# Patent

## Title
Push-to-talk telecommunications system utilizing a voice-over-IP network

## Abstract

A method and system to provide push-to-talk from one user to another in a wireless packet data telecommunications network is described. The system may include: a wireless communication network including push-to-talk (PTT) functionality, with a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Proxy Server; a SIP Registrar and Location Server operable to store contact addresses of active mobile devices; a Realtime Transport Protocol (RTP) Media Gateway (PTT Server) operable to function as a call endpoint for each of a plurality of mobile devices wherein the plurality of mobile devices are segmented into membership groups, the PTT Server further operable to multicast a communication from one member of the group to the other members of the group; and an Internet Protocol (IP) network interconnecting the SIP Proxy server, the SIP Registrar and Location Server, and the PTT Server.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/028,086, filed on Dec. 21, 2001, entitled PUSH-TO-TALK TELECOMUNICATIONS SYSTEM UTILIZING A VOICE-OVER-IP NETWORK, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates generally to a telecommunications network and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for half-duplex communication among multiple telecommunications devices via a packet data network.
Currently, telecommunications networks exist that enable a telecommunications device to directly access another through a digital two-way radio feature. At least one telecommunications provider, Nextel, has been very successful providing such a network. With Nextel's system, a user can have instant access by pressing a button to reach other users on the network.
However, a network does not yet exist that can provide such communication to other users via a wireless packet data network. Therefore, what is needed is an invention that can provide push-to-talk to another user via a wireless packet data network.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention includes a system and method for Push-to-talk (PTT) service to another user via a wireless packet data network. To this end, in one embodiment the system includes a packet data network with at least one mobile station, a radio access network, a database server, a registrar and location server, an Interactive Multimedia Server (IMS), and a PTT server that provides the PTT service to other PTT users on the packet network.
The IMS includes a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Proxy Server which may also function as a back-to-back user agent (BBUA). The SIP Registrar and Location Server is operable to store contact addresses of active mobile devices. The PTT Server is operable to function as a SIP call endpoint for each of a plurality of mobile devices wherein the plurality of mobile devices are segmented into membership groups, the PTT Server further operable to multicast a communication from one member of the group to the other members of the group. An Internet Protocol (IP) network interconnects the SIP Proxy server, the SIP Registrar and Location Server, and the PTT Server.
Therefore, in accordance with the previous summary, objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to one skilled in the art from the subsequent description and the appended claims taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates an architecture of the preferred embodiment;
FIG. 2 illustrates an application-layer interfaces and protocols;
FIG. 3 illustrates another view of the architecture of the preferred embodiment;
FIG. 4 illustrates a logical view of the architecture of the preferred embodiment; and
FIGS. 5-12 illustrate call flows of the preferred embodiment.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention can be described with several examples given below. It is understood, however, that the examples below are not necessarily limitations to the present invention, but are used to describe typical embodiments of operation.
A list of definitions is first described in order to better understand the invention.

    Group members—the set of users who may join a group session.
    Session—a relationship among participating group members wherein calls are enabled between the same.
    Join—the action taken by a group member (or automatic action taken by the member's Push-to-talk client) to participate in a group session.
    Call—a set of consecutive speech transmissions between group members participating in a session.
    Speech transmission—an instance of half-duplex (HDX) voice communication from one session participant to one or more other session participants.
    Speech token—an abstraction that is introduced to explain talker arbitration (i.e., to describe how one obtains the right to speak within a call). There is exactly one speech token per group. To speak, one must be granted the speech token.
    Peer-to-peer communication model—call participants may not interrupt one another, and no participant has special privileges with respect to other participants.
    Superior-subordinate communication model—subordinates communicate as in the peer-to-peer model, but a superior has special privileges, with respect to subordinates (e.g., queued requests for speech token, ruthless pre-emption of the speech token, forcing called parties to join the group session). A superior may opt to relate in the peer-to-peer model, and not invoke his/her special privileges.
    Public audio—audio which plays only when the recipient has opted into group calls by virtue of having joined the group.
    Invited audio—Audio which plays only when the recipient (“invitee”) has accepted an invitation to talk.
    Forced audio—audio which plays to the recipient regardless if the recipient opted to hear it.


The following table identifies the types of groups that have been considered from the perspective of the network. Groups known only to the client have not been considered:












Type of Group










Group Descriptors
Open Group
Closed Group
Ad Hoc Group





Example
PTT in a public, open
Peer-to-peer: PTT
FIGS. 10-12 add



chat room
service within a
some additional detail.




closed chat session, or
Note that a 1-to-1




in a company context.
Direct Connect Call is




Superior-subordinate:
a degenerate case of




dispatch service.
an ad-hoc group call.


Membership
Session participation
Membership transcends
Lasts for exactly one


persistence
defines membership
participation in any
call




group session



Related session
Lasts as long as one
Lasts as long as one
Lasts for exactly one


persistence
user has joined the
member has joined the
call



group's session
group's session



Relationship between
Session may span
Session may span
Session lasts for one


session & call
multiple calls
multiple calls
call only


Membership selection
Any user may opt to
A group administrator
Call/alert originator



join the group's
specifies group
defines membership



session, & thereby
membership (e.g., via
as part of the



become a member
provisioning such in
call/alert; only these




the directory server);
may join the session




only these may join a
& participate in the




group session
call.


Group URL
No, to prevent “voice
Configurable. If
Not applicable.


Addressable with
spamming”
allowed & if call is



other URLs in an ad

placed by non-



hoc group call/alert

member, the caller is





not allowed to join





any in-progress closed





group session.



User communication
Peer-to-peer
Provisioned as either
Peer-to-peer, except


model

peer-to-peer, or
when all members




superior-subordinate.
belong to the same





closed group & one





participant is a





superior, in which





case the superior-





subordinate model





may be used.









Given this analysis of types of groups, we now present in the table below how network functionality invoked in a given use case may vary according to the type of group that is involved, & how certain use cases are specific to one or more group types. Highlighted use cases have a corresponding figure.













Network Functionality Invoked



















Talker
Remove



Use Case



Contact
Arbitration
User(s)


(from

Define
Join User(s)
Members
(i.e., vie
from
Dissolve


viewpoint of
Applicable
Group
to Group
Not Already
for speech
Group
Group


end user)
Group Type
Members
Session
in Session
token)
Session
Membership





Join Group
Open
Joining
Yes, thereby
No
No
No
No




adds user
enabling




as
public audio




member



Closed
No
Yes, thereby
No
No
No
No





enabling





public audio


Alert Group
Closed
No
Alerting party
Registered
No
No
No





only, if not
members





already in
only (e.g.





session
those with






current






registration






in SIP






registrar).



Ad hoc
Alerter
Alerting Party
Registered
No
No
No




& all
only
members




invitees

only


Alert-
Closed, peer-
No
Calling party
Registered
Calling
No
No


Initiated
to-peer

only, if not
members
party vies


Group Call
model

already in
only (to
for token


(i.e., in


session, since
clear alert)
per normal


response to


called parties

arbitration


an alert)


employ





invited audio



Closed,
No
Calling party,
Registered
Calling
No
No



superior in

if not already
members
party vies



superior-

in session. If
only, either
for token



subordinate

authorized &
to clear alert
per



model

opted, all
or to speak
selected,





registered
to members
authorized





group
that have
option





members not
been placed





already in
into forced





session.
audio





depending on





option





selected by





the caller, we





have either





“forced





audio” or,





depending on





whether or





not alerted





members





were already





in the group





at the time the





alert was





broadcast,





“public





audio” or





“invited





audio.”



Ad hoc,
No
Calling Party
Registered
Calling
No
No



assuming

only
members
party vies



that the ad


only (to
for token



hoc group


clear alert)
per normal



members do



arbitration



not belong to



the same



closed group



or that, if



they do



belong to the



same closed



group, the



private call



uses the



peer-to-peer



model. If the



caller is a



superior and



the ad hoc



group call



targets are



subordinates,



then the



network



functionality



invoked



would be as



in the



immediately



preceding



table entry.


