Series 10, Number 219 February 2004

Health Behaviors of Adults:

United States, 1999–2001
Copyright information

All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be

reproduced or copied without permission; citation as to source, however, is

appreciated.

Suggested citation

Schoenborn CA, Adams PF, Barnes PM, Vickerie JL, Schiller JS. Health

Behaviors of Adults: United States, 1999–2001. National Center for Health

Statistics. Vital Health Stat 10(219). 2004.

Library of Congress Catalog Number 362.1’0973’021 s—dc21

For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office

Superintendent of Documents

Mail Stop: SSOP

Washington, DC 20402-9328

Printed on acid-free paper.
Series 10, Number 219

Health Behaviors of Adults:

United States, 1999–2001

Data From the National Health

Interview Survey

Hyattsville, Maryland

February 2004

DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 2004-1547

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Health Statistics
National Center for Health Statistics

Edward J. Sondik, Ph.D., Director

Jack R. Anderson, Deputy Director

Jennifer H. Madans, Ph.D., Associate Director for Science

Lawrence H. Cox, Ph.D., Associate Director for Research

and Methodology

Edward L. Hunter, Associate Director for Planning, Budget,

and Legislation

Michael H. Sadagursky, Associate Director for

Management and Operations

Margot A. Palmer, Director for Information Technology

Phillip R. Beattie, Director for Information Services

Diane M. Makuc, Dr.P.H., Associate Director for Analysis

and Epidemiology

Charles J. Rothwell, Director for Vital Statistics

Thomas McLemore, Acting Director for Health Care

Statistics

Jane F. Gentleman, Ph.D., Director for Health Interview

Statistics

Clifford L. Johnson, Director for Health and Nutrition

Examination Surveys

Division of Health Interview Statistics

Jane F. Gentleman, Ph.D., Director

Anne K. Stratton, M.S., Associate Director for Planning and

Production

Eve Powell-Griner, Ph.D., Associate Director for Science

Susan S. Jack, M.S., Special Assistant for Data Quality and

User Services

Eve Powell-Griner, Ph.D., Acting Chief, Data Analysis

Branch

Marcie L. Cynamon, M.A., Acting Chief, Special Population

Surveys Branch

Howard Riddick, Ph.D., Chief, Survey Planning and

Development Branch

Anne K. Stratton, M.S., Acting Chief, Systems and

Programming Branch
Contents

Abstract .................................................................................................. 1

Chapter 1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 1

Chapter 2. Methods......................................................................................... 2

Data Source ............................................................................................. 2

Comparability With Earlier Reports ......................................................................... 2

Measurement of Health Behaviors ........................................................................... 2

Alcohol Use ........................................................................................... 2

Cigarette Smoking ...................................................................................... 3

Leisure-time Physical Activity ............................................................................ 3

Body Weight Status..................................................................................... 4

Strengths and Limitations of the Data ........................................................................ 4

Statistical Analysis ....................................................................................... 5

Chapter 3. Alcohol Use ...................................................................................... 6

All Adults............................................................................................... 6

Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Race ................................................................................................... 7

Hispanic or Latino Origin and Race.......................................................................... 7

Education ............................................................................................... 8

Poverty Status ........................................................................................... 8

Marital Status............................................................................................ 9

Geographic Region ....................................................................................... 9

Place of Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Chapter 4. Cigarette Smoking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

All Adults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Hispanic or Latino Origin and Race. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Poverty Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Marital Status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Geographic Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Place of Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Chapter 5. Leisure-time Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

All Adults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Hispanic or Latino Origin and Race. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Poverty Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Marital Status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Geographic Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Place of Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

iii
Chapter 6. Body Weight Status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

All Adults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Hispanic or Latino Origin and Race. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Poverty Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Marital Status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Geographic Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Place of Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Chapter 7. Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Unhealthy Behaviors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Healthy Behaviors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Appendix I. Technical Notes on Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Sample Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Response Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Item Nonresponse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Age Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Tests of Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Relative Standard Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Appendix II. Definitions of Selected Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Definitions of Sociodemographic Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Definitions of Health Behavior Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Alcohol Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Cigarette Smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Leisure-time Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Body Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Appendix III. Health Behavior Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Alcohol Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Cigarette Smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Leisure-time Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Body Weight and Height. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Text Figures

Chapter 3

3.1. Percent of adults who were current drinkers, by age and sex: United States, 1999–2001 ........................... 6

3.2. Percent of adults who had 5 or more drinks in 1 day at least once in past year, by age and sex: United States,

1999–2001.......................................................................................... 7

3.3. Percent of adults who were current drinkers, by race and sex: United States, 1999–2001 .......................... 7

3.4. Percent of adults who had 5 or more drinks in 1 day at least once in past year, by race and sex: United States,

1999–2001.......................................................................................... 8

3.5. Percent of adults who had 5 or more drinks in 1 day at least once in past year, by Hispanic origin and race and sex:

United States, 1999–2001.............................................................................. 8

3.6. Percent of adults who were current drinkers, by education and sex: United States, 1999–2001 ...................... 9

3.7. Percent of adults who had 5 or more drinks in 1 day at least once in past year, by education: United States,

1999–2001.......................................................................................... 9

Chapter 4

4.1. Percent distributions of current cigarette smoking status of adults, by sex: United States 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4.2. Percent distribution of number of days smoked in the past 30 days among adult nondaily smokers: United States,

1999–2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

iv
4.3. Percent distribution of usual number of cigarettes smoked in a day among all adult current smokers: United States,

1999–2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

4.4. Percent distribution of age of smoking initiation among all adult current smokers: United States, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . 20

4.5. Percent of adult current smokers who tried to quit in past year, by age and smoking frequency: United States,

1999–2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4.6. Mean number of cigarettes smoked by adult current smokers, by Hispanic origin and race and sex, United States,

1999–2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4.7. Percent of adult current smokers who started smoking younger than 16 years of age, by level of education:

United States, 1999–2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Chapter 5

5.1. Percent of adults who engaged in leisure-time physical activity, by age: United States, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

5.2. Percent of adults who engaged in at least some strengthening activity, by sex and age: United States, 1999–2001 . . . . . 40

5.3. Percent of adults who engaged in leisure-time physical activity, by education: United States, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

5.4. Percent of adults who engaged in leisure-time physical activity, by poverty status: United States, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . 41

Chapter 6

6.1. Percent distributions of body weight status of adults, by sex: United States, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

6.2. Percent of adults who were obese, by age and sex: United States, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

6.3. Percent of adults who were overweight, by sex and race: United States, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

6.4. Percent distributions of body weight status of adults, by Hispanic origin and race: United States, 1999–2001. . . . . . . . . 57

6.5. Percent of adults who were obese, by education and sex: United States, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

6.6. Percent of adults who were obese, by poverty staus and sex: United States, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Text Tables

Chapter 3

3.1. Percent distributions of lifetime alcohol drinking status for adults 18 years of age and over, by selected characteristics:

United States, average annual, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.2. Percent distributions of current alcohol drinking status for adults 18 years of age and over, by selected characteristics:

United States, average annual, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3.3. Percent of adults 18 years of age and over who had 5 or more drinks in 1 day at least once in the past year, and

percent of adults 18 years of age and over who had 5 or more drinks in 1 day on at least 12 days in the past year,

by selected characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.4. Percent of current drinkers 18 years of age and over who had 5 or more drinks in 1 day at least once in the past

year, and percent of current drinkers 18 years of age and over who had 5 or more drinks in 1 day on at least

12 days in the past year, by selected characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Chapter 4

4.1. Percent distributions of lifetime cigarette smoking status for adults 18 years of age and over, by selected characteristics:

United States, average annual, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4.2. Percent distributions of current cigarette smoking status for adults 18 years of age and over, and mean number

of cigarettes smoked in a day among current smokers 18 years of age and over, by selected characteristics:

United States, average annual, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

4.3. Percent distributions of usual number of cigarettes smoked in a day among all current cigarette smokers 18 years of

age and over, by selected characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

4.4. Percent distributions of age of smoking initiation among current cigarette smokers 18 years of age and over:

United States, average annual, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

4.5. Percent of current cigarette smokers 18 years of age and over who tried to quit smoking in the past year, by current

smoking status and selected characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Chapter 5

5.1. Percent of adults 18 years of age and over who were physically inactive during their leisure time, and percent of

adults 18 years of age and over who engaged in at least some physical activity for at least 10 minutes per episode, by

selected characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

v
5.2. Percent distributions of times per week engaged in light-moderate leisure-time physical activity for adults 18 years

of age and over, by selected characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

5.3. Percent distributions of times per week engaged in vigorous leisure-time physical activity for adults 18 years of

age and over, by selected characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

5.4. Percent of adults 18 years of age and over who engaged in regular leisure-time physical activity, by type of activity

and selected characteristics, United States, average annual, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

5.5. Percent of adults 18 years of age and over who engaged in any leisure time strengthening activities, by selected

characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Chapter 6

6.1. Percent of adults 18 years of age and over who were overweight, by selected characteristics: United States, average

annual, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

6.2. Percent distributions of body weight status for adults 18 years of age and over, by selected characteristics:

United States, average annual, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Chapter 7

7.1. Percent of adults 18 years of age and over who engaged in selected unhealthy behaviors, by selected characteristics:

United States, average annual, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

7.2. Percent of adults 18 years of age and over who engaged in selected healthy behaviors, by selected characteristics:

United States, average annual, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Appendix Table

I. Age distribution used in age adjusting data shown in this report: 2000 U.S. standard population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

vi
Objective

This report presents prevalence

estimates for key indicators of alcohol

use, cigarette smoking, leisure-time

physical activity, and body weight status

among U.S. adults, using data from the

1999–2001 National Health Interview

Surveys (NHIS).The NHIS is conducted

annually by the Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention’s National

Center for Health Statistics. Estimates

are shown for several

sociodemographic subgroups for both

sexes combined and for men and

women separately. Subgroups are

compared in terms of prevalence of

healthy and unhealthy behaviors.

Methods

Data for the U.S. civilian

noninstitutionalized population were

collected using computer-assisted

personal interviews (CAPI). Questions

on health behaviors were asked in the

Sample Adult component of the basic

core questionnaire. All data were

self-reported. This report is based on a

total of 96,501 completed interviews

with sample adults aged 18 years and

over, representing an overall sample

adult response rate of 71.8% for the 3

years combined. Statistics were age

adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard

population.

Results

Overall, 6 in 10 U.S. adults were

current drinkers in 1999–2001; about 1

in 4 adults (23.1%) were lifetime

abstainers. About 1 in 4 adults (23.1%)

were current smokers and over one-half

of adults (54.3%) had never smoked

cigarettes. About 6 in 10 adults

engaged in at least some leisure-time

physical activity with about 3 in 10

regularly engaging in such activities.

About 6 in 10 adults were overweight or

obese (BMI ≥ 25), with 4 in 10 adults

having a healthy weight.

Keywords: alcohol c drinking c

smoking c smoking cessation c

cigarettes c leisure-time physical

activity c exercise c body weight c

overweight c obesity c National

Health Interview Survey c National

Center for Health Statistics.

Health Behaviors of Adults:

United States, 1999–2001

by Charlotte A. Schoenborn, M.P.H.; Patricia F. Adams; Patricia M.

Barnes, M.A.; Jackline L. Vickerie, M.G.A.; and Jeannine S. Schiller,

M.P.H., Division of Health Interview Statistics

Chapter 1

Introduction

Monitoring the health behaviors

of the U.S. population has

become increasingly important

in recent years as evidence of the

association between behavior and health

has continued to mount. The behaviors

included in this report—alcohol use,

cigarette smoking, leisure-time physical

activity, and body weight—have been

the focus of extensive scientific

investigation over the past half century.

The first Surgeon General’s report on

the health effects of cigarette smoking

was issued in 1964 (1). In 1971, the

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and

Alcoholism (NIAAA) issued the first

annual report to Congress on alcohol

and health (2). In 1996, the first

Surgeon General’s report on physical

activity and health was released (3). In

2001, the Surgeon General issued a Call

to Action to Prevent and Decrease

Overweight and Obesity (4). Each of

these reports provided a wealth of

information on the prevalence of these

behaviors and on their associations with

morbidity and mortality outcomes.

