Technical Support Document

For the April 5, 2010,

Alamosa, Pagosa Springs, Durango, 

Telluride, Crested Butte, and Mt. 

Crested Butte Exceptional Event

Prepared by the Technical Services Program

Air Pollution Control Division

Colorado Department of Public Health and 

Environment

May 17, 2013
1

Executive Summary

In 2005, Congress identified a need to account for events that result in exceedances of the National 

Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) that are exceptional in nature1 (e.g., not expected to reoccur or 

caused by acts of nature beyond man-made controls). In response, EPA promulgated the Exceptional 

Events Rule (EER) to address exceptional events in 40 CFR Parts 50 and 51 on March 22, 2007 (72 FR 

13560). On May 2, 2011, in an attempt to clarify this rule, EPA released draft guidance documents on the 

implementation of the EER to State, tribal and local air agencies for review. The EER allows for states 

and tribes to “flag” air quality monitoring data as an exceptional event and exclude those data from use in 

determinations with respect to exceedances or violations of the NAAQS, if EPA concurs with the 

demonstration submitted by the flagging agency.

Due to the semi-arid nature of parts of the state, Colorado is highly susceptible to windblown dust events. 

These events are often captured by various air quality monitoring equipment throughout the state, 

sometimes resulting in exceedances or violations of the 24-hour PM10 NAAQS. This document contains 

detailed information about the large regional windblown dust event that occurred on Monday April 5, 

2010. The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) Air Pollution Control 

Division (APCD) has prepared this report for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to 

demonstrate that the elevated PM10 concentrations were caused by a natural event. 

On this date, PM10 sample values greater than the 24-hour NAAQS of 150 μg/m3 were recorded at 

multiple sites across southwestern Colorado including Telluride (354 μg/m3

), Pagosa Springs (349 

μg/m3

), Durango (320 μg/m3), Alamosa Adams State College (185 μg/m3), Crested Butte (174 μg/m3), 

and Mt. Crested Butte (168 μg/m3

). Additionally, exceptionally high values (greater than the 95th

percentile for the site) were recorded at PM10 monitors in Delta (115 μg/m3

), Clifton (75 μg/m3), Aspen 

(70 μg/m3

), and Grand Junction Powell (51 μg/m3). Error! Reference source not found. shows a map of 

Colorado with all monitoring sites reporting PM10 concentrations on April 5, 2010. This large regional 

dust storm adversely affected the air quality exceeding the 24-hour PM10 NAAQS in these six areas and 

impacted PM10 concentrations at several other monitoring stations in Colorado. All of the noted April 5, 

2010, twenty-four-hour PM10 concentrations were above the 90th percentile concentrations for their 

locations (see Table 14). This event produced the maximum value in four of the six datasets and exceeded 

the 98th% value of any evaluation criteria for the other two sites. The statistical and meteorological data 

clearly shows that but for this high wind blowing dust event, Alamosa, Pagosa Springs, and Durango 

would not have exceeded the 24-hour NAAQS on April 5, 2010. There has never been an exceedance that 

was not associated with high winds carrying PM10 dust from distant sources in these six areas since at 

least 2005. 

APCD is requesting exclusion for each of the samples taken at Alamosa ASC (08-003-0001), Crested 

Butte (08-051-0004), Mount Crested Butte (08-051-0007), Durango-River City Hall (08-067-0004), 

Pagosa Springs-Middle School (08-007-0001), and Telluride (08-113-0004). However, only the data 

sets from Alamosa, Pagosa Springs, and Durango will be discussed in detail, since the exceedances at 

these three areas could affect the attainment status of the 24-hour PM10 NAAQS in these towns. 

Specifically, these high values were the consequence of strong southwesterly prefrontal winds in 

combination with dry conditions which caused significant blowing dust across much of Arizona, 

northwest New Mexico, southeast Utah and southwest Colorado. These winds were the result of a strong 

short wave in the upper atmosphere that was moving across the Great Basin and the associated surface 

 1 Section 319 of the Clear Air Act (CAA), as amended by section 6013 of the Safe Accountable Flexible EfficientTransportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFE-TEA-LU of 2005, required EPA to propose the Federal 

Exceptional Events Rule (EER) no later than March 1, 2006.
2

cold front and low pressure system. This dust storm originated in the desert regions of northern and 

central Arizona and northwestern New Mexico. It transported PM10 dust into the southern and central 

portions of Colorado. 

Widespread restrictions to visibility occurred in the mountains of southwestern and portions of south 

central Colorado. In these areas, restrictions were not accompanied by periods of sustained high winds 

above the blowing dust thresholds. Such restrictions in the absence of wide-spread local sources and/or 

winds above blowing dust thresholds are diagnostic for blowing dust that is being transported into the 

region.

EPA‘s June 2012 draft Guidance on the Preparation of Demonstrations in Support of Requests to Exclude 

Ambient Air Quality Data Affected by High Winds under the Exceptional Events Rule states “the EPA 

will accept a threshold of a sustained wind of 25 mph for areas in the west provided the agencies support 

this as the level at which they expect stable surfaces (i.e., controlled anthropogenic and undisturbed 

natural surfaces) to be overwhelmed...” In addition, in both eastern and western Colorado it has been 

shown that wind speeds of 30 mph or greater and gusts of 40 mph or greater can cause blowing dust (see 

reference for the Technical Support Document for the January 19, 2009 Lamar Exceptional Event and 

Appendix A - Grand Junction, Colorado, Blowing Dust Climatology at the end of this document). For this 

blowing dust event, it has been assumed that sustained winds of 25 mph and higher or wind gusts of 40 

mph and higher can cause blowing dust in northeast Arizona, northwest New Mexico, and southwest 

Colorado.

The blowing dust climatology for the Four Corners area indicates that the area can be susceptible to 

blowing dust when winds are high. Landform imagery shows that northeastern Arizona and southeastern 

Utah in particular have experienced a long-term pattern of wind erosion and blowing dust when winds 

have been southwesterly and blowing into western and southern Colorado. Back trajectories, case 

studies, satellite imagery, and statistical analyses have also shown that northeastern Arizona and 

southeastern Utah are a significant source for blowing dust transported into Colorado. Soils in the Four 

Corners area and in northeastern Arizona in particular were dry enough to produce blowing dust when 

winds were above the thresholds for blowing dust. Elevated PM10 in Grand Junction generally occurs

during windstorms when wind gusts of 40 mph or higher occur at Grand Junction and Hopi, Arizona, and 

there is southwesterly wind flow in Grand Junction. Elevated PM10 in Grand Junction is generally 

associated with 30-day precipitation totals of less than 1.00 inches at Grand Junction and less than 0.50 

inches at Hopi.

The Drought Monitor map of the western U.S. for March 30, 2010, shows that soils across northeastern 

Arizona, most of Utah, and parts of western Colorado had below normal soil moisture. Northeastern 

Arizona and parts of western New Mexico were classified as Abnormally Dry and the area bounded by 

the station observations in Tables 1 - 5 was classified as an area with Moderate or Severe Drought. Soils 

in the Four Corners area and in northeastern Arizona in particular were dry enough to produce blowing 

dust when winds were above the thresholds for blowing dust. 

Surface weather maps for the Four Corner States show evidence of widespread blowing dust and winds 

above the threshold speeds for blowing dust on April 5, 2010. These surface analyses shows that winds 

above 30 mph with gusts as high as 53 mph occurred in areas south of the stationary front and surface low 

pressure complex (shown Figures 2-4). The synoptic weather conditions on April 5, 2010, (illustrated in 

Figures 2 through 14) show that the conditions necessary for widespread strong gusty winds were in place 

over the area of concern for the daytime hours of April 5, 2010. MODIS satellite imagery shows that the 

Painted Desert and Four Corners area in general were source regions for blowing dust on April 5, 2010. 

Also, HYSPLIT forward and backward trajectories provide clear supporting evidence that dust from 

desert regions of northwest New Mexico and Arizona caused the PM10 exceedances measured across 
3

portions of Colorado on April 5, 2010. Forecast products from the Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction 

System model also provide evidence for a widespread blowing dust event in the Four Corners states, 

beginning in Arizona and expanding into Colorado. 

MODIS satellite imagery shows that the Painted Desert and Four Corners area in general were source 

regions for blowing dust on April 5, 2010. In addition, USGS Scientists with expertise in the analysis of 

dust storms have indicated that regions of the Painted Desert in northeastern Arizona were the 

predominant dust sources for this event. This is consistent with the climatology for many dust storms in 

Colorado as described in the Grand Junction, Colorado, Blowing Dust Climatology report contained in 

Appendix A of this document. The observations of winds above blowing dust thresholds and restricted 

visibilities in the areas of concern demonstrate that this is a natural event that cannot be reasonably 

controlled or prevented. 

The Center for Snow and Avalanche Studies has been studying the effects of wind-blown desert dust from 

Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah on snowpack albedo and snowmelt in the San Juan Mountains of 

Colorado. The Center for Snow and Avalanche Studies lists April 5, 2010, as one of nine Dust-on-Snow 

events for the 2009/2010 water year, and this provides clear supporting evidence that a regional blowing 

dust event with long-range transport caused the PM10 exceedances measured across portions of Colorado 

on April 5, 2010. Snowpack and snow cover data for the mountains and many valley locations in central 

and southwestern Colorado demonstrate that blowing dust and elevated PM10 observed in Telluride, 

Crested Butte, and Mt. Crested Butte were not likely to have been from local sources. Snow cover data 

provide strong evidence that a widespread, regional, blowing dust event caused exceedances at these 

locations.

Friction velocities provide a measure of the near-surface meteorological conditions necessary to cause 

blowing dust. Friction velocities were high enough to sustain blowing dust over undisturbed soils in each 

of the Four Corners states during this event.

The PM10 exceedances in Durango, Telluride, Pagosa Springs, Crested Butte, Mount Crested Butte and 

Alamosa on April 5, 2010, would not have occurred if not for the following: (a) dry soil conditions over 

northeastern Arizona, most of Utah, and parts of western Colorado with 30-day precipitation totals below 

the threshold identified as a precondition for blowing dust in northeastern Arizona; (b) a strong surface 

and upper-level low pressure system that caused widespread strong gusty winds through a deep layer of 

the atmosphere over the area of concern; and (c) friction velocities over the desert regions of northwest 

New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona that were high enough to allow entrainment of dust from natural sources 

with subsequent transport of the dust to Colorado in strong, southwesterly winds. These PM10 

exceedances were due to an exceptional event associated with regional windstorm-caused emissions from 

erodible soil sources over a large area of northeastern Arizona, most of Utah, and parts of western 

Colorado. These sources are not reasonably controllable during a significant windstorm under abnormally 

dry or moderate drought conditions.
4

Table of Contents

1.0 Exceptional Events Rule Requirements............................................................................................. 9

1.1 Procedural Criteria ........................................................................................................................ 9

1.2 Documentation Requirements..................................................................................................... 10

2.0 Meteorological analysis of the April 5, 2010, blowing dust event and 

PM10 exceedance – Conceptual Model and Wind Statistics........................................................... 11

3.0 Evidence-Ambient Air Monitoring Data and Statistics................................................................... 56

3.1 Historical Fluctuations of PM10 Concentrations in Alamosa, Pagosa Springs, and Durango ..... 56

3.2 Wind Speed Correlations ............................................................................................................ 68

3.3 Percentiles................................................................................................................................... 70

4.0 News and Credible Evidence........................................................................................................... 72

5.0 Not Reasonably Controllable or Preventable: Local Particulate Matter Control Measures............. 87

5.1 Alamosa ...................................................................................................................................... 89

5.2 Pagosa Springs............................................................................................................................ 96

5.3 Durango..................................................................................................................................... 101

6.0 Summary and Conclusions............................................................................................................ 108

7.0 References..................................................................................................................................... 110
5

Figures

Figure 1: Map of Colorado showing PM10 concentrations on April 5, 2010. .............................................................12

Figure 2: Surface analysis for 12Z April 5, 2010 or 5 AM MST April 5, 2010. .........................................................13

Figure 3: Surface analysis for 00Z April 6, 2010 or 5 PM MST April 5, 2010...........................................................13

Figure 4: Surface analysis for 06Z April 6, 2010 or 11 PM MST April 5, 2010.........................................................14

Figure 5: 500 mb analysis for 12Z April 5, 2010 or 5 AM MST April 5, 2010. .........................................................14

Figure 6: 500 mb analysis for 0Z April 6, 2010 or 11 PM MST April 5, 2010...........................................................15

Figure 7: Flagstaff, Arizona, sounding analysis for 12Z April 5, 2010 or 5 AM MST April 5, 2010.........................16

Figure 8: Grand Junction, Colorado, sounding analysis for 12Z April 5, 2010 or 5 AM MST April 5, 2010.............16

Figure 9: Denver, Colorado, sounding analysis for 12Z April 5, 2010 or 5 AM MST April 5, 2010 .........................17

Figure 10: Albuquerque, New Mexico, sounding analysis for 12Z April 5, 2010 or 5 AM MST April 5, 2010.........17

Figure 11: Flagstaff, Arizona, sounding analysis for 0Z April 6, 2010 or 5 PM MST April 5, 2010..........................18

Figure 12: Grand Junction, Colorado, sounding analysis for 0Z April 6, 2010 or 5 PM MST April 5, 2010. ............18

Figure 13: Denver, Colorado, sounding analysis for 0Z April 6, 2010 or 5 PM MST April 5, 2010. .........................19

Figure 14: Albuquerque, New Mexico, sounding analysis for 0Z April 6, 2010 or 5 PM MST April 5, 2010. ..........19

Figure 15: NCAR RAP DEN sector surface analysis for 0043Z April 6, 2010 or 5:43 PM MST April 5, 2010. .......20

Figure 16: NOAA HYSPLIT 24-hour forward trajectories for northeast Arizona and northwest New Mexico for each 

hour from 11 PM MST April 4, 2010 to 11 PM MST April 5, 2010.........................................................33

Figure 17: NOAA HYSPLIT 24-hour back trajectories for Durango, Colorado, for each hour from 11 PM MST 

April 4, 2010 to 11 PM MST April 5, 2010...............................................................................................34

Figure 18: NOAA HYSPLIT 24-hour back trajectories for Pagosa Springs, Colorado, for each hour from 11 PM 

MST April 4, 2010 to 11 PM MST April 5, 2010. ....................................................................................35

Figure 19: NOAA HYSPLIT 24-hour back trajectories for Alamosa, Colorado, for each hour from 11 PM MST 

April 4, 2010 to 11 PM MST April 5, 2010...............................................................................................36

Figure 20: NOAA HYSPLIT 24-hour back trajectories for Telluride, Colorado, for each hour from 11 PM MST 

April 4, 2010 to 11 PM MST April 5, 2010...............................................................................................37

Figure 21: NOAA HYSPLIT 24-hour back trajectories for Delta, Colorado, for each hour from 

11 PM MST April 4, 2010 to 11 PM MST April 5, 2010..........................................................................38

Figure 22: NOAA HYSPLIT 24-hour back trajectories for Crested Butte, Colorado, for each hour from 11 PM MST 

April 4, 2010 to 11 PM MST April 5, 2010...............................................................................................39

Figure 23: NAAPS forecasted dust concentrations for April 5, 2010..........................................................................40

Figure 24: Southern Colorado Snow Depth on April 5, 2010. ....................................................................................41

Figure 25: Southern Colorado Snow Depth on April 5, 2010. ....................................................................................42

Figure 26: Snow Depth at Vallecito, Colorado, on April 5, 2010. ..............................................................................42

Figure 27: Snow Depth at Ouray, Colorado, on April 5, 2010. ...................................................................................43

Figure 28: Snow Depth at Crested Butte, Colorado, on April 5, 2010. .......................................................................43

Figure 29: Dust-on-Snow Deposition Events Log at the Senator Beck Basin Study Area on Red Mountain Pass, 

Colorado. ...................................................................................................................................................45

Figure 30: MODIS Aqua image for April 5, 2010, showing plumes of blowing dust in the Four Corners area. ........46

Figure 31: MODIS satellite image of Utah on April 5, 2010.......................................................................................47

Figure 32; MODIS satellite image of Arizona on April 5, 2010. ................................................................................48

Figure 33: MODIS satellite image of New Mexico on April 5, 2010..........................................................................49

Figure 34: MODIS satellite image of Colorado on April 5, 2010. ..............................................................................50

Figure 35: Percent of Normal Precipitation 3/6/2010 – 4/4/2010................................................................................51

Figure 36: Calculated Soill Moisture Anormaly for March 2010................................................................................51

Figure 37: Drought status for the Colorado on March 30, 2010..................................................................................52

Figure 38: Total precipitation for the month of March, 2010......................................................................................53

Figure 39: Friction velocities from the NOAA NCEP North American Model at April 5, 2010 . ..............................54

Figure 40; Friction velocities from the NOAA NCEP North American Model at April 6, 2010. ...............................55

Figure 41: Alamosa ASC PM10 ...................................................................................................................................60

Figure 42: Alamosa ASC PM10 Histogram..................................................................................................................60

Figure 43: Monthly Alamosa ASC PM10 Box and Whisker Plot................................................................................61

Figure 44: Monthly Alamosa ASC PM10 Box and Whisker Plot (expanded view).....................................................62

Figure 45: Pagosa Springs PM10 ..................................................................................................................................63

Figure 46: Pagosa Springs PM10 Histogram................................................................................................................64
6

Figure 47: Monthly Pagosa Springs PM10 Box and Whisker Plot...............................................................................64

Figure 48: Durango PM10 ............................................................................................................................................65

Figure 49: Durango PM10 Histogram...........................................................................................................................66

Figure 50: Monthly Durango PM10 Box and Whisker Plot..........................................................................................66

Figure 51: Wind Speed Graphs for Select Areas in Southwest Colorado, Northeast Arizona, 

and Northwest New Mexico ......................................................................................................................69

Figure 52: PM10 Concentrations, Select Affected Sites (03/30/2010 – 04/10/2010)...................................................69

Figure 53: Monthly Percentile Plots for Alamosa ASC, Durango, and Pagosa Springs..............................................70

Figure 54: Relative positions of Adam's State College PM10 Monitor and potential disturbed soil ............................92

Figure 55: 2011 City of Alamosa Zoning Map............................................................................................................93

Figure 56: Sites B, E, and H with natural vegetation...................................................................................................94

Figure 57: Relative positions of Pagosa Springs PM10 monitor and known or potential disturbed soil.......................98

Figure 58: View of the fence surrounding the vacant lot (Site A)...............................................................................99

Figure 59: Yamaguchi Park.......................................................................................................................................100

Figure 60: Site of the new Smith Sports Complex. ...................................................................................................104

Figure 61: Three Springs Southern Open Space and the Three Springs Confluence Park before Completion ........105

Figure 62: Relative positions of Durango PM10 Monitor and potential disturbed soil. .............................................106
7

Tables

Table 1: Wind and weather observations for Winslow, Arizona, reported by the University of Utah 

MesoWest site for April 5, 2010. ..................................................................................................................22

Table 2: Wind and weather observations for Hopi, Arizona, reported by the University of Utah 

MesoWest site for April 5, 2010. ..................................................................................................................23

Table 3: Wind and weather observations for Window Rock, Arizona, reported by the University of Utah 

MesoWest site for April 5, 2010. ..................................................................................................................24

Table 4: Wind and weather observations for Gallup, New Mexico, reported by the University of Utah 

MesoWest site for April 5, 2010..................................................................................................................................25

Table 5: Wind and weather observations for Farmington, New Mexico, reported by the University of Utah 

MesoWest site for April 5, 2010. ..................................................................................................................26

Table 6: Wind and weather observations for Cortez, Colorado, reported by the University of Utah 

MesoWest site for April 5, 2010. ..................................................................................................................27

Table 7: Wind and weather observations for Durango, Colorado, reported by the University of Utah 

MesoWest site for April 5, 2010. .................................................................................................................28

Table 8: Wind and weather observations for Montrose, Colorado, reported by the University of Utah 

MesoWest site for April 5, 2010. ..................................................................................................................29

Table 9: Wind and weather observations for Alamosa, Colorado, reported by the University of Utah 

MesoWest site for April 5, 2010. ..................................................................................................................30

Table 10: Wind and weather observations for Colorado Springs, Colorado, reported by the University of Utah 

MesoWest site for April 5, 2010. ..................................................................................................................31

Table 11: April 5, 2010, PM10 Monitoring Data Summary (Affected Sites)...............................................................57

Table 12: Data Summary between 2005 and 2011 ......................................................................................................58

Table 13: Month and Year PM10 Monitoring Data Summary......................................................................................59

Table 14: Various Percentile Values for Each Site from all April Data ......................................................................71

Table 15: State Regulations Regulating Particulate Matter Emissions........................................................................87

Table 16: Rules and Ordinances Regulating Particulate Matter Emissions in Alamosa..............................................89

Table 17: Number of seedlings sold in Alamosa per year. ..........................................................................................91

Table 18: Rules and Ordinances Regulating Particulate Matter Emissions in Archuleta County ...............................96

Table 19: Rules and Ordinances Regulating Particulate Matter Emissions in Durango............................................101
8

List of Appendices

Appendix A - Grand Junction, Colorado, Blowing Dust Climatology

Appendix B - Weather Warnings and Blowing Dust Advisories for April 5, 2010

Appendix C - Final Natural Events Action Plan For High Wind Events, Alamosa, Colorado

Appendix D - Copy of Affidavit of Public Notice
9

1.0 Exceptional Events Rule Requirements

In addition to the technical requirements that are contained within the EER, procedural requirements must 

also be met in order for EPA to concur with the flagged air quality monitoring data. This section of the 

report lays out the requirements of the EER and discusses how the APCD addressed those requirements. 

1.1 Procedural Criteria

This section presents a review of the procedural requirements of the EER as required by 40 CFR 50.14 

(Treatment of Air Quality Monitoring Data Influenced by Exceptional Events) and explains how APCD 

fulfills them. 

The Federal EER requirements include public notification that an event was occurring, the placement of 

informational flags on data in EPA’s Air Quality System (AQS), submission of initial event description, 

the documentation that the public comment process was followed, and the submittal of a demonstration 

supporting the exceptional events flag. ACPD has addressed all of these procedural and documentation 

requirements. 

Public notification that event was occurring (40 CFR 50.14(c)(1)(i)) 

APCD issued Blowing Dust Advisories for Western, Southwestern and portions of Southeastern Colorado

advising citizens of the potential for high wind/dust events on April 5, 2010. This area includes: Grand 

Junction, Rifle, Montrose, Delta, Cortez, Durango, Telluride, Alamosa, and nearby towns (i.e. Pagosa 

Springs and Crested Butte). The advisories that were issued on April 5, 2010, can be viewed at: 

http://www.colorado.gov/airquality/forecast_archive.aspx?seeddate=04%2f05%2f2010 and are included in 

Appendix B. 

Place informational flag on data in AQS (40 CFR 50.14(c)(2)(ii)) 

APCD and other applicable agencies in Colorado submit data into EPA’s AQS. Data from both filterbased and continuous monitors operated in Colorado are submitted to AQS. 

When APCD and/or another agency operating monitors in Colorado suspects that data may be influenced 

by an exceptional event, APCD and/or the other operating agency expedites analysis of the filters 

collected from the potentially-affected filter-based air monitoring instruments, quality assures the results 

and submits the data into AQS. APCD and/or other operating agencies also submit data from continuous 

monitors into AQS after quality assurance is complete. 

If APCD and/or the applicable operating agency have determined a potential exists that the sample value

has been influenced by an exceptional event, a preliminary flag is submitted for the measurement when 

the data is uploaded to AQS. The data are not official until they are certified by May 1st of the year 

following the calendar year in which the data were collected (40 CFR 58.15(a)(2)). The presence of the 

flag can be confirmed in AQS. 

Notify EPA of intent to flag through submission of initial event description by July 1 of calendar year 

following event (40 CFR 50.14(c)(2)(iii)) 

In early 2011, APCD and EPA Region 8 staff agreed that the notification of the intent to flag data as an 

exceptional event would be done by submitting data to AQS with the proper flags and the initial event 

descriptions. This was deemed acceptable, since Region 8 staff routinely pull the data to review for 

completeness and other analyses.

On Monday April 5, 2010, six sample values greater than 150 μg/m3 were taken at multiple sites across 

southwestern Colorado during the high wind event that occurred that day. These were the monitors 

located in Alamosa at Adams State College (SLAMS), Pagosa Springs (SLAMS), Crested Butte 
10

(SLAMS), Mount Crested Butte (SLAMS), Durango (SLAMS), and Telluride (SLAMS). All of these 

monitors are operated by APCD in partnership with local operators.

Document that the public comment process was followed for event documentation (40 CFR 

50.14(c)(3)(iv)) 

APCD posted this report on the Air Pollution Control Division’s webpage for public review. APCD

opened a 30-day public comment period on May 28, 2013. A copy of the public notice certification, along 

with any comments received, will be submitted to EPA, consistent with the requirements of 40 CFR 

50.14(c)(3)(iv). See Appendix D for a copy of the affidavit of public notice. 

Submit demonstration supporting exceptional event flag (40 CFR 50.14(a)(1-2)) 

At the close of the comment period, and after APCD has had the opportunity to consider any comments 

submitted on this document, APCD will submit this document, along with any comments received (if 

applicable), and APCD’s responses to those comments, to EPA Region VIII headquarters in Denver, 

Colorado. The deadline for the submittal of this demonstration package is June 30, 2013. 

1.2 Documentation Requirements

Section 50.14(c)(3)(iv) of the EER states that in order to justify excluding air quality monitoring data, 

evidence must be provided for the following elements: 

a. The event satisfies the criteria set forth in 40 CFR 501(j) that: 

(1) the event affected air quality, 

(2) the event was not reasonably controllable or preventable, and 

(3) the event was caused by human activity unlikely to recur in a particular location or 

was a natural event;

b. There is a clear causal relationship between the measurement under consideration and the 

event; 

c. The event is associated with a measured concentration in excess of normal historical 

fluctuations; and 

d. There would have been no exceedance or violation but for the event. 
11

2.0 Meteorological analysis of the April 5, 2010, blowing 

dust event and PM10 exceedance – Conceptual Model 

and Wind Statistics

On Monday April 5, 2010, exceedances of the twenty-four-hour PM10 standard occurred across 

southwestern Colorado. Exceedances were recorded at Telluride with a concentration of 354 μg/m3

, the 

Pagosa Springs School monitor with a concentration of 349 μg/m3

, the Durango River City monitor with a 

concentration of 320 μg/m3

, the Alamosa Adams State College monitor with a concentration of 185 

μg/m3

, the Crested Butte monitor with a concentration of 174 μg/m3, and the Mt. Crested Butte monitor 

with a concentration of 168 μg/m3

. A concentration of 115 μg/m3 was recorded at the Delta County 

Health Department monitor. These exceedances and the high reading at Delta are plotted on the map in 

Error! Reference source not found.. This event produced the maximum value in four of the six datasets 

using data from 2005 -2011 and exceeded the 98th% value of any evaluation criteria for the other two 

sites. The overall magnitude and broad geographical extent of affected sites suggests that there was a 

contribution to each sample from other than local sources.

EPA‘s June 2012 draft Guidance on the Preparation of Demonstrations in Support of Requests to Exclude 

Ambient Air Quality Data Affected by High Winds under the Exceptional Events Rule states “the EPA 

will accept a threshold of a sustained wind of 25 mph for areas in the west provided the agencies support 

this as the level at which they expect stable surfaces (i.e., controlled anthropogenic and undisturbed 

natural surfaces) to be overwhelmed...” In addition, in both eastern and western Colorado it has been 

shown that wind speeds of 30 mph or greater and gusts of 40 mph or greater can cause blowing dust (see 

reference for the Technical Support Document for the January 19, 2009 Lamar Exceptional Event and 

Appendix A - Grand Junction, Colorado, Blowing Dust Climatology at the end of this document). For this 

blowing dust event, it has been assumed that sustained winds of 25 mph and higher or wind gusts of 40 

mph and higher can cause blowing dust in northeast Arizona, northwest New Mexico, and southwest 

Colorado.
12

Figure 1: Map of Colorado showing PM10 concentrations on April 5, 2010.

These exceedances were the consequence of strong southwesterly prefrontal surface winds over dry soils 

which caused significant blowing dust across much of Arizona, northwest New Mexico, southeast Utah 

and southwest Colorado. Strong winds were the result of a significant surface low pressure and surface 

cold front associated with a major short-wave trough in the upper atmosphere that was moving across the 

Great Basin. 

The surface weather associated with this storm is presented in Figure 2 and Figure 3, the surface analyses 

for 5 AM MST April 5 and 5 PM MST April 5, respectively. Significant surface features in Figure 2 and 

Figure 3 include the cold front moving across the Great Basin and the surface low pressure complex with 

a stationary front across the middle of Colorado. By the end of the day, the cold front moved across 

western Colorado, northwest New Mexico, and central Arizona as shown in Figure 4, the surface analysis 

for 11 PM MST April 5, 2010.

The upper-level, short-wave trough associated with this storm is shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6 (500-mb 

height analysis maps for 5 AM and 5 PM MST on April 5). Upper-level winds on the east side of the 

trough over Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, and Colorado ranged from 30 to 90 knots (35 – 104 mph). 

Vertical profiles or soundings of winds and temperatures are presented next. These are important because 

they show that strong winds aloft were able to mix to the surface after surface inversions mixed out 

during the day.
13

Figure 2: Surface analysis for 12Z April 5, 2010, or 5 AM MST April 5, 2010, (source: NCDC, SRRS Analysis and 

Forecast Charts http://nomads.ncdc.noaa.gov/ncep/NCEP).

Figure 3: Surface analysis for 00Z April 6, 2010, or 5 PM MST April 5, 2010 (source: NCDC, SRRS Analysis and 

Forecast Charts http://nomads.ncdc.noaa.gov/ncep/NCEP ).
14

Figure 4: Surface analysis for 06Z April 6, 2010, or 11 PM MST April 5, 2010, (source: NCDC, SRRS Analysis and 

Forecast Charts http://nomads.ncdc.noaa.gov/ncep/NCEP ).

Figure 5: 500 mb analysis for 12Z April 5, 2010, or 5 AM MST April 5, 2010, (source: National Weather Service fax maps 

http://archive.atmos.colostate.edu/).
15

Figure 6: 500 mb analysis for 0Z April 6, 2010, or 11 PM MST April 5, 2010, (source: National Weather Service fax maps 

http://archive.atmos.colostate.edu/).

The 5 AM MST April 5 soundings for Flagstaff Arizona, Grand Junction, Denver, and Albuquerque New 

Mexico are presented in Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9, and Figure 10. These sites bracket or surround the 

area with the PM10 exceedances. The soundings provide evidence that there would have been mixing to 

near the 600-millibar level or higher once morning inversions dissipated. The maximum winds in the 

mixed layer would have been between 60 and 70 knots (69 – 81 mph). After the morning inversion had 

dissipated, the momentum associated with this mixed layer would have propagated to the surface, 

intensifying the surface winds. This partly explains why the strong surface winds did not start until midmorning after the morning inversions dissipated.

The 5 PM MST April 5 soundings for Flagstaff, Grand Junction, Denver, and Albuquerque are presented 

in Figure 11, Figure 12, Figure 13, and Figure 14. Figure 11 shows a frontal inversion between 700 mb

and 600 mb at Flagstaff. The cold front shown in Figure 2, Figure 3, and Figure 4 had moved east of 

Flagstaff by this time. The strong winds in the mixed layer east of the front are apparent in 5 PM MST 

soundings for Grand Junction, Denver and Albuquerque (Figure 12, Figure 13, and Figure 14). These 

soundings show mixing to near 650 mb with winds of 30 to 50 knots (35 – 58 mph) in the mixed layer. 

Once again the momentum associated with winds aloft would have mixed down to the surface 

intensifying the surface winds. The combination of deep mixing and the tight surface pressure gradient 

associated with the surface low pressure system caused surface winds of up to 49 mph with gusts 62 mph. 

Winds of this strength will cause blowing dust if soils are dry. Recall that wind speeds of 30 mph or 

greater and/or gusts of 40 mph or higher have been shown to cause blowing dust in Eastern Colorado (see 

reference for the Technical Support Document for the January 19, 2009, Lamar Exceptional Event and 

Appendix A - Grand Junction, Colorado, Blowing Dust Climatology at the end of this document). The 

synoptic weather conditions on April 5, 2010, (illustrated in Figures 2 through 14) show that the 

conditions necessary for widespread strong gusty winds were in place over the area of concern for the 

daytime hours of April 5, 2010. 
16

Figure 7: Flagstaff, Arizona, sounding analysis for 12Z April 5, 2010, or 5 AM MST April 5, 2010, (source: 

http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/sounding.html).

Figure 8: Grand Junction, Colorado, sounding analysis for 12Z April 5, 2010, or 5 AM MST April 5, 2010, (source: 

http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/sounding.html).
17

Figure 9: Denver, Colorado, sounding analysis for 12Z April 5, 2010, or 5 AM MST April 5, 2010, (source: 

http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/sounding.html).

Figure 10: Albuquerque, New Mexico, sounding analysis for 12Z April 5, 2010, or 5 AM MST April 5, 2010, (source: 

http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/sounding.html).
18

Figure 11: Flagstaff, Arizona, sounding analysis for 0Z April 6, 2010, or 5 PM MST April 5, 2010, (source: 

http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/sounding.html).

Figure 12: Grand Junction, Colorado, sounding analysis for 0Z April 6, 2010, or 5 PM MST April 5, 2010, (source: 

http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/sounding.html).
19

Figure 13: Denver, Colorado, sounding analysis for 0Z April 6, 2010, or 5 PM MST April 5, 2010, (source: 

http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/sounding.html).

Figure 14: Albuquerque, New Mexico, sounding analysis for 0Z April 6, 2010, or 5 PM MST April 5, 2010, (source: 

http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/sounding.html).
20

Figure 15 shows surface weather observations for 5:43 PM MST on April 5. This map covers Colorado 

and the areas of Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico that were upwind of the region of Colorado that 

experienced exceedances of the PM10 standard. This surface analysis shows that winds above 30 mph 

with gusts as high as 53 mph occurred in areas south of the stationary front and surface low pressure 

complex shown Figures 2-4. On the map in Figure 15, Blanding, UT, (4BL) is accompanied by a dollar 

sign which is the weather symbol for dust or sand raised by wind at the time of the observation. The 

infinity sign is the weather symbol for haze. This symbol is associated with stations across southwestern 

Colorado and central Colorado as far east as Colorado Springs (COS) on the western edge of the eastern 

plains. Haze is often reported during dust storms, and in these dry windy events, haze typically refers to 

blowing dust. Note that haze was reported both in the valley locations like Cortez (CEZ) and Montrose 

(MTJ) and on mountain passes like Wolf Creek Pass (CPW). Additional surface weather maps not 

included here show that there was haze reported in portions of southwest Colorado from 9:43 AM MST 

through 10:43 PM MST on April 5, 2010. Surface weather maps for the Four Corner States show 

evidence of widespread blowing dust and winds above the threshold speeds for blowing dust on April 5, 

2010.

Figure 15: NCAR RAP Real-Time Weather Data website DEN sector surface analysis for 0043Z April 6, 2010, or 5:43 

PM MST April 5, 2010 (source: http://www.rap.ucar.edu/weather/).
21

Tables 1 through 5 contain the surface weather observations for Winslow, Hopi, and Window Rock, 

Arizona, and Gallup and Farmington, New Mexico. These locations are either in or near the areas in 

northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico that are known sources for blowing dust as described 

in Appendix A. At these locations wind speeds were as high as 49 mph and wind gusts were as high as 

63 mph, and these are well above the blowing dust thresholds already identified. Farmington which is on 

the northern edge of this area recorded 6 hours with winds at or above the thresholds for blowing dust, yet 

it recorded 11 hours with visibility of less than 10 miles. This shows that dust became airborne in the 

region to the south and west of Farmington and was transported over Farmington as haze. This haze was 

then transported into Colorado. 

Tables 6 through 10 list observations for Cortez, Durango, Montrose, Alamosa, and Colorado Springs, 

respectively. These are the National Weather Service sites in Colorado south of the stationary front in 

Figure 2, Figure 3, and Figure 4. These sites also experienced many hours of reduced visibility and wind 

speeds and gusts at or above the thresholds for blowing dust. The presence of visibility reductions at 

many of these sites during hours with speeds below these thresholds is indicative of a regional blowing 

dust event with transport from long distances.
22

Table 1: Wind and weather observations for Winslow, Arizona, reported by the University of Utah MesoWest site 

(http://www.met.utah.edu/mesowest/) for April 5, 2010. 

Speeds at or above the blowing dust thresholds and weather and visibility (caused by or reduced by dust) 

have been highlighted in yellow.

Time 

MDT 

April 5

Temperature 

Degrees F

Relative 

Humidity 

in %

Wind 

Speed 

in mph

Wind 

Gust in 

mph

Wind 

Direction 

in 

Degrees Weather

Visibility 

in miles

23:56 47 53 8 260

mostly 

clear 10

22:56 49 46 7 240 clear 10

21:56 50 46 7 clear 10

20:56 51 41 6 17 clear 10

19:56 54 32 22 36 220 clear 10

18:56 57 27 36 49 230 clear 10

17:56 61 20 43 59 210 clear 9

16:56 64 18 46 61 210 clear 7

16:11 66 16 47 59 210 haze 5

15:56 66 16 49 63 210 haze 2

15:48 66 15 49 62 220 haze 2.5

14:56 69 12 44 59 210 haze 6

13:56 70 14 41 53 200 clear 7

12:56 69 15 38 54 210 clear 7

11:56 68 16 38 55 210 lt rain 9

10:56 67 16 36 43 210 lt rain 10

9:56 66 16 29 46 190 lt rain 10

8:56 61 20 22 30 180 clear 10

7:56 56 26 18 26 180 clear 10

6:56 52 33 14 180 clear 10

5:56 49 42 13 180 clear 10

4:56 52 41 12 210 clear 10

3:56 53 38 14 190 clear 10

2:56 54 35 14 180 clear 10

1:56 54 32 17 170 clear 10

0:56 56 29 17 24 180 clear 10
23

Table 2: Wind and weather observations for Hopi, Arizona, reported by the University of Utah MesoWest site 

(http://www.met.utah.edu/mesowest/) for April 5, 2010. 

Speeds at or above the blowing dust thresholds and weather and visibility (caused by or reduced by dust) 

have been highlighted in yellow.

Time 

MDT 

April 5

Temperature 

Degrees F

Relative 

Humidity 

in %

Wind 

Speed in 

mph

Wind 

Gust in 

mph

Wind 

Direction 

in 

Degrees Weather

Visibility 

in miles

23:13 41 67 21 28 320

22:13 46 51 10 16 261

21:13 47 48 11 28 228

20:13 50 40 20 32 227

19:13 52 32 26 42 233

18:13 57 23 30 46 232

17:13 60 19 35 47 230

16:13 63 17 30 49 224

15:13 64 19 32 45 225

14:13 64 18 33 46 215

13:13 64 17 33 46 230

12:13 63 17 30 42 223

11:13 60 22 30 45 212

10:13 59 21 28 37 213

9:13 55 27 30 38 204

8:13 53 32 29 36 200

7:13 49 41 17 23 195

6:13 43 49 13 21 187

5:13 46 39 13 29 184

4:13 50 41 22 29 207

3:13 47 42 16 24 206

2:13 47 40 21 25 204

1:13 49 37 19 25 203

0:13 48 36 12 27 200
24

Table 3: Wind and weather observations for Window Rock, Arizona, reported by the University of Utah MesoWest site 

(http://www.met.utah.edu/mesowest/) for April 5, 2010. 

Speeds at or above the blowing dust thresholds and weather and visibility reduced by dust) have been 

highlighted in yellow.

Time 

MDT 

April 5

Temperature 

Degrees F

Relative 

Humidity 

in %

Wind 

Speed 

in 

mph

Wind 

Gust in 

mph

Wind 

Direction 

in 

Degrees Weather

Visibility 

in miles

23:53 43 43 15 28 250 clear 10

22:53 45 35 17 22 250 clear 10

21:53 48 30 26 38 230 clear 10

20:53 50 27 24 37 230 clear 10

19:53 53.1 23 28 43 230 clear 10

18:53 55.9 20 31 46 220 clear 10

17:53 60.1 17 30 52 220 clear 10

16:53 62.1 16 37 52 220 clear 10

15:53 64 15 28 54 220 clear 10

14:53 64 15 35 55 220 clear 10

13:53 63 15 35 52 220 clear 10

12:53 61 16 32 47 220 clear 10

11:53 59 19 33 46 210 clear 10

10:53 55.9 23 24 41 210 clear 10

9:53 52 27 23 35 220 clear 10

8:53 48.9 36 21 29 220 clear 10

7:53 45 43 10 20 210 clear 10

6:53 43 45 9 200 clear 10

5:53 43 45 6 230 clear 10

4:53 41 48 3 200 clear 10

3:53 41 46 6 90 clear 10

2:53 39.9 46 7 120 clear 10

1:53 39.9 44 6 110 clear 10

0:53 42.1 37 3 150 clear 10
25

Table 4: Wind and weather observations for Gallup, New Mexico, reported by the University of Utah MesoWest site 

(http://www.met.utah.edu/mesowest/) for April 5, 2010. 

Speeds at or above the blowing dust thresholds and weather and visibility (caused by or reduced by dust) 

have been highlighted in yellow.

Time 

MDT 

April 5

Temperature 

Degrees F

Relative 

Humidity 

in %

Wind 

Speed 

in 

mph

Wind 

Gust in 

mph

Wind 

Direction 

in 

Degrees Weather

Visibility 

in miles

23:53 46 35 22 26 250 clear 10

22:53 48 34 20 30 230 clear 10

21:53 50 30 22 38 230 clear 10

20:53 53 24 29 40 230 clear 10

19:53 55 20 30 44 220 clear 10

18:53 57 18 37 54 220 clear 10

17:53 62 16 37 51 230 clear 10

16:53 64 15 39 53 210 clear 10

15:53 65 14 35 52 230 clear 10

14:53 66 14 36 54 230 clear 10

13:53 66 14 36 48 240 clear 10

12:53 63 17 30 51 220 clear 10

11:53 62 17 32 45 220 clear 10

10:53 59 24 24 40 210 clear 10

9:53 54 28 29 36 230 clear 10

8:53 51 39 26 31 230 clear 10

7:53 46 43 10 210 clear 10

6:53 40 48 8 190 clear 10

5:53 37 52 0 clear 10

4:53 42 43 8 180 clear 10

3:53 41 44 8 180 clear 10

2:53 39 46 8 180 clear 10

1:53 41 41 8 170 clear 10

0:53 45 36 8 180 clear 10
26

Table 5: Wind and weather observations for Farmington, New Mexico, reported by the University of Utah MesoWest site 

(http://www.met.utah.edu/mesowest/) for April 5, 2010. 

Speeds at or above the blowing dust thresholds and weather and visibility (caused by or reduced by dust) 

have been highlighted in yellow. 

Time 

MDT 

April 5

Temperature 

Degrees F

Relative 

Humidity 

in %

Wind 

Speed 

in mph

Wind 

Gust in 

mph

Wind 

Direction 

in Degrees Weather

Visibility 

in miles

23:53 50 36 20 30 250 clear 10

23:03 54 26 26 37 250

partly 

cloudy 9

22:53 54 25 25 38 250 haze 6

22:44 54 24 22 33 260 haze 5

22:16 55 21 35 44 240 haze 4

21:53 57 20 26 43 260 haze 5

21:51 57 21 28 35 260 haze 6

20:53 58 18 20 240 clear 9

19:53 61 14 32 45 250 haze 6

19:49 61 15 28 38 250 haze 6

19:12 64 13 22 35 240 haze 4

18:53 65 12 28 43 230 haze 5

18:16 66 12 37 47 220 haze 4

17:53 68 11 32 46 230

mostly 

clear 7

16:53 71 10 36 46 230 haze 6

15:53 72 10 31 45 220 clear 8

14:53 71 12 25 36 210 clear 10

13:53 66 13 23 35 220 clear 8

12:53 63 13 22 26 220 clear 8

11:53 61 18 24 30 210 haze 6

10:53 59 22 10 22 180 clear 10

9:53 58 23 16 200 clear 10

8:53 55 29 15 180 clear 10

7:53 52 32 6 150 clear 10

6:53 45 40 6 100 clear 10

5:53 43 39 7 20 clear 10

4:53 46 34 10 90 clear 10

3:53 46 32 10 100 clear 10

2:53 46 30 7 100 clear 10

1:53 53 23 5 160 clear 10

0:53 53 22 7 170 clear 10
27

Table 6: Wind and weather observations for Cortez, Colorado, reported by the University of Utah MesoWest site 

(http://www.met.utah.edu/mesowest/) for April 5, 2010. 

Speeds at or above the blowing dust thresholds and weather and visibility (caused by or reduced by dust) 

have been highlighted in yellow.

Time 

MDT 

April 5

Temperature 

Degrees F

Relative 

Humidity 

in %

Wind 

Speed 

in mph

Wind 

Gust in 

mph

Wind 

Direction 

in 

Degrees Weather

Visibility 

in miles

23:53 38 82 22 33 290 lt rain 10

23:27 43 76 25 38 280 lt rain 10

22:53 50 37 28 37 230

mostly 

clear 10

21:53 53 32 25 33 250 clear 10

20:53 56 23 25 37 220 haze 4

19:53 58 21 33 48 220 haze 3

19:50 57 21 32 48 220 haze 3

19:08 61 18 22 41 230 haze 2

18:53 61 19 28 40 230 haze 1.75

18:09 63 19 22 36 240 haze 1.75

17:53 63 17 25 40 240 haze 2

17:33 63 17 21 37 240 haze 1.75

17:01 64 16 35 46 230 haze 2.5

16:53 64 17 31 43 220 haze 3

15:53 67 15 33 43 220 haze 5

14:53 64 15 23 39 230 clear 8

13:53 63 19 26 36 200 clear 10

12:53 63 20 29 39 190 clear 10

11:53 59 26 16 30 170 clear 10

10:53 56 29 17 37 190 clear 10

9:53 53 31 22 32 170 clear 10

8:53 53 31 25 36 190 clear 10

7:53 51 33 21 28 190 clear 10

6:53 51 33 20 26 200 clear 10

5:53 49 36 13 220 clear 10

4:53 51 32 14 220

mostly 

clear 10

3:53 50 30 16 20 220 clear 10

2:53 50 30 14 220 clear 10

1:53 48 32 8 240 clear 10

0:53 52 28 15 24 200 clear 10
28

Table 7: Wind and weather observations for Durango, Colorado, reported by the University of Utah MesoWest site 

(http://www.met.utah.edu/mesowest/) for April 5, 2010. 

Speeds at or above the blowing dust thresholds and weather and visibility (caused by or reduced by dust) 

have been highlighted in yellow.

Time 

MDT 

April 5

Temperature 

Degrees F

Relative 

Humidity 

in %

Wind 

Speed in 

mph

Wind 

Gust in 

mph

Wind 

Direction 

in 

Degrees Weather

Visibility 

in miles

23:53 46 38 24 40 240 clear 10

22:53 49 29 26 40 230 haze 4

22:39 50 27 25 36 240 haze 3

22:13 52 24 29 39 240 haze 3

21:53 52 24 25 43 240 haze 2.5

21:17 52 24 18 32 240 haze 2.5

21:01 54 22 23 31 250 haze 4

20:53 53 22 22 35 240 haze 5

19:53 56 18 30 43 240 clear 8

18:53 59 17 30 39 250 clear 7

17:53 62 15 28 41 240 clear 8

16:53 63 15 30 39 210 clear 9

15:53 62 18 20 35 240 clear 9

14:53 60 18 24 38 200 clear 7

13:53 58 21 15 26 210 haze 5

12:53 54 24 15 25 180 clear 7

11:53 53 28 15 25 200 clear 10

10:53 50 36 0 clear 10

9:53 46 43 5 50 clear 10

8:53 42 46 8 70 clear 10

7:53 36 62 5 clear 10

6:53 34 64 0 clear 10

5:53 35 58 3 30 clear 10

4:53 36 56 3 10 clear 10

3:53 37 52 0 clear 10

2:53 36 54 3 130 clear 10

1:53 43 39 5 350 clear 10

0:53 44 38 5 340 clear 10
29

Table 8: Wind and weather observations for Montrose, Colorado, reported by the University of Utah MesoWest site 

(http://www.met.utah.edu/mesowest/) for April 5, 2010. 