Group Call
Open
No
No, as user
N/A
Calling
No
No





must have

party vies





previously

for token





joined group

per normal







arbitration



Closed, peer-
No
Calling party
If
Calling
No
No



to-peer

only, if not
authorized
party vies



model

already in
& opted, all
for token





session -
registered
per normal





“public
members
arbitration





audio” or
not in





“invited
session - a





audio”,
combination





depending of
of a call to





whether the
those





originator
already in





simply wants
the group





to speak to
session, and





those who've
an alert to





already joined
those who





the session or
have not





the originator
already





wishes to do
joined the





this plus alert
group





group
session.





members not





already in





session. The





call flow





corresponding





to this table





entry assumes





that the





originator has





already joined





the group





session and





merely





wishes to





speak to





others who





have also





joined the





group session.



Closed
No
Calling party,
If
Calling
No
No



(superior in

if not already
authorized
party vies



superior-

in session. If
& opted, all
for token



subordinate

authorized &
registered
per



model)

opted, all
members
selected,





registered
not in
authorized





group
session -
option





members not
“Forced





already in
audio” and





session, and if
alerting





the caller so
group





chooses,
members





“forced
not already





audio”.
in session






are






mutually






exclusive.






If forced






audio is not






selected by






the caller,






then






members






already in






the group






session






would have






public audio






and any






alerted






members






would have






invited






audio.



Private, ad
Alerter
Calling party,
If
Calling
No
No



hoc group
& all
if not already
authorized
party vies



call from
invitees
in session. If
& opted, all
for token



superior to

authorized &
registered
per



subset of

opted, all
members
selected,



closed group

registered
not in
authorized



members

group
session.
option





members not
“Forced





already in
audio” and





session., and
alerting





if the caller so
group





chooses,
members





“forced
not already





audio”
in session






are






mutually






exclusive.






If forced






audio is not






selected by






the caller,






then






members






already in






the group






session






would have






public audio






and any






alerted






members






would have






invited






audio.


Talker
Open
No
No
No
Normal
No
No


Arbitration




arbitration



Closed, peer-
No
No
No
Normal
No
No



to-peer



arbitration



model



Closed,
No
No
No
Superior
No
No



superior in



vies for



superior-



token per



subordinate



selected,



model



authorized







option



Ad hoc
No
No
No
Depending
No
No







on model







used,







either







normal







arbitration







or vying







for token







per







selected,







authorized







option


Call
Open
No
No
No
No
No
No


Participants
Closed
No
No
No
No
No
No


Stop Talking
Ad hoc
No
No
No
No
All
Yes








removed








from








session


Leave Group
Open
No
No
No
No
User
User


As with





removed
removed


joining a





from
from group


group, this





session
membership


could result
Closed
No
No
No
No
User
No


from an





removed


explicit user





from


action, or be





session


automatically
Ad hoc - this
No
No
No
No
User
User


done by the
would only




removed
removed


user's PTT
happen in the




from
from group


client (e.g.,
peer-to-peer




session
membership


at power-
model when


down).
a user



decides to



leave an ad



hoc group



call before it



is finished.



Note that,



after the call



has



completed,



the network



will



automatically



remove all



members



from the



group



session and



dissolve ad



hoc group



membership.









Alerts

An alert can be delivered only if the target has a current registration with the SIP registrar and is accessible via a 1xRTT data call. The target can either respond to the alert by one of the following means: Pushing the PTT button, which will cause a standard Push-to-talk call to be established; clear the alert, which discards the alert without a response to the originator; and store the alert which saves the alerting party's addressing information for later retrieval, and will stop audible alert tones in progress.
Now turning to FIG. 1, an embodiment of the main architecture is shown. The Home Agent (HA) 18, part of the 1xRTT core network, provides IMS network components 48 with a single interface for communication with the mobile station's Push-to-talk client 20. While a 1xRTT network is here depicted, the invention is applicable also to UMTS radio access and core networks.
The application server 26 provides SIP access/services (e.g. proxy, redirect, back-to-back user agent, authentication, etc.). Additionally, the application server 26 can run in any of the following service modes: stateless and stateful.
The PTT Server 34 for Push-to-talk service, manages talker arbitration, tracks active member participation in a group, and distributes received Real time Transport Protocol (RTP) voice packets to call participants. The PTT server 34 functions as a SIP back-to-back user agent (BBUA).
A Registrar and Location Server 36 provides for terminal registration of availability and contact locations, and for proxy retrieval of location/contact information. The associated Location Database 38 stores and manages dynamic location updates for subscribers. The Application Server 26 utilizes the JDBC interface to access data when handling sessions, although other protocols could be used to access the data.
A Database Server 40 provides access to the user and group database 42. The database 42 stores all of the user profile information for the Application Server 26, and group membership information for the PTT Server 34. The Application 26 and PTT 34 Servers utilize JDBC to access stored information, although other protocols could be used for access.
Additionally, the Radio Access and Core networks is shown 46 along with the managed IP network 48 and the rest of the elements in FIG. 1.
Wireless Specific Codecs
For mobiles being served by a 1xRTT radio access network (RAN) 46, optimal voice quality is obtained via use of the Enhanced Variable Rate Codec (EVRC) or Selectable Mode Vocoder (SMV), with over-the-air speech frames carrying EVRC/SMV payload but no VoIP headers. Present 3GPP2 QoS framework plans, therefore, envision use of EVRC/SMV circuit voice over the air in the All-IP Network. Accordingly, Push-to-talk clients use the EVRC/SMV vocoder when served by a 1xRTT network 46, such that transcoding is not required between 1xRTT mobiles. Where clients do not employ the same codec, a media gateway will be needed to provide transcoding.
It should be noted that the above described components are logical or functional elements, where multiple functions could be provided by the same hardware platform.
Now turning to FIG. 2, the diagram depicts the application-layer interfaces and protocols in the present embodiment. For each of the interfaces, the table below explains the degree to which the interface complies with a standard.














Degree of


Interface
Protocol
Standards Compliance







Mobile Station 20
Enhanced Variable
Completely standardized.


and PTT Server 34
Rate Coding 
For UMTS radio access



(EVRC/SMV)
networks, other codecs




would be used.



Real-time Transport
EVRC/SMV variant of RTP



Protocol (RTP)
is needed, but it is soon to be




standardized.


Mobile Station 20
Compression
SIP compression techniques;


and IMS Proxy

inter-working is possible so


Server 16

long as the mobile and IMS




employ the same algorithm.



Session Initiated
Extensions to IETF-specified



Protocol (SIP) - Prime
SIP used in order to reduce




over the air Push-to-talk




signaling; inter-working is




possible where the mobile




and IMS employ the same




extensions.



Session Description
Likely completely standard-



Protocol (SDP)
ized, once EVRC/SMV is




included as a codec.



eXtended Markup
This is transparently passed



Language (XML)
by the IMS between the




mobile 20 and the PTT server




34. While standardized, both




the mobile 20 and PTT server




34 must employ the same




Document Type Definition




(DTD) for inter-working to




occur.


IMS Proxy Server
SIP′
Extensions to IETF-specified


16 and PTT Server

SIP used in order to reduce


34

over the air Push-to-talk




signaling; inter-working is




possible where the PTT server




34 and IMS 16 employ the




same extensions.



SDP
Likely completely standard-




ized, once EVRC/SMV is




included as a codec.



XML
This is transparently passed




by the IMS 16 between the




mobile 20 and the PTT server




34. While standardized, both




the mobile 20 and PTT server




34 must employ the same




Document Type Definition




(DTD) for inter-working to




occur.