Exploration of the causes, correlates,

and consequences of these behaviors

among U.S. adults continues, and much

work remains to be done (5–18).

This report presents prevalence

estimates for alcohol use, cigarette

smoking, leisure-time physical activity,

and body weight status of U.S. adults 18

years of age and over, using data from

the National Health Interview Surveys

(NHIS), 1999–2001. The report updates

previously published 1997–98 findings

for each of these four behaviors

(19–22). The earlier reports were based

on the first 2 years of the redesigned

NHIS. The background and rationale for

the study of these particular behaviors

were discussed at length in these earlier

reports. With the exception of the race

and Hispanic or Latino origin variables,

all measures presented in this report are

identical to those included in the earlier

reports. Presentation of NHIS data for

race and Hispanic or Latino origin

changed beginning in 1999 in order to

be consistent with the 1997 Office of

Management and Budget (OMB)

Federal guidelines (23).

The study of health behaviors in the

U.S. population is ongoing. Federal

initiatives to promote healthy lifestyles

have been in place since 1980, and

progress has been made (24). Currently,

health promotion objectives for the year

2010 are guiding national, State, and

local efforts to encourage the U.S.

population to adopt behaviors that will

promote good health (25). This report

provides information on the status of

four important health-related

behaviors—alcohol use, cigarette

smoking, leisure-time physical activity,

and body weight status—among U.S.

adults by selected characteristics

including sex, age, race, Hispanic or

Latino origin, education, poverty status,

marital status, geographic region, and

place of residence.

Page 1
Chapter 2

Methods

Data Source

The statistics shown in this report

are based on data from the Sample

Adult component of the 1999–2001

NHIS (26–28). The NHIS, one of the

major data collection systems of the

Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention’s National Center for Health

Statistics, is a survey of a nationally

representative sample of the U.S.

civilian noninstitutionalized household

population. Basic health and

demographic information is collected on

all household members. Adults present

at the time of the interview are asked to

respond for themselves. Proxy responses

are accepted for adults not present at the

time of the interview and for children.

Additional information is collected on

one randomly selected adult aged 18

years and over (sample adult) and one

randomly selected child aged 0–17 years

(sample child) per family. Information

on the sample adult is self-reported

except when the sample adult is

physically or mentally incapable of

responding, and information on the

sample child is collected from an adult

who is knowledgeable about the child’s

health.

The collection, dissemination, and

presentation of data on race and

ethnicity in the NHIS have changed to

implement new standards for data on

race and Hispanic or Latino origin,

issued by the OMB in 1997 (23).

Presentation of data on race and

Hispanic or Latino origin in this report

differs from that of the earlier set of

reports on adult health behaviors

(19–22). Most notable among these

changes is the inclusion of categories

for selected multiple race combinations

and separation of ‘‘Asian or Pacific

Islander’’ into two distinct categories,

‘‘Asian’’ and ‘‘Native Hawaiian or other

Pacific Islander’’ (NHOPI). Although the

NHIS allowed respondents to choose

more than one race group for many

years, it became fully compliant with all

the new race and ethnicity standards

with the fielding of the 1999 survey.

The labels for some categories in this

report differ slightly from those

presented in the annual NHIS Summary

Health Statistics reports, but the

composition of the categories is the

same. The tables in this report display

detailed labeling of OMB race and

Hispanic or Latino origin categories.

However, to enhance readability, the text

uses shorter versions of these terms. For

example, the category ‘‘Black or African

American, single race’’ in the tables is

referred to as ‘‘black’’ in the text.

Similarly, ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino

white, single race’’ is referred to in the

text as ‘‘Non-Hispanic white.’’ Also,

although the tables contain information

for persons of two or more races, the

‘‘Highlights’’ section focuses on persons

reporting one race.

Comparability With

Earlier Reports

Chapters 3–6 present highlights and

tables for alcohol use, cigarette

smoking, leisure-time physical activity,

and body weight status. Tables are

numbered to facilitate comparisons with

the earlier reports. Table numbers

consist of the chapter number followed

by the sequential table number that

matches the table number from the

earlier report on that behavior. For

example, table 3.1 in Chapter 3 of this

report shows the same information as

that displayed in table 1 in Advance

Data no. 324, Alcohol Use Among

Adults, United States, 1997–98 (19).

The health behavior characteristics

presented and discussed in this report

for 1999–2001 are the same as those

published for 1997–98 (19–22). Each of

the indicators is briefly described below,

with additional detail and question

wording available in the appendixes.

Measurement of Health

Behaviors

Alcohol Use

Lifetime alcohol drinking status

describes lifetime history of alcohol use

(table 3.1). The measure includes four

mutually exclusive categories: (a)

Lifetime abstainers are adults who have

had fewer than 12 drinks in their entire

life; (b) Former infrequent drinkers are

adults who have had at least 12 drinks

in their lifetime, but fewer than 12

drinks in any 1 year and no drinks in

the past year; (c) Former regular

drinkers are adults who have had at

least 12 drinks in their lifetime and at

least 12 drinks in a single year, but no

drinks in the past year; and (d) Current

drinkers are adults who have had at

least 12 drinks in their lifetime and at

least 1 drink in the past year.

Current drinking status describes

alcohol consumption during the past

year (table 3.2). Nondrinkers are adults

who had no drinks in the past year

(lifetime abstainers and former

drinkers); current infrequent drinkers are

adults who had at least 12 drinks in

their lifetime and 1–11 drinks during the

past year; light drinkers are adults who

had at least 12 drinks in their lifetime,

at least 12 drinks in the past year but 3

or fewer drinks per week, on average in

the past year; moderate drinkers are

persons who had at least 12 drinks in

their lifetime, at least 12 drinks in the

past year, and more than 3 drinks and

up to 7 drinks per week (women) or

more than 3 drinks and up to 14 drinks

per week (men) on average in the past

year; and heavier drinkers are adults

who had at least 12 drinks in their

lifetime, at least 12 drinks in the past

year, and had more than 7 drinks per

week (women) or more than 14 drinks

per week (men) on average in the past

year. (See ‘‘Appendix II’’ for details.)

Five or more drinks in 1 day is an

indicator of days of heavier drinking

during the past year that may or may

not have been episodic (tables 3.3, 3.4).

Current drinkers were asked on how

many days in the past year they

consumed five or more alcoholic

beverages. The question on five or more

drinks in 1 day was included in the

NHIS questionnaire as a means of

gaining greater understanding of

drinking behavior over the course of the

year. It was not designed as a measure

of binge drinking, which usually refers

to number of drinks ‘‘at one sitting’’ or

‘‘during a 2-hour period.’’ The question

about having five or more drinks in 1

day followed, but was entirely separate

Page 2 [ Series 10, No. 219
from, the questions about usual drinking

practices. Table 3.3 shows the percent of

all adults who had 5 or more drinks in

1 day at least once and at least 12 times

during the past year, thus showing the

prevalence of this behavior in the

general adult population. Table 3.4

shows the percent of current drinkers

who had 5 or more drinks in 1 day at

least once and at least 12 times during

the past year.

Cigarette Smoking

Lifetime cigarette smoking status—

is an indicator of the lifetime history of

cigarette use and has remained relatively

unchanged since the beginning of the

NHIS. Never smokers are adults who

had never smoked any cigarettes or who

had smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in

their entire life. Respondents who had

not smoked at least 100 cigarettes are

not asked the questions about current

smoking practices. Former smokers are

adults who had smoked at least 100

cigarettes in their entire life, but were

not smoking as of the date of the

interview. Current smokers are adults

who had smoked at least 100 cigarettes

in their entire life and were still

smoking as of the date of interview.

Classification of current smokers has

changed slightly over the history of the

NHIS. From 1964–91, current smokers

were defined as those persons who had

smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their

entire life and answered ‘‘yes’’ to the

followup question, ‘‘Do you smoke

now?’’ In 1992, the NHIS question

about current smoking was modified

slightly to be consistent with

international smoking data. This change

enabled identification of daily smokers

and those who smoked less than daily.

The followup question was changed to

‘‘Do you now smoke cigarettes every

day, some days, or not at all?’’ In this

report, estimates for all current smokers

are shown in table 4.1.

Current cigarette smoking status—

provides information on the status and

frequency of current smoking practices.

The category nonsmoker includes

persons who had not smoked 100

cigarettes in their lifetime (i.e., never

smokers) as well as those who smoked

in the past but quit smoking prior to the

date of the interview (i.e., former

smokers). Nondaily smokers include all

persons who said they smoked ‘‘some

days’’ regardless of the number of days

they smoked in the past 30 days. Daily

smokers are those who said they

smoked every day.

Number of cigarettes smoked in a

day—is a measure of usual cigarette

consumption among current smokers.

Separate questions about number of

cigarettes smoked in a day were asked

of adults who currently smoked every

day (daily smokers) and adults who

currently smoked only some days

(nondaily smokers). For nondaily

smokers, the question specified that they

were being asked about the average

number of cigarettes smoked on those

days that they smoked. Amount smoked

is presented in two ways. Table 4.2

shows the mean number of cigarettes

smoked in a day, for all smokers, daily

smokers, and nondaily smokers who

smoked at least once in the past 30

days. Table 4.3 shows percent

distributions of the number of cigarettes

usually smoked in a day for all smokers

(daily and nondaily combined): less than

15 cigarettes, 15–24 cigarettes, 25–34

cigarettes, and 35 cigarettes or more.

For nondaily smokers, these estimates

reflect the number of cigarettes these

adults smoked on the days that they

smoked. The estimates do not reflect

average cigarette consumption over a

period of time.

Age of smoking initiation—refers to

the age at which cigarette smokers first

started to smoke fairly regularly.

Although the question was asked of all

adults who had ever smoked 100

cigarettes, data on age of initiation

shown in this report are limited to

estimates for current smokers (table 4.4).

Quit attempt—is defined as

stopping smoking for more than 1 day

in the past year because the smoker was

trying to quit. The question was asked

of all current smokers, including those

who only smoked some days (table 4.5).

Leisure-time Physical Activity

Leisure-time physical activity status

is based on a series of questions asking

about participation in leisure-time

physical activities of various intensities

ranging from light-moderate to vigorous.

In table 5.1 physically inactive includes

adults who never engaged in any

light-moderate or vigorous leisure-time

physical activity for at least 10 minutes

at a time. At least some physical activity

includes adults who engaged in any

light-moderate or any vigorous

leisure-time physical activity for at least

10 minutes at a time, regardless of

frequency.

Light-moderate leisure-time physical

activity—is based on a question that

asked how often the person engaged in

at least 10 minutes of light-moderate

leisure-time physical activity that caused

light sweating or a slight-to-moderate

increase in breathing or heart rate

(table 5.2). Answers could be provided

in any time unit (per day, per week, per

month, or per year). Frequency of

activity was converted into times per

week and then categorized as follows:

(a) none; (b) less than one time per

week; (c) 1–2 times per week; (d) 3–4

times per week; and (e) five or more

times per week. The ‘‘none’’ category

consists of all persons who engaged in

no light-moderate activity, including

some who engaged in only vigorous

activity. The indicator for light-moderate

physical activity shown in this report is

designed to estimate the percent of

adults who assess their level of

leisure-time physical activity to be in

the light-moderate range. This indicator

differs from the measure of moderate

activity used for tracking progress

toward the Healthy People 2010

Objectives; the latter encompasses all

activity that is at least light-moderate

(including vigorous activity).

Vigorous leisure-time physical

activity—is based on a question that

asked how often the person engaged in

at least 10 minutes of vigorous activity

that caused heavy sweating or large

increases in breathing or heart rate

(table 5.3). Response options were

identical to those of the light-moderate

activity question, and frequency was

categorized in the same manner.

