69–006 

110TH CONGRESS REPORT " ! HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 2d Session 110–635 

CRANE CONSERVATION ACT OF 2008 

MAY 13, 2008.—Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of 

the Union and ordered to be printed 

Mr. RAHALL, from the Committee on Natural Resources, 

submitted the following 

R E P O R T 

[To accompany H.R. 1771] 

[Including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office] 

The Committee on Natural Resources, to whom was referred the 

bill (H.R. 1771) to assist in the conservation of cranes by supporting and providing, through projects of persons and organizations with expertise in crane conservation, financial resources for 

the conservation programs of countries the activities of which directly or indirectly affect cranes and the ecosystems of cranes, having considered the same, report favorably thereon with an amendment and recommend that the bill as amended do pass. 

The amendment is as follows: 

Strike all after the enacting clause and insert the following: 

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Crane Conservation Act of 2008’’. 

SEC. 2. PURPOSES. 

The purposes of this Act are— 

(1) to perpetuate healthy populations of cranes; 

(2) to assist in the conservation and protection of cranes by supporting— 

(A) conservation programs in countries in which endangered and threatened cranes occur; and 

(B) the efforts of private organizations committed to helping cranes; and 

(3) to provide financial resources for those programs and efforts. 

SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. 

In this Act: 

(1) CONSERVATION.— 

(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘‘conservation’’ means the use of any method 

or procedure to improve the viability of crane populations and the quality 

of the ecosystems and habitats on which the crane populations depend to 


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help the species achieve sufficient populations in the wild to ensure the 

long-term viability of the species. 

(B) INCLUSIONS.—The term ‘‘conservation’’ includes the carrying out of 

any activity associated with scientific resource management, such as—

(i) protection, restoration, and management of habitat; 

(ii) research and monitoring of known populations; 

(iii) the provision of assistance in the development of management 

plans for managed crane ranges; 

(iv) enforcement of the Convention; 

(v) law enforcement and habitat protection through community participation; 

(vi) reintroduction of cranes to the wild; 

(vii) conflict resolution initiatives; and 

(viii) community outreach and education. 

(2) CONVENTION.—The term ‘‘Convention’’ has the meaning given the term in 

section 3 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1532). 

(3) FUND.—The term ‘‘Fund’’ means the Crane Conservation Fund established 

by section 5(a). 

(4) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means the Secretary of the Interior. 

SEC. 4. CRANE CONSERVATION ASSISTANCE. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Subject to the availability of appropriations and in consultation 

with other appropriate Federal officials, the Secretary shall use amounts in the 

Fund to provide financial assistance for projects relating to the conservation of 

cranes for which project proposals are approved by the Secretary in accordance with 

this section. 

(b) PROJECT PROPOSALS.—

(1) APPLICANTS.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—An applicant described in subparagraph (B) that seeks 

to receive assistance under this section to carry out a project relating to the 

conservation of cranes shall submit to the Secretary a project proposal that 

meets the requirements of this section. 

(B) ELIGIBLE APPLICANTS.—An applicant described in this subparagraph 

is—

(i) any relevant wildlife management authority of a country that—

(I) is located within the African, Asian, European, or North 

American range of a species of crane; and 

(II) carries out 1 or more activities that directly or indirectly affect crane populations; 

(ii) the Secretariat of the Convention; and 

(iii) any person or organization with demonstrated expertise in the 

conservation of cranes. 

(2) REQUIRED ELEMENTS.—A project proposal submitted under paragraph 

(1)(A) shall include—

(A) a concise statement of the purpose of the project; 

(B)(i) the name of each individual responsible for conducting the project; 

and 

(ii) a description of the qualifications of each of those individuals; 

(C) a concise description of—

(i) methods to be used to implement and assess the outcome of the 

project; 

(ii) staff and community management for the project; and 

(iii) the logistics of the project; 

(D) an estimate of the funds and the period of time required to complete 

the project; 

(E) evidence of support for the project by appropriate government entities 

of countries in which the project will be conducted, if the Secretary determines that such support is required to ensure the success of the project; 

(F) information regarding the source and amount of matching funding 

available for the project; and 

(G) any other information that the Secretary considers to be necessary for 

evaluating the eligibility of the project to receive assistance under this Act. 