IMS Proxy Server
SIP
Completely standardized


16 and Registrar




36




IMS Proxy Server
Java Database
Standardized, but both the


16 and Location
Connectivity (JDBC)
IMS 16 and Location Server


Server 36

36 must employ the same




schema for inter-working to




occur. Other protocols could




also be used.


IMS Proxy Server
JDBC
Standardized, but both the


16 and Database

IMS 16 and Database Server


Server 40

40 must employ the same




schema for successful inter-




orking. Other protocols could




also be used.









Individual target clients are addressed by means of a user-specific SIP Uniform Resources Locator (URL). However, groups of clients are addressed by one of two means: a group-specific URL may be used to join a pre-provisioned closed group or the user may specify a list of targeted, individual users' SIP URLs for an ad hoc group call or alert. However, another embodiment may support use of a group-specific URL for a call or alert to a closed group.
Quality of Server (QoS) Requirements
Bandwidth requirements for the IP backbone (BBN) network would depend on the traffic model. Other network requirements are derived from the QoS requirements for transport of SIP signaling & half-duplex (HDX) EVRC/SMV VoIP. QoS requirements for SIP signaling include the following: very high reliability (i.e., very low packet loss and very low packet corruption); and real-time latency.
For full-duplex (FDX) voice traffic, subjective voice quality studies indicate the following: packet loss rate (PLR) of more than 2% significantly affects perceived voice quality; beyond 150 ms end-to-end delay, increasing latency results in rapid deterioration of perceived voice quality; and jitter should be less than 1 ms.
Push-to-talk voice transport requirements can be inferred from these metrics for FDX voice traffic. For Push-to-talk's HDX voice, high reliability is likewise required. This is especially true, considering that under ideal RF conditions with forward error correction (FEC), non-RLP-protected frames incur a 2% frame error rate (FER) over the air (OTA)—one packet's EVRC/SMV voice sample would fit into a single frame—and Push-to-talk voice traffic will typically pass OTA twice.
Regarding end-to-end delay, the traditional latency requirement can be significantly relaxed, given both the HDX nature of speech transmissions and the time between speech transmissions required for talker arbitration. (Latency affects perceived voice quality by increasing the round-trip delay for someone to respond to a given talker.) In contrast to traditional telephony, signaling (e.g. SIP signaling) will likely have more stringent latency requirements than voice.
Jitter is typically removed by the endpoints by use of a jitter buffer, and in the case of the present embodiment, the PCF does this prior to sending voice packets over the air on a circuit voice link. An x-millisecond jitter buffer will remove jitter from traffic within an x-millisecond window, at the expense of adding x milliseconds of latency. Late packets arriving outside of the current window are thrown away, increasing the PLR. IP networks, especially unmanaged ones, can add 10 s of milliseconds of jitter; however, given the relaxed end-to-end delay requirement relative to FDX telephony, the present jitter buffer can likely afford to be larger, since the increased delay to remove jitter would likely have less impact on perceived voice quality than jitter-induced packet loss. The bottom line for the IP network requirements is that it must support highly reliable transport of Push-to-talk traffic with real-time latency requirements, minimizing jitter as much as possible. Hence, in the present embodiment, QoS enhancements have been made, as noted below in connection with FIG. 3.
Direct Access Architecture—Logical
Now turning to FIG. 3, a more detailed view of the Push-to-talk network reference architecture is shown. In this view, the IP backbone network is treated as a trusted network; a router provides connectivity between the backbone network and the managed IP network. Additionally, the “PTT, Managed IP Network” 16 and “Managed IP Network” 48 could be one and the same. Moreover, in this embodiment, Internet and Operational Support System (OSS) connectivity is provided via the backbone network 24.
Further, although FIG. 3 is similar to FIG. 1, a base terminal station 50 is shown connecting the mobile station 20 to the base station controller/packet control subsystem 52. The BSC in turn connects directly to the mobile switching center/visitor location register 54 and then the home location register 56 through an SS7 network 58.
Moreover, the BSC also connects to a Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN) 60 and then to the managed IP network 48. The authentication, authorization and access server 62 is also connected to the managed IP network 48.
Specifically, in this embodiment, the MS 20 is a traditional 1xRTT mobile handset with the following enhancements: includes user interface enhancements to support Push-to-talk and directory service functionality; includes a SIP-based Push-to-talk client; and has the capability to multiplex data (including SIP signaling) and EVRC/SMV circuit voice packets onto a data call's base channel, by means of an RLP secondary service option.
The BTS (Base station Transceiver Subsystem) 50 includes a traditional BTS function. The Push-to-talk calls are largely transparent to the BTS 50, as it treats them much the same as a traditional 1xRTT data call.
In this embodiment, the BSC's Packet Control Function (PCF) 52 is the BSC data selection function for 1xRTT data. Besides traditional BSC and PCU functionality, the PCF additionally provides the following:
RLP secondary service option (SO) for multiplexing of EVRC/SMV circuit voice and data over the same base RF channel;
DiffSery marking for to distinguish uplink voice from data traffic;
Prioritized queuing for voice versus SIP signaling versus other data for downlink traffic, and for voice versus other data for uplink traffic;
Multiplexing of user's EVRC/SMV voice packets & PPP data packets over a single GRE tunnel on the R-P interface;
Jitter buffer for downlink voice packets;
Re-sequencing of out-of-order, downlink voice packets; and
Discarding of overly aged, downlink voice packets.
The MSC/VLR 54 provides traditional MSC/VLR functions. Push-to-talk calls are largely transparent to the MSC/VLR 54. It treats them much the same as any other 1xRTT data call (i.e., provides authorization & authentication).
The HLR/AC 56 provides traditional HLR/AC functions. Push-to-talk calls are largely transparent to the HLR/AC, as they are treated much the same as any other 1xRTT data call (provides authorization & authentication).
In this embodiment, the PDSN (Packet Data Serving Node) 60 provides traditional PDSN functionality:

    IP network connectivity for 1xRTT data calls;
    Establishment of PPP links with mobile stations for data traffic;
    Mobile IP (MIP) foreign agent (FA) capability, including reverse tunneling;
    Interaction with the AAA server for authentication & accounting purposes;
    The PDSN additionally provides the following for Push-to-talk traffic;
    PPP-free operation for exchange of voice packets with the PCU;
    VoIP gateway, stripping RTP/UDP/IP headers for downlink EVRC/SMV traffic, and adding these headers for uplink EVRC/SMV traffic;
    Over-the-air header compression for UDP/IP (e.g., for SIP traffic) and TCP/IP (per evolving 3GPP2
    QoS framework, this will be based on ROHC);
    Multiplexing of both EVRC/SMV voice packets & PPP data packets over a single GRE tunnel; and
    DiffSery support—DiffSery (re)marking & per-hop behavior (PHB) to distinguish uplink & downlink voice, SIP, and other data packets.


The Authentication, Authorization, & Accounting (AAA) Server 62 provides Authentication and Accounting functions for wireless data services. It supports Mobile-IP-based authentication based on user name and shared secret data, and maintains per-user packet counts for accounting purposes.
The Home Agent (HA) 18 registers the current point of attachment (i.e., current FA) of the mobile node, and tunnels IP packets to/from the current point of attachment. The HA 18 accepts registration requests using the Mobile IP protocol, and uses this information to update the current attachment point. Packets being sent to the mobile node's home address are intercepted and tunneled to the mobile's current location. The HA also supports reverse tunneling.
Finally, like the PDSN 60, the HA 18 is a fully compliant Diffserve edge node, supplying both (re-)marking and per-hop behavior.
Other elements in FIG. 3 have already been discussed in connection with FIG. 1. However, the following features should be additionally noted, which serve to reduce delays which could contribute to the user's perception of network responsiveness:
SIP compression is used between the MS 20 and the IMS proxy server 26, to reduce over-the-air transmission delays;
Over the air SIP messaging is minimized, as later depicted in FIGS. 6-12.
DiffSery marking of packets at layer 3 is provided by the IMS 26 and PTT Server 34, in order to enable differentiated treatment for voice, SIP signaling and other data;
802.1p priority is used at layer 2, by components of the managed IP network 16, in order to provide differentiated treatment of voice and SIP signaling.
Now turning to FIG. 4, the diagram depicts a more logical view of the network reference architecture, and shows the paths taken by SIP signaling (dotted line) and voice packets (solid line). SIP traffic (e.g. REGISTER request) goes from the MS 20 to the Registrar Server 36 through the BTS 50, the BSC 52, the PDSN 60, the HA 18, and the IMS Proxy Server 16. A registration signal is then sent to the PTT server 34. Similarly, the voice path from the MS 20 to the PTT Server 34 through the BTS 50, the BSC 52, the PDSN 60 and the HA 18.