Speeds at or above the blowing dust thresholds and weather and visibility (caused by or reduced by dust) 

have been highlighted in yellow.

Time 

MDT 

April 5

Temperature 

Degrees F

Relative 

Humidity 

in %

Wind 

Speed in 

mph

Wind 

Gust in 

mph

Wind 

Direction 

in 

Degrees Weather

Visibility 

in miles

23:53 44 67 15 28 220 lt rain 10

23:50 45 66 21 31 210 lt rain 10

22:53 50 41 7 260

mostly

cloudy 10

22:03 54 28 29 45 220 squalls 10

21:53 52 35 12 26 190

mostly 

cloudy 10

20:53 57 25 25 47 240

mostly 

cloudy 7

20:28 57 23 44 61 240

haze; 

squalls 5

19:53 59 23 40 53 200 haze 4

19:51 61 20 35 51 200 haze 4

19:23 61 20 26 44 240 haze 3

19:05 61 20 38 54 240 haze 2.5

18:53 60 21 26 38 240 haze 3

17:53 62 16 15 24 230 haze 4

17:27 63 16 28 35 210 haze 3

16:53 63 15 32 45 210 haze 4

15:53 62 19 30 49 210 haze 6

14:53 62 19 32 41 210 clear 10

13:53 62 20 25 43 230 clear 10

12:53 60 22 29 38 210 clear 10

11:53 58 23 26 41 220 clear 10

10:53 56 24 26 41 210 clear 10

9:53 55 26 18 36 220 clear 10

8:53 53 29 14 23 220 clear 10

7:53 52 32 17 26 200 clear 10

6:53 51 30 6 20 220 clear 10

5:53 51 28 20 35 200 clear 10

4:53 51 28 17 28 200 clear 10

3:53 51 29 6 clear 10

2:53 52 28 12 18 200 clear 10

1:53 54 25 23 31 210 clear 10

0:53 55 23 26 39 210 clear 10
30

Table 9: Wind and weather observations for Alamosa, Colorado, reported by the University of Utah MesoWest site 

(http://www.met.utah.edu/mesowest/) for April 5, 2010. 

Speeds at or above the blowing dust thresholds and weather and visibility (caused by or reduced by dust) 

have been highlighted in yellow.

Time 

MDT 

April 5

Temperature 

Degrees F

Relative 

Humidity 

in %

Wind 

Speed in 

mph

Wind 

Gust in 

mph

Wind 

Direction 

in 

Degrees Weather

Visibility 

in miles

23:52 46 31 35 49 220 clear 10

22:52 48 27 36 45 220 clear 10

21:52 51 24 37 51 230 clear 8

20:52 52 22 33 40 230 clear 10

19:52 53 23 26 35 220 clear 10

18:52 56 20 29 40 230 clear 10

17:52 60 18 35 46 230 clear 10

16:52 61 16 35 48 230 clear 10

15:52 62 16 33 45 220 clear 10

14:52 58 19 38 48 230 clear 10

14:43 59 18 35 49 220 clear 8

14:36 57 19 40 55 230 haze 2.5

13:52 60 18 33 60 230 haze 6

13:29 59 18 40 54 230 haze 3

13:08 57 19 39 60 230 haze 1.25

13:01 57 21 44 54 230 haze 2

12:52 58 19 44 55 220 haze 1.5

12:35 57 19 40 55 220 haze 1.25

12:19 57 19 37 53 220 haze 2

12:15 57 19 40 53 230 haze 1.75

12:04 55 22 39 48 210 haze 2.5

11:55 55 22 37 55 220 haze 1.75

11:52 56 21 39 55 220 haze 3

10:52 55 23 26 37 230 clear 10

9:52 52 28 22 45 240

partly 

cloudy 8

8:52 48 34 24 35 220 clear 10

8:27 48 34 23 32 210 clear 10

7:52 44 38 3 clear 10

6:52 37 46 8 80 clear 10

5:52 39 39 10 16 20 clear 10

4:52 39 41 0 clear 10

3:52 41 38 18 29 190 clear 10

2:52 43 35 28 40 200 clear 10

1:52 44 33 29 37 210 clear 10

0:52 45 32 25 32 220 clear 10
31

Table 10: Wind and weather observations for Colorado Springs, Colorado, reported by the University of Utah MesoWest 

site (http://www.met.utah.edu/mesowest/) for April 5, 2010. 

Speeds at or above the blowing dust thresholds and weather and visibility (caused by or reduced by dust) 

have been highlighted in yellow. 

Time 

MDT 

April 5

Temperature 

Degrees F

Relative 

Humidity 

in %

Wind 

Speed 

in mph

Wind 

Gust in 

mph

Wind 

Direction 

in 

Degrees Weather

Visibility 

in miles

23:54 58 17 23 32 250 haze 6

23:42 57 18 17 26 250 haze 6

23:10 57 19 17 250 haze 6

22:54 59 17 17 28 250 haze 6

21:54 58 17 13 240 haze 6

20:54 58 17 13 240 clear 7

19:54 59 17 12 250 clear 8

18:54 63 14 15 24 240 clear 7

17:54 65 13 31 41 240 haze 5

16:54 65 13 26 37 240 haze 5

15:54 68 12 32 52 240 haze 5

14:54 69 11 32 46 230 clear 7

13:54 67 12 33 43 250 clear 10

12:54 66 13 26 39 250 clear 10

11:54 65 15 25 31 250 clear 10

10:54 62 15 24 38 240 clear 10

9:54 61 14 37 44 260 clear 10

8:54 58 16 20 32 250 clear 10

7:54 45 34 5 140 clear 8

6:54 43 38 5 190 clear 10

5:54 40 43 6 150 clear 10

4:54 35 54 6 80 clear 10

3:54 36 50 8 80 clear 10

2:54 44 38 10 120 clear 10

1:54 46 34 0 clear 10

0:54 48 29 12 130 clear 10

The Grand Junction, Pueblo, Flagstaff, and Albuquerque NWS Forecast Offices issue weather warnings 

and advisories for northeast Arizona, most of New Mexico, eastern Utah, and western and southeastern 

Colorado. The weather warnings and advisories issued by theses offices for April 5, 2010, are in 

Appendix B. These warnings and advisories show that strong winds and areas of blowing dust were 

expected and experienced across this region on April 5, 2010.

Figure 16 shows the NOAA HYSPLIT 24-hour Forward Matrix Trajectories (Draxler and Rolph, 2012) 

for northeast Arizona and northwest New Mexico starting at 11 PM MST April 4, 2010 (see the following 

link for more information on HYSPLIT: http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php ). This analysis shows 
32

transport of air over this region into Colorado on April 5. HYSPLIT 24-hour Back Trajectories for April 

5, 2010, are presented in Figure 17, Figure 18, Figure 19, Figure 20, Figure 21, and Figure 22 for 

Durango, Pagosa Springs, Alamosa, Telluride, Delta, and Crested Butte, respectively. These also show 

that Arizona and northwest New Mexico were source regions for air transported into Colorado on April 5. 

HYSPLIT forward and backward trajectories provide clear supporting evidence that dust from desert 

regions of northwest New Mexico and Arizona caused the PM10 exceedances measured across portions 

of Colorado on April 5, 2010.

Figure 23 shows the output for blowing dust from the Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System 

(NAAPS) Global Aerosol Model for April 5, 2010. The NAAPS system models blowing dust emissions 

and transport based on soil moisture content, soil erodibility factors, and a variety of meteorological 

factors known to be conducive to blowing dust (for a description of NAAPS see: 

http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/aerosol_web/Docs/globaer_model.html ). 

The 18Z or 11 AM MST April 5, 2010, forecast panel in the upper right of Figure 23 shows blowing dust 

generation over northeast Arizona, portions of southern Utah, and northwest New Mexico. This area of 

dust increases in size and moves into Colorado in the 0Z (5 PM) and 6Z (11 PM) panels in the lower half 

of the figure. Although, the NAAPS forecast products can over predict dust PM10, they do provide an 

independent calculation of the potential for blowing dust and the spatial extent of blowing dust for this 

event. Forecast products from the Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System model provide 

evidence for a widespread blowing dust event in the Four Corners states, beginning in Arizona and 

expanding into Colorado.
33

Figure 16: NOAA HYSPLIT 24-hour forward trajectories for northeast Arizona and northwest New Mexico for each 

hour from 11 PM MST April 4, 2010, to 11 PM MST April 5, 2010, (source: NOAA Air Resources Laboratory at: 

http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php).
34

Figure 17: NOAA HYSPLIT 24-hour back trajectories for Durango, Colorado, for each hour from 11 PM MST April 4, 

2010, to 11 PM MST April 5, 2010, (source: NOAA Air Resources Laboratory at: 

http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php).
35

Figure 18: NOAA HYSPLIT 24-hour back trajectories for Pagosa Springs, Colorado, for each hour from 11 PM MST 

April 4, 2010, to 11 PM MST April 5, 2010, (source: NOAA Air Resources Laboratory at: 

http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php).
36

Figure 19: NOAA HYSPLIT 24-hour back trajectories for Alamosa, Colorado, for each hour from 11 PM MST April 4, 

2010, to 11 PM MST April 5, 2010, (source: NOAA Air Resources Laboratory at: 

http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php).
37

Figure 20: NOAA HYSPLIT 24-hour back trajectories for Telluride, Colorado, for each hour from 11 PM MST April 4, 

2010, to 11 PM MST April 5, 2010, (source: NOAA Air Resources Laboratory at: 

http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php). 
38

Figure 21: NOAA HYSPLIT 24-hour back trajectories for Delta, Colorado, for each hour from 11 PM MST April 4, 

2010, to 11 PM MST April 5, 2010, (source: NOAA Air Resources Laboratory at: 

http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php).
39

Figure 22: NOAA HYSPLIT 24-hour back trajectories for Crested Butte, Colorado, for each hour from 11 PM MST 

April 4, 2010, to 11 PM MST April 5, 2010, (source: NOAA Air Resources Laboratory at: 

http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php).
40

Figure 23: NAAPS forecasted dust concentrations for April 5, 2010, (source: 

http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/flambebin/aerosol/display_directory_aer2?DIR=/web/aerosol/public_html/globaer/ops_01/wus/).

The winter snow pack in the mountainous areas of Colorado is often near its seasonal peak in April, and it 

covers and moistens the soil, greatly reducing the potential for windblown dust from local sources. 

Figure 24 shows the snow depth analysis for the southern Colorado for April 5, 2010, at 5:00 AM MST. 

The snow depth analysis shows that the mountains and many of the valleys in the area of Colorado that 

experienced PM10 exceedances had 8 to 100 inches of snow cover. Figure 25 presents the snow cover 

measurements at the Telluride Ski Resort station located at 12,224 ft MSL and above the town of 

Telluride. Figure 26 provides the snow cover at Vallecito located in the mountains about 10 miles 

northeast of Durango. More than 70 plus inches of snow covered the ground at the Telluride Ski Resort 

with more than 50 inches at Vallecito. Figure 27 and Figure 28contain the snow cover statistics at two 

other mountain valley locations in the mountains of southwestern Colorado. Figure 27 is for Ouray where 

the snow cover melted during the day of April 5, 2010. Figure 28 is for the COOP station in Crested 

Butte, Colorado. It had 20 plus inches of snow. Crested Butte recorded an exceedance of the PM10

standard with a concentration of 174 μg/m3

. The Mount Crested Butte monitor is located about 500 ft 
41

above the Crested Butte COOP station, and it is in the same general area. Because of this added 

elevation, it would have been likely to have had even deeper snow. It exceeded the PM10 standard with a 

concentration of 168 μg/m3

. 

Figure 24: Southern Colorado Snow Depth on April 5, 2010, (source: http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/interactive/html/map.html ).
42

Figure 25: Southern Colorado Snow Depth on April 5, 2010, (source: 

http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/interactive/html/map.html ).

Figure 26: Snow Depth at Vallecito, Colorado, on April 5, 2010, (source: http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/nsa/).
43

Figure 27: Snow Depth at Ouray, Colorado, on April 5, 2010, (source: http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/nsa/).

Figure 28: Snow Depth at Crested Butte, Colorado, on April 5, 2010, (source: http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/nsa/).
44

Snowpack and snow cover data for the mountains and many valley locations in central and 

southwestern Colorado demonstrate that blowing dust and elevated PM10 observed in Telluride, 

Crested Butte, and Mt. Crested Butte were not likely to have been from local sources as the ground was 

deeply covered in snow. Snow cover data provide strong evidence that a widespread, regional, blowing 

dust event caused exceedances at these locations rather than local sources.

The Center for Snow and Avalanche Studies has been studying the effects of wind-blown desert dust from 

Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah on snowpack albedo and snowmelt in the San Juan Mountains of 

Colorado. Figure 29 is the Center’s log of events that identifies deposits or layers of wind-blown dust on 

or within the snowpack of the San Juan Mountains. The Center for Snow and Avalanche Studies lists 

April 5, 2010, as one of nine Dust-on-Snow events for the 2009/2010 water year, and this provides 

clear supporting evidence that a regional blowing dust event with long-range transport caused the 

PM10 exceedances measured across portions of Colorado on April 5, 2010.
45

Figure 29: Dust-on-Snow Deposition Events Log at the Senator Beck Basin Study Area on Red Mountain

Pass, Colorado. (source: Chris Landry. 9/24/2010).

Figure 30, Figure 31, Figure 32, Figure 33, and Figure 34 show MODIS satellite images for the Four 

Corners region, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado, respectively, for April 5, 2010. Areas of 

blowing dust can be seen in Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico. Plumes of blowing dust originating in the 

Painted Desert region of northeastern Arizona and northwest New Mexico stretched across southwest 

Colorado and southeastern Utah. MODIS satellite imagery shows that the Painted Desert and Four 

Corners area in general were source regions for blowing dust on April 5, 2010. This is consistent with 

the climatology for many dust storms in Colorado as described in the Grand Junction, Colorado, 

Blowing Dust Climatology report contained in Appendix A of this document.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Southwest Geographic Science Team: Dust Monitoring web page 

(http://sgst.wr.usgs.gov/dust_detection/dust-events/2010-2/april-5th-2010/ ) lists April 5, 2010, as a Dust 

Event day. The web page for the April 5, 2010, event has various satellite pictures, videos, and time lapse 

imagery of the dust storm. This web page provides the following characterization for this event:

Colorado Dust-on-Snow (CODOS)

Dust-on-Snow Deposition Events Log

Thanks to our original National Science Foundation research grants for collaborative research (grants ATM-0432327 to 

Painter at National Snow and Ice Data Center and ATM-0431955 to Landry at Center for Snow and Avalanche Studies), 

and to the subsequent support of the Colorado Dust-on-Snow program by Colorado water districts the State of Colorado, 

the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, and others, this program has accumulated several seasons of dust-on-snow observations 

at our Senator Beck Basin Study Area (SBBSA) at Red Mountain Pass, summarized in the table below. It is reasonable to 

assume that our skill at detecting dust-on-snow events has improved and that we may have failed to observe very small 

events during the early years of this work. Therefore the table represents an absence of events in grey for the first two 

years of observation but thereafter indicates an absence of observed events as “0” (zero).

Dust-on-Snow Events Documented per Month, by Winter

Senator Beck Basin Study Area at Red Mountain Pass – San Juan Mountains

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Total

2002/2003 2 1 3

2003/2004 2 1 3

2004/2005 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 4

2005/2006 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 2 0 8

2006/2007 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 1 8

2007/2008 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 0 7

2008/2009 1 0 1 0 1 4 5 0 0 12 

2009/2010 1 0 0 0 0 1 4 3 0 9

Dates of the events, by winter/spring season, were as follows (WY = Water Year):

2002/2003 (WY2003): Feb 3, Feb 22, Apr 2-3

2003/2004 (WY 2004): Apr 17, Apr 28, May 11

2004/2005 (WY 2005): Mar 23, Apr 4, Apr 8, May 9

2005/2006 (WY 2006): Dec 23, Feb 15, Mar 26, Apr 5, Apr 15, Apr 17, May 22, May 27

2006/2007 (WY 2007): Dec 17, Feb 27, Mar 27, Apr 15, Apr 18, Apr 24, May 4, Jun 6

2007/2008 (WY 2008): Mar 16, Mar 26-27, Mar 30-31, Apr 15, Apr 21, Apr 30, May 12

2008/2009 (WY 2009): Oct 11, Dec 13, Feb 27, Mar 6, Mar 9, Mar 22, Mar 29, Apr 3, Apr 8, Apr 15, Apr 24, Apr 25

2009/2010 (WY 2010): Oct 27, March 30, April 3, April 5, April 12, April 28, May 9, May 11, May 22
46

“Another frontal system advanced into the interior from the Pacific on Monday April 5th, 2010 

bringing strong winds and gusts in excess of 50 mph. The dominant wind direction was out of the 

south-west. There was no apparent dust activity visible from satellite until mid-afternoon and 

only then in the 4 corners region of the southwest. From the images below it is apparent that yet 

again the regions just north of the Little Colorado River on the Navajo Nation were the 

predominant dust sources for this event. We noted an ancillary dust source in New Mexico on the 

eastern edge of the Navajo Nation. Both Thermal Differencing and Visible images show 

atmospheric dust moving well into southern Colorado.”

USGS Scientists with expertise in the analysis of dust storms have indicated that regions of the Painted 

Desert in northeastern Arizona were the predominant dust sources for this event.

Figure 30: MODIS Aqua image for April 5, 2010, showing plumes of blowing dust in the Four Corners area, with the 

greatest plume densities in the Painted Desert and northwest New Mexico areas north of I-40 (source: 

http://ge.ssec.wisc.edu/modis-today/index.php ).
47

Figure 31: MODIS satellite image of Utah on April 5, 2010 (source: http://activefiremaps.fs.fed.us/imagery.php).
48

Figure 32; MODIS satellite image of Arizona on April 5, 2010, (source: http://activefiremaps.fs.fed.us/imagery.php).
49

Figure 33: MODIS satellite image of New Mexico on April 5, 2010, (source: http://activefiremaps.fs.fed.us/imagery.php).
50

Figure 34: MODIS satellite image of Colorado on April 5, 2010, (source: http://activefiremaps.fs.fed.us/imagery.php).

Figure 35 shows the Percent of Normal Precipitation for the Southwest U.S. for the 30 days before April 

5, 2010. It shows that much of northeastern Arizona and western New Mexico had less than 70 percent of 

normal precipitation. Figure 36 is the Calculated Soil Moisture Anomaly for March 2010. Soils across 

northeastern Arizona, most of Utah, and parts of western Colorado had below normal soil moisture. 

Figure 37 is the Drought Monitor report for the western U.S. It shows that northeastern Arizona and parts 

of western New Mexico were classified as Abnormally Dry. The area bounded by the station 

observations in Tables 1 - 5 was classified as an area with Moderate or Severe Drought. Other 

precipitation data for March of 2010 is presented in Figure 38. This plot shows that the southern portion 

of the Painted Desert (an area where plumes of dust were forming in Figure 30) had below 0.5 inches of 

precipitation in March. These data are consistent with the findings reported in Appendix A that show that 

blowing dust occurs in northeastern Arizona source regions when soils are dry (typically less than 0.5 

inches in a 30-day period at Hopi, Arizona) and winds are strong. Soils in the Four Corners area and in 

northeastern Arizona in particular were dry enough to produce blowing dust when winds were above 

the thresholds for blowing dust.
51

Figure 35: Percent of Normal Precipitation 3/6/2010 – 4/4/2010 (source: 

http://www.hprcc.unl.edu/maps/current/index.php?action=viewmap&daterange=7d®ion=HPRCC&product=PData&

button=View+Map).

Figure 36: Calculated Soill Moisture Anormaly for March 2010 (source: http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/US_SoilMoisture-Monthly.sh).
52

Figure 37: Drought status for the Colorado on March 30, 2010 (source: the USDA, NOAA, and the National Drought 

Mitigation Center at: http://drought.unl.edu/dm/archive.html).
53

Figure 38: Total precipitation for the month of March, 2010 (source: 

http://www.hprcc.unl.edu/maps/current/index.php?action=update_userdate&daterange=Mar&year=10 ).

In a 1997 paper “Factors controlling threshold friction velocity in semiarid and arid areas of the United 

States” (Marticorena et al., 1997), the authors characterized the erodibility of both disturbed and 

undisturbed desert soil types. The threshold friction velocity, which is described in detail in this paper, is 

a measure for conditions necessary for blowing dust and is higher for undisturbed soils and lower for 

disturbed soils. 

Friction velocities have been calculated for 11AM MST and 5 PM MST April 5 using the NARR NAM12 

model (data source: http://nomads.ncdc.noaa.gov/data.php?name=access#hires_weather_datasets ). 

These friction velocities are shown in Figures 39 and 40, respectively. According to Marticorena and 

coauthors (1997), even undisturbed desert soils normally resistant to wind erosion will be susceptible to 

emission of blowing dust when threshold friction velocities are greater than about 1.0 to 2.0 meters per 

second. These figures show that a wide area of northern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, 

southeastern Utah, and southwestern Colorado had friction velocities above 1.0 meters per second on 

April 5. High values were present within the Little Colorado River Valley and Painted Desert region of 

northeastern Arizona where satellite imagery shows the eruption of large plumes of blowing dust. Note 

that blowing dust will typically only occur where these values are high and the soils are dry and not 

protected by vegetation, forest cover, boulders, rocks, etc. This is why blowing dust occurred in the desert 

and more arid areas of northeastern Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico on April 5, 2010. 
54

The elevated friction velocities shown in Figures 39 and 40, the data on soil moisture conditions 

presented elsewhere in this report, and the prevalence of winds above blowing dust thresholds (all 

occurring in traditional source regions in northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico) 

provide evidencethat this dust storm was a natural event that was not reasonably controllable or 

preventable.

Figure 39: Friction velocities in meters/second from the NOAA NCEP North American Model with 12 kilometer grid 

spacing at 18Z April 5, 2010 (11 AM MST April 5).
55

Figure 40; Friction velocities in meters/second from the NOAA NCEP North American Model with 12 kilometer grid 

spacing at 0Z April 6, 2010 (5 PM MST April 5).
56

3.0 Evidence-Ambient Air Monitoring Data and Statistics

PM10 concentrations that exceeded the level of the twenty-four-hour PM10 NAAQS were monitored 

across a broad geographical area of Colorado on Monday April 5, 2010. Values in excess of the PM10

standard were taken using high volume samplers at Alamosa Adams State College (185 mg/m3), Pagosa 

Springs(349 μg/m3

), Durango (320 μg/m3), Crested Butte(174 μg/m3), Mt. Crested Butte(168 μg/m3 ), 

and Telluride(354 μg/m3

). Additionally, exceptionally high values (greater than the 95th percentile for 

the site) were recorded at PM10 monitors in Delta (115 μg/m3), Clifton (75 μg/m3), Aspen (70 μg/m3), 

and Grand Junction Powell (51 μg/m3). These high values would not have occurred if not for the 

following: (a) dry soil conditions over northeastern Arizona, most of Utah, and parts of western Colorado; 

(b) a combination of deep mixing and the tight surface pressure gradient associated with the surface low 

pressure system that created conditions necessary for widespread strong gusty winds over the area of 

concern; and (c) the deep mixing of the blowing dust from desert regions of northwest New Mexico, 

Utah, and Arizona that allowed for the transport of the dust to Colorado. This weather system adversely 

affected the air quality in much of western Colorado.

For a map of the Colorado PM10 monitoring sites and all valid PM10 concentrations on April 5, 2010, see 

Figure 1. Section 2 provides the meteorological evidence for the spatial extent of this regional blowing 

dust event including the dust on snow data from the Colorado Dust-on-Snow (CODOS) network. The 

CODOS network clearly shows that the spatial extent of this dust storm was quite large, covering 

thousands of square miles (see

http://www.snowstudies.org/CODOS/Compiled%20WY%202010%20CODOS%20Updates.pdf). PM10

levels before and after the April 5, 2010, episode, were low as can be seen in Table 8 and Figure 32,

below. 

The APCD reviewed PM10 monitoring data in Western Colorado in the path of the dust storm (see Section 

3.1). The PM10 concentrations at affected sites were compared using time series plots for a number of 

days pre and post event. The time series graphs clearly show that the regional blowing dust storm 

adversely affected the air quality in Alamosa on April 5, 2010. PM10 samples the day before and the day 

two days after the event were typical of samples at each affected site.

3.1 Historical Fluctuations of PM10 Concentrations in Alamosa, Pagosa Springs, and 

Durango

This evaluation of PM10 monitoring data for sites affected by the April 5, 2010, event was made using 

valid samples from Hi-Vol PM10 samplers in Alamosa, Pagosa Springs, and Durango from 2005 through 

2011. The PM10 exceedances from Crested Butte, Mount Crested Butte, and Tellluride were also caused 

by the same regional dust storm. However, since the attainment status of these sites will not be affected 

by these exceedances (only 1 exceedance in 3 years), the APCD will not provide an extensive analysis in 

this section for these sites. APCD has been monitoring PM10 concentrations in all six of these towns since 

1985. Consistent data collection at all affected sites began in 2005. The data presented in this analysis is 

from January 2005, through the end of 2011. The overall data summary for the affected sites is presented 

in 
57

Table 11, with all data values being presented in μg/m3:

Table 11: April 5, 2010, PM10 Monitoring Data Summary (Affected Sites)

Alamosa 

ASC

Pagosa 

Springs

Durango Crested 

Butte

Mt. Crested 

Butte

Telluride

4/5/2010 185 349 320 174 168 354

Mean 22.1 22.7 20.7 26.6 20.8 18.7

Median 18 20 18 23 17 15

Mode 16 16 16 17 11 12

SD* 24.05 17.05 18.85 17.54 14.61 18.90

Range 472 347 317 170 167 353

Minimum 1 2 3 4 1 1

Maximum 473 349 320 174 168 354

Monitoring 

Frequency

daily Daily 1/3 1/3 daily 1/3

Count 2214 2287 811 826 2262 785

*SD - Standard Deviation 
58

Table 11 shows the monitoring data and basic statistics at the six sites with concentrations exceeding the 

NAAQS. This information along with the information presented in the meteorological section 

demonstrates the spatial scope of this event. The regional dust storm on April 5, 2010, was quite 

extensive geographically and it had a direct impact on PM10 concentrations at multiple sites in Colorado.

APCD is requesting exclusion for each of the samples taken at Alamosa ASC, Crested Butte, Mount 

Crested Butte, Durango, Pagosa Springs, and Telluride. However, only the data sets from Alamosa, 

Pagosa Springs, and Durango will be discussed in detail, since the exceedances at these three areas could 

affect the attainment status of the 24-hour PM10 NAAQS in these towns. The attainment status of the 

other sites (Crested Butte, Mt. Crested Butte, and Telluride) will not be affected by this event. It is a 

certainty that these three sites were affected by the event to the same extent as Alamosa, Pagosa Springs, 

and Durango and so they are included here to help define the geographical extent of the affected area. 

A summary of data from all those sites affected by the event is presented in Table 12, along with the 

approximate percentile value that sample value represents for each site for their unique historical data 

sets, for the month of the event (every sample in any April), and for the year of the event. All percentile 

calculations presented anywhere in this section were made using the entire dataset, including known high 

wind events. There is no difference between the two datasets (with and without high wind events) in 

regards to percentile calculations. All data sets were restricted to valid samples in the interval 2005 –

2011.

Table 12: Data Summary between 2005 and 2011

Evaluation 

Criteria

Alamosa 

ASC

Pagosa 

Springs

Durango Crested 

Butte

Mt. Crested 

Butte

Telluride

4/5/2010 185 μg/m3 349 μg/m3 320 μg/m3 174 μg/m3 168 μg/m3 354 μg/m3

Overall 99.68% Max Value Max Value Max Value 99.98% Max Value

All April 98.95% Max Value Max Value Max Value 99.96% Max Value

2010 99.36% Max Value Max Value Max Value 99.98% Max Value

This event produced the maximum value in four of the six datasets and exceeded the 98th% value of any 

evaluation criteria for the other two sites. The overall magnitude and broad geographical extent of 

affected sites suggests that there was a contribution to each sample from other than local sources.

The data sets for Alamosa, Pagosa Springs, and Durango, where attainment is threatened are further 

summarized by month. As with previous exceptional event documentation package submittals these 

summaries (see Figure 41, Figure 43, Figure 44, Figure 45, Figure 47, Figure 48, and Figure 50) present 

no obvious season. PM10 levels at any particular site in Colorado do not necessarily fluctuate by season. 

Of greater importance affecting day-to-day, typical PM10 concentrations are local sources, e.g. road 

sanding and sweeping, local burning from agriculture and residential heating, vehicle contributions 

mainly via re-entrained road dust from paved, and unpaved lots or roads, etc. However, there has never 

been an exceedance that was not associated with high winds carrying PM10 dust from distant sources in 

these six areas since at least 2005. And, since 2005 there has never been a PM10 exceedance during stable 

air conditions, such as an all day temperature inversion, which is typical of wintertime PM10 exceedances 

in the past (pre-SIP and pre-MOU control measures). PM10 exceedances associated with stable air masses 

are indicative of local anthropogenic sources and are the opposite of natural high wind events. While the 

historic monthly mean values for the affected sites can be higher during the winter and spring months 

there is little month-to-month variation. Additionally, some of the sites exhibit monthly medians over this 

period (winter/spring) that are generally lower than other months of the year. This time frame (winter and 

early spring) is that which is most likely to experience the regional meteorological and dry conditions 
59

exhibited during this event. Although, the maximum values for these months (winter/spring) are the 

highest in the data set, the ‘typical’ data (i.e. day-to-day, reflective of local conditions) are similar to or 

lower than the same ‘typical’ data for the rest of the year. The summary data for the month of April (all 

samples in any April) and for 2010 for Alamosa ASC, Pagosa Springs, and Durango are presented in:

Table 13: Month and Year PM10 Monitoring Data Summary

Site: Alamosa ASC Pagosa Springs Durango

April 2010 April 2010 April 2010

Mean 27.9 23.5 31.2 24.3 34.4 25.3

Median 18 19 24 18 19.5 18

Mode 11 20 23 18 13 18

SD 38.0 26.5 36.9 28.7 51.4 37.7

Minimum 1 2 2 4 6 3

Maximum 295 285 349 349 320 320

Count 192 314 195 310 68 111

Alamosa ASC – 080030001 

The PM10 sample on April 5, 2010, at Alamosa ASC of 185 μg/m3 is the 99th percentile value for all 

April data, exceeds the 99th percentile value for all 2010 data, and is greater than the 99th percentile value 

(97 μg/m3

) for the entire dataset. Overall, this sample is the eighth highest sample in the entire data set 

and the 2nd largest sample in 2010. The seven samples greater than the event sample are all associated 

with high wind exceptional events. There are 2214 samples in this dataset. The sample from April 5, 

2010 clearly exceeds the value of typical samples for this site.

Figures 41 through 44 graphically characterize the Alamosa ASC PM10 data. Figure 41 is a simple time 

series; every sample in this dataset (2005 – 2011) greater than 150 μg/m3 is identified. Note the 

overwhelming number of samples occupying the lower end of the graph; an interested reader can count 

the number of samples greater than 100 μg/m3

. Of the 2214 samples in this data set less than 1% are 

greater than 100 μg/m3

.
60

Figure 41: Alamosa ASC PM10

Figure 42 is a simple histogram, demonstrating the overwhelming weight of samples on the low end of 

the curve. Over 60% of the samples in this data set are less than 20 μg/m3

. Even in the highly variable 

month of April, the month with the largest sample standard deviation, 90% of the samples are less than 50 

μg/m3

. Clearly the sample on April 5, 2010 exceeds what is typical for this site.

Figure 42: Alamosa ASC PM10 Histogram

185, 5 Apr 2010 160, 11 May 2010

295, 3 Apr 2011

424, 10 Feb 2006

260, 22 May 2010

285, 28 Apr 2010

158, 15 Feb 2006

473, 6 Jun 2007

440, 01 Dec 2011

207, 5 Oct 2009

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

11/09/04 03/24/06 08/06/07 12/18/08 05/02/10 09/14/11

Concentration, 

μg/m3

Sample Date

Alamosa ASC PM10

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

102030405060708090

100110120130140150

More

Frequency

Concentration, μg/m3

Alamosa ASC PM10 Histogram

Frequency

Cumulative %
61

The monthly box-whisker plot, Figure 43, highlights the consistency of the majority of data from month 

to month. Note the greater variability (wider inner-quartile range) and greater range of the data through 

the winter and early spring months that’s accompanied by typically greater monthly maxima. This time 

period experiences a greater number of days with meteorological conditions similar to those experienced 

on April 5, 2010. Although these high values affect the variability and central tendency (average) of the 

dataset they aren’t representative of what is typical at the site. 

Figure 43: Monthly Alamosa ASC PM10 Box and Whisker Plot

The box and whisker plots graphically represent the overall distribution of each data set including the 

mean ( ), the inner quartile range ( IQR, defined to be the distance between the 75th% and 25th%), 

the median (represented by the horizontal black line) and two types of outliers identifed in these plots: 

outliers greater than 75th% +1.5*IQR ( )and outliers greater than 75th% + 3*IQR ( ). The outliers 

that satisfy the last criteria and are greater than 150 μg/m3 are labeled with sample value and sample date. 

Each of these outliers is associated with a known high-wind exceptional event similar to that of April 5, 

2010.

The presence of the extreme values distorts the graph, losing definition and distorting information 

presented across the range where the majority of data resides. The same plot graphed to 100 μg/m3

, 

which includes almost 99% of all the data, in Figure 44.

424, 10 Feb 2006

158, 15 Feb 2006

295, 03 Apr 2011

285, 28 Apr 2010

185

260, 22 May 2010

160, 11 May 2010

473, 06 June 2007

207, 05 oct 2009

440, 01 Dec 2011

185, 05 Apr 2010

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Concentration, 

μg/m3

Month
62

Figure 44: Monthly Alamosa ASC PM10 Box and Whisker Plot (expanded view)

Note the degree to which the April (among other months) data is skewed. The mean (27.8 μg/m3

) is 

greater than the 75th percentile value (26 μg/m3

). This is due to the presence of a handful of extreme 

values and can create the perception that those months experiencing these high wind events are somehow

dirtier than other months of the year. This data exposes that perception as flawed as the typical data is 

similar to every other month of the year. The sample of April 5, 2010, clearly exceeds the typical data at 

this site. 

Pagosa Springs - 080070001

The PM10 sample on April 5, 2010, at Pagosa Springs of 349 μg/m3 is the largest sample in the data set for 

any evaluation criteria. There are 2232 samples in this dataset. The sample of April 5, 2010, clearly 

exceeds the typical samples for this site.

Figures 45 through 47 graphically characterize the Pagosa Springs PM10 data. Figure 45 is a simple time 

series, every sample in this dataset (2005 – 2011) greater than 150 μg/m3 is identified. As with the 

previous time series an overwhelming number of samples occupy the lower end of the graph, over 99% of 

all the samples in this dataset are less than 75 μg/m3

. Of the nearly 2300 samples in this data set exactly 

eight are greater than 150 μg/m3

. Clearly the April 5, 2010, sample is not representative of typical 

samples at this site.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Concentration, 

μg/m3

Month
63

Figure 45: Pagosa Springs PM10

Figure 46 is a simple histogram, demonstrating the overwhelming weight of samples on the low end of 

the curve. Over 50% of the samples in this data set are less than 20 μg/m3

. Even in the highly volatile 

month of April the month with the largest sample standard deviation, 95% of the samples are less than 50 

μg/m3

. Clearly the sample on April 5, 2010 exceeds what is typical for this site.

349, 5 Apr 2010

162, 29 Apr 2010

188, 24 Apr 2009

200, 11 May 2010

255, 22 Mar 2009

225, 3 Apr 2009 187, 22 May 2010

182, 6 Apr 2009

181, 28 Apr 2010

9 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

11/09/04 03/24/06 08/06/07 12/18/08 05/02/10 09/14/11

Concentration, 

μg/m3

Sample Date

Pagosa Springs PM10
64

Figure 46: Pagosa Springs PM10 Histogram

The monthly box-whisker plot, Figure 47, highlights the consistency of the majority of data from month 

to month. Note the greater variability (wider inner-quartile range) and greater range of the data through 

the winter and early spring months that’s accompanied by typically greater monthly maxima. Recall, this 

time period experiences a greater number of days with meteorological conditions similar to those 

experienced on April 5, 2010. Although these high values affect the variability and central tendency of 

the dataset they aren’t representative of what is typical at the site.

Figure 47: Monthly Pagosa Springs PM10 Box and Whisker Plot

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

102030405060708090

100

110120130140150

More

Frequency

Concentration, μg/m3

Pagosa Springs PM10 Histogram

Frequency

Cumulative %

255, 22 Mar 2009

225, 03 Apr 2009

188, 24 Apr 2009

181, 28 Apr 2010

162, 29 Apr 2010

200, 11 May 2010

187, 22 May 2010

349, 5 Apr 2010

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Concentration, 

μg/m3

Month
65

As with the previous box and whisker plots, outliers greater than 150 μg/m3 are identified by 

concentration and date. Each of these outliers is associated with a known high-wind exceptional event 

similar to that of April 5, 2010.

Durango - 080670004 

The PM10 sample on April 5, 2010, at Durango of 320 μg/m3 is the largest sample in the data set for any 

evaluation criteria. There are 811 samples in this dataset. The sample of April 5, 2010, clearly exceeds 

the typical samples for this site and sits well beyond the typical data distribution.

Figures 48 through 50 graphically characterize the Durango PM10 data. Figure 48 is a simple time series 

graph, every sample in this dataset (2005 – 2011) greater than 150 μg/m3 is identified. As with the 

previous time series an overwhelming number of samples occupy the lower end of the graph, over 99% of 

all the samples in this dataset are less than 75 μg/m3

. Of the 811 samples in this data set exactly four are 

greater than 150 μg/m3

; All four of these samples are related to high wind exceptional events similar to 

this event. Clearly the April 5, 2010, sample is not typical of samples at this site.

Figure 48: Durango PM10

Figure 49 is a simple histogram, demonstrating the overwhelming weight of samples on the low end of 

the curve. Almost 50% of the samples in this data set are less than 20 μg/m3

. Even in the highly volatile 

month of April, the month with the largest sample standard deviation, 90% of the samples are less than 50 

μg/m3

. Clearly, the sample on April 5, 2010, exceeds what is typical for this site.
66

Figure 49: Durango PM10 Histogram

The monthly box-whisker plot, Figure 50, highlights the consistency of the majority of data from month 

to month. Note the greater variability (wider inner-quartile range) and greater range of the data through 

the winter and early spring months that’s accompanied by typically greater monthly maxima. Recall, this 

time period experiences a greater number of days with meteorological conditions similar to those 

experienced on April 5, 2010. Although these high values affect the variability and central tendency of 

the dataset they aren’t representative of what is typical at the site.

Figure 50: Monthly Durango PM10 Box and Whisker Plot
68

3.2 Wind Speed Correlations

Wind speeds around the region (Southwest Colorado, Northeast Arizona, Northwest New Mexico)

increased early in the morning April 5, 2010, and stayed high through the morning of April 6, gusting to 

speeds in excess of 60 mph. The charts in Figure 51 display wind speed (mph) as a function of date from 

six widely dispersed stations across the region. Every one of these stations, despite being in completely 

disparate locations, exhibits nearly the same behavior in regards to the increasing wind speeds on April 5, 

2010. 
69

Figure 51: Wind Speed Graphs for Select Areas in Southwest Colorado, Northeast Arizona, and Northwest New Mexico

(Wind Speed data courtesy of University of Utah, Mesowest)

Figure 52, plots PM10 concentrations from the affected sites for a small number of days prior to 

and following the sample(s) of April 5, 2010.

Figure 52: PM10 Concentrations, Select Affected Sites (03/30/2010 – 04/10/2010)

The plot precisely mimics the plots for wind speed, even to the extent that elevated PM10 concentrations 

on sample dates other than the event date (e.g 31 March and 06 April) are associated with higher winds on 

those dates. Although these lesser events aren’t associated with samples in excess of 150 μg/m3 the 

elevated concentrations are clearly associated with the elevated wind speeds. Given the wide spatial 

separation of the sites (meteorological and PM10) the relationship between the two data sets would suggest

that the regional high winds had an affect on PM10 samples in Colorado on April 5, 2010. 
70

3.3 Percentiles

Monthly percentile plots for each site demonstrate a high degree of association between monthly median 

values and relatively high monthly percentile values, e.g. the r2 value between the Alamosa ASC monthly 

90th percentile and the Alamosa ASC monthly median is 0.699. The same value(s) for Pagosa Springs and 

Durango are 0.827 and 0.613, respectively. As the percentile value decreases (e. g., 90%, 75%) the 

correlation between those values and the median increases sharply. The monthly percentile plots for each 

site are presented in Figure 53.

Figure 53: Monthly Percentile Plots for Alamosa ASC, 

Durango, and Pagosa Springs

It is certainly the case that monthly median PM10 values are indicative of typical, day to day PM10 

concentrations. Additionally, there is a range of samples that are a product of normal variation subject to 

typical, day to day effects due to local PM10 derived dust. This range may be restricted to percentile 

values that are well correlated with the median. For these data sets a conservative estimate of the 

percentile value that is reflective of normal, day to day variation is the 90th percentile value. A different 

way to phrase this may be that most of the variability in the monthly 90th percentile values can be 

explained by the variation in monthly medians. If we take the 90th percentile as an estimate of the

maximum contribution that could have come from local sources then the portion of the sample 

concentration remaining would be due to the event. Nearly all of the variation in the monthly 84th 

percentile values can be explained by the variation in monthly medians (r2 ~ 0.85). Table 14 identifies 

various percentile values for each site from all April data. The range estimate in the “Est. Conc. Above 

Typical” column was derived using the difference between the actual sample value and the 90th percentile 

as the minimum estimate and the difference between the actual sample value and the 84th percentile as the 

maximum estimate.
71

Table 14: Various Percentile Values for Each Site from all April Data

Site

Event Day 

Concentration 

(μg/m3)

April 

Median 

(μg/m3)

April 

Average 

(μg/m3)

April 

75th % 

(μg/m3)

April 

84th % 

(μg/m3)

April 

90th % 

(μg/m3)

Est. Conc. 

Above Typical 

(μg/m3)

Alamosa ASC 185 18 28 26 33 47 138 - 152

Pagosa Springs 349 24 31 30 34 41 308 - 315

Durango 320 19.5 34 30 40 51 269 - 280

Clearly, there would have been no exceedance but for the additional contribution provided by the event. 

Since the local anthropogenic sources are well controlled in Alamosa, Pagosa Springs, and Durango and 

the sustained surface wind speeds were well above 25 mph in the region of the dust storm, it follows that 

the dust was transported into the region on April 5, 2010. This high wind blowing dust event affected the 

air quality in Alamosa, Pagosa Springs, Crested Butte, Mount Crested, Durango, and Telluride in the state 

of Colorado on April 5, 2010. The size, extent, and origination of the blowing dust storm made the event 

not preventable and it could not be reasonably controlled. Statistical data clearly shows that but for this 

high wind blowing dust event Alamosa, Pagosa Springs, and Durango would not have exceeded the 24-

hour NAAQS on April 5, 2010. 
72

News and Credible Evidence

Blowing dust in the Four Corners region of the Southwestern US

April 5th, 2010

GOES-12 0.65 μm visible images

McIDAS images of the GOES-12 0.65 μm visible channel data (above) showed the development of large plumes of blowing 

dust that developed late in the day on 05 April 2010 as a result of very strong winds ahead of an advancing cold frontal 

boundary. Winds gusted as high as 70 mph in northeastern Arizona and 68 mph in southern Utah (reducing visibility to 

near zero in some areas, and forcing some road closures). The GOES-12 satellite had been placed into Rapid Scan 

Operations, allowing imagery to be available as frequently as every 5-10 minutes.

An AWIPS image of the POES AVHRR Cloud Top Height product (below) indicated that the tops of the blowing dust plumes 

in northeastern Arizona at 19:45 UTC (1:45 pm local time) were around 1-2 km.
73

POES AVHRR Cloud Top Height product

Posted in Air quality, AVHRR, GOES-12, POES | No Comments »

http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/archives/date/2010/04/05
74

Crestone Weather Center

- Keno's Home and Crestone's Official Weather Station -

MONTHLY CLIMATOLOGICAL SUMMARY FOR CRESTONE, CO

(For Daily Climatological Stats, go here)

2010

MONTH MEAN

TEMP

HIGH 

TEMP DATE LOW TEMP DATE

HEATING

DEGREE 

DAYS

COOLING 

DEGREE 

DAYS

TOTAL 

PRECIP

WIND 

SPEED 

AVG

WIND 

GUST 

HIGH

DATE

DOM

WIND 

DIR

Jan 22.0° 43.4° 1/14 -3.6° 1/8 1339 0 0.51 3 27 1/22 E

Feb 22.0° 40.4° 2/19 -3.6° 2/2 1207 0 0.97 3 26 2/20 S

March 32.1° 68.2° 3/30 0.2° 3/20 1017 0 1.44 6 44 3/14 E

April 42.3° 68.4° 4/15 14.1° 4/30 692 0 1.73 8 52 4/5 S

May 50.5° 81.2° 5/28 17.1° 5/1 447 2 0.23 9 51 5/22 S

June 63.7° 88.7° 6/9 34.4° 6/15 77 38 0.31 7 43 6/6 E

July 67.8° 92.0° 7/16 40.5° 7/5 14 100 0.87 5 32 7/21 E

Aug 64.5° 85.2° 8/15 41.6° 8/20 39 24 1.87 5 29 8/16 E

Sept 59.2° 84.2° 9/5 31.7° 9/11 167 0 0.83 4 31 9/9 E

Oct 45.4° 80.1° 10/1 10.5° 10/28 536 0 0.54 4 31 10/26 E

Nov 30.2° 62.2° 11/2 -8.7° 11/25 1045 0 0.20 4 37 11/21 E

Dec* 30.6° 55.9° 12/3 -8.7° 12/31 1068 0 0.45 4 30 12/20 E

 

TOTALS 44.3° 92.0° 7/16 -8.7° ** 7648 164 9.95 5.2 52 4/5 E

*Up until Dec 31. ** Reached twice, first on November 25, and then again on December 

31.

Temperatures recorded in degrees Fahrenheit. Wind Speed recorded in MPH. 

Precipitation recorded in inches. Heating/Cooling degree base: 65.0°

Crestone Weather Notes For 2010

Nine straight days of freezing fog recorded between January 27 and February 4, with 

the last five days of January socked in most of the morning and evening hours and in 

some locations, all day long.

Record low temperature set for the day on February 23 at -3.6° (-4°), old record of -2° 

was set in 1996.
75

The .97 inches of precipitation recorded in February was the third most ever for the 

month, and the 15.3 inches of snow was the fourth highest snow total ever recorded for 

February.

The 9.5 inches of snow that fell on March 8 was a record snowfall for that day.

Windy day on March 14, with a top wind gust of 44 MPH recorded, the strongest gust of 

wind here since May 2008, causes minor damage around town. Some reports of 50 

MPH plus wind gusts came in from the Grants.

A cold front hits at 10:25 am on March 19, with the temperature dropping from 34° to 

21° in about 30 minutes. A mini snowstorm with blowing snow at noon caused near 

whiteout conditions for about an hour.

Record low temperature reached on March 20 at 0.2°, breaking the old record of 4°, set 

in 1998.

With 1.44 inch of precip, and 18.9 inches of snow, these readings were both the fifth 

wettest, and fifth snowiest March on record.

On April 5 the low temperature (34°) never went below freezing. This marked the first 

time Crestone did not drop below freezing in a 24 hour period since October 19, 2009.

The first 6 days of April start off very windy. On April 5 (at 520 PM), a top wind gust of 

52 MPH was recorded at our weather station. This is the highest recorded gust of wind 

ever recorded in Crestone (although wind speed has only been recorded here since 

November of 2002). Reports of 60+ MPH gusts came in from the Grants on this same 

day.

