p . 1



# OAR Box 1110

Prepped by Ryan Dugan



# Document

Number: 

# 10 ) lll-A- 1

Docket Number: 

# A-82-3 9

Printed 4/14/2008 1:23:55 PM

Sheet 10 of 156w*" l P. 2



## Wednesda y Apri l 23 , 1986



# Par t I I 

# Environmenta l Protectio n Agency
4 0 CF R Par

t 6 0 Standard s of Performanc e fo r Ne w Stationar

y Sources ; Calciners an d Dryer s I n Minera l Industries ; Propose d Rul ePJ L

•SNWOKICaEKITA

L AGENC Y

§4are$ar$ o ©t

f Porfcmnanc o tfos- No w Stationar y Sous-coo ; Catcinsr o an d Bryor o b i C38nsrc

J IraSustrteo 0@GXGT. Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y (EPA) . aemots Propose d Rul e an d Notic e o f Publi c Hearing . CuacaAHV

. Th e propose d standard s roould limi temission s o f particulat e matte r[PM] fro

m new , modified , an d reconstructe d calciner s an d dryer s at minera l processin g plants . Th e propose d standard s implemen tsectio n 11 1 o f th e Clea n Ai rAc tan d ar e base d o n th e Administrator' o determinatio n that emission s fro

m th e sourc e categories tha tinclud e mineral calciner s an d dryers , cause , o rcontribut e significantl y to . ai rpollutio n whic h may reasonabl y b e anticipate d t o endange rpubli c health o rwelfare . Th e inten ti s to require new . modified , an d reconstructe d mineral ealdner a an d dryer s t o contro l emicoica a t o th e leve l achievabl e b y th e fcsstdemonstrate d syste m o f continuou s emissio n reduction , considerin g costs , ssonai rquality health , an d environmenta l an d energ y impacts . A publi c hearin g wil l b e held , i f requested , to provid e intereste d partie s o n opportunity fo ? ora

l presentation s o f data , view , o ? arguments concernin g th e propose d standards . ©ATES : Comments. Comments <jz&
received o n orbefor e Jul y 7,1988 . Public Hearing. I

f anyon e contact s EP A requestin g ta cpsa k a ta publi c hearin g b y Ma y 14.1988 . s publi c hearin g wil l b e hel d o n Jun e 9.1988 . beginnin g a

tIftC O a jn . Person s intereste d i n attendin g th e hearin g ohoul d cal l Ms . Shelb y Joumiga n a t(919 ) 541-557 8 to verif

y thata hearin g wil l be
held . Reques tT

o Spea k at

Hearing . Person s wishin g t o presen tora l testimon y mus t contac tEP

A b y Ma y 14.1988 . AOOOESSES : Comments. Comment s ohoul d b e submitte d (i n duplicat e i f possible ) to : Central Docke tSectio n (LE-131) . Attentio n Docke tNumbe r QAQPS-A-8Z-39 . U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency . 40 1 M Stree tSW. . Washington . D C 20460 . Public Hearing. I

f anyon e contact s EP A requesting a publi c hearing , itwil l b e hel d a tEPA' s Offic e o f Administratio n Auditorium . Researc h Triangl e Park, Nort

h Carolina . Person s intereste d i n attendin g th e hearin g o r wishin g t o presen tora l testimon y ohoul d notif y Ms . Shelb y Journigan , Standard s DevelopmentBranc

h (MD-13) . U.S . . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , Nort h Carolin a 27711 . telephon e numbe r(919 ) 541-5578 . Background

Information Document. Th e Backgroun d Informatio n Documen t (BID) fo rth e propose d standard s may b e obtaine d fro

m th e U.S . EPA Librar

y (MD-35) . Researc h Triangl e Park, Nort h Carolin a 27711 , telephon e numbe r(919 ) 541-2777 . Pleas e refe rt o "Calciner s an d Dryer s i n Mineral Industries

—' Backgroun d Informatio n fo rPropose d Standards " [EPA-*50/3-85-025a] . Docket. Docke tNo . A-82-39 . containin g supportin g informatio n use d i n developin g th e propose d standards , i s availabl e fo

rpubli c inspectio n an d copyin g betwee n 8:0

0 a.m . an d 4.-0

0 p.m. . Monda y throug

h Friday , atEPA' s Centra l Docke tSection . Wes tTowe r Lobby . Galler y 1 . Watersid e Mal i 40 1 M Stree tSW. . Washington . D C 20480 . A reasonabl e fe e may b e charge d fo r copying . FOf l FURTHE R INFOHMATIO H COO T ACT : Mr . Dou g Bel l o rMr

. Davi d Painte r(919 ) 541-5824 . Standard s Development Branch , concernin g regulatory decision s an d th e standard , o rMr

. Kenneth Durke e (919 ) 541-5595 . Industria l Studie s Branch , concemin g technica l aspect s o f th e industrie s an d contro l technologies . Th e addres s fo ral l partie s i s Emissio n Standard s an d Engineerin g Divisio n (MD-13) . U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park. Nort h Carolin a 27711 . SUPSPLEtSEWTAH

V IHFORMATIOM : L Introductio n A. New Source Performance Standards

— General Ne w sourc e performanc e standard s ' (NSPS ) implemen tSectio n 11 1 o f th e Clea rAi rAct . Th e NSP S are issue d fo r categorie s o f

source s whic h cause , o r contribut e significantl y to , ai rpollutio n whic h ma y reasonabl y b e anticipate d to endange rpubli c heald i orwelfare . The y appl y to ne w stationar y source s o f emissions , i.e. , source s whos e . construction , reconstruction , o r modificatio n begin s afte ra standar d for them i s proposed . A n NSP S require s thes e source s t o contro l emission s t o th e leve l achievabl e b y "bes tdemonstrate d technology, " o r "BDT. " whic h I

s define d i n ite m B.3 below . B. NSPS Decision Scheme A n NSP S i s th e produc to f a serie s o f decision s relate d to certai n ke y element s forth e sourc e categor y bein g considere d forregulation . Th e element s identifie d i n thi s "decisio n scheme " ar e generall y th e following : 1 . Source category to be regulated. Usuall y a n entir e industry bu tca n b e a proces s o rgrou p o f

processe s withi n a n industry . 2 . Pollutant(s) to be regulated. Th e particula rsubstance(s ) emitte d b y th e sourc e thatth e standar d wil l regulate . 3 . Best demonstrated

technology. Th e technolog y o n whic h th e Agenc y wil l bas e th e standards , Le. , * ° * applicatio

n o f th e bes ttechnologica

l ayste m o f continuou o emission reductio

n whic h (takin g int o consideratio

n th e costo f achievin g suc h emissio n reduction

, an d an y nonai rqualit y healt h an d environmenta

l impac tan d energ y requirements

) th e Administrato

rdetermine

s ha s bee n adequatel y demonstrated. (Sectio

n 111(a)(1)] . Forconvenience , thi s wil l b e referre d to a s "bes tdemonstrate d technology " o r "BDT. " 4 . Affected

facility. Th e piece s o

r group s o f equipmen ttha

tcompris e th e source s t o whic h th e standard s wil l

~ apply . 5 . Emission points to be regulated. Withi n th e affecte d facility , th e specifi c physica l locatio n emittin g pollutant s (e.g. , vents , stacks , an d equipmen t <4eaks)

. 8 . Format

forthe standard. Th e for m in whic h th e standard s are expressed , i.e. . a s a percen treductio n i n emissions . a s pollutan tconcentrations , ora s equipmen tstandards . 7 . Actual standards. Base d o n wha t BD T ca n achieve , th e maximu m permissibl e emissions . Note.—I n general, standard

s d o no trequir e tha ta specific technolog

y b e use d t o achiev e them . Th e oourc e owner/operatorma

y selec t th e metho d fo rachievin g th e pollutio n contro l required . 8 . Otherpossible considerations. I n addition. NSP S ofte n include : standards fo rvisibl e emissions , modification / reconstructio n considerations , monitorin g requirements , performanc e tes tmethods , an d reportin g an d recordkeepin g requirements . C Overview of

This Preamble Thi s preambl e will : 1 . Summariz e th e importan tfeature s o f th e NSP S b y discussin g th e conclusion s reache d wit h respectt o eac h ofth e element s i n the . decisio n scheme . 2 . Describ e th e environmental , energy , an d economi c impact s o f th e NSPS . 3 . Presen ta rational e fo reac h o f th e decision s i n th e decisio n scheme . (^Discus s administrativ e eequirement s relevan tt o thi s action .P. 4

Federa l Registe r

/ Vol

. 51 , No

. 7 8 /

Wednesday , Apri l 23 , 198 6 / Propose dRule s 1543 9

II

. Summar y o f

th e NSP S A. Source Category To Be Regulated Th e propose dstandard s woul dappl y t o new , modified , an dreconstructe d calciner s an ddryer s a t

minera l processin g plants

. Fo r

th e purpos e o f

th e propose dstandards , aminera l processin g plan t

i s an y facilit y tha t processe s o r

produce s an y of

th e followin g mineral s o r

thei r concentrates : alumina , bal l clay , bentonite , diatomite

. feldspar , fire clay , fuller' s earth , gypsum , industria l sand , kaolin , lightweigh t aggregat e (clay , shale , an dslate) , magnesiu mcompounds , perlite

. roofing granules , talc , titaniu mdioxide , an d vermiculite

. Th e affecte dfacilit y fo r

minera l processin g plant s i n eac h of th e industrie s liste dabov e woul db e eac h calcine r an deac h dryer

. Th e type s o f dryer s to whic h th e propose dstandard s woul dappl y include : rotar y (direct) , rotary (indirect) , flui dbed , vibrating

grate , flash , an dspra y dryers

. Th e type s of calciner s t o whic h th e propose d standard s woul dappl y include : rotary , flash , an dkettl e calciners : multipl e heart h furnaces ; an dexpansio n furnaces

. Th e followin g processe s an dproces s unit s use da t

minera l processin g plant s woul dho t

b e regulate dunde r

th e NSPS : vertica l shaf

t kiln s i n th e magnesiu m compound s Industry , th e chlorination

oxidatio n proces s i n th e titaniu m dioxid e industry ; coatin g kilns , mixers , an daerator s i n th e roofing granule s industry ; an dtunne l kilns , tunne l dryers , apro n dryers , an dgrindin g equipmen t tha t als o drie s th e proces s materia l use d i n an y of th e 1 7 minera l industries

. Th e reason s for

thei r exclusio n ar e discusse d i n Sectio n IV_A

. of

thi s preamble

. fl. Pollutant(s) To Be Regulated Th e propose dstandard s woul dlimi t emission s o

f P M fro mnew . modified , an dreconstructe dminera l calciner s an d dryers

. C. Best Demonstrated

Technology Th e BD T iath e technolog y fo r emissio n reductio n o n whic h th e propose damissio n standard s ar e based

. Th e BDT for

controllin g emission s fro m calciner s an ddryer s i n thi s sourc e categor y I s th e us e of

afabri c filter, we t scrubber , o r

electrostati c precipitato r (ESP) , l n case s wher e eithe r o f tw o contro l device s ca n b e use do n th e sam e typ e of proces s uni t

an dbot h device s ar e cos t effective , bot h contro l device s ar e considere dBDT

. Man y of th e contro l device s o n existin g calcine r

an ddrye r

facilitie s are . o r ar e capabl e o t

achievin g emissio n level s belo w th e Stat e implementatio n pla n (SIP ) level

. Thi s sam e contro l technolog y tha t

i s use da t

existin g plant s ca n als o b e use da t

ne w plant s t o achiev e th e NSPS

. However , i n mos t cases , facilitie s tha t

becom e subjec t

t o th e NSP S wil l onl y hav e t o perfor m contro l devic e maintenanc e mor e frequentl y tha n i s typica l a t existin g plants , o r modif y contro l devic e operatin g parameter s (i.e., increas e th e pressur e dro p o n awe t

scrubber ) fro m thos e a t existin g fadlitie s t o ensur e complianc e wit h th e NSPS

. B y requiring bette r operatio n an dmaintenanc e procedures , th e NSP S wil l preclud e th e deterioratio n i n performanc e of ne w sourc e contro l device s t o th e P M SI P level s o r t o th e allowabl e Stat e opacit y limits

. D. Affected

Facility Th e affecte dfacilit y i n eac h minera l industr y i s th e calcine r

o r drye r proces s unit

. Fee dan dproduc t

conveyor s ar e no t considere dpar t

of th e affecte d facility

. E. Format

forthe Standards Th e forma t

selecte dfo r

thes e standard s woul db e th e concentratio n o f PM emission s pe r

standar duni t

of ga s flow , i.e. , gram s o f

particulat e pe r

dr y standar dcubi c mete r

o f ga s (g/dscm ) (grain s pe r

dr y standar dcubi c foo t o f ga s [gr/dscf])

. F. Actual

Standards Th e propose dstandard s woul dlimi t th e concentratio n o f

P M a t th e outle t

o f acontro l devic e t o 0.0 9 g/dsc m(0.0 4 gr / dscf ) fo r calciner s an dfo r

calciner s an d dryer s installe di n serie s an d0.05 7 g / dsc m(0.02 5 gr/dscf) for

dryers

. C. Standard

forVisible Emissions Stac k emission s woul dals o b e limite d t o 1 0 percen t

opacit y for

proces s unit s controlle dwit h dr y contro l devices

. Th e visibl e emission s standar dwoul dno t appl y t o afTecte dfacilitie s tha t us e we t scrubber s t o contro l emissions

. Instead , monitorin g an dreportin g o f th e operatin g parameter s o f we t scrubber s (pressur e dro p an dliqui dflo w rate ) woul db e require dt o indicat e tha t th e contro l devic e i s properl y operate dan d maintaine do n aroutine basis

. H. Modification/Reconstruction Considerations Accordin g tolh e Genera l Provision s (4 0 CF R80.14)

. amodificatio n i s define d a s certai n physica l o r

operationa l change s t o a n existin g faciUt y tha t woul dincreas e th e P

M emissio n rat e t o th e atmospher e fro mtha t facihty

. I

f a ra w materia l o r

fue l chang e occur s fo r whic h th e calcine r

o r dryer -wa s originall y designed , th e change

- i s no t considere damodification

. However , i f a chang e i s mad e tha t

allow s auni t

t o bu mafue l o r

proces s ane w materia l fo r whic h i t wa s no t originall y designe dan d an y increas e i n P

M emission s occur s becaus e of

thi s change , th e chang e i s considere dt o b e amodification

. Accordin g t o th e Genera l Provision s (4 0 CF R80.15)

. reconstructio n i s define d a s th e replacemen t

o f th e component s of a n existin g facilit y t o di e exten t tha t (1 ) th e fixe dcapita l cos t

o f th e ne w component s exceed s 5 0 percen t o f th e fixe dcapita l cos t

require dt o construc t

a comparabl e ne w faciht y an d(2 ) i t i s technicall y an deconomicall y feasibl e fo r th e facilit y t o mee t

th e applicabl e standards

. Becaus e replacement o r refurbishin g of

equipmen t

part s subjec t t o hig h temperatures , abrasion , an d impac t (e.g. , en dseals , flight s refractor y lining ) i s performe do n aregula r basis , i t i s considere droutin e maintenanc e rathe r tha n reconstructio n o r modification

. / . Compliance Testing Unde r th e propose dstandards , complianc e test s fo r

F M emission s woul db e require dfor

al l ai r pollutio n contro l device s o n new , modified , an d reconstructe dcalciner s an ddryers

. Th e P M emission s woul db e measure dusin g EP A Referenc e Medio d5 t o determin e compUanc e wit h th e stac k emission s standards