Always On

For Push-to-talk users, a user's packet-data session is always in “connected-state”. Although radio-link resources do not remain allocated to an inactive user, this fact is hidden from the user. The user does not have to do anything special do bring his radio-link connection back into active state, when needed. Hence a dedicated over-the-air traffic channel is automatically allocated for the user whenever there is need to send or receive packet-data. This is known as a Dormant to Active transition.
Instant Response
When the user is in Active state, responses to the user are delayed only by RAN packet propagation delay, and network and application delays. Nominal packet round-trip delays in RAN are usually very small ( ̃250 ms under favorable RF conditions).
When a user is in Dormant state, the network response cannot be instantaneous because of Dormant-Active transition. User still can get immediate feedback regarding call-progress and failures.
Dormant-to-Active state transition requires allocating a traffic channel to the user and RLP synchronization between the user and the PCF. Delays inherently associated with IS-2000 call-setup procedures (used for dormant-to-active transition) put a limit on the instantaneousness of the user experience for initiating a PTT talk-spurt.
Dormant Terminating Mobiles
If all the mobiles in a group to which a Push-to-talk call terminates are dormant, the caller will experience additional delay during which at least one of the terminating mobiles is brought into Active state.
Network-initiated Dormant-to-Active transitions take longer due to additional delay due to paging.
If at least one of the terminating mobiles is in Active state, the caller will encounter no additional delays with respect to the network response.
Optimization of Dormant-to-Active Transition Delay
Delays associated with initial talk-spurt are minimized using the following approaches: (1) for mobile originated dormant-to-active transitions, early Channel Assignment can be used to assign a mobile to traffic-channel in parallel, with network resources are being allocated and prepared for the call, thus compensates for the over-the-air delays inherent with IS2000 call-setup; (2) for quicker terminations to mobiles, use of slot-cycle-index (SCI) of zero instead of higher values of SCI which conserve battery-life but increase paging time to the mobile (e.g. typical SCI value of 2 results in mobile listening to paging channel every 5.12 seconds). Using SCI=0, results in mobile listening to paging channel every 1.28 seconds instead. This reduces call-setup time accordingly. A 1xRTT mobile operating with SCI=0 should have a battery life of  ̃40 hrs with today's commercially deployed battery technology.
Call Flows
A subset of use cases is now described by way of call flows. The selected use cases include the following:

    Registering for general SIP-based services, by which the user is enabled to participate in Direct Connect service;
    Joining a closed group session;
    Direct Connect call by user who is already active in a closed group session, where the group uses the peer-to-peer communication model (note that, for users already active in a group session using this model, a call & initial talker arbitration are identical);
    Leaving a closed group session; and
    Alert-initiated Direct connect call to an ad hoc group of three users. We depict both call setup, call refusal, & teardown. (Note that a one-to-one Direct Connect call is a degenerate case of an ad hoc group call.)


While not inclusive, the use cases selected for call flows are to provide an understanding of the general approach to providing a Push-to-talk solution at the application layer. However, other embodiments may modify the architecture represented in these call flows and still remain in the spirit of the invention.
Mobile-to-mobile, internet-to-mobile, & mobile-to-internet calls are not distinguished since the SIP-based, IP multimedia network solution should be largely independent of the underlying access network technology. Push-to-talk clients, on the other hand, must obviously be aware of the access network being used. This statement is particularly true for non-integrated or “split” terminals—e.g., a laptop (TE) with either a PCMCIA 1xRTT or 802.3 modem (MT), which would need to sense the type of modem in use & send EVRC/SMV circuit voice or EVRC/SMV VoIP respectively.
The following design constraints/goals were imposed on the design of the call flows:

    To reduce over-the-air (OTA) transmission time for SIP signaling, and to eliminate connection oriented messaging, UDP should be used instead of TCP or SCTP for transport of signaling;
    Compressed SIP/SDP messages must be exchanged with the 1xRTT access network, in order to reduce the OTA transmission time for SIP messages (the IMS proxy server will provide compression/decompression capability for downlink/uplink messages respectively);
    As compression algorithms that maintain session history typically achieve better compression results than algorithms which maintain no state information, the IMS proxy server must be call-stateful rather than unstated or (transaction) stateful;
    To optimize responsiveness of the Direct Connect service to the user, the number of necessary OTA SIP messages should be minimized, even at the expense of standards compliance;
    The Direct Connect service solution provided in the Succession IMS network should be, to the greatest extent possible, decoupled from the 1xRTT radio access network (RAN) and core network (CN) (Such decoupling enables separate evolution of the application network and the 1xRTT RAN and CN);
    A PTT server should not be allocated for a group until the first group member joins the group and thereby establishes a session with a PTT server (this constraint results in a more easily managed, robust & reliable network); and
    Consistent with the trend to push application-specific logic toward SIP endpoints, Direct-Connect-specific service logic should be pushed toward the terminals' client software & toward the PTT server, & away from the SIP registrar & IMS proxy server.


Preconditions for the call flows include the following:

    All depicted mobiles have already established a Mobile IP session with the home agent (HA), & hence have already established a PPP session with the PDSN. They have also obtained the address of the IMS proxy server via a DNS SRV query. As our focus in this section is on the part of the Direct-Connect solution provided by the IMS network, we abstract away the transport provided by the 1xRTT CN & RAN, & depict direct connectivity between the MS & both the PTT server for voice traffic & the IMS proxy server for SIP signaling.
    All group URLs start with a reserved substring—e.g., “group”—to enable network elements to clearly distinguish group URLs from user URLs.
    To facilitate IMS (application server) discovery of available PTT servers, each PIT server has registered its URL as a contact for the well known, generic, PTT server, pttserver@operator.com. Each PTT server's URL's host name includes the server's IP address, to preclude subsequent DNS queries to resolve the server's address. (When a PTT server's load exceeds a provisioned threshold, it removes the registration; later, when loading falls below a provisioned threshold, the PTT server re-registers itself as a contact.)


