class 9 .................... 10A-22 Table 10A.1.44 Summary Results Table for Product Class 10 ................... 10A-22 Table 10A.2.1 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed

Low Price Elasticity Scenario (0.00) .......................... 10A-23 Table 10A.2.2 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, Low Price Elasticity

Scenario (0.00) ........................................... 10A-24 Table 10A.2.3 Summary Results Table for Product Class 1, Low Price Elasticity

Scenario (0.00) ........................................... 10A-24 Table 10A.2.4 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, Low Price Elasticity

Scenario (0.00) ........................................... 10A-24 Table 10A.2.5 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed

Medium Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ...................... 10A-25 Table 10A.2.6 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, Medium Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.04) .......................................... 10A-26 Table 10A.2.7 Summary Results Table for Product Class 1, Medium Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.04) .......................................... 10A-26TOC-xxi

Table 10A.2.8 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, Medium Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.04) .......................................... 10A-26 Table 10A.2.9 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed

High Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) ......................... 10A-27 Table 10A.2.10 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, High Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.20) .......................................... 10A-28 Table 10A.2.11 Summary Results Table for Product Class 1, High Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.20) .......................................... 10A-28 Table 10A.2.12 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, High Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.20) .......................................... 10A-28 Table 10A.2.13 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed

Medium Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ...................... 10A-29 Table 10A.2.14 Summary Results Table for All Dry-Type Product Classes ........ 10A-30 Table 10A.2.15 Summary Results Table for Product Class 3 .................... 10A-31 Table 10A.2.16 Summary Results Table for Product Class 4 .................... 10A-31 Table 10A.2.17 Summary Results Table for Product Class 5 .................... 10A-31 Table 10A.2.18 Summary Results Table for Product Class 6 .................... 10A-32 Table 10A.2.19 Summary Results Table for Product Class 7 .................... 10A-32 Table 10A.2.20 Summary Results Table for Product Class 8 .................... 10A-32 Table 10A.2.21 Summary Results Table for Product Class 9 .................... 10A-33 Table 10A.2.22 Summary Results Table for Product Class 10 ................... 10A-33 Table 10A.2.23 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed

Low Price Elasticity Scenario (0.00) .......................... 10A-34 Table 10A.2.24 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, Low Price Elasticity

Scenario (0.00) ........................................... 10A-35 Table 10A.2.25 Summary Results Table for Product Classes 1, Low Price Elasticity S

cenario (0.00) ............................................ 10A-35 Table 10A.2.26 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, Low Price Elasticity

Scenario (0.00) ........................................... 10A-35 Table 10A.2.27 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed

Medium Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ...................... 10A-36 Table 10A.2.28 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, Medium Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.04) .......................................... 10A-37 Table 10A.2.29 Summary Results Table for Product Class 1, Medium Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.04) .......................................... 10A-37 Table 10A.2.30 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, Medium Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.04) .......................................... 10A-37 Table 10A.2.31 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed

High Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) ......................... 10A-38 Table 10A.2.32 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, High Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.20) .......................................... 10A-39 Table 10A.2.33 Summary Results Table for Product Class 1, High Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.20) .......................................... 10A-39TOC-xxii

Table 10A.2.34 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, High Price Elasticity

Scenario (-0.20) .......................................... 10A-39 Table 10A.2.35 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed

Medium Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ...................... 10A-40 Table 10A.2.36 Summary Results Table for All Dry-Type Product Classes ........ 10A-41 Table 10A.2.37 Summary Results Table for Product Class 3 .................... 10A-42 Table 10A.2.38 Summary Results Table for Product Class 4 .................... 10A-42 Table 10A.2.39 Summary Results Table for Product Class 5 .................... 10A-42 Table 10A.2.40 Summary Results Table for Product Class 6 .................... 10A-43 Table 10A.2.41 Summary Results Table for Product Class 7 .................... 10A-43 Table 10A.2.42 Summary Results Table for Product Class 8 .................... 10A-43 Table 10A.2.43 Summary Results Table for Product Class 9 .................... 10A-44 Table 10A.2.44 Summary Results Table for Product Class 10 ................... 10A-44TOC-xxiii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1.1 Analyses for Distribution Transformer Energy-Efficiency Standards .... 2-3 Figure 3.4.1 Liquid-Immersed Unit Shipments................................ 3-6 Figure 3.4.2 Liquid-Immersed MVA Capacity Shipments ....................... 3-6 Figure 3.4.3 Dry-Type Unit Shipments...................................... 3-6 Figure 3.4.4 Dry-Type MVA Capacity Shipments ............................. 3-6 Figure 3.5.1 Market Delivery Channels for Distribution Transformers ............ 3-10 Figure 3.9.1 Transformer Losses Vary with Load (75 kVA Dry-Type) ............ 3-30 Figure 3.9.2 Transformer Efficiency Varies with Load ......................... 3-31 Figure 5.4.1 Standard Method of Cost Accounting for Standards Rulemaking ...... 5-34 Figure 5.5.1 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Efficiency for DL1 ..... 5-43 Figure 5.5.2 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Efficiency for DL2 ..... 5-44 Figure 5.5.3 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Efficiency for DL3 ..... 5-45 Figure 5.5.4 Scatter Plot of Manufacturing Selling Price and Efficiency for DL4 .... 5-46 Figure 5.5.5 Scatter Plot of Manufacturing Selling Price and Efficiency for DL5 .... 5-47 Figure 5.5.6 Scatter Plot of Manufacturing Selling Price and Efficiency for DL6 .... 5-48 Figure 5.5.7 Scatter Plot of Manufacturing Selling Price and Efficiency for DL7 .... 5-49 Figure 5.5.8 Scatter Plot of Manufacturing Selling Price and Efficiency for DL8 .... 5-50 Figure 5.5.9 Scatter Plot of Manufacturing Selling Price and Efficiency for DL9 .... 5-51 Figure 5.5.10 Scatter Plot of Manufacturing Selling Price and Efficiency for DL10 ... 5-52 Figure 5.5.11 Scatter Plot of Manufacturing Selling Price and Efficiency for DL11 ... 5-53 Figure 5.5.12 Scatter Plot of Manufacturing Selling Price and Efficiency for DL12 ... 5-54 Figure 5.5.13 Scatter Plot of Manufacturing Selling Price and Efficiency for DL13 ... 5-55 Figure 5.6.1 Cost Breakdown for DL3 M6CuAl Design at $3A, $1B .............. 5-60 Figure 5.6.2 Cost Breakdown for DL12, M3CuCu Design at $3A, $1B. ........... 5-64 Figure 6.2.1 Histogram of the Peak Loading Distribution Generated in the Hourly

Load Analysis .............................................. 6-10 Figure 6.2.2 Scatterplot of Inverse Load Factor versus Peak Load from Hourly

ELCAP Data ............................................... 6-11 Figure 6.3.1 Histogram of Annual Load Factors Derived from Monthly CBECS 1995

Bill Data................................................... 6-18 Figure 6.3.2 Scatterplot of Annual Load Factor versus Annual Peak Demand from

Monthly CBECS 1995 Bill Data ................................ 6-20 Figure 6.3.3 Scatterplot of Peak Responsibility Factor versus Load Factor ......... 6-23 Figure 8.2.1 Transformer LCC Spreadsheet Model Flowchart .................... 8-5 Figure 8.3.1 Map showing the Division of the Continental United States into

17 Subdivisions ............................................. 8-19 Figure 8.3.2 Customer-Weighted Average per kWh Revenue ................... 8-21 Figure 8.3.3 Effect of a Change in Customer Demand (Energy Consumption is Held

Fixed) for a Block-by-Demand Tariff ............................ 8-24 Figure 8.3.4 Cumulative Load Growth at 1 percent per Year .................... 8-29 Figure 8.3.5 Electricity Price Scenarios ..................................... 8-30TOC-xxiv

Figure 8.4.1 Design Load Losses (LL) versus No-load Losses (NL) for TP 1-2002,

Design Line 9 ............................................... 8-38 Figure 8.5.1 Mean LCC Savings ($), Summary Sensitivity Scenarios for

Design Line 1 ............................................... 8-47 Figure 8.5.2 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 1, Candidate

Standard Level 1 ............................................ 8-47 Figure 8.5.3 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 1, Candidate

Standard Level 2 ............................................ 8-48 Figure 8.5.4 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 1, Candidate

Standard Level 3 ............................................ 8-48 Figure 8.5.5 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 1, Candidate

Standard Level 4 ............................................ 8-49 Figure 8.5.6 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 1, Candidate

Standard Level 5 ............................................ 8-49 Figure 8.5.7 Mean LCC Savings ($), Summary Sensitivity Scenarios for

Design Line 9 ............................................... 8-51 Figure 8.5.8 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 9, Candidate

Standard Level 1 ............................................ 8-52 Figure 8.5.9 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 9, Candidate

Standard Level 2 ............................................ 8-52 Figure 8.5.10 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 9, Candidate

Standard Level 3 ............................................ 8-52 Figure 8.5.11 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 9, Candidate

Standard Level 4 ............................................ 8-53 Figure 8.5.12 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 9, Candidate