April 12 marked the first rainfall of the year - be it only a trace, at our weather station. 

However, heavy rain was reported on the same day just 2 miles south of the station. On 

April 16 the first measurable rainfall of the year occurred.

Second mini dust storm of the year and month hits on April 28, which was a very windy 

day. Yet April 29 is even more windier, with a 24 hour average wind speed of 15 MPH, 

along with some more dust and even stronger winds out in the valley and above 10,000 

feet in the mountains.

The high temperature in April only reach 68°, making it only the fifth time since 1982 

that a reading of 70° or higher wasn't reach in April, and the first time this has happened 

since April, 1997.

April turned out to be the windiest month ever for average speed in Crestone, be it that 

wind speed has only been measured in Crestone since November of 2002.

May also turns out very windy, with a wind gust of 50 MPH May 11, and then a top wind 
76

gust of 51 MPH on May 22. The next morning saw blowing dust, and a wind gust of 62 

MPH was recorded at the Crestone Charter School, about 4 miles west of our weather 

station.

On May 25, a record low of 25.9° was reached in the early morning hours.

May saw a total of 9 days where the afternoon humidity reading was below 10%, with a 

reading of 5% on May 25 being the lowest reading of the month.

May became the windiest month ever for average speed in Crestone, breaking the 

record set just set in April (see above). May also turned out to be the fifth driest May 

ever on record.

On June 9 a record high temperature was reached with a reading of 88.7°, breaking the 

old mark of 87°, set in 2002. Also on this day a humidity reading of 4% was recorded, 

making this the driest day so far in 2010.

All of Crestone experienced a smoky late afternoon and evening on June 23 from a 

forest fire (Medano Fire) burning 19 miles southeast of town at the Great Sand Dunes 

National Park

A early evening thunderstorm on June 28 left .15" of precipitation in the rain gauge, not 

a whole lot, but this was the first significant rainfall since May14, and only the second 

significant precip event since April 23 when 5.4" of snow fell.

Humidity wise, June was one of the driest months Crestone has seen in years, with 9 

days in a row (June 16 thru 24) with afternoon humidity readings below 10% with 4 

straight days (June 18 to 21) with afternoon humidity readings at or below 5%, including 

a 4% humidity reading on June 20, tied with June 9 for the driest day of the year so far. 

All told, there were 12 days in June where the humidy reading was under 10%.

Precip wise, this June was tied for the sixth driest June on record.

Record high temperature tied on July 16 at 92°, along with a humidity reading of 4% in 

the afternoon.

For the first time since 2005, Crestone experiences more than 2 days in a row of 90 

degree temperatures, with 6 days straight days of 90 plus readings from July 15 till July 

20.

Record high low of 59.1° shatteres the old record for July 20 of 56°. This reading also 

ties for fourth place for the warmest ever highest low recorded. The warmest overnight 

reading ever was 63°, followed by two readings of 60°... Also on July 20, more smoke 

covers town in the late afternoon from the still burning Mendio fire.
77

Precip wise, July ended up being the forth driest July ever, with only .87" of rain falling.

0.68" of rain and hail fell in just 10 minutes time on Aug 5, starting at 2:25pm. It ended 

up raining only for about another 30 minutes afterwards and that (.09") was the only 

other precip that came down for the day. Yet the total of .77" total precip that fell in less 

than an hour's time set a record for the entire date for total precip (old record was .38", 

set in 1999).

5% humidity reading in the afternoon on Labor Day, Sept 6.

This year marked the warmest September on record, along with 5 record high 

temperatures recorded. The high temperature of 82° on September 18, tied the record 

for the day first set in 2005, then the next day, on September 19, the record high temp 

was broken with a reading of 83o, the old mark was 82o, set in 1984. Then for the last 

week of the month, we saw three days in a row with record highs broken or tied: On 

Sept 27 it reached 82o, tying the old record first set in 2001. Sept 28 saw a new record 

high of 83o, breaking the old mark of 82o, set in 1998. Then on September 29 another 

new record was reached at 83o, the old record was 82o, set in 2001.

October started off as September ended, unseasonably warm. The high temperature on 

October 1 of 80.1o, not only broke the record for the day (old record was 79o), it was the 

warmest temperature reading ever in October for Crestone and the first time the high 

temperature reached the 80s in the month.

The first trace of snow reported on October 22 was the latest date for snow to fall in any 

new snow season (the new snow season starts each year on July 1).

Two interesting notes about the 1.7" of snow that fell on November 21. Frist, this was 

the second longest into the new snow season that Crestone had gone before the first 

inch of snow fell. The latest date remains as December 6,1989. This 1.7" of snow was 

also the first time it snowed on November 21 in 27 years of record keeping, and 

that was the latest date of the calendar year with no snow ever recorded. Now 

November 8 is latest date and is also now the only day in November to never see 

measurable snow accumulate.

A record low for the date was reached on November 25 when the temperature fell to -

8.7o (or -9o). The old record was -2o, set in 2007.

A record high low temperature was tied on December 10 when the overnight low 

temperature only fell to 32°.

A record high temperature was tied on December 14 at 50.2o.

An all time record high low temperature for Crestone in December was set on 

December 20 when the temperature only went down to 36°, smashing the old record for 

the date of 27°, and replacing the old all time record for the month, which was 34°. This 
78

reading of 36° was also only the third time the temperature stayed above freezing for a 

24 hour period in December since records were first kept 27 years ago. But that fact 

would change as the week went on, as this would occur again... Another record high 

low was set on December 21, this time the reading was 32°, easily surpassing the old 

record of 21°. Then again the next day, on December 22, another record high low was 

set when this time the temperature only went down to 33°, surpassing the old record for 

the date of 25°. Finally, on December 23, and for the fourth day in a row, Crestone 

recorded one last record high low temperature reading, this time the temperature only 

dropped down to 31°, breaking the old record of 27°. For these 4 days, Crestone 

averaged a low temperature of 33°, when on average the low temp should be in the 

single digits this time of year.

A record low for the date was tied on December 31 when the thermometer dropped to -

9°. The record was first set in 1982.

December 2010 ended up being the warmest December ever record, going back to 

1982, the first year weather records were kept in Crestone.

http://www.keno.org/vws/climatological_summary_2010.htm
79

Heavy dust from New Mexico announces arrival of 

snowstorm

Garrett Andrews

Herald Staff Writer

Article Last Updated: Tuesday, April 06, 2010 12:36pm

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Enlarge photo

STEVE LEWIS/Herald

A cyclist pedals through the dusty evening air Monday near East Third Avenue and Eighth Street. A lowpressure system coming from the south picked up dust from New Mexico and sent it north. The National 

Weather Service forecasts the system could leave as much as 3 inches of snow on the ground today in Durango.
80

Strong southwesterly winds blew heavy dust into town Monday from New Mexico, ahead of a lowpressure system and coldfront that could drop 3 inches of snow today.

Matthew Aleksa, meteorologist with the National Weather Service's Grand Junction office, said between 8 and 

16 inches of snow could fall in the Southern San Juans, and 80 to 90 mile per hour winds are expected above 

treelinethroughout the day.

A winter storm warning went into effect at 6 p.m. Monday for all mountain zones in Colorado. The warning 

will remain ineffect until 6 a.m. Wednesday.

Aleksa said snow could begin falling early today morning and intermittently throughout the day today, before 

taperingoff Wednesday morning.

gandrews@durangoherald.com
81

I-40 closed; high wind warning for Little 

Colorado River Valley

Print Email

April 05, 2010 12:05 pm • DAILY SUN STAFF

(0) Comments

I-40 was closed at 3 p.m. because of blowing dust from high winds.

Initially, the highway was open as visibility diminished, according to information from the Arizona Department of Transportation. 

Highway patrol and ADOT crews escorted motorists through a 4-mile segment near the State Route 99 junction.

ADOT has not determined when the highway will reopen.

The National Weather Service issued earlier today a high wind warning for the Little Colorado River Valley corridor, which runs from 

Tuba City down to Two Guns and Winslow. Travel along Interstate 40 from Winslow to the New Mexico stateline is expected to be

difficult for high profile vehicles and visibility poor for mortorists.

Ben Peterson, a NWS meteorologist at the Bellemont station, said Flagstaff is getting hit with gusts up to 60 mph. Tuba City and Two 

Guns are getting the hardest hit.

It is a typical storm system for this time of year -- lots of wind and lots of temperature changes, Peterson said. As storms track farther 

north, this area ends up getting the wind.

For the lastest information on highway restrictions, visit www.az511.com, or call 511.

http://azdailysun.com/news/local/i--closed-high-wind-warning-for-little-colorado-river/article_3eaeebac-40ef-11df8f87-001cc4c03286.html
82

Protecting Your Garden from Wind 

Damage

April 5, 2010

By Holly Deyo

Breezes in your garden are important for pollinating plants and circulating air 

keeps leaves and roots healthy. However too much wind can shred leaves, 

break stems and branches and in worst cases, saw off tender plants at dirt 

level.

For over a week now, we've dealt with hellish wind that is wearing on nerves 

and plants alike. One casualty: 70mph gusts blew down a newly framed 

apartment building (see article below) and threw heaps of dirt into the air. 

Normally blue skies turned an unhealthy, murky brown. You know it's bad 

when even "working dogs" don't want to venture outside for bathroom breaks 

and daily walks.

They weren't the only ones to suffer. Newly planted romaine with their long 

slender leaves were pummeled by this force of nature. However, damage was 

easily prevented with the help of a frost blanket.

This photo is of the city of Pueblo and we live in a neighboring rural 

community to the west. Many of our roads aren't paved and Pueblo was the 

unhappy recipient of our dirt.
83

Photo: High winds Thursday kick up dust and dirt, obscuring the landscape 

around Pueblo including the Comanche power plant.

Since wind in this area comes mostly from the north and west, we attached a 

barrier cloth on those sides only. This was easy to do since our "lettucey-type" 

plants are protected by hardware mesh wire. Without a wire fence, jack 

rabbits and cottontails would make short work of these ready-made salads. By 

covering only two sides, it still allowed in the sun on the south and west. The 

fabric literally went up in 3 minutes by clipping the material about every 8" with 

clothes pins.

NOTE: Doubled over landscape fabric and Sunblocker material with a tight 

weave (50% and smaller) also work well as wind barriers.

After the fabric was in place, I gave the lettuces a gentle overhead drink.

Excessive wind can quickly dehydrate plants and watering their leaves does 

two things: It more quickly re-hydrates them since water travels through both 

leaves and roots, and it removes suffocating dust that clogs leaf pores. Plants 

with dusty leaves is like breathing through a face mask. It makes them work 

harder when they need to put their energy into root growth and plant structure.
84

Normally the idea is to keep most water off leaves since it can promote 

disease – especially in humid areas. It can sunburn young tender leaves when 

water droplets act as a magnifying glass and intensify the sun's rays. At this 

time of year the sun is still at a low angle so it's not a problem.

If winds are prolonged, check seedlings often to see if they need more water.

A week later, the protective fabric is still in place since three more days of high 

wind is forecast. Plants, people and pups will all be glad to see it leave!

http://standeyo.com/NEWS/10_Food_Water/100405.garden.cloth.wind.html

http://www.standeyo.com/NEWS/10_Food_Water/100405.garden.cloth.wind.html
85

Strong winds rock Pueblo County

The Associated Press The Denver Post

Posted: POSTED: 04/05/2010 02:21:08 PM MDT

UPDATED: 04/05/2010 02:29:08 PM MDT DenverPost.com

PUEBLO, Colo.—Strong winds are whipping across southwestern Pueblo County at speeds above 70 mph.

A spokesman from the National Weather Service says a gust of 74 mph was recorded near Colorado City at 1 p.m. 

Monday. Alamosa and Wetmore have each recorded gusts over 60 mph.

The weather service says winds are blowing around 35 mph to 55 mph, and a high wind warning for the area is in effect 

until midnight.

The Pueblo County Sheriff's Office says they have not received an immediate reports of serious damage from the wind.
86

Posted: Tue 9:35 AM, Apr 06, 2010

A A

Reporter: KKCO Email

Updated: Tue 9:45 AM, Apr 06, 2010

Back to Weather

Whipping wind causes widespread damage

GRAND JUNCTION, Colo. - High winds caused damage across Colorado, setting off alarms and 

knocking over a massive tree in Grand Junction.

One Grand Junction homeowner said he didn't get to his dead tree quickly enough and the wind took care 

of it for him.

The man lives in a house on 29 Road and late Tuesday night, high wind gusts knocked over a dead 

Poplar tree he says he'd been planning to cut down this summer.

According to a witness on the scene, the 100 foot tall tree blocked both lanes of 29 Road. It also smashed 

through his fence, and broke his sprinkler system.

The homeowner used a chainsaw to cut it up. No one was injured.

http://www.nbc11news.com/weather/headlines/89980027.html
87

4.0 Not Reasonably Controllable or Preventable: Local 

Particulate Matter Control Measures

While it is likely that some dust was generated within the local communities as gusts from the regional 

dust storm passed through the area, the amount of dust generated locally was easily overwhelmed by, and 

largely unnoticeable as compared to the dust transported in from the source regions of the dust storm. 

The following sections will describe in detail the regulations and programs in place designed to control 

PM10 in each affected community. These sections will demonstrate that the event was not reasonably 

controllable, as laid out in Section 50.1(j) of Title 40 CFR 50, within the context of reasonable local 

particulate matter control measures. As shown from the meteorological and monitoring analyses 

(Sections 2 and 3), the source region for the associated dust that occurred during the April 5, 2010 event 

originated outside of the monitored areas, primarily from the desert regions of northern and central 

Arizona and northwestern New Mexico.

The Colorado Air Pollution Control Division (Division) conducted thorough analyses and outreach with 

local governments to confirm that no unusual anthropogenic PM10-producing activities occurred in these 

towns and that despite reasonable control measures in place, high wind conditions overwhelmed all 

reasonably available controls. The following subsections describe in detail Best Available Control 

Measures (BACM), other reasonable control measures, applicable federal, state, and local regulations, 

appropriate land use management, and an in-depth analysis of potential areas of local soil disturbance for 

each affected community during the April 5, 2010 event, as well as subsequent outreach designed to 

administer these activities. This information shall confirm that no unusual anthropogenic actions 

occurred in the local areas of Alamosa, Pagosa Springs, or Durango during this time.

Regulatory Measures- State

The Division’s regulations on PM10 emissions are summarized in Table 15.

Table 15: State Regulations Regulating Particulate Matter Emissions

Rule/Ordinance Description

Colorado Department of Public Health and 

Environment

Regulation 1- Emission Control For Particulate 

Matter, Smoke, Carbon Monoxide, And Sulfur 

Oxides

Applicable sections include but are not limited to:

Everyone who manages a source or activity that is 

subject to controlling fugitive particulate emissions 

must employ such control measures and operating 

procedures through the use of all available practical 

methods which are technologically feasible and 

economically reasonable and which reduce, prevent 

and control emissions so as to facilitate the 

achievement of the maximum practical degree of 

air purity in every portion of the State. Section 

III.D.1.a)

Anyone clearing or leveling of land greater than 

five acres in attainment areas or one acre in nonattainment areas from which fugitive particulate 

emissions will be emitted are required to use all 

available and practical methods which are 

technologically feasible and economically 
88

Rule/Ordinance Description

reasonable in order to minimize fugitive particulate 

emissions.(Section III.D.2.b)

Control measures or operational procedures for 

fugitive particulate emissions to be employed may 

include planting vegetation cover, providing 

synthetic cover, watering, chemical stabilization, 

furrows, compacting, minimizing disturbed area in 

the winter, wind breaks and other methods or 

techniques approved by the Division. (Section 

III.D.2.b)

Any owner or operator responsible for the 

construction or maintenance of any existing or new 

unpaved roadway which has vehicle traffic 

exceeding 200 vehicles per day in the 

attainment/maintenance area and surrounding areas 

must stabilize the roadway in order to minimize 

fugitive dust emissions (Section III.D.2.a.(i))

Colorado Department of Public Health and 

Environment

Regulation 3- Stationary Source Permitting and Air 

Pollutant Emission Notice Requirements 

Construction Permit required if a land development 

project exceeds 25 acres and spans longer than 6 

months in duration (Section II.D.1.j)

Colorado Department of Public Health and 

Environment

Regulation 6- Standards of Performance for New 

Stationary Sources

Implements federal standards of performance for 

new stationary sources including ones that have 

particulate matter emissions. (Section I)

Colorado Department of Public Health and 

Environment

Regulation 9- Open Burning, Prescribed Fire, and 

Permitting

Prohibits open burning throughout the state unless 

a permit has been obtained from the appropriate air 

pollution control authority. In granting or denying 

any such permit, the authority will base its action 

on the potential contribution to air pollution in the 

area, climatic conditions on the day or days of such 

burning, and the authority’s satisfaction that there 

is no practical alternate method for the disposal of 

the material to be burned. Among other permit 

conditions, the authority granting the permit may 

impose conditions on wind speed at the time of the 

burn to minimize smoke impacts on smokesensitive areas. (Section III)

Federal Motor Vehicle Emission Control Program The federal motor vehicle emission control 

program has reduced PM10 emissions through a 

continuing process of requiring diesel engine 

manufacturers to produce new vehicles that meet 

tighter and tighter emission standards. As older, 

higher emitting diesel vehicles are replaced with 

newer vehicles; the 

PM10 emissions in areas will be reduced.
89

4.1 Alamosa

Natural Events Action Plan (NEAP)

The Final NEAP for High Wind Events in Alamosa, Colorado was completed in May 2003. The NEAP 

addresses public education programs, public notification and health advisory programs, and determines 

and implements Best Available Control Measures (BACM) for anthropogenic sources in the Alamosa 

area. The Division followed up with the City and County of Alamosa in January 2007 and in the spring 

of 2013 on whether the NEAP mitigation measures and commitments were satisfied, the results of which 

are detailed below. The City of Alamosa, Alamosa County, the Division, and participating federal 

agencies worked diligently to identify contributing sources and to develop appropriate BACM as required 

by the Natural Events Policy. 

Regulatory Measures – City

The Division and the City of Alamosa are responsible for implementing regulatory measures to control 

emissions from agricultural sources, stationary sources, fugitive dust sources, and open burning within 

Alamosa. Alamosa’s ordinances of PM10 emissions are summarized in Table 16.

Table 16: Rules and Ordinances Regulating Particulate Matter Emissions in Alamosa

Rule/Ordinance Description

City of Alamosa Code of Ordinances 

Article VII of Section 21-140 (5)

Addresses dust control for home occupations

City of Alamosa Code of Ordinances 

Article V Sec. 17-87(3))

Requires all new roads and alleys to be paved

City of Alamosa Code of Ordinances 

(Article VI Sec. 21-119(g)(3)). 

New large commercial/retail establishments must 

install underground automatic irrigation systems 

for all landscaped areas

City of Alamosa 

The City of Alamosa has been active in addressing potential PM10 sources within the Alamosa area 

through various efforts. Some of these efforts, plus other potential future measures, include the adoption 

of local ordinances to reduce PM10. Copies of current ordinances and any related commitments are 

included in the NEAP in Appendix C. According to the City’s Public Works Director, as of 2013, the City 

is planning on adding additional dust control best management practices to the International Building 

Codes that are adopted by the city in the next update. The best management practices will include 

requiring a Dust Control Plan for any site that is issued a clearing permit for any site over 2 acres. The 

City is also currently (as of 2013) working on revising part of their landscaping ordinances to require 

mulch in areas that are not vegetated or covered by rock to help mitigate fugitive particulate emissions. 

These efforts have been stalled in the past due to employee turnover at City Manager’s Office. 

Street Sweeping 

The City of Alamosa sweeps on an every 4-week schedule or as needed, as determined by local officials 

on a case by case situation (e.g., following each snowstorm and/or where sand was applied). Sweeping 

occurs on every single City street with an emphasis on the downtown corridor where public exposure is 

expected to be greatest. As of Spring 2013, street sweeping in the downtown corridor currently takes 

place twice per week according to the City’s Public Works Director. 

According to the City’s Public Works Director, the city (as of 2013) owns an Elgin Pelican (mobile 

mechanical sweeper) and a Tymko 600 (brush-assisted head) street sweeper. As of June 2013, the City 
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will also own a new Elgin Broom Badger street sweeper at which time the Tymko 600 will be sent in for 

a re-build. The new Elgin Broom Badger street sweeper can be used in the winter months when the 

Tymko cannot due to freezing of the water delivery system.

Unpaved Roads within the City 

The City of Alamosa (as of 2008) requires all new roads and alleys to be paved according to the 

Municipal Code (Article V Sec. 17-87(3)) and some existing unpaved roads are being treated with dust 

suppressants until all underground utilities are installed. No new development is allowed until paving is 

complete unless a performance bond is in place. 

According to the City’s Public Works Director, as of 2013, less than 3% of City roads are unpaved; most 

of these unpaved roads are legacy annexations. One of these unpaved roads is scheduled for paving this 

year (2013). The remaining unpaved roads are all low traffic (less than 100 ADT) and the City continues 

to seek funding sources for paving these streets.

Sod/Vegetative Cover Projects in the City of Alamosa 

As of 2008, the City of Alamosa placed vegetative cover in all city parks and has installed irrigation 

systems to maintain the cover. As of 2013, the City has been emphasizing more low-water use 

landscaping with shrubs, mulch, etc. including both organic and rock. All turf areas do have irrigation 

systems which utilize drip systems for specimen plantings.

Alamosa County 

Alamosa County has also been active in addressing blowing dust as detailed below.

Unpaved Roads 

Alamosa County continues to address unpaved roads and lanes that are anticipated to contribute to PM10

emissions in the community. As of 2002, Alamosa County was nearing the end of its five-year road 

paving plan and was developing their next plan with the intention of paving on a yearly basis, based on 

traffic, community needs/priorities, and funding availability. 

In 2002, Alamosa County addressed approximately ten (10) miles of unpaved roads. This includes the 

stabilization of approximately five section roads, the seal coating of two roads, and the overlay (repaving) 

of four (4) additional roads. 

In 2003, approximately 14 miles of roads were paved. This includes the Seven Mile Road (three miles 

long), Road 109 (one mile long), and 10th Street (also one mile long). These roads are in close proximity 

to the City of Alamosa, are upwind (prevailing) from the city, and have heavy traffic. Paving is 

anticipated to greatly reduce blowing dust and impacts in the vicinity. 

No paving projects took place between 2004 and 2010 due to lack of funding. Between 2010 and 2013,

the County was able to get funding but only for maintenance paving on previously paved roads that 

needed repair. Now that the county is caught up on maintenance paving, it is focusing on paving the 

remaining unpaved roads. The County’s goal is to pave about 2.5 miles of unpaved road per year 

depending on funding availability.

As of 2013, Alamosa County has funding to pave approximately 2.5 miles of County Road 106 North 

(located north of Alamosa off of Highway 17) which is currently unpaved. After this paving project the 

County will only have 2.5 miles of unpaved road remaining on the 106 North which is anticipated to be 

paved in the summer of 2014. 
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In the summer time the County regularly hauls water and wets down the unpaved roads (mostly gravel, 

clay and sand) to reduce the fugitive particulate emissions. The County wets the unpaved roads on an as 

needed basis based on weather conditions and traffic volume. In addition, when it gets cold enough in the 

area, the County wets down some of the more sandy roads. Once the water soaks in and freezes, good 

dust suppression is seen. Road construction areas are being dampened with water for dust control. These 

practices reduce PM10 emissions in and near Alamosa. This control measure is balanced with the 

availability of water in the area. 

Alamosa County used to assess the need to use MgC12 treatment on roads in front of residences that 

request such service. This practice stopped in 2004 when funding was lost. Assessments included the 

sensitivity to dust of residents, the materials of the road base for safety reasons, and possible 

environmental concerns of the neighborhood. Most requests for treatment are were granted. Other areas 

for treatment, such as commercial construction zones or gravel pits, are investigated on a case by case 

basis. The County hopes to be able to start offering this service again when funding is restored. 

Dust Control Plans 

Alamosa County requires dust control plans for selected construction/developments. The dust control 

plans are typically done through a negotiated agreement by the Alamosa Land Use Department and is 

supported by zoning codes.

The County may update the Comprehensive Plan to include a dust control plan. The Land Use 

Administrator is researching the potential for a dust control ordinance. This effort is anticipated to reduce 

PM10 emissions in Alamosa, especially as it relates to impacts on the community and high recorded PM10

values. At the time of this submittal (June 2013), this effort is still underway.

Wind Erosion of Open Areas 

To reduce PM10 emissions from open areas outside of the City limits, low tilling and other soil 

conservation practices continue to be utilized in the community. The Mosca-Hooper Conservation District 

and Natural Resources Conservation Service is working on education efforts to promote cover crops and 

no-till agriculture. In addition, the community is using in strategic areas the Colorado State Forest Service’s

program to purchase and plant shelter trees to reduce wind erosion in open areas. Nursery seedlings from 

the program have been sold in Alamosa County since 1956. The number of seedlings sold has varied over 

the last few years as illustrated in Table 17.

Table 17: Number of seedlings sold in Alamosa per year.

Year: 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Seedlings 

Sold:

7,432 5,963 2,805 4,197 3,327 4,231

These trees have a demonstrated advantage for the community and for air quality. Once the trees reach 

maturity, it is anticipated that the equivalent of 112 miles of double-rowed trees will be in place. The 

survival rate of the tree seedlings varies but according to the District Coordinator for the Seedling Tree 

Program, potted seedlings have about a 60% to 80% survival rate and the bare root seedlings have about a 

40 to 60% survival rate. The Seedling Program recommends Siberian elm and Rocky Mountain juniper 

trees for low maintenance, drought resistance windbreaks in the valley, but offers over 40 varieties to suit 

specific site conditions. The Colorado State Forest Service and the Mosca-Hooper Conservation District 

promote the windbreak program through workshops and consulting landowners. 

In addition, there is ongoing planting of trees (approximately 50) on newly developed Alamosa County 

property south/southwest of Alamosa (prevailing winds from southwest) and the Airport south of 
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Alamosa for added air quality improvement. Also, The Bureau of Reclamation has an ongoing project to 

plant windbreaks along their Closed-Basin Canal. 

Windblown Dust from Disturbed Soils

Alamosa has a semi-arid climate with approximately 7.25 inches of precipitation annually. The San Luis 

Valley, as noted within 25 miles of the San Luis Valley Regional Airport in Alamosa, is primarily 

comprised of forests (43%) and shrublands (42%). Consequently, soils in all areas are typically a 

mixture of silt and sand with limited vegetation due to low precipitation. In winter and spring, 

windstorms are common, especially in drier years. It is due to these high velocity windstorms that 

Alamosa experiences most of the PM10 problems for the area. Figure 1 illustrates potential areas of local 

soil disturbance that have been evaluated by the Division for the Alamosa Adams State PM10 monitor.

Figure 54: Relative positions of Adam's State College PM10 Monitor and potential disturbed soil. (Image from Google 

Earth 2007)

A B

C

D E

F G H
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Figure 55: 2011 City of Alamosa Zoning Map (Provided by the Public Works Department)

Site A in Figure 54 (approximately 85 acres) is East of Rd S 108 and South of Chico St. It is zoned 

outside of the city’s limits by the city as a “Parcel” as shown in Figure 55. The eastern portion of Area A 

is being considered for annexation into the City. 

Site C in Figure 54 (approximately 25 acres) is north of 10th St, West of Road 108, and east of Craft St. It 

is zoned outside of the city’s limits by the city as a “Parcel” as shown in Figure 55.

Site D in Figure 54 (approximately 34 acres)is north of 10th street, east of Rd S 108, west of Park Ct, and 

south of 8th St. It is zoned outside of the city’s limits by the city as a “Parcel” as shown in Figure 55.

Site F in Figure 54 (approximately 31 acres)is south of 10th St, east of Craft Dr, west of S Rd 108, and 

North of Coop Rd. It is zoned outside of the city’s limits by the city as a “Parcel” as shown in Figure 55.

Site G in Figure 54 (approximately 41 acres) is east of S Rd 108, north of Coop Rd, west of Earl St, and 

South of 10th St. It is zoned outside of the city’s limits by the city as a “Parcel” as shown in Figure 55.

Sites A, C, D, F, and G are noted by the City of Alamosa’s Public Works Director and County Health 

Director to be vacant land with natural vegetation (i.e. shrubland, mostly Chico bush) with no artificial 

irrigation and no access restriction. The City emphasizes that the areas are not suited for motorized 

travel. These lots are not considered to be anthropogenically disturbed soils and should be considered to 

be natural sources as of this writing. If future high wind or other exceptional events occur, the Division 

will re-assess these lots to determine if they are still natural sources. 

Site B in Figure 54 (approximately 22 acres) is south of Highway 160 and north east of Tremont St. It is 

zoned outside of the city’s limits by the city as a “Parcel” as shown in Figure 55. Site E in Figure 54

(approximately 30 acres) is north of 10th St, south of 8th St, east of Park Ct, and west of West Ave. It is 

zoned mostly as a “Commercial Business” as shown in Figure 55. There is a small portion in the top right 

corner that is zoned outside of the city’s limits by the city as a “Parcel”. Site H (approximately 23 acres) 

in Figure 54 is east of Earl St, south of 10th St, and north of Rd 8 S. It is zoned as “Commercial business”, 

“Residential High” and a little “Industrial” as shown in Figure 55. Sites B, E, and H are naturally 
94

vegetated and potentially irrigated as shown in Figure 56. Figure 56 demonstrates that these sites are 

minimally (if at all) disturbed soil areas as of this writing. 

Figure 56: Sites B, E, and H with natural vegetation (Google Earth 2007)

The Division conducted thorough assessments to determine if the potential soil disturbances shown in 

Figure 54 were present during the 2010 exceedances. During the course of these assessments, the 

Division discovered that these sites were either reasonably controlled or considered to be natural sources 

during the April 5, 2010 high wind event. Therefore, these sites were not significant contributors to 

fugitive dust in the Alamosa area during the April 5, 2010 high wind event.

Sod and Vegetative Projects in the County 

The development and construction of a local park, Eastside Park, is complete in Alamosa County. It has 

been completed with turf grass, shrubs, and landscape rock. No exposed soil remains. 

Numerous other projects to reduce blowing dust and its impacts have happened or are happening at the 

County Airport. For example:

• Through additional grounds maintenance of the 40-acre Alamosa County airport south of the 

city, “Xeriscape” has been installed for aesthetics and dust control. 

• Decorative rock and xeriscape have been implemented in the landscaping of the Alamosa 

County property (2007-2012). These measures have directly abated blowing dust at the 

Airport. 

• Also, the widening of the airport’s safety areas (250 feet on either side of the runway) is 

complete and seeding of natural grasses was incorporated in the project. Trees and grass were 

incorporated in the approaches to the airport and have provided additional wind-break 

advantages to South Alamosa. 

In other areas where watering is a problem, xeriscape (the use of native drought resistant vegetation 

and/or rock cover) is being encouraged for County owned property and for all other property owners. 

B

E

H
95

Colorado State University Co-Op Extension Office 

In response to extremely dry conditions, the need to maintain area topsoil, and reduce impacts, the 

Colorado State University Co-Op Extension Office of Alamosa County provides the following outreach 

efforts and recommendations: 

• Modification of grazing practices to improve protective crop cover 

• Increasing crop residues left in the fields to reduce blowing dust 

• Planting of Fall crops to maintain fields 

• Application of manure to protect top soils from blowing away 

• Staggering of the harvest to minimize blowing dust 

• Outreach programs on soil conservation efforts 

• Development of outreach/education materials (e.g., news articles, newsletters, fact sheets, etc.), 

and 

• Attendance at Statewide workshop to educate other Co-Op offices to various practices to reduce 

blowing top soil and minimize impacts.

These control strategies are not meant to be enforceable. They are meant only to demonstrate the regional 

nature of cooperation in addressing blowing dust and its impacts on the community. 

Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)

Alamosa County is a predominately agricultural area where limited water, coupled with the frequent high 

winds experienced during late fall and early spring, can destroy crops, encourage pests, and damage soil 

surfaces lending them susceptible to wind erosion. Thus, activities that improve the topsoil and prevent its 

lifting during high wind events are encouraged. Some notable NRCS and agricultural examples include: 

• Local Conservation Districts and farmers hold monthly meetings as an informal Soil Health 

Group, discussing ways to improve soil health. Cover crops, compost applications, and 

reduced tillage are the targeted practices. Public tours are held twice a year.

• NRCS continues to work with area farmers in the development of conservation compliance 

plans to also protect topsoil;

• NRCS encourages planting perennial grasses or the leaving weeds undisturbed or mowed on 

the corners of center pivots (instead of tilling that might lead to open, barren lands) to reduce 

soil blowing;

• NRCS “cost shares” on soil health practices and perennial grass seeding conservation practices 

with local farmers to prevent soil erosion, and;

• The NRCS is working with Colorado State University, local Water Conservation District, and 

Farm Service Agency to encourage retirement of marginal cropland in the Conservation 

Enhanced Reserve Program (CREP) and seeding those acreages back to native grass, forbs 

and shrubs.

Other successful agricultural practices encouraged in the area include: timing of tillage, crop rotation, 

amount of crop residue left on the land, and proper water usage. These control strategies are not meant to 

be enforceable. They are meant only to demonstrate the regional nature of cooperation in addressing 

blowing dust and its impacts on the community. 

Please refer to the Final NEAP in Appendix C for more detail if needed. 
96

4.2 Pagosa Springs

Regulatory Measures- City and County

The Division and the Archuleta County are responsible for implementing regulatory measures to control 

emissions from agricultural sources, stationary sources, fugitive dust sources, and open burning within 

Pagosa Springs. Archuleta County regulations of PM10 emissions are summarized in Table 18.

Table 18: Rules and Ordinances Regulating Particulate Matter Emissions in Archuleta County

Rule/Ordinance Description

Pagosa Springs 

Land Use and Development Code 6.6.3(h)

Requires that all new developments have paved 

streets.

Pagosa Springs 

Land Use and Development Code 6.6.3(m)(i)

All new roads having a projected trip generation of 

200 or greater ADT (average daily traffic) shall be 

paved. 

The following control measures resulted in the area‘s attainment of the PM10 NAAQS, and these 

measures should ensure continued maintenance of the PM10 NAAQS through the year 2021, which is the 

duration of the maintenance period.

Control of Emissions through Road Paving

The Town of Pagosa Springs paved 6.5 miles of unpaved roads during 1992, 1993, and 1994 in order to 

reduce PM10 emissions. This strategy was adopted locally in 1991 and included in State regulation in 1992 

(Section I.B. of the State Implementation Plan-Specific Regulations for Nonattainment -

Attainment/Maintenance Areas (Local Elements)). The rule was approved by EPA in 1994 and was 

removed from the Colorado regulation in 2000 as the paving requirements had been completed.

Street Sanding Controls

There is a requirement that any user that applies street sanding material on Highway 160 and 

Highway 84 in the Pagosa Springs attainment/maintenance area must use materials containing less than 

one percent fines. Users of street sand on these highways must also use 15 percent less sand than an 

established base sanding amount. These strategies were adopted in 1992 and approved by EPA in 1994, 

and they are defined in detail in Sections I.B. and C., respectively, of the ―State Implementation PlanSpecific Regulations for Nonattainment -Attainment/Maintenance Areas (Local Elements) Regulations (5 

CCR 1001-20).

Control of Emissions from Stationary Sources

Although there are no stationary sources located in the Pagosa Springs attainment/maintenance 

area, the State‘s comprehensive permit rules will limit emissions from any new source that may, in the 

future, locate in the area. These rules are outlined in Table 15.

As indicated above, emissions from new or modified major stationary sources emissions of PM10 are 

controlled under AQCC Regulation No. 3's nonattainment-area (NAA) new source review (NSR) 

permitting requirements. The NSR provisions require all new and modified major stationary sources to 

apply emission control equipment that achieves the "lowest achievable emission rate" (LAER) and to 

obtain emission offsets from other stationary sources of PM10.

The EPA approval of the original PM10 Maintenance Plan, effective on 08/14/01, reinstates the prevention 

of significant deterioration (PSD) permitting requirements in the Pagosa Springs Attainment/Maintenance 

area. The federal PSD requirements are considered a relaxation from the NAA NSR requirements, as 

LAER is no longer required and is replaced by the less stringent "best available control technology" 

(BACT), along with the removal of the requirement to offset PM10 emissions. The future reapplication of 
97

NAA NSR provisions appears unlikely in the Pagosa Springs Attainment/Maintenance area based on 

current PM10 monitoring trends.

Voluntary and State-Only Measures

In addition to the mandatory control measures discussed above, there are other activities that result in the 

reduction of PM10 emissions that are not classified as “federally enforceable control measures.” Some 

notable examples include:

The Town of Pagosa Springs has historically cleaned Highway 160 in town throughout the winter and 

spring using regenerative air vacuum sweepers. The frequency of this voluntary sweeping/cleaning has 

been about once after each street sanding deployment. The Town of Pagosa Springs is committed to 

regularly vacuum sweep/clean Highway 160 within four days of the roadway becoming free and clear of 

snow and ice following each street sanding deployment, as weather, temperature, and street conditions 

permit, between the intersections of Highway 84 to the east and 14th street to the west. The town also 

street sweeps regularly on the side streets.

The Town of Pagosa Springs encourages private businesses to properly clean/sweep private parking lots 

on a regular basis. These strategies are considered to be voluntary local initiatives intended to reduce 

PM10 emissions. These strategies are not intended to be federally enforceable. 

Archuleta County annually teats about 95 miles of unpaved roadways that exceed 200 ADT with MgCl2 

to control dust and stabilize the road according to the County Public Works Director. 

Windblown Dust from Disturbed Soils

Pagosa Springs has a semi-arid climate with approximately 17 inches of precipitation annually. The town 

is located about 35 miles north of the New Mexico border at 7,000 feet. This area is considered a high 

desert plateau, creating an unusually mild climate. In winter and spring, regional windstorms are 

common, especially in drier years. It is during these high velocity windstorms that Pagosa Springs 

experiences PM10 issues. Figure 57 illustrates potential areas of local soil disturbance that have been 

evaluated by the Division.
98

Figure 57: Relative positions of Pagosa Springs PM10 monitor and known or potential disturbed soil. (Image from EPA)

Site A in Figure 57 shows a 1 acre vacant lot that previously contained a small convenience store which 

was torn down by the new owner between March and April of 2006. Division conversations with 

neighboring local business owners indicate the owner seeded the vacant lot (site A) with grass soon after 

demolishing the building. According to several nearby businesses and a court house clerk, the lot has been 

under continuous vegetative cover since the seeding in 2006. The grass is well maintained and is enclosed 

by a small fence (shown in Figure 58) to deter people from walking on the grass. Moreover, the lot is not 

used for parking or storage. 

D

C

A

B
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Figure 58: View of the fence surrounding the vacant lot (Site A) - Google Image 12-2007

Site B in Figure 57 (approximately 2 acres) shows The Springs Resort and Spa. The resort underwent an 

expansion; construction began in June 2008 and was completed in May 2009. By April 2009, the entire 

construction site was paved and the building was constructed; the interior was just being finished. 

Therefore, this project was completed and did not contribute to the April 5, 2010 exceptional event.

Site C in Figure 57 is a 35-acre area of vacant land. According to the Pagosa Springs Parks Department, 

the area is private property and is entirely naturally vegetated because of a continuous supply of ground 

water from the nearby stream. The Parks Department also indicates that off-road recreational vehicles are 

prohibited on the property. The Parks Department is very aware of dust prevention practices and does not 

believe that the area is a significant source of dust during high winds. With regard to AQCC Regulation 1 

requirements (Section III.D.2.b), the Division considers the natural vegetation with regular ground water 

availability due to the low-lying terrain to be the appropriate available and practical method that is 

technologically feasible and economically reasonable in order to minimize fugitive particulate emissions 

for this lot at this time. Local sources, including the Pagosa Daily Post, cite the proposed future 35-acre 

hotel expansion (Site C) to be projected to occur in several phases over a 10-15 year time period. 

The Division will conduct appropriate outreach and compliance assistance so the hotel is aware of 

potentially applicable AQCC Regulation 1 (Section III.D.2.b) and Regulation 3 (Construction Permit 

required if the project exceeds 25 acres and spans longer than 6 months in duration) requirements for 

future construction projects. The Division has specific Air Pollutant Emissions Notices (APENs) for land 

development and associated guidance documents posted on its website for these type of sources. 

Additionally, the Division has staff that conducts Small Business Assistance outreach as warranted. 

Compliance and enforcement inspectors from the Division are assigned regions throughout the state. As 

part of their workplans, they are required to be reasonably (within 1-2 business days) responsive to 

community and local government concerns and complaints regarding air quality issues, including fugitive 

dust.

Site D in Figure 57 is Yamaguchi Park, a 16-acre park consisting mostly of well-maintained turf and 

some stabilized clay associated with a baseball field. The entire park is irrigated on a regular basis to both 

maintain the vegetation and to mitigate dust. In the fall of 2008, Pagosa Springs hydro-seeded the park 

and vegetation emerged around April 2009 which was watered on a regular basis to help the vegetation 

grow. In Figure 59 below, it is apparent that the park has well maintained vegetation and a small amount 

of stabilized clay. With regard to AQCC Regulation 1 requirements (Section III.D.2.b), the Division 

considers hydro-seeding to be the appropriate available and practical method that is technologically 

feasible and economically reasonable in order to minimize fugitive particulate emissions for this 

magnitude of construction project.
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Figure 59: Yamaguchi Park- Google Image from 10-2011

The Division conducted thorough assessments to determine if the potential soil disturbances shown in 

Figure 5 were present during the 2010 exceedances. During the course of these assessments, the Division 

discovered that these sites were reasonably controlled during the April 5, 2010 high wind event. 

Therefore, these sites were not significant contributors to fugitive dust in the Pagosa Springs area during 

the April 5, 2010 high wind event.
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4.3 Durango

Regulatory Measures- City and County

The Division, the City of Durango, La Plata County, and the Southern Ute Indian Tribe are responsible 

for implementing regulatory measures to control emissions from agricultural sources, stationary sources, 

fugitive dust sources, and open burning within Durango. A summary of regulations regarding PM10

emissions is in Table 19.

Table 19: Rules and Ordinances Regulating Particulate Matter Emissions in Durango

Rule/Ordinance Description

City of Durango’s Municipal Code 

No. 10-1-22 (b)(6 &8) 

Requires that all temporary (not to exceed eighteen 

months) office structures parking areas must have 

all weather surface gravel to eliminate exposed dirt. 

Also, the landscaping must have vegetative ground 

cover in all areas not covered by the building, 

pavement, or gravel.

City of Durango’s Municipal Code 

Ord. No. 10-1-6 (a) “Vehicular Circulation Areas” 

Ord. No. 10-1-28 (a) “Driveways”

Ord. No. 10-2-1 (m)(6) “On-site Parking”

Ord. No. 4-3-12 (d)(1)

All developed vehicular traffic areas, driveways, 

on-site parking areas, and off-site parking districts 

are required to be properly graded for drainage and 

surfaced with concrete, asphaltic concrete, or any 

other dust-free surface materials, and maintained in 

good condition, free of weeds, dust, trash, and 

debris

City of Durango’s Municipal Code 

Ord. No. 10-1-8 “Pollution”

Dust from developments is required to be 

effectively minimized to not be injurious to the 

neighborhood or detrimental to the general public

City of Durango’s Municipal Code 

Ord. No. 10-1-17 (f)(14)”Recycling Facilities”

Recycling facilities are permitted and encouraged 

for redemption and recycling of reusable materials 

in order to reduce litter. These facilities are not 

allowed to produce dust that is detectable on 

neighboring properties.

City of Durango’s Municipal Code 

Ord. No. 10-1-31 (l) (6) “Self-storage Facilities”

Self-storage facilities are prohibited for any use 

that produces dust or fumes

City of Durango’s Municipal Code 

Ord. No. 10-2-4 “Bicycle Parking Spaces”

The surfaces of all bicycle parking spaces do not 

have to be paved, but shall be finished to reduce 

mud and dust

City of Durango’s Municipal Code 

Ord. No. 10-5-14 (a)(6) “Campgrounds”

All recreational campgrounds that have parking 

spaces and interior roads are required to be paved 

or treated to reduce dust

City of Durango’s Municipal Code 

Ord. No. 10-10-16 (c)(11) (e)

Construction sites are required to evaluate and 

control dust pollutants for runoff potential

City of Durango’s Municipal Code 

Ord. No. 10-10-16 (y)(1)(d)

Construction sites are required to have an erosion 

control plan for gravel, sand, dirt, or topsoil 

removal

City of Durango’s Municipal Code 

Ord. No. 2000-10, § 1, 5-2-00

All work in the public right-of-way shall control 

dust and debris and promptly remove dirt and 

material deposited on roadways

City of Durango’s Municipal Code 

Ord. No. 6-2-1 (a)(4))

All planned residential districts must comply with 

dust ordinances and not be objectionable due to 
102

Rule/Ordinance Description

dust emissions

La Plata County Land Use Code (LPLUC)2

Sec. 82-191-193

Proposed developments must conduct a 

compatibility assessment, including a 

neighborhood meeting, if there is a potential to 

produce dust or significant dust influence. Possible 

solution for dust may include changing emitter 

specifications to mitigate problem. Dust emissions 

cannot have significant adverse impacts on 

neighbors.

La Plata County Land Use Code (LPLUC)1

Sec. 82-167 (b)(3)

Proposed multiple unit developments are required 

to contain and/or mitigate dust among other 

external nuisances.

La Plata County Land Use Code (LPLUC)1

Sec. 90-124 (c)(8)

Roads and access driveways for all new facilities 

shall be constructed in a manner that suppresses 

dust through construction, drilling, and operational 

activities. Facilities that reduce or destroys existing 

vegetation may consult with the Soil Conservation 

Service (renamed the Natural Resources 

Conservation Service in 1994) and develop a revegetation plan, specifying particular species as 

well as appropriate planting schedules and methods

La Plata County Land Use Code (LPLUC)1

Sec. 74-174 (a)

Cattle guards are required to be kept clean of all 

sand, silt, dirt, and other solid debris.

The City of Durango, La Plata County, and the Southern Ute Indian Tribe have implemented dust control 

regulatory measures for numerous sources. Both the City and the County have a number of proactive 

programs that reduce dust from significant PM10 source categories in La Plata County. The following 

detail local dust control ordinances as of March 2012 for the Durango area:

Street Sweeping and Sanding Controls

The City of Durango performs street sweeping five days per week in the downtown area on a rotating 

basis and once every two months in residential areas. The City is responsible for street sweeping State 

Highways 550 and 160 that run through the City. In 2012, the City estimates sweeping an average of 

11,873 miles per year, running sweeper operations 2,130 hours, and removing 4,195 cubic yards of 

debris. The town of Bayfield in La Plata County performs street sweeping on town streets periodically.

The City of Durango employs a Snow and Ice Division that uses street maintenance crews to remove 

snow and ice for 30% of their time. This Division de-ices major streets prior to snow with magnesium 

chloride (MgCl2). Streets are plowed and sanded according to priority (i.e. hazardous intersections, snow 

routes, downtown, and bus routes) after snowstorms. The City spends on average 2,968 hours per year 

plowing streets (as of 2012). The City estimates that it spends on average 979 hours sanding/salting 

streets (as of 2012).

Dust Suppressant Program

La Plata County currently employs a dust suppressant program. The major focus of the program is to 

reduce dust from gravel roads. La Plata County has approximately 196 miles of paved roads and about 

490 miles of gravel roads. Approximately 220 centerline miles of gravel road are treated with about 

 2 The LPLUC applies to all county lands, which includes the exterior boundaries of the Southern Ute Indian 

Reservation, except trust lands, in order to decrease nuisances from approved land uses.
103

950,000 million gallons of MgCl2 annually. The County typically begins application of MgCl2 in late 

April or early May, and continues as needed through September. In May and June (annually), roads not 

slated to receive new gravel are the first to be treated with MgCl2. During July through September 

(annually), other roads are treated, including roads being resurfaced, and those roads needing a second 

application.

