COLLEGE SCHOLARSHIP FRAUD PREVENTION ACT OF 2000

ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS

MAY 2005

Department of Justice Department of Education Federal Trade Commission
COLLEGE SCHOLARSHIP FRAUD PREVENTION ACT OF 2000

ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS

May 2005

Submitted by:

Department of Justice

Department of Education

Federal Trade Commission
i

Table of Contents

Executive Summary ........................................................... ii

I. Introduction ............................................................ 1

II. Implementation of the College Scholarship Fraud Prevention Act .................. 1

A. Amendments to Sentencing Guidelines ................................. 1

B. National Awareness Activities ........................................ 2

1. ED’s National Awareness Activities ............................. 2

2. FTC’s Consumer Education and Outreach Efforts .................. 4

III. Nature and Quantity of Incidents of Scholarship Fraud ........................... 5

A. Overview of Financial Aid Fraud ..................................... 5

B. Assessment of Current Status of Fraud ................................. 5

1. FTC Complaint Database ...................................... 5

2. ED’s Complaint Monitoring ................................... 6

C. FTC’s Scholarship Fraud Prevention Program ........................... 9

D. DOJ’s Financial Aid Fraud Prevention Program ......................... 11

IV. Conclusion ............................................................ 13

Endnotes .................................................................... 14
ii

Executive Summary

Every year, millions of high school graduates seek creative ways to finance the costs of a

college education. In the process, they sometimes fall prey to scholarship and financial aid

scams. To help students and their families, on November 5, 2000, Congress passed the College

Scholarship Fraud Prevention Act of 2000 (Act), Pub. L. No. 106-420, 114 Stat. 1867. This Act

established stricter sentencing guidelines for criminal financial aid fraud and charged the U.S.

Department of Education (ED), working in conjunction with the Federal Trade Commission

(FTC), with implementing national awareness activities, including a scholarship fraud awareness

site on the ED website. The Act also required that the Attorney General, the Secretary of

Education, and the FTC jointly submit to Congress each year a report on that year’s incidence of

fraud by businesses or individuals marketing financial aid assistance services to consumers. 

As noted in previous years’ Reports, the Department of Justice (DOJ), ED and the FTC

have implemented all the provisions of the Act. The U.S. Sentencing Commission has amended

its guidelines, effective November 1, 2001, to include a provision increasing the offense level for

financial aid misrepresentations. 

ED and the FTC have refined their consumer education efforts. Using a variety of media,

including websites, booklets, brochures, videoconferences, flyers, posters, and bookmarks, ED

and the FTC are disseminating information to help consumers avoid falling prey to scholarship

scams. The ED materials also provide information about the major federal student aid programs. 

They remind students that there is no fee to submit the Free Application for Federal Student Aid

and that free assistance with applying for aid is available from ED, high school counselors, and

college financial aid administrators.

After a small downturn in 2000 and 2001, the number of complaints and inquiries to the

FTC’s Consumer Sentinel database scholarships/government grants category increased sizably to

4,486 in 2004 from 670 in 2003. The percentage of the total fraud complaints in the Consumer

Sentinel database attributable to scholarship fraud also increased in 2004. Although the increase

could be an indication of an increase in scholarship fraud, other factors suggest that the increase

more likely is due to other factors. For instance, better reporting – possibly resulting from an

increase in the number of law enforcement and consumer protection agencies referring

complaints to the Consumer Sentinel database and greater awareness by consumers of this type

of fraud and how to report it – may account for the increase. In addition, an analysis of the

complaints in the Consumer Sentinel database reveals that there have been complaints about

many companies but often only one or a few complaints per company. When complaints suggest

a pattern that may indicate a problem, they are typically reviewed to determine if an investigation

should be initiated. 

A review of the complaints Consumer Sentinel received continues to indicate that the

nature of the fraudulent activity has shifted from scholarship search services to financial aid

consulting services, a trend that was identified in previous reports. ED has found a similar trend,
iii

with the vast majority of complaints it receives centered around services that claim to help

students simplify the process of applying for aid.

In terms of law enforcement, the FTC has continued its campaign, called Project

Scholarscam, to prosecute and prevent scholarship fraud. This year, the FTC resolved an action

initiated in 2003 and brought a contempt action against fraudulent purveyors of college financial

aid services. DOJ also brought several actions against individuals engaged in financial aid fraud. 

In addition, the FTC continues to monitor the Consumer Sentinel database for new targets and

solicits information from ED regarding complaints it receives. Finally, the FTC and DOJ will

continue to coordinate parallel civil/criminal actions in appropriate cases.
1

I. Introduction

Every year, families lose money to fraudulent financial aid schemes. With four-year

college education costs having risen at a rate of twice the general inflation rate, many parents are

understandably concerned about how to pay those costs without saddling themselves or their

children with heavy debt.1 Scam artists prey on those concerns. To help federal agencies combat

financial aid scams, Congress passed the College Scholarship Fraud Prevention Act of 2000

(Act), Pub. L. No. 106-420, 114 Stat. 1867 (2000) on November 5, 2000. The Act required that

the U.S. Sentencing Commission establish stronger sentencing guidelines for higher education

financial assistance fraud. It also charged the Secretary of Education, working in conjunction

with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), with implementing national awareness activities,

including a scholarship fraud awareness site on the Department of Education’s (ED) website. 