. Visibl e emission s fro mdr y contro l device s woul db e measure d usin g EPA Referenc e Metho d3

. / . Monitoring Requirements Wit h th e exceptio n of

di e fou r proces s unit/contro l devic e combination s discusse dbelow , th e owne r o r operato r of acalcine r

o r drye r wh o use s afabri c filte r o r adr y ES P contro l devic e t o compl y wit h th e mas s emission s standard s woul db e require dt o install

. calibrate , maintain , an doperat e a continuou s monitorin g syste mt o measur e an drecor dUi

e opacit y of emission s discharge dint o th e atmospher e fro mth e contro l device

. I n Ue u of acontinuou s opacit y monitorin g system , di e owne r

o r operato r of a gypsu mflas h o r

kettl e calcine r

o r c f a perUt e rotar y drye r

o r expansio n furnac e wh o use s adr y contro l devic e coul dhav e acertifie dobserve r recor d dire e 6-minut e average s o f di e opacit y o

f visibl e emission s fro mdi e contro l device , onc e pe r

wee k of operation , i n accordanc e wid i EP A Referenc e Medio d 9

. . Whe n awe t

scrubbe r

i s use dt o compl y wid i di e calcine r o r drye r mas s emissio n standard , di e owne r o r operato r woul db e require dt o install , calibrate , maintain , an doperat eP. 5

1544 0 Federa l Registe ? / Vol

. 51 , No

. 7 8 jWednesday , Apri l 23 , 198 6 f Propoae dRule s
monitorin g device s dia t

continuousl y measur e an drecor ddi e pressur e los s of th e ga s strea mthroug h di e scrubbe r an d th e scrubbin g liqui dflo w rat e t o di e scrubber

. Th e pressur e los s monitorin g devic e mus t

b e certifie db y th a manufacture r

t o b e accurat e widii n ± 1 inc h of wate r colum n (in

. w.c ) gaug e pressur e an dmus t

b e calibrate do n a simiannua l basi s i n accordanc e wid i manufacturer' s instructions

. Th e liqui d flo w rat e monitorin g devic e mus t b e certifie db y th e manufacture r t o b e accurat e widii n ± 5 percen t o f design * scrubbin g liqui dflo w rat e an dmus t b e calibrate do n asemiannua l basi s i n accordanc e wit h th e manufacturer' s instructions

. K. Reporting and

Recordkeeping Th e propose dstandard s woul d requir e industr y t o provid e th e reports require dunde r

di e Genera l Provision s (4 0 CF R60.7 , 60. 8 an d60.11)

. Th e . Genera l Provision s requir e th e owne r o r operato r o f a n affecte dfacilit y to notif y th e Administrato r

o r hi s designate d representativ e o

f di e construction , anticipate dstartup , actua l startup , an d contro l syste mperfonnanc e tes t of a n affecte dfacility , includin g initia l complianc e testin g for

di e visibl e emission s standards

. Durin g th e mos t

recen t performanc e test , a n averag e valu e o f eac h we t scrubbe r operatin g paramete r

wil l b e determine dfo

r th e contro l device

. Exceedance s o

f this»value , define da s les s tha n 9 0 percep t

o r greate r tha t 11 0 percen t o f th e averag e pressur e drop , o r les s tha n 8 0 percen t

o r greate r ma n 12 0 percen t o f th e averag e liqui dfiow rate , wii l b e require dt o b e reporte dt o th e Administrato r

semiannually

. Al l 8

- minut e period s durin g whic h th e averag e opacit y fromdr y device s i s greate r tha n 1 0 percen t

wil l als o b e require dt o b e reporte dsemiannually

. III

. Impact s ofth e NSP S At present , 4 8 industry/proces s uni t combination s ar e know n t o exis t A tota l o f 8 7 model facilitie s wer e develope dto represen t

on e t o thre e productio n size s fo

r eac h industry / proces s uni t

combination

. A s aresult , n o singl e "typica l facility " exist s tha t ca n b e use da s th e basi s fo r

analyzin g di e impact s of

th e propose dstandards

. Instead , impact s wer e determine dfo r mode l facilitie s representativ e o f di e typical-siz e proces s uni t fo r eac h o f th e 4 8 industry/proces s uni t combinations

. Ther e ar e expecte dt o b e 19 8 affecte d facilitie s i n th e firs t

5 year s afte r

th e ' • NSP S woul dbecom e applicable

. O f di e 19 8 affecte dfaculties

. 9 4 wi U b a constructe dt o provid e ne w productio n capacit y an d10

4 wil l replac e existing

. facilities

. Impact s t o th e NSP S wer e base do n thi s projection

. A. Air I n di e fifth yea r

afte r th e NSP S woul d becom e applicabl e (1930) , nationwid e emission s o

f PM woul ddecreas e b y 7,90 0 M g (8,80 0 tons)'compare dt o emission s allowe dunde r typica l SIP's

. Thi s represent s a7 8 percen t reductio n i n emissions

. B. Water Th e standard s woul dno t produc e advers e wate r

pollutio n impacts

. C. Solid Waste Th e nationwid e increas e i n soli d wast e (a s asludg e containin g 7 0 percen t moisture ) i n 199 0 woul db e 7.500 M g (8,30 0 tons) , compare dt o th e SI P level

. D. Noise Th e nois e introduce db y ai r pollutio n contro l device s a t

ne w o r modifie d facilitie s (e.g.

. fa n noise ) woul dnot significand y increas e di e nois e level s beyon dthos e alread y produce db y processin g equipmen t

a t th e plan t E. Radiation Ther e wil l b e n o radiatio n impact s resultin g fro mdi e propose dstandards

. F. Energy In th e fifth yea

j afte r di e NSP S woul d becom e appUcable , Ui

e maximu m increas e i n energy ' consumptio n fo r minera l calcine r

an ddrye r

contro l device s nationwid e woul db e 17,00 0 megawatt-hour s (MWh) , compare dt o th e SI P leve l fo r

typica l facilities

. Thi s incrementa l energ y requiremen t du e t o th e NSP S t o operat e contro l equipmen t woul db e les s tha n 1 percen t o f Ui e energ y demand s t o operat e di e calcine r an ddrye r proces s units

. G. Control

Costs 1

. Nationwide Costs. Base do n industr y growt h projections , i t i a estimate dtha t

6 2 ne w calciner s an d3 2 ne w dryer s wil l b e installe di n th e first 5 year s Uia t th e NSP S i s in effect

. I n addition , durin g thi s sam e tim e perio di t i s expecte ddia t

6 0 calciner s an d4 4 dryer s wil l b e replace da t existin g facilitie s a t

th e en do f

diei r usefu l lives

. Th e tota l nationwid e incrementa l capita l cos t

o f poUutio n contro l equipmen t

i n 199 0 woul drang e fro mS2- 2 to $3. 0 miUio n unde r

di e propose d standard s compare dt o di e SI P level

. Th e variatio n i n cost s i s du e t o dios e proces s unit s for.whic h eithe r afabri c filter o r awe t scrubbe r coul db e installed

. I

f onl y we t scrubber s wer e installed , th e capita l cos t of installatio n woul db e lowe r dia n if onl y fabri c filters wer e installed

. Th e tota l nationwid e incrementa l annualize dcos t

o f pollutio n contro l equipmen t

i n 199 0 woul drang e fro mS0. 7 t o $1.0

. million

. I

f onl y we t scrubber s wer e installe dwher e a n optio n exists , th e annuaUze dcosts-woul db e highe r tha n i f onl y fabri c filter s wer e installe d becaus e of

di e additiona l energ y cost s associate dwid i operatin g ascrubbe r an ddi e produc t

recovery credit s associate dwid i operatin g afabri c filter

. A t Ui e 9 4 ne w facilities , capita l contro l cost s woul db e incurre dfor we t scrubber s an dESP* s wher e th e contro l devic e desig n parameter s (pressur e drop , plat e area ) ar e upgrade dt o achiev e a n NSP S emissio n limi t mor e stringen t tha n Ui e SI P emissio n limit

. Fo r thes e sam e facilities , annualize dcontro l cost s woul db e incurre dunde r th e NSP S for fabri c filters becaus e o f improve d operatio n an dmaintenanc e an dfor we t scrubber s an dESP' s becaus e of Ui e energ y deman dassociate dwit h upgrade ddesig n parameters

. Fo r th e 104 ne w proces s unit s Uia

t ar e projecte di n di e first 5 year s of

Ui e NSP S t o replac e existin g unit s a t

th e en do

f thei r usefu l lives , capita l contro l devic e cost s woul d increas e ove r

baselin e level s i n 2 3 percen t of di e case s a s aresul t

of upgradin g th e desig n of

th e contro l device s (e.g.

. increase dpressur e dro p fo r awe t scrubber)

. I n 1 1 percen t o f Ui e cases , th e existin g we t

scrubbe r contro l device s ar e operate da t

pressur e drop s tha t achiev e bot h Ui

e SI P an dNSP S emissio n Umits , and

. therefore , no . incrementa l capita l cost s woul db e incurre da s aresul t

o f Ui e NSPS

. I n 6 6 percen t of th e cases , fabri c filters installe dt o mee t

SE P emissio n Umit s woul dachiev e Ui

e NSP S emissio n limi t wit h improve doperatio n an d maintenance

. Therefore , ther e i s n o capita l cos t

increas e for

fabri c filter contro l devices

. Th e annualize dcontro l devic e cost s fo r

thes e 104 projecte d proces s unit s woul dincreas e a s aresul t o f improve doperatio n an dmaintenanc e o f fabri c filter s (6 6 percen t o f th e cases ) o r a s aresul t

o f upgradin g di e desig n o

f awe t scrubbe r o r ES P (2 3 percen t

o f th e cases)

. A s vnt h th e capita l costs , annualize dcontro l cost s woul dno t chang e i n 1 1 percen t

of Uie case s wher e we t scrubber s achiev e bot h di e SI P an d NSP S emissio n Umits

. H. Economic Effects Th e projecte dgrowd i an dprofitabilit y o f th e 1 7 minera l industrie s ar e no t expecte dt o b e affecte dadversel y b y implementatio n of

di e NSPS

. FO E 1 5 o

f th e 1 7 industrie s include di n Ui e analysis , th e produc t

pric e increase sP. 6



### Federa l Register/

Vol

. 51

. No

. 7

8 / Wednesday , Apri l 23 , 198 6 / Propose dRule s 1544 1

dia t woul db e requireda s aresul t of implementatio n o f

di e NSP S woul d typicall y b e les s tha n 0. 5 percent

. Typical-siz e facilitie s i n th e fire cla y an d lightweigh t

aggregat e industrie s coul d experienc e produc t

pric e increase s o f

1 an d1.7 5 percen t

respectively , a s a resul t of implementatio n o f

th e NSPS

. Additiona l discussio n abou t th e economi c effect s o n thes e tw o industrie s i n presente di n Sectio n IV.G. 5 of dii s preamble

. IV . Rationa l fo r

Propose dStandard s A. Selection of

Source Category 1

. Threat to Public Health and Welfare Posed

by Mineral

Calciners and Dryers. Th e minera l industrie s bein g covere db y th e NSP S alread y hav e bee n show n t o b e majo r contributor s t o ai r pollutio n dia t

ma y reasonably b e anticipate dt o endange r

publi c heald i o r welfare

. Ther e ar e 6 sourc e categorie s currentl y liste do n th e NSP S priorit y Us t (4 4 F R49225

. Augus t

21.1979 , revised Januar y 8

. 1982 ) dia t

includ e 1 5 o

f di e 1 7 minera l industrie s bein g covere db y th e NSPS

. Numbe r

1 3 o n th e priorit y lis t

i s Nonmetalli c Minera l Processing , whic h include s san dan dgravel , cla y (bal l clay , bentonite

. fuller' s earth , kaolin) , talc , feldspar , diatomite , an dvermiculite

. Numbe r 1 4 o n di e priorit y Us t

Metalli c Minera l Processing , include s aluminu m an dtitanium. Th e lightweigh t aggregat e industr y (clay , shale , an dslate ) i s Numbe r 3 2 o n di e NSP S priorit y list

. Number s 34.48 , an d5 4 o n th e priorit y lis t ar e Gypsum , Bric k

an dRelate dCla y Product s (fire clay) , an dPerlite , respectively. Fo r

di e Bric k

an dRelate d Cla y Product s sourc e category , onl y calcinin g an ddryin g of

ra w material s prio r t o firin g o

f Ui e bric k ar e include di n dii s sourc e category

. Th e tw o industrie s covere db y di e NSP S tha t

ar e currentl y no t

include di n th e NonmetalU c Minera l Processin g o r Metalli c Minera l Processin g sourc e categorie s liste do n di e priorit y Hs t ar e roofing granule s an dmagnesiu m compounds

. Th e Agenc y i s proposin g t o expan ddies e tw o sourc e categorie s (Nos

. 1 3 an d14 ) t o includ e roofing granule s an dmagnesiu mcompounds

. Roofin g granule s logicaU y belon g i n th e Nonmetalli c Minera l Processin g sourc e categor y an dmagnisu mcompound s belon g i n di e Metalli c Minera l Processin g sourc e categor y an dare , therefore , bein g added

. Th e calcine r an d drye r processin g unit s i n thes e tw o industrie s proces s material s tha t ca n b e controUe dwid i simila r

effectiveness , costs , an dcontro l technique s a s calcine r an ddrye r

unit s i n th e othe r

industrie s bein g covere db y th e NSPS

. 2

. Inclusions and Exclusions from the Source Category. Th e standard s woul d appl y t o new , modified , an d reconstructe dcalciner s an ddryer s use d i n di e 1 7 minera l industrie s discusse d above

. Dryin g i n define da s th e remova l o f uncombine d(free ) wate r fro mth e minera l materia l diroug h direc t o r indirec t heating

. Calcinin g i s th e remova l of

combine d(chemicall y bound ) wate r

and/o r gase s fro mth e minera l materia l diroug h direc t o r indirec t heating

. Combine dcalciner / drye r systems , whic h ar e commo n i n th e diatomit e industry , woul dals o b e include dan dwoul db e require dt o mee t th e emissio n limit s establishe dfo r calciners

. Th e followin g processe s o r proces s unit s wil l no t

b e regulatedunde r

th e NSPS : barit e an dborat e manufacturing , iro n or e pelletizing , pumic e an dsodiu m sulfat e manufacturing , chlorination / oxidatio n processe s i n di e titaniu m dioxid e industry , apro n an dtunne l dryers , grindin g mill s dia t dr y proces s material , coatin g kiln s i n Ui e roofin g granule s industry , vertica l shaf t kiln s i n di e magnesiu mcompound s industry , an dcoolers

. Th e reason s fo r thei r exclusio n ar e discusse d.below

. I n 1981

. a

U minera l industrie s wer e reviewe dt o ascertai n whic h industrie s ha dproces s equipmen t

tha t coul db e considere ddryer s o r

calciners

. Th e followin g 2 0 industrie s wer e selecte dfo r furthe r analysi s i n th e generi c sourc e category : alumina , bal l clay , barite , bentonite , borates , diatomite , feldspar , fir e day , fuller' s earth , industria l sand , iro n or e pelletizing

. kaolin , magnesiu m compounds , magnesiu mmetal , pumice , roofin g granules , sodiu msulfate , talc , titaniumdioxide , an dvermiculite

. Fiv e of thes e origina l 20 industries , barite

. magnesiu mmetal , pumice , sodiu m sulfate , an diro n or e pelletizin g wer e subsequend y droppe dfro m consideratio n du e t o thei r limite d growt h potential