Landfills

La Plata County closed the Durango Landfill in 1990, and has been working with the Colorado 

Department of Public Health and Environment to ensure post-closure care and maintenance standards are 

met. These include, but are not limited to, minor grading to correct any erosion, maintenance of the 

surface drainage, and ground cover enhancement. 

The remaining landfill in La Plata County, Bondad Landfill, is located approximately 15 miles south of 

Durango within the exterior boundaries of the Southern Ute Indian Reservation, and has been in operation 

since 1997. The landfill is privately owned and operated by WCA Waste Corporation. 

The landfill has a fugitive dust emission control plan in its Part 71 permit currently enforced by the 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Region 8). 

On March 2, 2012, the Southern Ute Indian Tribe received full approval from EPA to administer its 

Part 70 Operating Permit Program within the exterior boundaries of the Reservation. The Tribe is 

currently conducting the process of its Transition Plan to inform the Landfill (and other Title V sources) 

about the jurisdictional change. The Southern Ute Indian Tribe will transition Part 71 permits to the 

Tribe-issued Part 70 permits for all Reservation Title V sources. This transition process will take place 

over a three-year period in accordance with the Tribe’s Transition Plan (found at: http://www.southernutensn.gov/air-quality/part-70 ). The transition process is planned to be completed by March 2, 2015 (three 

years (36 months) after the program was approved by EPA).

Durango Train Smoke Mitigation Task Force

The Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad operates historic coal-fired steam locomotives from 

its yard located on the south-side of Durango. Because of the potential for thermal stress damage 

(cracking) to the antique boilers (greater than 100 years in age) from repeated cycling between cold and 

hot, they must idle throughout the night in order to be ready for use the next day, creating emissions from 

various pollutants. In 2001, the train operator installed scrubbers at the train yard roundhouse to control 

emissions from some of the locomotives while idling overnight. However, space limitations at the 

roundhouse prevented the operator from controlling all of the locomotives. 

In 2007, the train operator pledged to spend $1 million over 5 years to reduce emissions by 10% each 

year. The railroad employs several emission-reducing alternatives, including burning wood pellets instead 

of coal at night to keep engines warm, building a new ash pit in Silverton to reduce idle time in Durango 

in 2005, using diesel for all switching and track maintenance, and specialized training for engine firemen 

on how to place coal and wood pellets. Durango Service Clubs collaborated to completely offset the 

carbon footprint of the D&SNGRR through the purchase of Green Power through La Plata Electric 

Association. IN 2009, the Urban Reforestation Project to offset Greenhouse gas emissions associated with 

Railroad vehicle fleet planted 2,587 trees in Durango and Silverton. The planted trees also reduce wind 

erosion and blowing dust. 

There is a Train Smoke Mitigation Task Force that was created to proactively implement a responsible 

smoke mitigation program that maintains the railroad’s historic steam engine operations while reducing 

smoke and pollution. The Task Force began meeting in late 2005 to address public and neighborhood 

concerns. Currently as of 2013, the Train Smoke Mitigation Task Force is seeking funding to construct an 

expanded scrubber system, estimated at $1.2 million dollars. 
104

Vegetative Cover/Parks

The Durango Parks and Recreation Department removes sand, dirt, and organic debris from park roads, 

City parking lots, and hard surfaces twice a year and sweeps the hard surface trails monthly. There are 

14.49 miles of hard surface trails in Durango. The multi-use trails systems are either in completion or 

construction phases, which have multiple benefits, including reducing motor vehicle use and reducing 

fugitive dust from lengthy unpaved trails. The largest of these projects are the Animas River Trail (ART) 

and the Safe, Multi-Modal, Aesthetic, Regional Transportation trail aligning along Highway 160 

(SMART 160). The ART is an ongoing project to provide a 10 foot wide cement trail along the river 

corridor. Each year the City completes a new stage of the project as it is all cash funded. The SMART 160 

project is also ongoing. There is a large section of the walking trails that will be finished in the summer of 

2014. There are approximately 93.2 of natural surface unpaved trails in the open space surrounding 

Durango that are primarily dirt and native rock.

The City of Durango built a new 15 acre soccer complex at 700 Talon Lane on the Fort Lewis College 

campus. It is called Smith Sports Complex and it is anticipated to open in the fall of 2013. The 15 acre 

site was previously open dirt (as shown in Figure 60) and now it is full covered with turf grass, parking, 

restroom facility and playground area. The complex including the 8-acre turf grass playing fields is 

irrigated. 

Figure 60: Site of the new Smith Sports Complex. (Google Earth 2011)

From 2010-2013, the Three Springs subdivision developer planted and irrigated the vegetation in the 

34.78 acre Three Springs Southern Open Space located at 700 Wilson Gulch Drive (shown in Figure 61). 

Additionally, the 15.28 acre Three Springs Confluence Park has been constructed in phases within the 

development at 100 Confluence Avenue (also shown in Figure 61).
105

Figure 61: Three Springs Southern Open Space and the Three Springs Confluence Park before Completion (Google 

Earth 2011)

Oil and Gas Exploration and Development Standards for Federal Lands

• La Plata County and the Southern Ute Indian Reservation contain oil and gas exploration and 

development sites. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the Forest Service (FS) have 

surface operating standards and guidelines for oil and gas exploration and development (see: 

(http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/wo/MINERALS__REALTY__AND_RESOURCE

_PROTECTION_/energy/oil_and_gas.Par.18714.File.dat/OILgas.pdf ). These standards control 

dust from a number of contributing sources, including:

• Road maintenance is required for all roads that will be constructed or used in conjunction with 

drilling. These maintenance plan activities include blading, surface replacement, dust abatement, 

spot repairs, slide removal, ditch cleaning, culvert cleaning, litter cleanup, noxious weed control, 

and snow removal. Key maintenance considerations include regular inspections; reduction of ruts 

and holes; maintenance of crowns and outslope to keep water off the road; replacement of 

surfacing materials; clearing of sediment blocking ditches and culverts; maintenance of interim 

reclamation; and noxious weed control (page 30). 

• Regarding BLM resource and FS local roads (page 25):

o The design speed limit on roads, specific to oil and gas roads, is 10 to 30 miles per hour. 

For the FS, this should generally be less than 15 miles per hour.

o The road gradient should not exceed 8 percent except for pitch grades (300 feet or less in 

length) in order to minimize environmental effects.

o Drainage control must be ensured over the entire road through the use of drainage dips, 

insloping, natural rolling topography, ditch turnouts, ditches, or culverts. 

• Regarding BLM local and FS collector roads (page 26):

o The design speed limit is generally 15 to 50 miles per hour. For the FS, it is 15 to 25 

miles per hour. 
106

o Maximum grades should not exceed 8 percent. Pitch grades for lengths not to exceed 300 

feet may be allowed to exceed 8 percent in some cases.

• Regarding BLM collector and FS arterial roads:

o Design speed is 30 miles per hour or greater unless otherwise directed.

o Maximum grades should not exceed 8 percent. Pitch grades for lengths not to exceed 300 

feet may be allowed to exceed 8 percent in some cases.

Windblown Dust from Disturbed Soils

Durango has a semi-arid climate with approximately 19 inches of precipitation annually. The town is 

located in southwest Colorado near the Four Corners area where New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and 

Arizona connect at about 6,500 feet. In winter and spring, regional windstorms are common, especially in 

drier years. It is during these high velocity windstorms that Durango may experience PM10 issues. Figure 

3 illustrates potential areas of local soil disturbance that have been evaluated by the Division.

Figure 62: Relative positions of Durango PM10 Monitor and potential disturbed soil. (Image from Google Earth 2011)

Site A (approximately 2.5 acres) in Figure 62 is west of town at the north end of Tech Center Dr. This 

land is zoned by the City of Durango as “Industrial”. This site is a privately owned vacant lot. The land 

was once leveled and compacted but has since been allowed to return to its natural state. The site is 

naturally vegetated and the soil is very compacted. . Therefore, this lot is not considered to be 

anthropogenically disturbed soils and should be considered to be a natural source as of this writing. If 

future high wind or other exceptional events occur, the Division will re-assess this lot to determine if it 

should still be considered to be a natural source. 

Site B (approximately 11 acres) in Figure 62 is west of Roosa Ave, south of Ella Vita Court and east of 

the Greenmount Cemetery. This land is zoned by the City of Durango as “Planned Development”. The 

cemetery informed the Division that this land is open space that is naturally vegetated. Therefore, this lot 

A

B

C
107

is not considered to be anthropogenically disturbed soils and should be considered to be a natural source 

as of this writing. If future high wind or other exceptional events occur, the Division will re-assess this 

lot to determine if it should still be considered to be a natural source. 

Site C (approximately 35 acres) in Figure 62 is along the river to the south west of town. This land is 

zoned by the City of Durango as “Public”. Further investigation revealed that this site is the Durango 

Dog Park Off-Leash area. The park is comprised of scrublands with a natural surface trail and was 

converted from a city park into an off-leash area in 2003. A sign at the park's entrance and three signs 

around the park mark the border of the property. The park has no fencing but the Durango Director of 

Parks and Recreation notes the city has not experienced issues or air quality concerns within the park's 

natural boundaries of Smelter Mountain and the Animas River. 

The Division conducted thorough assessments to determine if the potential soil disturbances shown in 

Figure 62 were present during the 2010 exceedances. During the course of these assessments, the 

Division discovered that these sites were either reasonably controlled or considered to be natural sources 

during the April 5, 2010 high wind event. Therefore, these sites were not significant contributors to 

fugitive dust in the Durango area during the April 5, 2010 high wind event.
108

5.0 Summary and Conclusions

APCD is requesting exclusion for each of the samples taken at Alamosa ASC (08-003-0001), Crested 

Butte (08-051-0004), Mount Crested Butte (08-051-0007), Durango-River City Hall (08-067-0004), 

Pagosa Springs-Middle School (08-007-0001), and Telluride (08-113-0004). 

Elevated 24-hour PM10 concentrations were recorded across Colorado on April 5, 2010. All of the noted 

April 5, 2010, twenty-four-hour PM10 concentrations were above the 90th percentile concentrations for 

their locations (see Table 14). This event produced the maximum value in four of the six datasets and 

exceeded the 98th% value of any evaluation criteria for the other two sites. The statistical and 

meteorological data clearly shows that but for this high wind blowing dust event, Alamosa, Pagosa 

Springs, and Durango would not have exceeded the 24-hour NAAQS on April 5, 2010. There has never 

been an exceedance that was not associated with high winds carrying PM10 dust from distant sources in 

these six areas since at least 2005.This is evidence that the event was associated with a measured 

concentration in excess of normal historical fluctuations including background. 

The PM10 exceedances in Durango, Telluride, Pagosa Springs, Crested Butte, Mount Crested Butte and 

Alamosa on April 5, 2010, would not have occurred if not for the following: (a) dry soil conditions over 

northeastern Arizona, most of Utah, and parts of western Colorado with 30-day precipitation totals below 

the threshold identified as a precondition for blowing dust in northeastern Arizona; (b) a strong surface 

and upper-level low pressure system that caused widespread strong gusty winds through a deep layer of 

the atmosphere over the area of concern; and (c) friction velocities over the desert regions of northwest

New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona that were high enough to allow entrainment of dust from natural sources 

with subsequent transport of the dust to Colorado in strong, southwesterly winds. These winds were the 

result of a strong short wave in the upper atmosphere that was moving across the Great Basin and the 

associated surface cold front and low pressure system.

Surface weather maps for the Four Corner States show evidence of widespread blowing dust and winds 

above the threshold speeds for blowing dust on April 5, 2010. These surface analyses show that winds 

above 30 mph with gusts as high as 53 mph occurred. The synoptic weather conditions on April 5, 2010, 

(illustrated in Figures 2 through 14) show that the conditions necessary for widespread strong gusty winds 

were in place over the area of concern for the daytime hours of April 5, 2010. These speeds are above the 

thresholds for blowing dust identified in EPA draft guidance and in detailed analyses completed by the 

State of Colorado. Specifically, these high values were the consequence of strong southwesterly 

prefrontal winds in combination with dry conditions which caused significant blowing dust across much 

of Arizona, northwest New Mexico, southeast Utah and southwest Colorado. These PM10 exceedances 

were due to an exceptional event associated with regional windstorm-caused emissions from erodible soil 

sources over a large area of northeastern Arizona, most of Utah, and parts of western Colorado. These 

sources are not reasonably controllable during a significant windstorm under abnormally dry or moderate 

drought conditions.

The blowing dust climatology for the Four Corners area indicates that the area can be susceptible to 

blowing dust when winds are high. Landform imagery shows that northeastern Arizona and southeastern 

Utah in particular have experienced a long-term pattern of wind erosion and blowing dust when winds 

have been southwesterly and blowing into western and southern Colorado. Back trajectories, case 

studies, satellite imagery, and statistical analyses have also shown that northeastern Arizona and 

southeastern Utah are a significant source for blowing dust transported into Colorado. Soils in the Four 

Corners area and in northeastern Arizona in particular were dry enough to produce blowing dust when 

winds were above the thresholds for blowing dust. Elevated PM10 in Grand Junction during windstorms is 

generally associated with wind gusts of 40 mph or higher at Grand Junction and Hopi in northeastern 
109

Arizona and southwesterly flow in Grand Junction. Elevated PM10 in Grand Junction is generally 

associated with 30-day precipitation totals of less than 1.00 inches at Grand Junction and less than 0.50 

inches at Hopi. 

Both wind speeds and soil moisture in the Four Corners area and northeastern Arizona were conducive to 

the generation of significant blowing dust. Multiple sources of data for the event in question and analyses 

of past dust storms in this area prove that this was a natural event and, more specifically, a significant 

natural dust storm originating in northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico and spreading into 

southwestern and south-central Colorado But for the dust storm on April 5, 2010, this exceedance would 

not have occurred. 

Friction velocities provide a measure of the near-surface meteorological conditions necessary to cause 

blowing dust. 

Friction velocities in northern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, southeastern Utah, and southwestern 

Colorado were above 1.0 meters per second on April 5, 2010. Even undisturbed desert soils normally 

resistant to wind erosion will be susceptible to blowing dust when friction velocities are greater than 

about 1.0 to 2.0 meters per second. Note that blowing dust will typically only occur where these values 

are high and the soils are dry and not protected by vegetation, forest cover, boulders, rocks, etc. Friction 

velocities were high enough to sustain blowing dust over undisturbed soils in each of the Four Corners 

states during this event. This is why blowing dust occurred in the desert and more arid areas of northern 

Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, southeastern Utah, and southwestern Colorado on April 5, 2010. 

These elevated friction velocities (shown in Figures 39 and 40) and the data on soil moisture conditions 

presented elsewhere in this report, and the prevalence of winds above blowing dust thresholds (all 

occurring in traditional source regions in northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico) prove that 

this dust storm was a natural event that was not reasonably controllable or preventable.

MODIS satellite imagery shows that the Painted Desert and Four Corners area in general were source 

regions for blowing dust on April 5, 2010. This is consistent with the climatology for many dust storms 

in Colorado as described in the Grand Junction, Colorado, Blowing Dust Climatology report contained in 

Appendix A of this document. The observations of winds above blowing dust thresholds and restricted 

visibilities in the areas of concern demonstrate that this is a natural event that cannot be reasonably 

controlled or prevented. 

The Center for Snow and Avalanche Studies has been studying the effects of wind-blown desert dust from 

Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah on snowpack albedo and snowmelt in the San Juan Mountains of 

Colorado. The Center for Snow and Avalanche Studies lists April 5, 2010, as one of nine Dust-on-Snow 

events for the 2009/2010 water year, and this provides clear supporting evidence that a regional blowing 

dust event with long-range transport caused the PM10 exceedances measured across portions of Colorado 

on April 5, 2010. Snowpack and snow cover data for the mountains and many valley locations in central 

and southwestern Colorado demonstrate that blowing dust and elevated PM10 observed in Telluride, 

Crested Butte, and Mt. Crested Butte were not likely to have been from local sources. Snow cover data 

provide strong evidence that a widespread, regional, blowing dust event caused exceedances at these 

locations.

As demonstrated in section 3 and particularly in Table 14 the PM10 exceedances and other elevated PM10

concentrations in Durango, Telluride, Pagosa Springs, Crested Butte, Mount Crested Butte, Alamosa, 

Delta and Clifton, Colorado on April 5, 2010, would not have occurred “but for” the large regional dust 

storm on April 5, 2010. 
110

6.0 References

Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, City of Lamar, Prowers County Commissioners, 

Natural Events Action Plan for High Wind Events – Lamar, Colorado, April 1998. 

Draxler, R.R. and Rolph, G.D., 2012. HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated 

Trajectory) Model access via NOAA ARL READY Website (http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php). 

NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD. 

Marticorena, B., G. Bergametti, D. Gillette, and J. Belnap, 1997, Factors controlling threshold friction 

velocity in semiarid and arid areas of the United States, Journal of Geophysical Research 102 D19, 

23,277-23, 287. 

Technical Services Program, Air Pollution Control Division, Colorado Department of Public Health and 

Environment, November 22, 2011, Technical Support Document for the January 19, 2009 Lamar 

Exceptional Event. 

United States Environmental Protection Agency, June 2012, Draft Guidance on the Preparation of 

Demonstrations in Support of Requests to Exclude Ambient Air Quality Data Affected by High Winds 

under the Exceptional Events Rule.
A-1

Appendix A- Grand Junction, Colorado, Blowing Dust 

Climatology January 24, 2012

There can be significant transport of regional blowing dust into Grand Junction from source 

regions in Utah and Arizona. While there are sources for wind-blown dust within the Grand 

Valley and Grand Junction itself, there is evidence from the analysis of soil features, wind and 

precipitation climatology, and statistical analyses of Grand Junction exceedances of the PM10

standard that regional sources often play a significant role during these blowing dust events. This 

document provides a weight of evidence analysis for dust transport into Colorado.

Grand Junction, Colorado, is located in a part of the country that is largely arid to semi-arid. 

Figure A-1 through A-3 show the annual average precipitation for Colorado, Arizona, and Utah, 

respectively. Grand Junction is in the Grand Valley of Western Colorado where the annual 

precipitation is typically less than 10 inches. Northeastern Arizona, which is frequently upwind 

of Grand Junction during blowing dust events, receives between 5 and 15 inches of precipitation 

each year. The Colorado River Basin in eastern and southeastern Utah, which is also frequently 

upwind of Grand Junction during blowing dust events, also receives 5 to 10 inches per year.

Figure A-4 shows the 1971-2000 monthly normal precipitation amounts for Grand Junction, 

Colorado. The annual average for this time period is 8.99 inches. The wettest months are March 

through May and August through October. The driest months are January, February, June, July, 

November, and December. These months receive an average of 0.57 inches per month. The 

annual monthly average precipitation is 0.75 inches.

Arid to semi-arid soils make much of the region susceptible to blowing dust. The map in Figure 

A-5 shows that portion of the Colorado Plateau (circled in red) where modern wind erosion 

features are common and clearly visible in Google Earth images. These features include 

longitudinal dunes and other sand or soil erosion structures with a predominant southwest to 

northeast orientation. This orientation is the result of the predominant southwesterly flow that 

occurs during high wind and blowing dust events in the region. Figures A-6 through A-12 

present aerial views of ubiquitous erosion features in northeastern Arizona and southeastern Utah. 

The Painted Desert of northeastern Arizona is frequently the source for much of the blowing dust 

in the Four Corners region. Figure A-13 provides a particularly good satellite image of a blowing 

dust event originating in the Painted Desert and extending northeastward across the junction of 

the Four Corners (source: NASA Tera satellite, http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=37791). 

Strong southwesterly winds caused this blowing dust event.

The text that accompanies this image on NASA’s Earth Observatory 10th Anniversary page 

follows below:

“A dust storm struck northeastern Arizona on April 3, 2009. With winds over 145 

kilometers (90 miles) per hour reported near Meteor Crater, east of Flagstaff, the storm 

reduced visibility and forced the temporary closure of part of Interstate 40, according to 

The Arizona Republic.

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra

satellite captured this image on April 3, 2009. Clear skies allow a view of multiple source 

points of this dust storm. The source points occur along an arc that runs from northwest 

to southeast.
A-2

This dust storm occurred in the area known as Arizona’s Painted Desert, and the dust 

plumes show why. Whereas many dust plumes are uniform in color, these plumes 

resemble a band of multicolored ribbons, ranging from pale beige to red-brown, 

reflecting the varied soils from which the plumes arise. The landscapes of the Painted 

Desert are comprised mostly of Chinle Formation rocks—remains of sediments laid 

down during the time of the first dinosaurs, over 200 million years ago.”
A-3

Figure A-1. Average annual precipitation in Colorado based on 1961-1990 normals.
A-4

Figure A-2. Average annual precipitation in Arizona based on 1961-1990 normals.
A-5

Figure A-3. Average annual precipitation in Utah based on 1961-1990 normals.
A-6

Figure A-4. 1971-2000 monthly normal precipitation in Grand Junction Colorado. 

Figure A-5. The portion of the Colorado Plateau in Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico that exhibits 

widespread surface soil and sand erosion features in Google Earth imagery. Much of the highlighted area 

within Arizona is within the Painted Desert.

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Precipitation - Inches

Month

Grand Junction 1971-2000
A-7

Figure A-6. Southwest to northeast soil and sand erosion structures in southeastern Utah.

Figure A-7. Southwest to northeast soil and sand erosion structures in northeastern Arizona (Painted 

Desert).
A-8

Figure A-8. Southwest to northeast soil and sand erosion structures in southeastern Utah.

Figure A-9. Southwest to northeast soil and sand erosion structures in northeastern Arizona (Painted 

Desert). The slip faces of dunes (lighter bands) face in the direction of wind flow – toward the northeast.
A-9

Figure A-10. Southwest to northeast soil and sand erosion structures in southeastern Utah.

Figure A-11. Southwest to northeast soil and sand erosion structures in northeastern Arizona (Painted 

Desert). 
A-10

Figure A-12. Southwest to northeast soil and sand erosion structures in northeastern Arizona (Painted 

Desert).
A-11

Figure A-13. NASA Tera satellite image of a dust storm on April 3, 2009, in southwesterly flow over the 

Painted Desert of northeastern Arizona (http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=37791). 
A-12

Figure A-14 displays the surface weather map for this event (00Z April 4, 2009, or 5 PM MST April 3, 

2009). A strong low pressure system in southern Colorado, strong southwesterly winds in the Four 

Corners area, and the blowing dust symbol (infinity sign) at Farmington (New Mexico) and Cortez 

(Colorado) are evident in this map. Blowing dust in this region is frequently associated with 

southwesterly flow.

Figure A-14. Surface weather map for 00Z April 4, 2009, (5 PM MST April 3, 2009), showing a strong 

low pressure system in southern Colorado, strong southwesterly winds in the Four Corners area and the 

blowing dust symbol (infinity sign) at Farmington (New Mexico) and Cortez (Colorado).

A USGS map of the Colorado Plateau in Figure A-15 shows the prevalence of eolian or wind-blown sand 

deposits in southeastern Utah and northeastern Arizona. An analysis of the annual frequency of dust 

storms (Orgill and Sehmel, 1976) in the western half of the U.S. suggests that portions of eastern and 

western Utah and northeastern Arizona are source regions for blowing dust (see Figure A-16). Soil and 

sand structures point to the prevalence of southwesterly flow during blowing dust events, and 

precipitation climatology highlights the potential for blowing dust across much of the region. In 

addition, an analysis of back trajectories associated with high PM10 concentration events in Grand 

Junction discussed in the next section of this document supports the conclusion that soils in Arizona and 
A-13

Utah are likely significant contributors to PM10 measured during many dust storms affecting Grand 

Junction.
A-14

Figure A-15. USGS map of eolian sand features on the Colorado Plateau 

(http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/sw/impacts/geology/sand/ ).

Figure A-16. Number of dust storms per year from: Orgill, M.M., Sehmel, G.A., 1976. Frequency and 

diurnal variation of dust storms in the contiguous USA. Atmospheric Environment 10, 813–825.

NOAA HYSPLIT 36-hour back trajectories were calculated for Grand Junction for the eight 24-hour 

periods from 2004 through early 2009 with the Powell monitor PM10 concentrations in excess of 75 

μg/m3

, strong regional winds, and dry soils. Trajectories were modeled every 4 hours for each day. Data 

presented later in this document provides evidence that the moderate to high PM10 levels on these days 

were from blowing dust. The 6 back trajectories for each day were calculated for an arrival height of 500 

meters using EDAS40 data and model vertical velocities (see: http://www.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php ). 

The eight days used in the analysis and the Powell monitor concentrations measured on these days are 

presented in Table A-1. 
A-15

The back trajectories for these high-concentration days are shown in Figure A-17. Transport was 

generally from the west through southwest. A high density of trajectory points is found in northeast 

Arizona and southeast Utah. Most of these trajectories in Figure A-17 are also consistent with transport 

from or across suspected or known blowing dust source regions highlighted in Figures A-5, A-13, A-15, 

and A-16.

Table A-1. Grand Junction Powell monitor days with concentrations in excess of 75 μg/m3 and blowing 

dust conditions (from 2004 through early 2009).

Year Month Day

Powell 24-hour PM10 concentration 

in μg/m3

2005 4 19 197.8

2008 4 15 116.1

2008 4 21 103.6

2004 9 3 102

2006 3 3 98.3

2008 5 21 86.7

2008 4 30 83.5

2006 6 7 77.9
A-16

Figure A-17. NOAA HYSPLIT 36-hour back trajectories for Grand Junction for those eight 24-hour periods from 

2004 through early 2009 with the Powell monitor PM10 concentrations in excess of 75 μg/m3

, strong regional 

winds, and dry soils. Trajectory points are sized and color-coded to reflect 24-hour PM10 concentrations in μg/m3

. 

Trajectories were calculated every 4 hours for each day. 

The trajectories in Figure A-17 point to the possibility that, at times, dust from Utah and Arizona can have a 

major impact on Grand Junction and less of an impact elsewhere in western Colorado. This non-homogeneity is 

possible given the fact that dust storms are frequently organized into discreet plumes from discreet areas that 

maintain their integrity for long distances. An example of this can be seen in Figure A-18 that shows plumes of 

dust in New Mexico during a windstorm on May 20, 2008.

Figure A-19 shows the NOAA HYSPLIT back trajectories for the highest concentration day during the 2004 

through early 2009 period: April 19, 2005. Twenty-four hour back trajectories for each hour during the period 

with high winds (using EDAS40 data and 500-meter arrival heights) show that the back trajectories for Grand 

Junction were more likely to have crossed the Painted Desert and southeastern Utah than those for Telluride and 

Durango, which measured lower PM10 concentrations on this day.

Figure A-18. Discreet plumes of blowing dust in New Mexico, Mexico, and Arizona visible in GOES satellite 

imagery for May 20, 2008 (http://www.osei.noaa.gov/Events/Dust/US_Southwest/2008/DSTusmx142_G12.jpg ).
A-17

K-means cluster analysis has been applied to Grand Junction Powell PM10 concentrations, Grand Junction and 

Painted Desert 30-day total precipitation for each PM10 monitoring day, and Grand Junction and Painted Desert 

daily maximum wind gust speeds for each monitoring day. K-means cluster analysis is a statistical method for 

identifying clusters or groupings of values for many variables. For environmental variables, these clusters often 

represent distinct processes, conditions, or events. In this case, cluster analysis differentiates PM10 concentrations 

associated with strong winds, low soil moistures, and blowing dust by providing mean values for these 5 variables 

for 5 distinct categories of PM10 events. The period of record considered was from January 2004 through March 

2009. The Hopi weather station located in the central portion of the Painted Desert was used to represent Painted 

Desert conditions in northeastern Arizona, and the Grand Junction National Weather Service station was used to 

represent Grand Junction conditions. The 30-day total precipitation values appear to be a better metric for 

blowing dust conditions than shorter-term totals.

Figure A-19. 24-hour NOAA HYSPLIT back trajectories for every hour from 1500 MST to 2200 MST for Grand 

Junction (red), Telluride (green), and Durango (blue) for the dust storm of April 19, 2005.

The results of the cluster analysis are presented in Table A-2 below. Cluster 1 represents high soil moisture 

conditions, moderate gust speeds, and low PM10 concentrations. Cluster 2 represents very low soil moisture, 

moderate PM10, and low gust speeds. Cluster 3 represents low soil moisture, moderate gusts, and low PM10. 

Cluster 4 represents moderate soil moisture, low gusts, and low PM10. Finally, Cluster 5 represents high PM10, 

high gusts, and low soil moisture. Cluster numbers, Grand Junction Powell PM10 concentrations, and Grand 

Junction daily maximum gust speeds are plotted in Figure A-20.
A-18

The data in Figure A-20 clearly show that the highest PM10 concentrations tend to occur in Cluster 5 with gusts 

above 40 mph. The only exceedance in this period occurred on a day with a peak gust of 43 mph. Cluster 2 is 

likely to be indicative of wintertime inversion conditions with lighter winds and moderately elevated PM10. 

Figure A-21 shows the concentrations and cluster values associated with Hopi station daily maximum gust 

speeds. The overall pattern is similar. The highest concentration day is associated with a peak gust of 47 mph at 

Hopi. All of the days/events presented in Figure A-17, A-19, and Table A-1 were classified as Cluster 5.

Table A-2. K-means cluster analysis means for Grand Junction PM10 and meteorological variables.

Cluster Variables

Cluster 1 

Means

Cluster 2 

Means

Cluster 3

Means

Cluster 4

Means

Cluster 5

Means

Powell 24-hour PM10 in μg/m3 24.5 37.3 24.3 21.8 74.9

Hopi Wind Gust in mph 20.8 18.0 32.5 20.7 40.5

Grand Junction Wind Gust in mph 20.4 16.5 31.8 19.6 43.1

Grand Junction 30-day 

Precipitation 1.7 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.6

Hopi 30-day Precipitation 1.8 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.3

Count 85 120 170 147 24

Figure A-20. Grand Junction Powell 24-hour PM10 concentrations versus Grand Junction gust speed by 

cluster.

Figures A-22 and A-23 show Powell PM10 concentrations versus Grand Junction and Hopi 30-day 

precipitation totals, respectively, by cluster. The blowing dust group, Cluster 5, is generally associated 

0

50

100

150

200

250

051015202530354045505560

Grand Junction Gust Speed in mph

Grand Junction Powell 24-hr PM10 - ug/m3

Clusters

1

4

2

3

5
A-19

with 30-day precipitation totals of less than 1.00 inches at Grand Junction and less than 0.50 inches at 

Hopi. While this is not proof that the measured dust in Grand Junction is from Arizona, it adds to the 

weight of evidence that the Painted Desert makes a significant contribution to PM10 concentrations in 

Grand Junction during many blowing dust events. Of interest in this regard are the two high 

concentrations (greater than 100 μg/m3

) that occurred when Grand Junction 30-day precipitation totals 

were greater than an inch (see Figure A-22). One of these occurred when transport was from the 

southwest. On this day (April 21, 2008) the NOAA Satellite Smoke Text Archive reported the following 

(see http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/FIRE/smoke.html ):

“Blowing dust is seen over most of Utah (and part of western Nevada) and the dust is moving toward the 

northeast, reaching into northwestern Colorado and southern Wyoming.”

Figure A-21. Grand Junction Powell 24-hour PM10 concentrations versus Hopi gust speed by cluster.

0

50

100

150

200

250

051015202530354045505560

Hopi Gust Speed in mph

Grand Junction Powell 24-hr PM10 - ug/m3

Clusters

3

4

5

1

2
A-20

Figure A-22. Grand Junction Powell 24-hour PM10 concentrations versus Grand Junction 30-day total 

precipitation by cluster.

0

50

100

150

200

250

0.0000.2500.5000.7501.0001.2501.5001.7502.0002.2502.5002.7503.000

Grand Junction 30-day Precipitation in Inches Grand Junction Powell 24-hr PM10 - ug/m3

Clusters

4

2

3

1

5
A-21

Figure A-23. Grand Junction Powell 24-hour PM10 concentrations versus Hopi 30-day total precipitation 

by cluster.

The other occurred on April 15, 2008, when the flow was from Arizona and southeast Utah. The transport 

conditions, the discrepancy between high recent precipitation in Grand Junction and low recent precipitation at 

Hopi for these two days, and, in one case, analyst discussion of what was visible in satellite images suggest that 

much of the dust might have originated from outside of the Grand Junction environment. 

Figure A-24 shows Grand Junction Powell 24-hour PM10 concentrations versus peak gust wind directions at the 

Little Delores RAWS weather station about 25 miles west-southwest of Grand Junction. Grand Junction is 

situated on the floor of the Grand Valley, a major northwest to southeast trending basin than can force or channel 

synoptic scale flows. As a result, surface wind directions in Grand Junction may not be useful indicators of the 

direction of longer-range transport. Little Delores is on the Umcompahgre Plateau, and winds here are more 

likely to reflect the larger-scale transport directions for the region. This graph indicates that high PM10 at Grand 

Junction (Cluster 5) is associated with winds from the south-southeast to west-southwest at Little Delores. These 

directions point to dust sources in southeast Utah and northeastern Arizona. This is further evidence that dust 

from these areas may make a significant contribution to PM10 measured in Grand Junction during blowing dust 

events.

0

50

100

150

200

250

0.0000.2500.5000.7501.0001.2501.5001.7502.0002.2502.5002.7503.000

Hopi 30-day Precipitation in Inches

Grand Junction Powell 24-hr PM10 - ug/m3

Clusters

3

4

5

1

2
A-22

Figure A-24. Grand Junction Powell 24-hour PM10 concentrations versus peak gust wind directions at the Little 

Delores RAWS weather station, by cluster.

Figure A-25 presents monthly percentiles for Grand Junction gust speeds. Wind gusts generally considered to be 

high enough for significant blowing dusts (40 mph or higher) are within the upper 5 to 15 percent during each 

month of the year. Consequently, these events can be viewed as exceptional rather than normal. Gusts in this 

category can occur any month of the year, but are most likely in March, April, May and October. Figure A-4 

shows that in Grand Junction these are typically among the wettest months of the year. It is in drier years, 

therefore, that blowing dust may be most prevalent during the spring and fall months. January, February, and 

June are typically very dry, and might be expected to have a significant proportion of blowing dust events.

Figures A-26 and A-27 show histograms for Grand Junction and Hopi wind gusts, respectively. The 95th

percentile gust speed for Grand Junction is 43 mph. For Hopi it is 41 mph. For both sites, it is clear that gusts in 

the range that is associated with blowing dust are the exception rather than the rule. Cluster analysis also shows 

that the blowing dust events represent only 4% of the PM10 sample days (from Table A-2, Cluster 5 had 24 cases 

out of a total of 546). The weight of evidence presented in this document clearly suggests that source regions in 

Arizona and Utah can have a significant impact on PM10 concentrations in Grand Junction during blowing dust 

events and that these events occur when dry soils are affected by winds of exceptional strength. Control of these 

sources, which are outside of Colorado, may not be reasonably achievable or possible.

The precipitation climatology for the Four Corners area indicates that the area can be susceptible to blowing 

dust when winds are high. Landform imagery shows that northeastern Arizona and southeastern Utah in 

particular have experienced a long-term pattern of wind erosion and blowing dust when winds have been 

southwesterly and blowing into western and southern Colorado. Back trajectories, case studies, satellite 

imagery, and statistical analyses have also shown that northeastern Arizona and southeastern Utah are a 

significant source for blowing dust transported into Colorado. Elevated PM10 in Grand Junction during 

windstorms is generally associated with wind gusts of 40 mph or higher at Grand Junction and Hopi in 

0

50

100

150

200

250

0306090120150180210240270300330360

Little Delores Gust Direction

Grand Junction Powell 24-hr PM10 - ug/m3

Clusters

1

4

2

3

5
A-23

northeastern Arizona and southwesterly flow in Grand Junction. Elevated PM10 in Grand Junction is generally 

associated with 30-day precipitation totals of less than 1.00 inches at Grand Junction and less than 0.50 inches at Hopi.

Reference:

Orgill, M.M., Sehmel, G.A., 1976. Frequency and diurnal variation of dust storms in the contiguous USA. 

Atmospheric Environment 10, 813–825

Figure A-25. Percentile plot of Grand Junction daily maximum 5-second gust speed in miles per hour

showing that gusts of 40 mph or greater always occur within the top 15 percentile speeds for each month 

of the year.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Percentile Plot

Grand Junction Daily Max 5-second Gust in mph

Month

Gust Speed in mph

Top 15% in Red, Lower 15% in Blue, Median Orange

January 2004-February 2009
A-24

Figure A-26. Histogram of daily maximum 5-second wind gusts at Grand Junction based on January 2004 –

February 2009.

Figure A-27. Histogram of daily maximum 5-second wind gusts at Hopi based on January 2004 – February 2009.

0

71

143

214

286

357

429

500

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Daily Max 5-second Gust in mph

Count

0

43

86

129

171

214

257

300

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Daily Max Gust in mph

Count
B-1

Appendix B- Weather Warnings and Blowing Dust Advisories for April 

5, 2010

The following advisories were posted on the APCD website on April 5, 2010:

Denver Metro/Front Range:

Issued: 4/5/2010 2:59:00 PM

No Advisories - No Action Day

Effective: 4/5/2010 4:00:00 PM - 4/6/2010 4:00:00 PM

Other Areas:

Blowing Dust Advisory for Western, Southwestern and portions of Southeastern Colorado for 10 

AM to 10 PM, Monday April 5, 2010. Blowing Dust Advisory for South-Central and 

Southeastern Colorado for 10 AM to 6 PM on Tuesday April 6. Issued by the Colorado 

Department of Public Health and Environment at 3 PM April 5, 2010. Blowing dust is possible 

across much of western, southwestern and portions of southeastern Colorado Monday afternoon 

and evening as strong winds move across drier areas of Arizona, Colorado, and Utah. Winds 

gusting to 45 to 70 mph in these states and in areas of Colorado may contribute to blowing dust. 

Grand Junction, Rifle, Montrose, Delta, Cortez, Durango, Telluride, Alamosa, Pueblo, Colorado 

Springs, and nearby areas may be affected on Monday. Large plumes of dust are spreading 

northeastward from the Four Corners area into Colorado and from the San Luis Valley towards 

Colorado Springs at 4PM. Blowing dust is once again possible in south-central and southeastern 

Colorado Tuesday morning through Tuesday afternoon – including Alamosa, Pueblo, Lamar, 

Springfield and nearby areas. If significant blowing dust is present and reducing visibility to less 

than 10 miles across a wide area, the elderly, the very young, and those with respiratory problems 

should avoid prolonged exertion; everyone else should limit prolonged exertion. Limiting outdoor 

exposure is also advised.

Denver Metro/Front Range:

Issued: 4/5/2010 10:36:00 AM

No Advisories - No Action Day

Effective: 4/4/2010 4:00:00 PM - 4/5/2010 4:00:00 PM

Other Areas:

Blowing Dust Advisory for Western and Southwestern Colorado for 10 AM to 10 PM, Monday 

April 5, 2010. Issued by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment at 10 AM 

April 5, 2010. Blowing dust is possible across much of western and southwestern Colorado 

Tuesday afternoon and evening as strong winds across drier areas of Arizona, and Utah move into 

the state. Winds gusting to 45 to 70 mph in these states and in areas of Colorado may contribute 

to blowing dust. Grand Junction, Rifle, Montrose, Delta, Cortez, Durango, Telluride, Alamosa, 

and nearby towns may be affected. If significant blowing dust is present and reducing visibility to 

less than 10 miles across a wide area, the elderly, the very young, and those with respiratory 

problems should avoid prolonged exertion; everyone else should limit prolonged exertion. 

Limiting outdoor exposure is also advised.
B-2

Denver Metro/Front Range:

Issued: 4/5/2010 10:34:00 AM

No Advisories - No Action Day

Effective: 4/5/2010 4:00:00 PM - 4/6/2010 4:00:00 PM

Other Areas:

Blowing Dust Advisory for Western and Southwestern Colorado for 10 AM to 10 PM, Monday 

April 5, 2010. Issued by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment at 10 AM 

April 5, 2010. Blowing dust is possible across much of western and southwestern Colorado 

Tuesday afternoon and evening as strong winds across drier areas of Arizona, and Utah move into 

the state. Winds gusting to 45 to 70 mph in these states and in areas of Colorado may contribute 

to blowing dust. Grand Junction, Rifle, Montrose, Delta, Cortez, Durango, Telluride, Alamosa, 

and nearby towns may be affected. If significant blowing dust is present and reducing visibility to 

less than 10 miles across a wide area, the elderly, the very young, and those with respiratory 

problems should avoid prolonged exertion; everyone else should limit prolonged exertion. 

Limiting outdoor exposure is also advised.

 NWS SRRS PRODUCTS FOR:

 2010040412 to 2010040523

WWUS75 KPUB 051226

NPWPUB

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE PUEBLO CO

626 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

COZ072>075-079>082-051830-

/O.NEW.KPUB.HW.W.0002.100405T1226Z-100406T0600Z/

NORTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS BETWEEN 8500 AND 11000 FTNORTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS ABOVE 11000 FEETSOUTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS BETWEEN 7500 AND 11000 FTSOUTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS ABOVE 11000 FTWET MOUNTAINS BETWEEN 6300 AND 10000 FTWET MOUNTAINS ABOVE 10000 FTTELLER COUNTY/RAMPART RANGE ABOVE 7500 FT/PIKES PEAK BETWEEN

7500 AND 11000 FT-PIKES PEAK ABOVE 11000 FTINCLUDING...LA VETA PASS...PONCHA PASS...BLANCA PEAK...CUCHARA...

STONEWALL...WESTON...SPANISH PEAKS...RYE...GREENHORN MTN...

WOODLAND PARK...PIKES PEAK

626 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT MDT TONIGHT...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN PUEBLO HAS ISSUED A HIGH WIND

WARNING...WHICH IS IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT MDT TONIGHT.

* LOCATION...THE SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS...THE WET MOUNTAINS

 AND THE PIKES PEAK AND THE TELLER COUNTY RAMPART RANGE REGION.

* CAUSE AND TIMING...STRONG AND POTENTIALLY DAMAGING WINDS ARE

 EXPECTED TO DEVELOP TODAY AND CONTINUE INTO THIS EVENING OVER

 PORTIONS OF THE SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS...THE WET MOUNTAINS

 AND THE PIKES PEAK...TELLER COUNTY...RAMPART RANGE REGION.

* WIND..SOUTHWEST TO WEST WINDS OF 35 TO 55 MPH WITH WIND GUSTS IN

 EXCESS OF 75 MPH AT TIMES ARE ANTICIPATED TODAY AND THIS EVENING.
B-3

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

HIGH WINDS CAPABLE OF CAUSING POWER OUTAGES AND PROPERTY DAMAGE

ARE EXPECTED.

THESE WINDS CAN CAUSE LIGHTWEIGHT OBJECTS TO BECOME DANGEROUS

AIRBORNE PROJECTILES. HIGH PROFILE VEHICLES AND VEHICLES PULLING

TRAILERS CAN BE FLIPPED BY CROSSWINDS. BLOWING DUST AND/OR BLOWING

SNOW CAN QUICKLY REDUCE VISIBILITY TO NEAR ZERO...RESULTING IN

HAZARDOUS DRIVING CONDITIONS AND ACCIDENTS INVOLVING MOTORISTS

TAKEN BY SURPRISE. BLOWING DUST OR SAND CAN ALSO BE A HEALTH

HAZARD FOR THOSE WITH RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS. SECURE LIGHTWEIGHT

OBJECTS. AVOID TRAVELING ON ROADS WITH CROSSWINDS.

&&

$$

WWUS75 KPUB 051637

NPWPUB

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE PUEBLO CO

1037 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

COZ086-052300-

/O.EXA.KPUB.HW.W.0002.000000T0000Z-100406T0600Z/

PUEBLO AND VICINITY/PUEBLO COUNTY BELOW 6300 FTINCLUDING...PUEBLO

1037 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT MDT TONIGHT...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN PUEBLO HAS ISSUED A HIGH WIND

WARNING...WHICH IS IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT MDT TONIGHT.

* LOCATION...THE PLAINS OF SOUTHWEST PUEBLO COUNTY...ADJACENT TO

 THE WET MOUNTAINS...INCLUDING THE COLORADO CITY AREA AND THE

 I-25 CORRIDOR IN SOUTHWESTERN PUEBLO COUNTY.

* CAUSE AND TIMING...STRONG AND DAMAGING WINDS ASSOCIATED WITH A

 STRONG JETSTREAM OVER THE REGION ARE EXPECTED TODAY INTO THIS

 EVENING.

* WIND..SOUTHWEST WINDS 35 TO 55 MPH WITH GUSTS TO 75 MPH AT TIMES

 ARE EXPECTED TODAY AND THIS EVENING. WINDS OF THIS MAGNITUDE

 WILL LIKELY CAUSE SOME PROPERTY DAMAGE.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

HIGH WINDS CAPABLE OF CAUSING POWER OUTAGES AND PROPERTY DAMAGE

ARE EXPECTED.

THESE WINDS CAN CAUSE LIGHTWEIGHT OBJECTS TO BECOME DANGEROUS

AIRBORNE PROJECTILES. HIGH PROFILE VEHICLES AND VEHICLES PULLING

TRAILERS CAN BE FLIPPED BY CROSSWINDS. BLOWING DUST AND/OR

BLOWING SNOW CAN QUICKLY REDUCE VISIBILITY TO NEAR ZERO...

RESULTING IN HAZARDOUS DRIVING CONDITIONS AND ACCIDENTS INVOLVING

MOTORISTS TAKEN BY SURPRISE. BLOWING DUST OR SAND CAN ALSO BE A

HEALTH HAZARD FOR THOSE WITH RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS. SECURE

LIGHTWEIGHT OBJECTS. AVOID TRAVELING ON ROADS WITH CROSSWINDS.

&&

$$

COZ072>075-079>082-052300-

/O.CON.KPUB.HW.W.0002.000000T0000Z-100406T0600Z/

NORTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS BETWEEN 8500 AND 11000 FTNORTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS ABOVE 11000 FEETSOUTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS BETWEEN 7500 AND 11000 FT-
B-4

SOUTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS ABOVE 11000 FTWET MOUNTAINS BETWEEN 6300 AND 10000 FTWET MOUNTAINS ABOVE 10000 FTTELLER COUNTY/RAMPART RANGE ABOVE 7500 FT/PIKES PEAK BETWEEN

7500 AND 11000 FT-PIKES PEAK ABOVE 11000 FTINCLUDING...LA VETA PASS...PONCHA PASS...BLANCA PEAK...CUCHARA...

STONEWALL...WESTON...SPANISH PEAKS...RYE...GREENHORN MTN...

WOODLAND PARK...PIKES PEAK

1037 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT MDT

TONIGHT...

A HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT MDT TONIGHT.

* LOCATION...THE SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS...THE WET

 MOUNTAINS...PIKES PEAK...TELLER COUNTY AND THE RAMPART RANGE

 REGION.

* CAUSE AND TIMING...STRONG AND POTENTIALLY DAMAGING WINDS ARE

 EXPECTED TO DEVELOP TODAY AND CONTINUE INTO THIS EVENING OVER

 PORTIONS OF THE SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS...THE WET

 MOUNTAINS...PIKES PEAK...TELLER COUNTY...AND THE RAMPART RANGE

 REGION.

* WIND..SOUTHWEST WINDS OF 35 TO 55 MPH WITH GUSTS IN EXCESS OF

 75 MPH AT TIMES ARE ANTICIPATED TODAY AND THIS EVENING.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

HIGH WINDS CAPABLE OF CAUSING POWER OUTAGES AND PROPERTY DAMAGE

ARE EXPECTED.

THESE WINDS CAN CAUSE LIGHTWEIGHT OBJECTS TO BECOME DANGEROUS

AIRBORNE PROJECTILES. HIGH PROFILE VEHICLES AND VEHICLES PULLING

TRAILERS CAN BE FLIPPED BY CROSSWINDS. BLOWING DUST AND/OR

BLOWING SNOW CAN QUICKLY REDUCE VISIBILITY TO NEAR ZERO...

RESULTING IN HAZARDOUS DRIVING CONDITIONS AND ACCIDENTS INVOLVING

MOTORISTS TAKEN BY SURPRISE. BLOWING DUST OR SAND CAN ALSO BE A

HEALTH HAZARD FOR THOSE WITH RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS. SECURE

LIGHTWEIGHT OBJECTS. AVOID TRAVELING ON ROADS WITH CROSSWINDS.