The Act also required that the Attorney General, the Secretary of Education, and the FTC jointly

submit to Congress each year a report on fraud by businesses or individuals that market advice or

assistance to students and parents who may be seeking financial aid for higher education.

This report has been prepared according to the Act’s directive. The inaugural report,

issued on May 1, 2002, provided the following: how the agencies have implemented the Act’s

requirements; a detailed overview of financial aid scams; a description of the FTC’s combined

law enforcement and education campaign to stop scholarship fraud; and an assessment of the

nature and quantity of scholarship fraud incidents since the date of enactment of the Act.2 This

report provides: an update of the activities of the Department of Justice (DOJ), ED and the FTC

to combat scholarship fraud; and an assessment of the nature and quantity of scholarship fraud

during the past year.

II. Implementation of the College Scholarship Fraud Prevention Act

A. Amendments to Sentencing Guidelines

As discussed in previous Reports, the U.S. Sentencing Commission amended the

Sentencing Guidelines, effective November 1, 2001, to include enhanced penalties for financial

aid fraud. Specifically, Section 2B1.1(b)(7)(D)3 of the Sentencing Guidelines was amended to

add a provision raising the relevant offense level by two levels if the offense involved

misrepresentations to a consumer in connection with obtaining, providing, or furnishing financial

assistance for an institution of higher education. Although DOJ and the FTC continue to

coordinate on cases that the FTC refers for criminal investigation and prosecution, there were no

cases reported in which the sentencing enhancement was imposed.4
2

B. National Awareness Activities

1. ED’s National Awareness Activities

Since last year’s Report, ED enhanced its consumer education products and outreach

efforts: 

• “Looking for Student Aid” scam awareness web page. This page

(www.studentaid.ed.gov/LSA) lists sources of free information about financial aid

and warns students about scholarship scams. Since May 1, 2003, ED has updated

the site and added significant amounts of information in Spanish. ED staff

publicized the site by prominently featuring it in the 2005-06 Counselors and

Mentors Handbook (see below), mentioning it at workshops and linking to it from

other areas of ED’s federal student aid website (www.studentaid.ed.gov). The

“Looking for Student Aid” site had nearly 105,000 visits in 2004.

• “Looking for Student Aid” brochure. The brochure is an abbreviated version

of the information available on the “Looking for Student Aid” web page. In 2004,

more than 573,000 English brochures and 109,000 Spanish brochures were

distributed to schools, community organizations, and individuals. Meanwhile,

more than 12,400 copies of the English version and 580 of the Spanish version

were downloaded from the Web. Additionally, the Spanish version was

retranslated to make it clearer.

• “Don’t Get Stung” poster. The poster reminds students that there is no fee to

learn about or to submit the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA).5

The poster also refers students to sources of free information on all types of

financial aid for college. In April 2004, the poster was added to ED’s online 

Bulk Publication Ordering System, a site used regularly by school counselors to

order federal student aid publications. The increased awareness of the poster

resulted in increased orders: In 2004, about 16,000 copies of the full-size poster

were ordered from ED’s publication warehouse, while 3,450 of the 8.5" x 11"

version were downloaded at www.studentaid.ed.gov/stung. 

• The Counselors and Mentors Handbook on Federal Student Aid 2005-06. The

Handbook (formerly the High School Counselor’s Handbook) explains ED’s

federal student aid programs and the application process. The 2005-06 Handbook

was mailed to nearly 30,000 high school, TRIO,6 and other college access

counselors in November 2004. The initial print run of 40,000 was exhausted by

January 2005; and 15,000 additional copies were printed. The Handbook also is

available at www.fsa4schools.ed.gov/counselors.
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• The Student Guide (2005-06 edition). Geared toward high school seniors,

college students, adult students, and parents, the Guide explains ED’s aid

programs in detail and includes a warning about financial aid scams. The front

page of the online Guide (www.studentaid.ed.gov/guide) has a link to the scam

section. To further publicize the book, there are links to the Guide from other

areas of the www.studentaid.ed.gov site. More than 7 million copies of the 2005-

06 English edition, and more than 550,000 of the Spanish version, were printed. 

In 2004, there were more than 1,430,000 visitors to the online Student Guide at

www.studentaid.ed.gov/guide; approximately 59,800 visitors accessed the page

that warns about scholarship scams. More than 342,000 copies of the 2004-05

PDF version were downloaded in 2004. (The 2005-06 version was not available

online until 2005.)

• Funding Your Education (2005-06 edition). This is an abbreviated edition of

The Student Guide, simplified to introduce younger students to the federal student

aid programs. Approximately 5 million English copies and 375,000 Spanish

copies of Funding were printed for 2005-06. The online version, at

www.studentaid.ed.gov/fye, had over 141,000 visitors in 2004. Of those visitors,

more than 17,000 visited the web page that warns about scholarship scams. 

Additionally, more than 102,000 copies were downloaded from the website.

• Federal Student Aid [FSA] Handbook (2004-05 edition). The FSA Handbook is

a detailed technical guide that provides financial aid administrators (FAAs) the

information they need for their jobs. For the 2004-05 FSA Handbook, a full-page

scam alert was added. The alert encourages FAAs to educate students about the

fraud warning signs described on the FTC’s www.ftc.gov/scholarshipscams site. 