(c) PROJECT REVIEW AND APPROVAL.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall—

(A) not later than 30 days after receiving a final project proposal, provide 

a copy of the proposal to other appropriate Federal officials; and 

(B) review each project proposal in a timely manner to determine whether 

the proposal meets the criteria described in subsection (d). 


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(2) CONSULTATION; APPROVAL OR DISAPPROVAL.—Not later than 180 days after 

receiving a project proposal, and subject to the availability of appropriations, 

the Secretary, after consulting with other appropriate Federal officials, shall—

(A) consult on the proposal with the government of each country in which 

the project is to be carried out; 

(B) after taking into consideration any comments resulting from the consultation, approve or disapprove the proposal; and 

(C) provide written notification of the approval or disapproval to—

(i) the applicant that submitted the proposal; 

(ii) other appropriate Federal officials; and 

(iii) each country described in subparagraph (A). 

(d) CRITERIA FOR APPROVAL.—The Secretary may approve a project proposal under 

this section if the Secretary determines that the proposed project will enhance programs for conservation of cranes by assisting efforts to—

(1) implement conservation programs; 

(2) address the conflicts between humans and cranes that arise from competition for the same habitat or resources; 

(3) enhance compliance with the Convention and other applicable laws that—

(A) prohibit or regulate the taking or trade of cranes; or 

(B) regulate the use and management of crane habitat; 

(4) develop sound scientific information on, or methods for monitoring—

(A) the condition of crane habitat; 

(B) crane population numbers and trends; or 

(C) the current and projected threats to crane habitat and population 

numbers and trends; 

(5) promote cooperative projects on the issues described in paragraph (4) 

among—

(A) governmental entities; 

(B) affected local communities; 

(C) nongovernmental organizations; or 

(D) other persons in the private sector; 

(6) carry out necessary scientific research on cranes; 

(7) provide relevant training to, or support technical exchanges involving, 

staff responsible for managing cranes or habitats of cranes, to enhance capacity 

for effective conservation; or 

(8) reintroduce cranes successfully back into the wild, including propagation 

of a sufficient number of cranes required for this purpose. 

(e) PROJECT SUSTAINABILITY; MATCHING FUNDS.—To the maximum extent practicable, in determining whether to approve a project proposal under this section, the 

Secretary shall give preference to a proposed project—

(1) that is designed to ensure effective, long-term conservation of cranes and 

habitats of cranes; or 

(2) for which matching funds are available. 

(f) PROJECT REPORTING.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Each person that receives assistance under this section for 

a project shall submit to the Secretary, at such periodic intervals as are determined by the Secretary, reports that include all information that the Secretary, 

after consulting with other appropriate government officials, determines to be 

necessary to evaluate the progress and success of the project for the purposes 

of—

(A) ensuring positive results; 

(B) assessing problems; and 

(C) fostering improvements. 

(2) AVAILABILITY TO THE PUBLIC.—Each report submitted under paragraph (1), 

and any other documents relating to a project for which financial assistance is 

provided under this Act, shall be made available to the public. 

SEC. 5. CRANE CONSERVATION FUND. 

(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is established in the Multinational Species Conservation Fund established by the matter under the heading ‘‘MULTINATIONAL SPECIES CONSERVATION FUND’’ in title I of the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999 (112 Stat. 2681–237; 16 U.S.C. 4246) a separate account to be known as the ‘‘Crane Conservation Fund’’, consisting of—

(1) amounts transferred to the Secretary of the Treasury for deposit into the 

Fund under subsection (e); 

(2) amounts appropriated to the Fund under section 7; and 

(3) any interest earned on investment of amounts in the Fund under subsection (c). 

(b) EXPENDITURES FROM FUND.—


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(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), upon request by the Secretary, the Secretary of the Treasury shall transfer from the Fund to the Secretary, without further appropriation, such amounts as the Secretary determines are necessary to provide assistance under section 4. 