. In addition , th e Agenc y determine dtha t chlorination / oxidatio n processe s i n di e titaniu m dioxid e industr y di dno t involv e th e us e of calciner s o r

dryer s t o remov e water , and , therefore , thes e processe s wer e als o droppe dfro mthi s generi c sourc e category

. Th e borat e industr y wa s droppe dfro mfurthe r

consideratio n alon g wit h di e followin g proces s units : apro n dryers , tunne l dryers , coolers , grinder s tha t

als o dr y proces s material , coatin g kiln s i n di e roofin g granule s industry , an dvertica l shaf t kiln s i n di e magnesiu mcompound s industry

. Th e borat e industr y wa s droppe dfro m furthe r consideratio n becaus e th e potentia l emissio n reductio n belo w th e baselin e leve l i n di e fifth yea r woul db e les s tha n 9 1 M g (10 0 tons ) for th e entir e industry

. Apro n dryer s an dtunne l dryer s ar e use dinfrequentl y an dar e typicall y uncontrolle da t existin g facilities

. Base do n Stat e complianc e tes t data , apro n an dtunne l dryer s hav e uncontrolle dparticulat e emissio n level s lowe r tha n th e propose demissio n limi t fo r othe r minera l dryers

. Al l coole r type s wer e als o droppe dfromfurthe r consideratio n becaus e o f thei r lac k of emissio n reductio n potential

. Grindin g equipmen t

tha t als o drie s th e proces s materia l i s currentl y regulate db y th e nonmetalli c mineral s NSP S for an y o f th e industrie s covere db y Ui e NSPS

. Tw o odie r

proces s units , coatin g kiln s an dvertica l shaf

t kilns , wer e delete d becaus e the y di dno t

fi t th e definitio n o

f atypica l calciner

. Coatin g kiln s use din th e roofin g granule s industr y bak e colore dcla y pigment s ont o alread y drie dgranules

. Vertica l shaf t kiln s ar e use di n th e magnesiu mcompound s industry , an dthe y sinte r th e ra w materia l afte r

i t ha s bee n calcine din a multipl e heart h furnace

. fl. Pollutant(s) to be Regulated 1

. Particulate /na«e/-.'Particulat e matte r i s th e principa l pollutan t emitte d t o di e atmospher e fro mminera l calciner s an ddryers

. Nationwid e P M emission s i n 199 0 fro mcalciner s an d dryer s i n th e 1 7 minera l industrie s woul db e approximatel y 10.20 0 M g (11.30 0 tons ) unde r

existin g SIP regulations

. Continuou s emissio n reductio n system s ar e availabl e Uia t woul dreduc e emission s a s muc h a s 7 8 percen t belo w di e SI P level

. 2

. Other Pollutants Considered. Mos t calciner s an ddryer s ar e fire dwit h natura l ga s an dgenerat e oxide s o f nitroge n (NO, ) an dsmal l quantitie s o f sulfu r dioxid e (SO? ) a s combustio n products

. It

i s expecte dUia

t natura l ga s wil l continu e t o b e di e primary , fue l use d t o fire mos t

of thes e units

. Bentonite , fire clay , an dlightweigh t

aggregat e ar e th e onl y industrie s covere db y th e NSP S tha t routinel y us e coa l for

fuel

. Non e of di e dat aobtaine dfromth e 1 7 industrie s showe dth e usag e o

f NO , o r SO ? contro l technology

. Th e Agenc y teste don e fire cla y rotary calcine r an dfou r lightweigh t

aggregat e rotary kiln s t o obtai n a n SO ? dat abas e fo r futur e investigatio n of

SO ? emissions

. Th e result s o f thes e fiv e test s ar e presente di n di e BI

D fo r th e NSPS

. an dthe y indicat e tha t

bot h fir e cla y an d lightweigh t

aggregat e rotar y calciner s sho w apotentia l t o b e majo r source s of SO ? emissions

. Thi s limite ddat abas e i s insufficien t

however , t o develo p technolog y transfe r

fo r SO ? contro l fro m other-sourc e categories , suc h a sP. 7

Fosbra l Sagists r /

Vo L 51 , No . 7 8 /

Wedneoday . Apri l 23 , 1S8 8 / Prepoea d Rule s
industria l boilers , tha

tus e flue ga s desulfurizatio n system s forSO? control . Data forNO , emission s wer e obtaine d forfive rotary calciner s in th e fir e clay , lightweigh taggregate , an d titaniu m dioxid e industries . Thes e dat a sho w that both fir e cla y an d lighweigh taggregate rotary calciner s ar e potentia l majo r source s o f NO , emissions . However , contro l technolog y fo

rNO , emission s ha s no tbee n demonstrate d o n minera l calciners . Becaus e SO ? an d NO , contro l technologie s are no tuse d i n di e 1 7 mineral industries , an d becaus e th e data bas e i s insufficien ta

tthi s tim e t

o develo p technolog y transfe rfo rSO , an d NO ? control , th e Agenc y i s not regulatin g SO? an d NO , emission s fro m mineral calciner s an d dryers . C Selection of

Best Demonstrated Technoiogy Sectio n 11 1 o f

th e Clea n Ai rAct require s tf*atstandard s o f performanc e reflectBDT , whic h i s th e technolog y tha t yield s th e greates temissio n reductio n withou timposin g unreasonabl e impacts . Essex Chemical

Corp. v Ruckelshaus, 48 6 F.2 d 427 . (D.C . Cir. 1973) . 1 . Applicable Control

Technologies. A n effiden tP

M coUectio n devic e use d in th e mineral industrie s i s th e fabri c filter . Data gathere d during emissio n test s o n fabri c filters use d t o contro l emission s fro

m a variety o f

ealciner s an d dryer s indicat e tha

tvariation s i

n di e siz e distributio n o

f P M an d di e minera l processe d d o no ttypicall y affec t fabri c filte rperformance . Othe r collectio n device s use d i n th e mineral industrie s includ e dr

y ESP s an d we t scrabbsrs . Dr

y ESP' s are use d onl y in di e alumina , bentonite , gypsum , - lightweigh taggregate , an d magnesiu m compound s industries . Bolh fabri c filters an d ESP' s ca n achiev e greate rman 9 9 percen tP M collectio n efficienc y fo r calcine raa d drye remission s i s a variety o f minera l industries . Th a effectivenes s o f

we tscrubber s fo r th e coatro l o f

ealdne ran d drye rP

M emission s i s directi y relate d to th e pressur e drop acros s Ui

e scrubber . Th e collectio n efficienc y fera give n particl e siz e distributio n increase s a s pressur e drop increases . Pressur e drop s fo rwe t scrubber-controlle d caldner s an d dryer s rang e fer m 9. 5 to 7 0 in . wx . Forexample . highe rpressur e drop s are require d for di e smalle rparticl e siz e distribution s o f titaniu m dioxid e than are require d for th e large rparticl e siz e distribution s o f industrial san d to achiev e th e sam e emissio n Umi t Th e cos to

f oper a ting poUutio n contro l equipmen tforcalciaex s an d dryer s increase s Wil h • nrm>m}aaA.ma\nte.nanri' an d improve d efficiency . Fabri c fillers mus tb e equippe d wit h heat-resistan t ba g material s ouc

h a s Teflon 1 or Nomex 0 to contro l P

M entraine d in heate d ga s s&eam s fro

m calciner s an d dryers . Th e cas to

f complyin g with a n emissio n Umi

tincrease s a s di e emissio n limi tdecrease s becaus e more labo r hour s are require d to maintai n di e fabri c filterin it s mos tefficien tstate . Maintenanc e o

f ESP' s als o mus tb e performe d more frequenti y to achiev e greate remissio n reduction . I n addition , th e spedfi c collectio n are a o f a n ES P ma y nee d t o b e increase d o

rmultistag e ESP' s ma y nee d t o b e use d to obtai n a greate rP M emissio n reduction . Th e cos t o f operatin g a we tscrubbe rincrease s with increasin g pressur e drop becaus e o f th e additiona l energ y require d t o achiev e Ui

e highe rpressur e dro p acros s th e scrubber . m man y instances , a particula r caldne rO

T drye rcoul d b e controlle d b y eithe ra dr

y contro l devic e (fabri c filter orESP ) ora we tscrubber . Fo rdies e units , we tscrubber s woul d typicall y hav e lowe rcapita l cost s an d highe r annualize d cost s than fabri c filter s o r ESP's . 2 . Regulatory Alternatives '. Considered. Th e EP

A considere d th e followin g regulatory alternative s a s th e mean s o f achievin g contro l o f

emissions : a . Regulatory Alternativ e 1 (R A I ] i s equivalen tt o n o additiona l regulatory actio n beyon d tiiatrequire d b y typica l SIPs . i.e. , baseline . Allowabl e P M emissjorrlrmits unde rSIF s vary widel y a s discusse d below . Individua l State s Bs e a variety o f regulation s an d formula s t o determin e allorcab& s P

M emission s fro

m calciner s an d dryer s use d in mineral processin g industries . Fo

rdi e determinatio n o

f R A I level s fo reac h proces s uni teac h mineral industry wa s surveyed , an d Ui e numbe ran d typ e o

f contro l device s use d to contro l P

M emission s fro

m caldner s an d dryer s wer e tabulated . Tb e moo t commonl y ucs d contro l devic e a n eac h proces s uni twa s selecte d a s hasslin g contro l technolog y fc r tha ttyp e o i uni t T o determin e di e rang e o f emission s allowe d b y Slate s foro particula r industry , concentratio n emissio n Umit s equivalen tto allowabl e emission s unde r di e SIP' s vyer

e calculate d kt

? eac h siz e an d typ e o

£ mode l proses s uni tTypica l siz e proces s uaitf

l wer e titen use d to develo p a ciBgle , nariaoerid e averag e SI P emissio n limi tusin g a weighte d averag e o f

tota l productio n b y State . I f th e calculate d baselin e emissio n Umi t wa s gTeeJe

n dia n 0.4 5 gjdacsv (0.2 0 gr / dscf ) aa d tho boeelis a contro l technolog y era s a faferi

c filter . U wa s assumed , basa d upo n EP A studie s relatin g pleas e opacitie s to ww i concentrations , o f

P£ 4 dra ttha typica l Stat e opacit y limit s o f 2 0 percentar

e more stringen ttiian th e correspondin g SI P mas s emissio n limits . Fo rthes e cases , a baselin e emissio n concentratio n tha twoul d approximat e a

n exhaus tga s opacit y o f

20 percen ti.e. . 0.34 g/dsc m (0.1 5 gr/dscf) . wa s selecte d fo r evaluation . Dat a obtaine d fro

m EPA-conducte d test s orfro

m Stat e complianc e test s approve d b y EP

A sho w Uiat

, i n som e instances , controlle d emissio n level s fro m calciner s an d dryer s a texistin g fadlitte s or

e significantl y lowe rtha n the mas s emissio n Umit

s stipulate d b

y the appropriate SI

P regulations . Therefore , di e sam e contro l technolog y tha ti s use d a texistin g fadlitie s coul d als o b e use d a taffecte d faciUtie s t

o achiev e th e NSPS . However , i n many cases . fadUtie s oabjec tt o th e NSP S woul d hav e to perfor

m coatro l devic e maintenanc e mor

e frequentl y dian i s typica l a texistin g plant s ormodif y coatro l devic e operatin g parameter s fro m dios e atexistin g facilitie s t o ensure compUanc e wid i th e NSPS . B y requirin g bette roperatio n an d maintenanc e procedures , di e NSP S woul d reduce Ui e deterioratio n in performanc e o f ne w sourc e contro l device s t o Ui e SI P level s o rto Ui e allowabl e Stat e opadt y limits . b . Regulatory Alternativ e I I (R A II ) is ' equivalen tt

o a n emissio n contro l leve l fo rbod i calciner s an d dryers o f 0.09 g/ dscs i (0.04 gr/dscf) . A s discusse d below . th e result s o

f emissio n test s an d scrubbe rperformanc e modelin g indicate dia tthi s leve l coul d b e achieve d b y al l affecte d faciUtie s i n ail o f Ui e 1 7 minera l industries . c . Regulatory Alternativ e II I (R A III ) i s equivalen tt e a n emissio n contro l leve l forcalciner s o

f 0.0 9 g/dsc m (0.04 gr

/ dscf ) an d o n emissio n contro l leve l fo r dryer s o f 0.05 7 g/dscr a (0.025 gr/dscf) . Th e emissio n tes tresult s indicat e tha ta highe rdegre e o

f emissio n contro l fo

r dryer s versu s calciner s i s achievable . Th e additiona l emissio n reductio n achievabl e b y R

A II I ove rR A I I requires onl y a smal l amoun to

f additiona l maintena$£ 8 o n th e contro l device s fo r dryers . Emissio n tes tdat

a fro m 5 2 sourc e test s compris e di e dat a base . O f th e 5 2 tests . 2 5 vaer e conducte d o n dryers . Thes e data sho w Uia

tall ESP
- an d fabric filter-controlled dryer s ca n achiev e di e emissio n leve l associate d wit h R A II I o f 0.057 g/deo n £0.02

5 gr/dscf ) durin g norma l operation . Test s o

f 1 5 we t scrubber-controlle d dryer s in 7 industrie s indicat e Uia

tfo r1 0 o f Ui e 1 5 dryers , relativel y low-energ y we t scrubber s (3
- to 10-in . w. c pressur e drop ) wer e abl e t o reduc e emission s t o les s dia n di e lev- d o

f R A 111 . Th e odie rP. 8

Federa l Registe r/

Vol . 51 . No . 7 8 /

Wednesday , Apri l 23 , 198 8 / Propoae d Rule s 1544 3

five dryer s wer e unabl e t o achiev e Ui e leve l o f R A II I wid i a low-energ y scrubber . Th e emission s fo ra U 1 5 dryer s average d 0.0

4 g/dsc m (0.0 2 gr/dscf

) an d neve rexceede d 0.0 9 g/dsc m (0.04 gr/ dscf) . Of di e 5 2 sourc e test s comprisin g di e dat a base , 2

7 test s wer e conducte d o n calciners . Thes e dat a sho w thatal l ESP
an d fabri c filter-controlle d calciner s ca n achiev e di e emissio n leve l associate d with R A II I o f 0.0 9 g/dsc m (0.04 gr/dscf ) durin g normal operation . O f m e 2 7 tests , 9 test s wer e conducte d o n we tscrubber
controlle d calciner s i n 5 industries . O f th e nin e tests , si x o f

th e calciner s ha d emission s a

to rbelo w th e leve l o f

R A III . Th e concentratio n o f

P M emission s fro

m thes e unit s average d 0.0 9 g/dsc m (0.04 gr/dscf ) an d neve rexceede d 0.1 7 g / dsc m (0.0 8 gr/dscf) . Severa l dryer s an d calciner s teste d di d no tmee tth e emissio n limit s o f R A II I usin g low-energ y we tscrubber s a s contro l equipment . T o evaluat e th e performanc e o f

a highe renerg y scrubbe r o n dies e systems , a n EP A computerize d scrubbe rmodel , a s describe d i n EP A repor tNo . EPA-600/7-78-026 , wa s used . Thes e analyse s indicat e dia tdryer s Uia t ha d emission s i n exces s o f 0.057 g/dsc m (0.02 5 gr/dscf