The FSA Handbook is distributed to more than 6,000 postsecondary schools each

year and is available for download at www.ifap.ed.gov.

• “Don’t Get Scammed on Your Way to College” fact sheet. “Don’t Get

Scammed” is one of several one-page fact sheets ED produces each year. Based

on the FTC’s “Six Signs That Your Scholarship is Sunk,” the fact sheet was

revised and updated in 2004 to include information about a new scam. (See

section III.B.2 below.) The fact sheet is available as a perforated page in the

Counselors and Mentors Handbook so it can be removed and copied for

distribution to students. It is online at www.studentaid.ed.gov/pubs.

• Presentations. ED’s Awareness and Outreach (A&O) office makes dozens of

presentations a year to students, parents, and counselors. Staff members make an

effort to include at least a brief warning about financial aid fraud in each

workshop. In 2004, A&O jointly presented an hour-long scam awareness

workshop with National Association for College Admission Counseling

(NACAC) staff at NACAC’s annual conference.
4

• Videoconferences. Each fall, ED hosts a federal student aid training

videoconference for high school and TRIO counselors. In 2004, ED staff

expanded the section of the script that discussed companies that charge to help

students obtain financial aid. The live audience for the 2004 training consisted of

nearly 2,800 counselors and students. Additionally, 1,500 videotapes of the

training have been made available for counselors. The training also is available to

view online at www.edvideo.walcoff.com.

2. FTC’s Consumer Education and Outreach Efforts

The FTC has an ongoing project to prosecute and prevent scholarship fraud called Project

Scholarscam. Formally initiated in 1996, it includes both law enforcement action and a massive

consumer education campaign to help students, parents, educators and financial aid

administrators identify and avoid scholarship scams. The FTC’s Office of Consumer and

Business Education (OCBE) produced a package of consumer education materials, a website

(www.ftc.gov/scholarshipscams), and a series of flyers, posters and bookmarks. The website

includes comprehensive information about scholarship scams and ways consumers can avoid

falling prey to fraudulent marketing schemes. The flyers, posters, and bookmarks include

abbreviated information from the website and tips to help consumers avoid scholarship scams,

for example, “Six Signs That Your Scholarship Is Sunk.” 

To ensure widespread distribution of the materials and reach the largest number of at-risk

consumers, the FTC developed partnerships with public and private organizations. The FTC and

its partners distributed nearly 3.4 million print publications and had more than 525,000 accesses

on its website, for total distribution of nearly 3.9 million English and Spanish publications

(October 1996 - December 2004). In 2004, the FTC and its partners distributed over 65,000 print

publications and had more than 117,000 accesses to its scholarship scams website.

OCBE also has continued to provide print publications to students and their parents

through local school districts’ college and career fairs. During 2004, they distributed over 37,000

publications at three of these school events. In addition, FTC regional offices distributed several

hundred scholarship scams publications at local events. Moreover, the media often is interested

in scholarship scams. Accordingly, the FTC staff frequently provides, through the media, tips for

consumers to avoid these scams.

Continuing their partnership, ED’s 2005-06 Counselors and Mentors Handbook includes

a fact sheet based on the FTC’s consumer information, “Don’t get scammed on your way to

college!,” as well as numerous other references to information on avoiding scholarship scams. In

addition, ED’s www.studentaid.ed.gov site includes links to the FTC’s website, and the FTC

scholarship scams website includes links to ED’s website. Also, ED’s Funding Your Education

publication includes information on avoiding scholarship scams and directs students to the FTC’s

website. 
5

III. Nature and Quantity of Incidents of Scholarship Fraud

A. Overview of Financial Aid Fraud

As discussed in previous Reports, operators of financial aid scams generally promise that

their services will ensure that students receive either a scholarship or more financial aid than

students and parents could get on their own. Other typical claims financial aid scam artists make

include: claims that millions (in some cases billions) of dollars of scholarships go unclaimed

every year, with promises to get the student his or her fair share; claims of extremely high

success rates, including “testimonials” from satisfied customers; and claims to be endorsed or

approved by a federal or state agency, a chamber of commerce, or a Better Business Bureau or its

equivalent.7 In fact, for fees ranging from $50 to more than $1,000, these operators provide few,

if any, services to help students and their families find financial aid. Any information provided is

generally of limited use. Financial aid scams are marketed to consumers in a variety of media,

including: telemarketing, direct mail, e-mail, seminars, and ads on the Internet.

B. Assessment of Current Status of Fraud

Every year millions of students apply for financial aid and scholarships to help finance

their education at an institution of higher learning. Unfortunately, some of these students also

become victims of financial aid or scholarship fraud. 

1. FTC Complaint Database

The FTC has been monitoring consumer complaints related to financial aid fraud for

nearly a decade. After a small downturn in 2000 and 2001, the number of complaints and

inquiries to the FTC’s Consumer Sentinel database8 increased sizably over the past three years,

2002-04.9 As discussed in earlier Reports, raw complaint and inquiry numbers are an imperfect

gauge of the extent of fraudulent activity – certain types of fraud may be under-represented10

whereas in other instances the raw numbers may over-state the extent of the fraud. For example,

increases in the number of complaints and inquiries may be due either to more fraudulent activity

or an increase in the number of law enforcement and consumer protection agencies referring

complaints to the Consumer Sentinel database and an increased consumer awareness of the fraud

and how to report it. 