&&

$$

WWUS75 KPUB 052139

NPWPUB

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE PUEBLO CO

339 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

COZ072>075-079>082-086-060345-

/O.CON.KPUB.HW.W.0002.000000T0000Z-100406T0600Z/

NORTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS BETWEEN 8500 AND 11000 FTNORTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS ABOVE 11000 FEETSOUTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS BETWEEN 7500 AND 11000 FTSOUTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS ABOVE 11000 FTWET MOUNTAINS BETWEEN 6300 AND 10000 FTWET MOUNTAINS ABOVE 10000 FTTELLER COUNTY/RAMPART RANGE ABOVE 7500 FT/PIKES PEAK BETWEEN

7500 AND 11000 FT-PIKES PEAK ABOVE 11000 FTPUEBLO AND VICINITY/PUEBLO COUNTY BELOW 6300 FTINCLUDING...LA VETA PASS...PONCHA PASS...BLANCA PEAK...CUCHARA...

STONEWALL...WESTON...SPANISH PEAKS...RYE...GREENHORN MTN...
B-5

WOODLAND PARK...PIKES PEAK...PUEBLO

339 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT MDT

TONIGHT...

A HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT MDT TONIGHT.

* LOCATION...THE PLAINS OF SOUTHWEST PUEBLO COUNTY...ADJACENT TO

 THE WET MOUNTAINS...INCLUDING THE COLORADO CITY AREA AND THE

 INTERSTATE 25 CORRIDOR IN SOUTHWESTERN PUEBLO COUNTY.

* CAUSE AND TIMING...STRONG TO DAMAGING WINDS ASSOCIATED WITH A

 STRONG JET STREAM OVER THE REGION ARE EXPECTED TODAY INTO THIS

 EVENING.

* WIND..SOUTHWEST WINDS 35 TO 50 MPH WITH GUSTS TO 75 MPH AT TIMES

 ARE EXPECTED TODAY AND THIS EVENING. WINDS OF THIS MAGNITUDE ARE

 CAPABLE OF CAUSING SOME PROPERTY DAMAGE.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

HIGH WINDS CAPABLE OF CAUSING POWER OUTAGES AND PROPERTY DAMAGE

ARE EXPECTED.

THESE WINDS CAN CAUSE LIGHTWEIGHT OBJECTS TO BECOME DANGEROUS

AIRBORNE PROJECTILES. HIGH PROFILE VEHICLES AND VEHICLES PULLING

TRAILERS CAN BE FLIPPED BY CROSSWINDS. BLOWING DUST AND/OR

BLOWING SNOW CAN QUICKLY REDUCE VISIBILITY TO NEAR ZERO...

RESULTING IN HAZARDOUS DRIVING CONDITIONS AND ACCIDENTS INVOLVING

MOTORISTS TAKEN BY SURPRISE. BLOWING DUST OR SAND CAN ALSO BE A

HEALTH HAZARD FOR THOSE WITH RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS. SECURE

LIGHTWEIGHT OBJECTS. AVOID TRAVELING ON ROADS WITH CROSSWINDS.

&&

$$

 NWS SRRS PRODUCTS FOR:

 2010040412 to 2010040523

WWUS75 KGJT 041844

NPWGJT

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GRAND JUNCTION CO

1244 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...GUSTY WINDS TODAY WILL BECOME STRONG TONIGHT AND MONDAY...

.THE STRONGEST IN A SERIES OF PACIFIC STORMS WILL WORK INTO THE

GREAT BASIN TONIGHT AND MONDAY...THEN PASS ON TUESDAY. SOUTHWEST

WINDS WILL BECOME STRONG OVER THE MOUNTAINS OF SOUTHEAST UTAH AND

SOUTHWEST COLORADO TONIGHT...THEN MIX DOWN INTO THE SURROUNDING

VALLEYS MONDAY MORNING. THE WINDS WILL SHIFT TO WEST AND DIMINISH

MONDAY EVENING AS AN ASSOCIATED COLD FRONT PASSES.

COZ003-009-013-017>019-UTZ025-028-050400-

/O.CON.KGJT.WI.Y.0003.100405T0600Z-100406T0600Z/

ROAN AND TAVAPUTS PLATEAUS-GRAND AND BATTLEMENT MESAS-FLATTOPSUNCOMPAHGRE PLATEAU AND DALLAS DIVIDENORTHWEST SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS-SOUTHWEST SAN JUAN MOUNTAINSTAVAPUTS PLATEAU-LA SAL AND ABAJO MOUNTAINSINCLUDING THE CITIES OF...RIO BLANCO...SKYWAY...BUFORD...

TRAPPERS LAKE...RIDGWAY...GLADE PARK...OURAY...TELLURIDE...

LAKE CITY...SILVERTON...RICO...HESPERUS...MONTICELLO AND VICINITY

1244 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010
B-6

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM MIDNIGHT TONIGHT TO

MIDNIGHT MDT MONDAY NIGHT...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM MIDNIGHT TONIGHT TO

MIDNIGHT MDT MONDAY NIGHT.

* TIMING...THE STRONGEST WINDS ARE EXPECTED MONDAY AFTERNOON.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 20 TO 40 MPH AFTER

 MIDNIGHT TONIGHT...WITH GUSTS OF 60 TO 70 MPH POSSIBLE THROUGH

 MONDAY EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...BLOWING AND DRIFTING SNOW WILL DEVELOP MONDAY

 AFTERNOON AND EVENING...LOWERING VISIBILITIES TO LESS THAN A

 QUARTER MILE AT TIMES.

* IMPACTS...BUFFETING WINDS WILL MAKE TRAVEL HAZARDOUS AT TIMES.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND ADVISORY MEANS THAT A SIGNIFICANT WIND EVENT IS EXPECTED

OR OCCURRING. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN MAKE DRIVING DIFFICULT. USE

EXTRA CAUTION.

&&

$$

COZ001-002-006-007-011-020>023-UTZ022-027-029-050400-

/O.CON.KGJT.WI.Y.0003.100405T1500Z-100406T0300Z/

LOWER YAMPA RIVER BASIN-CENTRAL YAMPA RIVER BASIN-GRAND VALLEYDEBEQUE TO SILT CORRIDORCENTRAL GUNNISON AND UNCOMPAHGRE RIVER BASINPARADOX VALLEY/LOWER DOLORES RIVERFOUR CORNERS/UPPER DOLORES RIVER-ANIMAS RIVER BASINSAN JUAN RIVER BASIN-SOUTHEAST UTAH-ARCHES/GRAND FLATCANYONLANDS/NATURAL BRIDGESINCLUDING THE CITIES OF...RANGELY...DINOSAUR...CRAIG...HAYDEN...

MEEKER...GRAND JUNCTION...FRUITA...PALISADE...RIFLE...SILT...

PARACHUTE...MESA...CEDAREDGE...DELTA...HOTCHKISS...MONTROSE...

GATEWAY...NUCLA...CORTEZ...DOVE CREEK...MANCOS...DURANGO...

BAYFIELD...IGNACIO...PAGOSA SPRINGS AND VICINITY...BLANDING...

BLUFF...MEXICAN HAT...MOAB...CASTLE VALLEY...THOMPSON SPRINGS

1244 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY.

* TIMING...THE STRONGEST WINDS ARE EXPECTED MONDAY AFTERNOON.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 20 TO 30 MPH MONDAY...

 WITH GUSTS OF 45 TO 55 MPH POSSIBLE IN THE AFTERNOON.

* VISIBILITY...AREAS OF BLOWING DUST COULD REDUCE VISIBILITIES

 AT TIMES.

* IMPACTS...AGRICULTURAL BURNING IS DISCOURAGED AS FIRE CONTROL

 WILL BECOME VERY DIFFICULT. BUFFETING WINDS MAY MAKE DRIVING

 DIFFICULT.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND ADVISORY MEANS THAT A SIGNIFICANT WIND EVENT IS EXPECTED

OR OCCURRING. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN MAKE DRIVING DIFFICULT. USE

EXTRA CAUTION.

PEOPLE...ESPECIALLY THOSE WITH RESPIRATORY ILLNESSES... HEART

DISEASE...THE ELDERLY...AND CHILDREN ARE RECOMMENDED TO STAY

INDOORS AND AVOID PROLONGED OUTDOOR EXERCISE OR HEAVY EXERTION

DUE TO WIND-BLOWN DUST.

&&

$$
B-7

WWUS75 KGJT 042105

NPWGJT

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GRAND JUNCTION CO

305 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...GUSTY WINDS TODAY WILL BECOME STRONG TONIGHT AND MONDAY...

.THE STRONGEST IN A SERIES OF PACIFIC STORMS WILL WORK INTO THE

GREAT BASIN TONIGHT AND MONDAY...THEN PASS ON TUESDAY. SOUTHWEST

WINDS WILL BECOME STRONG OVER THE MOUNTAINS OF SOUTHEAST UTAH AND

SOUTHWEST COLORADO TONIGHT...THEN MIX DOWN INTO THE SURROUNDING

VALLEYS MONDAY MORNING. THE WINDS WILL SHIFT TO WEST AND DIMINISH

MONDAY EVENING AS AN ASSOCIATED COLD FRONT PASSES.

COZ003-009-013-UTZ025-050500-

/O.EXT.KGJT.WI.Y.0003.100405T0600Z-100405T1800Z/

ROAN AND TAVAPUTS PLATEAUS-GRAND AND BATTLEMENT MESAS-FLATTOPSTAVAPUTS PLATEAUINCLUDING THE CITIES OF...RIO BLANCO...SKYWAY...BUFORD...

TRAPPERS LAKE

305 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...WIND ADVISORY NOW IN EFFECT FROM MIDNIGHT TONIGHT TO NOON MDT

MONDAY...

THE WIND ADVISORY IS NOW IN EFFECT FROM MIDNIGHT TONIGHT TO NOON

MDT MONDAY.

* TIMING...THE STRONGEST WINDS ARE EXPECTED MONDAY AFTERNOON.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 20 TO 40 MPH AFTER

 MIDNIGHT TONIGHT...WITH GUSTS OF 60 TO 70 MPH POSSIBLE THROUGH

 MONDAY EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...BLOWING AND DRIFTING SNOW WILL DEVELOP MONDAY

 AFTERNOON AND EVENING...LOWERING VISIBILITIES TO LESS THAN A

 QUARTER MILE AT TIMES.

* IMPACTS...BUFFETING WINDS WILL MAKE TRAVEL HAZARDOUS AT TIMES.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND ADVISORY MEANS THAT A SIGNIFICANT WIND EVENT IS EXPECTED

OR OCCURRING. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN MAKE DRIVING DIFFICULT. USE

EXTRA CAUTION.

&&

$$

COZ017>019-UTZ028-050500-

/O.CON.KGJT.WI.Y.0003.100405T0600Z-100406T0600Z/

UNCOMPAHGRE PLATEAU AND DALLAS DIVIDENORTHWEST SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS-SOUTHWEST SAN JUAN MOUNTAINSLA SAL AND ABAJO MOUNTAINSINCLUDING THE CITIES OF...RIDGWAY...GLADE PARK...OURAY...

TELLURIDE...LAKE CITY...SILVERTON...RICO...HESPERUS...

MONTICELLO AND VICINITY

305 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM MIDNIGHT TONIGHT TO

MIDNIGHT MDT MONDAY NIGHT...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM MIDNIGHT TONIGHT TO

MIDNIGHT MDT MONDAY NIGHT.

* TIMING...THE STRONGEST WINDS ARE EXPECTED MONDAY AFTERNOON.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 20 TO 40 MPH AFTER

 MIDNIGHT TONIGHT...WITH GUSTS OF 60 TO 70 MPH POSSIBLE THROUGH
B-8

 MONDAY EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...BLOWING AND DRIFTING SNOW WILL DEVELOP MONDAY

 AFTERNOON AND EVENING...LOWERING VISIBILITIES TO LESS THAN A

 QUARTER MILE AT TIMES.

* IMPACTS...BUFFETING WINDS WILL MAKE TRAVEL HAZARDOUS AT TIMES.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND ADVISORY MEANS THAT A SIGNIFICANT WIND EVENT IS EXPECTED

OR OCCURRING. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN MAKE DRIVING DIFFICULT. USE

EXTRA CAUTION.

&&

$$

COZ001-002-006-007-011-020>023-UTZ022-027-029-050500-

/O.CON.KGJT.WI.Y.0003.100405T1500Z-100406T0300Z/

LOWER YAMPA RIVER BASIN-CENTRAL YAMPA RIVER BASIN-GRAND VALLEYDEBEQUE TO SILT CORRIDORCENTRAL GUNNISON AND UNCOMPAHGRE RIVER BASINPARADOX VALLEY/LOWER DOLORES RIVERFOUR CORNERS/UPPER DOLORES RIVER-ANIMAS RIVER BASINSAN JUAN RIVER BASIN-SOUTHEAST UTAH-ARCHES/GRAND FLATCANYONLANDS/NATURAL BRIDGESINCLUDING THE CITIES OF...RANGELY...DINOSAUR...CRAIG...HAYDEN...

MEEKER...GRAND JUNCTION...FRUITA...PALISADE...RIFLE...SILT...

PARACHUTE...MESA...CEDAREDGE...DELTA...HOTCHKISS...MONTROSE...

GATEWAY...NUCLA...CORTEZ...DOVE CREEK...MANCOS...DURANGO...

BAYFIELD...IGNACIO...PAGOSA SPRINGS AND VICINITY...BLANDING...

BLUFF...MEXICAN HAT...MOAB...CASTLE VALLEY...THOMPSON SPRINGS

305 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY.

* TIMING...THE STRONGEST WINDS ARE EXPECTED MONDAY AFTERNOON.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 20 TO 30 MPH MONDAY...

 WITH GUSTS OF 45 TO 55 MPH POSSIBLE IN THE AFTERNOON.

* VISIBILITY...AREAS OF BLOWING DUST COULD REDUCE VISIBILITIES

 AT TIMES.

* IMPACTS...AGRICULTURAL BURNING IS DISCOURAGED AS FIRE CONTROL

 WILL BECOME VERY DIFFICULT. BUFFETING WINDS MAY MAKE DRIVING

 DIFFICULT.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND ADVISORY MEANS THAT A SIGNIFICANT WIND EVENT IS EXPECTED

OR OCCURRING. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN MAKE DRIVING DIFFICULT. USE

EXTRA CAUTION.

PEOPLE...ESPECIALLY THOSE WITH RESPIRATORY ILLNESSES... HEART

DISEASE...THE ELDERLY...AND CHILDREN ARE RECOMMENDED TO STAY

INDOORS AND AVOID PROLONGED OUTDOOR EXERCISE OR HEAVY EXERTION

DUE TO WIND-BLOWN DUST.

&&

$$

WWUS75 KGJT 042105

NPWGJT

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GRAND JUNCTION CO

305 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...GUSTY WINDS TODAY WILL BECOME STRONG TONIGHT AND MONDAY...
B-9

.THE STRONGEST IN A SERIES OF PACIFIC STORMS WILL WORK INTO THE

GREAT BASIN TONIGHT AND MONDAY...THEN PASS ON TUESDAY. SOUTHWEST

WINDS WILL BECOME STRONG OVER THE MOUNTAINS OF SOUTHEAST UTAH AND

SOUTHWEST COLORADO TONIGHT...THEN MIX DOWN INTO THE SURROUNDING

VALLEYS MONDAY MORNING. THE WINDS WILL SHIFT TO WEST AND DIMINISH

MONDAY EVENING AS AN ASSOCIATED COLD FRONT PASSES.

COZ003-009-013-UTZ025-050500-

/O.EXT.KGJT.WI.Y.0003.100405T0600Z-100405T1800Z/

ROAN AND TAVAPUTS PLATEAUS-GRAND AND BATTLEMENT MESAS-FLATTOPSTAVAPUTS PLATEAUINCLUDING THE CITIES OF...RIO BLANCO...SKYWAY...BUFORD...

TRAPPERS LAKE

305 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...WIND ADVISORY NOW IN EFFECT FROM MIDNIGHT TONIGHT TO NOON MDT

MONDAY...

THE WIND ADVISORY IS NOW IN EFFECT FROM MIDNIGHT TONIGHT TO NOON

MDT MONDAY.

* TIMING...THE STRONGEST WINDS ARE EXPECTED MONDAY AFTERNOON.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 20 TO 40 MPH AFTER

 MIDNIGHT TONIGHT...WITH GUSTS OF 60 TO 70 MPH POSSIBLE THROUGH

 MONDAY EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...BLOWING AND DRIFTING SNOW WILL DEVELOP MONDAY

 AFTERNOON AND EVENING...LOWERING VISIBILITIES TO LESS THAN A

 QUARTER MILE AT TIMES.

* IMPACTS...BUFFETING WINDS WILL MAKE TRAVEL HAZARDOUS AT TIMES.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND ADVISORY MEANS THAT A SIGNIFICANT WIND EVENT IS EXPECTED

OR OCCURRING. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN MAKE DRIVING DIFFICULT. USE

EXTRA CAUTION.

&&

$$

COZ017>019-UTZ028-050500-

/O.CON.KGJT.WI.Y.0003.100405T0600Z-100406T0600Z/

UNCOMPAHGRE PLATEAU AND DALLAS DIVIDENORTHWEST SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS-SOUTHWEST SAN JUAN MOUNTAINSLA SAL AND ABAJO MOUNTAINSINCLUDING THE CITIES OF...RIDGWAY...GLADE PARK...OURAY...

TELLURIDE...LAKE CITY...SILVERTON...RICO...HESPERUS...

MONTICELLO AND VICINITY

305 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM MIDNIGHT TONIGHT TO

MIDNIGHT MDT MONDAY NIGHT...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM MIDNIGHT TONIGHT TO

MIDNIGHT MDT MONDAY NIGHT.

* TIMING...THE STRONGEST WINDS ARE EXPECTED MONDAY AFTERNOON.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 20 TO 40 MPH AFTER

 MIDNIGHT TONIGHT...WITH GUSTS OF 60 TO 70 MPH POSSIBLE THROUGH

 MONDAY EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...BLOWING AND DRIFTING SNOW WILL DEVELOP MONDAY

 AFTERNOON AND EVENING...LOWERING VISIBILITIES TO LESS THAN A

 QUARTER MILE AT TIMES.

* IMPACTS...BUFFETING WINDS WILL MAKE TRAVEL HAZARDOUS AT TIMES.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND ADVISORY MEANS THAT A SIGNIFICANT WIND EVENT IS EXPECTED
B-10

OR OCCURRING. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN MAKE DRIVING DIFFICULT. USE

EXTRA CAUTION.

&&

$$

COZ001-002-006-007-011-020>023-UTZ022-027-029-050500-

/O.CON.KGJT.WI.Y.0003.100405T1500Z-100406T0300Z/

LOWER YAMPA RIVER BASIN-CENTRAL YAMPA RIVER BASIN-GRAND VALLEYDEBEQUE TO SILT CORRIDORCENTRAL GUNNISON AND UNCOMPAHGRE RIVER BASINPARADOX VALLEY/LOWER DOLORES RIVERFOUR CORNERS/UPPER DOLORES RIVER-ANIMAS RIVER BASINSAN JUAN RIVER BASIN-SOUTHEAST UTAH-ARCHES/GRAND FLATCANYONLANDS/NATURAL BRIDGESINCLUDING THE CITIES OF...RANGELY...DINOSAUR...CRAIG...HAYDEN...

MEEKER...GRAND JUNCTION...FRUITA...PALISADE...RIFLE...SILT...

PARACHUTE...MESA...CEDAREDGE...DELTA...HOTCHKISS...MONTROSE...

GATEWAY...NUCLA...CORTEZ...DOVE CREEK...MANCOS...DURANGO...

BAYFIELD...IGNACIO...PAGOSA SPRINGS AND VICINITY...BLANDING...

BLUFF...MEXICAN HAT...MOAB...CASTLE VALLEY...THOMPSON SPRINGS

305 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY.

* TIMING...THE STRONGEST WINDS ARE EXPECTED MONDAY AFTERNOON.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 20 TO 30 MPH MONDAY...

 WITH GUSTS OF 45 TO 55 MPH POSSIBLE IN THE AFTERNOON.

* VISIBILITY...AREAS OF BLOWING DUST COULD REDUCE VISIBILITIES

 AT TIMES.

* IMPACTS...AGRICULTURAL BURNING IS DISCOURAGED AS FIRE CONTROL

 WILL BECOME VERY DIFFICULT. BUFFETING WINDS MAY MAKE DRIVING

 DIFFICULT.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND ADVISORY MEANS THAT A SIGNIFICANT WIND EVENT IS EXPECTED

OR OCCURRING. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN MAKE DRIVING DIFFICULT. USE

EXTRA CAUTION.

PEOPLE...ESPECIALLY THOSE WITH RESPIRATORY ILLNESSES... HEART

DISEASE...THE ELDERLY...AND CHILDREN ARE RECOMMENDED TO STAY

INDOORS AND AVOID PROLONGED OUTDOOR EXERCISE OR HEAVY EXERTION

DUE TO WIND-BLOWN DUST.

&&

$$

WWUS75 KGJT 050504

NPWGJT

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GRAND JUNCTION CO

1104 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...STRONG GUSTY WINDS OVERNIGHT AND MONDAY...

.THE STRONGEST IN A SERIES OF PACIFIC STORMS WILL WORK INTO THE

GREAT BASIN THROUGH MONDAY...THEN PASS ON TUESDAY. SOUTHWEST

WINDS WILL BECOME STRONG OVER THE MOUNTAINS OF SOUTHEAST UTAH AND

SOUTHWEST COLORADO OVERNIGHT...THEN MIX DOWN INTO THE SURROUNDING

VALLEYS MONDAY MORNING. THE WINDS WILL SHIFT TO WEST AND DIMINISH

MONDAY EVENING AS AN ASSOCIATED COLD FRONT PASSES.

COZ017>019-UTZ028-051400-
B-11

/O.CON.KGJT.WI.Y.0003.100405T0600Z-100406T0600Z/

UNCOMPAHGRE PLATEAU AND DALLAS DIVIDENORTHWEST SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS-SOUTHWEST SAN JUAN MOUNTAINSLA SAL AND ABAJO MOUNTAINSINCLUDING THE CITIES OF...RIDGWAY...GLADE PARK...OURAY...

TELLURIDE...LAKE CITY...SILVERTON...RICO...HESPERUS...

MONTICELLO AND VICINITY

1104 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT MDT MONDAY

NIGHT...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT MDT MONDAY

NIGHT.

* TIMING...THE STRONGEST WINDS ARE EXPECTED MONDAY AFTERNOON.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 20 TO 40 MPH AFTER

 MIDNIGHT TONIGHT...WITH GUSTS OF 60 TO 70 MPH POSSIBLE THROUGH

 MONDAY EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...BLOWING AND DRIFTING SNOW WILL DEVELOP MONDAY

 AFTERNOON AND EVENING...LOWERING VISIBILITIES TO LESS THAN A

 QUARTER MILE AT TIMES.

* IMPACTS...BUFFETING WINDS WILL MAKE TRAVEL HAZARDOUS AT TIMES.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND ADVISORY MEANS THAT A SIGNIFICANT WIND EVENT IS EXPECTED

OR OCCURRING. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN MAKE DRIVING DIFFICULT. USE

EXTRA CAUTION.

&&

$$

COZ003-009-013-UTZ025-051400-

/O.CON.KGJT.WI.Y.0003.100405T0600Z-100405T1800Z/

ROAN AND TAVAPUTS PLATEAUS-GRAND AND BATTLEMENT MESAS-FLATTOPSTAVAPUTS PLATEAUINCLUDING THE CITIES OF...RIO BLANCO...SKYWAY...BUFORD...

TRAPPERS LAKE

1104 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL NOON MDT MONDAY...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL NOON MDT MONDAY.

* TIMING...THE STRONGEST WINDS ARE EXPECTED LATE MONDAY MORNING

 INTO MONDAY AFTERNOON.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 20 TO 40 MPH AFTER

 MIDNIGHT TONIGHT...WITH GUSTS OF 60 TO 70 MPH POSSIBLE THROUGH

 MONDAY EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...BLOWING AND DRIFTING SNOW WILL DEVELOP MONDAY

 AFTERNOON AND EVENING...LOWERING VISIBILITIES TO LESS THAN A

 QUARTER MILE AT TIMES.

* IMPACTS...BUFFETING WINDS WILL MAKE TRAVEL HAZARDOUS AT TIMES.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND ADVISORY MEANS THAT A SIGNIFICANT WIND EVENT IS EXPECTED

OR OCCURRING. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN MAKE DRIVING DIFFICULT. USE

EXTRA CAUTION.

&&

$$

COZ001-002-006-007-011-020>023-UTZ022-027-029-051400-

/O.CON.KGJT.WI.Y.0003.100405T1500Z-100406T0300Z/

LOWER YAMPA RIVER BASIN-CENTRAL YAMPA RIVER BASIN-GRAND VALLEYDEBEQUE TO SILT CORRIDOR-
B-12

CENTRAL GUNNISON AND UNCOMPAHGRE RIVER BASINPARADOX VALLEY/LOWER DOLORES RIVERFOUR CORNERS/UPPER DOLORES RIVER-ANIMAS RIVER BASINSAN JUAN RIVER BASIN-SOUTHEAST UTAH-ARCHES/GRAND FLATCANYONLANDS/NATURAL BRIDGESINCLUDING THE CITIES OF...RANGELY...DINOSAUR...CRAIG...HAYDEN...

MEEKER...GRAND JUNCTION...FRUITA...PALISADE...RIFLE...SILT...

PARACHUTE...MESA...CEDAREDGE...DELTA...HOTCHKISS...MONTROSE...

GATEWAY...NUCLA...CORTEZ...DOVE CREEK...MANCOS...DURANGO...

BAYFIELD...IGNACIO...PAGOSA SPRINGS AND VICINITY...BLANDING...

BLUFF...MEXICAN HAT...MOAB...CASTLE VALLEY...THOMPSON SPRINGS

1104 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY.

* TIMING...THE STRONGEST WINDS ARE EXPECTED MONDAY AFTERNOON.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 20 TO 30 MPH MONDAY...

 WITH GUSTS OF 45 TO 55 MPH POSSIBLE IN THE AFTERNOON.

* VISIBILITY...AREAS OF BLOWING DUST COULD REDUCE VISIBILITIES

 AT TIMES.

* IMPACTS...AGRICULTURAL BURNING IS DISCOURAGED AS FIRE CONTROL

 WILL BECOME VERY DIFFICULT. BUFFETING WINDS MAY MAKE DRIVING

 DIFFICULT.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND ADVISORY MEANS THAT A SIGNIFICANT WIND EVENT IS EXPECTED

OR OCCURRING. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN MAKE DRIVING DIFFICULT. USE

EXTRA CAUTION.

PEOPLE...ESPECIALLY THOSE WITH RESPIRATORY ILLNESSES... HEART

DISEASE...THE ELDERLY...AND CHILDREN ARE RECOMMENDED TO STAY

INDOORS AND AVOID PROLONGED OUTDOOR EXERCISE OR HEAVY EXERTION

DUE TO WIND-BLOWN DUST.

&&

$$

WWUS75 KGJT 051032

NPWGJT

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GRAND JUNCTION CO

432 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...STRONG GUSTY WINDS TODAY...

.THE STRONGEST IN A SERIES OF PACIFIC STORMS WILL WORK INTO THE

GREAT BASIN TODAY...THEN PASS ON TUESDAY. SOUTHWEST

WINDS WILL BECOME STRONG OVER THE MOUNTAINS OF SOUTHEAST UTAH AND

SOUTHWEST COLORADO EARLY THIS MORNING...THEN MIX DOWN INTO THE

SURROUNDING VALLEYS LATER THIS MORNING. THE WINDS WILL SHIFT TO

WEST AND DIMINISH LATER THIS EVENING AS AN ASSOCIATED COLD FRONT

PASSES.

COZ017>019-UTZ028-051845-

/O.CON.KGJT.WI.Y.0003.000000T0000Z-100406T0600Z/

UNCOMPAHGRE PLATEAU AND DALLAS DIVIDENORTHWEST SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS-SOUTHWEST SAN JUAN MOUNTAINSLA SAL AND ABAJO MOUNTAINSINCLUDING THE CITIES OF...RIDGWAY...GLADE PARK...OURAY...

TELLURIDE...LAKE CITY...SILVERTON...RICO...HESPERUS...

MONTICELLO AND VICINITY
B-13

432 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT MDT TONIGHT...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT MDT TONIGHT.

* TIMING...THE STRONGEST WINDS ARE EXPECTED THIS AFTERNOON.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 20 TO 40 MPH AFTER

 MIDNIGHT TONIGHT...WITH GUSTS OF 60 TO 70 MPH POSSIBLE THROUGH

 THIS EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...BLOWING AND DRIFTING SNOW WILL DEVELOP THIS

 AFTERNOON AND EVENING...LOWERING VISIBILITIES TO LESS THAN A

 QUARTER MILE AT TIMES.

* IMPACTS...BUFFETING WINDS WILL MAKE TRAVEL HAZARDOUS AT TIMES.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND ADVISORY MEANS THAT A SIGNIFICANT WIND EVENT IS EXPECTED

OR OCCURRING. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN MAKE DRIVING DIFFICULT. USE

EXTRA CAUTION.

&&

$$

COZ003-009-013-UTZ025-051800-

/O.CON.KGJT.WI.Y.0003.000000T0000Z-100405T1800Z/

ROAN AND TAVAPUTS PLATEAUS-GRAND AND BATTLEMENT MESAS-FLATTOPSTAVAPUTS PLATEAUINCLUDING THE CITIES OF...RIO BLANCO...SKYWAY...BUFORD...

TRAPPERS LAKE

432 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL NOON MDT TODAY...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL NOON MDT TODAY.

* TIMING...THE STRONGEST WINDS ARE EXPECTED LATE THIS MORNING

 INTO THIS AFTERNOON.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 20 TO 40 MPH AFTER

 MIDNIGHT TONIGHT...WITH GUSTS OF 60 TO 70 MPH POSSIBLE THROUGH

 THIS EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...BLOWING AND DRIFTING SNOW WILL DEVELOP THIS

 AFTERNOON AND EVENING...LOWERING VISIBILITIES TO LESS THAN A

 QUARTER MILE AT TIMES.

* IMPACTS...BUFFETING WINDS WILL MAKE TRAVEL HAZARDOUS AT TIMES.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND ADVISORY MEANS THAT A SIGNIFICANT WIND EVENT IS EXPECTED

OR OCCURRING. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN MAKE DRIVING DIFFICULT. USE

EXTRA CAUTION.

&&

$$

COZ001-002-006-007-011-020>023-UTZ022-027-029-051845-

/O.CON.KGJT.WI.Y.0003.100405T1500Z-100406T0300Z/

LOWER YAMPA RIVER BASIN-CENTRAL YAMPA RIVER BASIN-GRAND VALLEYDEBEQUE TO SILT CORRIDORCENTRAL GUNNISON AND UNCOMPAHGRE RIVER BASINPARADOX VALLEY/LOWER DOLORES RIVERFOUR CORNERS/UPPER DOLORES RIVER-ANIMAS RIVER BASINSAN JUAN RIVER BASIN-SOUTHEAST UTAH-ARCHES/GRAND FLATCANYONLANDS/NATURAL BRIDGESINCLUDING THE CITIES OF...RANGELY...DINOSAUR...CRAIG...HAYDEN...

MEEKER...GRAND JUNCTION...FRUITA...PALISADE...RIFLE...SILT...

PARACHUTE...MESA...CEDAREDGE...DELTA...HOTCHKISS...MONTROSE...

GATEWAY...NUCLA...CORTEZ...DOVE CREEK...MANCOS...DURANGO...
B-14

BAYFIELD...IGNACIO...PAGOSA SPRINGS AND VICINITY...BLANDING...

BLUFF...MEXICAN HAT...MOAB...CASTLE VALLEY...THOMPSON SPRINGS

432 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM THIS MORNING TO 9 PM

MDT THIS EVENING...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM THIS MORNING TO 9 PM

MDT THIS EVENING.

* TIMING...THE STRONGEST WINDS ARE EXPECTED THIS AFTERNOON.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 20 TO 30 MPH TODAY...

 WITH GUSTS OF 45 TO 55 MPH POSSIBLE IN THE AFTERNOON.

* VISIBILITY...AREAS OF BLOWING DUST COULD REDUCE VISIBILITIES

 AT TIMES.

* IMPACTS...AGRICULTURAL BURNING IS DISCOURAGED AS FIRE CONTROL

 WILL BECOME VERY DIFFICULT. BUFFETING WINDS MAY MAKE DRIVING

 DIFFICULT.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND ADVISORY MEANS THAT A SIGNIFICANT WIND EVENT IS EXPECTED

OR OCCURRING. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN MAKE DRIVING DIFFICULT. USE

EXTRA CAUTION.

PEOPLE...ESPECIALLY THOSE WITH RESPIRATORY ILLNESSES... HEART

DISEASE...THE ELDERLY...AND CHILDREN ARE RECOMMENDED TO STAY

INDOORS AND AVOID PROLONGED OUTDOOR EXERCISE OR HEAVY EXERTION

DUE TO WIND-BLOWN DUST.

&&

$$

WWUS75 KGJT 051837

NPWGJT

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GRAND JUNCTION CO

1237 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...STRONG GUSTY WINDS THIS AFTERNOON...

.THE STRONGEST IN A SERIES OF PACIFIC STORMS WILL WORK INTO THE

GREAT BASIN THIS AFTERNOON...THEN PASS ON TUESDAY. SOUTHWEST

WINDS WILL REMAIN STRONG OVER THE VALLEYS AND MOUNTAINS OF

SOUTHEAST UTAH AND SOUTHWEST COLORADO. THE WINDS WILL SHIFT TO

WEST AND DIMINISH LATER THIS EVENING AS AN ASSOCIATED COLD FRONT

PASSES.

COZ017>019-060000-

/O.EXT.KGJT.WI.Y.0003.000000T0000Z-100406T0000Z/

UNCOMPAHGRE PLATEAU AND DALLAS DIVIDENORTHWEST SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS-SOUTHWEST SAN JUAN MOUNTAINSINCLUDING THE CITIES OF...RIDGWAY...GLADE PARK...OURAY...

TELLURIDE...LAKE CITY...SILVERTON...RICO...HESPERUS

1237 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY NOW IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM MDT THIS EVENING...

THE WIND ADVISORY IS NOW IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM MDT THIS EVENING.

* TIMING...THE STRONGEST WINDS ARE EXPECTED THIS AFTERNOON.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 20 TO 40 MPH AFTER

 MIDNIGHT TONIGHT...WITH GUSTS OF 60 TO 70 MPH POSSIBLE THROUGH

 THIS EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...BLOWING AND DRIFTING SNOW WILL DEVELOP THIS

 AFTERNOON AND EVENING...LOWERING VISIBILITIES TO LESS THAN A

 QUARTER MILE AT TIMES.
B-15

* IMPACTS...BUFFETING WINDS WILL MAKE TRAVEL HAZARDOUS AT TIMES.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND ADVISORY MEANS THAT A SIGNIFICANT WIND EVENT IS EXPECTED

OR OCCURRING. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN MAKE DRIVING DIFFICULT. USE

EXTRA CAUTION.

&&

$$

COZ001-002-060000-

/O.EXT.KGJT.WI.Y.0003.000000T0000Z-100406T0000Z/

LOWER YAMPA RIVER BASIN-CENTRAL YAMPA RIVER BASININCLUDING THE CITIES OF...RANGELY...DINOSAUR...CRAIG...HAYDEN...

MEEKER

1237 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY NOW IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM MDT THIS EVENING...

THE WIND ADVISORY IS NOW IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM MDT THIS EVENING.

* TIMING...THE STRONGEST WINDS ARE EXPECTED THIS AFTERNOON.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 20 TO 30 MPH TODAY...

 WITH GUSTS OF 45 TO 55 MPH POSSIBLE IN THE AFTERNOON.

* VISIBILITY...AREAS OF BLOWING DUST COULD REDUCE VISIBILITIES

 AT TIMES.

* IMPACTS...AGRICULTURAL BURNING IS DISCOURAGED AS FIRE CONTROL

 WILL BECOME VERY DIFFICULT. BUFFETING WINDS MAY MAKE DRIVING

 DIFFICULT.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND ADVISORY MEANS THAT A SIGNIFICANT WIND EVENT IS EXPECTED

OR OCCURRING. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN MAKE DRIVING DIFFICULT. USE

EXTRA CAUTION.

PEOPLE...ESPECIALLY THOSE WITH RESPIRATORY ILLNESSES... HEART

DISEASE...THE ELDERLY...AND CHILDREN ARE RECOMMENDED TO STAY

INDOORS AND AVOID PROLONGED OUTDOOR EXERCISE OR HEAVY EXERTION

DUE TO WIND-BLOWN DUST.

&&

$$

UTZ028-060300-

/O.CON.KGJT.WI.Y.0003.000000T0000Z-100406T0600Z/

LA SAL AND ABAJO MOUNTAINSINCLUDING THE CITY OF...MONTICELLO AND VICINITY

1237 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT MDT TONIGHT...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT MDT TONIGHT.

* TIMING...THE STRONGEST WINDS ARE EXPECTED THIS AFTERNOON.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 20 TO 40 MPH AFTER

 MIDNIGHT TONIGHT...WITH GUSTS OF 60 TO 70 MPH POSSIBLE THROUGH

 THIS EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...BLOWING AND DRIFTING SNOW WILL DEVELOP THIS

 AFTERNOON AND EVENING...LOWERING VISIBILITIES TO LESS THAN A

 QUARTER MILE AT TIMES.

* IMPACTS...BUFFETING WINDS WILL MAKE TRAVEL HAZARDOUS AT TIMES.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND ADVISORY MEANS THAT A SIGNIFICANT WIND EVENT IS EXPECTED

OR OCCURRING. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN MAKE DRIVING DIFFICULT. USE

EXTRA CAUTION.

&&

$$
B-16

COZ006-007-011-020>023-UTZ022-027-029-060300-

/O.CON.KGJT.WI.Y.0003.000000T0000Z-100406T0300Z/

GRAND VALLEY-DEBEQUE TO SILT CORRIDORCENTRAL GUNNISON AND UNCOMPAHGRE RIVER BASINPARADOX VALLEY/LOWER DOLORES RIVERFOUR CORNERS/UPPER DOLORES RIVER-ANIMAS RIVER BASINSAN JUAN RIVER BASIN-SOUTHEAST UTAH-ARCHES/GRAND FLATCANYONLANDS/NATURAL BRIDGESINCLUDING THE CITIES OF...GRAND JUNCTION...FRUITA...PALISADE...

RIFLE...SILT...PARACHUTE...MESA...CEDAREDGE...DELTA...HOTCHKISS...

MONTROSE...GATEWAY...NUCLA...CORTEZ...DOVE CREEK...MANCOS...

DURANGO...BAYFIELD...IGNACIO...PAGOSA SPRINGS AND VICINITY...

BLANDING...BLUFF...MEXICAN HAT...MOAB...CASTLE VALLEY...

THOMPSON SPRINGS

1237 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING.

* TIMING...THE STRONGEST WINDS ARE EXPECTED THIS AFTERNOON.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 20 TO 30 MPH TODAY...

 WITH GUSTS OF 45 TO 55 MPH POSSIBLE IN THE AFTERNOON.

* VISIBILITY...AREAS OF BLOWING DUST COULD REDUCE VISIBILITIES

 AT TIMES.

* IMPACTS...AGRICULTURAL BURNING IS DISCOURAGED AS FIRE CONTROL

 WILL BECOME VERY DIFFICULT. BUFFETING WINDS MAY MAKE DRIVING

 DIFFICULT.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND ADVISORY MEANS THAT A SIGNIFICANT WIND EVENT IS EXPECTED

OR OCCURRING. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN MAKE DRIVING DIFFICULT. USE

EXTRA CAUTION.

PEOPLE...ESPECIALLY THOSE WITH RESPIRATORY ILLNESSES... HEART

DISEASE...THE ELDERLY...AND CHILDREN ARE RECOMMENDED TO STAY

INDOORS AND AVOID PROLONGED OUTDOOR EXERCISE OR HEAVY EXERTION

DUE TO WIND-BLOWN DUST.

&&

$$

 NWS SRRS PRODUCTS FOR:

 2010040412 to 2010040523

WWUS75 KFGZ 042206

NPWFGZ

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FLAGSTAFF AZ

306 PM MST SUN APR 4 2010

...STRONG WINDS EXPECTED ACROSS NORTHERN ARIZONA ON MONDAY...

.A PACIFIC STORM SYSTEM AND COLD FRONT WILL APPROACH ARIZONA

OVERNIGHT AND MOVE ACROSS THE STATE ON MONDAY. WINDS WILL

INCREASE SUBSTANTIALLY DURING THE DAY MONDAY WITH SOUTHWEST WINDS

OF 25 TO 40 MPH WITH GUSTS AS HIGH AS 50 TO 60 MPH POSSIBLE.

AZZ004>017-039-040-051315-

/O.CON.KFGZ.HW.A.0003.100405T1500Z-100406T0400Z/

KAIBAB PLATEAU-MARBLE AND GLEN CANYONS-GRAND CANYON COUNTRYCOCONINO PLATEAU-YAVAPAI COUNTY MOUNTAINS-
B-17

NORTHEAST PLATEAUS AND MESAS HWY 264 NORTHWARD-CHINLE VALLEYCHUSKA MOUNTAINS AND DEFIANCE PLATEAULITTLE COLORADO RIVER VALLEY IN COCONINO COUNTYLITTLE COLORADO RIVER VALLEY IN NAVAJO COUNTYLITTLE COLORADO RIVER VALLEY IN APACHE COUNTYWESTERN MOGOLLON RIM-EASTERN MOGOLLON RIM-WHITE MOUNTAINSBLACK MESA AREA-NORTHEAST PLATEAUS AND MESAS SOUTH OF HWY 264-

INCLUDING THE CITIES OF...JACOB LAKE...FREDONIA...PAGE...

LEES FERRY...GRAND CANYON VILLAGE...SUPAI...NORTH RIM...VALLE...

PRESCOTT...SELIGMAN...ASH FORK...KEAMS CANYON...KAIBITO...

CANYON DE CHELLY...CHINLE...KAYENTA...WINDOW ROCK...GANADO...

WUPATKI N.M....TUBA CITY...WINSLOW...HOLBROOK...SNOWFLAKE...

ST. JOHNS...SPRINGERVILLE...FLAGSTAFF...WILLIAMS...MUNDS PARK...

HEBER...HAPPY JACK...FOREST LAKES...SHOW LOW...GREER...PINETOP...

NAVAJO N.M....DILKON...KYKOTSMOVI

306 PM MST SUN APR 4 2010

...HIGH WIND WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM MONDAY MORNING THROUGH

MONDAY EVENING...

A HIGH WIND WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM MONDAY MORNING THROUGH

MONDAY EVENING.

A PACIFIC STORM SYSTEM AND COLD FRONT WILL MOVE ACROSS THE STATE

ON MONDAY. WINDS WILL INCREASE SUBSTANTIALLY DURING THE DAY MONDAY

WITH SOUTHWEST WINDS OF 25 TO 40 MPH WITH GUSTS AS HIGH AS 50 TO

60 MPH POSSIBLE.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A HIGH WIND WATCH MEANS THERE IS THE POTENTIAL FOR A HAZARDOUS

HIGH WIND EVENT...WITH SUSTAINED WINDS GREATER THAN 40 MPH...OR

GUSTS GREATER THAN 58 MPH. MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS AND

WARNINGS FOR UPDATES ON THIS SITUATION. ADDITIONAL WEATHER

INFORMATION IS ON THE WEB AT WWW.WEATHER.GOV/FLAGSTAFF.

&&

$$

WWUS75 KFGZ 050415

NPWFGZ

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FLAGSTAFF AZ

915 PM MST SUN APR 4 2010

AZZ012>014-040-051330-

/O.UPG.KFGZ.HW.A.0003.100405T1500Z-100406T0400Z/

/O.NEW.KFGZ.HW.W.0002.100405T1600Z-100406T0300Z/

LITTLE COLORADO RIVER VALLEY IN COCONINO COUNTYLITTLE COLORADO RIVER VALLEY IN NAVAJO COUNTYLITTLE COLORADO RIVER VALLEY IN APACHE COUNTYNORTHEAST PLATEAUS AND MESAS SOUTH OF HWY 264-

INCLUDING THE CITIES OF...WUPATKI N.M....TUBA CITY...WINSLOW...

HOLBROOK...SNOWFLAKE...ST. JOHNS...SPRINGERVILLE...DILKON...

KYKOTSMOVI

915 PM MST SUN APR 4 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM TO 8 PM MST MONDAY...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN FLAGSTAFF HAS ISSUED A HIGH WIND

WARNING...WHICH IS IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM TO 8 PM MST MONDAY. THE

HIGH WIND WATCH IS NO LONGER IN EFFECT.

A PACIFIC STORM SYSTEM AND COLD FRONT WILL MOVE ACROSS THE STATE
B-18

ON MONDAY...BRINGING STRONG WINDS TO EAST CENTRAL ARIZONA. WINDS

WILL INCREASE DURING THE MORNING HOURS...BECOMING SOUTHWEST AT 35

TO 45 MPH WITH GUSTS OF 55 TO 65 MPH BY MIDDAY. THE STRONG WINDS

WILL ALSO CAUSE AREAS OF BLOWING DUST...REDUCING VISIBILITY AT

TIMES ACROSS THE AREA...INCLUDING THE INTERSTATE 40 CORRIDOR.

WINDS WILL SUBSIDE BY MID EVENING MONDAY.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS A HAZARDOUS HIGH WIND EVENT IS EXPECTED

OR OCCURRING...WITH SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS GREATER THAN 40 MPH OR

GUSTS GREATER THAN 58 MPH. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN CAUSE PROPERTY

DAMAGE. CONTINUE TO MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS. ADDITIONAL

WEATHER INFORMATION IS ON THE WEB AT WWW.WEATHER.GOV/FLAGSTAFF.

&&

$$

AZZ004>011-015>017-039-051330-

/O.UPG.KFGZ.HW.A.0003.100405T1500Z-100406T0400Z/

/O.NEW.KFGZ.WI.Y.0005.100405T1600Z-100406T0300Z/

KAIBAB PLATEAU-MARBLE AND GLEN CANYONS-GRAND CANYON COUNTRYCOCONINO PLATEAU-YAVAPAI COUNTY MOUNTAINSNORTHEAST PLATEAUS AND MESAS HWY 264 NORTHWARD-CHINLE VALLEYCHUSKA MOUNTAINS AND DEFIANCE PLATEAU-WESTERN MOGOLLON RIMEASTERN MOGOLLON RIM-WHITE MOUNTAINS-BLACK MESA AREAINCLUDING THE CITIES OF...JACOB LAKE...FREDONIA...PAGE...

LEES FERRY...GRAND CANYON VILLAGE...SUPAI...NORTH RIM...VALLE...

PRESCOTT...SELIGMAN...ASH FORK...KEAMS CANYON...KAIBITO...

CANYON DE CHELLY...CHINLE...KAYENTA...WINDOW ROCK...GANADO...

FLAGSTAFF...WILLIAMS...MUNDS PARK...HEBER...HAPPY JACK...

FOREST LAKES...SHOW LOW...GREER...PINETOP...NAVAJO N.M.

915 PM MST SUN APR 4 2010

...WIND ADVISORY IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM TO 8 PM MST MONDAY...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN FLAGSTAFF HAS ISSUED A WIND

ADVISORY...WHICH IS IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM TO 8 PM MST MONDAY. THE

HIGH WIND WATCH IS NO LONGER IN EFFECT.