Standard Level 5 ............................................ 8-53 Figure 9.3.1 Age Distribution of Liquid-Immersed In-service Transformer Stock

in 2002 ..................................................... 9-9 Figure 9.3.2 Cumulative Failure Rate of Distribution Transformers ............... 9-14 Figure 9.3.3 Fraction of Original Shipment Retiring at an Age................... 9-15 Figure 9.4.1 Liquid-Immersed Transformer Shipments Backcast and Forecast ...... 9-17 Figure 10.1.1 National Impact Analysis Flowchart ............................. 10-3 Figure 10.4.1 Liquid-Immersed Distribution Transformers: NES and NPV Impacts: 3%

Discount Rate.............................................. 10-23 Figure 10.4.2 Liquid-Immersed Distribution Transformers: NES and NPV Impacts: 7%

Discount Rate.............................................. 10-23 Figure 10.4.3 Dry-Type Distribution Transforms: NES and NPV Impacts: 3%

Discount Rate.............................................. 10-24 Figure 10.4.4 Dry-Type Distribution Transforms: NES and NPV Impacts: 7%

Discount Rate.............................................. 10-24 Figure 5A.1 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL1 ... 5A-3 Figure 5A.2 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL2 ... 5A-3 Figure 5A.3 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL3 ... 5A-4 Figure 5A.4 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL4 ... 5A-4TOC-xxv

Figure 5A.5 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL5 ... 5A-5 Figure 5A.6 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL6 ... 5A-5 Figure 5A.7 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL7 ... 5A-6 Figure 5A.8 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL8 ... 5A-6 Figure 5A.9 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL9 ... 5A-7 Figure 5A.10 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL10 . . 5A-7 Figure 5A.11 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL11 . . 5A-8 Figure 5A.12 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL12 . . 5A-8 Figure 5A.13 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL13 . . 5A-9 Figure 5A.14 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses at 100%

Load, DL1 ............................................... 5A-10 Figure 5A.15 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses at 100%

Load, DL2 ............................................... 5A-10 Figure 5A.16 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses at 100%

Load, DL3 ............................................... 5A-11 Figure 5A.17 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses at 100%

Load, DL4 ............................................... 5A-11 Figure 5A.18 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses at 100%

Load, DL5 ............................................... 5A-12 Figure 5A.19 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses at 100%

Load, DL6 ............................................... 5A-12 Figure 5A.20 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses at 100%

Load, DL7 ............................................... 5A-13 Figure 5A.21 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses at 100%

Load, DL8 ............................................... 5A-13 Figure 5A.22 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses at 100%

Load, DL9 ............................................... 5A-14 Figure 5A.23 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses 100%

Load, DL10 .............................................. 5A-14 Figure 5A.24 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses 100%

Load, DL11 .............................................. 5A-15 Figure 5A.25 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses 100%

Load, DL12 .............................................. 5A-15 Figure 5A.26 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses 100%

Load, DL13 .............................................. 5A-16 Figure 5A.27 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight

for DL1 .................................................. 5A-17 Figure 5A.28 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight

for DL2.................................................. 5A-17 Figure 5A.29 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight

for DL3.................................................. 5A-18 Figure 5A.30 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight

for DL4.................................................. 5A-18TOC-xxvi

Figure 5A.31 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight

for DL5.................................................. 5A-19 Figure 5A.32 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight

for DL6.................................................. 5A-19 Figure 5A.33 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight

for DL7.................................................. 5A-20 Figure 5A.34 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight

for DL8.................................................. 5A-20 Figure 5A.35 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight

for DL9.................................................. 5A-21 Figure 5A.36 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight

for DL10................................................. 5A-21 Figure 5A.37 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight

for DL11 ................................................. 5A-22 Figure 5A.38 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight

for DL12................................................. 5A-22 Figure 5A.39 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight

for DL13................................................. 5A-23 Figure 5B.1 Size and Performance Relationships by kVA Rating ................5B-3 Figure 5B.2 Basic Three-Phase Transformer Dimensions......................5B-13 Figure 8A.1.1 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 1:

Frequency Chart............................................ 8A-2 Figure 8A.1.2 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 1:

Cumulative Chart........................................... 8A-2 Figure 8A.1.3 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 1:

Frequency Chart............................................ 8A-2 Figure 8A.1.4 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 1:

Frequency Chart............................................ 8A-3 Figure 8A.1.5 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 1:

Cumulative Chart........................................... 8A-3 Figure 8A.1.6 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 1:

Frequency Chart............................................ 8A-3 Figure 8A.1.7 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 1:

Frequency Chart............................................ 8A-4 Figure 8A.1.8 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 1:

Cumulative Chart........................................... 8A-4 Figure 8A.1.9 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 1:

Frequency Chart............................................ 8A-4 Figure 8A.1.10 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 1:

Frequency Chart............................................ 8A-5 Figure 8A.1.11 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 1:

Cumulative Chart........................................... 8A-5 Figure 8A.1.12 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 1:

Frequency Chart............................................ 8A-5TOC-xxvii

Figure 8A.1.13 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 1:

Frequency Chart............................................ 8A-6 Figure 8A.1.14 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 1:

Cumulative Chart........................................... 8A-6 Figure 8A.1.15 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 1:

Frequency Chart............................................ 8A-6 Figure 8A.1.16 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 2:

Frequency Chart............................................ 8A-8 Figure 8A.1.17 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 2:

Cumulative Chart........................................... 8A-8 Figure 8A.1.18 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 2:

Frequency Chart............................................ 8A-8 Figure 8A.1.19 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 2:

Frequency Chart............................................ 8A-9 Figure 8A.1.20 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 2:

Cumulative Chart........................................... 8A-9 Figure 8A.1.21 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 2:

Frequency Chart............................................ 8A-9 Figure 8A.1.22 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 2:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-10 Figure 8A.1.23 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 2:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-10 Figure 8A.1.24 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 2:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-10 Figure 8A.1.25 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 2:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-11 Figure 8A.1.26 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 2:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-11 Figure 8A.1.27 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 2:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-11 Figure 8A.1.28 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 2:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-12 Figure 8A.1.29 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 2:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-12 Figure 8A.1.30 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 2:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-12 Figure 8A.1.31 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 3:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-14 Figure 8A.1.32 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 3:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-14 Figure 8A.1.33 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 3:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-14 Figure 8A.1.34 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 3:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-15TOC-xxviii

Figure 8A.1.35 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 3:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-15 Figure 8A.1.36 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 3:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-15 Figure 8A.1.37 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 3:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-16 Figure 8A.1.38 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 3:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-16 Figure 8A.1.39 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 3:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-16 Figure 8A.1.40 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 3:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-17 Figure 8A.1.41 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 3:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-17 Figure 8A.1.42 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 3:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-17 Figure 8A.1.43 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 3:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-18 Figure 8A.1.44 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 3:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-18 Figure 8A.1.45 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 3:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-18 Figure 8A.1.46 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 4:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-20 Figure 8A.1.47 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 4:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-20 Figure 8A.1.48 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 4:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-20 Figure 8A.1.49 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 4:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-21 Figure 8A.1.50 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 4:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-21 Figure 8A.1.51 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 4:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-21 Figure 8A.1.52 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 4:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-22 Figure 8A.1.53 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 4:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-22 Figure 8A.1.54 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 4:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-22 Figure 8A.1.55 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 4:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-23 Figure 8A.1.56 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 4:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-23TOC-xxix

Figure 8A.1.57 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 4:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-23 Figure 8A.1.58 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 4:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-24 Figure 8A.1.59 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 4:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-24 Figure 8A.1.60 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 4:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-24 Figure 8A.1.61 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 5:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-26 Figure 8A.1.62 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 5:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-26 Figure 8A.1.63 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 5:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-26 Figure 8A.1.64 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 5:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-27 Figure 8A.1.65 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 5:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-27 Figure 8A.1.66 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 5:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-27 Figure 8A.1.67 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 5:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-28 Figure 8A.1.68 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 5:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-28 Figure 8A.1.69 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 5:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-28 Figure 8A.1.70 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 5:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-29 Figure 8A.1.71 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 5:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-29 Figure 8A.1.72 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 5:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-29 Figure 8A.1.73 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 5:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-30 Figure 8A.1.74 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 5:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-30 Figure 8A.1.75 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 5:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-30 Figure 8A.2.1 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 6:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-32 Figure 8A.2.2 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 6:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-32 Figure 8A.2.3 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 6:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-32TOC-xxx

Figure 8A.2.4 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 6:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-33 Figure 8A.2.5 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 6:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-33 Figure 8A.2.6 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 6:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-33 Figure 8A.2.7 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 6:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-34 Figure 8A.2.8 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 6:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-34 Figure 8A.2.9 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 6:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-34 Figure 8A.2.10 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 6:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-35 Figure 8A.2.11 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 6:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-35 Figure 8A.2.12 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 6:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-35 Figure 8A.2.13 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 6:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-36 Figure 8A.2.14 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 6:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-36 Figure 8A.2.15 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 6:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-36 Figure 8A.2.16 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 7:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-38 Figure 8A.2.17 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 7:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-38 Figure 8A.2.18 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 7:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-38 Figure 8A.2.19 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 7:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-39 Figure 8A.2.20 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 7:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-39 Figure 8A.2.21 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 7:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-39 Figure 8A.2.22 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 7:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-40 Figure 8A.2.23 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 7:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-40 Figure 8A.2.24 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 7:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-40 Figure 8A.2.25 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 7:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-41TOC-xxxi