An analysis of the 2004 complaints to the Consumer Sentinel database reflects that the

complaints and inquiries were against more than 1000 different companies. But, many

companies were the subject of only one or a handful of complaints or inquiries. In addition, the

2004 scholarship-related complaints represent a small portion, only 1.15%, of total fraud

complaints in the Consumer Sentinel database.11 Moreover, the category includes types of fraud

beyond scholarship scams, including government grants. Thus, although raw complaint and

inquiry numbers rose to 4,486 from 670 in the scholarships/government grants category, it is still

a very small percentage of total fraud complaints. Under these circumstances, it is difficult, if
6

not impossible, to draw conclusions about the true incidence of scholarship-related fraud from

the complaint database.

The FTC continually monitors the complaints in the Consumer Sentinel database to

observe trends of fraudulent activity and identify possible targets for law enforcement action. 

Companies or individuals that generated a sufficient number of complaints to indicate a pattern

or practice of deceptive or fraudulent conduct are typically investigated and often targeted for law

enforcement. 

Previous Reports discussed that the nature of complaints in the Consumer Sentinel

database has changed over time. In 1996, when the FTC launched Project Scholarscam, many

complaints concerned telemarketing fraud by bogus scholarship search firms (e.g., guaranteed

scholarships or scholarships for profit). Although there are still complaints against these types of

firms, more recent complaints involve financial aid consulting firms that promise customized,

comprehensive financial aid planning to maximize the student’s financial aid eligibility, using

direct mail solicitations and oral sales presentations to market their services. This trend is

continuing. In 2004, the FTC received more complaints involving financial aid consulting firms

than scholarship search services.

2. ED’s Complaint Monitoring

ED also receives written and telephone complaints about financial aid fraud. Because

ED, unlike the FTC, is not a major or well-recognized clearinghouse for complaints, the number

of complaints it receives is small.

Complaints to ED’s Federal Student Aid Information Center (FSAIC)

The FSAIC has two sections: the correspondence unit and the telephone hotline (1-800-

4-FED-AID).

In 2004, the FSAIC’s correspondence unit received two written complaints about

companies charging students for help finding money for college. One letter indicated that the

inquirer had searched online for grants and scholarships but had found only “moderately to

expensively priced guides or lists that promised free money.” The inquirer indicated that she

believed she should not have to pay to find grants. The FSAIC responded that ED offers grants

for education and recommended that the inquirer read The Student Guide (which was enclosed)

for information.

The other letter was from the father of a student who is now in college. When the son

was in high school, he was invited to a meeting with a college preparation services company. 

The father believed that the company would provide financial aid to his son. When it did not, he

asked for a refund. The company refused. His letter to ED was a request for assistance in

obtaining a refund. ED’s response indicated that ED has no jurisdiction over such companies
7

and suggested that the inquirer contact the Better Business Bureau or his State Attorney

General’s office regarding the company in question. ED also provided the FTC’s

www.ftc.gov/scholarshipscams web address.

The FSAIC’s hotline received 65 calls in 2004 (up from 43 in 2003) from consumers who

believed they had been unfairly charged for scholarship or financial aid information or

applications. The increase in complaints was due to a scam that was first brought to ED’s

attention in April 2004. Someone claiming to be from ED, from “the Government Grant

Center,” or from a similarly named organization called the student and offered him or her a grant

(usually of $8,000). The perpetrator then asked for the student’s bank account information so a

processing fee (usually about $249) could be charged. ED staff referred to this as the “ED

impostor” scam. A significant number (between a third and half) of the complainants indicated

that they had disclosed their information to the impostor. Callers who had released personal

information were urged to contact their banks, ED’s Office of Inspector General (OIG), the FTC,

and the police. Summaries of all calls were forwarded to OIG.12

As soon as ED’s A&O team learned of the impostor scam, they worked with ED’s OIG,

Office of General Counsel, Office of Public Affairs, and the FTC to draft a series of notices

describing the scam and how to report it to the appropriate authorities. The notices, targeted to

various audiences, were placed on ED’s websites for financial aid administrators

(www.ifap.ed.gov), school counselors (www.fsa4schools.ed.gov/counselors), and students

(www.studentaid.ed.gov). Additionally, the counselor notice was disseminated to listservs for

high school and other college-preparation counselors. The education community assisted in

ED’s outreach efforts by taking action as well. Many high schools, colleges, and associations

added a warning about the scam to their websites and/or sent a warning directly to their students. 

NACAC issued a press release that was picked up by media outlets across the country.

Of the 65 complaint calls received at the FSAIC’s hotline in 2004, 28 were from students

who had been charged a fee to submit the FAFSA. Upon receiving such calls, customer service

representatives routinely advise the inquirer to contact the Better Business Bureau and/or the

FTC with their concerns. ED has investigated the legality of companies charging students to help

complete the FAFSA. Although the law prohibits companies from charging a fee for the

“collection, processing, or delivery of financial aid” through the use of the FAFSA, the

organizations ED has looked at claim that the fee they charge is for providing advice and counsel

to students and families, not for helping them complete the FAFSA. Further, this statutory

prohibition does not provide ED with a practical means of compelling commercial entities to

change their practices because these entities have no direct relationship with either ED or the

educational institutions, lenders, and guarantors with which ED has a funding and regulatory

relationship under the student aid programs. ED therefore has no way to impose any

administrative sanction upon these companies.
8

Complaints to ED’s Office of the Inspector General (OIG)

The OIG maintains a hotline (1-800-MIS-USED) and e-mail address

(oig.hotline@ed.gov) for complaints relating to fraud, waste, and abuse involving ED’s funds. 