Finally, we present call flows for the above selected use cases. Now turning to FIG. 5, a call flow is shown for a user registering with a registrar. Step 1—The user of MS1 performs some action, e.g., powering up handset, activating some SIP-based service, etc., that requires the user to register with the SIP Registrar.
Step 2—The MS1 sends a compressed REGISTER request to the Succession IMS network. We assume that the MS is at home—i.e., the From header's address domain is identical with the current network domain. The To header identifies the user for which a contact is to be registered; the From header identifies the party initiating the registration. In this case, they are the same. The host part of the Contact header's SIP URL is the IP address of the mobile that has been allocated from the home agent's (HA's) subnet.
Step 3—Upon receipt of the REGISTER request, the IMS proxy server decompresses the SIP/SDP payload, caches the MS's IP address, and requests the user's profile from the Subscriber database.
Step 4—The Subscriber Database returns the profile to the IMS proxy server, which performs any necessary authentication and, given an authenticated user, performs subscriber authorization (e.g., verifies that the subscription is paid up, etc.). The IMS caches the profile for later use.
Step 5—The IMS proxy server relays the REGISTER request to the SIP Registrar.
Step 6—The SIP Registrar registers user1@<MS's IP address> as a contact for user1@operator.com, and returns a 200 OK to the IMS proxy server. The 200 OK message includes an Expires header, which specifies the duration of the registration. This registration must be periodically refreshed.
Step 7—The IMS proxy server compresses the 200 OK and forwards it to the MS.
Now turning to FIG. 6, a call flow is shown on Joining a Closed Group Session. As preconditions for this call flow, the following assumptions are made: another user (e.g., the user of MS2) has already joined closed group groupID1@operator.com; and the depicted PTT server has been allocated to serve groupID1@operator.com.
This call flow describes how a user joins a group, & may be abstracted into two stages: Steps 1-12—joining the group, by establishing a session (via the INVITE method) with the PTT Server; and Steps 13-16—registering as a contact for the user the group's SIP URL, so that any subsequent ad hoc group calls/alerts will be routed via the PTT server to the user. By such routing, acceptance of a call of this sort may result in the user leaving the original group session prior to RTP packet distribution for the new call. (Without this, the user could simultaneously receive voice packets from two different calls.)
At startup, the SIP Registrar established a registration of pttserver@operator.com as a contact for each provisioned, open or closed group, including groupID1@operator.com, the closed group involved in this call flow. Such registration facilitates dynamic assignment of a PTT server for a group. When the first group member joined a group—e.g., in this case the user of MS2 joining groupID1@operator.com—the IMS proxy server queried the location server for the group's registered contact. Since the contact was the well-known, generic, PTT server URL, pttserver@operator.com, signifying that no PTT server had been assigned for the group, the IMS queried the location server for the active PTT servers that were registered as contacts for this URL, unless the IMS had already cached this information. The IMS selected one of the registered PTT servers' contact URLs, and relayed the joining user's INVITE to the selected server. This PTT server, in turn, registered its URL as the preferred contact for the group.
Note that the conventional order of REGISTER followed by INVITE has been inverted. However, the conventional order could be followed with the consequence of longer delay before the user is enabled to participate in group calls.
Step 1—Explicitly via MMI at the mobile station (MS1) or, alternatively, implicitly and automatically via MS power-up, the user activates the Push-to-talk client, and identifies groupID1 as the group to be joined.
Step 2—The SIP-based, Push-to-talk client in the MS sends a compressed INVITE request to the proxy server. The From header identifies user1@operator.com as the user's SIP URL. The To header identifies the SIP URL of the group to be joined (i.e., groupID1@operator.com). The Contact header identifies the MS's IP address in the host portion of the URL. Normally, the Contact header would provide the IP address of the user so that subsequent requests may be sent directly to the user's terminal, instead of through a series of SIP proxy servers. As the SIP compression/decompression function is allocated to the IMS proxy server, and as the compression algorithm is session-stated (in order to enable better compression results), all signaling traffic from mobiles must transit the proxy server. Record-Route & Route headers are used to force subsequent SIP messages related to this session through the same IMS proxy server. The Proxy-Require header indicates that the proxy-server must support Push-to-talk-specific processing. The Session Description Protocol (SDP) body identifies the MS's IP address and RTP port number to which EVRC/SMV voice packets should be sent.
Step 3—Upon receipt of the INVITE request, the IMS proxy server decompresses the SIP/SDP payload, and parses the SIP/SDP headers. Finding that the Proxy-Require header necessitates support for Push-to-talk, the proxy server permits Push-to-talk-specific extensions to the SIP protocol. The IMS caches the MS's IP address, & requests the user's profile from the Database Server.
Step 4—The Database Server returns the profile to the IMS proxy server, which performs any necessary authentication. Given an authenticated user, the proxy server performs general subscriber authorization (e.g., verifies that the subscription is paid up, etc.) and, given that the Proxy-Require indicates support for Push-to-talk, verifies that the user subscribes to some form of Push-to-talk service. The IMS caches the profile for later use.
Step 5—The proxy server queries the location server regarding the location of groupID1@operator.com.
Step 6—Within the location server, the groupID1@operator.com URL has been registered with a contact list comprised of the URL of the PTT server serving groupID1. The location server thus sends this URL in response to the proxy server. The contact URL includes the IP address of the PTT server.
Step 7—The proxy server caches groupID1's PTT server address, and sends a compressed 100 Trying to the MS.
Step 8—The proxy server then relays the INVITE request to the PIT server, replacing the Request-URI with the URL of the PTT server. The protocol exchange between the proxy server and the location server would be unnecessary if the proxy server had already cached the address of the PTT Server serving groupID1.
Step 9—The PIT server queries the database server for user1's groupID1 membership data, and caches this for later use. The PTT server functions as a SIP back-to-back user agent (BBUA), distributes received speech packets, and provides talker arbitration. It now modifies data structures that facilitate these functions. The PIT server adds the MS's IP address & RTP port number to the “multicast group” associated with groupID1, adds the user's SIP URL to a list of users who've joined group groupID1, establishes a mapping from the user's SIP URL to MS1's IP address and RTP port number, and returns a 200 OK to the IMS SIP proxy with an SDP message body specifying the PTT server's IP address & groupID1's RTP port number to which the PTT-service client should send voice packets. Note that the 1× technology is presently inadequate to support IETF-specified multicasting with Class D multicast addresses. While 3GPP2 has discussed supporting IP multicasts, it is unlikely to address such in the near future. The PTT Server, therefore in this embodiment effectively “multicasts” received speech packets by replicating received packets for each group member (other than the packet originator), replacing the group-specific, unicast, destination IP address & RTP port number with the individual IP address & RTP port number of each member, and forwarding the modified packets to group members. Thus, “multicast group” does not here refer to an IP multicast group, but rather to an ad hoc association between both the PTT server's (unicast) IP address & group-specific RTP port number and the IP addresses & RTP port numbers of active group members.
If this is the first received INVITE for groupID1@operator.com, the PTT Server allocates a speech token, members' SIP-URL list, and group-specific RTP port number, saves the association between the group and token/list/port-number, and assigns the token a status of available. In this message flow at least one other member is assumed to have already joined the group.
Step 10—The IMS SIP proxy compresses & forwards the 200 OK to MS1.
Step 11—MS1 decompresses the 200 OK. Via the MMI, the MS1 advises the user that the user successfully joined groupID1. The MS also saves the PIT server's IP address & the group's RTP port number from the received SDP. The user has joined group groupID1, and will now participate in any in-progress & subsequent group calls.
Step 12—The MS sends a compressed ACK to acknowledge receipt of the 200 OK. The IMS proxy server decompresses the ACK & forwards it to the PIT server.
Step 13—Upon receipt of the ACK, the PIT server, on behalf of the user, performs a 3rd-party registration. The PIT server sends a REGISTER request, identifying the groupID1 SIP URL as the location at which the user may be reached. (Normally, a SIP client would register on his/her own behalf. The PTT server initiates 3rd party registration to reduce the over-the-air messaging and consequent delay to achieve the registration.)
Step 14—Upon receipt of the REGISTER request, the proxy server recognizes the PTT server (identified in the From header) as a trusted entity, & skips any normally performed authentication & authorization. The proxy server relays the REGISTER request to the SIP Registrar.
Step 15—The SIP Registrar registers groupID1's URL as a contact for user1@operator.com, where the host portion of the URL includes the PTT server's IP address, and returns a 200 OK to the IMS proxy server. The 200 OK message includes an Expires header, which specifies the duration of the registration. By virtue of this registration, push-to-talk calls/alerts placed from outside the group to the user will be relayed via the PTT server to the user, so that acceptance of a call of this sort may result in the user leaving the original group session. This registration must be periodically refreshed. (This contact registration is additive with respect to prior registrations. The contact headers and parameters may be used to give the group contact higher priority than prior registrations.)
Step 16—The IMS proxy server relays the 200 OK to the PTT server.
Now turning to FIG. 8, a call flow is shown for a push-to-talk Call (or Talker Arbitration) for an already active group member. This call flow explains how an active group member places a group call. (An active member is one who has already joined the group session.) Note the efficiency of group call setup relative to conventional SIP-based telephony (which would require three SIP messages at a minimum exchanged with each member of the group). Having already indicated in the previous call flows the use of the Proxy-Require header, how the IMS proxy server authenticates/authorizes the user, and how the MS and the IMS proxy server compress SIP messages over the air, such details are omitted in this and subsequent call flows. Preconditions of this call flow include the following: three mobile users have already joined group groupID1, who relate per the peer-to-peer communication model; and the IMS proxy server has already cached profile & location information for all three users.