Questions asking about lightmoderate leisure-time physical activity

and vigorous leisure-time physical

activity were independent, with the

question about vigorous activity asked

first. Respondents could have reported

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 3
engaging in only light-moderate activity,

only vigorous activity, both types of

activity, or neither one. Table 5.1

presents data for the two types of

activities combined, showing the percent

of persons who never engaged in either

type of activity and the percent of

persons who ever engaged in either or

both types. Tables 5.2 and 5.3 present

data for frequency of engaging in each

type of activity separately.

Regular leisure-time physical

activity—combines frequency and

duration for each type of activity

(table 5.4). Regular light-moderate

activity is defined as engaging in

light-moderate activity five times or

more per week for 30 minutes or more

each time. Regular vigorous activity is

defined as engaging in vigorous activity

three times or more per week for 20

minutes or more each time. Any regular

activity is defined as meeting either

criterion or both criteria.

Strengthening activity—includes any

leisure-time activities designed to

strengthen muscles, such as weight

lifting or calisthenics (table 5.5). Unlike

light-moderate activity or vigorous

activity, there was no minimum duration

specified in the question, and duration

of activity was not asked.

This report presents data only on

leisure-time physical activity. However,

analysis of data on usual (nonleisure

time) daily physical activity collected in

the NHIS in 2000 suggested that adults

who were active in their usual daily

activities (such as walking around or

lifting or carrying heavy objects) were

also more likely to be active during

their leisure time (29).

Body Weight Status

Height and weight were used to

compute body mass index (BMI), which

is a measure of body weight relative to

height. BMI was computed using

respondent-reported height and weight,

without shoes. Before 1999, the NHIS

questions asking respondents to report

their height and weight began with the

word ‘‘about.’’ To be consistent with

other Federal surveys, this word was

dropped from both questions beginning

in 1999.

Body mass index—is calculated as

weight divided by height2 using metric

units (i.e., kilograms/meter2

). The

categories of BMI used in this report are

consistent with standard BMI

classifications used by the World Health

Organization (WHO) and the 2010

National Health Objectives (25,30).

Adults were classified as follows: obese

adults had a BMI greater than or equal

to 30; overweight but not obese adults

had a BMI of greater than or equal to

25 and less than 30; healthy weight

adults had a BMI of greater than or

equal to 18.5 and less than 25; and

underweight adults had a BMI of less

than 18.5. Table 6.1 and table 6.2 show

categories of body weight status that

represent ranges of BMI values.

Overweight, shown in table 6.1, is

defined as a BMI of greater than or

equal to 25. The BMI equivalents are

listed in footnotes of each table.

Strengths and Limitations

of the Data

The collection of data on alcohol

use, cigarette smoking, leisure-time

physical activity, and body weight and

height on the annual Sample Adult Core

questionnaire makes it possible to

produce annual prevalence estimates for

these health behaviors for a nationally

representative sample of civilian

noninstitutionalized U.S. adults. By

combining data years, it is possible to

study the behaviors of some smaller

population subgroups that would have

too few cases to yield reliable estimates

with a single year of data. Data on

health behaviors are collected along

with data on a wide range of other

health characteristics including chronic

health conditions, injury episodes,

access to medical care, and health

insurance coverage. This makes it

possible to study interrelationships

among the various health characteristics

and to track these relationships over

time.

All of the information on alcohol

use, smoking, leisure-time physical

activity, height, and weight were

self-reported by one randomly selected

adult in each family. Self-reporting

enhances accuracy of the data to the

extent that respondents willingly provide

the information. It is recognized,

however, that there may be some

underreporting of some behaviors that

are considered undesirable. Estimates of

behaviors generally thought to be

harmful to health (e.g., heavier alcohol

use, current cigarette smoking, physical

inactivity in leisure time, and

overweight body weight status) can be

considered conservative estimates of the

prevalence of such behaviors, given that

underreporting may occur.

Most of the behaviors included in

this report are described in terms of

‘‘usual’’ or ‘‘average’’ behavior.

Questions were designed to elicit

information that would characterize

respondents’ typical behaviors and do

not allow detailed exploration of

patterns of behavior. In addition to the

questions being of a general nature, the

indicators described above and shown in

chapters 3–7 further generalize adult

health behavior characteristics in an

effort to provide a meaningful overview

for major population subgroups.

The strength of this approach is that

it provides a ‘‘snapshot’’ of the

important subgroups of the U.S.

population in terms of general health

behavior characteristics. It is possible to

estimate which groups are most likely to

drink heavily (on average), smoke

cigarettes daily or less than daily, be

completely sedentary or irregularly

active in their leisure time, and be

overweight or obese. Together, these

estimates help pinpoint the groups that

might benefit most from health

education or other interventions.

However, such estimates do not identify

important patterns of unhealthy

behaviors. For example, the data

collected in the NHIS do not allow for

clear identification of episodic heavy

(binge) drinkers, irregularities in

exercise patterns, or fluctuations in body

weight status. Some information on

patterns is captured for smoking with a

series of questions addressed to persons

who smoked cigarettes on a less-thandaily basis. A discussion of the history

of the NHIS health behavior measures

as well as more information on their

strengths and limitations are available

(19–22).

Page 4 [ Series 10, No. 219
Statistical Analysis

Three years of data were combined

to increase reliability of estimates for

some of the smaller population

subgroups. Even with the 3 years of

data, the standard errors for some

subgroups are quite large. In tables

shown in this report, estimates with a

relative standard error greater than 30%

are identified with an asterisk. Readers

should exercise caution when

interpreting these statistics.

This report is based on data from

96,501 completed interviews with

sample adults aged 18 years and over,

representing an overall sample adult

response rate of 71.8%. Procedures used

in calculating response rates are

described in detail in ‘‘Appendix I’’ of

the Survey Description of the NHIS data

files (26–28).

All estimates and associated

standard errors shown in this report

were generated using SUDAAN, a

software package designed to handle

complex sample designs such as that

used by the NHIS (31). All estimates

were weighted, using the Sample Adult

Record Weight, to reflect the U.S.

civilian noninstitutionalized population

aged 18 years and over.

Most estimates presented in this

report were age-adjusted to the 2000

U.S. standard population aged 18 years

and over (32,33). Age adjustment was

used to allow comparison among

various sociodemographic subgroups

that have different age structures. The

age categories used to age adjust the

1999–2001 data differ slightly from the

categories used in the earlier reports for

1997–98. In the earlier reports, the data

were adjusted using the age groups

18–24 years, 25–44 years, 45–64 years,

65–74 years, and 75 years and over. For

the current report, the two youngest age

groups were combined and the two

oldest age groups were combined to

increase the stability of the estimates.

Thus, the estimates for 1999–2001 were

age-adjusted using the age groups 18–44

years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and

over. Trend comparisons of age-adjusted

estimates will be affected by this change

and should be made with caution. (See

‘‘Appendix I’’ for details.) Tables

showing unadjusted estimates by race,

Hispanic or Latino origin and race,

education, poverty status, marital status,

geographic region, and place of

residence are available on the NCHS

Web site (34).

Age-adjusted estimates were

compared using two-tailed t-tests at the

0.05 level. No adjustments were made

for multiple comparisons. Terms such as

‘‘greater than’’ and ‘‘less than’’ indicate

a statistically significant difference.

Terms such as ‘‘similar’’ or ‘‘no

difference’’ indicate that the statistics

being compared were not significantly

different. Lack of comment regarding

the difference between any two statistics

does not mean that the difference was

tested and found to be not significant.

Most statistics presented in this

report can be replicated using NHIS

public-use data files and accompanying

documentation available for

downloading from the NCHS Web site

at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm.

Data for some of the smaller race and

ethnicity subgroups are not included on

the public-use data files to protect

respondent confidentiality. Therefore,

corresponding estimates cannot be

replicated. Many of the references cited

in this report are also available via the

NCHS Web site at: http://www.cdc.gov/

nchs.

Series 10, No. 219[ Page 5
Chapter 3

Alcohol Use

All Adults

+ Overall, 62.1% of U.S. adults were

current drinkers (table 3.1).

+ About 15% of adults were former

drinkers: 6.5% were former regular

drinkers and 8.3% were former

infrequent drinkers (table 3.1).

+ About 1 in 4 adults (23.1%) were

lifetime abstainers (table 3.1).

+ Slightly more than one-third (37.9%)

of adults were currently nondrinkers,

a category that consists of lifetime

abstainers and former drinkers

(table 3.2).

+ Nearly one-third of adults (29.4%)

were light drinkers (table 3.2).

+ About 5% of adults were classified

as heavier drinkers (table 3.2).

+ About 1 in 5 adults (19.8%) had

five or more drinks in 1 day at least

once in the past year (table 3.3).

+ About 1 in 10 adults (9.2%) had

five or more drinks in 1 day on at

least 12 days in the past year

(table 3.3).

+ Among current drinkers, nearly

one-third (30.4%) had five or more

drinks in 1 day at least once in the

past year (table 3.4).

+ About 1 in 7 current drinkers

(14.1%) had five or more drinks in

1 day on at least 12 days during the

past year (table 3.4).

Sex

+ Men (68.6%) were more likely than

women (56.3%) to be current

drinkers (table 3.1).

+ Men (8.3%) were more likely than

women (5.0%) to be former regular

drinkers, and women (9.2%) were

more likely than men (7.3%) to be

former infrequent drinkers

(table 3.1).

+ Women (29.5%) were about twice as

likely as men (15.8%) to be lifetime

abstainers (table 3.1).

+ Men (21.6%) were considerably

more likely than women (6.8%) to

be moderate drinkers and somewhat

more likely than women to be

heavier drinkers (5.5% and 3.7%,

respectively) (table 3.2).

+ Men (28.7%) were more than twice

as likely as women (11.5%) to have

had five or more drinks in 1 day at

least once in the past year and

nearly four times as likely (15.0%)

as women (3.9%) to have had this

much to drink in 1 day on at least

12 days during the past year

(table 3.3).

+ Male current drinkers (40.6%) were

twice as likely as female current

drinkers (19.1%) to have had five or

more drinks in 1 day sometime in

the past year and three times as

likely to have had this much on 12

days or more in the past year

(21.1% and 6.4%, respectively)

(table 3.4).

Age

+ Rates of lifetime abstention were

lowest among adults aged 25–44

years (table 3.1).

+ Lifetime abstention was highest

among young men (29.3%) and

young women (37.6%) aged 18–24

years and among women aged

65–74 years (39.6%) and 75 years

and over (47.5%) compared with

men and women in other age groups

(table 3.1).

+ Current drinking was most prevalent

among adults aged 25–44 years for

both men (76.8%) and women

(64.9%) and declined steadily with

age from 45 years of age on

(table 3.1 and figure 3.1).

+ The youngest adults (2.0%) were the

least likely of all the age groups to

be former regular drinkers

(table 3.1).

+ Men aged 75 years and over

(19.7%) were about twice as likely

as men aged 45–64 years of age

(10.0%) to be former regular

drinkers (table 3.1).

+ Women aged 75 years and over

(7.8%) were more likely than

women aged 45–64 years (5.4%) to

be former regular drinkers

(table 3.1).

+ The prevalence of being a former

infrequent drinker increased with

age from 2.8% among the youngest

adults to 14.0% among adults aged

75 years and over (table 3.1).

+ Consumption of five or more drinks

in 1 day at least once in the past

year was strongly associated with

age for both men and women

(table 3.3 and figure 3.2.).

+ Among male current drinkers, rates

of consuming five or more drinks in

1 day at least once in the past year

declined with age from 6 in 10

(61.4%) in the youngest age group

to 1 in 10 (9.5%) in the oldest age

group (table 3.4).

+ Among female current drinkers,

rates of consuming five or more

drinks in 1 day at least once in the

past year declined with age from 4

in 10 (42.0%) in the youngest age

group to 2 in 100 (2.1%) in the

oldest age group (table 3.4).