) coul d b e controlle d belo w dia tleve l b y increasin g scrubbe r pressur e drop s fro

m 2 to 1 5 in . w.c . Calciner s coul d b e controlle d to belo w 0.0 9 g/dsc m (0.0 4 gr/dscf ) with 17
- to 24
- in . w.c . pressur e dro p scrubber s in plac e o f low-energ y scrubber s ( 8 t o 1 4 in . w.c. ) no w i n use . Highe rpressur e drop s (1 7 t o 4 3 in . w.c. ) ar e require d fo rindustrie s suc h a s titaniu m dioxide , whos e calcine r an d drye remission s ar e compose d o f smalle rpartides , tha n ar e require d fo r industrie s suc h a s fuller' s eart h (1 1 in . w.c) , whos e calcine ran d drye r emission s ar e compose d o f large r particles . Representative s o f

di e lightweigh t aggregate industry commente d a tth e Nationa l Ai rPoUutio n Contro l Technique s Advisor y Committe e meetin g tha titwoul d b e unreasonabl e to require th tpressur e dro p o f we t scrubber s use d to contro l rotary . calciner s to b e increase d b y 1 3 in . wx . t o reduce emission s fro

m oertais . teste d fadlities . whid i ha d emission s rangin g fro m 0.1 0 t o 0.1 1 g/dsc m (0.04 2 t o 0.04 8 gr/dscf) . t o di e NSP S leve l o f oo o trol . However , di e 1 3 in . w.c . f s di a increas e

- in th e pressur e dro p dia l woul d h e required to reduc e emission s from di e SI P leve l (0.2 0 g/dsc m [0-0 9 gr/dacfy.t o di e NSP S lave ! (0.0 9 g/dsc m [0J0A gr / dscf] ) o f control . Tn e paesauc tdro p woul d hav e t o b e increaaa d h y -onl y 3 to. 5 in . w.c. to reduc e emission s from th e teste d facilitie s to di e NSP S leve l o f control . Electrostati c precipitator s ar e use d primarily in th e alumina , bentonite . an d magnesiu m compound s industries . Tes t dat a forESP-coatrode d proces s unit s wer e obtaine d fora bentonit e dryer , tw o alumin a calciners , an d tw o magnesiu m compound s calciners . Emission s fro m di e drye rwer e 0.01 4 g/dsc m (0.00 6 gr / dscf) , an d emission s fro m di e calcine r range d fro

m 0.03 7 t o 0JJ5

6 g/dsc m (0.01 6 to 0.025 gr/d3cf) . Ther e ar e 1 9 proces s uni t combination s wher e n o emissio n dat a wer e obtained . Forthes e cases , on e o f tw o approaches wa s use d t o demonstrat e whethe rdi e emissio n limi t o f R A 11 1 i s achievabl e forUia

tproces s uni t(1 ) Transfe ro f

fabri c filte r technolog y fro

m simila rproces s unit s in othe rminera l industries whos e P M emission s ar e more difficul tto contro l than emission s fro

m proces s unit s for whic h n o dat a ar e available , o r(2 ) tf-wet scrubber s wer e use d o a existin g proces s unit s o f di e typ e in question , the n Ui e scrubbe rperformanc e mode l discusse d earlie rwa s use d to determin e Ui e pressur e dro p require d b y a venturi scrubbe rto achiev e di e emissio n limi to f R A III. Forboth o f

dies e approaches , it wa s necessar y to determin e th e proces s unit s tha tare mos tdifficul tto control . Th e Agenc y coUecte d grab sample s o f th e produc tmaterial s fro m al l proces s unit s forwhic h emissio n dat a wer e unavailabl e an d performe d siev e analyse s o n the m t o determin e partid e siz e distributions . Simila ranalyse s wer e performe d fo rgra

b sample s o

f materials , collecte d durin g EPA-conducte d emissio n tests . Analysi s o f th e result s o

f th e siev e analyse s indicate s thatth e produd s o f

heruonit e rotar

y dryer s (6 0 percen tles s than 1.2 urn) , fire cla y rotary dryer s (4 6 percen tles s than 1 >im) , an d kaoli n multipl e hearth furnace s (62 percen tWa

a dian . 2 via) , hav e di e smaUes tpartid e giz e distribution * o f al l o f di e proces s unit s covere d b y ta e NSPS . Emissio n test a wer e performe d o n proces s unit

a utilizin g thes e thre e materials . Th e bentonit e rotar y drye r was.controlle d b y a fabri c filte ran d ha d emission * o i 0-04

7 g/dsc m (C*0

2 gr/aacf) . Th e fire cla y rotary drye rwa a controlle d b y a 12-in . wx-presaur e dro p scrubbe r an d ha d amiaaiona c f

0-Q8 8 g/dsc m (0.03 8 gr/dacf) . Th a kaoli n SHdtip k heart h furnac e wa a als o coatroda d b y a 12-in . w.c . pressur e dro p scrubbe ran d ha d emiiiinn a o£Gt04

7 g/dsc m (Q0? 0 gr / dscf) . I n additio a ( o ta a ttev a analyaa s an d outle tBoaas-amiaaio a dat a obtained , inle tPV C loadin g toth * control-devic e wa s meas u rad aunac , tb t<TMi«ii ^ tea U conducte d b y di e Agency . Th e highes t loading . 25 9 g/dsc m (11 3 gr/dscf) . wa s measure d a

tUi e inle tof a produc t recover y cyclon e precedin g a fabri c filtercontrollin g th e bentonit e rotar y dryer . Th e inle tloadin g t o th e we t scrubbe rcontrollin g th e fir e cla y rotar

y drye rwa s 1 2 g/dsc m (

5 gr/dscf)
- Th e kaoli n multipl e heart

h furnac e had a

n inle tloadin g concentratio n o f 9 g/dsc m ( 4 gr/dscf) . Thes e data ar e representativ e o f th e mos tdifficul tto contro l proces s unit combination s covere d b y th e NSPS . Technolog y transfe ranalysi s o f th e fabri c filter-controlle d bentonit e dryer . wit h controlle d emission s o f 0.04 7 g / dsc m (0.02 gr/dscf) . indicate s thai othe r fabri c filter-controlled calciner s an d dryer s processin g mineral s wit h large r particl e siz e distribution s an d lowe r inle tloadin g concentration s ca n achiev e th e emissio n limit s o

f R A III . Similarly . we tscrubber-controlle d calciner s an d dryer s processin g material s with a large rparticl e siz e distributio n an d lowe rinle tconcentratio n than fir e cla y o rkaoli n ca n achiev e th e emissio n limit s o f R A II I wid i th e appropriate pressur e drop . Th e scrubbe rperforman.ce mode l wa s use d t o determin e the pressur e dro p require d to achiev e th e emissio n limit s o f R A II I forthos e unit s fo

rwhic h emissio n tes tdata wer e unavailabl e an d forthos e unit s controlle d b y low-energ y we tscrubber s whos e emission s exceede d th e emissio n limit s o f R A III . Fo rtiiose unit s fo rwhic h emissio n tes t dat a wer e unavailable , inputvariable s fo rth e scrubbe rmode l wer e base d o n th e smalles tinle tparticl e siz e distributio n an d highes trnle tloadin g concentratio n obtaine d fro m emissio n tes tdat a fo

rproces s unit s tha

thad simila ro rsmalle rproduc tmateria l particl e siz e distributions . Modelin g o f scrubbe rperformanc e wa s performe d o n 1 7 proces s unit s i

n 1 0 industries . Th e estimate d pressur e dro p fo rlarge r material s suc h a s industria l san d an d roofing granule s wa s approximatel y 3 in . wx . SraaUer-ause

d material s suc h a s fir

e day . kaolin , an d titanium dioxid e woul d require scrubbe rpressur e drop s o f 1 4 t o 43 in . w.c . to achiev e th e emissio n limits o f R A III. Forbot

h fabri c filter- an d we t scrubber-controlle d minera l calciner s an d dryers , the'dat a bas e support s Ui e achievabilit y o

f th e emissio n limit s o

f R A II I b y di e mos tdifficul tto contro l procaa s units . Emissio n tes tdat a fo r ESP-controlle d calciner s an d dryer s wer e al l belo w d u emissio n limit s o f R A Q I aaa . Uurefore , ESP-controlle d calciner s an d (fryers ca n als o achiev e th e emiaaie n bmU

a o f R A UI .P. 9

1544 4 Federa l Registe r/ Vol . 51 . No . 7 8 /

Wednesday , Apri l 23 , 198 8 / Propose d Rule s
3 . Environmental

Impacts. Th e environmenta l impact s associate d wid i th e NSP S includ e air . water , soli d waste , an d noise . Th e primar

y ai rpoUutio n impacti s fro

m P M emissions . Regulatory Alternativ e I i s equivalen tt o n o additiona l regulatory actio n beyon d tha t require d b y typica l SIPs . i.e. , baseline . A s show n i n Table s 1 an d 2 . di e emissio n reductio n attributabl e to R A I I woul d b e 3,55 0 M

g (3.92 0 tons ) fordryer s an d 3,97 0 M

g (4,37 0 tons ) fo rcalciner s i n th e fifth yea r(1990) . Th e emissio n reductio n attributabl e to R A II I woul d b e 4.000 M

g (4,42 0 tons ) fo rdryer s an d 3,970 M g (4,37 0 tons ) forcalciner s i n th e fift h year . Th e total annual P M emissio n reduction belo w baselin e foral l dryers an d calciner s in di e fifth yea rforR A I I woul d b e 7,500 M

g (8,30 0 tons) , or7

3 percent . Th e tota l annua l P M emissio n reduction belo w baselin e foral l dryer s an d calciner s in di e fifth yea rforR A II I i s 7,900 M

g (8.80 0 tons) , or7 8 percen t
TABL E 1.—REGULATOR Y ALTERNATIV E IMPACT S

ron ORYER S

Regulator y altema M conaaere d

• m Efnrasvj n reduction

. Mg/yr xsso4 4.000 ' Averag e

eflec w nea t versu s besesne , *7U g

SS O 77 0 Averag e rawiwv •a l oo s srieom e ness . $ / Ug *

38 0 31 0

* Emrssio n reductio n rang e lo r .-yc-ca l se e urvts
. Reoucrjo n cred n wa s gjve n i o (h e tabn c rlie r wfter e a n actio n oasts
. Breakdown s ar a base d o n enaan g percentage s o l aac n devce

. * ii i leiiMima l cos t vftectrveness * eddttrona t oos t o l nart more-restnctiv a contro l lecmqua

. ' Eraao n reductio n attnbutabi e to sv » SI P versu s uncon . scee d dryar> > 337.30 0 Ug/yr

. ' Erraao n reductio n belo wbaiaina

. TABL E 2.—REGULATOR Y ALTERNATIV E IMPACT S

FO R CALCINER S

Regulator y snemasv e considere d

1 rhmMno ) I I an d fl i • Errvsso n reduction , Ug/yr n 1370 ' Average

coa t fjtlecrjven « varaue basevne

. VU g

41 0 Average talcoa t aneeoveness . 1 / Ug 41 0

' E i ra t an n raduca m range lo r typca l a m un a deductio n credit wa s qrve n t o rn e tabn c brie

r wner e an optio n exists

. SreaMtown s ar

e baae d o n eason ? percentage s o l eac h oevice

. " incrementa l oos

t arlectr»eneM » aortaana l coa l o l nan more-resrnc&v

e contro l lecmgue

. ' Errasao n raductio n annbutasi e to in e SI P versu s uncon- ><»ed c*ctners » 1SBSO 0 Ug/yr

. 4 Th e lev a o l contro l lo r caoner s lo r boo t RA 1 1 an d R A II I I s 0 O S g/dscm

. * Emasto n reducao n belo wbanana

. We tscrubber s are th e onl y contro l device s o n caldner s an d dryer s i n di e minera l industrie s dia tgenerat e wastewate rstream s requirin g treatmen t ordisposal . Typically , a PM
contarninate d wate rstream fro m a scrubbe ri s pumpe d t o a settlin g pon d o n di e sit e an d no tdischarge d int o navigabl e waterways . Th e solid s settl e i n di e pond , an d th e wate ri s recirculate d to di e scrubber . Whe n solid s fill Ui

e pond . Ui

e pon d ca n b e dredged , an d di e solid s ca n b e landfilled . ora ne w pon d ca n b e constructed . Therefore , ther e woul d b e n o advers e wate rpollutio n impact s du e t o implementatio n o f

an y o f th e regulatory alternatives . Th e materia l coUecte d b y fabri c filter s an d ESP' s i s typicaU y recycle d bac k to di e productio n proces s ori s sol d direcdy . Therefore , litd e soli d wast e i s generate d b y fabri c filter s an d ESP's . Th e mai n sourc e o f

soli d wast e woul d b e Ui e solid s i n di e sludg e produce d b y we tscrubbers . Typica l dewatere d sludg e fro

m a settlin g pon d contain s abou t3 0 percen tsolids . Th e solid s i n th e sludg e are mainl y th e mineral processe d b y th e dryer s an d calciners . Th e nationwid e soli d wast e (a s sludg e containin g 70 percen tmoisture ) increas e ove rbaselin e level s in 199 0 woul d b e 7.000 M g (7,70 0 tons ) fo

rR A I I an d 7,50 0 M g (8,30 0 tons ) forR

A DI. l n di e cas e o f Ui e titanium dioxid e industry , th e sludg e generate d b y we tscrubber s i s recycled to th e process , and , therefore , n o soli d wast e i s generated . Soli d waste s fro m dryer s an d calciner s i n mineral industrie s presenti y are no tclassifie d a s hazardou s waste s unde rth e Resourc e Conservatio n an d Recover y Act . Th e nois e introduce d b y ai rpollutio n contro l device s tha

twoul d b e required b y eithe rR

A U o rR A II I wil l no t significantl y increas e di e nois e level s beyon d thos e alread y produce d b y processin g equipmen tatdi e plant . 4 . Energy Impacts. Operatio n o f fabri c filters . ESP's , an d we tscrubber s t o contro l P M emission s requires electrica l energy . ForR

A I I an d R A HI . di e nationwid e annual increas e in energ y deman d o

f contro l device s ove rbaselin e level s woul d b e 18.00 0 MW h an d 17.00 0 MWh . respectively . Thes e value s represen tdi e highes tincrementa l electri c energ y requirementbetwee n fabri c filters an d we tscrubber s wher e a n optio n exists . The-addiuona l energ y required to operat e di e contro l equipmen tunde rR

A D an d R

A II I compare d t

o R A I i s les s than 1 percen t o f di e energ y deman d to operat e di e drye ran d calcine rproces s units . Therefore , di e applicatio n o f additiona l emisso n contro l abov e di e baselin e leve l wil l no tsignificand y Increas e di e electrica l energ y deman d o f th e mineral processin g plants . 5 . Economic Impacts. T o determin e di e economi c impact s o f th e propose d NSP S o n eac h o f

di e 1 7 minera l industries , finandal analysi s technique s wer e applie d t o di e mode l fadlitie s to evaluat e di e affordabilit y o f th e pollutio n controls . Th e principal

techniqu e employe d i s th e calculatio n o f th e maximum percen tproductpric e increase . Th e annualize d contro l cost s o f R A II I wer e use d i n Ui

e analysi s becaus e dies e cost s are generall y highe r dia n dios e o f

R A I I bu tare stil l considere d t o b e reasonable . However , i n a numbe ro f

case s th e annualize d contro l cost s fo rth e tw o alternative s ar e th e sam e and . i n a fe w cases , th e R A II I cost s are lowe rdu e t o di e produc t recover y credit s resultin g fro m fabri c fibe ruse . a high productvalue , an d di e greate remissio n reductio n achieve d unde rR A Q l compare d t

o R A II. Th e effec to n productprice s fro m implementatio n o

f di e NSP S usin g Ui

e leas tcostl y contro l optio n foreac h o f di e mode l facilitie s in di e 1 7 industrie s coul d rang e fro

m a sligh tproductpric e decreas e fo rsom e industrie s to a n increas e o f

1.7 5 percen tfordi e lightweigh taggregate industry . Th e productpric e increas e for1 5 o f Ui e 1 7 Industrie s woul d typicall y b e les s than 0.5 percent . ForUi

e fir e cla y industry , a typical-siz e vibrating-grate drye rb y itsel f ha s a 0 percen tproduc tpric e increase . However , th e combinatio n o f a typical-siz e rotary drye r(0.2 8 percent ) an d a typical-siz e rotary calciner'(0.9 5 percent ) to produc e a singl e product coul d hav e a 1-