(2) ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES.—Of the amounts in the Fund available for 

each fiscal year, the Secretary may expend not more than 3 percent, or 

$150,000, whichever is greater, to pay the administrative expenses necessary to 

carry out this Act. 

(3) LIMITATION.—Not more than 20 percent of the amounts made available 

from the Fund for any fiscal year may be used for projects relating to the conservation of North American crane species. 

(c) INVESTMENTS OF AMOUNTS.— (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of the Treasury shall invest such portion of 

the Fund as is not, in the judgment of the Secretary of the Treasury, required 

to meet current withdrawals. Investments may be made only in interest-bearing 

obligations of the United States. 

(2) ACQUISITION OF OBLIGATIONS.—For the purpose of investments under 

paragraph (1), obligations may be acquired— (A) on original issue at the issue price; or 

(B) by purchase of outstanding obligations at the market price. 

(3) SALE OF OBLIGATIONS.—Any obligation acquired by the Fund may be sold 

by the Secretary of the Treasury at the market price. 

(4) CREDITS TO FUND.—The interest on, and the proceeds from the sale or redemption of, any obligations held in the Fund shall be credited to and form a 

part of the Fund. 

(d) TRANSFERS OF AMOUNTS.— (1) IN GENERAL.—The amounts required to be transferred to the Fund under 

this section shall be transferred at least monthly from the general fund of the 

Treasury to the Fund on the basis of estimates made by the Secretary of the 

Treasury. 

(2) ADJUSTMENTS.—Proper adjustment shall be made in amounts subsequently transferred to the extent prior estimates were in excess of or less than 

the amounts required to be transferred. 

(e) ACCEPTANCE AND USE OF DONATIONS.— (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary may accept and use donations to provide assistance under section 4. 

(2) TRANSFER OF DONATIONS.—Amounts received by the Secretary in the form 

of donations shall be transferred to the Secretary of the Treasury for deposit 

in the Fund. 

SEC. 6. ADVISORY GROUP. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—To assist in carrying out this Act, the Secretary may convene 

an advisory group consisting of individuals representing public and private organizations actively involved in the conservation of cranes. 

(b) PUBLIC PARTICIPATION.— (1) MEETINGS.—The advisory group shall— (A) ensure that each meeting of the advisory group is open to the public; 

and 

(B) provide, at each meeting, an opportunity for interested persons to 

present oral or written statements concerning items on the agenda. 

(2) NOTICE.—The Secretary shall provide to the public timely notice of each 

meeting of the advisory group. 

(3) MINUTES.—Minutes of each meeting of the advisory group shall be kept 

by the Secretary and shall be made available to the public. 

(c) EXEMPTION FROM FEDERAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ACT.—The Federal Advisory 

Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.) shall not apply to the advisory group. 

SEC. 7. FUNDING. 

There is authorized to be appropriated to the Fund $5,000,000 for each of fiscal 

years 2008 through 2012, to remain available until expended. 

PURPOSE OF THE BILL

The purpose of H.R. 1771 is to assist in the conservation of 

cranes by supporting and providing, through projects of persons 

and organizations with expertise in crane conservation, financial 

resources for the conservation programs of countries the activities 

of which directly or indirectly affect cranes and the ecosystems of 

cranes. 


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1 An additional fund authorized under the Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act was 

removed from the MSCF in 2006. 2 National Wildlife Federation, 2007. Species At Risk (http://www.nwf.org/wildlife/pdfs/ 

speciesatrisk.pdf). 

BACKGROUND AND NEED FOR LEGISLATION

Throughout the world wildlife populations are under increasing 

stress from the encroachment of expanding human populations. As 

a result, many wildlife populations have declined, some precipitously, due to habitat loss or degradation, poaching and illegal 

trade, disease, political instability and hostile interactions with expanding human settlements and agriculture. The decline of populations of charismatic ‘‘keystone’’ wildlife species such as tigers, rhinoceros, elephant, great apes and sea turtles has focused greater 

attention on the need to protect wildlife and wildlife habitat 

abroad. 