Figure 3.1 Percent of adults who were current drinkers, by age and sex: United States,

1999–2001

Page 6 [ Series 10, No. 219
Race

+ White men (70.8%) were more

likely than black men (55.8%) and

Asian men (58.4%) to be current

drinkers (table 3.1 and figure 3.3).

+ About 7 in 10 Native Hawaiian or

other Pacific Islander men (68.0%)

and 6 in 10 American Indian or

Alaska Native men (60.7%) were

current drinkers (table 3.1 and

figure 3.3).

+ Native Hawaiian or other Pacific

Islander women (60.4%) and white

women (60.4%) were considerably

more likely to be current drinkers

than black women (39.4%) and

Asian women (30.3%) (table 3.1 and

figure 3.3).

+ Lifetime abstinence was higher

among Asian adults (46.2%) than

among black adults (35.4%) or

white adults (20.2%) (table 3.1).

+ American Indian or Alaska Native

women and Asian women were

about twice as likely as their male

counterparts to be lifetime abstainers

(table 3.1).

+ American Indian or Alaska Native

men (10.7%) were three times as

likely as Asian men (3.2%) to be

heavier drinkers (table 3.2).

+ White men (5.6%) were more likely

than black men (4.5%) to be heavier

drinkers (table 3.2).

+ White women (4.1%) were four

times as likely as Asian women

(1.0%) to be heavier drinkers

(table 3.2).

+ White men (30.6%) were about

twice as likely as black men

(17.9%) and Asian men (15.7%) to

have had five or more drinks in 1

day in the past year (table 3.3 and

figure 3.4).

+ Among current drinkers, white

adults (31.3%) were more likely

than black adults (22.6%) and Asian

adults (21.4%) to have consumed

five or more drinks in 1 day in the

past year (table 3.4).

Hispanic or Latino Origin

and Race

+ Non-Hispanic adults (63.5%) were

more likely than Hispanic adults

(51.2%) to be current drinkers

(table 3.1).

+ About one-third of Hispanic adults

(35.6%) compared with about

one-fifth of non-Hispanic adults

(21.6%) were lifetime abstainers

(table 3.1).

+ Hispanic men were as likely as

non-Hispanic men to be heavier

drinkers (table 3.2).

+ Non-Hispanic women (4.0%) were

almost three times as likely as

Hispanic women (1.4%) to be

heavier drinkers (table 3.2).

+ Non-Hispanic white men (31.2%)

were more likely than Hispanic men

(27.6%) to have consumed five or

Figure 3.2. Percent of adults who had five or more drinks in 1 day at least once in past

year, by age and sex: United States, 1999–2001

Figure 3.3. Percent of adults who were current drinkers, by race and sex: United States,

1999–2001

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 7
more drinks in 1 day in the past

year (table 3.3 and figure 3.5).

+ Non-Hispanic white women (13.8%)

were almost twice as likely as

Hispanic women (7.0%) to have

consumed five or more drinks in 1

day in the past year (table 3.3 and

figure 3.5).

Education

+ The prevalence of current drinking

increased with education from

45.8% for adults with less than a

high school diploma to 74.9% for

adults with a graduate degree

(table 3.1).

+ Sex differences in current drinking

prevalence were greatest among

adults with fewer years of education

(table 3.1 and figure 3.6).

+ Among adults with less than a high

school diploma, 56.3% of men and

35.3% of women were current

drinkers (table 3.1 and figure 3.6).

+ Among adults who had attended

college, over 70% of men and over

60% of women were current

drinkers (table 3.1 and figure 3.6).

+ Men with less than a high school

diploma (11.0%) were more than

twice as likely as men who held

advanced degrees (4.8%) to be

former regular drinkers (table 3.1).

+ Heavier drinking was most prevalent

among men who had earned a

General Educational Development

(GED) high school equivalency

diploma (10.7%) (table 3.2).

+ Adults who had earned a GED

(23.9%) were more likely than

adults who were high school

graduates (19.1%) and adults with

less than a high school diploma

(16.7%) to have had five or more

drinks in 1 day at least once during

the past year (table 3.3 and

figure 3.7).

Poverty Status

+ The prevalence of current drinking

increased dramatically with income:

45.9% of adults having incomes

below the poverty level were current

drinkers compared with 75.1% of

adults who had incomes four times

the poverty level or more (table 3.1).

+ Persons with incomes below the

poverty level (35.4%) were more

than twice as likely as adults with

incomes four times the poverty level

or more (13.7%) to be lifetime

abstainers (table 3.1).

+ Adults in the upper income groups

were more likely to be current

drinkers and to have had five or

more drinks in 1 day at least once in

the past year than were adults in the

lower income groups (tables 3.1 and

3.3).

+ Men with incomes below the

poverty level (7.3%) were more

likely than men in the highest

income group (5.0%) to be heavier

drinkers, and the inverse was true

Figure 3.4. Percent of adults who had 5 or more drinks in 1 day at least once in past year,

by race and sex: United States, 1999–2001

Figure 3.5. Percent of adults who had 5 or more drinks in 1 day at least once in past year,

by Hispanic origin and race and sex: United States, 1999–2001

Page 8 [ Series 10, No. 219
for women (3.2% versus 5.2%,

respectively) (table 3.2).

+ Among current drinkers, men with

incomes below the poverty level

(31.0%) were more likely than those

in the highest income group (19.4%)

to have had five or more drinks in 1

day on at least 12 days in the past

year (table 3.4).

+ Among current drinkers, women

having incomes below the poverty

level (11.6%) were more than twice

as likely as women in the highest

income group (5.3%) to have had

five or more drinks in 1 day on at

least 12 days during the past year

(table 3.4).

Marital Status

+ The prevalence of lifetime

abstention was highest among never

married adults (28.8%) and widowed

adults (26.5%) and lowest among

cohabiting adults (11.6%) (table 3.1).

+ Cohabiting adults (8.2%) and

divorced or separated adults (6.5%)

were more likely than married adults

(3.6%) to be heavier drinkers

(table 3.2).

+ Widowed adults (46.9%) were more

likely than adults in any other

marital status group to be

nondrinkers (table 3.2).

+ Cohabiting adults (29.1%) were

more likely than married adults

(17.1%) to have had five or more

drinks in 1 day at least once in the

past year (table 3.3).

Geographic Region

+ Adults living in the South (54.9%)

were less likely to be current

drinkers than adults living in the

Northeast (68.8%), the Midwest

(66.3%), or the West (63.7%)

(table 3.1).

+ Lifetime abstention was highest

among adults living in the South

(29.2%) compared with adults living

in the Northeast (18.5%), Midwest

(18.8%), or West (21.9%)

(table 3.1).

+ Adults living in the Midwest

(23.8%) were more likely to have

had five or more drinks in 1 day at

least once than were adults living in

the West (20.9%), Northeast

(20.8%), or South (16.1%)

(table 3.3).

Figure 3.6. Percent of adults who were current drinkers, by education and sex:

United States, 1999–2001

Figure 3.7. Percent of adults who had 5 or more drinks in 1 day at least once in past year,

by education: United States, 1999–2001

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 9
Place of Residence

+ Adults living outside a metropolitan

statistical area (MSA) (56.3%) were

less likely to be current drinkers

than those living in an MSA,

whether in a central city (60.1%) or

not in a central city (65.7%)

(table 3.1).

+ Among current drinkers, adults

living outside an MSA (15.9%) were

more likely to drink five or more

drinks in 1 day on at least 12 days

than were adults living in the central

city of an MSA (14.7%) or outside

the central city of an MSA (13.3%)

(table 3.4).

Page 10 [ Series 10, No. 219
Table 3.1. Percent distributions of lifetime alcohol drinking status for adults 18 years of age and over, by selected characteristics:

United States, average annual, 1999–2001

Selected characteristic Total

Lifetime alcohol drinking status1

Lifetime

abstainer

Former

infrequent

Former

regular Current

Percent distribution (standard error)

Both sexes

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)2,3 ......... 100.0 23.1 (0.27) 8.3 (0.14) 6.5 (0.11) 62.1 (0.29)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)2 ............... 100.0 23.0 (0.27) 8.2 (0.14) 6.4 (0.11) 62.4 (0.29)

Age:

18–24 years ........................... 100.0 33.5 (0.70) 2.8 (0.20) 2.0 (0.16) 61.8 (0.73)

25–44 years ........................... 100.0 18.0 (0.31) 6.3 (0.16) 4.9 (0.14) 70.7 (0.33)

45–64 years ........................... 100.0 19.9 (0.35) 10.3 (0.23) 7.6 (0.19) 62.2 (0.40)

65–74 years ........................... 100.0 29.5 (0.62) 13.2 (0.42) 11.0 (0.37) 46.4 (0.68)

75 years and over ........................ 100.0 36.6 (0.72) 14.0 (0.47) 12.5 (0.43) 36.8 (0.70)

Race:3

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 20.2 (0.29) 7.9 (0.15) 6.6 (0.12) 65.3 (0.32)

Black or African American, single race ........... 100.0 35.4 (0.67) 11.3 (0.36) 6.7 (0.25) 46.6 (0.57)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ...... 100.0 24.4 (3.09) 13.2 (1.60) 10.3 (1.42) 52.0 (3.17)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 46.2 (1.29) 6.8 (0.67) 2.8 (0.41) 44.2 (1.14)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race . . 100.0 17.8 (4.30) *13.5 (4.25) *3.1 (1.65) 65.5 (5.47)

2 or more races ......................... 100.0 15.7 (1.46) 10.4 (1.39) 8.9 (1.24) 65.0 (1.90)

Black or African American, white ............. 100.0 17.9 (4.40) *10.1 (4.87) *2.6 (1.64) 69.5 (3.67)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ......... 100.0 11.6 (1.83) 11.3 (2.12) 10.7 (1.83) 66.4 (2.68)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:3

Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 35.6 (0.59) 7.0 (0.30) 6.2 (0.29) 51.2 (0.58)

Mexican or Mexican-American ............... 100.0 36.3 (0.67) 7.6 (0.37) 6.4 (0.35) 49.7 (0.68)

Not Hispanic or Latino ..................... 100.0 21.6 (0.29) 8.4 (0.15) 6.5 (0.12) 63.5 (0.31)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 18.4 (0.30) 8.0 (0.16) 6.7 (0.13) 66.9 (0.34)

Black or African American, single race .......... 100.0 35.5 (0.68) 11.4 (0.37) 6.7 (0.25) 46.5 (0.58)

Education:3

Less than high school graduate ............... 100.0 35.6 (0.51) 10.7 (0.30) 8.0 (0.23) 45.8 (0.48)

GED diploma4 .......................... 100.0 21.0 (1.23) 12.2 (0.82) 9.6 (0.71) 57.2 (1.22)

High school graduate ...................... 100.0 24.6 (0.43) 9.2 (0.24) 6.6 (0.19) 59.5 (0.43)

Some college - no degree ................... 100.0 20.2 (0.44) 7.5 (0.23) 6.1 (0.21) 66.2 (0.50)

Associate of arts degree .................... 100.0 18.1 (0.57) 8.1 (0.38) 6.4 (0.35) 67.4 (0.64)

Bachelor of arts, science degree ............... 100.0 15.6 (0.38) 5.4 (0.24) 5.2 (0.21) 73.7 (0.47)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ............. 100.0 14.9 (0.56) 5.4 (0.31) 4.7 (0.29) 74.9 (0.65)

Poverty status:3,5

Below poverty level ....................... 100.0 35.4 (0.77) 10.4 (0.40) 8.3 (0.34) 45.9 (0.80)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level ................. 100.0 29.5 (0.56) 11.0 (0.33) 8.1 (0.28) 51.4 (0.53)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level ................. 100.0 21.7 (0.39) 9.2 (0.23) 7.1 (0.20) 62.0 (0.45)

4 times poverty level or more ................. 100.0 13.7 (0.33) 6.1 (0.18) 5.2 (0.18) 75.1 (0.37)