Step 1—The user of MS1 presses the PIT button to place a group call.
Step 2—the MS1 sends a SUBSCRIBE request to the proxy server, requesting the groupID1 speech token. The SUBSCRIBE method to request and release the speech token for a group is used. The To header identifies the group as groupID1@nextel.com; the Contact header identifies user1@nextel.com as the requestor, and also the grantee of the token in the event that it is granted. Note that the From header includes the display name, which will be ultimately be used to satisfy the requirement to display the name of the call originator. The Event header specification of speech token, with qualifying parameter of status=requested, identifies this as a speech-token request. A zero value for the Expires header signifies that a subscription should not be queued; rather, the resource status should be immediately reported.
Step 3—The proxy server forwards the SUBSCRIBE request to the PTT server serving groupID1.
Step 4—The PTT server parses the SUBSCRIBE message, and verifies that the groupID1 group is currently being served, that user1 has joined groupID1, and that user1 is authorized to speak within the group. Authorization to speak, whether or not the user has special privileges within the group, etc. is all contained in the user's membership data that was downloaded from the database server in the previous call flow. The PIT server now checks the status of the speech token that has been allocated for groupID1. If the speech-token status were already “taken” —this would occur when another user had pressed his/her MS's PTT first and had not yet released it—the PTT server would send to user1@operator.com a 200 OK that indicated this status, and would not queue the request for the speech token since the SUBSCRIBE request's Expires header indicates a subscription duration of zero. As the token is available, the PTT server saves user1@operator.com as the grantee of the groupID1 speech token, and sends to the users of MS2 & MS3 a NOTIFY message that identifies the call originator. Associated with each open & closed group is an inactivity timer. Whenever the speech token is released, the timer is (re)set to a provisioned value. If the timer expires before a new request for the group's speech token is received, then the current call is considered to have ended, and any next request for the token starts a new call. The PIT server checks whether the timer has expired upon receipt of a speech token request. If so, the PTT Server will convey the display name of the call originator to target users, and must receive at least one response (per our assumption noted in the response to R8) before granting the speech token to the requestor; otherwise, to conserve system capacity, it will not convey the display name of the speaker to other group members, and will immediately provide speech token status to the requestor. The INFO method could also be used to convey the identity of the call originator. Conveying the status of the subscribed resource in the SUBSCRIBE's 200 OK is an optimization over what is specified in draft-roach-sip-subscribe-notify-03. The present embodiment disallows the Event header in the SUBSCRIBE 200 OK, specifies that the 200 OK should simply indicate acceptance of the subscription, and requires a subsequent NOTIFY request and response to convey the status of the subscribed resource. The NOTIFY method is dispensed in this call flow, and thus “optimized away” two messages over the air and thereby shortened call-setup delay.
Step 5—The IMS proxy relays the NOTIFY requests to MS2 and MS3. The request recipients display the identity of the call originator & respond with a 200 OK, which the IMS proxy server relays to the PTT server.
Step 6—Upon receipt of the first NOTIFY 200 OK, the PTT server sends the SUBSCRIBE 200 OK conveying “token granted” status. The alternative of having the 200 OK stimulating the MS to play a mobile-generated tone was considered, however, since in other contexts using SIP signaling to stimulate tones would adversely affect system capacity, it was decided to uniformly use RTP to convey tones from the PTT server to MSs. The PTT server also sends an RTP packet conveying the “token granted” tone to MS1, so that the mobile may play the tone to the user.
Step 7—The IMS proxy server relays the 200 OK to the user of MS1.
Step 8—The MS1 receives both the tone-bearing RTP packet and the 200 OK. MS1, consequently, notifies the user (e.g., via audible tone) that he has been granted the right to speak. If the speech token were already taken (versus granted), a different audible tone would be sounded, releasing the PTT button would not result in any SIP messaging, and the user returns to Step 1 if he still wishes to obtain the right to speak.
Step 9—The user speaks.
Step 10—The MS1 vocodes the speech using its EVRC/SMV codec, and sends voice packets to the PTT server.
Step 11—The PTT server receives the voice packets. For each active member of the group (other than the packet originator), the server replaces the destination IP address and port number of each packet with the member's address and RTP port number, and sends the modified packet to the member.
Now continuing on to FIG. 8, Step 12—The user releases the PTT button.
Step 13—The MS1 sends a SUBSCRIBE request to the proxy server, in order to release the groupID1 speech token.
Step 14—The IMS proxy server forwards the request to the PTT server.
Step 15—The PTT server parses the SUBSCRIBE message, verifies that the groupID1 group is active and that user1@operator.com has been granted groupID1's speech token. Then the PTT server changes the speech-token status to “available,” sends to user1@operator.com a 200 OK that indicates “available” status for the speech token, and clears storage related to speech-token grantee identification.
Step 16—The PTT server also sends an RTP packet conveying “token available” status to each MS in the group session.
Step 17—The proxy server relays the 200 OK to MS1.
Step 18—Upon receipt of the RTP packet, which may arrive before the 200 OK in the case of MS1, each MS audibly notifies its user that the speech token is available.
Now turning to FIG. 9, a call flow is shown where a user leaves a closed group session. This call flow depicts a user leaving a closed group session that the user previously joined. Preconditions for this flow include the following: the IMS proxy server has already cached profile & location information for the user; and the IMS proxy server has already cached the IP address of the PTT server serving the groupID1.
Step 1—The user indicates via the MMI that the user wishes to leave the previously joined session for group groupID1.
Step 2—The Push-to-talk client in MS1 sends a BYE request, which the IMS proxy server relays to the PTT server.
Step 3—On behalf of the user, the PIT server sends a third-party REGISTER request with an Expires header value of zero, in order to remove MS1's registration of groupID1@operator.com as a contact for user1@operator.com. The IMS proxy relays the REGISTER request to the SIP Registrar.
Step 4—Finding the Expires header with value of zero, the SIP Registrar removes the registered contact for user1@operator.com, and returns a 200 OK to the IMS proxy server.
Step 5—The IMS proxy server relays the 200 OK to the PIT server. The MS will no longer be reached for ad hoc group calls via the proxy server.
Step 6—The PIT server effectively removes the user from the group. The server removes the MS1's IP address & RTP port number from the set of such user tuples associated with groupID1, removes the user's SIP URL from the list of users who've joined group groupID1, removes the mapping from the user's SIP URL to the MS's IP address, and returns a 200 OK to the SIP proxy server. If MS1 were the only active member of groupID1, the PTT server would de-allocate the group's speech token, the group's SIP-URL member list, & the group's RTP port number, and would remove the mapping from group ID to token/member-list/port-number. The user of MS1 no longer participates in group calls. The proxy server relays the 200 OK to MS1.
Step 7—Upon receipt of the 200 OK, MS1 indicates to the user that the user has left the groupID1 session.
Now turning to FIG. 10, a call flow is shown for an alert-initiated, push-to-talk call. The following call flow depicts an alert-initiated Direct connect call involving three users, who comprise an ad hoc group. Both a call setup and a call teardown is shown. In addition to the preconditions identified for all call flows above, this flow specifically has the following preconditions: (1) all users have registered (as exemplified in FIG. 6); (2) the IMS proxy server has cached profile data and contact information for each user; (3) to expedite call setup for ad hoc group calls, each active PTT server has already registered with the Registrar a set of unique, ad hoc group URLs, with the contact for each URL being the PTT server's URL. Additionally, the host portion of the PTT server's URL includes the IP address of the PTT server, so as to eliminate the need to do a DNS query to resolve the server's address. These registrations will be needed to route all alerts/calls intended for users currently participating in an ad hoc group call to the PTT server supporting that call (in the event that a user participating in an ad hoc group call decides to join still another call, the PTT server supporting the original call must cause the user to leave the current call, lest RTP packets from both calls be delivered to the user and result in garbled speech); (4) moreover, at startup, the SIP Registrar established a permanent registration of pttserver@operator.com as a contact for the well known, generic, ad hoc group, groupadhoc@operator.com. This registration enables dynamic assignment of a PIT server for an ad hoc call. Further, the IMS proxy server has already cached the registered contacts (i.e., URLs of available PTT servers) for pttserver@operator.com.
The call flow may be analyzed into the following stages: Steps 1-5—alerting the target users; Steps 6-12—targeted user responds to the alert by pressing the PTT button and placing a Push-to-talk call; Step 13—another targeted user declines to participate in the call; Step 14—talker arbitration between call participants; and Step 15—the resulting ad hoc group call is torn down due to inactivity timer expiration.
Step 1—The user of MS1 selects the users user2@operator.com & user3@operator.com as the targets of an ad hoc group alert.
Step 2—The MS1 sends an INVITE request with the To header identifying the well known, ad-hoc group name groupadhoc@operator.com. Conventional SIP restricts the To header to identifying exactly one party. To circumvent this restriction, since two parties are to be alerted, multi-part MIME is used. Multi-part Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME) is described by publicly available RFC 2046. The body of the INVITE request has two segments: SDP specification of the EVRC/SMV codec & of the sending user's IP address & RTP port number; XML specification of the URLs that should comprise the ad hoc group. PTT clients & PTT servers must use a common Document Type Definition (DTD) to define the members of an ad hoc group. Resulting XML-based specifications of group members may include the following: a list of constituent group URLs & individual users' URLs (with home domain name included); identification of the group administrator (i.e., the alert originator); the administrator's preference as to whether other call participants may invite others into the group call. The From header identifies the originator's SIP URL. The Remote-Party-ID header indicates the alerting party's display name & SIP URL to be presented to the target users. The Contact header identifies, in the host portion of the URL, the MS's IP address. The Date header identifies the time of the alert. Independent of the requirement to provide timestamp for alert messages, the Date header should be included in all SIP messages sent by the network to a mobile. MSs may thus detect “overly aged” SIP messages and handle them appropriately. The Subject header provides the means for the sender to convey an optional, customized alert message to the receiving users. The Require header specifies alerting of other group members not already in the session—for an ad hoc group, this is all other group members specified by XML in the message body—and inviting them to join the group session.