A PACIFIC STORM SYSTEM AND COLD FRONT WILL APPROACH THE STATE

OVERNIGHT...THEN MOVE ACROSS THE REGION ON MONDAY. BREEZY

CONDITIONS WILL PERSIST FOR THE REST OF TONIGHT...THEN WINDS WILL

INCREASE SUBSTANTIALLY BY MONDAY MORNING WITH SOUTHWEST WINDS OF

25 TO 35 MPH GUSTING TO 45 TO 55 MPH INTO EARLY EVENING MONDAY.

WINDS WILL SUBSIDE BY MID EVENING MONDAY.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND ADVISORY MEANS THAT SUSTAINED WINDS OF 30 TO 39 MPH...OR

GUSTS FROM 40 TO 57 MPH...ARE EXPECTED. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN

MAKE DRIVING DIFFICULT...ESPECIALLY FOR HIGH PROFILE VEHICLES.

CONSIDER SECURING LOOSE BELONGINGS ON YOUR PROPERTY. ADDITIONAL

WEATHER INFORMATION IS ON THE WEB AT WWW.WEATHER.GOV/FLAGSTAFF.

&&

$$

AZZ038-051330-

/O.NEW.KFGZ.WI.Y.0005.100405T1600Z-100406T0300Z/

OAK CREEK AND SYCAMORE CANYONSINCLUDING THE CITY OF...SEDONA

915 PM MST SUN APR 4 2010

...WIND ADVISORY IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM TO 8 PM MST MONDAY...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN FLAGSTAFF HAS ISSUED A WIND
B-19

ADVISORY...WHICH IS IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM TO 8 PM MST MONDAY.

A PACIFIC STORM SYSTEM AND COLD FRONT WILL APPROACH THE STATE

OVERNIGHT...THEN MOVE ACROSS THE REGION ON MONDAY. BREEZY

CONDITIONS WILL PERSIST FOR THE REST OF TONIGHT...THEN WINDS WILL

INCREASE SUBSTANTIALLY BY MONDAY MORNING WITH SOUTHWEST WINDS OF

25 TO 30 MPH GUSTING UP TO 45 MPH INTO EARLY EVENING MONDAY. WINDS

WILL SUBSIDE BY MID EVENING MONDAY.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND ADVISORY MEANS THAT SUSTAINED WINDS OF 30 TO 39 MPH...OR

GUSTS FROM 40 TO 57 MPH...ARE EXPECTED. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN

MAKE DRIVING DIFFICULT...ESPECIALLY FOR HIGH PROFILE VEHICLES.

CONSIDER SECURING LOOSE BELONGINGS ON YOUR PROPERTY. ADDITIONAL

WEATHER INFORMATION IS ON THE WEB AT WWW.WEATHER.GOV/FLAGSTAFF.

&&

$$

WWUS75 KFGZ 051027

NPWFGZ

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FLAGSTAFF AZ

327 AM MST MON APR 5 2010

AZZ012>014-040-051830-

/O.CON.KFGZ.HW.W.0002.100405T1600Z-100406T0300Z/

LITTLE COLORADO RIVER VALLEY IN COCONINO COUNTYLITTLE COLORADO RIVER VALLEY IN NAVAJO COUNTYLITTLE COLORADO RIVER VALLEY IN APACHE COUNTYNORTHEAST PLATEAUS AND MESAS SOUTH OF HWY 264-

INCLUDING THE CITIES OF...WUPATKI N.M....TUBA CITY...WINSLOW...

HOLBROOK...SNOWFLAKE...ST. JOHNS...SPRINGERVILLE...DILKON...

KYKOTSMOVI

327 AM MST MON APR 5 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM THIS MORNING TO

8 PM MST THIS EVENING...

A HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM THIS MORNING TO

8 PM MST THIS EVENING.

A PACIFIC STORM SYSTEM AND COLD FRONT WILL MOVE ACROSS THE STATE

TODAY...BRINGING STRONG WINDS TO EAST CENTRAL ARIZONA. WINDS WILL

INCREASE DURING THE MORNING HOURS...BECOMING SOUTHWEST AT 35 TO 45

MPH WITH GUSTS OF 55 TO 65 MPH BY MID DAY. THE STRONG WINDS WILL

ALSO CAUSE AREAS OF BLOWING DUST...REDUCING VISIBILITY AT TIMES

ACROSS THE AREA...INCLUDING THE INTERSTATE 40 CORRIDOR. WINDS WILL

DIMINISH BY MID EVENING.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS A HAZARDOUS HIGH WIND EVENT IS EXPECTED

OR OCCURRING...WITH SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS GREATER THAN 40 MPH OR

GUSTS GREATER THAN 58 MPH. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN CAUSE PROPERTY

DAMAGE. CONTINUE TO MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS. ADDITIONAL

WEATHER INFORMATION IS ON THE WEB AT WWW.WEATHER.GOV/FLAGSTAFF.

&&

$$

AZZ004>011-015>017-038-039-051830-

/O.CON.KFGZ.WI.Y.0005.100405T1600Z-100406T0300Z/

KAIBAB PLATEAU-MARBLE AND GLEN CANYONS-GRAND CANYON COUNTRYCOCONINO PLATEAU-YAVAPAI COUNTY MOUNTAINS-
B-20

NORTHEAST PLATEAUS AND MESAS HWY 264 NORTHWARD-CHINLE VALLEYCHUSKA MOUNTAINS AND DEFIANCE PLATEAU-WESTERN MOGOLLON RIMEASTERN MOGOLLON RIM-WHITE MOUNTAINSOAK CREEK AND SYCAMORE CANYONS-BLACK MESA AREAINCLUDING THE CITIES OF...JACOB LAKE...FREDONIA...PAGE...

LEES FERRY...GRAND CANYON VILLAGE...SUPAI...NORTH RIM...VALLE...

PRESCOTT...SELIGMAN...ASH FORK...KEAMS CANYON...KAIBITO...

CANYON DE CHELLY...CHINLE...KAYENTA...WINDOW ROCK...GANADO...

FLAGSTAFF...WILLIAMS...MUNDS PARK...HEBER...HAPPY JACK...

FOREST LAKES...SHOW LOW...GREER...PINETOP...SEDONA...NAVAJO N.M.

327 AM MST MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM THIS MORNING TO 8 PM

MST THIS EVENING...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 9 AM THIS MORNING TO 8 PM

MST THIS EVENING.

A PACIFIC STORM SYSTEM AND COLD FRONT WILL MOVE ACROSS THE REGION

TODAY. WINDS WILL INCREASE SUBSTANTIALLY BY MID MORNING WITH

SOUTHWEST WINDS OF 25 TO 35 MPH GUSTING TO 45 TO 55 MPH UNTIL EARLY

EVENING.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND ADVISORY MEANS THAT SUSTAINED WINDS OF 30 TO 39 MPH...OR

GUSTS FROM 40 TO 57 MPH...ARE EXPECTED. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN

MAKE DRIVING DIFFICULT...ESPECIALLY FOR HIGH PROFILE VEHICLES.

CONSIDER SECURING LOOSE BELONGINGS ON YOUR PROPERTY. ADDITIONAL

WEATHER INFORMATION IS ON THE WEB AT WWW.WEATHER.GOV/FLAGSTAFF.

&&

$$

WWUS75 KFGZ 051709

NPWFGZ

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FLAGSTAFF AZ

1009 AM MST MON APR 5 2010

AZZ012>014-040-060300-

/O.CON.KFGZ.HW.W.0002.000000T0000Z-100406T0300Z/

LITTLE COLORADO RIVER VALLEY IN COCONINO COUNTYLITTLE COLORADO RIVER VALLEY IN NAVAJO COUNTYLITTLE COLORADO RIVER VALLEY IN APACHE COUNTYNORTHEAST PLATEAUS AND MESAS SOUTH OF HWY 264-

INCLUDING THE CITIES OF...WUPATKI N.M....TUBA CITY...WINSLOW...

HOLBROOK...SNOWFLAKE...ST. JOHNS...SPRINGERVILLE...DILKON...

KYKOTSMOVI

1009 AM MST MON APR 5 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 8 PM MST THIS

EVENING...

A HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 8 PM MST THIS

EVENING.

A COLD FRONT WILL AFFECT THE STATE TODAY. WINDS WILL CONTINUE TO

INCREASE DURING THE MORNING HOURS...BECOMING SOUTHWEST AT 35 TO 45

MPH WITH GUSTS OF 55 TO 65 MPH BY LATE MORNING. THE STRONG WINDS

WILL ALSO CAUSE AREAS OF BLOWING DUST...REDUCING VISIBILITY AT

TIMES ACROSS THE AREA...INCLUDING THE I-40 CORRIDOR FROM TWO GUNS

TO THE NEW MEXICO BORDER.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...
B-21

A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS A HAZARDOUS HIGH WIND EVENT IS EXPECTED

OR OCCURRING...WITH SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS GREATER THAN 40 MPH OR

GUSTS GREATER THAN 58 MPH. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN CAUSE PROPERTY

DAMAGE. CONTINUE TO MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS. ADDITIONAL

WEATHER INFORMATION IS ON THE WEB AT WWW.WEATHER.GOV/FLAGSTAFF.

&&

$$

AZZ004>011-015>017-038-039-060300-

/O.CON.KFGZ.WI.Y.0005.000000T0000Z-100406T0300Z/

KAIBAB PLATEAU-MARBLE AND GLEN CANYONS-GRAND CANYON COUNTRYCOCONINO PLATEAU-YAVAPAI COUNTY MOUNTAINSNORTHEAST PLATEAUS AND MESAS HWY 264 NORTHWARD-CHINLE VALLEYCHUSKA MOUNTAINS AND DEFIANCE PLATEAU-WESTERN MOGOLLON RIMEASTERN MOGOLLON RIM-WHITE MOUNTAINSOAK CREEK AND SYCAMORE CANYONS-BLACK MESA AREAINCLUDING THE CITIES OF...JACOB LAKE...FREDONIA...PAGE...

LEES FERRY...GRAND CANYON VILLAGE...SUPAI...NORTH RIM...VALLE...

PRESCOTT...SELIGMAN...ASH FORK...KEAMS CANYON...KAIBITO...

CANYON DE CHELLY...CHINLE...KAYENTA...WINDOW ROCK...GANADO...

FLAGSTAFF...WILLIAMS...MUNDS PARK...HEBER...HAPPY JACK...

FOREST LAKES...SHOW LOW...GREER...PINETOP...SEDONA...NAVAJO N.M.

1009 AM MST MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 8 PM MST THIS EVENING...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 8 PM MST THIS EVENING.

A COLD FRONT WILL AFFECT THE REGION TODAY. WINDS WILL CONTINUE TO

INCREASE THROUGH THE MORNING. EXPECT SOUTHWEST WINDS OF 25 TO 35 MPH

GUSTING TO 45 TO 55 MPH UNTIL EARLY EVENING.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND ADVISORY MEANS THAT SUSTAINED WINDS OF 30 TO 39 MPH...OR

GUSTS FROM 40 TO 57 MPH...ARE EXPECTED. WINDS THIS STRONG CAN

MAKE DRIVING DIFFICULT...ESPECIALLY FOR HIGH PROFILE VEHICLES.

CONSIDER SECURING LOOSE BELONGINGS ON YOUR PROPERTY. ADDITIONAL

WEATHER INFORMATION IS ON THE WEB AT WWW.WEATHER.GOV/FLAGSTAFF.

&&

$$

 NWS SRRS PRODUCTS FOR:

 2010040412 to 2010040523

WWUS75 KABQ 041717

NPWABQ

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE ALBUQUERQUE NM

1117 AM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...WINDY START TO THE WORK WEEK ACROSS NEW MEXICO...

.STRONG WINDS IN ADVANCE OF AN APPROACHING NORTH PACIFIC STORM...

ALONG WITH DEEPENING SURFACE LOW PRESSURE OVER NORTHEAST NEW

MEXICO...WILL PRODUCE CONDITIONS FAVORABLE FOR A VERY WINDY

MONDAY. THE FORECAST CALLS FOR THE STRONGEST WINDS TO BE OVER

WESTERN NEW MEXICO FROM THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE WEST TO THE ARIZONA

BORDER...AND ACROSS THE THE CENTRAL MOUNTAIN...THEIR EAST SLOPES

AND NORTHEAST NEW MEXICO. A COLD FRONT SWEEPING FROM WEST TO EAST

MONDAY NIGHT INTO TUESDAY WILL KEEP WINDS GUSTY INTO MONDAY
B-22

EVENING. STRONG WINDS ARE POSSIBLE AGAIN ON TUESDAY.

NMZ501-502-505-506-508-509-042200-

/O.CON.KABQ.HW.A.0004.100405T1600Z-100406T0300Z/

NORTHWEST PLATEAU-CHUSKA MOUNTAINS-WEST CENTRAL PLATEAUWEST CENTRAL MOUNTAINS-SOUTHWEST MOUNTAINSSAN FRANCISCO RIVER VALLEY1117 AM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...HIGH WIND WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM MONDAY MORNING THROUGH

MONDAY EVENING...

A HIGH WIND WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM MONDAY MORNING THROUGH

MONDAY EVENING.

* LOCATION...EXPECT STRONG WINDS MONDAY FROM THE ARIZONA BORDER

 EAST TO THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE...WITH STRONGEST WINDS OVER

 SUMMITS AND THROUGH GAPS AND PASSES.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS INCREASING IN SPEED TO 35 TO 45

 MPH...WITH GUSTS TO 60 MPH POSSIBLE THROUGHOUT THE DAY.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE

 MORNING...WITH STRONGEST WINDS BY MID AFTERNOON. WINDS WILL

 DECREASE BY MID EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT POOR VISIBILITIES IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ACROSS INTERSTATE

 40 FROM THE ARIZONA LINE TO GRANTS. WINDS WILL BE STRONG ENOUGH

 TO LIFT LOOSE OBJECTS AND CAUSE POSSIBLE LOSS OF CONTROL OF

 LARGE OR TALL VEHICLES.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR A

POTENTIALLY DAMAGING HIGH WIND EVENT IN AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH

AREA. MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS AT WEATHER.GOV/ABQ...LISTEN TO

NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR FAVORITE MEDIA OUTLET.

&&

$$

NMZ513-515-523-524-526>533-042200-

/O.CON.KABQ.HW.A.0004.100405T1600Z-100406T0300Z/

NORTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS ABOVE 9500 FEET/RED RIVEREAST SLOPES SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS-CENTRAL HIGHLANDSSOUTH CENTRAL HIGHLANDS-SOUTH CENTRAL MOUNTAINSRATON RIDGE/JOHNSON MESA-FAR NORTHEAST HIGHLANDSNORTHEAST HIGHLANDS-UNION COUNTY-HARDING COUNTYEASTERN SAN MIGUEL COUNTY-GUADALUPE COUNTY1117 AM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...HIGH WIND WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM MONDAY MORNING THROUGH

MONDAY EVENING...

A HIGH WIND WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM MONDAY MORNING THROUGH

MONDAY EVENING.

* LOCATION...EXPECT STRONG WINDS MONDAY OVER THE SUMMITS AND EAST

 SLOPES OF THE SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS...THE CENTRAL MOUNTAINS

 ...AND OVER THE ADJACENT PLAINS. EXPECT STRONGEST WINDS OVER

 SUMMITS AND THROUGH GAPS AND PASSES.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS INCREASING SPEED TO 35 TO 45 MPH...WITH

 GUSTS TO 60 MPH POSSIBLE THROUGHOUT THE DAY.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE

 MORNING...WITH STRONGEST WINDS BY MID AFTERNOON. WINDS WILL

DECREASE IN SPEED BY MID EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES IN BLOWING
B-23

 DUST...ESPECIALLY OVER THE NORTHEAST PLAINS.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ACROSS INTERSTATE

 25 FROM GLORIETA PASS TO THE COLORADO LINE AT RATON PASS...AND

 ACROSS INTERSTATE 40 FROM TIJERAS TO NEWKIRK. WINDS WILL BE

 STRONG ENOUGH TO LIFT LOOSE OBJECTS AND CAUSE POSSIBLE LOSS OF

 CONTROL OF LARGE OR TALL VEHICLES.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR A

POTENTIALLY DAMAGING HIGH WIND EVENT IN AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH

AREA. MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS AT WEATHER.GOV/ABQ...LISTEN

TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR FAVORITE MEDIA OUTLET.

&&

$$

40

WWUS75 KABQ 042146

NPWABQ

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE ALBUQUERQUE NM

346 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...WINDY START TO THE WORK WEEK ACROSS NEW MEXICO...

.STRONG WINDS IN ADVANCE OF AN APPROACHING NORTHWEST PACIFIC

STORM...ALONG WITH DEEPENING SURFACE LOW PRESSURE OVER NORTHEAST

NEW MEXICO...WILL PRODUCE A VERY WINDY MONDAY OVER NORTHERN AND

CENTRAL NEW MEXICO. THE FORECAST CALLS FOR THE STRONGEST WINDS TO

BE OVER THE WESTERN AND CENTRAL MOUNTAINS ONTO THE EASTERN HIGH

PLAINS. A COLD FRONT SWEEPING FROM WEST TO EAST MONDAY NIGHT INTO

TUESDAY WILL KEEP WINDS UP...WITH STRONG WINDS POSSIBLE ON TUESDAY

ACROSS THE EASTERN PLAINS.

NMZ502-505-506-508-050400-

/O.UPG.KABQ.HW.A.0004.100405T1600Z-100406T0300Z/

/O.NEW.KABQ.HW.W.0005.100405T1800Z-100406T0300Z/

CHUSKA MOUNTAINS-WEST CENTRAL PLATEAU-WEST CENTRAL MOUNTAINSSOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS346 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING IN EFFECT FROM NOON TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN ALBUQUERQUE HAS ISSUED A HIGH

WIND WARNING...WHICH IS IN EFFECT FROM NOON TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY.

THE HIGH WIND WATCH IS NO LONGER IN EFFECT.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES AREAS FROM THE ARIZONA BORDER EAST TO

 THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS 35 TO 45 MPH...WITH GUSTS AROUND 60 OR

 65 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE

 MORNING...WITH STRONGEST WINDS BY MID AFTERNOON. WINDS WILL

 DECREASE BY MID EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT POOR VISIBILITIES BELOW 1 MILE IN BLOWING

 DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS

 INCLUDING INTERSTATE 40 FROM THE ARIZONA LINE TO GRANTS. DRIVING

 WILL BE DIFFICULT...ESPECIALLY IN HIGH PROFILE AND LARGE

 VEHICLES. UNSECURED OR HIGH PROFILE OBJECTS WILL SHIFT AND MAY

 BECOME AIRBORNE. ELECTRICAL POWER COULD BE INTERRUPTED.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...
B-24

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS DAMAGING WINDS ARE IMMINENT

OR HIGHLY LIKELY. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR

GUSTS OF 58 MPH OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE.

&&

$$

NMZ513-515-523-526>529-050400-

/O.UPG.KABQ.HW.A.0004.100405T1600Z-100406T0300Z/

/O.NEW.KABQ.HW.W.0005.100405T1900Z-100406T0300Z/

NORTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS ABOVE 9500 FEET/RED RIVEREAST SLOPES SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS-CENTRAL HIGHLANDSSOUTH CENTRAL MOUNTAINS-RATON RIDGE/JOHNSON MESAFAR NORTHEAST HIGHLANDS-NORTHEAST HIGHLANDS346 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN ALBUQUERQUE HAS ISSUED A HIGH

WIND WARNING...WHICH IS IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY.

THE HIGH WIND WATCH IS NO LONGER IN EFFECT.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES PORTIONS OF THE SANGRE DE CRISTO

 MOUNTAINS...THE SOUTH CENTRAL MOUNTAINS...AND OVER THE ADJACENT

 EASTERN HIGHLANDS.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS 35 TO 45 MPH...WITH GUSTS TO 60 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE

 MORNING...WITH STRONGEST WINDS BY MID AFTERNOON. WINDS WILL

 DECREASE BY MID EVENING...BUT MAY CONTINUE TO BE GUSTY MONDAY

 NIGHT.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES BELOW 1 MILE IN

 BLOWING DUST...ESPECIALLY OVER THE NORTHEAST HIGHLANDS.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS...

 INCLUDING INTERSTATE 25 FROM GLORIETA PASS TO THE COLORADO LINE.

 DRIVING WILL BE DIFFICULT ESPECIALLY IN HIGH PROFILE AND LARGE

 VEHICLES. UNSECURED OR HIGH PROFILE OBJECTS WILL SHIFT AND MAY

 BECOME AIRBORNE. ELECTRICAL POWER COULD BE INTERRUPTED.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS DAMAGING WINDS ARE IMMINENT

OR HIGHLY LIKELY. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR

GUSTS OF 58 MPH OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE.

&&

$$

NMZ512-514-521-522-050400-

/O.NEW.KABQ.HW.W.0005.100405T1900Z-100406T0300Z/

WEST SLOPES SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINSSOUTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS ABOVE 9500 FEETSANDIA/MANZANO MOUNTAINS-ESTANCIA VALLEY346 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN ALBUQUERQUE HAS ISSUED A HIGH

WIND WARNING...WHICH IS IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES PORTIONS OF THE SANGRE DE CRISTO

 MOUNTAINS...THE CENTRAL MOUNTAINS...AND THE ESTANCIA VALLEY.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS 35 TO 45 MPH...WITH GUSTS TO 60 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE

 MORNING...WITH STRONGEST WINDS BY MID AFTERNOON. WINDS WILL

 DECREASE BY MID EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES BELOW 1 MILE IN
B-25

 BLOWING DUST...ESPECIALLY OVER THE NORTHEAST PLAINS.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS...

 INCLUDING INTERSTATE 40 FROM TIJERAS TO NEAR MILAGRO. DRIVING

 WILL BE DIFFICULT ESPECIALLY IN HIGH PROFILE AND LARGE VEHICLES.

 UNSECURED OR HIGH PROFILE OBJECTS WILL SHIFT AND MAY BECOME

 AIRBORNE. ELECTRICAL POWER COULD BE INTERRUPTED.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS DAMAGING WINDS ARE IMMINENT

OR HIGHLY LIKELY. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR

GUSTS OF 58 MPH OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE.

&&

$$

NMZ501-509-524-050400-

/O.UPG.KABQ.HW.A.0004.100405T1600Z-100406T0300Z/

/O.NEW.KABQ.WI.Y.0014.100405T1800Z-100406T0300Z/

NORTHWEST PLATEAU-SAN FRANCISCO RIVER VALLEYSOUTH CENTRAL HIGHLANDS346 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...WIND ADVISORY IN EFFECT FROM NOON TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN ALBUQUERQUE HAS ISSUED A WIND

ADVISORY...WHICH IS IN EFFECT FROM NOON TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY. THE

HIGH WIND WATCH IS NO LONGER IN EFFECT.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES THE NORTHWEST PLATEAU...SAN FRANSISCO

 RIVER VALLEY AND SOUTH CENTRAL HIGHLANDS.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS 30 TO 40 MPH...WITH GUSTS TO 55 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE

 MORNING...WITH STRONGEST WINDS BY MID AFTERNOON. WINDS WILL

 DECREASE BY MID EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT POOR VISIBILITIES UNDER 2 MILES IN BLOWING

 DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS. WINDS

 WILL BE STRONG ENOUGH TO CAUSE POSSIBLE LOSS OF CONTROL OF LARGE

 OR TALL VEHICLES AND BLOW LIGHT OR UNSECURED ITEMS AROUND.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

MOTORISTS SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION WHILE TRAVELLING. SUDDEN GUSTS

OF WIND MAY CAUSE YOU TO LOSE CONTROL OF YOUR VEHICLE. EXTRA

ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO CROSS WINDS.

&&

$$

NMZ530>533-050400-

/O.UPG.KABQ.HW.A.0004.100405T1600Z-100406T0300Z/

/O.NEW.KABQ.WI.Y.0014.100405T1900Z-100406T0300Z/

UNION COUNTY-HARDING COUNTY-EASTERN SAN MIGUEL COUNTYGUADALUPE COUNTY346 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...WIND ADVISORY IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN ALBUQUERQUE HAS ISSUED A WIND

ADVISORY...WHICH IS IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY. THE

HIGH WIND WATCH IS NO LONGER IN EFFECT.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES NORTHEAST NEW MEXICO.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS 25 TO 40 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF 50 TO 55

 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE

 MORNING...WITH STRONGEST WINDS BY MID AFTERNOON. WINDS WILL
B-26

 DECREASE BY MID EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES AROUND 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS. WINDS

 WILL BE STRONG ENOUGH TO LIFT LOOSE OBJECTS AND CAUSE POSSIBLE

 LOSS OF CONTROL OF LARGE OR TALL VEHICLES AND BLOW LIGHT OR

 UNSECURED ITEMS AROUND.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

MOTORISTS SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION WHILE TRAVELLING. SUDDEN GUSTS

OF WIND MAY CAUSE YOU TO LOSE CONTROL OF YOUR VEHICLE. EXTRA

ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO CROSS WINDS.

&&

$$

NMZ503-504-507-510-511-516>520-525-050400-

/O.NEW.KABQ.WI.Y.0014.100405T1800Z-100406T0300Z/

FAR NORTHWEST HIGHLANDS-NORTHWEST HIGHLANDSWEST CENTRAL HIGHLANDS-SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS-JEMEZ MOUNTAINSUPPER RIO GRANDE VALLEY-LOWER CHAMA RIVER VALLEYSANTA FE METRO AREA-ALBUQUERQUE METRO AREALOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY-UPPER TULAROSA VALLEY346 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...WIND ADVISORY IN EFFECT FROM NOON TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN ALBUQUERQUE HAS ISSUED A WIND

ADVISORY...WHICH IS IN EFFECT FROM NOON TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES NORTHWEST AND NORTH CENTRAL NEW

 MEXICO.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS 25 TO 40 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF 45 TO 55

 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE

 MORNING...WITH STRONGEST WINDS BY MID AFTERNOON. WINDS WILL

 DECREASE BY MID EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES AROUND 1 MILE

IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS. WINDS

 WILL BE STRONG ENOUGH TO LIFT LOOSE OBJECTS AND CAUSE POSSIBLE

 LOSS OF CONTROL OF LARGE OR TALL VEHICLES AND BLOW LIGHT OR

 UNSECURED ITEMS AROUND.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

MOTORISTS SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION WHILE TRAVELLING. SUDDEN GUSTS

OF WIND MAY CAUSE YOU TO LOSE CONTROL OF YOUR VEHICLE. EXTRA

ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO CROSS WINDS.

&&

$$

NMZ534>540-050400-

/O.NEW.KABQ.WI.Y.0014.100405T1900Z-100406T0300Z/

QUAY COUNTY-CURRY COUNTY-ROOSEVELT COUNTY-DE BACA COUNTYCHAVES COUNTY PLAINS-EASTERN LINCOLN COUNTYSOUTHWEST CHAVES COUNTY346 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...WIND ADVISORY IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN ALBUQUERQUE HAS ISSUED A WIND

ADVISORY...WHICH IS IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES PORTIONS OF THE EASTERN PLAINS.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS 25 TO 40 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF 45 TO 55
B-27

 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE

 MORNING...WITH STRONGEST WINDS BY MID AFTERNOON. WINDS WILL

 DECREASE BY MID EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES AROUND 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS. WINDS

 WILL BE STRONG ENOUGH TO LIFT LOOSE OBJECTS AND CAUSE POSSIBLE

 LOSS OF CONTROL OF LARGE OR TALL VEHICLES AND BLOW LIGHT OR

 UNSECURED ITEMS AROUND.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

MOTORISTS SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION WHILE TRAVELLING. SUDDEN GUSTS

OF WIND MAY CAUSE YOU TO LOSE CONTROL OF YOUR VEHICLE. EXTRA

ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO CROSS WINDS.

&&

$$

40

WWUS75 KABQ 050344

NPWABQ

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE ALBUQUERQUE NM

944 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...STRONG WINDS EXPECTED OVER THE LAND OF ENCHANTMENT ON MONDAY...

A STRONG PACIFIC STORM SYSTEM WILL COMBINE WITH DEEPENING SURFACE

LOW PRESSURE OVER NORTHEAST NEW MEXICO TO PRODUCE STRONG WINDS OVER

NORTHERN AND CENTRAL NEW MEXICO MONDAY AFTERNOON AND EVENING. THE

STRONGEST WINDS ARE EXPECTED TO OCCUR OVER THE WESTERN AND CENTRAL

MOUNTAINS ONTO THE EASTERN HIGH PLAINS. DAMAGING WIND GUSTS OF 60

MPH OR HIGHER WILL BE POSSIBLE IN THESE AREAS. THE STRONG WINDS

WILL LIKELY CREATE AREAS OF BLOWING DUST LEADING TO REDUCED

VISIBILITIES. IN ADDITION...A COLD FRONT SWEEPING FROM WEST TO

EAST MONDAY NIGHT INTO TUESDAY WILL KEEP WINDY CONDITIONS IN PLACE

MONDAY NIGHT AND TUESDAY...ESPECIALLY OVER THE EASTERN PLAINS.

NMZ502-505-506-508-051100-

/O.CON.KABQ.HW.W.0005.100405T1800Z-100406T0300Z/

CHUSKA MOUNTAINS-WEST CENTRAL PLATEAU-WEST CENTRAL MOUNTAINSSOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS944 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM NOON TO 9 PM MDT

MONDAY...

A HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM NOON TO 9 PM MDT

MONDAY.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES AREAS FROM THE ARIZONA BORDER EAST TO

 THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS 35 TO 45 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF 60 TO 65

 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE

 MORNING...WITH THE STRONGEST WINDS EXPECTED BY MID AFTERNOON.

 WINDS WILL DECREASE BY MID EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT POOR VISIBILITIES BELOW 1 MILE IN BLOWING

 DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS

 INCLUDING INTERSTATE 40 FROM THE ARIZONA LINE TO GRANTS.
B-28

 DRIVING WILL BE DIFFICULT...ESPECIALLY IN HIGH PROFILE AND

 LARGE VEHICLES. UNSECURED OR HIGH PROFILE OBJECTS WILL SHIFT

 AND MAY BECOME AIRBORNE. ELECTRICAL POWER COULD BE

 INTERRUPTED.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS DAMAGING WINDS ARE IMMINENT

OR HIGHLY LIKELY. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR

GUSTS OF 58 MPH OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE.

&&

$$

NMZ512>515-521>523-526>529-051100-

/O.CON.KABQ.HW.W.0005.100405T1900Z-100406T0300Z/

WEST SLOPES SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINSNORTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS ABOVE 9500 FEET/RED RIVERSOUTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS ABOVE 9500 FEETEAST SLOPES SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS-SANDIA/MANZANO MOUNTAINSESTANCIA VALLEY-CENTRAL HIGHLANDS-SOUTH CENTRAL MOUNTAINSRATON RIDGE/JOHNSON MESA-FAR NORTHEAST HIGHLANDSNORTHEAST HIGHLANDS944 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM TO 9 PM MDT

MONDAY...

A HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM TO 9 PM MDT

MONDAY.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES PORTIONS OF THE SANGRE DE CRISTO

 MOUNTAINS...THE SOUTH CENTRAL MOUNTAINS...AND OVER THE

 ADJACENT EASTERN HIGHLANDS.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS 35 TO 45 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF 60 TO 65 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE

 MORNING...WITH THE STRONGEST WINDS EXPECTED BY MID AFTERNOON.

 WINDS WILL DECREASE BY MID EVENING...BUT MAY CONTINUE TO BE

 GUSTY MONDAY NIGHT.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES BELOW 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST...ESPECIALLY OVER THE NORTHEAST HIGHLANDS.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS...

 INCLUDING INTERSTATE 25 FROM GLORIETA PASS TO THE COLORADO

 LINE. DRIVING WILL BE DIFFICULT ESPECIALLY IN HIGH PROFILE AND

 LARGE VEHICLES. UNSECURED OR HIGH PROFILE OBJECTS WILL SHIFT

 AND MAY BECOME AIRBORNE. ELECTRICAL POWER COULD BE

 INTERRUPTED.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS DAMAGING WINDS ARE IMMINENT

OR HIGHLY LIKELY. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR

GUSTS OF 58 MPH OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE.

&&

$$

NMZ501-503-504-507-509>511-516>520-524-525-051100-

/O.CON.KABQ.WI.Y.0014.100405T1800Z-100406T0300Z/

NORTHWEST PLATEAU-FAR NORTHWEST HIGHLANDS-NORTHWEST HIGHLANDSWEST CENTRAL HIGHLANDS-SAN FRANCISCO RIVER VALLEYSAN JUAN MOUNTAINS-JEMEZ MOUNTAINS-UPPER RIO GRANDE VALLEYLOWER CHAMA RIVER VALLEY-SANTA FE METRO AREAALBUQUERQUE METRO AREA-LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEYSOUTH CENTRAL HIGHLANDS-UPPER TULAROSA VALLEY-
B-29

944 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM NOON TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM NOON TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES NORTHWEST AND NORTH CENTRAL NEW

 MEXICO.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS 25 TO 35 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF 45 TO 55

 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE MORNING

 WITH THE STRONGEST WINDS EXPECTED BY MID AFTERNOON. WINDS WILL

 DECREASE BY MID EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES AROUND 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS.

 WINDS WILL BE STRONG ENOUGH TO LIFT LOOSE OBJECTS AND CAUSE

 POSSIBLE LOSS OF CONTROL OF LARGE OR TALL VEHICLES AND BLOW

 LIGHT OR UNSECURED ITEMS AROUND.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

MOTORISTS SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION WHILE TRAVELING. SUDDEN GUSTS

OF WIND MAY CAUSE YOU TO LOSE CONTROL OF YOUR VEHICLE. EXTRA

ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO CROSS WINDS.

&&

$$

NMZ530>540-051100-

/O.CON.KABQ.WI.Y.0014.100405T1900Z-100406T0300Z/

UNION COUNTY-HARDING COUNTY-EASTERN SAN MIGUEL COUNTYGUADALUPE COUNTY-QUAY COUNTY-CURRY COUNTY-ROOSEVELT COUNTYDE BACA COUNTY-CHAVES COUNTY PLAINS-EASTERN LINCOLN COUNTYSOUTHWEST CHAVES COUNTY944 PM MDT SUN APR 4 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM TO 9 PM MDT MONDAY.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES PORTIONS OF THE EASTERN PLAINS.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS 25 TO 35 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF 45 TO 55

 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE MORNING

 WITH THE STRONGEST WINDS EXPECTED BY MID AFTERNOON. WINDS WILL

 DECREASE BY MID EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES AROUND 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS.

 WINDS WILL BE STRONG ENOUGH TO LIFT LOOSE OBJECTS AND CAUSE

 POSSIBLE LOSS OF CONTROL OF LARGE OR TALL VEHICLES AND BLOW

 LIGHT OR UNSECURED ITEMS AROUND.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

MOTORISTS SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION WHILE TRAVELING. SUDDEN GUSTS

OF WIND MAY CAUSE YOU TO LOSE CONTROL OF YOUR VEHICLE. EXTRA

ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO CROSS WINDS.

&&

$$

WWUS75 KABQ 050943

NPWABQ

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE ALBUQUERQUE NM
B-30

343 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...STRONG WINDS ACROSS NEW MEXICO TODAY...WITH STRONG WINDS

REDEVELOPING OVER CENTRAL AND EASTERN NEW MEXICO ON TUESDAY...

.A PACIFIC STORM SYSTEM WILL MOVE FROM THE CENTRAL CALIFORNIA

COAST TO THE FOUR CORNERS AREA TODAY...AND SWEEP ACROSS NORTHERN

NEW MEXICO ON TUESDAY. STRONG SOUTHWEST WINDS AHEAD OF THIS SYSTEM

COMBINED WITH DEEPENING SURFACE LOW PRESSURE OVER EASTERN COLORADO

TODAY WILL SUPPORT A WINDY DAY ACROSS NEW MEXICO...WITH STRONGEST

WINDS FROM THE ARIZONA BORDER TO THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE...AND

ACROSS SUMMITS...EAST SLOPES...AND ADJACENT PLAINS OF THE SANGRE

DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS...AND THE CENTRAL MOUNTAIN CHAIN. WIND SPEEDS

WILL TAPER OFF GRADUALLY BY MID EVENING BUT REMAIN GUSTY

OVERNIGHT. AS THE PACIFIC STORM SYSTEM SWEEPS ACROSS NORTHERN NEW

MEXICO ON TUESDAY...A COLD FRONT PLUNGING FROM THE FOUR CORNERS TO

THE SOUTHEAST CORNER OF THE STATE DURING THE DAY WILL SET UP

ANOTHER WINDY DAY FROM THE CENTRAL MOUNTAIN CHAIN EASTWARD TO THE

TEXAS BORDER. WIND SPEEDS WILL DECREASE GRADUALLY TUESDAY EVENING

TO EASE THE HIGH WIND DANGER.

NMZ512>515-522-523-527>529-051800-

/O.NEW.KABQ.HW.A.0005.100406T1800Z-100407T0300Z/

/O.CON.KABQ.HW.W.0005.100405T1900Z-100406T0300Z/

WEST SLOPES SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINSNORTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS ABOVE 9500 FEET/RED RIVERSOUTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS ABOVE 9500 FEETEAST SLOPES SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS-ESTANCIA VALLEYCENTRAL HIGHLANDS-RATON RIDGE/JOHNSON MESAFAR NORTHEAST HIGHLANDS-NORTHEAST HIGHLANDS343 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM THIS AFTERNOON

TO 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING...

...HIGH WIND WATCH IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN ALBUQUERQUE HAS ISSUED A HIGH

WIND WATCH...WHICH IS IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING. A HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM

THIS AFTERNOON TO 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES SUMMITS AND SLOPES OF THE SANGRE DE

 CRISTO MOUNTAINS...PORTIONS OF THE CENTRAL MOUNTAIN CHAIN...AND

 ADJACENT PLAINS.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH...WITH GUSTS TO 60 MPH. EXPECT

 LOCALLY STRONGER WINDS OVER SUMMITS AND THROUGH GAPS.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE

 MORNING...WITH THE STRONGEST WINDS EXPECTED BY MID AFTERNOON.

 WINDS WILL DECREASE BY MID EVENING...BUT WILL REMAIN GUSTY

 THROUGH MONDAY NIGHT. STRONG WINDS WILL REDEVELOP BY TUESDAY

 AFTERNOON AND CONTINUE INTO TUESDAY EVENING BEFORE TAPERING OFF

 BY MIDNIGHT.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES BELOW 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST...ESPECIALLY OVER THE NORTHEAST HIGHLANDS.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS...

 INCLUDING INTERSTATE 25 FROM GLORIETA PASS TO THE COLORADO

 LINE. DRIVING WILL BE DIFFICULT ESPECIALLY IN HIGH PROFILE AND

 LARGE VEHICLES. UNSECURED OR HIGH PROFILE OBJECTS WILL SHIFT

 AND MAY BECOME AIRBORNE. ELECTRICAL POWER COULD BE
B-31

 INTERRUPTED.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS DAMAGING WINDS ARE IMMINENT

OR HIGHLY LIKELY. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR

GUSTS OF 58 MPH OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE.

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR

A POTENTIALLY DAMAGING HIGH WIND EVENT IN AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH

AREA. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR GUSTS OF 58 MPH

OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE. MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS

AT WEATHER.GOV/ABQ...LISTEN TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR

FAVORITE MEDIA OUTLET.

&&

$$

NMZ502-505-506-508-051800-

/O.CON.KABQ.HW.W.0005.100405T1800Z-100406T0300Z/

CHUSKA MOUNTAINS-WEST CENTRAL PLATEAU-WEST CENTRAL MOUNTAINSSOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS343 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM NOON TODAY TO 9 PM

MDT THIS EVENING...

A HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM NOON TODAY TO 9 PM MDT

THIS EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES AREAS FROM THE ARIZONA BORDER EAST TO

 THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF 60 MPH. EXPECT

 LOCALLY STRONGER WINDS OVER SUMMITS AND HILLTOPS AND THROUGH GAPS.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE

 MORNING...WITH THE STRONGEST WINDS EXPECTED BY MID AFTERNOON.

 WINDS WILL DECREASE BY MID EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT POOR VISIBILITIES BELOW 1 MILE IN BLOWING

 DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS

 INCLUDING INTERSTATE 40 FROM THE ARIZONA LINE TO GRANTS.

 DRIVING WILL BE DIFFICULT...ESPECIALLY IN HIGH PROFILE AND

 LARGE VEHICLES. UNSECURED OR HIGH PROFILE OBJECTS WILL SHIFT

 AND MAY BECOME AIRBORNE. ELECTRICAL POWER COULD BE

 INTERRUPTED.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS DAMAGING WINDS ARE IMMINENT

OR HIGHLY LIKELY. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR

GUSTS OF 58 MPH OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE.

&&

$$

NMZ521-526-051800-

/O.CON.KABQ.HW.W.0005.100405T1900Z-100406T0300Z/

SANDIA/MANZANO MOUNTAINS-SOUTH CENTRAL MOUNTAINS343 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM THIS AFTERNOON

TO 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING...

A HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM THIS AFTERNOON TO

9 PM MDT THIS EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES THE SANDIA AND MANZANO MOUNTAINS...AND

 THE SOUTH CENTRAL MOUNTAINS OF LINCOLN COUNTY.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH...WITH GUSTS TO 60 MPH. EXPECT
B-32

 LOCALLY STRONGER WINDS OVER SUMMITS AND THROUGH GAPS.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE

 MORNING...WITH THE STRONGEST WINDS EXPECTED BY MID AFTERNOON.

 WINDS WILL DECREASE BY MID EVENING...BUT WILL REMAIN GUSTY

 THROUGH TONIGHT.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES BELOW 1 MILE IN

 BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS...

 INCLUDING INTERSTATE 40 FROM TIJERAS TO MORIARTY...AND ACROSS

 HIGHWAYS 70 AND 380...AND HIGHWAY 54 IN LINCOLN COUNTY. DRIVING

 WILL BE DIFFICULT ESPECIALLY IN HIGH PROFILE AND LARGE VEHICLES.

 UNSECURED OR HIGH PROFILE OBJECTS WILL SHIFT AND MAY BECOME

 AIRBORNE. ELECTRICAL POWER COULD BE INTERRUPTED.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS DAMAGING WINDS ARE IMMINENT

OR HIGHLY LIKELY. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR

GUSTS OF 58 MPH OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE.

&&

$$

NMZ524-051800-

/O.NEW.KABQ.HW.A.0005.100406T1800Z-100407T0300Z/

/O.CON.KABQ.WI.Y.0014.100405T1800Z-100406T0300Z/

SOUTH CENTRAL HIGHLANDS343 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM NOON TODAY TO 9 PM MDT

THIS EVENING...

...HIGH WIND WATCH IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN ALBUQUERQUE HAS ISSUED A HIGH

WIND WATCH...WHICH IS IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING. A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM NOON

TODAY TO 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES THE SACRAMENTO MOUNTAINS OF LINCOLN COUNTY.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 35 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF

 45 TO 55 MPH DEVELOPING BY AFTERNOON. ON TUESDAY...EXPECT

 SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH WITH GUSTS TO 60 MPH...WITH LOCALLY

 STRONGER WINDS OVER SUMMITS AND THROUGH GAPS.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE MORNING

 WITH THE STRONGEST WINDS EXPECTED BY MID AFTERNOON. WINDS WILL

 DECREASE BY MID EVENING. ON TUESDAY...STRONG WINDS WILL

 REDEVELOP BY EARLY AFTERNOON BEFORE TAPERING OFF BY LATE TUESDAY

 EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES AROUND 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON

 HIGHWAYS...INCLUDING HIGHWAYS 70 AND 380 ACROSS LINCOLN COUNTY.

 WINDS WILL BE STRONG ENOUGH TO LIFT LOOSE OBJECTS AND CAUSE

 POSSIBLE LOSS OF CONTROL OF LARGE OR TALL VEHICLES AND BLOW

 LIGHT OR UNSECURED ITEMS AROUND.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

MOTORISTS SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION WHILE TRAVELING. SUDDEN GUSTS

OF WIND MAY CAUSE YOU TO LOSE CONTROL OF YOUR VEHICLE. EXTRA

ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO CROSS WINDS.

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR
B-33

A POTENTIALLY DAMAGING HIGH WIND EVENT IN AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH

AREA. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR GUSTS OF 58 MPH

OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE. MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS

AT WEATHER.GOV/ABQ...LISTEN TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR

FAVORITE MEDIA OUTLET.

&&

$$

NMZ530>540-051800-

/O.NEW.KABQ.HW.A.0005.100406T1800Z-100407T0300Z/

/O.CON.KABQ.WI.Y.0014.100405T1900Z-100406T0300Z/

UNION COUNTY-HARDING COUNTY-EASTERN SAN MIGUEL COUNTYGUADALUPE COUNTY-QUAY COUNTY-CURRY COUNTY-ROOSEVELT COUNTYDE BACA COUNTY-CHAVES COUNTY PLAINS-EASTERN LINCOLN COUNTYSOUTHWEST CHAVES COUNTY343 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM THIS AFTERNOON TO

9 PM MDT THIS EVENING...

...HIGH WIND WATCH IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN ALBUQUERQUE HAS ISSUED A HIGH

WIND WATCH...WHICH IS IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING. A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM THIS

AFTERNOON TO 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES PORTIONS OF THE EASTERN PLAINS.

* WINDS...EXPECT SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 35 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF 45 TO

 55 MPH. ON TUESDAY...EXPECT SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH WITH GUSTS

 TO 60 MPH...WITH LOCALLY STRONGER WINDS OVER HILLTOPS.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE MORNING

 WITH THE STRONGEST WINDS EXPECTED BY MID AFTERNOON. WINDS WILL

 DECREASE BY MID EVENING. ON TUESDAY...STRONG WINDS WILL

 REDEVELOP BY AFTERNOON BEFORE TAPERING OFF BY LATE EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES AROUND 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON

 HIGHWAYS...INCLUDING HIGHWAYS 64 AND 87...HIGHWAY 56...STATE

 ROADS 39...104 AND 120...HIGHWAY 60...AND HIGHWAY 285. WINDS

 WILL BE STRONG ENOUGH TO LIFT LOOSE OBJECTS AND CAUSE POSSIBLE

 LOSS OF CONTROL OF LARGE OR TALL VEHICLES AND BLOW LIGHT OR

 UNSECURED ITEMS AROUND.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

MOTORISTS SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION WHILE TRAVELING. SUDDEN GUSTS

OF WIND MAY CAUSE YOU TO LOSE CONTROL OF YOUR VEHICLE. EXTRA

ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO CROSS WINDS.

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR

A POTENTIALLY DAMAGING HIGH WIND EVENT IN AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH

AREA. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR GUSTS OF 58 MPH

OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE. MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS

AT WEATHER.GOV/ABQ...LISTEN TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR

FAVORITE MEDIA OUTLET.

&&

$$

NMZ501-503-504-507-509>511-516>520-525-051800-

/O.CON.KABQ.WI.Y.0014.100405T1800Z-100406T0300Z/

NORTHWEST PLATEAU-FAR NORTHWEST HIGHLANDS-NORTHWEST HIGHLANDS-
B-34

WEST CENTRAL HIGHLANDS-SAN FRANCISCO RIVER VALLEYSAN JUAN MOUNTAINS-JEMEZ MOUNTAINS-UPPER RIO GRANDE VALLEYLOWER CHAMA RIVER VALLEY-SANTA FE METRO AREAALBUQUERQUE METRO AREA-LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEYUPPER TULAROSA VALLEY343 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM NOON TODAY TO 9 PM MDT

THIS EVENING...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM NOON TODAY TO 9 PM MDT

THIS EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES NORTHWEST AND NORTH CENTRAL NEW

 MEXICO...THE SANTA FE AND ALBUQUERQUE METRO AREAS...THE

 SOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS...AND SOCORRO COUNTY.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 35 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF 45 TO 55 MPH.

 EXPECT LOCALLY STRONGER WINDS OVER SUMMITS AND THROUGH GAPS.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE

 MORNING WITH THE STRONGEST WINDS EXPECTED BY MID AFTERNOON.

 WINDS WILL DECREASE BY MID EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES AROUND 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS.

 WINDS WILL BE STRONG ENOUGH TO LIFT LOOSE OBJECTS AND CAUSE

 POSSIBLE LOSS OF CONTROL OF LARGE OR TALL VEHICLES AND BLOW

 LIGHT OR UNSECURED ITEMS AROUND.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

MOTORISTS SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION WHILE TRAVELING. SUDDEN GUSTS

OF WIND MAY CAUSE YOU TO LOSE CONTROL OF YOUR VEHICLE. EXTRA

ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO CROSS WINDS.