2 percen tproduc tpric e increase . Aldioug h th e possibl e percen t productpric e increase s forfir e cla y an d lightweigh taggregat e are highe rthan fo r di e othe r1 5 industries , thes e increase s ar e no texpecte d to hav e a significan t effec to n th e outpu to

f eithe rindustry . 8 . Cost and Cost Effectiveness. Th e Agenc y i s no trequiring tha tan y particula rcontro l devic e b y use d t o mee tdi e recommended standards . I ti s technicall y possibl e to mee tUi e emissio n level s assodate d wit h R A II I wit h an y o f

th e contro l technologie s . currentl y in us e i n eac h respective industry . Forever y industry , ther e i s a t leas ton e contro l technolog y tha ti s cos t effective . I

ti s di e improve d operatio n an d maintenanc e o f

thes e device s Uia

t enable s di e sam e contro l devic e to achiev e a lowe remissio n leve l unde r R A U o rR A n i dia n unde rR

A I (e.g. , Ui

e sam e scrubbe rwoul d b e operate d a ta highe rpressur e dro p o rfabri c filterbag s ar e replaced more frequentiy) . Th e cost-effectivenes s (C/E ) value s fo rdi e mode l size s o f

eac h proces s uni t woul d rang e fro

m a ne tcredi to

f $1,000 / M g (S910/ton ) t o a cos to

f S5.500/M g (S5.000/ton ) fo rR

A I I versu s baseline . A U bu ton e proces s unit , however , woul d hav e C/E value s o f les s tha n o r equa l t o $1.700/M g ($1.500/ton ) forR A I I versu s baseline . A s show n in Table s 1

- an d 2 , di e averag e C/

E fo rdi e leas tP.1 0

Federa l Registe r/

Vol . 51 , No . 7 8 /

Wednesday . Apri l 23 , 198 8 / Propose d Rule s 

### 1544 5

costl y contro l optio n foral l mode l size s o f calciner s an d dryer s use d in di e 1 7 - industrie s woul d b e $410/M g f$370/ton ) an d $380/M g ($350/ton) , respectively , fo rR A Q versu s baseline . Th e C/ E o f di e perlit e rotary drye rcontrolle d b y a fabri c filteri s $S,500-M g ($5,00CAonf
. Thi s uni tha s a high C/E becaus e di e emissio n reductio n potentia l i s smal l whil e th e cos to f

achievin g mi s smal l amoun to f emissio n reduction i s relativel y high . However , th e additiona l emissio n reductio n thatwoul d b e achieve d unde rR

A Q l woul d decreas e th e C/ E t o $2.200/M g (52.000/ton) , whic h i s reasonable . Fo rR A Q I versu s baseline , (h e C/ E woul d rang e fro

m a ne tcredi to

f $1,000 / M g ($940/ton ) to $Z200/M g ($2,O00/tcm)
. A s show n i n Table s 1 an d 2 . th e averag e industry-wid e C/E fo rcalciners ' an d dryer s woul d b e $4M/M g (S370/ton ) an d $270/M g ($250/ton) , respectively . ForR A II I versu s R

A U . th e C/ E value s fo rdi e mode l size s o f

dryer s woul d rang e fro

m a ne tcredi to

f $1,300 / M g (SUOO/ton ) t

o $1,900/M g (W.700/ ton) . Th e averag e incrementa l C/E fo r dryer s forR

A U I versu s R

A I I i»$310 / M g ($280/ton)
. Becaus e th e emissio n level s o f R A U an d R

A I U are th e sam e forcalciners . dier e i s n o averag e incrementa l C/E value . Th e C/E value a ar e highl y dependen t o n di e produc trecover y credit s fo rdr y ' contro l devices . Th e produc tvalue s use d t o calculat e produc trecovery credit s range d fro

m $8.00/M g ($8.00/ton ) fo rgypsu m to $1.430/M g ($1,300/ tan} for titanium dioxide . Th e high dolla r valu e o f mineral material * suc h a s titaniu m dioxid e result s i n larg e produc trecover y credits , and . therefore , negativ a C/ E value s forsom e dry coatro l devicas . Fa r - thi s sam e reason , i

f onl y we tscrubber s ar e use d wher e a n optio n exiats , th e C/ E i s typicall y highe rdia n & wfnsidb e i f onl y fabri c filters ar e used . . 7 . Rationale forselecting Regulatory Alternative 111. Compariso n o f tit e regulatory alternative s iiniirjtfrxi tha i R A Q I woul d resul ti n a significan tseductio n i n P M emission s wid i minim* ! advers e wate rpoUution . sali d waata . aa d nois e impacts . ForR

A Q L Ihe inrrpigp
- i n energ y comsumptkxi compare d to baselin e level s woul d aa tb e sig»ifican t an d th e coat s an d erannni r iipact s woul d b e teisnnnhrp.-SeLtclaa n ei R A Q I results i n tha maximu m eaaiaaia n reductio n belo w baselinelevela-a l a reasonabl e cos tfo rthi a sourc e category . Th e dat a bas e inalcate s tsa i dryer s ca n achiev e a lowe reaiissio n Umi tthan calciner s ca n achieve , acros s al l 1 7 industries , withou ta significan t additiona l coa tcompaje d toth e addStfonatemiaaia a reduction oft f ained . Therefore . R

A Q l wa a selected'a s tn e recommended emissio n Umi tfo r regulatio n o f

calcine r an d drye r emissions . - D. Selection of

Affected Facility 1 . General

Principles. Th e choic e o f di e affede d facilit y i s base d o n th e Agency' s interpretatio n o f Sectio n 11 1 o f th e Clea n Ai rAc tan d o n th e judicia l constructio n o

f it s meaning . Se e ASARCO. Inc. v . EPA. 57 8 F . 2 d 31 9 (D.C . Cir. 1978) . Unde rthi s sedion , standard s o f

performanc e mus tappl y to ne w stationar y source s o f pollution , i.e. . source s tha

tbegi n construction , reconstruction , o rmodificatio n afte r EP A propose s th e standards . "Source " i s define d a s "any building , structure . facUity . orinstallatio n whic h emit s orma y emi tan y ai rpollutant " [Sectio n 111(a)(3)] . Mos tindustria l plants , however , consis to f numerou s piece s orgroup s o f

equipmen ttha temi t ai rpoUutants an d thatmay b e viewe d a s "sources. " Th e EP

A Uierefore use s th e ter m "affecte d facility " to designat e th e equipment , withi n a particula rkin d o f plant . Uia

ti s chose n a

tth e "source " covere d b y a give n standard . I n designatin g di e affecte d facUity . EP A determine s whic h piec e orgrou p o f equipmen ti s di e appropriate uni t(thi e source ) fo rseparat e emissio n standard s i n th e particula rindustria l contex t invoFved . Th e determinatio n i s mad e i n Ugh to f di e term s an d purpos e o f sedio n 111 . On e majo rconsideratio n i n thi s decisio n i s tiiat a narro w designatio n usuall y bring s replacemen tequipmen t unde rstandard s o

f performanc e sooner . If . forexample , a n entir e plan ti s designate d a s di e affecte d facUity , di e standard s woul d cove rn o par to f di e plan tunles s th e replacemen tcause s tb e plan ta s a whol e t

o b e "modified " o r "reconstructed. " Th e plan ta s a whol e i s modified onl y i f ita aggregat e emission s are increase d b y th e physica l chang e i n it , orb y (h e chang e i n it s metho d of . operating . Similarly , Ui

e plan ti s reconstructed

onl y rf : (1 ) Its cos to f replacementexceed s 5 0 percen tofth e fixe d capita l cost s required t o buil d a comparabl e ne w faciEt r an d (2 ) meetin g th e applicabl e standard s i s technologicall y and-£C£uoamic*U j feasible . Q B th e othe rhand , i f

each.piec e o i equipmen ti s deaignata d a a di e aflacta d facility , than a s eac h piec e i s replaced , th e ne w piec e wilCb ta na w somc e subjec tto tb e standard . Sinc e aa e purpos e o

f sectio n 101 . i s to tauiinru a emission s h

y achievin g emission ; limitatio n reflectio n BO

T atal l ne w sources , a iiarra w designatio n o f th a affectidiaciCt y i a generall y tiia appropriat e choice-ILanauce a dia ttbe
standar d wU

l cave rne w pmioainn . source s withi n plant s a s the y are installed . Fo rdii s reason . Ui e propose d NSP S woul d designat e eac h calcine r an d drye ra s Ui

e affecte d facility becaus e t o d o s o woul d maximiz e th e coverag e o

f th e standards withou t causin g unreasonabl e cost s orothe r unreasonabl e impacts . 2 . OtherAffected

Facilities. Th e , definitio n o

f a n affecte d facilit y i

n eac h minera l processin g industry i s eac h calcine ro rdrye rproces s unit . Selectio n o f othe raffecte d faciUtie s fo rUi e NSP A » wa s no trequire d becaus e Ui e equipmen t othe rdia n caldner s an d dryers , i.e . crushers . grindin g mills , screenin g operations , bucke televators , bel t• conveyors , baggin g operations , storag e bins , an d enclose d truc

k orrailca r loadin g stations , i s alread y covere d b y th e metalli c an d nonrnetalli c mineral s NSPS . 3

. Rational

for Selecting Affected Facility. Designatio n o

f eac h calcine r an d eac h drye ra s th e affecte d facility wil l ensur e th e greates temissio n reduction s an d wil l ensur e tha t replacemen tcalciner s an d dryers wil l b e regulate d b y th e NSPS . Thi s designatio n wil l als o maximiz e .die-coverag e o f th e standard s b y th e modificatio n and reconstructio n provisrons,.Therefore . eac h cafrine T an d eac h drye ri s designate d a s a

n affecte d facility . E. Selection of

Emission Sources Th e emissio n source s t

o b e regulate d ar e calciner s an d dryers . Particulate matte remission s fro

m calciner s an d dryer s ar e typicall y controlle d by a fabri c filter, we tscrubber , ora n ESP . T o ensur e tha

tal l P M emission s fro

m affecte d facilitie s ar

e regulate d b y th e propose d standards , i

ti s necessar y t

o hav e a n emissio n limit . A visibl e emissio n standar d woul d als o b e enforce d fa

rdry contro l devices . FSelection of

Format for Standards. 1 . Alternative Formats Considered. Tw o differen tformat s coul d b e selecte d to limi tstac k emission s fro m calciner s an d dryer s atminera l processin g plants . Thes e are- . (1 ) A mas s standard , limitin g emission s i n term s o

f mas s emission s pe runito f

production , an d (2) a concentratio n standard , limitin g th e concentratio n o l P

M in th e effluen t gases . 2 . Rational

of Format Selection. A mas s standar d may appea rmore meaningfu l tha n othe r formats becaus e i trelate s directi y t o Ui

e quantity o

f emission s discharge d t

o th e atmosphere . Honvevar . a majo rdisadvantag e o f a mas s standar d io rcalciner s an d dryer s i s tha ttypically , di e productio n o rfee d rate a f a procaa s operatio n i s no tP.1 1

Federa l Registe r/

Vol . 51 , No . 7 8 /

Wednesday , Apri l 23 , 198 8 / Propose d Rule s

measure d ove rdi e "shor

tterm . Thus , a n accurat e determinatio n o f th e weigh to f materia l processe d dirough a n affecte d facility durin g compUanc e testin g woul d no tb e possibl e unde rtypica l plan t operatin g conditions . A concentratio n forma

t(g/dsc m [gr

/ dscf] ) wa s selecte d forth e recommende d emissio n limit s o f Ui e NSP S becaus e o

f it s eas e o f

enforcemen t acros s 1 7 differen tmineral industrie s an d becaus e itadequatel y reflect s bes t demonstrate d technology . Monitorin g o f thi e productio n proces s i s no tnecessar y to determin e complianc e wit h Ui e P M emissio n limits . However , di e proces s unitmus tb e operate d a

tit s maximu m productio n rate during complianc e testing . A concentration-base d standar d coul d b e circumvente d b y addin g dilutio n ai rt

o di e ga s stream . However , dii s i s unlikel y to occu ra tmineral calcine ran d drye rfacilities becaus e Ui e siz e an d operatin g cost s o f fan s an d motor s increase s witi i increasin g ga s volum e to b e moved . Also , th e General Provision s contai n adequat e languag e to allo w enforcemen tagencie s t o preven t suc h attempt s t o circumven tUi e standards . T o hel p ensur e dia tai rpollutio n contro l system s are properl y installed , operated , an d maintained , a visibl e emission s standar d als o i s bein g propose d fo ral l facilitie s controlle d b y fabri c filter s an d dr

y ESP's . A s discusse d late ri n thi s preamble , a visibl e emission s standar d forscrubber s woul d no tb e a meaningfu l indicatio n o f scrubbe rperformanc e a tmineral processin g plants . However , di e monitorin g o

f operatin g parameter s o f we tscrubber s (pressur e dro p acros s di e unitand scrubbe rliqui d flo w rate ) woul d b e required by di e propose d standards . G. Selection of

Actual Siandards 1 . Rationale forStandards Selected. Sectio n 11 1 o

f di e Clea n Ai rAc tallow s th e Agenc y t o distinguis h amon g classes , types , an d size s withi n categorie s o f

ne w source s fo rdi e purpos e o

f establishing standards . I n Ui e NSPS , base d upo n a

n analysi s o

f Ui e availabl e tes tdata , i twa s necessar y t o establis h a separat e standar d for calciners , dryers , an d calciner s an d dryer s installe d i n series . Th e standard s selecte d represen tth e level s o f contro l achievabl e wit h th e bes tsyste m o f continuou s emissio n reduction . 2 . Need forMultiple Standards. A s discusse d earlier , fabri c filters, we t ccrubbers , an d ESP' s are use d t o contro l P M emisoion s fro

m caldner s an d dryer s o tmineral processin g plants . Result s o f

emissio n test s approve d b y EP A wer e obtained-fo r 2

5 dryerain-1 2 industrie s foral l drye rtypes . Al l tes t

result s wer e les s dia n O057 g/dsc m (0.025 gr/dscf

) excep tfo rfou

rdryer s controlle d b y low-energ y we tscrubber s an d on e drye rcontroUe d b y a fabri c filter . Th e scrubbe rmodelin g analysi s indicate d dia tdi e fou rdryer s controlle d b y low-energ y wet

scrubber s coul d achiev e a n emissio n leve l o f 0.05 7 g / dsc m (0.025 gr/dscf