Complaints also may be submitted by mail. OIG staff reported that there were 310 complaints

about the ED impostor scam in 2004. The complaints are under investigation by OIG. In

addition, the complaints were forwarded to the FTC.

ED’s OIG also investigates cases of fraud, waste or abuse involving ED’s federal student

aid funds. Among the complaints received in 2004, there were 260 reports of individuals

fraudulently using the identity of students to obtain federal aid; and there were 258 complaints

about students falsifying their FAFSAs to obtain additional aid. 

Complaints or queries on e-mail listservs for college financial aid counselors, high

school counselors and TRIO counselors

ED’s A&O staff members monitor listservs directed to professionals involved in helping

students obtain student aid. In 2004, list members posted a total of 48 messages (nearly all on

the high school and TRIO lists) asking or warning about companies charging fees for aid or

information. The greatest surge in such messages was in the winter (January - March), when

high school seniors typically fill out financial aid applications. In response to these messages,

ED staff members occasionally post reminders that students can receive free advice from college

financial aid administrators and from ED (as well as from high school and TRIO counselors

themselves).

The number of messages posted dropped from 68 in 2003. Although the decrease could

be attributable to a decrease in the amount of scholarship fraud, the more likely reason is greater

awareness on the part of counselors. As a result of ED’s and the FTC’s consumer education

efforts, counselors may be telling their students simply not to purchase the services of a particular

company rather than first posting a message to the list asking whether the company in question is

legitimate.

Nearly all of the messages on counselor listservs were about financial aid consulting

services or scholarships with application fees. There were no questions or complaints about the

ED impostor scam on secondary school lists; that scam targets college students. In fact, ED is

aware of only two messages on financial aid administrator lists, and both of those were sent

before ED’s warning appeared on www.ifap.ed.gov. It appears that ED was effective in reaching

financial aid administrators with its advice about where to report the scam. Before the message

was posted in mid-July, there had been only a few complaints to OIG about the impostor (one in

May and three in June). After the warning was posted, the number of complaints increased

dramatically to 64 in July and 80 in August. Since August, the number of complaints to OIG has

decreased each month.
9

C. FTC’s Scholarship Fraud Prevention Program

As mentioned above, the FTC’s Project Scholarscam combines law enforcement13 with

consumer education to stop fraudulent purveyors of so-called “scholarship services.” In total, 13

companies and 34 individuals are subject to federal court orders prohibiting future

misrepresentations. Most of the orders permanently ban the defendants from marketing 

scholarship services. Many of the orders also require the defendants to post performance bonds

before engaging in telemarketing.14 More than $2.1 million has been refunded to consumers or

disgorged to the U.S. Treasury when redress to consumers was impracticable.15

Since last year’s Report, the FTC has announced two law enforcement actions against

companies alleged to have falsely promised scholarships to students and their parents or to have

misrepresented the services they offered. 

• College Advantage, Inc.

In January 2005 the FTC announced that it obtained settlements with The College

Advantage, Inc. (also doing business as College Funding Center), C Funding Group, LLC (also

doing business as College Funding Group), and their principals, Alan Baron and Edward Jacobs,

and relief defendants, Donna Baron and Claudia Jacobs.16 The defendants, operating out of

Plano and Katy, Texas, allegedly defrauded approximately 12,000 consumers out of $15 million. 

The complaints in this case were filed in May 2003 and described in last year’s Report. At that

time the FTC was still in litigation against the defendants.17

The FTC’s complaint alleged that, using letters, seminars and sophisticated websites the

defendants promised that, for $1,000 to $2,000, they would secure 100% of the funding

necessary to attend college. The defendants also promised to reduce consumers’ out-of-pocket

tuition expenditures by obtaining scholarships and grants. The program was underscored with a

money-back guarantee. 

The settlement with Edward and Claudia Jacobs requires them to pay $1,400,000 in

consumer redress. The settlement with Alan and Donna Baron requires them to pay $33,000 in

redress. In addition, the defendants are required to post a $1 million performance bond prior to

any future involvement in the promotion and marketing of college financial aid assistance

programs. The money judgments are based upon the defendants’ ability to pay. Accordingly,

both judgments contain a suspended judgment of $15,509,564 and an avalanche clause that

would reinstate the entire judgment if it is found that the defendants made material

misrepresentations in their financial statements. 

• Integrated Capital Inc.

The FTC obtained a consent judgment, in August 2003, against Integrated Capital Inc.

(doing business as National Student Financial Aid or NSFA) and its president, Sheila Cuccia,
10

which was described in last year’s Report. In July 2004, the FTC filed a contempt action against

NSFA and its new President, Alan Wilson, for allegedly violating this Order. In March 2005,

the court granted the FTC’s motion, in part. The court found NSFA and Wilson in civil

contempt of the Order and ordered the defendants to offer full redress.