Marital status:3

Never married .......................... 100.0 28.8 (0.57) 7.4 (0.32) 5.3 (0.26) 58.5 (0.61)

Married .............................. 100.0 21.3 (0.31) 8.8 (0.19) 7.0 (0.15) 62.9 (0.33)

Cohabiting ............................ 100.0 11.6 (0.71) 8.1 (0.67) 7.3 (0.68) 72.9 (0.96)

Divorced or separated ..................... 100.0 18.2 (0.43) 9.3 (0.29) 7.8 (0.26) 64.8 (0.50)

Widowed ............................. 100.0 26.5 (1.44) 12.8 (1.40) 7.6 (0.87) 53.1 (1.75)

Geographic region:3

Northeast ............................. 100.0 18.5 (0.47) 6.9 (0.22) 5.8 (0.21) 68.8 (0.52)

Midwest .............................. 100.0 18.8 (0.60) 8.1 (0.22) 6.8 (0.22) 66.3 (0.60)

South ............................... 100.0 29.2 (0.49) 9.5 (0.29) 6.5 (0.20) 54.9 (0.49)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 21.9 (0.48) 7.7 (0.28) 6.7 (0.21) 63.7 (0.53)

Place of residence:3,6

MSA, central city ........................ 100.0 25.4 (0.46) 8.1 (0.20) 6.4 (0.17) 60.1 (0.47)

MSA, not central city ...................... 100.0 20.5 (0.33) 7.6 (0.18) 6.2 (0.16) 65.7 (0.39)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 26.0 (0.75) 10.3 (0.40) 7.4 (0.28) 56.3 (0.77)

See footnotes at end of table.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 11
Table 3.1. Percent distributions of lifetime alcohol drinking status for adults 18 years of age and over, by selected characteristics:

United States, average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic Total

Lifetime alcohol drinking status1

Lifetime

abstainer

Former

infrequent

Former

regular Current

Percent distribution (standard error)

Men

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)2,3 ......... 100.0 15.8 (0.29) 7.3 (0.18) 8.3 (0.16) 68.6 (0.32)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)2 ............... 100.0 15.8 (0.29) 7.1 (0.18) 8.0 (0.16) 69.2 (0.32)

Age:

18–24 years ........................... 100.0 29.3 (0.91) 1.9 (0.25) 1.7 (0.20) 67.1 (0.93)

25–44 years ........................... 100.0 12.6 (0.35) 5.3 (0.20) 5.3 (0.21) 76.8 (0.40)

45–64 years ........................... 100.0 12.8 (0.42) 9.1 (0.33) 10.0 (0.31) 68.1 (0.54)

65–74 years ........................... 100.0 17.0 (0.69) 12.6 (0.65) 15.9 (0.66) 54.5 (0.93)

75 years and over ........................ 100.0 20.0 (0.90) 13.6 (0.73) 19.7 (0.79) 46.6 (1.13)

Race:3

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 14.0 (0.30) 6.8 (0.19) 8.4 (0.18) 70.8 (0.34)

Black or African American, single race ........... 100.0 24.4 (0.83) 10.9 (0.58) 8.9 (0.42) 55.8 (0.86)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ...... 100.0 15.3 (3.25) 11.7 (2.10) 12.3 (2.27) 60.7 (4.06)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 30.4 (1.83) 7.4 (1.08) 3.8 (0.69) 58.4 (1.77)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race . . 100.0 *10.1 (3.10) *16.1 (6.21) *5.7 (3.52) 68.0 (7.47)

2 or more races ......................... 100.0 9.9 (1.81) 9.5 (1.90) 10.5 (1.85) 70.1 (2.33)

Black or African American, white ............. 100.0 *13.4 (4.79) 17.1 (2.74) *- 69.5 (4.48)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ......... 100.0 *7.0 (2.13) 8.6 (2.44) 12.5 (2.67) 71.9 (3.28)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:3

Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 21.2 (0.71) 6.8 (0.43) 8.7 (0.52) 63.3 (0.86)

Mexican or Mexican-American ............... 100.0 19.8 (0.81) 7.1 (0.61) 9.2 (0.68) 63.9 (1.02)

Not Hispanic or Latino ..................... 100.0 15.2 (0.32) 7.3 (0.20) 8.3 (0.17) 69.2 (0.34)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 13.2 (0.31) 6.8 (0.20) 8.4 (0.19) 71.6 (0.36)

Black or African American, single race .......... 100.0 24.4 (0.83) 10.9 (0.58) 8.9 (0.43) 55.8 (0.88)

Education:3

Less than high school graduate ............... 100.0 22.6 (0.61) 10.1 (0.42) 11.0 (0.41) 56.3 (0.66)

GED diploma4 .......................... 100.0 14.0 (1.55) 10.1 (1.09) 12.0 (1.08) 63.9 (1.71)

High school graduate ...................... 100.0 16.4 (0.49) 7.8 (0.35) 8.8 (0.31) 67.0 (0.55)

Some college - no degree ................... 100.0 14.0 (0.54) 6.2 (0.33) 8.0 (0.34) 71.8 (0.68)

Associate of arts degree .................... 100.0 13.3 (0.78) 7.4 (0.58) 8.1 (0.61) 71.1 (0.99)

Bachelor of arts, science degree ............... 100.0 12.3 (0.49) 4.9 (0.31) 5.5 (0.33) 77.3 (0.62)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ............. 100.0 12.5 (0.72) 5.2 (0.42) 4.8 (0.42) 77.5 (0.89)

Poverty status:3,5

Below poverty level ....................... 100.0 23.5 (0.96) 9.1 (0.67) 11.0 (0.64) 56.4 (1.21)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level ................. 100.0 19.6 (0.66) 10.0 (0.47) 11.1 (0.49) 59.3 (0.76)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level ................. 100.0 15.6 (0.48) 7.9 (0.33) 9.2 (0.32) 67.3 (0.58)

4 times poverty level or more ................. 100.0 10.0 (0.37) 5.3 (0.24) 6.0 (0.27) 78.7 (0.47)

Marital status:3

Never married .......................... 100.0 22.7 (0.70) 6.8 (0.49) 6.6 (0.42) 64.0 (0.82)

Married .............................. 100.0 14.4 (0.35) 8.1 (0.24) 8.6 (0.21) 68.9 (0.38)

Cohabiting ............................ 100.0 7.7 (0.80) 6.0 (0.78) 8.7 (0.95) 77.6 (1.30)

Divorced or separated ..................... 100.0 10.7 (0.51) 7.7 (0.42) 10.0 (0.48) 71.6 (0.72)

Widowed ............................. 100.0 13.9 (2.51) 5.4 (0.83) 9.4 (1.40) 71.3 (2.86)

Geographic region:3

Northeast ............................. 100.0 13.2 (0.58) 5.1 (0.26) 6.9 (0.31) 74.7 (0.60)

Midwest .............................. 100.0 13.6 (0.64) 6.6 (0.33) 8.7 (0.27) 71.1 (0.69)

South ............................... 100.0 19.6 (0.54) 9.2 (0.38) 8.6 (0.31) 62.7 (0.58)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 14.5 (0.48) 6.7 (0.36) 8.7 (0.33) 70.2 (0.61)

Place of residence:3,6

MSA, central city ........................ 100.0 17.5 (0.51) 6.8 (0.28) 8.2 (0.28) 67.5 (0.60)

MSA, not central city ...................... 100.0 14.3 (0.40) 6.5 (0.23) 7.7 (0.23) 71.4 (0.45)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 17.3 (0.79) 9.8 (0.51) 10.0 (0.44) 62.9 (0.86)

Page 12 [ Series 10, No. 219
Table 3.1. Percent distributions of lifetime alcohol drinking status for adults 18 years of age and over, by selected characteristics:

United States, average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic Total

Lifetime alcohol drinking status1

Lifetime

abstainer

Former

infrequent

Former

regular Current

Percent distribution (standard error)

Women

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)2,3 ......... 100.0 29.5 (0.34) 9.2 (0.17) 5.0 (0.13) 56.3 (0.35)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)2 ............... 100.0 29.6 (0.34) 9.3 (0.17) 5.0 (0.13) 56.1 (0.35)

Age:

18–24 years ........................... 100.0 37.6 (0.88) 3.6 (0.30) 2.3 (0.25) 56.6 (0.92)

25–44 years ........................... 100.0 23.2 (0.42) 7.3 (0.24) 4.5 (0.18) 64.9 (0.45)

45–64 years ........................... 100.0 26.4 (0.46) 11.5 (0.31) 5.4 (0.22) 56.7 (0.50)

65–74 years ........................... 100.0 39.6 (0.84) 13.6 (0.54) 7.0 (0.40) 39.8 (0.85)

75 years and over ........................ 100.0 47.5 (0.90) 14.3 (0.57) 7.8 (0.44) 30.4 (0.81)

Race:3

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 25.6 (0.37) 8.9 (0.19) 5.1 (0.15) 60.4 (0.41)

Black or African American, single race ........... 100.0 43.7 (0.82) 11.7 (0.42) 5.2 (0.27) 39.4 (0.68)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ...... 100.0 33.1 (4.27) 14.9 (2.11) 8.5 (1.94) 43.5 (3.96)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 61.8 (1.49) 6.1 (0.74) 1.8 (0.33) 30.3 (1.33)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race . . 100.0 *26.9 (9.06) *12.2 (6.47) *0.5 (0.43) 60.4 (8.44)

2 or more races ......................... 100.0 22.0 (2.17) 11.6 (1.63) 6.9 (1.51) 59.6 (2.57)

Black or African American, white ............. 100.0 23.1 (5.00) *2.5 (1.70) *5.0 (3.05) 69.5 (5.30)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ......... 100.0 17.5 (2.84) 14.9 (2.92) 8.7 (2.36) 58.9 (3.66)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:3

Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 48.8 (0.86) 7.3 (0.39) 4.1 (0.30) 39.8 (0.71)

Mexican or Mexican-American ............... 100.0 52.1 (1.08) 8.1 (0.56) 4.0 (0.39) 35.8 (0.91)

Not Hispanic or Latino ..................... 100.0 27.2 (0.35) 9.4 (0.18) 5.1 (0.14) 58.3 (0.37)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 22.9 (0.38) 9.1 (0.20) 5.2 (0.16) 62.7 (0.43)

Black or African American, single race .......... 100.0 43.8 (0.83) 11.8 (0.42) 5.1 (0.28) 39.3 (0.69)

Education:3

Less than high school graduate ............... 100.0 48.0 (0.70) 11.4 (0.39) 5.4 (0.27) 35.3 (0.64)

GED diploma4 .......................... 100.0 28.3 (1.57) 14.3 (1.21) 7.1 (0.85) 50.2 (1.60)

High school graduate ...................... 100.0 31.4 (0.56) 10.4 (0.31) 5.1 (0.23) 53.0 (0.54)

Some college - no degree ................... 100.0 25.4 (0.58) 8.6 (0.31) 4.5 (0.25) 61.5 (0.62)

Associate of arts degree .................... 100.0 21.7 (0.71) 8.8 (0.46) 5.2 (0.39) 64.3 (0.81)

Bachelor of arts, science degree ............... 100.0 19.3 (0.54) 5.9 (0.33) 4.7 (0.25) 70.2 (0.63)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ............. 100.0 18.2 (0.81) 5.8 (0.44) 4.5 (0.41) 71.6 (0.90)

Poverty status:3,5

Below poverty level ....................... 100.0 43.2 (0.92) 11.3 (0.48) 6.7 (0.38) 38.8 (0.82)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level ................. 100.0 37.3 (0.78) 11.9 (0.44) 6.0 (0.36) 44.7 (0.73)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level ................. 100.0 27.5 (0.53) 10.5 (0.33) 5.2 (0.25) 56.9 (0.58)

4 times poverty level or more ................. 100.0 17.6 (0.45) 6.9 (0.26) 4.3 (0.20) 71.2 (0.51)

Marital status:3

Never married .......................... 100.0 35.1 (0.80) 8.2 (0.45) 4.2 (0.33) 52.6 (0.78)

Married .............................. 100.0 28.4 (0.42) 9.4 (0.25) 5.2 (0.18) 57.0 (0.44)

Cohabiting ............................ 100.0 16.0 (1.21) 10.4 (1.18) 5.7 (1.00) 67.9 (1.49)

Divorced or separated ..................... 100.0 23.4 (0.58) 10.3 (0.38) 6.2 (0.31) 60.1 (0.63)

Widowed ............................. 100.0 30.0 (1.67) 15.5 (1.88) 7.5 (1.08) 47.0 (2.13)

Geographic region:3

Northeast ............................. 100.0 22.8 (0.58) 8.5 (0.31) 4.9 (0.26) 63.7 (0.60)

Midwest .............................. 100.0 23.3 (0.74) 9.5 (0.31) 5.2 (0.31) 62.1 (0.77)

South ............................... 100.0 37.6 (0.57) 9.8 (0.33) 4.9 (0.20) 47.8 (0.58)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 29.0 (0.70) 8.6 (0.36) 5.0 (0.26) 57.4 (0.74)

Place of residence:3,6

MSA, central city ........................ 100.0 32.1 (0.61) 9.2 (0.28) 5.1 (0.20) 53.6 (0.60)

MSA, not central city ...................... 100.0 26.1 (0.42) 8.6 (0.24) 4.9 (0.20) 60.4 (0.47)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 33.4 (0.88) 10.8 (0.42) 5.2 (0.27) 50.5 (0.86)

* Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision (see ‘‘Appendix I’’).