The Congress has responded by creating distinct conservation 

funds within the Multinational Species Conservation Fund (MSCF) 

to provide financial assistance to support conservation activities to 

protect, recover and restore wildlife species and their habitats. The 

MSCF was created by Congress in 1999 as part of Title I of the 

Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations 

Act (16 U.S.C. 4246). Within the fund are specific wildlife conservation accounts authorized under separate statutes that receive annual appropriations from Congress to support conservation activities to protect, recover or restore threatened and endangered species, specifically tigers, rhinoceroses, African elephants, Asian elephants, great apes and sea turtles.1 These wildlife species are all 

considered ‘‘keystone’’ or ‘‘umbrella’’ species which means that they 

enrich ecosystem function in a unique or significant manner 

through their activities, and their effect is disproportionate to their 

numerical number.2

More than $115 million in matching or in-kind support has been 

obtained since the first grant was awarded under the African Elephant Conservation Act in 1990, nearly tripling the effect of the 

$43 million in federal appropriated funds. More than 500 partners 

have worked with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 44 countries to protect and conserve these species. In addition, coordination with other federal agencies overseas, such as the U.S. Agency 

for International Development (USAID), has linked up species conservation and habitat management with economic development 

within countries with these species. In general, these funds are 

viewed as effective tools to leverage additional resources to implement projects that address the greatest conservation need. 

All of the crane species included in this legislation suffer from 

multiple stressors that have negatively affected their population 

size, distribution and potential for recovery which cumulatively has 

resulted in their being listed as threatened or endangered and in 

need of protection. Factors commonly acknowledged as responsible 

for these declines include upland, wetland and migratory habitat 

loss and fragmentation, diminished prey-base, poaching and illegal 

wildlife trade, environmental pollution and pesticides, disease, political instability, and growing human-wildlife conflicts. Certain 

predator species have been purposefully targeted for eradication in 

order to promote pastoral industries and expanded human settleVerDate Aug 31 2005 07:42 May 15, 2008 Jkt 069006 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6602 E:\HR\OC\HR635.XXX HR635

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3 According to the International Crane Foundation, some crane researchers contend that there 

are only 14 species by combining the two African crowned cranes together; other researchers 

argue that these species might actually be split into 4 separate species. 

ment, but even for charismatic birds such as cranes which present 

no direct threat to humans, non-carnivore species have been severely stressed by the ever-increasing footprint of mankind. 

H.R. 1771 would expand the number of funds within the MSCF 

to provide similar financial assistance to conserve additional 

threatened and endangered species of cranes in the family 

Gruidae.3 All 15 species of crane are included in H.R. 1771. These 

species are distributed globally with the exception of South America. Roughly half of all crane species are found in Asia, South Asia 

and the Indian Subcontinent. Only two species are native to North 

America, the whooping crane and sandhill crane. According to the 

International Crane Foundation, six species of crane are considered 

endangered and include the blue, red-crowned, sarus, Siberian, 

wattled, and whooping cranes. Additionally, five species are listed 

as vulnerable, including the black crowned, black-necked, grey 

crowned, hooded, and white-naped cranes. The remaining four species (the Eurasian, demoiselle, brolga and sandhill cranes) are considered relatively stable. All crane species are listed on either 

CITES Appendices I or II and the IUCN Red List. Several are listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. 

COMMITTEE ACTION

H.R. 1771 was introduced on March 29, 2007 by Rep. Tammy 

Baldwin (D–WI). The bill was referred to the Committee on Natural Resources, and within the Committee to the Subcommittee on 

Fisheries, Wildlife and Oceans. On September 6, 2007, the Subcommittee held a hearing on the bill. The bill received the qualified 

support of the administration. All other witnesses verified the need 

for the legislation and testified in support of the bill. 

On October 4, 2007, the Subcommittee met to mark up the bill. 