 In the original case the FTC alleged that the defendants, based in Carson City, Nevada,

defrauded approximately 40,000 consumers out of $10 million. The defendants marketed their

financial aid services through a direct mail campaign targeted to high school students and their

parents. The National Student Financial Aid letter stated that students “had been selected, by our

College Review Board” as “eligible” to apply for financial assistance through the defendants’

“college assistance program,” and that over 90% of the defendants’ clients have had their

financial aid eligibility increased. The letter also invited students to attend an interview. The

interviews, typically held at local hotels, were really high-pressure sales seminars during which

the defendants promoted their college planning and financial aid services. These services,

ranging in price from $795 to $1,200 depending upon whether parents paid up-front or over time,

purportedly helped consumers obtain more financial aid than they could on their own. 

The defendants stated that they would prepare personalized financial aid reports and

design customized strategies to maximize the amount of financial aid a student would receive. 

Consumers were guaranteed to obtain at least $2,500 in financial aid, or a reduction of $2,500 in

their Expected Family Contribution, or receive their money back. In reality, National Student

Financial Aid provided only generalized information, and the “customized” strategies were not

tailored to individual financial situations. Much of the materials consumers received consisted of

readily-available public information that consumers could obtain for free.

Under the terms of the consent judgment, the defendants are prohibited from making

misrepresentations in connection with the offering of academic goods and services. The

settlement also requires the defendants to make certain affirmative disclosures in their sales

presentations, including that purchasing their services does not guarantee a student will get any

financial aid or more financial aid than he or she could have otherwise obtained. In addition, the

defendants paid $115,000 in consumer redress.

In its contempt motion, the FTC charged that NSFA and Wilson continued to (i)

misrepresent that consumers are likely to receive substantially more financial aid using NSFA’s

services than they could otherwise obtain on their own; (ii) misrepresent that consumers

purchasing NSFA’s services are likely to receive a specified amount of financial aid or an

increase in financial aid eligibility; and (iii) misrepresent the extent to which consumers will be

required to incur additional expense or partake in any activities in order to use NSFA’s services. 

In addition, the agency alleged that NSFA and Alan Wilson have failed to make required

affirmative disclosures during NSFA’s oral sales presentations. To remedy their contemptuous

behavior, the FTC asked the court to rescind all consumer contracts entered into since August

2003 and to refund all monies consumers paid to NSFA during the contempt period. The agency
11

also asked the Court to modify the settlement to ban NSFA and Wilson permanently from the

marketing and sale of academic goods and services. 

The court agreed with the FTC that the defendants violated the affirmative disclosure

provisions of the Order and ordered full redress. The court declined to ban the defendants from

the marketing and sale of academic goods and services. The court modified the Order to require

the defendants to submit promotional materials to the FTC for prior approval and to file periodic

status reports regarding defendants’ compliance with the Order with the court until 2008.

D. DOJ’s Financial Aid Fraud Prevention Program

Since last year’s Report, several individuals who engaged in fraud in the offering of

higher education financial aid were indicted, convicted or sentenced.

• United States v. Celious Barner, Case No. 1:04-CR-00014 (S.D. Ala.)

In February 2004, the defendant, an employee of Bishop State Community College, pled

guilty to charges of misapplication of federal funds and theft from programs receiving federal

funds. The defendant worked for the college signing up students who did not qualify and taking

kick-backs in return. In August 2004, the defendant was sentenced to 15 months incarceration

followed by 3 years supervised release term. He was also ordered to pay the college $24,483.58

in restitution. 

• United States v. Michael Solovey and Serge Ivanov, Case No. 3:04-CR-00310

(N.D. Cal.)

On September 23, 2004 the defendants were indicted on charges of conspiracy, financial

aid fraud, mail fraud, and money laundering. Trial is scheduled for April 2005. The indictment

alleges that from approximately December 1999 to October 2001, the defendants devised and

participated in a scheme to defraud the Department of Education in connection with its

administration of Title IV financial aid programs and its control over the disbursement and use of

federal Pell grants and student loans. The alleged goal of the scheme was to circumvent Title IV

and its regulations and obtain federal funds through fraudulent means, the proceeds of which

were used, among other things, for personal gain and/or for the promotion of the underlying

scheme to defraud. The overall alleged loss is $1.7 million. 

• United States v. Patricia Frasier Bedford and Melissa Bedford Blalock, Case No.

2:01-CR-20136 (W.D. La.)

The defendants, convicted by jury trial on October 10, 2003, were sentenced on June 28,

2004. The defendants owned and operated Louisiana Training Center, Inc (LTC) which

participated in the Pell Grant and Direct Loan Programs. LTC received funds from these

programs on behalf of eligible students seeking courses in cosmetology and health care. LTC
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closed without notice in December of 1997, and investigation revealed that LTC failed to refund

tuition for 23 students who dropped out of LTC before completing 50% of their course work. 

The defendants were convicted of, in effect, embezzling $51,895 that should have been refunded. 

The defendants were sentenced to 16 months incarceration and ordered to pay $54,293 in

restitution to the Department of Education.

• United States v. James McHann and W. Howard Burkeen, Case No. 04-CR-80363 (E.D.

Mich.)