- Quantity zero.

1Lifetime alcohol drinking status: Lifetime abstainer is less than 12 drinks in lifetime; former infrequent is 12 or more drinks in lifetime but less than 12 in 1 year, and none in past year; former regular is

12 or more drinks in 1 year but none in past year; current is 12 or more drinks in lifetime and 1 or more drinks in past year.

2Persons of other races and unknown race and ethnicity, unknown education, unknown poverty status, and unknown marital status are included in total.

3Estimates are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population using age groups 18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

4GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.

5Poverty status is based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau poverty thresholds for 1998, 1999, and 2000.

6MSA is metropolitan statistical area (see ‘‘Appendix II’’).

NOTES: Denominator for each percent distribution excludes persons with unknown lifetime drinking status. See ‘‘Appendix II’’ for definitions of terms.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 13
Table 3.2. Percent distributions of current alcohol drinking status for adults 18 years of age and over, by selected characteristics:

United States, average annual, 1999–2001

Selected characteristic Total

Current alcohol drinking status1

Nondrinker Infrequent Light Moderate Heavier

Both sexes Percent distribution (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)2,3 ............ 100.0 37.9 (0.29) 14.3 (0.15) 29.4 (0.22) 13.9 (0.16) 4.6 (0.09)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)2 .................. 100.0 37.6 (0.29) 14.3 (0.15) 29.5 (0.22) 13.9 (0.16) 4.6 (0.09)

Age:

18–24 years .............................. 100.0 38.2 (0.73) 12.4 (0.41) 30.4 (0.59) 13.3 (0.44) 5.6 (0.30)

25–44 years .............................. 100.0 29.3 (0.33) 14.9 (0.23) 35.5 (0.30) 15.6 (0.24) 4.7 (0.13)

45–64 years .............................. 100.0 37.8 (0.40) 15.5 (0.25) 28.1 (0.35) 13.8 (0.26) 4.9 (0.14)

65–74 years .............................. 100.0 53.6 (0.68) 12.9 (0.43) 18.7 (0.49) 10.9 (0.38) 3.8 (0.22)

75 years and over ........................... 100.0 63.2 (0.70) 11.3 (0.39) 13.8 (0.46) 9.6 (0.41) 2.1 (0.20)

Race:3

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 34.7 (0.32) 14.5 (0.16) 31.0 (0.25) 15.0 (0.18) 4.9 (0.11)

Black or African American, single race .............. 100.0 53.4 (0.57) 12.9 (0.33) 21.3 (0.49) 9.1 (0.30) 3.2 (0.18)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ......... 100.0 48.0 (3.17) 14.4 (1.83) 19.5 (2.02) 10.5 (1.21) 7.6 (1.53)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 55.8 (1.14) 12.7 (0.76) 22.4 (0.99) 7.1 (0.68) 2.1 (0.31)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race ..... 100.0 34.5 (5.47) 11.0 (3.20) 32.0 (6.05) 17.1 (4.37) *5.4 (3.04)

2 or more races ............................ 100.0 35.0 (1.90) 14.4 (1.23) 31.0 (1.48) 11.3 (1.18) 8.4 (1.10)

Black or African American, white ................ 100.0 30.5 (3.67) *16.2 (5.26) 35.2 (7.03) *12.5 (4.29) *5.6 (2.27)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ............ 100.0 33.6 (2.68) 14.2 (1.99) 27.7 (2.54) 12.9 (2.02) 11.5 (1.79)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:3

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 100.0 48.8 (0.58) 13.3 (0.37) 24.4 (0.47) 10.3 (0.34) 3.2 (0.19)

Mexican or Mexican-American .................. 100.0 50.3 (0.68) 12.4 (0.44) 23.2 (0.53) 10.7 (0.41) 3.4 (0.24)

Not Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 36.5 (0.31) 14.4 (0.16) 30.0 (0.23) 14.3 (0.17) 4.8 (0.10)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 33.1 (0.34) 14.7 (0.17) 31.7 (0.26) 15.4 (0.20) 5.1 (0.12)

Black or African American, single race ............. 100.0 53.5 (0.58) 12.9 (0.33) 21.3 (0.49) 9.2 (0.31) 3.2 (0.18)

Education:3

Less than high school graduate .................. 100.0 54.2 (0.48) 12.3 (0.30) 19.1 (0.39) 9.7 (0.26) 4.8 (0.20)

GED diploma4 ............................. 100.0 42.8 (1.22) 16.1 (0.85) 21.7 (1.02) 12.0 (0.75) 7.4 (0.64)

High school graduate ......................... 100.0 40.5 (0.43) 15.5 (0.28) 26.7 (0.35) 12.7 (0.26) 4.7 (0.15)

Some college - no degree ...................... 100.0 33.8 (0.50) 15.1 (0.30) 31.3 (0.42) 14.7 (0.35) 5.2 (0.21)

Associate of arts degree ....................... 100.0 32.6 (0.64) 16.7 (0.52) 32.3 (0.63) 14.1 (0.43) 4.3 (0.26)

Bachelor of arts, science degree .................. 100.0 26.3 (0.47) 13.0 (0.37) 37.8 (0.48) 18.5 (0.41) 4.5 (0.21)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ................ 100.0 25.1 (0.65) 12.6 (0.50) 40.5 (0.66) 18.4 (0.55) 3.3 (0.22)

Poverty status:3,5

Below poverty level .......................... 100.0 54.1 (0.80) 12.0 (0.46) 19.8 (0.50) 9.2 (0.34) 4.9 (0.29)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level .................... 100.0 48.6 (0.53) 13.9 (0.36) 22.8 (0.45) 10.2 (0.32) 4.5 (0.20)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level .................... 100.0 38.0 (0.45) 15.9 (0.28) 27.9 (0.36) 13.4 (0.27) 4.8 (0.17)

4 times poverty level or more .................... 100.0 24.9 (0.37) 13.6 (0.27) 37.0 (0.35) 19.3 (0.30) 5.1 (0.17)

Marital status:3

Never married ............................. 100.0 41.5 (0.61) 12.9 (0.38) 26.5 (0.45) 13.8 (0.35) 5.3 (0.22)

Married ................................. 100.0 37.1 (0.33) 15.0 (0.20) 30.8 (0.29) 13.5 (0.21) 3.6 (0.10)

Cohabiting ............................... 100.0 27.1 (0.96) 14.3 (0.73) 31.9 (0.95) 18.6 (0.79) 8.2 (0.53)

Divorced or separated ........................ 100.0 35.2 (0.50) 14.9 (0.38) 29.1 (0.46) 14.2 (0.35) 6.5 (0.27)

Widowed ................................ 100.0 46.9 (1.75) 16.1 (1.31) 22.6 (1.71) 9.2 (1.06) 5.2 (0.98)

Geographic region:3

Northeast ................................ 100.0 31.2 (0.52) 16.0 (0.33) 32.6 (0.56) 15.7 (0.42) 4.4 (0.19)

Midwest ................................. 100.0 33.7 (0.60) 15.6 (0.32) 31.5 (0.46) 14.5 (0.31) 4.7 (0.21)

South .................................. 100.0 45.1 (0.49) 12.7 (0.23) 25.8 (0.33) 11.9 (0.22) 4.4 (0.13)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 36.3 (0.53) 13.8 (0.33) 30.0 (0.45) 14.9 (0.37) 5.0 (0.18)

Place of residence:3,6

MSA, central city ........................... 100.0 39.9 (0.47) 13.2 (0.25) 28.3 (0.37) 13.8 (0.28) 4.8 (0.17)

MSA, not central city ......................... 100.0 34.3 (0.39) 14.5 (0.22) 31.8 (0.30) 14.8 (0.24) 4.6 (0.12)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 43.7 (0.77) 15.3 (0.36) 25.0 (0.52) 11.7 (0.31) 4.4 (0.22)

See footnotes at end of table.

Page 14 [ Series 10, No. 219
Table 3.2. Percent distributions of current alcohol drinking status for adults 18 years of age and over, by selected characteristics:

United States, average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic Total

Current alcohol drinking status1

Nondrinker Infrequent Light Moderate Heavier

Percent distribution (standard error)

Men

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)2,3 ............ 100.0 31.4 (0.32) 10.8 (0.19) 30.6 (0.30) 21.6 (0.26) 5.5 (0.13)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)2 .................. 100.0 30.8 (0.32) 10.8 (0.19) 31.0 (0.31) 21.7 (0.26) 5.6 (0.13)

Age:

18–24 years .............................. 100.0 32.9 (0.93) 9.8 (0.45) 30.2 (0.84) 20.3 (0.69) 6.8 (0.43)

25–44 years .............................. 100.0 23.2 (0.40) 10.5 (0.30) 36.4 (0.42) 24.2 (0.40) 5.7 (0.20)

45–64 years .............................. 100.0 31.9 (0.54) 11.8 (0.34) 29.5 (0.49) 20.9 (0.42) 5.9 (0.21)

65–74 years .............................. 100.0 45.5 (0.93) 10.7 (0.60) 21.4 (0.73) 17.8 (0.69) 4.5 (0.35)

75 years and over ........................... 100.0 53.4 (1.13) 10.5 (0.61) 16.5 (0.81) 17.4 (0.79) 2.3 (0.32)

Race:3

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 29.2 (0.34) 10.8 (0.21) 31.4 (0.33) 22.9 (0.29) 5.6 (0.15)

Black or African American, single race .............. 100.0 44.2 (0.86) 10.4 (0.52) 25.5 (0.79) 15.4 (0.56) 4.5 (0.32)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ......... 100.0 39.3 (4.06) 12.5 (2.45) 20.8 (3.24) 16.8 (2.26) 10.7 (2.45)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 41.6 (1.77) 12.5 (1.19) 30.5 (1.69) 12.2 (1.24) 3.2 (0.54)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race ..... 100.0 32.0 (7.47) *3.7 (2.32) 33.4 (8.18) 24.1 (5.91) *6.8 (4.48)

2 or more races ............................ 100.0 29.9 (2.33) 11.5 (1.46) 29.9 (2.10) 16.4 (1.96) 12.3 (1.88)

Black or African American, white ................ 100.0 30.5 (4.48) *10.5 (3.91) 29.5 (7.57) *16.4 (5.93) *13.0 (6.25)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ............ 100.0 28.1 (3.28) 10.4 (2.07) 28.1 (3.20) 18.0 (3.14) 15.4 (2.69)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:3