Rep. Ron Kind (D-WI) offered an amendment in the nature of a 

substitute to strike 1) the findings, 2) the $25 million set aside 

from other administrative accounts, 3) land acquisition as an eligible grant activity, and 4) the 20 percent funding allowance for 

grants that support North American cranes. The amendment also 

added an exemption for the Advisory Group from the rules and procedures of the Federal Advisory Committee Act. The amendment 

was adopted by voice vote. The bill was then forwarded as amended 

to the Full Committee by voice vote. 

On April 30, 2008, the Full Natural Resources Committee met to 

consider the bill. Fisheries, Wildlife and Oceans Subcommittee 

Chairwoman Madeleine Bordallo (D-GU) offered a non-controversial amendment in the nature of a substitute to reinsert the twenty 

percent annual funding allowance for grants that support North 

American cranes. The amendment was adopted by unanimous consent and the bill, as amended, was ordered favorably reported to 

the House of Representatives by unanimous consent. 


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SECTION-BY-SECTION ANALYSIS

Section 1. Short title 

Section 1 provides that this bill may be cited as the ‘‘Crane Conservation Act of 2008.’’

Section 2. Purposes 

Section 2 states that the purposes of the bill are to perpetuate 

healthy crane populations and to assist in the conservation of 

cranes by supporting conservation programs in countries in which 

endangered and threatened cranes occur and the efforts of private 

organizations committed to helping cranes, and to provide financial 

resources for those programs and efforts. 

Section 3. Definitions 

This section defines specific terms to be used in the legislation, 

including ‘‘Convention’’, ‘‘Conservation’’, ‘‘Fund’’, and ‘‘Secretary’’. 

Section 4. Crane conservation assistance 

This section authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to provide 

financial assistance subject to the availability of appropriations for 

projects for the conservation of cranes. The section specifies eligible 

project applicants and provides a detailed list of required information to be included in project applications. The Secretary is required to approve or disapprove all applications no later than 180 

days after receiving the application and must provide written notification to the applicant, other appropriate federal officials and 

each country within which the project will take place. 

This section also provides the Secretary with criteria to evaluate 

and approve project applications, including a determination that 

funds will not be used for the purchase or lease of land. Special 

preference shall be given under this section to projects that are designed to ensure effective, long-term conservation of cranes and 

their habitats and applications for which there exist non-federal 

matching funds. Approved projects are required to report regularly 

to the Secretary under this section to assess progress, foster improvements and ensure positive results. Such reports would be 

available to the public. 

Section 5. Crane Conservation Fund 

This section would authorize establishment of Crane Conservation Fund as a separate account in the Multinational Species Conservation Fund that would consist of amounts appropriated by Congress, amounts donated, and any interest earned on the investment 

of funds. All funding available to the Secretary for program administration is limited to three percent or $150,000 annually, whichever is greater. The Secretary of the Treasury in authorized to invest un-used portions of the Fund in interest bearing obligations 

and interest earned shall be credited to the Fund. The Secretary 

of the Treasury would be required to transfer funds to the Fund 

on no less than a monthly schedule. Under this section, not more 

than twenty percent of the amounts available for grant assistance 

in any one year could be used for crane projects for North American crane species. 


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Section 6. Advisory group 

This section would authorize the Secretary to convene an advisory group exempt from requirements under the Federal Advisory 

Committee Act to incorporate stakeholder participation in the conservation of cranes. 

Section 7. Authorization of appropriations 

Section 7 provides that the legislation would authorize $5 million 

per year to be appropriated to carry out the legislation for each fiscal year from 2008 to 2012. 

COMMITTEE OVERSIGHT FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Regarding clause 2(b)(1) of rule X and clause 3(c)(1) of rule XIII 

of the Rules of the House of Representatives, the Committee on 

Natural Resources’ oversight findings and recommendations are reflected in the body of this report. 

FEDERAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE STATEMENT

The functions of the proposed advisory committee authorized in 

the bill are not currently being nor could they be performed by one 

or more agencies, an advisory committee already in existence or by 

enlarging the mandate of an existing advisory committee. 

CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY STATEMENT

Article I, section 8 of the Constitution of the United States 

grants Congress the authority to enact this bill. 

