Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehi

Storage Syst

Advanced Automot

Tony Markel and A

National Renewab

Office of Energy Eff

FreedomCAR and 

Presented at the Advanced Automotive Battery Conference held May 17-19, 20

06 in Baltimo

NREL/PR-540-40237
2

The Perf

• Petroleum consumption has steadily 

increased while domestic production has 

continued to decline

• World oil production predicted to peak

within the next 5-15 years

• Recent increase in gasoline price is 

indicator of growing tension between supply and demand

WHAT’S O

S O

05

10152025

1940 1950 

Petroleum (mmb/day)

S

Gasoline price - 85% rise in 5 years!

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Aug 11,

1987

May 07,

1990

Jan 31,

1993

Oct 28,

1995

Jul 24,

1998

Apr 19,

2001

Jan 14,

2004

Oct 10,

2006

Jul 06,

2009

Weekly National Average Gasoline 

Retail Price ($/gal)

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration
3

Light Duty Fleet Oil Use - Impact of HEVs on Consumption

02468

10121416

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 

Year

Oil Consumption (MPBD)

2005 AEO Base CaseHEV Scenario

Oil Use Reduction 

Oil use same as today!

This highly aggressive scenario assumes 100% HEV sales from 2

Produced using VISION model, MBPD = million barrels per day

HEVs unable to reduce consumption below today
4

Light Duty Fleet Oil Use - Impact of PHEVs on Consumptio

02468

10121416

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 

Year

Oil Consumption (MPBD)

2005 AEO Base CasePHEV Scenario

Oil Use Reduction w

This highly aggressive scenario assumes 100% HEV 

from 2010 and 50% PHEV40 sales from 2020 onward

Oil use reduction!

Produced using VISION model, MBPD = million barrels per day

PHEVs reduce oil consumption with a transiti
5

Recent PHEV 

EnergyCS Plug-In Prius HyMotion Escape PHEV

AC Propulsion 

Jetta PHEV

Esoro AG H301

Renault Kangoo

Elect’road
6

PHE

Johnson Controls / SAFT C

Valence Technologies 
7

Battery Cha

0

200400600800

100012001400160018002000

0 5 10 15 20

Power to Total Energy Ratio (kW/kWh)

Power Density (W/L)

NiMHLi-ion

0

200400600800

100012001400160018002000

0 5 

Power to 

Specific Cost ($/kWh)

ProjectedCurrent Stat

0

200400600800

100012001400

0 5 10 15 20

Power to Total Energy Ratio (kW/kWh)

Specific Power (W/kg)

NiMHLi-ion

Lower p

leads to 

less e

st
8

All-Electric vs Blend

• Engine turns on when power 

exceeds battery power capability

• Engine only provides load that 

exceeds battery power capability

• Engine turn

reaches low 

• Requires hi

motor

-30-20-10

0

10203040506070

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Distance (mi)

Power (kW)

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%

SOC (%)

enginemotorSOC

All-Electric

-30-20-10

0

10203040506070

0 5 10 15 

D

Power (kW)
9

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

0

0.10.20.30.4

Fuel Consumption

PHEV20 on LA92

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

0

20406080

100

Energy Storage System Rated Power (kW)

CD Mode Petroleum

Consumption Reduction (%)

Electricity (kWh/mi)Gasoline (L/mi)

Blended

All-Electric

Blended vs. AER Consumpti

• • 

* CD = Charge Depleting

Power
10

PHEV Battery Sizing A

0

102030405060

0 5 10 15 20 

Energy (kWh)

Power (kW)

PHEV20 - BlendedPHEV20 - AERPHEV40 - BlendedPHEV40 - AER

70% SOC Window 50% SOC Window
11

• PHEV battery likely to deep-cycle each day driven: 15 yrs equates to • Also need to consider combination of high and low frequency cycling

Data presented by Christian Rosenkranz (Johnson Controls) at EVS 20

4000

50%70%
12

PHEV Battery Cost Requirements for 5 

$-

$500

$1,000$1,500$2,000$2,500$3,000

0

5 10 15 

Power-to-energy ratio (kW/kWh)

Battery specific cost ($/kWh total)

NiMHLi-Ion

PHEV5

PHEV10

EXPANDED 70% SOC WINDOW FOR ALL PHEVS

Pro

Current battery costs?

$4.30 / gal.

$2.15 / gal. PHEV20

(19,000 mi/year, 52 mi/day avg.)

Assumed electricity cost = 9c/kWh

PHEV40

$-

$500

$1,000$1,500$2,000$2,500$3,000

0

5 10 15 

Power-to-energy ratio (kW/kWh)

Battery specific cost ($/kWh total)

NiMHLi-Ion

PHEV5

PHEV10

EXPANDED 70% SOC WINDOW FOR ALL PHEVS

Pro

Current battery costs?

$4.30 / gal.

$2.15 / gal. PHEV20

(19,000 mi/year, 52 mi/day avg.)

Assumed electricity cost = 9c/kWh

$-

$500

$1,000$1,500$2,000$2,500$3,000

0

5 10 15 

Power-to-energy ratio (kW/kWh)

Battery specific cost ($/kWh total)

NiMHLi-Ion

PHEV5

PHEV10

EXPANDED 70% SOC WINDOW FOR ALL PHEVS

Pro

Current battery costs?

$4.30 / gal.

$2.15 / gal. PHEV20

(19,000 mi/year, 52 mi/day avg.)

Assumed electricity cost = 9c/kWh

PHEV40

$-

$500

$1,000

0 

P

PHEV40

$-

$500

$1,000

0 

P

PHEV40

What’s value of other benefits• Less trips to gas station• Being “Green”• ...
13

C

• Plug-in hybrid technology can reduce petr

consumption beyond that of HEV technolo

• The study highlighted some of the PHEV d

and associated tradeoffs

— Expansion of the energy storage system usa

window while maintaining life will be critical fcost and volume

— A blended operating strategy as opposed to 

range focused strategy may provide some bcost and volume while maintaining consump

• The key remaining barriers to commercial 

battery life, packaging and cost