Figure 8A.2.26 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 7:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-41 Figure 8A.2.27 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 7:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-41 Figure 8A.2.28 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 7:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-42 Figure 8A.2.29 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 7:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-42 Figure 8A.2.30 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 7:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-42 Figure 8A.2.31 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 8:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-44 Figure 8A.2.32 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 8:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-44 Figure 8A.2.33 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 8:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-44 Figure 8A.2.34 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 8:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-45 Figure 8A.2.35 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 8:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-45 Figure 8A.2.36 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 8:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-45 Figure 8A.2.37 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 8:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-46 Figure 8A.2.38 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 8:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-46 Figure 8A.2.39 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 8:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-46 Figure 8A.2.40 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 8:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-47 Figure 8A.2.41 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 8:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-47 Figure 8A.2.42 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 8:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-47 Figure 8A.2.43 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 8:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-48 Figure 8A.2.44 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 8:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-48 Figure 8A.2.45 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 8:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-48 Figure 8A.2.46 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 9:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-50 Figure 8A.2.47 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 9:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-50TOC-xxxii

Figure 8A.2.48 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 9:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-50 Figure 8A.2.49 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 9:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-51 Figure 8A.2.50 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 9:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-51 Figure 8A.2.51 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 9:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-51 Figure 8A.2.52 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 9:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-52 Figure 8A.2.53 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 9:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-52 Figure 8A.2.54 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 9:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-52 Figure 8A.2.55 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 9:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-53 Figure 8A.2.56 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 9:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-53 Figure 8A.2.57 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 9:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-53 Figure 8A.2.58 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 9:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-54 Figure 8A.2.59 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 9:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-54 Figure 8A.2.60 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 9:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-54 Figure 8A.2.61 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 10:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-56 Figure 8A.2.62 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 10:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-56 Figure 8A.2.63 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 10:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-56 Figure 8A.2.64 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 10:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-57 Figure 8A.2.65 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 10:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-57 Figure 8A.2.66 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 10:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-57 Figure 8A.2.67 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 10:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-58 Figure 8A.2.68 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 10:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-58 Figure 8A.2.69 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 10:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-58TOC-xxxiii

Figure 8A.2.70 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 10:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-59 Figure 8A.2.71 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 10:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-59 Figure 8A.2.72 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 10:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-59 Figure 8A.2.73 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 10:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-60 Figure 8A.2.74 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 10:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-60 Figure 8A.2.75 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 10:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-60 Figure 8A.2.76 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 11:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-62 Figure 8A.2.77 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 11:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-62 Figure 8A.2.78 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 11:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-62 Figure 8A.2.79 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 11:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-63 Figure 8A.2.80 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 11:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-63 Figure 8A.2.81 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 11:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-63 Figure 8A.2.82 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 11:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-64 Figure 8A.2.83 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 11:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-64 Figure 8A.2.84 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 11:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-64 Figure 8A.2.85 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 11:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-65 Figure 8A.2.86 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 11:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-65 Figure 8A.2.87 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 11:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-65 Figure 8A.2.88 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 11:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-66 Figure 8A.2.89 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 11:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-66 Figure 8A.2.90 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 11:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-66 Figure 8A.2.91 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 12:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-68TOC-xxxiv

Figure 8A.2.92 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 12:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-68 Figure 8A.2.93 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 12:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-68 Figure 8A.2.94 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 12:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-69 Figure 8A.2.95 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 12:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-69 Figure 8A.2.96 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 12:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-69 Figure 8A.2.97 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 12:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-70 Figure 8A.2.98 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 12:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-70 Figure 8A.2.99 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 12:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-70 Figure 8A.2.100 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 12:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-71 Figure 8A.2.101 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 12:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-71 Figure 8A.2.102 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 12:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-71 Figure 8A.2.103 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 12:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-72 Figure 8A.2.104 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 12:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-72 Figure 8A.2.105 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 12:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-72 Figure 8A.2.106 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 13:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-74 Figure 8A.2.107 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 13:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-74 Figure 8A.2.108 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 13:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-74 Figure 8A.2.109 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 13:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-75 Figure 8A.2.110 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 13:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-75 Figure 8A.2.111 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 13:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-75 Figure 8A.2.112 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 13:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-76 Figure 8A.2.113 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 13:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-76TOC-xxxv

Figure 8A.2.114 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 13:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-76 Figure 8A.2.115 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 13:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-77 Figure 8A.2.116 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 13:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-77 Figure 8A.2.117 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 13:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-77 Figure 8A.2.118 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 13:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-78 Figure 8A.2.119 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 13:

Cumulative Chart.......................................... 8A-78 Figure 8A.2.120 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 13:

Frequency Chart........................................... 8A-78 Figure 8B.5.1 Normal Probability Distribution ................................8B-3 Figure 8B.5.2 Triangular Probability Distribution ..............................8B-3 Figure 8B.5.3 Uniform Probability Distribution................................8B-3 Figure 8D.1.1 Mean LCC Savings ($), by Scenario for Design Line 1 ............. 8D-1 Figure 8D.1.2 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 1,

Standard Level 1 ........................................... 8D-2 Figure 8D.1.3 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Baseline Scenario ................................... 8D-3 Figure 8D.1.4 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Baseline Scenario ................................... 8D-3 Figure 8D.1.5 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Baseline Scenario ................................... 8D-3 Figure 8D.1.6 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ...................... 8D-4 Figure 8D.1.7 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ...................... 8D-4 Figure 8D.1.8 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ...................... 8D-4 Figure 8D.1.9 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High A & B Distribution Scenario ...................... 8D-5 Figure 8D.1.10 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High A & B Distribution Scenario ...................... 8D-5 Figure 8D.1.11 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High A & B Distribution Scenario ...................... 8D-5 Figure 8D.1.12 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-6 Figure 8D.1.13 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-6 Figure 8D.1.14 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-6TOC-xxxvi

Figure 8D.1.15 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-7 Figure 8D.1.16 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-7 Figure 8D.1.17 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-7 Figure 8D.1.18 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Electricity Price Scenario ......................... 8D-8 Figure 8D.1.19 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Electricity Price Scenario ......................... 8D-8 Figure 8D.1.20 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Electricity Price Scenario ......................... 8D-8 Figure 8D.1.21 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-9 Figure 8D.1.22 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-9 Figure 8D.1.23 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-9 Figure 8D.1.24 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-10 Figure 8D.1.25 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-10 Figure 8D.1.26 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-10 Figure 8D.1.27 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-11 Figure 8D.1.28 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-11 Figure 8D.1.29 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-11 Figure 8D.1.30 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 1,

Standard Level 2 .......................................... 8D-12 Figure 8D.1.31 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-13 Figure 8D.1.32 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-13 Figure 8D.1.33 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-13 Figure 8D.1.34 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-14 Figure 8D.1.35 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-14 Figure 8D.1.36 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-14TOC-xxxvii

Figure 8D.1.37 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-15 Figure 8D.1.38 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-15 Figure 8D.1.39 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-15 Figure 8D.1.40 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-16 Figure 8D.1.41 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-16 Figure 8D.1.42 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-16 Figure 8D.1.43 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-17 Figure 8D.1.44 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-17 Figure 8D.1.45 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-17 Figure 8D.1.46 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-18 Figure 8D.1.47 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-18 Figure 8D.1.48 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-18 Figure 8D.1.49 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-19 Figure 8D.1.50 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-19 Figure 8D.1.51 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-19 Figure 8D.1.52 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-20 Figure 8D.1.53 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-20 Figure 8D.1.54 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-20 Figure 8D.1.55 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-21 Figure 8D.1.56 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-21 Figure 8D.1.57 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-21 Figure 8D.1.58 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 1,

Standard Level 3 .......................................... 8D-22TOC-xxxviii

Figure 8D.1.59 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-23 Figure 8D.1.60 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-23 Figure 8D.1.61 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-23 Figure 8D.1.62 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-24 Figure 8D.1.63 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-24 Figure 8D.1.64 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-24 Figure 8D.1.65 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-25 Figure 8D.1.66 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-25 Figure 8D.1.67 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-25 Figure 8D.1.68 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-26 Figure 8D.1.69 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-26 Figure 8D.1.70 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-26 Figure 8D.1.71 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-27 Figure 8D.1.72 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-27 Figure 8D.1.73 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-27 Figure 8D.1.74 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-28 Figure 8D.1.75 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-28 Figure 8D.1.76 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-28 Figure 8D.1.77 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-29 Figure 8D.1.78 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-29 Figure 8D.1.79 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-29 Figure 8D.1.80 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-30TOC-xxxix

Figure 8D.1.81 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-30 Figure 8D.1.82 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-30 Figure 8D.1.83 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-31 Figure 8D.1.84 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-31 Figure 8D.1.85 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-31 Figure 8D.1.86 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 1,

Standard Level 4 .......................................... 8D-32 Figure 8D.1.87 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-33 Figure 8D.1.88 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-33 Figure 8D.1.89 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-33 Figure 8D.1.90 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-34 Figure 8D.1.91 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-34 Figure 8D.1.92 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-34 Figure 8D.1.93 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-35 Figure 8D.1.94 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-35 Figure 8D.1.95 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-35 Figure 8D.1.96 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-36 Figure 8D.1.97 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-36 Figure 8D.1.98 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-36 Figure 8D.1.99 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-37 Figure 8D.1.100 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-37 Figure 8D.1.101 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-37 Figure 8D.1.102 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-38TOC-xl