COMPLIANCE WITH HOUSE RULE XIII

1. Cost of Legislation. Clause 3(d)(2) of rule XIII of the Rules of 

the House of Representatives requires an estimate and a comparison by the Committee of the costs which would be incurred in carrying out this bill. However, clause 3(d)(3)(B) of that rule provides 

that this requirement does not apply when the Committee has included in its report a timely submitted cost estimate of the bill prepared by the Director of the Congressional Budget Office under section 402 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974. 

2. Congressional Budget Act. As required by clause 3(c)(2) of rule 

XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives and section 

308(a) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974, this bill does not 

contain any new budget authority, spending authority, credit authority, or an increase or decrease in revenues or tax expenditures. 

3. General Performance Goals and Objectives. As required by 

clause 3(c)(4) of rule XIII, the general performance goal or objective 

of this bill is to assist in the conservation of cranes by supporting 

and providing, through projects of persons and organizations with 

expertise in crane conservation, financial resources for the conservation programs of countries the activities of which directly or 

indirectly affect cranes and the ecosystems of cranes. 

4. Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate. Under clause 

3(c)(3) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives and 

section 403 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974, the Committee has received the following cost estimate for this bill from the 

Director of the Congressional Budget Office: 


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H.R. 1771—Crane Conservation Act of 2008 

Summary: H.R. 1771 would require the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service to establish a grant program to protect and conserve wild 

cranes. The bill would authorize the appropriation of $5 million a 

year through 2012 for financial assistance to eligible government 

agencies, international or foreign organizations, or private entities 

engaged in such activities. Assuming appropriation of the authorized amounts (beginning in 2009), CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 1771 would increase discretionary spending by $19 

million over the 2009–2013 period and by $1 million after 2013. 

H.R. 1771 also would authorize the agency to invest unneeded 

balances of appropriated funds in federal securities and spend any 

proceeds from those investments without further appropriation. 

Enacting this legislation would therefore increase direct spending 

by an estimated $200,000 a year beginning in 2010. The bill also 

would authorize the agency to accept and spend (also without further appropriation) donations from nonfederal sources, but any increase in revenues (from donations) would be offset by additional 

direct spending of such amounts. 

H.R. 1771 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) 

and would impose no costs on state, local, or tribal governments. 

Estimated cost to the Federal Government: The estimated budgetary impact of H.R. 1771 is shown in the following table. For this 

estimate, CBO assumes that the legislation will be enacted near 

the end of fiscal year 2008 and that authorized amounts will be 

provided as specified in the bill, beginning with fiscal year 2009. 

Estimated outlays are based on historical spending patterns for 

similar programs. The costs of this legislation fall within budget 

function 300 (natural resources and environment). 

By fiscal year, in millions of dollars— 

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 

CHANGES IN SPENDING SUBJECT TO APPROPRIATION 1

Authorization Level .................................................................... 5 5 5 5 0 

Estimated Outlays ..................................................................... 2 3 4 5 5 

1 Enacting H.R. 1771 also would increase direct spending by an estimated $200,000 a year, beginning in 2010, from the use of interest on 

appropriation balances. 

Intergovernmental and private-sector impact: H.R. 1771 contains 

no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in 

UMRA and would impose no costs on state, local, or tribal governments. 

Estimate prepared by: Federal costs: Deborah Reis; Impact on 

state, local, and tribal governments: Neil Hood; Impact on the private sector: Amy Petz. 

Estimate approved by: Peter H. Fontaine, Assistant Director for 

Budget Analysis. 

COMPLIANCE WITH PUBLIC LAW 104–4

This bill contains no unfunded mandates. 


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EARMARK STATEMENT

H.R. 1771 does not contain any congressional earmarks, limited 

tax benefits, or limited tariff benefits as defined in clause 9(d), 9(e) 

or 9(f) of rule XXI. 

PREEMPTION OF STATE, LOCAL OR TRIBAL LAW

This bill is not intended to preempt any State, local or tribal law. 

CHANGES IN EXISTING LAW

If enacted, this bill would make no changes in existing law. 

Æ 


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