&&

$$

SHY

WWUS75 KABQ 050943

NPWABQ

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE ALBUQUERQUE NM

343 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...STRONG WINDS ACROSS NEW MEXICO TODAY...WITH STRONG WINDS

REDEVELOPING OVER CENTRAL AND EASTERN NEW MEXICO ON TUESDAY...

.A PACIFIC STORM SYSTEM WILL MOVE FROM THE CENTRAL CALIFORNIA

COAST TO THE FOUR CORNERS AREA TODAY...AND SWEEP ACROSS NORTHERN

NEW MEXICO ON TUESDAY. STRONG SOUTHWEST WINDS AHEAD OF THIS SYSTEM

COMBINED WITH DEEPENING SURFACE LOW PRESSURE OVER EASTERN COLORADO

TODAY WILL SUPPORT A WINDY DAY ACROSS NEW MEXICO...WITH STRONGEST

WINDS FROM THE ARIZONA BORDER TO THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE...AND

ACROSS SUMMITS...EAST SLOPES...AND ADJACENT PLAINS OF THE SANGRE

DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS...AND THE CENTRAL MOUNTAIN CHAIN. WIND SPEEDS

WILL TAPER OFF GRADUALLY BY MID EVENING BUT REMAIN GUSTY

OVERNIGHT. AS THE PACIFIC STORM SYSTEM SWEEPS ACROSS NORTHERN NEW

MEXICO ON TUESDAY...A COLD FRONT PLUNGING FROM THE FOUR CORNERS TO

THE SOUTHEAST CORNER OF THE STATE DURING THE DAY WILL SET UP

ANOTHER WINDY DAY FROM THE CENTRAL MOUNTAIN CHAIN EASTWARD TO THE

TEXAS BORDER. WIND SPEEDS WILL DECREASE GRADUALLY TUESDAY EVENING

TO EASE THE HIGH WIND DANGER.
B-35

NMZ512>515-522-523-527>529-051800-

/O.NEW.KABQ.HW.A.0005.100406T1800Z-100407T0300Z/

/O.CON.KABQ.HW.W.0005.100405T1900Z-100406T0300Z/

WEST SLOPES SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINSNORTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS ABOVE 9500 FEET/RED RIVERSOUTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS ABOVE 9500 FEETEAST SLOPES SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS-ESTANCIA VALLEYCENTRAL HIGHLANDS-RATON RIDGE/JOHNSON MESAFAR NORTHEAST HIGHLANDS-NORTHEAST HIGHLANDS343 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM THIS AFTERNOON

TO 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING...

...HIGH WIND WATCH IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN ALBUQUERQUE HAS ISSUED A HIGH

WIND WATCH...WHICH IS IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING. A HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM

THIS AFTERNOON TO 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES SUMMITS AND SLOPES OF THE SANGRE DE

 CRISTO MOUNTAINS...PORTIONS OF THE CENTRAL MOUNTAIN CHAIN...AND

 ADJACENT PLAINS.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH...WITH GUSTS TO 60 MPH. EXPECT

 LOCALLY STRONGER WINDS OVER SUMMITS AND THROUGH GAPS.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE

 MORNING...WITH THE STRONGEST WINDS EXPECTED BY MID AFTERNOON.

 WINDS WILL DECREASE BY MID EVENING...BUT WILL REMAIN GUSTY

 THROUGH MONDAY NIGHT. STRONG WINDS WILL REDEVELOP BY TUESDAY

 AFTERNOON AND CONTINUE INTO TUESDAY EVENING BEFORE TAPERING OFF

 BY MIDNIGHT.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES BELOW 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST...ESPECIALLY OVER THE NORTHEAST HIGHLANDS.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS...

 INCLUDING INTERSTATE 25 FROM GLORIETA PASS TO THE COLORADO

 LINE. DRIVING WILL BE DIFFICULT ESPECIALLY IN HIGH PROFILE AND

 LARGE VEHICLES. UNSECURED OR HIGH PROFILE OBJECTS WILL SHIFT

 AND MAY BECOME AIRBORNE. ELECTRICAL POWER COULD BE

 INTERRUPTED.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS DAMAGING WINDS ARE IMMINENT

OR HIGHLY LIKELY. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR

GUSTS OF 58 MPH OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE.

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR

A POTENTIALLY DAMAGING HIGH WIND EVENT IN AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH

AREA. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR GUSTS OF 58 MPH

OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE. MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS

AT WEATHER.GOV/ABQ...LISTEN TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR

FAVORITE MEDIA OUTLET.

&&

$$

NMZ502-505-506-508-051800-

/O.CON.KABQ.HW.W.0005.100405T1800Z-100406T0300Z/

CHUSKA MOUNTAINS-WEST CENTRAL PLATEAU-WEST CENTRAL MOUNTAINSSOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS343 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010
B-36

...HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM NOON TODAY TO 9 PM

MDT THIS EVENING...

A HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM NOON TODAY TO 9 PM MDT

THIS EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES AREAS FROM THE ARIZONA BORDER EAST TO

 THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF 60 MPH. EXPECT

 LOCALLY STRONGER WINDS OVER SUMMITS AND HILLTOPS AND THROUGH GAPS.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE

 MORNING...WITH THE STRONGEST WINDS EXPECTED BY MID AFTERNOON.

 WINDS WILL DECREASE BY MID EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT POOR VISIBILITIES BELOW 1 MILE IN BLOWING

 DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS

 INCLUDING INTERSTATE 40 FROM THE ARIZONA LINE TO GRANTS.

 DRIVING WILL BE DIFFICULT...ESPECIALLY IN HIGH PROFILE AND

 LARGE VEHICLES. UNSECURED OR HIGH PROFILE OBJECTS WILL SHIFT

 AND MAY BECOME AIRBORNE. ELECTRICAL POWER COULD BE

 INTERRUPTED.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS DAMAGING WINDS ARE IMMINENT

OR HIGHLY LIKELY. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR

GUSTS OF 58 MPH OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE.

&&

$$

NMZ521-526-051800-

/O.CON.KABQ.HW.W.0005.100405T1900Z-100406T0300Z/

SANDIA/MANZANO MOUNTAINS-SOUTH CENTRAL MOUNTAINS343 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM THIS AFTERNOON

TO 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING...

A HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM THIS AFTERNOON TO

9 PM MDT THIS EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES THE SANDIA AND MANZANO MOUNTAINS...AND

 THE SOUTH CENTRAL MOUNTAINS OF LINCOLN COUNTY.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH...WITH GUSTS TO 60 MPH. EXPECT

 LOCALLY STRONGER WINDS OVER SUMMITS AND THROUGH GAPS.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE

 MORNING...WITH THE STRONGEST WINDS EXPECTED BY MID AFTERNOON.

 WINDS WILL DECREASE BY MID EVENING...BUT WILL REMAIN GUSTY

 THROUGH TONIGHT.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES BELOW 1 MILE IN

 BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS...

 INCLUDING INTERSTATE 40 FROM TIJERAS TO MORIARTY...AND ACROSS

 HIGHWAYS 70 AND 380...AND HIGHWAY 54 IN LINCOLN COUNTY. DRIVING

 WILL BE DIFFICULT ESPECIALLY IN HIGH PROFILE AND LARGE VEHICLES.

 UNSECURED OR HIGH PROFILE OBJECTS WILL SHIFT AND MAY BECOME

 AIRBORNE. ELECTRICAL POWER COULD BE INTERRUPTED.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS DAMAGING WINDS ARE IMMINENT

OR HIGHLY LIKELY. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR

GUSTS OF 58 MPH OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE.

&&
B-37

$$

NMZ524-051800-

/O.NEW.KABQ.HW.A.0005.100406T1800Z-100407T0300Z/

/O.CON.KABQ.WI.Y.0014.100405T1800Z-100406T0300Z/

SOUTH CENTRAL HIGHLANDS343 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM NOON TODAY TO 9 PM MDT

THIS EVENING...

...HIGH WIND WATCH IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN ALBUQUERQUE HAS ISSUED A HIGH

WIND WATCH...WHICH IS IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING. A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM NOON

TODAY TO 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES THE SACRAMENTO MOUNTAINS OF LINCOLN COUNTY.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 35 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF

 45 TO 55 MPH DEVELOPING BY AFTERNOON. ON TUESDAY...EXPECT

 SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH WITH GUSTS TO 60 MPH...WITH LOCALLY

 STRONGER WINDS OVER SUMMITS AND THROUGH GAPS.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE MORNING

 WITH THE STRONGEST WINDS EXPECTED BY MID AFTERNOON. WINDS WILL

 DECREASE BY MID EVENING. ON TUESDAY...STRONG WINDS WILL

 REDEVELOP BY EARLY AFTERNOON BEFORE TAPERING OFF BY LATE TUESDAY

 EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES AROUND 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON

 HIGHWAYS...INCLUDING HIGHWAYS 70 AND 380 ACROSS LINCOLN COUNTY.

 WINDS WILL BE STRONG ENOUGH TO LIFT LOOSE OBJECTS AND CAUSE

 POSSIBLE LOSS OF CONTROL OF LARGE OR TALL VEHICLES AND BLOW

 LIGHT OR UNSECURED ITEMS AROUND.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

MOTORISTS SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION WHILE TRAVELING. SUDDEN GUSTS

OF WIND MAY CAUSE YOU TO LOSE CONTROL OF YOUR VEHICLE. EXTRA

ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO CROSS WINDS.

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR

A POTENTIALLY DAMAGING HIGH WIND EVENT IN AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH

AREA. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR GUSTS OF 58 MPH

OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE. MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS

AT WEATHER.GOV/ABQ...LISTEN TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR

FAVORITE MEDIA OUTLET.

&&

$$

NMZ530>540-051800-

/O.NEW.KABQ.HW.A.0005.100406T1800Z-100407T0300Z/

/O.CON.KABQ.WI.Y.0014.100405T1900Z-100406T0300Z/

UNION COUNTY-HARDING COUNTY-EASTERN SAN MIGUEL COUNTYGUADALUPE COUNTY-QUAY COUNTY-CURRY COUNTY-ROOSEVELT COUNTYDE BACA COUNTY-CHAVES COUNTY PLAINS-EASTERN LINCOLN COUNTYSOUTHWEST CHAVES COUNTY343 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM THIS AFTERNOON TO

9 PM MDT THIS EVENING...

...HIGH WIND WATCH IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH
B-38

TUESDAY EVENING...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN ALBUQUERQUE HAS ISSUED A HIGH

WIND WATCH...WHICH IS IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING. A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM THIS

AFTERNOON TO 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES PORTIONS OF THE EASTERN PLAINS.

* WINDS...EXPECT SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 35 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF 45 TO

 55 MPH. ON TUESDAY...EXPECT SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH WITH GUSTS

 TO 60 MPH...WITH LOCALLY STRONGER WINDS OVER HILLTOPS.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE MORNING

 WITH THE STRONGEST WINDS EXPECTED BY MID AFTERNOON. WINDS WILL

 DECREASE BY MID EVENING. ON TUESDAY...STRONG WINDS WILL

 REDEVELOP BY AFTERNOON BEFORE TAPERING OFF BY LATE EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES AROUND 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON

 HIGHWAYS...INCLUDING HIGHWAYS 64 AND 87...HIGHWAY 56...STATE

 ROADS 39...104 AND 120...HIGHWAY 60...AND HIGHWAY 285. WINDS

 WILL BE STRONG ENOUGH TO LIFT LOOSE OBJECTS AND CAUSE POSSIBLE

 LOSS OF CONTROL OF LARGE OR TALL VEHICLES AND BLOW LIGHT OR

 UNSECURED ITEMS AROUND.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

MOTORISTS SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION WHILE TRAVELING. SUDDEN GUSTS

OF WIND MAY CAUSE YOU TO LOSE CONTROL OF YOUR VEHICLE. EXTRA

ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO CROSS WINDS.

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR

A POTENTIALLY DAMAGING HIGH WIND EVENT IN AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH

AREA. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR GUSTS OF 58 MPH

OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE. MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS

AT WEATHER.GOV/ABQ...LISTEN TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR

FAVORITE MEDIA OUTLET.

&&

$$

NMZ501-503-504-507-509>511-516>520-525-051800-

/O.CON.KABQ.WI.Y.0014.100405T1800Z-100406T0300Z/

NORTHWEST PLATEAU-FAR NORTHWEST HIGHLANDS-NORTHWEST HIGHLANDSWEST CENTRAL HIGHLANDS-SAN FRANCISCO RIVER VALLEYSAN JUAN MOUNTAINS-JEMEZ MOUNTAINS-UPPER RIO GRANDE VALLEYLOWER CHAMA RIVER VALLEY-SANTA FE METRO AREAALBUQUERQUE METRO AREA-LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEYUPPER TULAROSA VALLEY343 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM NOON TODAY TO 9 PM MDT

THIS EVENING...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM NOON TODAY TO 9 PM MDT

THIS EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES NORTHWEST AND NORTH CENTRAL NEW

 MEXICO...THE SANTA FE AND ALBUQUERQUE METRO AREAS...THE

 SOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS...AND SOCORRO COUNTY.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 35 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF 45 TO 55 MPH.

 EXPECT LOCALLY STRONGER WINDS OVER SUMMITS AND THROUGH GAPS.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE

 MORNING WITH THE STRONGEST WINDS EXPECTED BY MID AFTERNOON.

 WINDS WILL DECREASE BY MID EVENING.
B-39

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES AROUND 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS.

 WINDS WILL BE STRONG ENOUGH TO LIFT LOOSE OBJECTS AND CAUSE

 POSSIBLE LOSS OF CONTROL OF LARGE OR TALL VEHICLES AND BLOW

 LIGHT OR UNSECURED ITEMS AROUND.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

MOTORISTS SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION WHILE TRAVELING. SUDDEN GUSTS

OF WIND MAY CAUSE YOU TO LOSE CONTROL OF YOUR VEHICLE. EXTRA

ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO CROSS WINDS.

&&

$$

SHY

WWUS75 KABQ 051743

NPWABQ

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE ALBUQUERQUE NM

1143 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...STRONG WINDS ACROSS NEW MEXICO TODAY...WITH STRONG WINDS

AGAIN OVER CENTRAL AND EASTERN NEW MEXICO ON TUESDAY...

.A PACIFIC STORM SYSTEM WILL APPROACH THE FOUR CORNERS AREA LATE

TODAY...AND SWEEP ACROSS NORTHERN NEW MEXICO ON TUESDAY. STRONG

SOUTHWEST WINDS AHEAD OF THIS SYSTEM COMBINED WITH DEEPENING

SURFACE LOW PRESSURE OVER EASTERN COLORADO TODAY WILL SUPPORT

STRONG WINDS ACROSS NEW MEXICO. STRONGEST WINDS WILL BE OVER THE

WESTERN MOUNTAINS...CENTRAL MOUNTAIN CHAIN...ONTO THE EASTERN

HIGH PLAINS. WIND SPEEDS WILL TAPER OFF GRADUALLY BY MID EVENING

BUT REMAIN GUSTY OVERNIGHT. A COLD FRONT PLUNGING FROM THE FOUR

CORNERS TO THE SOUTHEAST CORNER OF THE STATE ON TUESDAY WILL SET

UP ANOTHER WINDY DAY...ESPECIALLY FROM THE CENTRAL MOUNTAIN CHAIN

EAST TO THE TEXAS BORDER. WIND SPEEDS WILL GRADUALLY DECREASE

TUESDAY EVENING TO EASE THE HIGH WIND DANGER.

NMZ512>515-522-523-527>529-052200-

/O.CON.KABQ.HW.W.0005.100405T1900Z-100406T0300Z/

/O.CON.KABQ.HW.A.0005.100406T1800Z-100407T0300Z/

WEST SLOPES SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINSNORTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS ABOVE 9500 FEET/RED RIVERSOUTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS ABOVE 9500 FEETEAST SLOPES SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS-ESTANCIA VALLEYCENTRAL HIGHLANDS-RATON RIDGE/JOHNSON MESAFAR NORTHEAST HIGHLANDS-NORTHEAST HIGHLANDS1143 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS

EVENING...

...HIGH WIND WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY AFTERNOON

THROUGH TUESDAY EVENING...

A HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS

EVENING. A HIGH WIND WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY

AFTERNOON THROUGH TUESDAY EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES THE SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS...

 PORTIONS OF THE CENTRAL MOUNTAIN CHAIN... AND ADJACENT PLAINS.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH...WITH GUSTS TO 60 MPH.

 EXPECT LOCALLY STRONGER WINDS OVER SUMMITS AND THROUGH GAPS.
B-40

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE MIDDAY

 HOURS...WITH THE STRONGEST WINDS EXPECTED BY MID AFTERNOON.

 WINDS WILL DECREASE BY MID EVENING...BUT WILL REMAIN GUSTY

 THROUGH TONIGHT. STRONG WINDS WILL REDEVELOP BY TUESDAY

 AFTERNOON AND CONTINUE INTO TUESDAY EVENING BEFORE TAPERING OFF

 BEFORE MIDNIGHT.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES BELOW 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST...ESPECIALLY OVER THE NORTHEAST HIGHLANDS.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS...

 INCLUDING INTERSTATE 25 FROM GLORIETA PASS TO THE COLORADO

 LINE. DRIVING WILL BE DIFFICULT ESPECIALLY IN HIGH PROFILE AND

 LARGE VEHICLES. UNSECURED OR HIGH PROFILE OBJECTS WILL SHIFT

 AND MAY BECOME AIRBORNE. ELECTRICAL POWER COULD BE

 INTERRUPTED.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS DAMAGING WINDS ARE IMMINENT

OR HIGHLY LIKELY. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR

GUSTS OF 58 MPH OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE.

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR A

POTENTIALLY DAMAGING HIGH WIND EVENT IN AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH

AREA. MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS AT WEATHER.GOV/ABQ...LISTEN TO

NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR FAVORITE MEDIA OUTLET.

&&

$$

NMZ502-505-506-508-052200-

/O.CON.KABQ.HW.W.0005.100405T1800Z-100406T0300Z/

CHUSKA MOUNTAINS-WEST CENTRAL PLATEAU-WEST CENTRAL MOUNTAINSSOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS1143 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS

EVENING...

A HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS

EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES THE WESTERN HIGHLANDS AND MOUNTAINS.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF 60 MPH.

 EXPECT LOCALLY STRONGER WINDS OVER SUMMITS AND HILLTOPS AND

 THROUGH GAPS.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE

 MORNING...WITH THE STRONGEST WINDS EXPECTED BY MID AFTERNOON.

 WINDS WILL DECREASE BY MID EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT POOR VISIBILITIES BELOW 1 MILE IN BLOWING

 DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS

 INCLUDING INTERSTATE 40 FROM THE ARIZONA LINE TO GRANTS.

 DRIVING WILL BE DIFFICULT...ESPECIALLY IN HIGH PROFILE AND

 LARGE VEHICLES. UNSECURED OR HIGH PROFILE OBJECTS WILL SHIFT

 AND MAY BECOME AIRBORNE. ELECTRICAL POWER COULD BE

 INTERRUPTED.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS DAMAGING WINDS ARE IMMINENT

OR HIGHLY LIKELY. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR

GUSTS OF 58 MPH OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE.

&&

$$
B-41

NMZ521-526-052200-

/O.CON.KABQ.HW.W.0005.100405T1900Z-100406T0300Z/

SANDIA/MANZANO MOUNTAINS-SOUTH CENTRAL MOUNTAINS1143 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS

EVENING...

A HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS

EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES THE SANDIA AND MANZANO MOUNTAINS...

 AND THE SOUTH CENTRAL MOUNTAINS OF LINCOLN COUNTY.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH...WITH GUSTS TO 60 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE MIDDAY

 HOURS...WITH THE STRONGEST WINDS EXPECTED BY MID AFTERNOON.

 WINDS WILL DECREASE BY MID EVENING...BUT WILL REMAIN GUSTY

 THROUGH TONIGHT.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES BELOW 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS...

 INCLUDING INTERSTATE 40 FROM TIJERAS TO MORIARTY...AND ACROSS

 HIGHWAYS 70 AND 380...AND HIGHWAY 54 IN LINCOLN COUNTY.

 DRIVING WILL BE DIFFICULT ESPECIALLY IN HIGH PROFILE AND LARGE

 VEHICLES. UNSECURED OR HIGH PROFILE OBJECTS WILL SHIFT AND MAY

 BECOME AIRBORNE. ELECTRICAL POWER COULD BE INTERRUPTED.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS DAMAGING WINDS ARE IMMINENT

OR HIGHLY LIKELY. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR

GUSTS OF 58 MPH OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE.

&&

$$

NMZ524-052200-

/O.CON.KABQ.WI.Y.0014.100405T1800Z-100406T0300Z/

/O.CON.KABQ.HW.A.0005.100406T1800Z-100407T0300Z/

SOUTH CENTRAL HIGHLANDS1143 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING...

...HIGH WIND WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY AFTERNOON

THROUGH TUESDAY EVENING...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING. A

HIGH WIND WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES THE SOUTH CENTRAL HIGHLANDS OF

 LINCOLN...TORRANCE AND SOCORRO COUNTIES.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 35 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF

 45 TO 55 MPH DEVELOPING BY AFTERNOON. ON TUESDAY...EXPECT

 SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH WITH GUSTS TO 60 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE

 MIDDAY HOURS WITH THE STRONGEST WINDS EXPECTED BY MID AFTERNOON.

 WINDS WILL DECREASE BY MID EVENING. ON TUESDAY...STRONG WINDS

 WILL REDEVELOP BY EARLY AFTERNOON BEFORE TAPERING OFF BY LATE

 TUESDAY EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES AROUND 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS...

 INCLUDING HIGHWAYS 70 AND 380 ACROSS LINCOLN COUNTY. WINDS
B-42

 WILL BE STRONG ENOUGH TO LIFT LOOSE OBJECTS AND CAUSE POSSIBLE

 LOSS OF CONTROL OF LARGE OR TALL VEHICLES AND BLOW LIGHT OR

 UNSECURED ITEMS AROUND.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

MOTORISTS SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION WHILE TRAVELING. SUDDEN GUSTS

OF WIND MAY CAUSE YOU TO LOSE CONTROL OF YOUR VEHICLE. EXTRA

ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO CROSS WINDS.

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR A

POTENTIALLY DAMAGING HIGH WIND EVENT IN AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH

AREA. MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS AT WEATHER.GOV/ABQ...LISTEN TO

NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR FAVORITE MEDIA OUTLET.

&&

$$

NMZ530>540-052200-

/O.CON.KABQ.WI.Y.0014.100405T1900Z-100406T0300Z/

/O.CON.KABQ.HW.A.0005.100406T1800Z-100407T0300Z/

UNION COUNTY-HARDING COUNTY-EASTERN SAN MIGUEL COUNTYGUADALUPE COUNTY-QUAY COUNTY-CURRY COUNTY-ROOSEVELT COUNTYDE BACA COUNTY-CHAVES COUNTY PLAINS-EASTERN LINCOLN COUNTYSOUTHWEST CHAVES COUNTY1143 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING...

...HIGH WIND WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY AFTERNOON

THROUGH TUESDAY EVENING...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING. A

HIGH WIND WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES PORTIONS OF THE EASTERN PLAINS.

* WINDS...EXPECT SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 35 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF 45 TO

 55 MPH. ON TUESDAY...EXPECT SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH WITH GUSTS

 TO 60 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE

 MIDDAY HOURS WITH THE STRONGEST WINDS EXPECTED BY MID AFTERNOON.

 WINDS WILL DECREASE BY MID EVENING. ON TUESDAY...STRONG WINDS

 WILL REDEVELOP BY AFTERNOON BEFORE TAPERING OFF BY LATE

 EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES AROUND 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS 64 AND

 87...HIGHWAY 56...HIGHWAY 60...AND HIGHWAY 285. WINDS WILL BE

 STRONG ENOUGH TO LIFT LOOSE OBJECTS AND CAUSE POSSIBLE LOSS OF

 CONTROL OF LARGE OR TALL VEHICLES AND BLOW LIGHT OR UNSECURED

 ITEMS AROUND.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

MOTORISTS SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION WHILE TRAVELING. SUDDEN GUSTS

OF WIND MAY CAUSE YOU TO LOSE CONTROL OF YOUR VEHICLE. EXTRA

ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO CROSS WINDS.

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR A

POTENTIALLY DAMAGING HIGH WIND EVENT IN AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH

AREA. MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS AT WEATHER.GOV/ABQ...LISTEN TO

NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR FAVORITE MEDIA OUTLET.

&&

$$

NMZ501-503-504-507-509>511-516>520-525-052200-
B-43

/O.CON.KABQ.WI.Y.0014.100405T1800Z-100406T0300Z/

NORTHWEST PLATEAU-FAR NORTHWEST HIGHLANDS-NORTHWEST HIGHLANDSWEST CENTRAL HIGHLANDS-SAN FRANCISCO RIVER VALLEYSAN JUAN MOUNTAINS-JEMEZ MOUNTAINS-UPPER RIO GRANDE VALLEYLOWER CHAMA RIVER VALLEY-SANTA FE METRO AREAALBUQUERQUE METRO AREA-LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEYUPPER TULAROSA VALLEY1143 AM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES NORTHWEST AND CENTRAL NEW

 MEXICO...INCLUDING THE SANTA FE AND ALBUQUERQUE METRO AREAS.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 35 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF 45 TO 55 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY THROUGH THE MIDDAY

 HOURS WITH THE STRONGEST WINDS EXPECTED BY MID AFTERNOON. WINDS

 WILL DECREASE BY MID EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES AROUND 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS.

 WINDS WILL BE STRONG ENOUGH TO LIFT LOOSE OBJECTS AND CAUSE

 POSSIBLE LOSS OF CONTROL OF LARGE OR TALL VEHICLES AND BLOW

 LIGHT OR UNSECURED ITEMS AROUND.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

MOTORISTS SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION WHILE TRAVELING. SUDDEN GUSTS

OF WIND MAY CAUSE YOU TO LOSE CONTROL OF YOUR VEHICLE. EXTRA

ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO CROSS WINDS.

&&

$$

40

WWUS75 KABQ 052129

NPWABQ

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE ALBUQUERQUE NM

329 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...STRONG WINDS ACROSS NEW MEXICO INTO THIS EVENING...WITH STRONG

WINDS AGAIN OVER CENTRAL AND EASTERN NEW MEXICO ON TUESDAY...

.A PACIFIC STORM SYSTEM WILL APPROACH THE FOUR CORNERS AREA LATE

TODAY...AND SWEEP ACROSS NORTHERN NEW MEXICO ON TUESDAY. STRONG

SOUTHWEST WINDS AHEAD OF THIS SYSTEM COMBINED WITH DEEPENING

SURFACE LOW PRESSURE OVER EASTERN COLORADO WILL SUPPORT STRONG

WINDS ACROSS NEW MEXICO THROUGH THIS EVENING. OVER THE HIGHER

PEAKS OF THE CENTRAL MOUNTAIN CHAIN HIGH WINDS WILL CONTINUE

THROUGH THE DAY TUESDAY. WIND SPEEDS WILL TAPER OFF GRADUALLY

ELSEWHERE BY MID EVENING BUT REMAIN GUSTY OVERNIGHT. A COLD FRONT

PLUNGING FROM THE FOUR CORNERS TO THE SOUTHEAST CORNER OF THE

STATE ON TUESDAY WILL SET UP ANOTHER WINDY DAY...ESPECIALLY FROM

THE CENTRAL MOUNTAIN CHAIN EAST TO THE TEXAS BORDER. WIND SPEEDS

WILL GRADUALLY DECREASE TUESDAY EVENING TO EASE THE HIGH WIND

DANGER.

NMZ512>514-060300-

/O.CAN.KABQ.HW.A.0005.100406T1800Z-100407T0300Z/

/O.EXT.KABQ.HW.W.0005.000000T0000Z-100407T0000Z/

WEST SLOPES SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS-
B-44

NORTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS ABOVE 9500 FEET/RED RIVERSOUTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS ABOVE 9500 FEET329 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING NOW IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM MDT TUESDAY...

...HIGH WIND WATCH FOR TUESDAY IS CANCELLED...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN ALBUQUERQUE HAS CANCELLED THE

HIGH WIND WATCH. THE HIGH WIND WARNING IS NOW IN EFFECT UNTIL

6 PM MDT TUESDAY.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES THE SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS EXCEPT

 ALONG THE EAST SLOPES.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 45 MPH...WITH GUSTS TO 60 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE TONIGHT AND CONTINUE STRONG

 THROUGH THE DAY ON TUESDAY BEFORE DIMINISHING TUESDAY EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES BELOW 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST...ESPECIALLY OVER THE NORTHEAST HIGHLANDS.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS.

 DRIVING WILL BE DIFFICULT ESPECIALLY IN HIGH PROFILE AND LARGE

 VEHICLES. UNSECURED OR HIGH PROFILE OBJECTS WILL SHIFT AND MAY

 BECOME AIRBORNE. ELECTRICAL POWER COULD BE INTERRUPTED.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR A

POTENTIALLY DAMAGING HIGH WIND EVENT IN AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH

AREA. MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS AT WEATHER.GOV/ABQ...LISTEN TO

NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR FAVORITE MEDIA OUTLET.

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS DAMAGING WINDS ARE IMMINENT

OR HIGHLY LIKELY. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR

GUSTS OF 58 MPH OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE.

&&

$$

NMZ521-526-060300-

/O.EXT.KABQ.HW.W.0005.000000T0000Z-100407T0000Z/

SANDIA/MANZANO MOUNTAINS-SOUTH CENTRAL MOUNTAINS329 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING NOW IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM MDT TUESDAY...

THE HIGH WIND WARNING IS NOW IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM MDT TUESDAY.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES THE SANDIA AND MANZANO MOUNTAINS...

 AND THE SOUTH CENTRAL MOUNTAINS OF LINCOLN COUNTY.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH...WITH GUSTS TO 60 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY TONIGHT AND CONTINUE

 STRONG THROUGH TUESDAY AFTERNOON...BEFORE DIMINISHING TUESDAY

 EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES BELOW 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS...

 INCLUDING INTERSTATE 40 FROM TIJERAS TO EDGEWOOD. DRIVING WILL

 BE DIFFICULT ESPECIALLY IN HIGH PROFILE AND LARGE VEHICLES.

 UNSECURED OR HIGH PROFILE OBJECTS WILL SHIFT AND MAY BECOME

 AIRBORNE. ELECTRICAL POWER COULD BE INTERRUPTED.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS DAMAGING WINDS ARE IMMINENT

OR HIGHLY LIKELY. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR

GUSTS OF 58 MPH OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE.

&&

$$
B-45

NMZ515-522-523-527>529-060300-

/O.EXT.KABQ.HW.A.0005.100406T1200Z-100407T0200Z/

/O.CON.KABQ.HW.W.0005.000000T0000Z-100406T0300Z/

EAST SLOPES SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS-ESTANCIA VALLEYCENTRAL HIGHLANDS-RATON RIDGE/JOHNSON MESAFAR NORTHEAST HIGHLANDS-NORTHEAST HIGHLANDS329 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS

EVENING...

...HIGH WIND WATCH NOW IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY MORNING THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING...

THE HIGH WIND WATCH IS NOW IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY MORNING THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING. A HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM

MDT THIS EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES THE EAST SLOPES SANGRE DE CRISTO

 MOUNTAINS...THE ESTANCIA VALLEY...CENTRAL HIGHLANDS AND

 NORTHEAST HIGH TERRAIN.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH...WITH GUSTS TO 60 MPH THROUGH

 9 PM.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL STRONG INTO THE EARLY EVENING HOURS

 BEFORE THEY DECREASE BY MID EVENING. WINDS WILL REMAIN GUSTY

 THROUGH TONIGHT. STRONG WINDS WILL REDEVELOP BY TUESDAY

 AFTERNOON AND CONTINUE INTO TUESDAY EVENING BEFORE TAPERING OFF

 BEFORE MIDNIGHT.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES BELOW 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST...ESPECIALLY OVER THE NORTHEAST HIGHLANDS.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS...

 INCLUDING INTERSTATE 25. DRIVING WILL BE DIFFICULT ESPECIALLY

 IN HIGH PROFILE AND LARGE VEHICLES. UNSECURED OR HIGH PROFILE

 OBJECTS WILL SHIFT AND MAY BECOME AIRBORNE. ELECTRICAL POWER

 COULD BE INTERRUPTED.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS DAMAGING WINDS ARE IMMINENT

OR HIGHLY LIKELY. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR

GUSTS OF 58 MPH OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE.

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR A

POTENTIALLY DAMAGING HIGH WIND EVENT IN AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH

AREA. MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS AT WEATHER.GOV/ABQ...LISTEN TO

NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR FAVORITE MEDIA OUTLET.

&&

$$

NMZ502-505-506-508-060300-

/O.CON.KABQ.HW.W.0005.000000T0000Z-100406T0300Z/

CHUSKA MOUNTAINS-WEST CENTRAL PLATEAU-WEST CENTRAL MOUNTAINSSOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS329 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS

EVENING...

A HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS

EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES THE WESTERN HIGHLANDS AND MOUNTAINS.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF 60 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL CONTINUE STRONG THROUGH LATE AFTERNOON

 BEFORE THEY DECREASE BY MID EVENING.
B-46

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT POOR VISIBILITIES BELOW 1 MILE IN BLOWING

 DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS

 INCLUDING INTERSTATE 40 FROM THE ARIZONA LINE TO GRANTS.

 DRIVING WILL BE DIFFICULT...ESPECIALLY IN HIGH PROFILE AND

 LARGE VEHICLES. UNSECURED OR HIGH PROFILE OBJECTS WILL SHIFT

 AND MAY BECOME AIRBORNE. ELECTRICAL POWER COULD BE

 INTERRUPTED.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS DAMAGING WINDS ARE IMMINENT

OR HIGHLY LIKELY. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR

GUSTS OF 58 MPH OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE.

&&

$$

NMZ524-060300-

/O.EXT.KABQ.HW.A.0005.100406T1200Z-100407T0200Z/

/O.CON.KABQ.WI.Y.0014.000000T0000Z-100406T0300Z/

SOUTH CENTRAL HIGHLANDS329 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING...

...HIGH WIND WATCH NOW IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY MORNING THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING...

THE HIGH WIND WATCH IS NOW IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY MORNING THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING. A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT

THIS EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES THE SOUTH CENTRAL HIGHLANDS OF

 LINCOLN...TORRANCE AND SOCORRO COUNTIES.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS OF 35 MPH...WITH GUSTS TO 50 MPH.Irs10nomore

ON

 TUESDAY...EXPECT SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH WITH GUSTS TO 60 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL STRONG THROUGH LATE AFTERNOON.

 WINDS WILL DECREASE BY MID EVENING. ON TUESDAY...STRONG WINDS

 WILL REDEVELOP BY EARLY AFTERNOON BEFORE TAPERING OFF BY LATE

 TUESDAY EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES AROUND 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS...INCLUDING

 HIGHWAYS 70 AND 380 ACROSS LINCOLN COUNTY. WINDS WILL BE STRONG

 ENOUGH TO LIFT LOOSE OBJECTS AND CAUSE POSSIBLE LOSS OF CONTROL

 OF LARGE OR TALL VEHICLES AND BLOW LIGHT OR UNSECURED ITEMS

 AROUND.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

MOTORISTS SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION WHILE TRAVELING. SUDDEN GUSTS

OF WIND MAY CAUSE YOU TO LOSE CONTROL OF YOUR VEHICLE. EXTRA

ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO CROSS WINDS.

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR A

POTENTIALLY DAMAGING HIGH WIND EVENT IN AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH

AREA. MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS AT WEATHER.GOV/ABQ...LISTEN TO

NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR FAVORITE MEDIA OUTLET.

&&

$$

NMZ530>540-060300-

/O.EXT.KABQ.HW.A.0005.100406T1200Z-100407T0200Z/

/O.CON.KABQ.WI.Y.0014.000000T0000Z-100406T0300Z/
B-47

UNION COUNTY-HARDING COUNTY-EASTERN SAN MIGUEL COUNTYGUADALUPE COUNTY-QUAY COUNTY-CURRY COUNTY-ROOSEVELT COUNTYDE BACA COUNTY-CHAVES COUNTY PLAINS-EASTERN LINCOLN COUNTYSOUTHWEST CHAVES COUNTY329 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING...

...HIGH WIND WATCH NOW IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY MORNING THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING...

THE HIGH WIND WATCH IS NOW IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY MORNING THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING. A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT

THIS EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES PORTIONS OF THE EASTERN PLAINS.

* WINDS...EXPECT SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 35 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF 5O MPH.

 ON TUESDAY...EXPECT SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH WITH GUSTS TO 60

 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL CONTINUE STRONG THROUGH LATE AFTERNOON.

 WINDS WILL DECREASE BY MID EVENING. ON TUESDAY...STRONG WINDS

 WILL REDEVELOP BY AFTERNOON BEFORE TAPERING OFF BY LATE EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES AROUND 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS. WINDS WILL BE

 STRONG ENOUGH TO LIFT LOOSE OBJECTS AND CAUSE POSSIBLE LOSS OF

 CONTROL OF LARGE OR TALL VEHICLES AND BLOW LIGHT OR UNSECURED

 ITEMS AROUND.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

MOTORISTS SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION WHILE TRAVELING. SUDDEN GUSTS

OF WIND MAY CAUSE YOU TO LOSE CONTROL OF YOUR VEHICLE. EXTRA

ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO CROSS WINDS.

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR A

POTENTIALLY DAMAGING HIGH WIND EVENT IN AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH

AREA. MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS AT WEATHER.GOV/ABQ...LISTEN TO

NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR FAVORITE MEDIA OUTLET.

&&

$$

NMZ501-503-504-507-509>511-516>520-525-060300-

/O.CON.KABQ.WI.Y.0014.000000T0000Z-100406T0300Z/

NORTHWEST PLATEAU-FAR NORTHWEST HIGHLANDS-NORTHWEST HIGHLANDSWEST CENTRAL HIGHLANDS-SAN FRANCISCO RIVER VALLEYSAN JUAN MOUNTAINS-JEMEZ MOUNTAINS-UPPER RIO GRANDE VALLEYLOWER CHAMA RIVER VALLEY-SANTA FE METRO AREAALBUQUERQUE METRO AREA-LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEYUPPER TULAROSA VALLEY329 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES NORTHWEST AND CENTRAL NEW MEXICO...

 INCLUDING THE SANTA FE AND ALBUQUERQUE METRO AREAS.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 35 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF 45 TO 55 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL REMAIN STRONG THROUGH LATE AFTERNOON.

 WINDS WILL DECREASE BY MID EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES AROUND 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS.

 WINDS WILL BE STRONG ENOUGH TO LIFT LOOSE OBJECTS AND CAUSE
B-48

 POSSIBLE LOSS OF CONTROL OF LARGE OR TALL VEHICLES AND BLOW

 LIGHT OR UNSECURED ITEMS AROUND.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

MOTORISTS SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION WHILE TRAVELING. SUDDEN GUSTS

OF WIND MAY CAUSE YOU TO LOSE CONTROL OF YOUR VEHICLE. EXTRA

ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO CROSS WINDS.

&&

$$

40

WWUS75 KABQ 052129

NPWABQ

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE ALBUQUERQUE NM

329 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...STRONG WINDS ACROSS NEW MEXICO INTO THIS EVENING...WITH STRONG

WINDS AGAIN OVER CENTRAL AND EASTERN NEW MEXICO ON TUESDAY...

.A PACIFIC STORM SYSTEM WILL APPROACH THE FOUR CORNERS AREA LATE

TODAY...AND SWEEP ACROSS NORTHERN NEW MEXICO ON TUESDAY. STRONG

SOUTHWEST WINDS AHEAD OF THIS SYSTEM COMBINED WITH DEEPENING

SURFACE LOW PRESSURE OVER EASTERN COLORADO WILL SUPPORT STRONG

WINDS ACROSS NEW MEXICO THROUGH THIS EVENING. OVER THE HIGHER

PEAKS OF THE CENTRAL MOUNTAIN CHAIN HIGH WINDS WILL CONTINUE

THROUGH THE DAY TUESDAY. WIND SPEEDS WILL TAPER OFF GRADUALLY

ELSEWHERE BY MID EVENING BUT REMAIN GUSTY OVERNIGHT. A COLD FRONT

PLUNGING FROM THE FOUR CORNERS TO THE SOUTHEAST CORNER OF THE

STATE ON TUESDAY WILL SET UP ANOTHER WINDY DAY...ESPECIALLY FROM

THE CENTRAL MOUNTAIN CHAIN EAST TO THE TEXAS BORDER. WIND SPEEDS

WILL GRADUALLY DECREASE TUESDAY EVENING TO EASE THE HIGH WIND

DANGER.

NMZ512>514-060300-

/O.CAN.KABQ.HW.A.0005.100406T1800Z-100407T0300Z/

/O.EXT.KABQ.HW.W.0005.000000T0000Z-100407T0000Z/

WEST SLOPES SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINSNORTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS ABOVE 9500 FEET/RED RIVERSOUTHERN SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS ABOVE 9500 FEET329 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING NOW IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM MDT TUESDAY...

...HIGH WIND WATCH FOR TUESDAY IS CANCELLED...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN ALBUQUERQUE HAS CANCELLED THE

HIGH WIND WATCH. THE HIGH WIND WARNING IS NOW IN EFFECT UNTIL

6 PM MDT TUESDAY.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES THE SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS EXCEPT

 ALONG THE EAST SLOPES.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 45 MPH...WITH GUSTS TO 60 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE TONIGHT AND CONTINUE STRONG

 THROUGH THE DAY ON TUESDAY BEFORE DIMINISHING TUESDAY EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES BELOW 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST...ESPECIALLY OVER THE NORTHEAST HIGHLANDS.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS.

 DRIVING WILL BE DIFFICULT ESPECIALLY IN HIGH PROFILE AND LARGE

 VEHICLES. UNSECURED OR HIGH PROFILE OBJECTS WILL SHIFT AND MAY

 BECOME AIRBORNE. ELECTRICAL POWER COULD BE INTERRUPTED.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...
B-49

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR A

POTENTIALLY DAMAGING HIGH WIND EVENT IN AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH

AREA. MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS AT WEATHER.GOV/ABQ...LISTEN TO

NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR FAVORITE MEDIA OUTLET.

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS DAMAGING WINDS ARE IMMINENT

OR HIGHLY LIKELY. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR

GUSTS OF 58 MPH OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE.

&&

$$

NMZ521-526-060300-

/O.EXT.KABQ.HW.W.0005.000000T0000Z-100407T0000Z/

SANDIA/MANZANO MOUNTAINS-SOUTH CENTRAL MOUNTAINS329 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING NOW IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM MDT TUESDAY...

THE HIGH WIND WARNING IS NOW IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM MDT TUESDAY.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES THE SANDIA AND MANZANO MOUNTAINS...

 AND THE SOUTH CENTRAL MOUNTAINS OF LINCOLN COUNTY.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH...WITH GUSTS TO 60 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL INCREASE STEADILY TONIGHT AND CONTINUE

 STRONG THROUGH TUESDAY AFTERNOON...BEFORE DIMINISHING TUESDAY

 EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES BELOW 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS...

 INCLUDING INTERSTATE 40 FROM TIJERAS TO EDGEWOOD. DRIVING WILL

 BE DIFFICULT ESPECIALLY IN HIGH PROFILE AND LARGE VEHICLES.

 UNSECURED OR HIGH PROFILE OBJECTS WILL SHIFT AND MAY BECOME

 AIRBORNE. ELECTRICAL POWER COULD BE INTERRUPTED.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS DAMAGING WINDS ARE IMMINENT

OR HIGHLY LIKELY. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR

GUSTS OF 58 MPH OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE.

&&

$$

NMZ515-522-523-527>529-060300-

/O.EXT.KABQ.HW.A.0005.100406T1200Z-100407T0200Z/

/O.CON.KABQ.HW.W.0005.000000T0000Z-100406T0300Z/

EAST SLOPES SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS-ESTANCIA VALLEYCENTRAL HIGHLANDS-RATON RIDGE/JOHNSON MESAFAR NORTHEAST HIGHLANDS-NORTHEAST HIGHLANDS329 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS

EVENING...

...HIGH WIND WATCH NOW IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY MORNING THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING...

THE HIGH WIND WATCH IS NOW IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY MORNING THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING. A HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM

MDT THIS EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES THE EAST SLOPES SANGRE DE CRISTO

 MOUNTAINS...THE ESTANCIA VALLEY...CENTRAL HIGHLANDS AND

 NORTHEAST HIGH TERRAIN.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH...WITH GUSTS TO 60 MPH THROUGH

 9 PM.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL STRONG INTO THE EARLY EVENING HOURS
B-50

 BEFORE THEY DECREASE BY MID EVENING. WINDS WILL REMAIN GUSTY

 THROUGH TONIGHT. STRONG WINDS WILL REDEVELOP BY TUESDAY

 AFTERNOON AND CONTINUE INTO TUESDAY EVENING BEFORE TAPERING OFF

 BEFORE MIDNIGHT.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES BELOW 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST...ESPECIALLY OVER THE NORTHEAST HIGHLANDS.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS...

 INCLUDING INTERSTATE 25. DRIVING WILL BE DIFFICULT ESPECIALLY

 IN HIGH PROFILE AND LARGE VEHICLES. UNSECURED OR HIGH PROFILE

 OBJECTS WILL SHIFT AND MAY BECOME AIRBORNE. ELECTRICAL POWER

 COULD BE INTERRUPTED.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS DAMAGING WINDS ARE IMMINENT

OR HIGHLY LIKELY. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR

GUSTS OF 58 MPH OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE.

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR A

POTENTIALLY DAMAGING HIGH WIND EVENT IN AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH

AREA. MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS AT WEATHER.GOV/ABQ...LISTEN TO

NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR FAVORITE MEDIA OUTLET.

&&

$$

NMZ502-505-506-508-060300-

/O.CON.KABQ.HW.W.0005.000000T0000Z-100406T0300Z/

CHUSKA MOUNTAINS-WEST CENTRAL PLATEAU-WEST CENTRAL MOUNTAINSSOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS329 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS

EVENING...

A HIGH WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS

EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES THE WESTERN HIGHLANDS AND MOUNTAINS.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF 60 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL CONTINUE STRONG THROUGH LATE AFTERNOON

 BEFORE THEY DECREASE BY MID EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT POOR VISIBILITIES BELOW 1 MILE IN BLOWING

 DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS

 INCLUDING INTERSTATE 40 FROM THE ARIZONA LINE TO GRANTS.

 DRIVING WILL BE DIFFICULT...ESPECIALLY IN HIGH PROFILE AND

 LARGE VEHICLES. UNSECURED OR HIGH PROFILE OBJECTS WILL SHIFT

 AND MAY BECOME AIRBORNE. ELECTRICAL POWER COULD BE

 INTERRUPTED.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WARNING MEANS DAMAGING WINDS ARE IMMINENT

OR HIGHLY LIKELY. SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF AT LEAST 40 MPH OR

GUSTS OF 58 MPH OR MORE CAN LEAD TO PROPERTY DAMAGE.

&&

$$

NMZ524-060300-

/O.EXT.KABQ.HW.A.0005.100406T1200Z-100407T0200Z/

/O.CON.KABQ.WI.Y.0014.000000T0000Z-100406T0300Z/

SOUTH CENTRAL HIGHLANDS329 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING...
B-51

...HIGH WIND WATCH NOW IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY MORNING THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING...

THE HIGH WIND WATCH IS NOW IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY MORNING THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING. A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT

THIS EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES THE SOUTH CENTRAL HIGHLANDS OF

 LINCOLN...TORRANCE AND SOCORRO COUNTIES.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS OF 35 MPH...WITH GUSTS TO 50 MPH. ON

 TUESDAY...EXPECT SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH WITH GUSTS TO 60 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL STRONG THROUGH LATE AFTERNOON.