Step 3—Upon receipt of the INVITE request, the IMS proxy server finds that it has (from a previous Location Server query) already cached pttserver@operator.com as the contact for groupadhoc@operator.com. The proxy server also finds that it has cached a list of URLs of available PTT servers as the contacts for pttserver@operator.com. The IMS proxy server selects the URL of one of the available PTT servers, forwards the INVITE to that PTT server, & sends a 100 Trying to MS1.
Step 4—Based on groupadhoc@operator.com in the To field, the selected PTT server recognizes this INVITE request as being related to an ad hoc group. The server selects, from among the ad hoc group URLs associated with the server, a currently unused URL—e.g., groupadhoc1@operator.com. The server then parses the XML specification of group members to obtain the list of members' URLs, associates the list with groupadhoc1@operator.com, marks user1@operator.com as having joined the group, & marks the other members as not having joined the group. If a group URL were specified as part of the ad hoc group, then the PTT server would query the Directory Server to obtain URLs for the constituent members of the specified group. It then allocates and associates with the group both a speech token (marked as available) & an RTP port number. The PTT server creates the (empty) set of members' IP addresses & RTP port numbers, places user1's IP address & RTP port number (from the SDP) into this set, and creates a mapping from the user's URL to this address & port number. Note that the PTT server functions as a back-to-back user agent (BBUA). To each group member other than the sender of the original INVITE request, the PTT server sends (as a user agent client or UAC) an INVITE request that differs from the original only in the following respects: the To header specifies the target member's URL; the From header identifies groupadhoc1@operator.com as the alert originator; the Contact header specifies groupadhoc1's URL, with the host name portion of the URL designating the PTT server's IP address; the SDP specifies the PTT server's IP address & the ad hoc group's RTP port number.
Step 5—The IMS proxy server relays the INVITE requests to MS2 & MS3, which each alerts its user regarding the invitation to participate in the ad hoc group call. For example, a user may be alerted audibly (e.g., a tone) or mechanically (e.g., vibration) of the alert, and the associated displayed alert text would include, at a minimum, the display name of user1, the timestamp from the Date header, and any Subject header text.
Step 6—The user of MS2 immediately responds by pressing the PTT button, resulting in MS2 responding to the INVITE request with a 200 OK. The 200 OK contains SDP that specifies the EVRC/SMV codec, MS2's IP address, and the RTP port number to be used in voice packets that may be sent to MS2. The Remote-Party-ID header identifies the calling party's name, “John” in this call flow. The Contact header includes the user's IP address. The Event header in the 200 OK indicates that user2@operator.com requests the speech token. The SUBSCRIBE method was previously used in conjunction with the Event header, to request the speech token for a member that has already joined the group session. For one who has not joined the group session, INVITE must be used. Per the appropriate standards, INVITE requests (& INVITE 200 OK for alert-initiated calls) cannot contain the Event header, & use of a subsequent SUBSCRIBE method to request the speech token violates our design constraints to minimize over-the-air messaging & reduce call-setup delay. If the signaling is restricted to one SIP method only, the options are rather ad hoc in nature. One approach is to follow the lead of 3GPP (for network-initiated deregistration) & warp the semantics of the Allow-Events header to signal implicit event subscription (versus the IETF semantics of the sender allowing subscription for the specified events). This approach would at least be consistent with some standard for implicit subscription. Alternatively, the Require header could be used to implicitly subscribe to the speech token, use Event header information, use the message body (e.g., place Event header therein), introduce a new Subscribe header that allows piggybacking of SUBSCRIBE semantics onto the INVITE method or wholly encapsulate the SUBSCRIBE request in the body of the INVITE request or INVITE 200 OK. Once the speech token request is signaled, a separate NOTIFY to grant the token is precluded. (3GPP uses the NOTIFY method to explicitly provide the implicitly subscribed information regarding network-initiated de-registration.) Again, options to grant the speech token include use of the Require header, Event header, the message body, or a new Notify header that piggybacks the semantics of NOTIFY onto the INVITE & ACK methods. The disadvantages of using the Require header is that use of Require is typically domain specific (e.g., specific to Nextel domain), and does not lend itself well to interoperability. Use of the Event header, while optimal in maintaining consistency with its use in the SUBSCRIBE method, would likely not be approved by the IETF for inclusion in the INVITE method. Use of the message body (possibly with Event header-type text), would suffer from the same disadvantage. New headers to piggyback event-subscription semantics onto the INVITE & ACK methods should be further explored, but are not hopeful that this approach will find traction in the IETF. Thus, the present embodiment opted to use the Event header both to subscribe to the speech token (in the INVITE request when the calling party requests the speech token or in the 200 OK when the alerted party requests the token), and to grant it (in 200 OK when the calling party requests the speech token, and in the ACK when the alerted party requests the speech token). A less efficient, but standards-compliant solution, would employ separate INVITE, SUBSCRIBE, and NOTIFY methods, with resulting increased call-setup delay.
Step 7—The IMS proxy server relays the 200 OK to the PTT server.
Step 8—The PTT server now performs distinct processing related to each of the three members of the ad hoc group, spawning three parallel signaling threads that start in this step, Step 10, and Step 12. For user2@operator.com, the PTT server marks user2@operator.com as having joined the group, adds the user's IP address & RTP port number (from the received SDP) to the set of such maintained for members who have joined the group session, and creates a mapping from the user's URL to his/her IP address & RTP port number. The PTT server sends an ACK, with the Event header indicating to MS2 that its user has been granted the speech token, and also sends an RTP packet with the token-granted tone to MS2. The IMS proxy server relays the ACK to MS2, which notifies the speaker (e.g., via audible tone) that the user may speak. Accordingly, the user begins to speak, and the PTT server distributes the resulting voice packets to all other users who have joined the session (i.e., in this case just user1).
Now continuing on to FIG. 11, Step 9—In parallel with the PTT server's ACK transmission of Step 8, The PTT server also sends a 3rd-party registration on behalf of user2. The REGISTER request identifies groupadhoc1 as a contact for the user. The IMS proxy server relays the REGISTER request to the registrar. The registrar registers the contact, & returns a 200 OK via the IMS proxy server.
Step 10—This step occurs in parallel with Step 8. For user1@operator.com, the PTT server (as BBUA) sends a 200 OK final response to the original INVITE request, signifying that one of the targeted users has joined the call. The Contact header identifies the allocated ad hoc group URL. The allocated ad hoc group URL would be needed in order for the originator of the alert to expand the group membership and invite others into the call. The SDP specifies the EVRC/SMV codec, the PIT server's IP address, and the group's RTP port number. The Remote-Party-ID header identifies “John,” or user2@operator.com, as the calling party. The IMS proxy server relays the 200 OK to MS1. MS1 notifies the user that user2@operator.com (i.e., “John”) has been granted the speech token (the 200 OK with caller identification will generally arrive prior to any voice packets, as both must be transmitted by the PTT server to MS1, and the server first sends the 200 OK), and sends an ACK. The IMS proxy relays the ACK to the PTT server.
Step 11—In parallel with the PTT Server sending the 200 OK in Step 10, The server sends a 3rd-party registration on behalf of user1, identifying groupadhoc1 as a contact for the user. The IMS proxy server relays the REGISTER request to the registrar, and the 200 OK from the registrar to the user.
Step 12—This step occurs in parallel with Step 8. To user3@operator.com, the PTT server sends a NOTIFY request that indicates that “John,” or user2@operator.com, is the calling party. The IMS proxy server relays the message to MS3, which clears any audible or mechanical (e.g., vibrating) alert, & updates the alert display to indicate that a call is in progress. MS3 returns a 200 OK (with the Cseq header indicating that the response is for the NOTIFY rather than for the INVITE).
Step 13—the User3, noting that someone else has already responded to the alert, clears the alert at his/her terminal, which sends a 603 (Decline) final response. If no targeted user had responded to the alert in any way prior to expiration of a timer in the targeted MSs' Direct Connect applications, recipients of the INVITE would send a provisional response of 100 Trying, in order to prevent re-transmission of the INVITE by the PIT server. The IMS proxy server relays the response to the PTT server, and returns an ACK to MS3.
Now continuing on to FIG. 12, Step 14—In the meantime, talker arbitration and conversation occur between the two users in call, following the pattern of a prior call flow (that depicts the SUBSCRIBE method to release and request the speech token). The last speaker releases the speech token.
Step 15—Each time the speech token is released by any ad hoc group call participant, the PTT server (re)starts an inactivity timer. As the call participants have completed their conversation, the timer finally expires. The PIT server sends a BYE request to each user (via the IMS proxy server), removing them from the group session. When the users respond (via the IMS proxy server) with a 200 OK, the PIT server sends REGISTER requests to remove the registration of groupadhoc1operator.com as a contact for the users. The IMS proxy server relays the requests to the registrar, which removes the contacts and returns 200 OKs. The IMS proxy relays these final responses to the PTT server, which dissolves the group membership, and de-allocates the group URL and associated RTP port number. To avoid certain race conditions, the group URL and associated RTP port number should be “rested” for some time before being used for another group.
It is understood that several modifications, changes and substitutions are intended in the foregoing disclosure and in some instances some features of the invention will be employed without a corresponding use of other features. Accordingly, it is appropriate that the appended claims be construed broadly and in a manner consistent with the scope of the invention.