Figure 8D.1.103 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-38 Figure 8D.1.104 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-38 Figure 8D.1.105 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-39 Figure 8D.1.106 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-39 Figure 8D.1.107 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-39 Figure 8D.1.108 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-40 Figure 8D.1.109 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-40 Figure 8D.1.110 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-40 Figure 8D.1.111 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-41 Figure 8D.1.112 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-41 Figure 8D.1.113 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-41 Figure 8D.1.114 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 1,

Standard Level 5 .......................................... 8D-42 Figure 8D.1.115 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-43 Figure 8D.1.116 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-43 Figure 8D.1.117 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-43 Figure 8D.1.118 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-44 Figure 8D.1.119 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-44 Figure 8D.1.120 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-44 Figure 8D.1.121 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-45 Figure 8D.1.122 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-45 Figure 8D.1.123 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-45 Figure 8D.1.124 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-46TOC-xli

Figure 8D.1.125 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-46 Figure 8D.1.126 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-46 Figure 8D.1.127 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-47 Figure 8D.1.128 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-47 Figure 8D.1.129 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-47 Figure 8D.1.130 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-48 Figure 8D.1.131 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-48 Figure 8D.1.132 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-48 Figure 8D.1.133 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-49 Figure 8D.1.134 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-49 Figure 8D.1.135 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-49 Figure 8D.1.136 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-50 Figure 8D.1.137 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-50 Figure 8D.1.138 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-50 Figure 8D.1.139 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-51 Figure 8D.1.140 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-51 Figure 8D.1.141 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-51 Figure 8D.2.1 Mean LCC Savings ($), by Scenario for Design Line 9 ............ 8D-52 Figure 8D.2.2 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 9,

Standard Level 1 .......................................... 8D-53 Figure 8D.2.3 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-54 Figure 8D.2.4 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-54 Figure 8D.2.5 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-54TOC-xlii

Figure 8D.2.6 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-55 Figure 8D.2.7 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-55 Figure 8D.2.8 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-55 Figure 8D.2.9 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-56 Figure 8D.2.10 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-56 Figure 8D.2.11 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-56 Figure 8D.2.12 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-57 Figure 8D.2.13 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-57 Figure 8D.2.14 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-57 Figure 8D.2.15 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-58 Figure 8D.2.16 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-58 Figure 8D.2.17 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-58 Figure 8D.2.18 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-59 Figure 8D.2.19 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-59 Figure 8D.2.20 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-59 Figure 8D.2.21 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-60 Figure 8D.2.22 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-60 Figure 8D.2.23 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-60 Figure 8D.2.24 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-61 Figure 8D.2.25 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-61 Figure 8D.2.26 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-61 Figure 8D.2.27 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-62TOC-xliii

Figure 8D.2.28 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-62 Figure 8D.2.29 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-62 Figure 8D.2.30 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 9,

Standard Level 2 .......................................... 8D-63 Figure 8D.2.31 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-64 Figure 8D.2.32 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-64 Figure 8D.2.33 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-64 Figure 8D.2.34 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-65 Figure 8D.2.35 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-65 Figure 8D.2.36 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-65 Figure 8D.2.37 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-66 Figure 8D.2.38 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-66 Figure 8D.2.39 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-66 Figure 8D.2.40 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-67 Figure 8D.2.41 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-67 Figure 8D.2.42 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-67 Figure 8D.2.43 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-68 Figure 8D.2.44 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-68 Figure 8D.2.45 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-68 Figure 8D.2.46 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-69 Figure 8D.2.47 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-69 Figure 8D.2.48 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-69 Figure 8D.2.49 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-70TOC-xliv

Figure 8D.2.50 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-70 Figure 8D.2.51 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-70 Figure 8D.2.52 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-71 Figure 8D.2.53 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-71 Figure 8D.2.54 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-71 Figure 8D.2.55 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-72 Figure 8D.2.56 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-72 Figure 8D.2.57 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-72 Figure 8D.2.58 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 9,

Standard Level 3 .......................................... 8D-73 Figure 8D.2.59 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-74 Figure 8D.2.60 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-74 Figure 8D.2.61 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-74 Figure 8D.2.62 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-75 Figure 8D.2.63 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-75 Figure 8D.2.64 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-75 Figure 8D.2.65 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-76 Figure 8D.2.66 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-76 Figure 8D.2.67 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-76 Figure 8D.2.68 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-77 Figure 8D.2.69 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-77 Figure 8D.2.70 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-77 Figure 8D.2.71 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-78TOC-xlv