 WINDS WILL DECREASE BY MID EVENING. ON TUESDAY...STRONG WINDS

 WILL REDEVELOP BY EARLY AFTERNOON BEFORE TAPERING OFF BY LATE

 TUESDAY EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES AROUND 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS...INCLUDING

 HIGHWAYS 70 AND 380 ACROSS LINCOLN COUNTY. WINDS WILL BE STRONG

 ENOUGH TO LIFT LOOSE OBJECTS AND CAUSE POSSIBLE LOSS OF CONTROL

 OF LARGE OR TALL VEHICLES AND BLOW LIGHT OR UNSECURED ITEMS

 AROUND.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

MOTORISTS SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION WHILE TRAVELING. SUDDEN GUSTS

OF WIND MAY CAUSE YOU TO LOSE CONTROL OF YOUR VEHICLE. EXTRA

ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO CROSS WINDS.

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR A

POTENTIALLY DAMAGING HIGH WIND EVENT IN AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH

AREA. MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS AT WEATHER.GOV/ABQ...LISTEN TO

NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR FAVORITE MEDIA OUTLET.

&&

$$

NMZ530>540-060300-

/O.EXT.KABQ.HW.A.0005.100406T1200Z-100407T0200Z/

/O.CON.KABQ.WI.Y.0014.000000T0000Z-100406T0300Z/

UNION COUNTY-HARDING COUNTY-EASTERN SAN MIGUEL COUNTYGUADALUPE COUNTY-QUAY COUNTY-CURRY COUNTY-ROOSEVELT COUNTYDE BACA COUNTY-CHAVES COUNTY PLAINS-EASTERN LINCOLN COUNTYSOUTHWEST CHAVES COUNTY329 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING...

...HIGH WIND WATCH NOW IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY MORNING THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING...

THE HIGH WIND WATCH IS NOW IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY MORNING THROUGH

TUESDAY EVENING. A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT

THIS EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES PORTIONS OF THE EASTERN PLAINS.

* WINDS...EXPECT SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 35 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF 5O MPH.

 ON TUESDAY...EXPECT SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 40 MPH WITH GUSTS TO 60

 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL CONTINUE STRONG THROUGH LATE AFTERNOON.

 WINDS WILL DECREASE BY MID EVENING. ON TUESDAY...STRONG WINDS

 WILL REDEVELOP BY AFTERNOON BEFORE TAPERING OFF BY LATE EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES AROUND 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS. WINDS WILL BE
B-52

 STRONG ENOUGH TO LIFT LOOSE OBJECTS AND CAUSE POSSIBLE LOSS OF

 CONTROL OF LARGE OR TALL VEHICLES AND BLOW LIGHT OR UNSECURED

 ITEMS AROUND.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

MOTORISTS SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION WHILE TRAVELING. SUDDEN GUSTS

OF WIND MAY CAUSE YOU TO LOSE CONTROL OF YOUR VEHICLE. EXTRA

ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO CROSS WINDS.

REMEMBER...A HIGH WIND WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR A

POTENTIALLY DAMAGING HIGH WIND EVENT IN AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH

AREA. MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS AT WEATHER.GOV/ABQ...LISTEN TO

NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR FAVORITE MEDIA OUTLET.

&&

$$

NMZ501-503-504-507-509>511-516>520-525-060300-

/O.CON.KABQ.WI.Y.0014.000000T0000Z-100406T0300Z/

NORTHWEST PLATEAU-FAR NORTHWEST HIGHLANDS-NORTHWEST HIGHLANDSWEST CENTRAL HIGHLANDS-SAN FRANCISCO RIVER VALLEYSAN JUAN MOUNTAINS-JEMEZ MOUNTAINS-UPPER RIO GRANDE VALLEYLOWER CHAMA RIVER VALLEY-SANTA FE METRO AREAALBUQUERQUE METRO AREA-LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEYUPPER TULAROSA VALLEY329 PM MDT MON APR 5 2010

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING...

A WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 PM MDT THIS EVENING.

* LOCATION...THIS INCLUDES NORTHWEST AND CENTRAL NEW MEXICO...

 INCLUDING THE SANTA FE AND ALBUQUERQUE METRO AREAS.

* WINDS...SOUTHWEST WINDS TO 35 MPH...WITH GUSTS OF 45 TO 55 MPH.

* TIMING...WIND SPEEDS WILL REMAIN STRONG THROUGH LATE AFTERNOON.

 WINDS WILL DECREASE BY MID EVENING.

* VISIBILITY...EXPECT LOCALLY REDUCED VISIBILITIES AROUND 1 MILE

 IN BLOWING DUST.

* LOCAL IMPACTS...EXPECT STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS ON HIGHWAYS.

 WINDS WILL BE STRONG ENOUGH TO LIFT LOOSE OBJECTS AND CAUSE

 POSSIBLE LOSS OF CONTROL OF LARGE OR TALL VEHICLES AND BLOW

 LIGHT OR UNSECURED ITEMS AROUND.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

MOTORISTS SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION WHILE TRAVELING. SUDDEN GUSTS

OF WIND MAY CAUSE YOU TO LOSE CONTROL OF YOUR VEHICLE. EXTRA

ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO CROSS WINDS.

&&

$$

40
C

Appendix C- Final Natural Events Action Plan For High Wind 

Events, Alamosa, Colorado

FINAL NATURAL EVENTS ACTION PLAN

FOR

HIGH WIND EVENTS

ALAMOSA, COLORADO

CITY OF ALAMOSA,

ALAMOSA COUNTY,

and

COLORADO AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DIVISION

4300 Cherry Creek Drive South

Denver, Colorado 80222-1530

(303) 692-3100

May 2003
ALAMOSA NATURAL EVENTS ACTION PLAN

C-i

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

On March 31 and April 9, 1999 and again on April 18 and December 17, 2000, the monitor 

located in Alamosa, Colorado recorded exceedances of the 24-hour National Ambient Air 

Quality Standard (NAAQS) for PM10 (particulate matter having a nominal aerodynamic diameter 

equal to or less than 10 microns). Each of these exceedances was associated with high winds and 

blowing dust in the Alamosa area. 

Recognizing that certain uncontrollable natural events, such as high winds, wildfires, and 

volcanic/seismic activity can have on the NAAQS, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 

issued a Natural Events Policy (NEP) on May 30, 1996. The NEP sets forth procedures through 

the development of a Natural Events Action Plan (NEAP) for protecting public health in areas 

where the PM10 standard may be violated due to these uncontrollable natural events. The guiding 

principles of the policy are: 

1. Federal, State, and local air quality agencies must protect public health;

2. The public must be informed whenever air quality is unhealthy;

3. All valid ambient air quality data should be submitted to the EPA Aerometric 

Information Retrieval System (AIRS) and made available for public access;

4. Reasonable measures safeguarding public health must be taken regardless of the source 

of PM10 emissions; and,

5. Emission controls should be applied to sources that contribute to exceedances of the PM10

NAAQS when those controls will result in fewer violations of the standards.

In response to Alamosa’s four exceedances of the PM10 NAAQS in 1999 and 2000, the Colorado 

Department of Public Health and Environment’s Air Pollution Control Division (Division), in 

conjunction with the City of Alamosa, Alamosa County, and other agencies developed a NEAP 

for the Alamosa area. The referenced NEAP was developed based on Natural Events Policy that 

calls for states to “develop a NEAP for any area where natural events cause or have caused a 

PM10 NAAQS to be violated within eighteen (18) months of the date of the violation.” April 18, 

2000 was the triggering event for the development of the NEAP. The referenced NEAP was 

developed and submitted to EPA in October 2001. A revised version of the NEAP (including 

U.S. EPA recommendations) was submitted February 2002. A copy of the letter of concurrence 

for these submittals is available in the Appendix. 

The Natural Events Policy also indicates that in attainment areas (such as Alamosa), best 

available control measures (BACM) must be implemented within three (3) years after the 

triggering event. With that, this Final Natural Events Action Plan for Alamosa, Colorado
ALAMOSA NATURAL EVENTS ACTION PLAN

C-ii

includes BACM not identified in the February 2002 submittal and includes additional efforts in 

the community to limit blowing dust and its impacts on public health. 

The Final Natural Events Action Plan also addresses PM10 exceedances experienced in the area 

that have occurred since the December 17, 2000 event. 

The plan provides analysis and documentation of the exceedances as attributable to 

uncontrollable natural events due to unusually high winds. In addition, the NEAP is designed to 

protect public health, educate the public about high wind events; mitigate health impacts on the 

community during future events; and, identify and implement Best Available Control Measures 

(BACM) for anthropogenic sources of windblown dust.
ALAMOSA NATURAL EVENTS ACTION PLAN

C

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ i

Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 

Background ........................................................................................................................ 2

Natural Events Policy ..................................................................................................................... 3

Background ......................................................................................................................... 3

Content ............................................................................................................................... 3

Natural Events Action Plan ......................................................................................................... 5 

Element 1: Documentation & Analysis ............................................................................... 5

Element 2: Public Education Programs .............................................................................. 7

Element 3: Public Notification Program and Health Advisory Program .............................. 9 

Element 4: Determination and Implementation of BACM ..................................................10

Stakeholder Agreements..................................................................................................14

Public Review and Periodic Evaluation...............................................................................19
ALAMOSA NATURAL EVENTS ACTION PLAN

C-1

II. INTRODUCTION

The City of Alamosa is located in Alamosa County in south central Colorado. Situated in the 

San Luis Valley, Alamosa serves as one of the largest cities and the agricultural center for south 

central Colorado. The area surrounding Alamosa consists of gently rolling to nearly level 

uplands where the dominant slopes are less than 3 percent. The climate is generally mild and 

semiarid. Annual precipitation is about 7.5 inches. Summers are considered short and cool, with 

winters long and cold. In winter and spring, windstorms are common, especially in drier years. It 

is due to these high velocity windstorms that Alamosa experiences most of the PM10 problems for 

the area.

Area Map

On March 31 and April 9, 1999 and again on April 18 and December 17, 2000 the PM10 monitor 

located on the roof of Alamosa’s Adams State College recorded exceedances of the primary 24-

hour NAAQS for PM10. The PM10 concentrations of 263 μg/m3, 190 μg/m3, 238 μg/m3, and 217 

μg/m3 respectively, were recorded on these days - as were unusually high wind speeds and little 

or no precipitation. The circumstances surrounding the Alamosa exceedances has provided 

Alamosa
ALAMOSA NATURAL EVENTS ACTION PLAN

C-2

adequate reason for the Division to believe the high wind events and blowing dust have caused 

exceedances of the NAAQS that otherwise would not have occurred. 

As required by the NEP, each of the exceedances was flagged by the Division’s Technical 

Services Program in the AIRS system. The flags appear after the recorded values in AIRS with 

the descriptor code “A” for high winds. According to EPA guidance the type and amount of 

documentation provided for each event should be sufficient to demonstrate that the natural event 

occurred, and that it impacted a particular monitoring site in such a way as to cause the PM10

concentrations measured. This documentation has been previously submitted to EPA.

Recognizing the need to protect public health in areas where PM10 exceeds the NAAQS due to 

natural events such as the unusually high winds, a Natural Events Action Plan has been 

developed for the Alamosa area based on the NEP guidance. This plan outlines specific 

procedures to be taken in response to future high wind events. In short, the purpose of the plan is 

to:

%nDec娠徝ᜀ૾Aug睰଒咈徟NovSepMay Educate the public about the problem;

2. Mitigate health impacts on exposed populations during future events; and

3. Identify and implement Best Available Control Measures (BACM) for anthropogenic 

sources of windblown dust.

A. Background

High winds are common to the southern region of Colorado. Under some conditions, these 

winds are strong enough to lift particulate matter into the air and cause elevated levels of PM10

above the Federal and State standards. Due to observed problems in Alamosa, particulate 

monitoring of total suspended particulate pollution was instituted at the Adams State College 

monitoring site in 1970. In 1989, monitoring for PM10 began. 

More recently, an additional monitoring site has been established in the Alamosa area. 

Specifically, a second PM10 monitor was established at the Alamosa Municipal Building to 

ensure adequate coverage of local air quality monitoring and to ensure protection of public 

health. This monitor, like the first PM10 monitor at Adams State College, operates on an everyday 

sampling protocol. 

Alamosa’s monitoring history shows that the annual PM10 standard of 50 μg/m3 (averaged over 

an annual period) has never been exceeded. The 24-hour PM10 standard of 150 μg/m3 has been 

exceeded on a number of occasions. However, all exceedances have been due to natural events. 

The associated weather conditions on each of the exceedance days conform to a repeated pattern 

of regional high winds and blowing dust. In each case an intense, fast-moving, surface lowpressure system tracked through Colorado. Typically these systems had surface lows that were 
ALAMOSA NATURAL EVENTS ACTION PLAN

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not collocated with a closed upper low or nearly-closed upper level trough. This distinction is 

important because the collocated or vertically “coupled” systems usually bring significant up 

slope snow or rain to the region. The intensity of the lows associated with the PM10 exceedances 

is evident in the average central pressure of 990 mb (corrected to sea level). This value is typical 

of a deep, well-organized system. Such well-organized systems usually generate high winds in 

the vicinity of the low center.

The NEP applies only to emissions caused by natural events that have occurred since January 1, 

1994. Only those high wind events experienced since that time are addressed by this NEAP. 

This submittal includes those exceedances occurring since the previous NEAP submittal as well. 

See table on page 6 for more details of all area exceedances. 

B. The Natural Events Policy

1. Background

On May 30, 1996, EPA issued the Natural Events Policy in a memorandum from Mary D. 

Nichols, Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation. In this memorandum EPA announced its 

new policy for protecting public health when the PM10 NAAQS are violated due to natural 

events. Under this policy three categories of natural events are identified as affecting the PM10

NAAQS: (1) volcanic and seismic activity; (2) wildland fires; and, (3) high wind events. Only 

high wind events will be addressed in this NEAP. 

Based on EPA’s natural events policy high winds are defined as uncontrollable natural events 

under the following conditions: (1) the dust originated from non-anthropogenic sources; or, (2) 

the dust originated from anthropogenic sources controlled with best available control measures 

(BACM). Furthermore, the conditions that create high wind events vary from area to area with 

soil type, precipitation, and the speed of wind gusts.

2. Content

In order for exceedances of the NAAQS to be considered as due to a natural event, a Natural 

Events Action Plan must be developed to address future events. The following is a summary of 

the specific EPA guidance regarding development of a NEAP.

1. Analysis and documentation of the event should show a clear causal relationship between 

the measured exceedance and the natural event. The type and amount of documentation 

provided should be sufficient to demonstrate that the natural event occurred, and that it 

impacted a particular monitoring site in such a way as to cause the PM10 concentrations 

measured.
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2. Establish education programs. Such programs may be designed to educate the public 

about the short-term and long-term harmful effects that high concentrations of PM10 could 

have on their health and inform them that: (a) certain types of natural events affect the air 

quality of the area periodically, (b) a natural event is imminent, and (c) specific actions 

are being taken to minimize the health impacts of events.

3. Minimize public exposure to high concentrations of PM10 through a public notification 

and health advisory program. Programs to minimize public exposure should (a) identify 

the people most at risk, (b) notify the at-risk population that a natural event is imminent 

or currently taking place, (c) suggest actions to be taken by the public to minimize their 

exposure to high concentrations of PM10, and (d) suggest precautions to take if exposure 

cannot be avoided.

4. Abate or minimize appropriate contributing controllable sources of PM10. Programs to 

minimize PM10 emissions for high winds may include: the application of BACM to any 

sources of soil that have been disturbed by anthropogenic activities. The BACM 

application criteria require analysis of the technological and economic feasibility of 

individual control measures on a case-by-case basis. The NEAP should include analyses 

of BACM for contributing sources. If BACM are not defined for the anthropogenic 

sources in question, step 5 listed below is required.

5. Identify, study, and implement practical mitigating measures as necessary. The NEAP 

may include commitments to conduct pilot tests of new emission reduction techniques. 

For example, it may be desirable to test the feasibility and effectiveness of new strategies 

for minimizing sources of windblown dust through pilot programs. The plan must 

include a timely schedule for conducting such studies and implementing measures that 

are technologically and economically feasible.

6. Periodically reevaluate: (a) the conditions causing violations of a PM10 NAAQS in the 

area, (b) the status of implementation of the NEAP, and (c) the adequacy of the actions 

being implemented. The State should reevaluate the NEAP for an area every 5 years at a 

minimum and make appropriate changes to the plan.

7. The NEAP should be developed by the State in conjunction with the stakeholders 

affected by the plan. 

8. The NEAP should be made available for public review and comment and may, but is not 

required, to be adopted as a revision to the State Implementation Plan (SIP) if current SIP 

rules are not revised.

9. The NEAP should be submitted to the EPA for review and comment.
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The following text describes the Alamosa NEAP and its conformance with the above-described 

EPA guidance on natural events.

III. NATURAL EVENTS ACTION PLAN

A. Element 1: Documentation & Analysis

On March 31 and April 9, 1999 and again on April 18 and December 17, 2000, the air quality 

monitor located in Alamosa, Colorado recorded exceedances of the 24-hour National Ambient 

Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for PM10 (Figure 1). Each of these exceedances was associated 

with unusually high winds in the Alamosa area (Table 1).

Figure 1. Recent Alamosa PM10 Concentrations

n.e.- Natural Event

On October 29, 1999 and again on March 30, 2000 the Division submitted documentation to 

EPA Region VIII in support of Alamosa’s most recent exceedances of the PM10 NAAQS due to 

natural events. The documentation contained monitoring data, meteorological data, PM10 filter 

analysis and receptor model results, maps of the area, news accounts of the events and other 

miscellaneous supporting material. On July 3, 2001, EPA concurred that the aforementioned 

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

PM10 concentration (ug/m3)

Alamosa PM10 Concentrations 1991 through 2001

Max. w/n.e. Ann. Avg. w/n.e.

Max. w/o n.e. Ann. Avg. w/o n.e.

Yearly Maximum and Annual Averages with and without natural event concentrations

National Ambient Air Quality Standards:

24-hour Average: 150 ug/m3

Annual Arithmetic Mean: 50 ug/m3
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natural events were, in fact, high wind events (Table 1). The EPA letter of concurrence can be 

found in the Appendix of this NEAP.

More recently (since the February 2002 submittal), several additional exceedances of the PM10

NAAQS have been experienced in the community. These exceedances were recorded at the 

Adams State site only; none have been seen at the recently sited PM10 monitor at the Municipal 

Complex. Details are included in the table below and documentation for these events is on file 

with EPA.

Table 1. Recent 24 Hour PM-10 Values in Alamosa Colorado

EVENT 

Date

PM-10 

Concentration

Details

3/31/99 263 μg/m3 Natural Event- EPA concurrence on July 3, 2001

4/9/99 190 μg/m3 Natural Event- EPA concurrence on July 3, 2001

4/18/00 238 μg/m3 Natural Event- EPA concurrence on July 3, 2001

12/17/00 217 μg/m3 Natural Event- EPA concurrence on July 3, 2001

2/8/02 215 μg/m3 Natural Event Under EPA consideration

2/25/02 182 μg/m3 Natural Event Under EPA consideration

3/23/02 164 μg/m3 Natural Event Under EPA consideration

5/21/02 160 μg/m3

Natural Event Under EPA consideration

Taken together, the supporting documentation establishes a clear, casual relationship between the 

measured exceedances and the natural events as required by the NEP. On the days of Alamosa’s 

PM10 exceedances, unusually high winds and/or wind gusts were experienced over a prolonged 

period of time. For example, meteorological data in and around the area (Trinidad, Colorado) 

demonstrate that on April 18, 2000, maximum wind speeds were over 41 miles per hour and gust 

speeds were as high as nearly 59 miles per hour. Meterological data for the December 18, 2000 

event indicate that gusts were as high as 49 miles per hour in the Alamosa area. Both events were 

coupled with dry periods of weather. 

According to the Natural Events Policy, “the conditions that create high wind events vary from 

area to area with soil type, precipitation and the speed of wind gusts.” Thus, states are to 

determine the conditions that define high winds in an area. Making a precise determination, 

however, is a complex task that requires detailed information on soil moisture, daily wind 

speeds, temperature, and a number of other variables that are not readily available at this time. 

Until such research and/or guidance is available, the Division will use the definition of high 

winds included in the Guideline on the Identification and Use of Air Quality Data Affected by 

Exceptional Events for the Alamosa area. According to this guidance, high winds are defined as: 
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“An hourly wind speed of greater than or equal to 30 mph or gusts equal to or greater than 40 

mph, with no precipitation or only a trace of precipitation.” In all these high wind events, hourly 

wind speeds and/or wind gust data coupled with low precipitation levels meet this high wind 

definition. 

The analysis and documentation of the natural high wind events fulfill Element 1 as described on 

page 3 of this NEAP.

B. Element 2: Public Education Programs

The purpose of this program is to inform and educate the public about the problem. The 

Division has worked with the City of Alamosa, Alamosa County Commissioners, and interested 

stakeholders to educate the public about the problems associated with elevated levels of PM10 in 

the Alamosa area. Several meetings have taken place with the City and County governments to 

discuss these issues and to develop a plan to address future high wind events in Alamosa. 

Elements of the public education program include: informing the public when air quality in the 

area is unhealthy; explaining what the public can expect when high wind events occur; what 

steps will be taken to control dust emissions during future high wind events; and, how to 

minimize the public’s exposure to high concentrations of PM10 during high wind conditions. The 

public notification and education programs will include but are not limited to: 

• An informational and health-related brochure has been and will continue to be distributed 

by the local governments, the Alamosa County Health Nurses, and Alamosa County 

conservation and agricultural extension agencies to sensitive populations (elderly and 

local school districts) as well as the general public. Distribution of the Blowing Dust 

Health Advisory Brochure began in March 2000. A copy of this brochure is available in 

the Appendix. More recent (since the February 2002 submittal of the NEAP) activities 

include: 1) the revision of the area brochure to highlight additional activities in the 

community and make the document more reader friendly; 2) a review of the effectiveness 

of the brochure distribution in the community. The brochure is now available at 

additional sites in the community (e.g., County Land Use office), and; 3) the 

development of a Spanish version of the brochure.

• Beginning in February 2002, blowing dust watches and health advisories are being issued 

by the Alamosa County Public Health Nursing office during the high wind season (see 

Appendix for details). More recent (since the February 2002 submittal of the NEAP) 

activities include: 1) expanding the public education effort to include staff from the 

County Land Use office; 2) meetings with city, county, and local public health nurse to 

devise improved ways to educate/reach the community regarding blowing dust and its 

impacts. 
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• Media press releases for both the print and local radio will be issued in the community as 

needed. More recent (since the February 2002 submittal of the NEAP) activities include: 

1) newspaper articles highlighting the significant impacts of the drought on blowing dust 

in the Alamosa area (e.g., “Biblical Level Help Needed for Drought,” The Denver Post, 

April 22, 2002. This referenced article also highlighted some of the mitigation strategies 

underway to limit impacts), and; 2) identifying possible Public Service Announcement 

outlets for additional outreach into the community and the ongoing development of an 

area press release on the NEAP development and control strategies. 

• Meetings have been held to review the requirements of and local involvement in the 

NEAP. Other meetings will be convened as deemed necessary by State and/or local 

agencies. 

• Advertising at local meetings (e.g. Sunshine Festival - Summer 2003) of ongoing efforts 

to reduce blowing dust and its impacts. This is new effort not part of the February 2002 

submittal.

• Development of a logo/brand to better familiarize area residents to the NEAP and 

components of that plan including the blowing dust advisory. An example of that logo 

can be found on the revised Blowing Dust Health Advisory Brochure, located in the 

Appendix. This is new effort not part of the February 2002 submittal.

• Ongoing development of educational materials to be made available through the 

County’s tax announcement (2004). These educational materials will be distributed in the 

mail alongside tax announcements and are expected to go to all area residents 

(approximately 13,000 notices). Materials are likely to be in both English and Spanish. 

This is new effort not part of the February 2002 submittal.

• The Division in conjunction with the area County Public Health Nurse is revising the 

blowing dust education/notification procedure to highlight public health issues associated 

with blowing dust. 

• Finally, County building inspectors will also educate citizens (home owners and 

contractors) about blowing dust issues and strategies to minimize such. This will be done 

in all construction zones in the county and documented as an item on the inspector’s 

checklist of building issues covered during the permitting process. This is new effort not 

part of the February 2002 submittal.

This section fulfills the requirement of Element 2 as described on page 4. 
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C. Element 3: Public Notification Program and Health Advisory Program

The Blowing Dust Health Advisory program will notify the public that a high wind/blowing dust 

event is imminent or currently taking place, and will include an advisory suggesting what actions 

can be taken to minimize PM10 emissions and exposure to high concentrations of particulate 

matter. 

Advisories are issued by the Alamosa area Public Health Nursing office, with forecasting 

assistance provided by the National Weather Service (Pueblo) and the Colorado Air Pollution 

Control Division. Since 2002, five (5) advisories have been issued locally. The forecasting 

methodology, the public education brochure, and a copy of the text of blowing dust forecasts and 

health advisories are provided in the Appendix.

Alamosa County will be investigating, during 2003, the possibility of modifying the 911 data 

base for reverse notification of sensitive populations during high wind events. This is new 

activity not included in the February 2002 submittal.

Finally, high winds are currently being documented to determine if the Division and the local 

agencies can better address these issues. For example, the Alamosa County Public Health 

Nursing office maintains records of all blowing wind events and the associated notifications. 

Included in this analysis is a rudimentary review of the high wind data to identify patterns of 

events and possible solutions to minimize public exposure. Given the drought conditions 

affecting the Alamosa area over the past several years, no consistent pattern (outside of 

extremely dry conditions and lack of rainfall) has been noted. Nonetheless, the Division is 

committed to continually investigating this issue and improving the advisory as possible. 

Ongoing review of those records will continue to investigate patterns of the exceedances and the 

notifications. This is a new activity that was not part of the February 2002 submittal and 

demonstrates additional efforts by the Division and the local agencies to minimize blowing dust 

and protect public health.

This section fulfills the requirement of Element 3 as described on page 4.
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D. Element 4: Determination and Implementation of BACM

1. BACM Determination

According to the NEP, Best Available Control Measures (BACM) must be implemented for 

anthropogenic sources contributing to NAAQS exceedances in attainment and unclassifiable 

areas, like Alamosa. BACM must be in place for those contributing sources within three years

after the first NAAQS violation attributed to high wind event(s) for sources in the Alamosa area. 

BACM must be in place no later than April 18, 2003. BACM for PM10 are defined (in 59 F.R. 

42010, August 16, 1994) as techniques that achieve the maximum degree of emissions reduction 

from a source as determined on a case-by-case basis considering technological and economic 

feasibility. 

On September 2, 1999 the Division attended several meetings in Alamosa with officials 

representing the City of Alamosa and Alamosa County Commissioners. Discussed were the 

monitoring data, meteorological data, potential contributing sources to the high wind events, the 

development of a NEAP, and possible control measures. In addition, meetings in December 2001 

and February 2002 and numerous correspondences at other times have covered the same. The 

meetings, coupled with the analyses of the supporting documentation, identified two distinct sets 

of circumstances that lead to Alamosa’s high wind/blowing dust exceedances of the PM10

NAAQS: 

10. High concentrations of PM10 caused by a mixture of anthropogenic and nonanthropogenic sources coming largely from outside the area under high wind conditions; 

and,

2. Prolonged climatic conditions of low precipitation over an extended period of time that 

act to dry area soils, making them more susceptible to airborne activity under high wind 

conditions.

Discussions with the community stakeholders also covered local agricultural practices. Alamosa 

County is a predominately agricultural area where a lack of water, coupled with the frequent high 

winds experienced during late fall and early spring, can destroy crops, encourage pests, and 

damage soil surfaces lending them susceptible to wind erosion. 

Other potential contributing sources may include construction sites, wind erosion of open areas, 

paved and unpaved roads, residential wood burning, and/or open burning. See below for more 

details on each of these potentially contributing sources and their consideration for BACM.
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2. BACM Options Considered

Based on the contributing source analysis and/or in review with community stakeholders, the 

following BACM options were considered as possible PM10 control measures for the community:

a) Street Sweeping Activities- community street sweeping programs have demonstrated 

effectiveness in other communities. Such activities were considered as a local control measure. 

Expanding the current street sweeping program was also reviewed. 

b) Construction/Demolition Activity – local ordinances to control emissions from construction 

and demolition sites have been implemented in other parts of the state with good success. 

c) Wind Erosion of Open Areas – several practices were reviewed regarding the wind erosion of 

open areas, including both local and regional efforts.

d) Control of Stationary Source Emissions- as identified elsewhere in this NEAP, a review of 

stationary sources and their relative contribution to overall PM concentrations was completed. 

It was determined that six PM-10 sources exist in the area, appearing to contribute a small 

amount of particulate matter to the overall inventory. 

e) Road Stabilization- In a effort to better understand the effects of road stabilization, several 

options were reviewed including the use of chemical stabilizers and water as a stabilizing 

measure. 

Also, periodic assessments to determine if traffic levels on unpaved roads surpass Colorado 

Regulation No. 1 limits were considered. If daily traffic counts exceed 200 trips per day on 

unpaved roads, state regulations apply that reduce PM-10 emissions from those roads. 

Specifically, periodic assessments of traffic levels on unpaved roads within the city limits and 

within one mile of the city limits were considered. State regulation calls for a road traffic count 

and dust control plan for roads that exceed the 200 trips threshold. 

In addition, Alamosa currently suggests that drivers maintain their vehicles at a slow speed on 

unpaved roads and other dirt surfaces to reduce dust emissions. 

f) Woodburning Curtailment Programs- the possibility of instituting a citywide curtailment 

program was reviewed and considered. This consideration includes discouraging wood burning 

on high wind days.

g) Open Burning- The usefulness of imposing and maintaining an open burning curtailment 

program during high wind events was reviewed. Current state air pollution control laws and 

regulations provide some guidance on the effort.
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h) Avoidance of Dust Producing Equipment- The effectiveness of avoiding the use of dust 

producing equipment has also been considered. Currently Alamosa discourages the use of dustproducing equipment (e.g., leaf blowers) in an effort to reduce PM10 emissions and does so 

through public education and outreach efforts.

(i) Reducing or Postponing Tilling and Plowing or Other Agricultural Practices that Contribute 

to PM10 Emissions- It is well recognized that dust-producing activities such as tilling, plowing, 

and other agricultural practices increase the amount of PM10 released. As such, these control 

measures were discussed as part of the effort to reduce PM10 impacts on Alamosa. Review of 

existing and potentially future control practices were considered at the local, regional, state, and

federal (e.g., Natural Resources Conservation Service) level. 

j) Wind Break- Various trees are found throughout Alamosa. However, the placement of one row 

of barrier trees (e.g., Russian Olives) would block potential contributing sources. The Russian 

Olive is a quick growing large shrub/small tree will do well given the windy climate of Alamosa. 

According to section 3.5.2.1 of EPA guidance entitled Fugitive Dust Background Document and 

Technical Information Document for Best Available Control Measures, dated September 1992, 

one-row of trees is considered an effective windbreak. 

k) Vegetative Cover/Sod- Efforts elsewhere in the State have demonstrated the usefulness of 

using a vegetative cover at sites where dust is known to blow. Efforts to use this control measure 

were reviewed for applicability and effectiveness.

Alamosa PM10 Stationary Source Emissions

To ensure that PM10 emissions from local stationary sources are not a significant contributing 

factor to area exceedances, an emission inventory was prepared and reviewed. Identified 

stationary sources are as follows: Public Service Company (natural gas/fuel oil plant), Rakhra 

Mushroom Farm Corporation (coal-fired boilers and one natural gas fired boiler), Rocky 

Mountain Soils (fugitive dust emissions), Rogers Family Mortuary (crematorium), San Luis 

Valley Regional Medical Center (biomedical waste incinerator), and Southwest Ready Mix 

(concrete batch plant). While no emission inventory of natural sources was prepared as part of 

this NEAP, appreciation for the significant sand dunes at Great Sand Dunes National Monument 

highlights that these few and limited stationary sources have very little effect on the total PM10

emission inventory for the Alamosa area. The following table demonstrates their limited impacts 

on the total emission estimation. 
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Alamosa PM10 Emission Inventory (circa 2003)

Source Emissions in lbs/day

Public Service Company of Colorado 44.4

Southwest Ready Mix 4.4

San Luis Valley Regional Medical Center 0.1

Rakhra Mushroom Farm Corp. 11.1

Rocky Mountain Soils, Inc. 11.5

Rogers Family Mortuary 0.5

TOTAL EMISSIONS

72.1

Limited Stationary Source Impacts

The largest of these stationary sources, Public Service Company of Alamosa (PSC), is 44.4 

pounds per day of particulate matter (as reported to the Colorado APCD). At PSC, the site 

consists of two turbines that can run on natural gas, #1 fuel oil, #2 fuel oil, or a combination 

thereof. PSC must stay in compliance with Colorado Air Quality Regulation No. 1 particulate 

standard. PSC must also meet the state 20% opacity standard.

Other Alamosa area stationary sources have considerably smaller particulate matter emissions 

than PSC and their own existing control measures in place. For example:

Southwest Ready-Mix has a concrete batch plant in the City of Alamosa. Southwest Ready-Mix 

has several outside storage piles for their raw materials (sand & aggregate). There exists a 

sprinkler system at the facility to keep these piles watered. Cement and fly ash are stored in silos, 

each controlled with a baghouse to capture particulate when the silos are being loaded. When all 

of the raw materials are loaded into the concrete trucks, 25% of the total water is loaded first, 

followed by rock, sand, cement, and then the remaining water. This helps to minimize the 

particulate emissions from the truck during loading. The baghouses are part of the Southwest 

Ready-Mix permit, and as such are required. This source is also subject to the 20% opacity 

standard. Finally, Southwest Ready-Mix may be upgrading their baghouses.

San Luis Valley Regional Medical Center has a permit for a biomedical waste incinerator, which 

is natural gas fired. The incinerator is subject to New Source Performance Standards which limit 

opacity to 10% and also has a particulate standard. Ash removal from the incinerator must be 

done in an enclosed area to limit particulate emissions. Ash must be completely enclosed during 

transport as well.
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3. BACM Options Discounted

Several BACM options were discounted from further consideration based on meteorological 

analysis, on-site inspections, and discussions with local government officials and sources. 

Woodburning curtailment was discounted because high wind events are actually beneficial to 

good atmospheric clearing of particulate matter. In addition, woodburning curtailment was not 

recognized as an effective control measure on high wind days. Lastly, many of the community 

citizens rely on woodburning as their sole source of home heating- reducing or eliminating wood 

burning is thus not an option. 

BACM of stationary sources at great distances from the City were discounted as their impacts 

would be negligible, if seen at all. 

Finally, for this revised NEAP (since the February 2002 submittal), the community remains 

committed to meet BACM in all instances, as feasible. For example, meetings with local officials 

indicate that the ongoing regional drought may significantly impact the amount of water 

available as a control measure (e.g., watering of roads to reduce PM10). With that, water 

restrictions (and related economic impacts of the drought) will likely dictate the utility of this 

control measure. 

4. BACM Implemented

Refer to the stakeholder agreements for details of selected BACM.

IV. STAKEHOLDER AGREEMENTS

The City of Alamosa, Alamosa County, the Division, and participating federal agencies have 

been working diligently to identify contributing sources and to develop appropriate BACM as 

required by the Natural Events Policy. A copy of relevant agreements and supplemental 

information are included in the Appendix. This section fulfills the requirements of Element 4 as 

described on page 4. 

City of Alamosa

The City of Alamosa has been active in addressing potential PM10 sources within the Alamosa 

area through various efforts. Some of these efforts, plus other potential future measures, include 

the adoption of local ordinances to reduce PM10. Copies of current ordinances and any related 

commitments are included in the Appendix. 
ALAMOSA NATURAL EVENTS ACTION PLAN

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Street Sweeping 

Currently, the City of Alamosa sweeps on an every 6-week schedule or as needed, as determined 

by local officials on a case by case situation (e.g., following each snowstorm and/or where sand 

was applied). Sweeping occurs on every single City street with an emphasis on the downtown 

corridor where public exposure is expected to be greatest. In fact, street sweeping in the 

downtown corridor currently takes place three times per week. 

In addition, the City recently agreed to lease/own a new TYMCO 600 (brush-assisted head) 

sweeper. Efforts are underway to get this effective piece of equipment into place immediately. 

This new sweeper will complement a mobile mechanical sweeper already in use. 

Unpaved Roads within the City

While very few unpaved roads exist in the City of Alamosa, the city did recently annex new 

land. This annexation includes roadways not currently paved. The City of Alamosa is discussing 

the paving of these annexed roads. At a minimum, the City of Alamosa commits to continually 

provide in-kind engineering services for the development of the annexed lands. 

Sod/Vegetative Cover Projects in the City of Alamosa

The development and construction of a local park, Eastside Park, is underway in Alamosa. It is 

anticipated that sodding at the park will take place this year. This commitment is anticipated to 

reduce blowing dust from this previously undeveloped site.

Alamosa County

Alamosa County has also been active in addressing blowing dust and is preparing county 

ordinance as such. Examples can be found below and available supporting documents in the 

Appendix.

Unpaved Roads

Alamosa County is presently addressing unpaved roads and lanes that are anticipated to 

contribute to PM10 emissions in the community. As of 2002, Alamosa County was nearing the 

end of its five-year road paving plan and was developing their next plan with the intention of 

paving on a yearly basis, based on traffic and community needs/priorities. 

In 2002, Alamosa County addressed approximately ten (10) miles of unpaved roads. This 

includes the stabilization of approximately five section roads, the seal coating of two roads, and 

the overlay (repaving) of four (4) additional roads. 

For 2003, approximately 14 miles of roads are scheduled for paving. This includes the Seven 

Mile Road (three miles long), Road 109 (one mile long), and 10th Street (also one mile long). 

These roads are in close proximity to the City of Alamosa, are upwind (prevailing) from the city, 
ALAMOSA NATURAL EVENTS ACTION PLAN

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and have heavy traffic. Paving is anticipated to greatly reduce blowing dust and impacts in the 

vicinity. 

In addition, once it gets cold enough in the area, the County will wet down some of the more 

sandy roads. Once the water soaks in and freezes, it is anticipated that good dust suppression will 

be seen. These commitments are anticipated to reduce PM10 emissions in and near Alamosa. This 

control measure will be balanced with the availability of water in the area. 

Finally, Alamosa County assesses the need to use MgC12 treatment on roads in front of 

residences that request such service. Assessments include the sensitivity to dust of residents, the 

materials of the road base for safety reasons, and possible environmental concerns of the 

neighborhood. Most requests for treatment are granted. Road construction areas are being 

dampened with water for dust control. Other areas for treatment, such as commercial 

construction zones or gravel pits, are investigated on a case by case basis.

Dust Control Plans 

Alamosa County is considering changes in local ordinances governing dust control plans at 

construction sites. This will be addressed through the revision of Alamosa County’s 

Comprehensive Plan and supporting zoning codes. Alamosa County is currently reviewing 

language from other successful dust control programs for inclusion in their local ordinances. The 

process is due for completion in December 2003 or early 2004 and will specifically include dust 

control language. This effort is anticipated to reduce PM10 emissions in Alamosa, especially as it 

relates to impacts on the community and high recorded PM10 values. The Division commits to 

providing copies of this language to EPA upon finalization and availability. 

Wind Erosion of Open Areas

To reduce PM10 emissions from open areas outside of the City limits, low tilling and other soil 

conservation practices will continue to be utilized in the community. In addition, the community 

is using in strategic areas the State of Colorado Agricultural Office’s program to purchase and 

plant shelter trees to reduce wind erosion in open areas. These trees have a demonstrated 

advantage for the community and for air quality. Once the trees reach maturity, it is anticipated 

that the equivalent of 112 miles of double-rowed trees will be in place. 

In addition, there is ongoing planting of trees (approximately 50) on newly developed Alamosa 

County property south/southwest of Alamosa (prevailing winds from southwest) and the Airport 

south of Alamosa for added air quality improvement.

These commitments are anticipated to further reduce the PM-10 emissions in Alamosa.
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Sod and Vegetative Projects in the County

Numerous projects to reduce blowing dust and its impacts have happened or are happening at the 

County Airport. For example:

• Through additional grounds maintenance of the 40-acre Alamosa County airport south of 

the city, grass is being grown for aesthetics and dust control. 

• Sodding and the placement of decorative rock and ground cover will be implemented in 

the landscaping of the Alamosa County property, as well. These measures will directly 

abate blowing dust at the Airport. 

• Also, the widening of the airport’s safety areas (250 feet on either side of the runway) is 

now complete and seeding of natural grasses was incorporated in the project. Trees and 

grass were incorporated in the approaches to the airport and have provided additional 

wind-break advantages to South Alamosa.

In other areas where watering is a problem, xeriscape (the use of native drought resistant 

vegetation and/or rock cover) is being encouraged for County owned property and for all other 

property owners.

These efforts are anticipated to further reduce PM10 emissions in Alamosa.

Open Burning Issues at the County

The Colorado air pollution control laws and regulations prohibit open burning throughout the 

state unless a permit has been obtained from the appropriate air pollution control authority. In 

granting or denying any such permit, the authority will base its action on the potential 

contribution to air pollution in the area, climatic conditions on the day or days of such burning, 

and the authority’s satisfaction that there is no practical alternate method for the disposal of the 

material to be burned. No open burning is allowed when local wind speeds exceed 5 miles per 

hour.

Colorado State University Co-Op Extension Office

In response to extremely dry conditions, the need to maintain area topsoil, and reduce impacts, 

the Colorado State University Co-Op Extension Office of Alamosa County provides the 

following outreach efforts and recommendations:

• Modification of grazing practices to improve protective crop cover

• Increasing crop residues left in the fields to reduce blowing dust

• Planting of Fall crops to maintain fields

• Application of manure to protect top soils from blowing away

• Staggering of the harvest to minimize blowing dust
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• Outreach programs on soil conservation efforts

• Development of outreach/education materials (e.g., news articles, newsletters, fact sheets, 

etc.), and

• Attendance at Statewide workshop to educate other Co-Op offices to various practices to 

reduce blowing top soil and minimize impacts

These control strategies are not meant to be enforceable. They are meant only to demonstrate the 

regional nature of cooperation in addressing blowing dust and its impacts on the community. 

Natural Resources Conservation Service

As stated elsewhere in this NEAP, Alamosa County is a predominately agricultural area where 

limited water, coupled with the frequent high winds experienced during late fall and early spring, 

can destroy crops, encourage pests, and damage soil surfaces lending them susceptible to wind 

erosion. Thus, activities that improve the topsoil and prevent its lifting during high wind events 

are encouraged. Some notable NRCS and agricultural examples include:

• Cover crops and perennial crops (e.g., alfalfa) are recommended to protect soils;

• NRCS works with area farmers in the development of conservation compliance plans to 

also protect topsoil;

• NRCS encourages the use of perennial crops or the leaving in place of weeds on the 

corners of area acreage (instead of tilling that might lead to open, barren lands) to reduce 

the lifting of topsoil;

• NRCS “cost shares” on conservation practices with local farmers to prevent soil erosion, 

and;

• The NRCS works with Colorado State University to identify other strategies that 

minimize blowing dust.

Other successful agricultural practices encouraged in the area include: timing of tillage, crop 

rotation, amount of crop residue left on the land, and proper water usage. 

These control strategies are not meant to be enforceable. They are meant only to demonstrate the 

regional nature of cooperation in addressing blowing dust and its impacts on the community.

Natural Events Policy guidance indicates that control options must be implemented within three 

years of the exceedance in question. For Alamosa, BACM must be in place no later than April 

18, 2003. This submittal is meant to meet that three year commitment. 

This section fulfills the requirement of Element 4. 
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V. PUBLIC REVIEW AND PERIODIC EVALUATION

This section describes the public process used to develop this NEAP and the commitment made 

to periodically evaluate the plan. 

Stakeholder Involvement

The EPA’s NEAP development guidance states that the NEAP should be developed by the State 

in conjunction with the stakeholders affected by the Plan. The Colorado APCD worked with 

stakeholders mentioned throughout this document. Numerous meetings and telephone 

conversations occurred with stakeholders, and the final agreement here reflects control measures 

offered as part of the NEAP.

Public Review

The Division made this documentation available for and presented the NEAP and its strategies to 

the public to ensure public review and comment. Examples of these efforts in Alamosa, 

beginning with the earliest community involvement, include:

• Briefing of the San Luis Valley County Commissioners, “Air Quality Briefing,” San Luis 

Valley County Commissioners’ Association Meeting, September 1999.

• “Control Alamosa’s Dust? Lots of Luck.” Newspaper article appearing in Pueblo 

Chieftan indicating the area is developing a plan (NEAP) to address blowing dust –

November 1, 2001. 

• Briefing of the Alamosa City Council, “Alamosa Air Quality and the Development of a 

Local Natural Events Action Plan,” a meeting to reintroduce the NEAP to City Council 

staff, February 6, 2002. 

• Placement of Natural Events Action Plan for Alamosa, Colorado at the area library 

(Southern Peaks Public Library) for public review, February 2002.

• “Odd Issues Keep Alamosa Busy.” Newspaper article appearing in Valley Courier

indicating NEAP being developed and available for public review at the Southern Peaks 

Public Library, February 2002.

• Briefing of the Alamosa City Council, “Alamosa Natural Events Action Plan,” a meeting 

to incorporate comments from the City Council, local stakeholders, and the public, 

February 20, 2002.

• Briefing of the Colorado Air Quality Control Commission, “Natural Events Action Plan 

for Alamosa, Colorado,” May 2002.

• Briefing of the Colorado Air Quality Control Commission, “Alamosa Natural Events 

Action Plan – Final Activities,” January 2003.

• Public Notice, “Natural Events Action Plan for Alamosa, Colorado” Available for Public 

Review and Comment at the Public Library, April 2003.

• “Media Advisory” notifying public of upcoming Alamosa City Council meeting to 
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discuss the NEAP, monthly city council meeting agenda published in the area newspaper, 

May 2003.

• “Media Advisory” notifying public of City Council meeting to discuss the NEAP, 

Channel Ten Cable Access Channel Public Service Announcement, May 2003.

• Briefing of the Alamosa City Council, “Final Alamosa Natural Events Action Plan,” May 

2003.

Periodic Evaluation

EPA’s Natural Events Policy guidance requires the state to periodically reevaluate: 1) the 

conditions causing violations of the PM10 NAAQS in the area, 2) the status of implementation of 

the NEAP, and 3) the adequacy of the actions being implemented. The State will reevaluate the 

NEAP for Alamosa at a minimum of every 5 years and make appropriate changes to the plan 

accordingly. 

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the NEAP included several key strategies to ensure protection 

of public health and a robust plan. Strategies included: review of Natural Events Policy in 

specific relation to the Alamosa community, review of the effectiveness/appropriateness of 

ongoing control strategies, consideration of new/additional control options, review of 

meteorological and climatological conditions leading to blowing dust, review of local and 

regional PM10 monitoring data, discussions with other States (e.g., South Dakota, Washington) 

and Federal (US EPA) personnel regarding NEAP updates and protocols, review of the 

established emission inventory and identification of any new emission sources, review of the 

blowing dust advisory protocol and notification records, public/stakeholder meetings and 

community outreach/education efforts, etc.

The Division commits to continually review the effectiveness of the Alamosa Natural Events 

Action Plan and improve the effort, where feasible. 

The Division commits to evaluate the NEAP at a minimum of every five years.

Submittal to EPA

The NEAP was submitted in its initial form to EPA in October 2001. Following EPA comment 

and input from stakeholders, appropriate changes were made to the NEAP. The Alamosa City 

Council heard and approved the NEAP in February 2002. Since that period, meetings with local 

agencies and stakeholders have led to finalization of stakeholder agreements (found elsewhere in 

the NEAP). The Final Natural Events Action Plan for Alamosa, Colorado and its Best Available 

Control Measures, where feasible, are presented here as required under the Natural Events 

Policy. 

This section fulfills the requirements of Elements 6, 7, 8, and 9 as described on page 4 and 5.
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Appendix D – Copy of Affidavit of Public Notice