On April 20, 2004, the defendants were indicted on charges of wire fraud, Title IV fraud,

and bank fraud. The indictment alleged that in 2001 the defendants purchased a bankrupt

computer school in Madison Heights, Michigan, which they renamed the “Tyndale Technical

Institute” (TTI). At the time, McHann was the President of and a Director of similarly named

“William Tyndale College” where Burkeen was the Vice President for Academic Affairs and the

Dean of Faculty. While William Tyndale College was eligible to participate in and was certified

by the Department of Education to participate in Title IV financial aid programs, TTI was not. 

The indictment alleged that McHann and Burkeen caused TTI students to be fraudulently

described as William Tyndale College students on applications for financial aid causing

educational benefits to be improperly awarded. Burkeen pled guilty to one count conspiracy to

obtain by fraud federal financial aid on November 20, 2004.

• United States v. Walid Alsabbagh et al., Case. No. 02-CR-80959 (E.D. Mich.)

The defendants were charged with conspiracy to defraud the United States, wire fraud,

and student financial aid fraud. Mahmoud Younis was the owner of a school called “The

Training Center” that offered a variety of courses. The Training Center was eligible and certified

by the Department of Education to participate in Title IV financial aid programs, but not for all of

its curriculum. The defendants falsified records in order to receive benefits. The majority of

students who attended The Training Center did not meet the criteria to be awarded scholarships

and were taking courses not covered under Title IV. Thus, the falsification of records caused

educational benefits to be improperly awarded. On June 30, 2004, a jury returned guilty verdicts

on all counts against defendants Younis, Walid Alsabbagh, Jamal Mourtada, and Muna Jaber. 

The jury found defendant Sahar Younes guilty of student financial aid fraud. On May 27, 2004,

defendant Mariam Chbib Chbib pled guilty to making false statements and was sentenced to 24

months probation. On October 21, 2004, defendant Linda Johnson, who pled guilty to federal

program fraud, was sentenced to 2 years probation. On November 15 2004, defendant Gregory

Moore, who pled guilty to federal program fraud, was sentenced to 2 years probation.

• United States v. Vanessa Neal, Case No. 03-CR-20255 (W.D. Tenn.)

On March 2, 2004, the defendant was sentenced to 6 months incarceration followed by 3

years supervised release, after pleading guilty to conspiracy to defraud the United States. The

defendant was an employee of Le-Moyne-Owen College of Memphis. The defendant, along with
13

other employees and students, was allegedly involved in a conspiracy to defraud the state of

Tennessee through embezzlement and conversion of Title IV federal student financial aid

program funds. 

IV. Conclusion

As described above, the FTC, ED and DOJ have implemented the directives of the

College Scholarship Fraud Prevention Act of 2000. Together, the agencies are continuing to

work cooperatively to prosecute and prevent scholarship fraud.
14

1. Pros Offer Smart Tips on Saving for College, PR Newswire, Dec. 3, 2003 (“[s]ince 1980, as

measured by the consumer price index (CPI), college costs have grown two to two and one-half

times faster than inflation.”); Fact Sheet: The Rising Cost of a College Education, House Comm.

on Education & the Workforce, 108th Cong. (“[d]uring the ten-year period ending in 2000-2001,

after adjusting for inflation, average public four-year tuition and fees rose 40 percent, and private

four-year college tuition rose 33 percent. Additionally, while tuition has run more than 100

percent ahead of the CPI since 1981, median family income has risen only 27 percent in real

terms.”) (report is available at edworkforce.house.gov/issues/108th/education/

highereducation/cost.htm).

2. The inaugural report can be found at www.ftc.gov/os/2002/05/scholarshipfraudreport2001.pdf. 

The second report can be found at http://www.ftc.gov/os/2003/05/collegesfpactreport.pdf. The

third report can be found at http://www.ftc.gov/os/2004/05/2004collegescholarshipfraudrpt.pdf. 

3. On November 1, 2004, this provision was re-designated as U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(8)(D).

4. The United States Sentencing Commission collects statistical information on the use of

specific provisions of the Sentencing Guidelines. The data from any given fiscal year is not fully

entered into the database until the next fiscal year. Thus, statistics from fiscal year 2004 are not

yet available. A search of the fiscal year 2003 sentencing database, however, disclosed no

instance in which the U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(7)(D) enhancement was applied. 

In addition to the Sentencing Commission database, another source for statistics on the

use of the sentencing enhancement is the Executive Office for United States Attorneys (EOUSA).

The EOUSA tracks case statistics from each district by criminal statute, for example 20 U.S.C.

§ 1097 which involves fraud in the procurement of financial aid. The EOUSA survey did not

identify any instances in which the U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(7)(D) sentencing enhancement had been

requested or imposed in fiscal year 2004. 

5. To apply for federal student financial aid, and to apply for many state student aid programs,

students must complete a FAFSA. ED uses the information provided on a student’s FAFSA to

determine the student’s eligibility for aid from the Federal Student Aid programs. Many states

and schools also use the FAFSA to award aid from their programs. Some states and schools may

require the student to fill out additional forms. 

6. The title “TRIO” refers to a group of programs operated by postsecondary schools and

nonprofit organizations to increase awareness among secondary school students of opportunities

for postsecondary education and to support students enrolled in postsecondary education. The

programs are called the TRIO programs because there were three of these types of programs

when they were first created in the 1960s — Upward Bound, Talent Search and Student Support

Services. Currently, there are eight TRIO programs — Educational Opportunity Centers, Ronald

E. McNair Postbaccalaureate Achievement Program, Student Support Services, Talent Search,

Endnotes
15

Training Program for Federal TRIO Programs, TRIO Dissemination Partnership, Upward Bound,

and Upward Bound Math/Science.