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 100.0 36.7 (0.86) 10.7 (0.46) 29.8 (0.81) 17.6 (0.61) 5.2 (0.34)

Mexican or Mexican-American .................. 100.0 36.1 (1.02) 9.9 (0.53) 29.3 (0.88) 18.9 (0.76) 5.8 (0.45)

Not Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 30.8 (0.34) 10.8 (0.20) 30.7 (0.31) 22.0 (0.28) 5.6 (0.14)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 28.4 (0.36) 10.8 (0.22) 31.6 (0.35) 23.5 (0.32) 5.7 (0.16)

Black or African American, single race ............. 100.0 44.2 (0.88) 10.4 (0.52) 25.5 (0.79) 15.4 (0.57) 4.5 (0.32)

Education:3

Less than high school graduate .................. 100.0 43.7 (0.66) 10.2 (0.38) 23.3 (0.60) 16.1 (0.45) 6.7 (0.33)

GED diploma4 ............................. 100.0 36.1 (1.71) 12.7 (1.14) 21.9 (1.46) 18.6 (1.28) 10.7 (1.04)

High school graduate ......................... 100.0 33.0 (0.55) 11.7 (0.38) 28.6 (0.49) 20.5 (0.46) 6.2 (0.26)

Some college - no degree ...................... 100.0 28.2 (0.68) 11.1 (0.38) 31.8 (0.67) 23.0 (0.58) 5.9 (0.30)

Associate of arts degree ....................... 100.0 28.9 (0.99) 11.6 (0.66) 31.9 (1.01) 22.5 (0.78) 5.2 (0.42)

Bachelor of arts, science degree .................. 100.0 22.7 (0.62) 9.3 (0.46) 37.1 (0.72) 26.8 (0.65) 4.1 (0.27)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ................ 100.0 22.5 (0.89) 10.0 (0.63) 40.1 (1.01) 25.1 (0.90) 2.2 (0.26)

Poverty status:3,5

Below poverty level .......................... 100.0 43.6 (1.21) 10.3 (0.82) 22.7 (0.84) 16.1 (0.68) 7.3 (0.54)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level .................... 100.0 40.7 (0.76) 11.0 (0.49) 25.2 (0.66) 17.3 (0.63) 5.8 (0.33)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level .................... 100.0 32.7 (0.58) 11.4 (0.35) 28.8 (0.54) 21.1 (0.48) 6.1 (0.26)

4 times poverty level or more .................... 100.0 21.3 (0.47) 10.0 (0.34) 36.1 (0.49) 27.5 (0.50) 5.0 (0.22)

Marital status:3

Never married ............................. 100.0 36.0 (0.82) 10.6 (0.53) 26.7 (0.66) 20.3 (0.57) 6.3 (0.34)

Married ................................. 100.0 31.1 (0.38) 11.3 (0.26) 32.8 (0.40) 20.7 (0.33) 4.1 (0.15)

Cohabiting ............................... 100.0 22.4 (1.30) 12.0 (0.99) 30.9 (1.23) 25.7 (1.20) 9.1 (0.78)

Divorced or separated ........................ 100.0 28.4 (0.72) 9.5 (0.47) 28.4 (0.72) 24.0 (0.69) 9.7 (0.50)

Widowed ................................ 100.0 28.7 (2.86) 10.6 (2.11) 31.0 (3.59) 20.6 (2.75) 9.0 (2.47)

Geographic region:3

Northeast ................................ 100.0 25.3 (0.60) 11.6 (0.40) 33.3 (0.80) 24.8 (0.69) 5.1 (0.31)

Midwest ................................. 100.0 28.9 (0.69) 11.6 (0.38) 31.6 (0.64) 22.3 (0.49) 5.5 (0.28)

South .................................. 100.0 37.3 (0.58) 10.2 (0.31) 28.0 (0.44) 18.8 (0.39) 5.7 (0.21)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 29.8 (0.61) 10.2 (0.41) 31.6 (0.62) 22.6 (0.59) 5.7 (0.27)

Place of residence:3,6

MSA, central city ........................... 100.0 32.5 (0.60) 10.2 (0.34) 29.8 (0.55) 21.9 (0.46) 5.6 (0.24)

MSA, not central city ......................... 100.0 28.6 (0.45) 10.7 (0.28) 32.9 (0.43) 22.5 (0.39) 5.4 (0.18)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 37.1 (0.86) 12.1 (0.39) 26.1 (0.64) 19.0 (0.48) 5.8 (0.32)

See footnotes at end of table.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 15
Table 3.2. Percent distributions of current alcohol drinking status for adults 18 years of age and over, by selected characteristics:

United States, average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic Total

Current alcohol drinking status1

Nondrinker Infrequent Light Moderate Heavier

Percent distribution (standard error)

Women

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)2,3 ............ 100.0 43.7 (0.35) 17.5 (0.20) 28.3 (0.27) 6.8 (0.14) 3.7 (0.11)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)2 .................. 100.0 43.9 (0.35) 17.5 (0.20) 28.1 (0.27) 6.7 (0.14) 3.7 (0.11)

Age:

18–24 years .............................. 100.0 43.4 (0.92) 15.1 (0.61) 30.6 (0.79) 6.4 (0.43) 4.5 (0.36)

25–44 years .............................. 100.0 35.1 (0.45) 19.2 (0.32) 34.6 (0.38) 7.4 (0.23) 3.8 (0.16)

45–64 years .............................. 100.0 43.3 (0.50) 18.8 (0.34) 26.8 (0.45) 7.1 (0.25) 3.9 (0.20)

65–74 years .............................. 100.0 60.2 (0.85) 14.6 (0.55) 16.5 (0.64) 5.3 (0.35) 3.3 (0.28)

75 years and over ........................... 100.0 69.6 (0.81) 11.8 (0.52) 12.0 (0.54) 4.6 (0.35) 2.0 (0.24)

Race:3

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 39.6 (0.41) 18.1 (0.23) 30.7 (0.31) 7.5 (0.16) 4.1 (0.13)

Black or African American, single race .............. 100.0 60.6 (0.68) 15.0 (0.43) 18.1 (0.54) 4.1 (0.27) 2.2 (0.17)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ......... 100.0 56.5 (3.96) 16.4 (2.34) 18.3 (2.64) 4.2 (1.23) *4.5 (1.70)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 69.7 (1.33) 12.9 (1.12) 14.5 (1.05) 1.9 (0.39) 1.0 (0.28)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race ..... 100.0 39.6 (8.44) *23.5 (7.16) 29.9 (7.98) *4.3 (3.92) *2.6 (1.78)

2 or more races ............................ 100.0 40.4 (2.57) 17.4 (1.89) 31.9 (2.33) 5.9 (1.04) 4.3 (0.95)

Black or African American, white ................ 100.0 30.5 (5.30) *18.7 (7.32) 40.2 (9.05) *8.5 (5.09) *2.0 (1.11)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ............ 100.0 41.1 (3.66) 18.7 (3.15) 26.5 (3.56) *6.8 (2.10) 6.8 (2.03)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:3

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 100.0 60.2 (0.71) 15.9 (0.53) 19.4 (0.50) 3.2 (0.23) 1.4 (0.13)

Mexican or Mexican-American .................. 100.0 64.2 (0.91) 15.1 (0.67) 17.2 (0.67) 2.5 (0.25) 1.1 (0.14)

Not Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 41.7 (0.37) 17.7 (0.21) 29.4 (0.29) 7.2 (0.15) 4.0 (0.12)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 37.3 (0.43) 18.3 (0.24) 32.0 (0.33) 7.9 (0.18) 4.4 (0.14)

Black or African American, single race ............. 100.0 60.7 (0.69) 15.0 (0.43) 18.0 (0.54) 4.1 (0.28) 2.2 (0.17)

Education:3

Less than high school graduate .................. 100.0 64.7 (0.64) 14.6 (0.46) 14.8 (0.45) 3.1 (0.20) 2.8 (0.22)

GED diploma4 ............................. 100.0 49.8 (1.60) 19.7 (1.33) 21.4 (1.30) 5.2 (0.67) 3.9 (0.70)

High school graduate ......................... 100.0 47.0 (0.54) 18.9 (0.38) 25.1 (0.44) 5.7 (0.24) 3.3 (0.18)

Some college - no degree ...................... 100.0 38.5 (0.62) 18.5 (0.43) 30.7 (0.50) 7.7 (0.32) 4.6 (0.26)

Associate of arts degree ....................... 100.0 35.7 (0.81) 20.8 (0.72) 32.7 (0.85) 7.3 (0.43) 3.6 (0.31)

Bachelor of arts, science degree .................. 100.0 29.8 (0.63) 16.8 (0.54) 38.5 (0.66) 10.0 (0.39) 4.9 (0.31)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ................ 100.0 28.4 (0.90) 15.6 (0.73) 40.8 (0.96) 10.6 (0.59) 4.6 (0.38)

Poverty status:3,5

Below poverty level .......................... 100.0 61.2 (0.82) 13.4 (0.50) 17.8 (0.56) 4.4 (0.34) 3.2 (0.27)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level .................... 100.0 55.3 (0.73) 16.5 (0.51) 20.8 (0.57) 4.1 (0.24) 3.3 (0.23)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level .................... 100.0 43.1 (0.58) 20.2 (0.43) 27.1 (0.48) 6.0 (0.25) 3.5 (0.20)

4 times poverty level or more .................... 100.0 28.8 (0.51) 17.6 (0.37) 37.9 (0.49) 10.5 (0.29) 5.2 (0.24)

Marital status:3

Never married ............................. 100.0 47.4 (0.78) 15.4 (0.54) 26.5 (0.61) 6.5 (0.33) 4.3 (0.27)

Married ................................. 100.0 43.0 (0.44) 18.6 (0.28) 28.9 (0.36) 6.4 (0.18) 3.2 (0.14)

Cohabiting ............................... 100.0 32.1 (1.49) 16.5 (1.03) 33.1 (1.37) 11.1 (0.99) 7.3 (0.74)

Divorced or separated ........................ 100.0 39.9 (0.63) 18.7 (0.51) 29.6 (0.61) 7.4 (0.31) 4.4 (0.26)

Widowed ................................ 100.0 53.0 (2.13) 18.1 (1.64) 19.5 (1.66) 5.4 (0.99) 4.0 (0.93)

Geographic region:3

Northeast ................................ 100.0 36.3 (0.60) 19.9 (0.44) 32.2 (0.60) 7.8 (0.37) 3.9 (0.21)

Midwest ................................. 100.0 37.9 (0.77) 19.3 (0.48) 31.5 (0.56) 7.3 (0.26) 4.0 (0.26)

South .................................. 100.0 52.2 (0.58) 15.2 (0.31) 23.9 (0.40) 5.5 (0.20) 3.3 (0.17)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 42.6 (0.74) 17.4 (0.45) 28.4 (0.62) 7.5 (0.34) 4.2 (0.26)

Place of residence:3,6

MSA, central city ........................... 100.0 46.4 (0.60) 16.0 (0.36) 27.1 (0.45) 6.5 (0.24) 4.0 (0.19)

MSA, not central city ......................... 100.0 39.6 (0.47) 18.2 (0.28) 30.8 (0.35) 7.6 (0.21) 3.9 (0.15)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 49.5 (0.86) 18.2 (0.53) 24.1 (0.70) 5.1 (0.31) 3.2 (0.28)

* Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision (see ‘‘Appendix I’’).

1Current alcohol drinking status: Nondrinker is defined as no drinks in the past year (includes both former drinkers and lifetime abstainers); infrequent is defined as 12 or more drinks in lifetime and

1–11 drinks in past year; light is defined as 12 or more drinks in lifetime and 3 drinks or fewer per week; moderate is defined as more than 3 and up to 14 drinks per week for men and more than 3

and up to 7 drinks per week for women; heavier is defined as more than 14 drinks per week for men and more than 7 drinks per week for women.

2Persons of other races and unknown race and ethnicity, unknown education, unknown poverty status, and unknown marital status are included in the total.