## Claims

1. A method for enabling a PTT private call between users in a wireless communications network, the method comprising:
receiving an SIP SUBSCRIBE to request a speech token of a multicast group, the SIP SUBSCRIBE including private identifications for a called party and a calling party;
responsive to receipt of the SIP SUBSCRIBE, removing the calling party and the called party from the multicast group; and
communicating speech packets from the calling party to the called party in a half-duplex manner.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
subsequent to the receiving, transmitting the speech token to the calling party.

3. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
receiving an SIP SUBSCRIBE to release the speech token; and
responsive to receipt of the SIP SUBSCRIBE to release the speech token, notifying the calling and called parties that the speech token is available.

4. The method of claim 3 wherein notifying the calling party that the speech token is available includes sending a response to the SIP SUBSCRIBE to release the speech token.

5. The method of claim 3 wherein notifying the called party that the speech token is available includes sending an SIP INFO.

6. The method of claim 3 wherein notifying the called party that the speech token is available includes sending an SIP NOTIFY.

7. The method of claim 3 wherein notifying the calling and called parties that the speech token is available includes multicasting to the calling and called parties a pre-stored tone.

8. The method of claim 1 further including reinstating the calling party and the called party as part of the multicast group upon termination of the private call.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein reinstating the calling and called party as part of the multicast group includes restoring IP addresses of mobile devices of the calling party and the called party to the multicast group.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein the SIP SUBSCRIBE to request the speech token originates from a mobile unit of the calling party.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein the SIP SUBSCRIBE to request the speech token is received from the mobile unit via a proxy server.

12. A method for enabling a PTT private call for users in a wireless communication network in which the users are registered as members of a multicast group, the method comprising:
receiving private identifications for each of a calling party and a called party;
responsive to receipt of the calling and called party private identifications, temporarily removing the calling party and the called party from the multicast group;
transmitting calling party information to the called party from the PTT Server; and
enabling communications directly between the calling party and the called party.

13. The method of claim 12 wherein the transmitting the calling party information uses a SIP NOTIFY message.

14. The method of claim 12 wherein the transmitting the calling party information uses an INFO message.

15. The method of claim 12 further including:
reinstating the calling party and the called party as part of the multicast group upon termination of the private call.

16. The method of claim 15 wherein reinstating the calling and called party as part of the multicast group includes restoring IP addresses of mobile devices of the calling party and the called party to the multicast group.

17. A PTT server for enabling PTT private calls for users in a wireless communications network, the PIT server comprising:
means responsive to receipt of an SIP SUBSCRIBE requesting a speech token of a multicast group and including private identifications for a called party and a calling party for removing the calling party and the called party from the multicast group; and
means for communicating speech packets from the calling party to the called party in a half-duplex manner.

18. The PTT server of claim 17 further comprising means for transmitting an acknowledge message that includes the requested speech token.

19. The PTT server of claim 17 further comprising:
means responsive to receipt of an SIP subscribe requesting release of the speech token for notifying the calling and called parties that the speech token is available.

20. The PIT server of claim 17 further comprising means for reinstating the calling party and the called party as part of the multicast group upon termination of the private call.