) wid i a high-energ y we tscrubber . On e drye rcontrolle d b y a fabri c filterha d a n emissio n concentratio n o

f 0.05 9 g/dsc m (0.02 6 gr / dscf) . Th e tes treportfo rthi s drye r state s Uia

tmos to f Ui e emission s wer e cause d b y leakag e dirough a close d bypas s damper . Th e fabri c filtershoul d hav e bee n abl e t

o achiev e a

n emissio n Umi to f 0.0 9 g/dsc m (0.02 5 gr/dscf ) if n o leakag e ha d occurred . . Result s o f

emissio n test s conducte d o r approve d b y EP

A als o wer e obtaine d fo r 2 6 calciner s i n 9 industrie s foral l calcine rtypes . Al l tes tresult s wer e les s dia n 0.0 9 g/dsc m (0.04 gr/dscf ) excep t fo rdire e calciner s controlle d b y low
energ y we tscrubbers . Again , di e scrubbe rmodelin g analysi s indicate d dia tthes e thre e calciner s achiev e a n emissio n leve l o f

0.0 9 g/dscf

m (0.04 gr / dscf ) wit h a high-energ y scrubber . Therefore , a n emissio n leve l o f 0.057 g / dsc m (0.025 gr/dscf

) wa s selecte d fo r dryers , an d a n emissio n leve l o f 0.0 9 g / dsc m (0.04 gr/dscf

) wa s selecte d fo r calciners . Th e availabl e dat a forcalciner s an d dryer s operate d i n serie s indicat e Uia t di e propose d P

M emissio n concentratio n o f 0.04 gr/dsc f

fo rcalciner s ca n b e achieved . Becaus e di e dat a di d no t indicat e dia tdi e mor e stringen tP M concentratio n o f

0.057 g/dsc m (0.02 5 gr / dscf ) propose d fordryer s ca n b e achieved , Ui

e Agenc y i s proposin g Uia t di e NSP S fo rcalciner s an d dryer s operate d in serie s b e establishe d atUi e les s stringen tconcentratio n o f 0.0 9 g / dsc m (0.04 gr/dscf

) an d requests Uia

t intereste d individual s provid e additiona l comment s o n dii s proposa l during th e publi c commen tperiod . H. Visible Emission Standards Sectio n 302(1 ) o f

th e Ac tdefine s "standar d o f

performance " t o includ e "an y requiremen trelatin g to th e operatio n o rmaintenanc e o f a sourc e t o assur e continuou s emissio n reduction. " 1 . Reason forIncluding Visible Emission Standards. A 1 0 percen t opacit y Umi

t(base d o n 6-minute averages ) i s propose d fo rdryer s an d calciner s in al l 1 7 mineral industrie s Usin g dr y contro l device s (fabri c filters an d dr y ESP's ) to contro l emissions . A visibl e emissio n standar d i s include d i n di e NSP S t o ensur e Uia

tdry contro l : device s ar e properl y operate d an d maintained . Thi s visibl e emissio n otandar d wi

U als o serv e a s a too l for ' enforcemen tpersonne l i n determinin g

. whedier^ a faciUt

y shoul d b e teste d fo

r complianc e wid i th e mas s standard . 2 . Rationale forThese Provisions. Th e opacit y o f

visibl e emission s fro

m a dr y contro l devic e o n a n affecte d facilit y woul d b e limite d to 1 0 percen tThi s visibl e emissio n Umi

ti s base d o n 51 3 6
- minute average s obtaine d durin g test s conducte d o n fabri c filter s use d to contro l emission s fro

m 6 calciner s an d 3 dryer s i n 5 industrie s an d o n 3 dat a point s obtaine d durin g 1 tes to n a dr y ES P use d t o contro l emission s frp m a flash calciner . Th e highes taverag e opacit y readin g observe d a tan y o f th e fabri c filter s wa s 8. 3 percent , an d th e highes tindividua l reading wa s 1 0 percen tTh e 8. 3 percen t6-minute averag e opacit y wa s measure d a tUi e oude to f a bentonit e rotary dryer . Bentonit e rotary drye rproductmateria l ha s di e smalles tsiev e analysi s particl e oiz e distributio n o f

a U o f Ui e minera l material s bein g covere d b y Ui e NSPS . Proces s unit s fo rwhic h bot h outie tmas s an d visibl e emissio n dat a ar e unavailabl e hav e lasge r producTparticl e siz e distribution s dia n dios e fo rwhic h dat a are availabl e and , therefore«.*voul d b e expecte d t o hav e lowe ropacities . I n addition , di e bentonit e rotary dryer , wid i mas s emission s o f

0.05 g/dsc m (0.02 gr/dscf) , wa s i n complianc e with , th e propose d mas s emissio n limi to f 0.05 7 g/dsc m (0.025 gr/dscf) . Th e mineral s wid i th e larges tpercentag e o f sma U particle s ( = 5 0 percen tles s dia n 2. 5 fim ) i n di e oude tga s strea m hav e maximu m averag e opacitie s o f les s tha n 1 percen tA

U o f thes e unit s als o compl y wid i di e propose d mas s emissio n limits . Fro m dies e data , i tca n b e conclude d thatproces s unit s forwhic h bot h mas s an d visibl e emissio n dat a ar e unavailabl e woul d b e les s difficul tto contro l than dios e fo rwhic h dat a are availabl e an d could , therefore , achiev e th e propose d mas s emissio n limit s an d a 1 0 percen tvisibl e emissio n standar d unde rnorma

l operatin g conditions . Th e highes taverag e opacit y readin g observed-a tth e outie to f Ui e flas h calcine rES

P wa s 6.7 percent , an d Ui e highes tindividua l readin g wa s 1 0 percent . Th e flas h caldne rha d mas s emission s d f

0.057 g/dsc m (0.02 5 gr/dscf ) and , mer e fore , ba d mas s emission s belo w di e leve l o f

di e propose d mas s standard . Whe n di e opacit y dat a fro m di e ES P wer e normalize d to Ui e larges t stac k diamete rknow n t

o exis to n a n ESP i n di e mineral industries . Ui e averag e opadt y a

tth e normalize d stac k diamete rwa s 7. 1 percent . Therefore , al l
' ESP' s o n caldner s an d dryer s i n UieP.1 2

Federa l Registe r/

Vol . 51 . N a 7 8 /

Wednesday . Apri l 23 , 198 6 / Propose d Rule s 1544 7

mineral industrie s shoul d b e capabl e o f meetin g a visibl e emissio n limi to f 1 0 percen tunde rnormal operatin g conditions . Base d o n tile result s o

f th e visibl e emissio n tests , a 1 0 percen topacit y limi t i s bein g propose d t o ensur e th e prope r operatio n an d maintenanc e o f dr y ai r pollutio n contro l device s o n calciner s an d dryers . Thi s standard , a s show n b y th e dat a presente d abov e an d i n th e BOD . i s achievabl e in al l case s throug h di e applicatio n o f

properl y designed , operated , an d maintaine d fabri c filters an d dr y ESP's . Facilitie s controlle d wit h we tscrubber s woul d b e exemp tfro m th e propose d visibl e emissio n standar d a s discusse d below . 3 . OtherConsiderations. Th e visibl e emission s standar d forstac k emission s woul d b e applicabl e i

n al l case s unles s EP A wer e to approv e establishmen to f a specia l o radjuste d visibl e emissio n standar d unde rth e provision s o f 4 0 CF R 60.11(e) . Th e provision s allo w a n owne r o roperato rto appl y to EP A fo r establishmen to f

a n adjuste d visibl e emissio n standar d foran y sourc e tha t meet s Ui e applicabl e concentratio n standar d (demonstrate d dirough performanc e test s unde rcondition s establishe d b y EPA ) buti s unabl e to mee tth e visibl e emissio n standard , despit e operatin g an d maintainin g th e contro l equipmen ts o a s i o minimiz e opacity . A n adjuste d visibl e emissio n standar d mightb e established , for example , wher e a n unusuall y larg e diamete rstac k preclude s complianc e wit h th e propose d opacit y limit . We tscrubbe rcontro l device s frequentl y hav e a stea m plum e exitin g fro m diei rexhaus tstacks . Unde rthes e conditions . EP

A Referenc e Metho d 9 specifie s thatUi

e opacit y o

f emission s b e determine d ata poin tafte rth e stea m plum e ha s dissipated . Thus , opadt y o f emission s i s determine d atsom e variabl e distanc e fro

m th e stac k outle t ata poin twher e th e emission s hav e bee n diluted . Thi s distanc e an d th e / amoun to f

dilutio n vary wid i ga s moistur e conten tan d meteorologica l conditions . Therefore , o n a nationwid e basis , a n opacit y limi tfo rscrubber
controlle d minera l calciner s an d dryer s i s no ta s demonstrativ e o f prope r operatio n an d maintenanc e a s di e monitorin g o f

pressur e dro p an d liqui d flo w rate . Monitorin g o f we tscrubbe r parameter s i s discusse d i n Sectio n IV. ) o f thi s preamble . / . Modification/Reconstruction Considerations A modificatio n i s define d a s certai n physica l o roperationa l change s to a n existin g facilit y Uia

tresulti n a n " increase d emissio n rate o f an y pollutan t to whic h di e standards appl y (4 0 CF R 60.14) . Upo n modification , a n existin g facilit y become s a n affecte d facilit y and . therefore , become s subjec tto di e NSPS . Routin e maintenanc e procedure s suc h a s replacemento rrepai ro f calcine ror drye rcomponent s subjec tt o high temperature s an d impac t(e.g. . en d seals , flights, refractory lining ) woul d no t constitut e a modificatio n (4 0 CF R 60.14(e)(1)) . Additiona l activitie s considere d routin e maintenanc e fo r calciner s an d dryer s i n mineral industrie s ar e describe d i n Chapte r5 o f di e BE) forth e NSPS . referenced in di e ADORESSE

S sectio n o f

thi s preamble . Whe n expansion s a

texistin g plant s tak e place , usuall y a completel y ne w calcine rordrye ri s added . Such a n increas e i n productio n woul d no tb e considere d a modificatio n bu tratiie ra ne w source . Calcinin g an d dryin g operation s usuall y operat e belo w 10 0 percen to f

capacit y an d ar e capabl e o f handlin g increase d throughputwithou t additiona l equipment . I

f a ne w raw fee d materia l i s use d ora fuel chang e occur s forwhic h th e calcine rordrye rwa s originall y designed , di e chang e i s no t considere d a modification . However , if a conversio n i s mad e allowin g a unitt o bu m a fue

l o rto proces s a ne w materia l fo rwhic h itwa s no toriginall y designed , an d a n increas e i n emission s occur s becaus e o f

dii s change , di e chang e i s considere d to b e a modificatio n (4 0 CF R 60.14(e)(4)) . A n existin g facilit y ma y becom e subjec tto a

n NSP S i f iti s reconstructed . Reconstructio n i s define d i n 4 0 CF R 60.1 5 a s di e replacemento f di e component s o f

a n existin g facilit y to Ui e exten tdiat : (1 ) Th e fixed capita l cos to f di e ne w component s exceed s 5 0 percen t o f th e fixed capita l cos trequire d to construc ta comparabl e ne w facilit y an d (2 ) iti s technicall y an d economicall y feasibl e fo rdi e facilit y to mee tdi e applicabl e standards . Becaus e EP A consider s reconstructed fadlitie s to constitut e ne w constructio n ratiie rtha n modification , reconstruction . determination s ar e mad e irrespectiv e o f change s in emissio n rates . I f a n owne roroperato ro f a n existin g facilit y i s plannin g t o replace component s an d th e fixe d capita l cos to f di e ne w component s exceed s 5 0 percen t o f th e fixed cos to f

a comparabl e ne w facility , di e owne ro roperato rmus t notif y di e appropriate EP

A regional offic e 6 0 day s befor e di e constructio n o f di e replacementcommences , a s require d unde r4 0 CF

R60.15(d) . Thes e modificatio n an d reconstructio n provision s shoul d no tcaus e man y calciner s an d dryer s i n di e 1 7 minera l industrie s to becom e affecte d facilitie s becaus e mos to f

th e physica l an d operationa l change s mad e to existin g calciner s an d dryer s ar e considere d routin e maintenance. Calciner s an d dryer s a texistin g plant s are more likel y t o becom e affecte d facilitie s whe n the y ar e replace d b y ne w proces s unit s a tth e en d o f thei rusefu l lives . Owner s an d operator s o

f modified , reconstucted . or replace d facilitie s controlle d by we t scrubber s o f

ESP' s wil l probabl y incu r retrofi tcost s if

th e desig n operatin g parameter s o

f th e existin g we tscrubbe r o rESP mus tb e increase d t o achiev e th e emissio n limi to

f di e propose d NSPS . However , th e cos to

f retrofittin g we t scrubber s orESP' s woul d b e similart o th e cos to

f installin g we tscrubber s or ESP' s o n ne w facilitie s becaus e site
specifi c factor s Uia

tmightnormall y increas e retrofitcost s (e.g. . availabilit y ' o f lan d an d configuratio n o f equipment ) typicall y are no tlimitin g factor s a t mineral processin g plants . I f site-specifi c factor s are limitin g a

ta plant , th e capita l cos to f retrofitin g we tscrubber s orESP' s ma y b e greate rthan th e capita l cos to f we tscrubber s an d ESP' s installe d o n ne w facilitie s (e.g. , more ductwork) . However , th e annualize d cost s o f retrofittin g we tscrubber s orESP' s woul d no tdiffe rsignificantl y fro m th e annualize d cos to

f we tscrubber s an d ESP' s installe d o n ne w facilities . Owner s an d operator s o f modified . reconstructed , o rreplaced facilities controlle d b y fabri c filters shoul d not incu rretrofitcost s becaus e the emissio n limit s o f th e propose d NSP S ca n b e achieve d b y increasin g th e operatio n an d maintenanc e o f

fabri c filters. / . Monitoring Requirements Sectio n 302(1 ) o f

th e Ac tdefine s "standard s o

f performance " t

o includ e "an y requiremen trelating t o th e operatio n o rmaintenanc e o f a sourc e t

o assur e continuou s emissio n reduction. " Sectio n 114(a ) authorize s EP A t o require source s to monitor , test , kee p records . an d mak e reports. With Ui e exceptio n o f

th e fou rproces s unit/contro l devic e combination s discusse d below , Ui

e owne ro

roperato r o f a calcine rordrye rwh o use s a dr y contro l devic e t o compl y with th e mas s emissio n standar d wil l b e require d t o instal l an d operat e a continuou s monitorin g syste m to measur e th e opacit y o f

emission s discharge d int o th e atmospher e fro

m Ui e contro l device . I

n lie u of a continuou s opacit y monitorin g system . Ui

e owne roroperato ro

f a gypsu m flas h orkettl e calcine ro ro f a perlit e rotar

y drye ro rexpansio n furnac e wh o use s a dr

y contro l devic e coul d hav e a certifie d observe rmak e thre e 6-minute observation s o f th e opacit y o f visibl e emission s fro

m th eP.1 3

contro l device , onc e pe rwee k o f operatio n usin g EP

A Referenc e Metho d 9 . Whe n a we tscrubbe rcontro l devic e i s use d t o compl y wid i di e caldne ro r drye rmas s emissio n standard , th e owne ro rbperato rwoul d b e required to instal l an d operat e a monitorin g devic e t o continuousl y measur e an d record di e pressur e los s o f

di e ga s stream throug

h di e scrubbe ran d di e scrubbin g Uqui d flo w rate to th e scrubber . 1 . Rationale forIncluding Monitoring Requirements. Visibl e emissio n limit s wil l hel p ensur e matprope rfabri c filte r an d ESP operatio n an d maintenanc e procedure s ar e performe d an d monitored . Thi s monitorin g ca n indicat e whe n fabri c filterbag s ar e tor n orloos e an d whe n ES P electrode s ore damage d ormalfunctioning . SimUarly , monitorin g o f scrubbe rpressur e los s an d Uqui d flo w rate ca n indicat e malfunction s in di e wate rpumpin g equipmen tblockag e o f pipes , an d di e nee d to adjus tdi e variabl e throatopenin g (i f applicable) . Monitorin g o

f visibl e emission s fro

m dr y contro l device s an d recordin g o f exceedance s o f

th e 1 0 percen toparit y limi tb y a certifie d observe r o ra continuou s monitorin g syste m wi U aler t industry an d enforcemen tpersonne l o f potentia l violation s o f

tile mas s emissio n standard . Continuou s opadt y monitorin g usin g a transmissomete ri s a n effectiv e mean s o f

ensurin g di e prope roperatio n an d maintenanc e o f particulat e contro l equipment . A s a resul toperatio n o f

a transmissomete ri s a n integral parto f

Us e improve d contro l devic e operatio n an d maintenanc e practice s Uia

taccoun tfo rm e emissio n reductio n belo w baselin e Level s associate d wid i R