Figure 8D.2.72 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-78 Figure 8D.2.73 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-78 Figure 8D.2.74 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-79 Figure 8D.2.75 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-79 Figure 8D.2.76 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-79 Figure 8D.2.77 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-80 Figure 8D.2.78 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-80 Figure 8D.2.79 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-80 Figure 8D.2.80 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-81 Figure 8D.2.81 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-81 Figure 8D.2.82 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-81 Figure 8D.2.83 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-82 Figure 8D.2.84 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-82 Figure 8D.2.85 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-82 Figure 8D.2.86 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 9,

Standard Level 4 .......................................... 8D-83 Figure 8D.2.87 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-84 Figure 8D.2.88 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-84 Figure 8D.2.89 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-84 Figure 8D.2.90 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-85 Figure 8D.2.91 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-85 Figure 8D.2.92 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-85 Figure 8D.2.93 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-86TOC-xlvi

Figure 8D.2.94 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-86 Figure 8D.2.95 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-86 Figure 8D.2.96 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-87 Figure 8D.2.97 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-87 Figure 8D.2.98 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-87 Figure 8D.2.99 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-88 Figure 8D.2.100 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-88 Figure 8D.2.101 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-88 Figure 8D.2.102 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-89 Figure 8D.2.103 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-89 Figure 8D.2.104 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-89 Figure 8D.2.105 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-90 Figure 8D.2.106 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-90 Figure 8D.2.107 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-90 Figure 8D.2.108 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-91 Figure 8D.2.109 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-91 Figure 8D.2.110 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-91 Figure 8D.2.111 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-92 Figure 8D.2.112 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-92 Figure 8D.2.113 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Load Growth Scenario.......................... 8D-92 Figure 8D.2.114 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 9,

Standard Level 5 .......................................... 8D-93 Figure 8D.2.115 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-94TOC-xlvii

Figure 8D.2.116 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-94 Figure 8D.2.117 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-94 Figure 8D.2.118 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-95 Figure 8D.2.119 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-95 Figure 8D.2.120 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-95 Figure 8D.2.121 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-96 Figure 8D.2.122 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-96 Figure 8D.2.123 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-96 Figure 8D.2.124 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-97 Figure 8D.2.125 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-97 Figure 8D.2.126 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-97 Figure 8D.2.127 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-98 Figure 8D.2.128 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-98 Figure 8D.2.129 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-98 Figure 8D.2.130 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-99 Figure 8D.2.131 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-99 Figure 8D.2.132 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-99 Figure 8D.2.133 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-100 Figure 8D.2.134 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-100 Figure 8D.2.135 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-100 Figure 8D.2.136 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-101 Figure 8D.2.137 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-101TOC-xlviii

Figure 8D.2.138 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-101 Figure 8D.2.139 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Load Growth Scenario ......................... 8D-102 Figure 8D.2.140 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Load Growth Scenario ......................... 8D-102 Figure 8D.2.141 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Load Growth Scenario ......................... 8D-102 Figure 10A.1.1 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Low Price

Elasticity Scenario (0.00) .................................... 10A-1 Figure 10A.1.2 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Medium

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ............................... 10A-3 Figure 10A.1.3 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed High Price

Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) .................................... 10A-5 Figure 10A.1.4 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Medium

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ............................... 10A-7 Figure 10A.1.5 Summary Results for All Dry Type Product Classes ............... 10A-8 Figure 10A.1.6 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Low Price

Elasticity Scenario (0.00) ................................... 10A-12 Figure 10A.1.7 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Medium

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) .............................. 10A-14 Figure 10A.1.8 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed High Price

Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) ................................... 10A-16 Figure 10A.1.9 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Medium

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) .............................. 10A-18 Figure 10A.1.10 Summary Results for All Dry Type Product Classes .............. 10A-19 Figure 10A.2.1 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Low Price

Elasticity Scenario (0.00) ................................... 10A-23 Figure 10A.2.2 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Medium

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) .............................. 10A-25 Figure 10A.2.3 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed High Price

Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) ................................... 10A-27 Figure 10A.2.4 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Medium

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) .............................. 10A-29 Figure 10A.2.5 Summary Results for All Dry Type Product Classes .............. 10A-30 Figure 10A.2.6 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Low Price

Elasticity Scenario (0.00) ................................... 10A-34 Figure 10A.2.7 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Medium

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) .............................. 10A-36 Figure 10A.2.8 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed High Price

Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) ................................... 10A-38 Figure 10A.2.9 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Medium

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) .............................. 10A-40 Figure 10A.2.10 Summary Results for All Dry Type Product Classes .............. 10A-41TOC-xlix