7. Solving the Problem of Scholarship Scams: Hearings on S. 1455, The College Scholarship

Fraud Prevention Act of 1999 Before the Senate Comm. on the Judiciary, 106th Cong. (1999)

(statement of Mark Kantrowitz, publisher of the www.finaid.org website).

8. Consumer Sentinel is a secure, password-protected complaint database designed to allow law

enforcers to share data about fraud. Consumer Sentinel now contains over 2 million fraud and

identity theft complaints and is accessible to more than 1,200 law enforcement agencies –

including every state attorney general in the U.S. and consumer protection agencies in 19 nations.

In addition to consumer complaints, Consumer Sentinel offers its law enforcement members a

variety of tools to facilitate investigations and prosecutions, including: a catalog of companies

currently under investigation; information to help agencies coordinate effective joint action; an

index of fraudulent telemarketing sales pitches; and data analysis to determine trends in fraud.

Consumer Sentinel collects complaints from the FTC and over 100 other organizations. More

information on Consumer Sentinel can be found in National and State Trends in Fraud and

Identity Theft – January - December 2004, issued by the FTC in February 2005 and available

online at: http://www.consumer.gov/sentinel/pubs/Top10Fraud2004.pdf.

9. The numbers of complaints per year are as follows:

Year Number of Complaints

1993-95 114

1996 151

1997 182

1998 337

1999 420

2000 380

2001 322

2002 517

2003 670

2004 4,486

10. As discussed in previous years’ Reports, the number of complaints contained in the

Consumer Sentinel database does not provide a complete picture of the extent of consumer injury
16

from any particular type of fraud – although it is used extensively by the FTC and other law

enforcement agencies nationwide to spot trends in fraudulent practices and identify potential

targets for law enforcement. Some consumers may have complained directly to the company or

to law enforcement authorities that do not input their complaints into the Sentinel database. In

addition, some of the financial aid scams are operating on the Internet and are relatively

inexpensive. Often when the financial injury is low, consumers do not complain.

11. Since the FTC first launched Project Scholarscam in 1996, the ratio of scholarship-related

complaints to total fraud complaints was less than 1% and was steadily decreasing. In the past

year, 2004, the ratio of scholarship-related complaints to total fraud complaints increased. As

discussed above, however, an increase in scholarship-related complaints can be attributable to

factors other than an actual increase in the amount of scholarship fraud. These factors may

include more contributors to the Consumer Sentinel database, more law enforcement and

consumer protection agencies referring complaints to the Consumer Sentinel database, and

increased consumer awareness of how to report fraud or how to inquire about a company’s

practices. The number of scholarship-related complaints versus total fraud complaints per year

are as follows:

Year Scholarship-Related

Complaints

Total Fraud

Complaints

Percentage

1993-95 114 45,765 0.25

1996 151 16,588 0.91

1997 182 29,069 0.63

1998 337 62,840 0.54

1999 420 85,248 0.49

2000 380 107,909 0.35

2001 322 134,133 0.24

2002 517 241,795 0.21

2003 670 327,285 0.20

2004 4,486 388,907 1.15

12. The FTC, in conjunction with the Louisiana Department of Justice, shut down a similar

fraudulent grant scheme in November 2004. The action was against US Grant Resources, LLC,

National Grants, and their principals, John and Laurel Rodgers, and the final order bars those

defendants from selling grant services in the future and required a consumer redress payment of

over $500,000. The government grants marketed in that case were for any purpose, not
17

specifically for scholarships or educational grants.

13. Among other things, the FTC enforces Section 5 of the FTC Act, 15 U.S.C. § 45, which

prohibits unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce. Section 13(b) of the

FTC Act, 15 U.S.C. § 53(b), allows the FTC to bring, by its own attorneys, actions in federal

district court to halt violations of Section 5. Remedies available to the FTC include permanent

injunctions and equitable monetary relief such as redress to consumers or disgorgement of unjust

enrichment. Section 13(b) also allows the FTC to seek preliminary relief, including temporary

restraining orders and preliminary injunctions. In appropriate cases, the FTC may seek such

preliminary relief on an ex parte basis.

14. Bonds are designed to deter defendants from engaging in misrepresentations and provide a

fund for consumer redress should the defendants violate the order.

15. Although the FTC obtained approximately $22.8 million in judgments, some of these

judgments were not collectable. Others have been referred to the U.S. Treasury for collection.

16. The FTC amended its complaint to name Claudia Jacobs and Donna Baron, the wives of the

named defendants, as relief defendants. As relief defendants, the amended complaint alleges that

they received funds derived from the named defendants’ violations of the FTC Act and for which

they have no legitimate claim. The FTC sought an order requiring them to disgorge their unjust

enrichment.

17. The FTC obtained preliminary relief against these defendants including an ex parte

temporary restraining order prohibiting further misrepresentations of their financial aid program

and freezing all of the defendants’ assets. The court later entered a preliminary injunction

against the defendants, continuing the terms of the temporary restraining order, including the

asset freeze.
FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION FOR THE CONSUMER

1-877-FTC-HELP Fftc.gov