A Q L Th e absenc e o f

a n opacit y limi ti n th e NSP S fo rwe tscrubbe remission s requires dia ta n alternativ e medio d b e use d to ensur e prope roperatio n an d maintenanc e o

f dies e devices . Therefore , t o monito rUi e potentia l degradatio n in di e performanc e o f we t scrubber s ove rtime, th e propose d standard s woul d require Ui e owne ro r operato ro

f we tscrubber s to measur e an d record selecte d contro l devic e operatin g parameters . Thes e recorded value s woul d the n b e availabl e t o enforcemen tan d industry personne l fo r compariso n agains tth e rang e o f value s o f eac h operatin g paramete rrecorde d durin g th e performanc e tes twhe n th e mas s emissio n limi twa s bein g met . Unde rSectio n 60.7(d ) o f di e Genera l Provisions , m e owne ro roperato r( s required t o maintai n th e monitorin g record s a tth e sourc e fo ra minimu m o f 2 year s an d t o mak e thes e record s availabl e forinspection , upo n request . b y Agenc y personne l o r thei r representatives. Th e Agenc y beHeve o tha tchange s i n th e value s o f

operatin g parameter s fro m thos e measure d during a performanc e tes tar e goo d indicator s fo ra n owne ro r operato ran d a n enforcemen tagenc y t o us e t o verif

y prope roperatio n an d maintenanc e o f

a contro l device . No t maintainin g di e operatin g parameter s at level s widii n di e rang e recorde d during di e performanc e tes tcoul d indicat e a violatio n o f

di e requirements to properl y operat e an d maintai n di e contro l equipment , a s state d i n Sectio n 60.11(d ) o f m e Genera l Provisions . Aldioug h period s o f

excursion s from , o rreductions in . di e variou s operatin g parameter s woul d no to f themselves , constitut e a violatio n cf

f di e numerica l emissio n limi tdie y ma y indicat e t o a n enforcemen tagenc y di e nee d t o conduc t a performanc e test . Th e result s o f di e performanc e tes twoul d b e use d to determin e complianc e wit h di e numerica l emissio n Umi ti n accordanc e wit h Sectio n 60.11(a ) o f

di e Genera l Provisions . T o evaluat e di e cos to f

continuou s opadt y monitorin g system a unde rR A QI , di e annual operatin g coo to f di e transmissomete rwa s adde d to di e annua l operatin g cos to f Uie v P M contro l device , en d th e C/E o f

contro l wa s calculated . With th e exceptio n o f di e fou rproces s anil/contro l devic e combination s discusse d below , al l o f th e C/ E value s wer e les s tha n o requa l to S3.000/M g ($2,7C0/ton)
. Th e C/ E wa s §4.5S0/M g (S4,170/ton ) fo rdi e gypsu m flas h calciner . S3.030/M g (S2,7B0/ton ) fo r th e gypsu m ketd e calciner , $3,670/M g (S3,340/ton ) fo rth e perlit e rotary dryer , an d S7,530/M g (S8,840/ton ) forUi e perlit e expansio n furnace . Fo rdi e gypsu m flas h an d ketd e calciner s an d di e perlit e rotary drye r an d expansio n furnace , a les s cosd y monitorin g metho d coul d b e used . Th e C/ E o f control , indudin g a certifie d observe rt o obtai n thre e 6-minute average s o f

di e opadt y o f

visibl e emission s onc e pe rwee k o f operatio n o f thes e fadlitie s in accordanc e wit h EP A Referenc e Metiio d 9 , woul d rang e fro m S1.740 M g (S1.580/ton ) to $2,7B0/M g (S2,510/ton) . K. Performtaias Tost

Methods 1 . Method Selected. Unde rth e propose d standards , performanc e test s fo rP M emiosion s woul d b e require d fdr ai i ai r pollutio n contro l device s o n caldner s an d dryers . Particulat e matte r woul d b e measure d b y Referenc e Method s l , 2 . 3 , 4 , an d 5 t o determin e compUanc e wit h th e stac k emissio n standards . Complianc e wif e th e visibl e emission s standar d woul d b e determine d usin g Referenc e Metho d 9 t o measur e stac k opadt y a s 6-minute averages . 2 . Applicability of

Method 5 to Standard. Referenc e Metho d 5 provide s th e concentratio n o f

P M in di e stac k exhaus tga s strea m a s g/dsc m (gr/dscf) . Th e NSP S requires dia tcalciner s achiev e a leve l o f

0.0 9 g/dsc m [OM

gr / dscf ) an d ma tdryer s achiev e a leve l o f 0.057 g/dscnr(0.02 5 gr/dscf) . Medio d 5 , dierefore , provide s a n accurat e determinatio n o f

complianc e directiy , withou trequirin g an y additiona l monitorin g o

f tile productio n proces s (e.g. , productio n rate) . L Reporting and

Recordkeeping Requirements Sectio n 302(1 ) o f

di e Ac tdefine s "standar d o f

performance " t o includ e "any requiremen trelating to di e operatio n o rmaintenanc e o f a sourc e t

o assur e continuou s emissio n reduction." Sectio n 114(a ) authorize s EP A to require source s t o monitor , tes tkee p records , an d mak e reports. Th e owne ro roperato ro f a dr y contro l devic e controllin g P

M emission s fro

m a n affecte d calcine rdi

r dryes » facilit y wi

U b e require d t o recor d visibl e emission s usin g a continuou s monitorin g system , o rto hav e a certifie d observe rrecord thre e 6-minute average s (24 consecutiv e reading s each ) o f

di e opadt y o f

visibl e emiooioB O fro

m th e contro l device , onc e pe rwee k o f

operation , in accordanc e wid i EP A Referenc e Metho d 9 . a s describe d i n Sectio n IV.) . o f thi s preamble . Whe n o we tocrubbe r i o nee d t o contro l particulat e emission s fro m a n affecte d calcine ro rdrye rfacility , di e owne ro roperato rwi

U b e require d to recor d both th e pressur e los s o f th e ga s strea m dirough di e scrubbe ran d di e scrubbin g Uqui

d flo w rate to di e ocrubbe ronc e pe r da y o f norma l < operation . Each owne ro roperato rwil l b e require d to submi twritte n reports semiannuall y o f

exceedance s o f

Ui e 1 0 percen tvisibl e emissio n limi tan d any exceedance s o f

th e we tscrubbe r operatin g parameter s discusse d above . Fo rth e parpos e o f

dies e reports , a n exceedanc e o

f we tscrubbe roperatin g parameter s i s define d a s les s tha n 9 0 percen to rgreate rtha n 11 0 percen to f th e averag e pressur e drop , o rles s tha n 8 0 percen to rgreate rdia n 12 0 percen to f di e averag e liqui d flo w rate determine d durin g Ui e mos trecen tperformanc e tes t ouccessfuU y passe d to demonstrat e complianc e wid i di e mas s emissio n Umit . Th e owne ro roperato rwil l b e require d to submi twritte n documentatio n o

f semiannua lP. M



### Federa l Register / Vol

. 51

. No

. 7 8 /

Wednesday , Apri l 23

. 198 6 / Propose dRule s 1544 9

calibration s o f

monitorin g device s a s par to f di e semiannua l reports. Record s o f

th e measurement s discusse d in thi s sectio n mus tb e retaine d foratleas t2 years . Th e requirement s o f

mi s sectio n remai n i n forc e unti l an d unles s th e Agency , i n delegatin g enforcemen tauthority t o a Stat e unde rSectio n 111(c ) o f di e Ac t approve s reportin g requirements o ra n alternative mean s o f

complianc e surveillanc e adopte d b y suc h State . I n dia tevent , affecte d facilitie s withi n th e Stat e wil l b e relieve d o f th e obligatio n t o compl y wit h dii s sectio n provide d tha t the y compl y wid i di e requirement s estabUshe d b y di e State . [Sectio n 11 4 o f di e Clea n Ai rAc ta s amende d (42 U.S.C . 7414)] . V . Administrativ e Requirement s A. Public Hearing A publi c hearin g wil l b e held , i f requested, t o discus s th e propose d standard s i n accordanc e wid i Sedio n 307(d)(5 ) o f

di e Clea n Ai rAct . Person s wishin g to mak e ora

l presentation s shoul d contac tEP

A a tth e addres s give n in th e ADDRESSE S sectio n o f thi s preamble . Ora

l presentation s wil l b e limite d to 1 5 minute s each . An y membe r o f di e publi c may fil e a writte n statemen twid i EP

A before , during , o r widii n 3 0 day s afte rth e hearing . Writte n statement s shoul d b e addresse d to th e Centra l Docke tSectio n addres s give n i n th e ADDRESSE

S sectio n o f

dii s preamble . A verbati m transcrip to f di e hearin g an d writte n statement s wil l b e availabl e fo rpubli c inspectio n an d copyin g durin g norma l workin g hour s atEPA' s Central Docke tSectio n i n Washington , D.C . (se e ADDRESSE S sectio n o f

thi s preamble) . B. Docket Th e docke ti s a n organize d an d complet e file o f

al l di e informatio n submitte d t o o rotherwis e considere d b y EP A i n di e developmen to f thi s propose d rulemaking . Th e principa l purpose s o f th e docke tare : (1 ) t o allo w intereste d partie s t o identif

y an d locat e document s s o thatthe y ca n effectivel y participat e i n th e rulemakin g proces s an d (2 ) t o serv e a s di e record i n cas e o f judicia l revie w (excep tfo rinteragenc y review material s [Sectio n 307(d)(7)(A)]) . C. Clean AirAct

Procedural Requirements 1 . AdministratorListing

—Section 111. A s prescribe d i n Sectio n 11 1 o f th e Clea n Ai rAc ta s amended , establishmen to f

standards o f perfonnanc e fo rcalciner s an d dryer s i n minera l industrie s wa s precede d b y th e Administrator' s determinatio n (4 0 CF R 60.1 6 4 4 F

R48322 . date d Augus t21.197 9 an d 4 0 CF R60.1 6 4 7 F R950 . date d Januar y 8,1982 ) thatdies e source s contribut e significand y t o ai rpollutio n whic h ma y reasonabl y b e anticipate d to endange rpubli c health o rwelfare . 2 . Periodic Review

—Section 111. Thi s regulation wil l b e reviewed 4 year s fro m di e dat e o f

promulgatio n a s required b y di e Clea n Ai rAct . Thi s revie w wil l includ e a n assessmen to f suc h factor s a s th e nee d forintegratio n wit h othe r programs , th e existenc e o f alternative mediods . enforceabUity , improvement s i n emissio n contro l technology , an d reporting requirements . 3 . Extemal

Participation

—Section 117. I n accordanc e wid i Sectio n 11 7 o f di e Act . publicatio n o f

thi s proposa l wa s precede d b y consultatio n wit h appropriat e advisor y committees , independen texperts , an d Federa l department s an d agencies . I n addition , numerou s meeting s wer e hel d wit h industry representative s an d trad e association s durin g developmen to f di e propose d standards . Th e Administrato r wil l welcom e comment s on-al l aspect s ofth e propose d regulation , includin g economi c an d technologica l issues . Comment s ar e als o specificall y invite d o n th e achievabilit y o f th e standar d with regard t o calciner s an d dryer s combine d i n series . An y comment s submitte d t o th e Administrato ro n thi s issu e shoul d contai n specifi c informatio n an d dat a pertinen tt o a n evaluatio n o f th e magnitud e an d severit y o f it s impac t an d suggeste d alternative course s o f actio n tha tcoul d avoi d dii s impact . 4 . Economic Impact

Assessment

— Section 317. Sectio n 31 7 o f th e Clea n Ai r Ac trequires th e Administratio n t o prepar e a n economi c impac tassessmen t fo ran y ne w sourc e standar d o f performanc e promulgate d unde rSectio n 111(b ) o f th e Act . A n economi c impac t assessmen twa s prepare d fo rdi e propose d regulations an d fo rothe r regulatory alternatives . Al l aspect s o f th e assessmen twer e considere d i n th e formulatio n o

f th e propose d standard s to ensur e ma tth e propose d standards woul d representth e bes tsyste m o f emissio n reductio n considerin g costs . Th e economi c impac tassessmen ti s include d i n th e BID . D. Office of

Management

and Budget Reviews 1 . Paperwork Reduction Act. Th e informatio n collectio n requiement s in dii s propose d rul e hav e bee n submitte d fo rapprova l to th e Offic e o f Managemen tan d Budget(OMB ) unde r di e Paperwork Reductio n Ac to f 1960 . 4 4 U.S.C . 350 1 et

sea. Comment s o n dies e requirements shoul d b e submitte d t o th e Offic e o f Infonnatio n an d Regulator y Affair s o f OMB , marke d "Attention : Des k Office rfo rEPA. " a s wel l a s to EPA . Th e final rul e wil l respon d to an y OM B o rpubli c comment s o n th e informatio n collectio n requirements . 2 . Executive Order12291 Review. Unde rExecutiv e Orde r12291 . EP A mus t judg e whethe ra regulatio n i s "major " an d therefor e subjec tto th e requiremen t• o f a Regulatory ImpactAnalysis . Thi s propose d regulatio n i s no tmajo r becaus e itwoul d resultin non e o f th e advers e economi c effect s se tfort h i n Sectio n 1 o f

th e Orde ra s ground s for findin g a regulation t

o b e major . Th e tota l nationwid e incrementa l annualize d cost s i n Ui

e fift h yea rafte rth e standard s woul d g o into effec twoul d rang e fro m $0. 7 t o $1. 0 million , les s than th e S100 millio n establishe d a s th e firstcriterio n fo ra majo rregulatio n in th e Order . Th e maximu m estimate d pric e increas e o f 1.7 5 percen tassociate d wit h th e propose d standard s woul d no tb e considere d a "majorincreas e i n cost s or prices " specifie d a s th e secon d criterio n in th e Order . Th e economi c analysi s o f th e propose d standards ' effec to n th e industry di d no tindicat e an y significan t advers e effect s o n competition . investment , productivity , employment . innovation , orth e abilit y of.U.S . firms t o compet e wit h foreig n firms (th e thir d criterio n i n th e Order) . Thi s regulatio n wa s submitte d to OM B fo rrevie w a s required by . Executiv e Orde r12291 . Al l writte n communication s betwee n EP A an d OM

B ar e in th e docket . E. Regulatory Flexibility Act Compliance Th e Regulatory Flexibilit y Acto f 198 0 require s di e identificatio n o f potentiall y advers e impact s o f

Federa l regulation s upo n smal l busines s entities . Th e Ac t specificall y require s di e completio n o f a Regulator y Flexibilit y Analysi s in thos e instance s wher e smal l busines s impact s ar e possible . Th e EP

A definitio n o f significan teffec tinvolve s fourtests : (1 ) Price s fo rsmal l entitie s rise 5 percen tor more , assumin g cost s are passe d o n t o consumers : o

r(2) annualize d investmen t cost s fo rpollutio n contro l are greate r than 20 percen to f

total capita l spending . o r(3 ) contro l cost s a s a percentag e o f sale s forsmal l entitie s ar e 1 0 percen t greate rdia n contro l cost s a s a percentag e o f

sale s forlarg e entities : o r (4 ) th e requirement s o f

di e regulatio n ar e likel y t o resul ti n closure s o f smal l entities . Th e Act' s definitio n o

f "smal l business " i s base d o n definition s develope d b y di e Smal l Busines s Administratio n (SBA) . Th e SBA' s definition s ar e liste d i n 1 3 CF RPar t12 1P.1 5

3*45 0 Federa l Eegjate r / Vol . 5 L No . 7 8 /

Wedngaday , Apri l 23 . 198 6 / Propose d Aule s
b y Standar d Industrial Classificatio n (SIC ) categories . Fo rmos to f fte minera l drye ran d calcine rindustries , th e SB A define s a sma

U busines s o a oo s wit h 50 0 o rfewe remployee s (th e 2 exception s ar e gypsu m aa d ti tar

n a m dioxide , eac h o f whic h i s 1.000 employee*) . A s par to f th e developmen to f

thi s propoae d standar d a considerabl e amoun to f effortha s bee n devote d t o di e tas k o f identifyin g smal l businesse s m di e 1 7 industries . Step s tha thav e b*e n take n t o identif y sma U businesse s indud e a n extensiv e revie w o f

standar d finandal reference source s sud i a s Moody' s an d Standar d & Poor's , a mailin g o f Sectio n 11 4 informatio n requests, an d a n electroni c dat a bas e search . Mos to f di e minera l drye ran d calcine rindustrie s d o indud e sma

U businesse s accordin g to di e SB A definition . Becaus e di e standar d unde rconsideratio n her e i s a n NSPS , th e standar d woul d appl y to al l businesse s (bod i smal l an d Large ) i n th e 1 7 industries , an d a s a resultdi e tes to f a substantia l numbe ro f smal l businesse s i s me t Aldioug h dier e ar e a substantia l numbe ro f

smal l businesses , di e measur e o f

significan teffect s i s no t Ukely t o b e met . A s describe d eariier , di e absolut e leve l o f

di e percen tproduct pric e increase s i s quit e smal l fo rmos to f di e industries , typicall y abou t0 5 percen to rless . Thus , di e firs ttes ti s neve rtriggered . Neidie r ar e tb e secon d o rfourt h test s triggered . Tb e thir d tes ti s occasionaU y triggered , bu tdi e absolut e size s o f th e number s ar e s o smal l a s to mak e dii s tes tinappHcable . Fo r example , i n di e diatomit e industry , a smal l flas h drye r(4 Mg/h ) ha s contro l cost s a s a percentag e o

f sale s dia tar e 2

3 percen thighe rma n th e correspondin g percentag e fo ra large rflas h drye r (1 1 Mg/h) . Bu

tdi e absolut e level s o f

thes e tw o percentage s ar

a 0.1 6 percen tan d 0.1 3 percen tan d th e 2

3 percen t differenc e betwee n them i s virtuall y meaningless . Thus , becaus e di e absolut e leve l o f di e percen tproduc tpric e increase s i s quit e smal l fo rmos to f di e industries , an d becaus e th e test s are presente d a s guidelines , a n interpretatio n o

f di e spiri tan d purpos e o f th e Ac tindicate s tha

tdi e industries d o no texcee d th e Act' s tests . Becaus e dies e standard s impos e n o advers e economi c impacts , a Regulatory Flexibilit y Analysi s ha s no tbee n conducted . Pursuantt o th e provision s o f 5 ILS.C . 605(b) . I hereb y certif

y tha ttins rule , i f promulgated . wiU ne thav e a signififan t economi c impa d o n a substantia l numbe ro f

sma U busines s entities . Us t o f Sdbjoct s i a 4 9 CT S Pit t 9 0 Ai rpoButron control . Reportin g an d recordkeeping requirements , Incorporatio n b y reference. Intergovernmenta l relations. Metalli c minerals , an d Nonmetalli c minerals . Dated : Apri

l 12,1886 . L M M . Thoma* , AaLwanntmior. PAR T 60—(AMENDED ) H i s propose d tha t4 0 CF RPar t8 0 b e amende d a s follows: 1 . Th e authority dtatio n fo rPar t6 0 continue s t o read a s follows : Authority : Sees . 101.111.114 . 301(a) . Clea n Ai rAc ta s amende d (4 2 USX . 7401.7411 . 7414 . 7601) . 2 . B y addin g a ne w SubpartUUU consistin g o f

j } 60.73 0 dirough 6CL73 6 a s follows : Subpar t UW—Standard* - o

f Pmtommncm fo r CSarClfMr

s sn d Dryer s i n MifMf v nKfUStlirM
Sec

. 60.73 0 Applicabilit

y an d designation o

f afTecte d facility . 60.73 1 Definitions . 60.73 2 Standard

a fo rparticulat

e matter . 60.73 3 RecoastnicUon. 60.73 4 Monitorin

g o f emissions as d operations . * 80.73 5 Recordkeepin

g an d reportin g requirements. 60.73 6 Testmethod

s an d procedures . Subpar t UUU—Standard s o f Performanc e fo r Calciner s an d Dryer s I n Minera l Industrie * JS0.73 0 ApofleabHtt

y an d daarfgnsrlso

M o f aff acte d facUity

. (a ) Th e affecte d faciUt

y t o whic h di e provision s o f

tiiis subpartappl y i

a eac h calcine ran d drye ra

tminera l processin g plants . Fee d aa d productconveyor s ar e no tconsidere d parto f

di e affecte d facility . (b ) A n affecte d faciUt

y thati s subjec t t o th e provision s o f

SubpartLL

, metalli c mineral processin g plants , i s no tsubjec t t o di e provision s o f

dii s subpar t (c ) Th e owne ro roperato ro f an y facilit y unde rparagrap h (a ) o f dii s sectio n thatcommence s construction , modification , o rreconstructio n afte r Apri l 23.1986 . i s subjec tto th e requirement s o f

dii s subpar t {60.73 1 OafinMtoos

. A s use d i a dii s subpar ta U term s no t define d herei n sha

U hav e th e meanin g give n diem i n th e Clea n Ai rAc tan d i n Subpar tA o f thi s par t "Calciner " mean s tite equipmen tuae d to remov e combine d (caemicaU y bound ) wata rand/o rgase s fro

m minera l materia l throug

h direc to rindirec t heating . Thi s definitio n include s expansio n furnace s an d multipl e hearth furnaces . "Control device " mean s th e ai r pollutio n contro l equipmen tuse d to reduc e particulat e matte remission s release d t o di e atmospher e fro m on e o r mor e affecte d fadlities . "Dryer " mean s th e equipmen tuse d t o remov e anccmbine d (free ) wate rfro m mineral materia l dirough direc to r indirec theating . "InstaUe d i n series " mean s a calcine r an d drye rinstaUe d suc h thatth e exhaus tgase s fro

m on e flo w dirough di e othe ran d the n di e combine d exhaus t gase s are discharge d to di e atmosphere . "Minera l processin g plant " mean s an y facilit y tha

tprocesse s orproduce s an y o f th e followin g mineral s o rtiieir concentrates : alumina , ba U day , bentonite , diatomite . feldspar , fir e clay , fuller' s earth , gypsum , industria l sand , kaolin , Eghtweigh taggregate , magnesiu m compounds , perlite , roofin g granules , talc , titanium dioxide , an d vermicalite . Th e foUowin g processe s an d proces s units use d a tminera l processin g plant s woul d no tb e regulated unde rdi a NSE & Vertica l shaf t kirn s i n m e magnesiu m compound s industry : th e chlorination-oxidatio n proces s i n di e titaniu m dioxid e industry ; coatin g kilns , mixers , an d aerator s i n th e roofin g granule s industry , an d tunne l kilns , tunne l dryers , apro n dryers , an d grindin g equipmen tdia tals o drie s di e proces s materia l use d i n an y o f di e 1 7 mineral industries . §60.73 2 Standard s fo r partJctsat e matter
. Eac h owne ro roperato ro f an y affecte d facility whic h i s subjec tt o di e requirements o

f dii s subpartsha

U compl y wid i th e emissio n limitation s se t fort h in thi s secto n o n an d afte rdi e dat e o n whic h th e initia l performanc e tes t required by I 60. 8 i s completed , bu tno t late rthan 18 0 day s afte rdi e initia l startup , whicheve rdat e come s firs tN o emission s sha

U b e discharge d int o di e atmospher e fro

m an y affecte d facilit y diat : (a ) Contai n particulat e matte ri n exces s o f 0.0 9 gra m pe rdr y standar d cubi c mete r(g/dscm ) (0.0 4 grai n pe rdr y standar d cubi c foo t(gr/dscf) ) fo r calciner s an d forcalciner s an d dryer s installe d i n serie s an d i n exces s o f 0.05 7 g/dsc m (0.025 gr/dscf

) fo rdryers : an d fb ) Exhibi tgreate rdia n 1 0 percen t opacity , unles s di e emission s ar e discharge d fro

m a n afTecte d facilit y usin g a we tscrubbin g contro l device . 160.73 3 Racoostructlon . Th e cos to

f replacemen to

f equipmen t subjec tt o high temperature s an dP.1 6

Federa l Registe r/

Vol . 51 , No . 7 8 /

Wednesday , Apri l 23 , 198 6 / Propose d Rule s 1545 1

abrasio n o n processin g equipmen tshal l no tb e considere d in calculatin g eithe r th e "fixe d capita l cos to f th e ne w components " o rth e "fixe d capita l cos t thatwoul d b e required to construc ta comparabl e ne w facility " unde ri 60.15 . Calcine ran d drye requipmen tsubjec tt o hig h temperature s an d abrasio n are : en d seals , flights , an d refractory lining . § 60.73 4 Monitorin

g o f amission s an

d operations . (a ) Wit h th e exceptio n o

f th e proces s unit s describe d i n paragrap h (b ) o f thi s section , di e owne roroperato ro f a n affecte d facilit y subjec tto th e provision s o f thi s subpar twh o use s a dr y contro l devic e t o compl y wit

h th e mas s emissio n standar d shal l install , calibrate , maintain , an d operat e a continuou s monitorin g syste m to measur e an d recor d th e opacit y o f emission s discharge d int o th e atmospher e fro

m th e contro l device . Each owne ro roperato rwh o use s a continuou s monitorin g devic e t o compl y with th e requirement s o f thi s paragrap h shal l recalibrat e th e devic e semiannuall y i

n accordanc e with procedure s unde r§ 60.13 . (b ) I n lie u o f a continuou s opacit y monitorin g syste m require d in paragrap h (a ) o f thi s section , th e owne ro f operato r o f a gypsu m flas h o rkettl e calcine roro f a perlit e rotary drye rorexpansio n furnac e wh o use s a dr

y contro l devic e ma y hav e a certifie d visibl e emission s observe rmeasur e an d record thre e 6
- minute average s o

f th e opacit y o f

visibl e emission s t

o di e atmospher e onc e pe r wee k o f operatio n in accordanc e wid i EP A Referenc e Metho d 9 . (c ) Th e owne roroperato ro f a n affecte d facility subjec tt o th e provision s o f thi s subpartwh o use s a we tscrubbe r to compl y wit

h th e mas s emissio n standar d forany affecte d facilit y .shal l install , calibrate , maintain , an d operat e monitorin g system s dia tcontinuousl y measur e an d recor d di e pressur e los s o f di e ga s stream throug

h th e scrubbe ran d th e scrubbin g liqui d flo w rate to th e scrubber . Th e pressur e los s monitorin g devic e mus tb e certifie d b y th e manufacture rto b e accurat e withi n ± 1 inch o f wate rcolum n gaug e pressure . Th e liqui d flo w rate monitorin g devic e mus tb e certifie d b y th e manufacture rt o b e accurat e widii n ± 5 percen to f desig n scrubbin g liqui d fiow rate . Al l monitorin g device s require d unde rthi s paragrap h ar

e t o b e recalibrate d semiannuall y i

n accordanc e with manufacturer' s instructions . § 60.73 5 Recordkeepin g an d reportin g requirements . (a ) Record s o

f th e measurement s require d i

n | 60.73 4 o

f thi s subpartmus t b e retaine d foratleas t2 years . (b ) Each owne roroperato rshal l submi twritte n reports semiannuall y o f exceedance s o

f contro l devic e operatin g parameter s require d t

o b e monitore d by § 60.73 4 o f thi s subpart . Eac

h owne ror operato rals o shal l submi twritte n reports semiannuall y tha tdocumen t correctiv e maintenanc e require d a s a resul to f semiannua l calibration s o f di e monitorin g devic e dia ti s require d i n S 60.734 . Forthi s purpos e o f thes e reports , exceedance s are define d a s al l 6-minut e period s durin g whic h th e averag e opacit y fro

m dr y contro l device s i s greate rdia n 1 0 percent , or an y we tscrubbe rpressur e dro p dia ti s les s tha n 9 0 percen to rgreate rthan 11 0 percen to reac h we tscrubbe rliqui d flo w rate tha

ti s les s dia n 3 0 percen to r greate rtha n 120 percen to f Ui e averag e valu e recorde d accordin g t o Sectio n 60.736(c ) durin g th e mos trecen t performanc e tes ttha

tdemonstrate d compliance.wit h th e particulat e matte r

standard . (c ) Th e requirement s o

f thi s sectio n rtmai n i n forc e until an d unles s th e Agency , in delegatin g enforcemen t authorit y t o a Stat e unde rSectio n 111(c ) o f Ui e Clea n Ai rAct . approve s reportin g requirement s o ra

n alternativ e mean s o

f complianc e surveillanc e adopte d by ] suc h State . I

n tha tevent , affecte d facilitie s withi n th e Stat e wil l b e relieved o f

di e obligatio n t

o compl y wit h dii s sectio n provide d tha tthe y compl y wit h di e requirement s establishe d b y the State . 5 60.73 6 Tes tmethod s an d procedures . (a ) Referenc e method s in Appendi x A o f mi s part, excep ta s provide d unde r 5 60.8(b) , shal l b e use d t o determin e complianc e wit h th e standard s prescribe d unde r§ 60.73 2 a s follows : (1 ) Metho d 1 forsampl e and velocit y traverses : (2) Metho d 2 forstac k ga s velocit y an d volumetri c flo w rate : (3 ) Medio d 3 forstac k ga s dr y molecula rweight ; (4) Medio d 4 fo

rstac k ga s moistur e content : . - •.' '" (5 ) Medio d 5 fd

rth e measuremen to

f particulat e emissions : and . (6 ) Metho d 9 forth e opacit y o f visibl e emissions . (b ) Th e samplin g tim e foreac h tes t ru n shal l b e a

tleas t2 hour s an d th e minimu m volum e o

f ga s sample d shal l b e 1. 7 dsc m (60 dscf) . (c ) During th e initia l performanc e tes t o f a we tscrubber , th e owne roroperato r shal l measur e an d recor d a n arithmeti c averag e o

f boti i di e chang e i

n pressur e o f di e ga s strea m acros s th e scrubbe r an d Ui e scrubbin g liqui d flo w rate . (F ROo e 86-834 2 File d 4-22-86 ; 8:4 5 am | StLUMQ COO

E S560-40- M