3Estimates are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population using age groups 18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

4GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.

5Poverty status is based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau poverty thresholds for 1998, 1999, and 2000.

6MSA is metropolitan statistical area (see ‘‘Appendix II’’).

NOTES: Denominator for each percent distribution excludes persons with unknown lifetime and unknown current drinking status. See ‘‘Appendix II’’ for definitions of terms.

Page 16 [ Series 10, No. 219
Table 3.3. Percent of adults 18 years of age and over who had 5 or more drinks in 1 day at least once in the past year, and percent of adults

18 years of age and over who had 5 or more drinks in 1 day on at least 12 days in the past year, by selected characteristics: United States,

average annual, 1999–2001

Selected characteristic

5 or more drinks in 1 day at least once 5 or more drinks in 1 day on at least 12 days

Both

sexes Men Women

Both

sexes Men Women

Percent of adults (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)1,2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.8 (0.21) 28.7 (0.31) 11.5 (0.20) 9.2 (0.13) 15.0 (0.21) 3.9 (0.12)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0 (0.23) 29.5 (0.33) 11.4 (0.20) 9.3 (0.14) 15.3 (0.22) 3.8 (0.12)

Age

18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.0 (0.77) 40.7 (1.07) 23.5 (0.80) 16.6 (0.53) 24.4 (0.81) 9.0 (0.53)

25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.6 (0.32) 38.0 (0.50) 15.8 (0.31) 11.7 (0.20) 19.0 (0.35) 4.9 (0.18)

45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.7 (0.26) 23.5 (0.42) 6.6 (0.24) 6.9 (0.18) 11.9 (0.33) 2.2 (0.15)

65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 (0.24) 9.0 (0.48) 1.7 (0.19) 2.5 (0.18) 4.8 (0.37) 0.7 (0.11)

75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 (0.19) 4.4 (0.44) 0.6 (0.13) 0.9 (0.12) 2.0 (0.29) *0.2 (0.07)

Race2

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5 (0.25) 30.6 (0.35) 12.9 (0.23) 9.9 (0.15) 15.8 (0.24) 4.2 (0.13)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 (0.35) 17.9 (0.59) 5.5 (0.36) 5.6 (0.27) 10.1 (0.51) 2.1 (0.19)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race . . . . . . . . . 22.4 (2.42) 27.4 (3.36) 17.3 (2.75) 13.4 (1.80) 17.8 (2.57) 9.0 (2.38)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 (0.72) 15.7 (1.24) 4.2 (0.55) 4.0 (0.55) 6.9 (1.04) 1.3 (0.29)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race . . . . . 36.4 (5.25) 46.5 (5.98) *14.7 (7.51) 17.0 (3.36) 26.2 (4.88) *-

2 or more races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.4 (1.74) 40.2 (2.30) 18.0 (1.85) 16.3 (1.48) 23.6 (2.28) 8.6 (1.29)

Black or African American, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.7 (4.99) 32.3 (7.44) *19.1 (6.42) *7.8 (2.53) *16.7 (6.34) *3.1 (1.36)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.0 (2.87) 44.4 (3.80) 22.8 (3.17) 21.5 (2.52) 29.4 (3.88) 11.7 (2.22)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race2

Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 (0.45) 27.6 (0.75) 7.0 (0.33) 8.9 (0.33) 15.7 (0.61) 2.3 (0.20)

Mexican or Mexican-American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.9 (0.56) 31.0 (0.99) 6.8 (0.38) 10.3 (0.45) 18.2 (0.86) 2.4 (0.25)

Not Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 (0.23) 29.0 (0.34) 12.2 (0.22) 9.3 (0.14) 14.9 (0.23) 4.1 (0.13)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.3 (0.27) 31.2 (0.38) 13.8 (0.26) 10.1 (0.17) 15.9 (0.26) 4.5 (0.15)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 (0.35) 17.8 (0.59) 5.5 (0.36) 5.6 (0.27) 10.0 (0.51) 2.1 (0.19)

Education2

Less than high school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.7 (0.38) 25.3 (0.62) 7.8 (0.36) 9.6 (0.30) 15.6 (0.51) 3.4 (0.25)

GED diploma3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.9 (0.98) 33.3 (1.63) 14.4 (1.05) 14.6 (0.83) 22.5 (1.44) 6.5 (0.81)

High school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1 (0.37) 28.6 (0.58) 10.6 (0.33) 9.8 (0.25) 16.3 (0.43) 3.9 (0.21)

Some college - no degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.3 (0.44) 32.1 (0.69) 13.9 (0.43) 10.4 (0.29) 16.9 (0.48) 4.9 (0.26)

Associate of arts degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.5 (0.52) 29.5 (0.87) 12.9 (0.56) 8.7 (0.36) 14.4 (0.69) 3.8 (0.31)

Bachelor of arts, science degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5 (0.45) 30.5 (0.66) 12.9 (0.40) 8.0 (0.27) 12.9 (0.46) 3.2 (0.20)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4 (0.52) 23.2 (0.84) 8.9 (0.49) 4.9 (0.30) 7.7 (0.52) 1.9 (0.21)

Poverty status2,4

Below poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.1 (0.69) 28.0 (1.11) 11.1 (0.58) 10.5 (0.49) 18.2 (0.90) 5.1 (0.39)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.1 (0.42) 26.6 (0.76) 10.7 (0.43) 9.5 (0.33) 15.4 (0.62) 4.4 (0.29)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.4 (0.35) 29.1 (0.53) 11.9 (0.34) 10.0 (0.24) 16.2 (0.41) 4.1 (0.21)

4 times poverty level or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2 (0.34) 33.6 (0.49) 14.2 (0.36) 10.0 (0.22) 15.6 (0.36) 3.9 (0.21)

Marital status2

Never married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.5 (0.42) 29.7 (0.62) 14.5 (0.44) 11.9 (0.29) 17.3 (0.46) 5.7 (0.29)

Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.1 (0.25) 25.9 (0.39) 9.0 (0.22) 6.9 (0.15) 11.7 (0.27) 2.5 (0.11)

Cohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.1 (0.88) 37.8 (1.26) 20.1 (0.94) 14.9 (0.69) 22.0 (1.12) 7.4 (0.61)

Divorced or separated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.9 (0.45) 34.4 (0.83) 13.4 (0.42) 11.0 (0.35) 20.3 (0.72) 4.7 (0.25)

Widowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 (1.48) 26.4 (2.97) 10.6 (1.57) 6.1 (0.98) 16.4 (2.95) 2.7 (0.63)

Geographic region2

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.8 (0.47) 30.3 (0.81) 12.5 (0.40) 8.8 (0.29) 14.9 (0.54) 3.5 (0.23)

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.8 (0.52) 33.3 (0.64) 14.9 (0.51) 11.3 (0.32) 17.9 (0.45) 5.2 (0.28)

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1 (0.31) 24.0 (0.48) 8.7 (0.28) 8.1 (0.19) 13.2 (0.33) 3.3 (0.18)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.9 (0.44) 30.3 (0.67) 11.7 (0.38) 8.9 (0.26) 14.5 (0.46) 3.5 (0.24)

Place of residence2,5

MSA, central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.3 (0.36) 28.7 (0.54) 10.8 (0.31) 9.2 (0.23) 15.3 (0.38) 3.7 (0.19)

MSA, not central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 (0.31) 29.1 (0.45) 12.0 (0.28) 9.1 (0.20) 14.6 (0.31) 3.8 (0.16)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.5 (0.57) 28.1 (0.76) 11.6 (0.52) 9.6 (0.29) 15.3 (0.47) 4.3 (0.29)

* Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision (see ‘‘Appendix I’’).

- Quantity zero.

1Persons of other races and unknown race and ethnicity, unknown education, unknown poverty status, and unknown marital status are included in total.

2Estimates are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population using age groups 18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

3GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.

4Poverty status is based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau poverty thresholds for 1998, 1999, and 2000.

5MSA is metropolitan statistical area (see ‘‘Appendix II’’).

NOTES: Question was asked only of current drinkers, but prevalence is shown here as percent of all adults. Denominator for each cell excludes person with unknown lifetime drinking status and/or

unknown five or more drinks in 1 day. See ‘‘Appendix II’’ for definitions of terms.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 17
Table 3.4. Percent of current drinkers 18 years of age and over who had 5 or more drinks in 1 day at least once in the past year, and

percent of current drinkers 18 years of age and over who had 5 or more drinks in 1 day on at least 12 days in the past year, by selected

characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001

Selected characteristic

5 or more drinks in 1 day at least once 5 or more drinks in 1 day on at least 12 days

Current

drinkers Men Women

Current

drinkers Men Women

Percent of current drinkers (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)1,2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.4 (0.27) 40.6 (0.37) 19.1 (0.29) 14.1 (0.18) 21.1 (0.28) 6.4 (0.18)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.3 (0.31) 43.0 (0.41) 20.5 (0.33) 15.0 (0.20) 22.4 (0.30) 6.8 (0.20)

Age

18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.4 (0.92) 61.4 (1.24) 42.0 (1.12) 27.2 (0.75) 36.8 (1.07) 16.0 (0.86)

25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.8 (0.40) 49.9 (0.56) 24.5 (0.46) 16.7 (0.28) 24.9 (0.43) 7.6 (0.27)

45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.8 (0.38) 34.8 (0.56) 11.7 (0.40) 11.1 (0.29) 17.7 (0.48) 3.9 (0.25)

65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.8 (0.50) 16.7 (0.86) 4.2 (0.48) 5.5 (0.38) 8.9 (0.68) 1.7 (0.29)

75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 (0.51) 9.5 (0.92) 2.1 (0.42) 2.5 (0.33) 4.4 (0.62) *0.6 (0.22)

Race2

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3 (0.30) 41.8 (0.41) 19.8 (0.32) 14.4 (0.21) 21.6 (0.31) 6.5 (0.20)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.6 (0.70) 31.4 (1.02) 12.9 (0.88) 11.6 (0.55) 17.7 (0.89) 4.9 (0.46)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race . . . . . . . . . 41.5 (3.98) 43.9 (5.55) 34.0 (3.90) 24.3 (3.14) 28.1 (4.41) 18.0 (4.03)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.4 (1.45) 26.7 (1.87) 12.2 (1.58) 8.8 (1.15) 11.7 (1.64) 3.8 (0.84)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race . . . . . 55.8 (6.76) 64.8 (7.31) *24.8 (11.42) 26.0 (5.07) 36.5 (6.70) *-

2 or more races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.7 (2.29) 55.8 (2.89) 28.5 (2.73) 25.1 (2.22) 33.8 (3.19) 14.2 (2.23)

Black or African American, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.8 (7.96) 46.4 (9.93) 31.0 (8.67) 10.0 (2.99) *23.1 (8.37) *5.0 (2.16)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.7 (3.47) 60.8 (4.39) 34.3 (4.40) 32.1 (3.46) 41.3 (5.00) 17.8 (3.46)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race2

Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.1 (0.81) 42.3 (1.10) 16.8 (0.80) 16.8 (0.62) 24.3 (0.92) 5.7 (0.50)

Mexican or Mexican-American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.6 (1.06) 47.4 (1.41) 17.7 (0.96) 20.0 (0.90) 27.9 (1.29) 6.1 (0.69)

Not Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.3 (0.29) 40.5 (0.39) 19.3 (0.31) 13.9 (0.19) 20.8 (0.29) 6.5 (0.19)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.4 (0.31) 42.0 (0.43) 20.3 (0.33) 14.2 (0.21) 21.4 (0.33) 6.6 (0.20)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.5 (0.70) 31.2 (1.01) 12.9 (0.89) 11.6 (0.55) 17.6 (0.89) 4.9 (0.46)

Education2

Less than high school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.7 (0.70) 43.6 (0.94) 20.6 (0.86) 20.0 (0.58) 26.8 (0.82) 9.2 (0.65)

GED diploma3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.5 (1.45) 50.2 (2.15) 25.8 (1.74) 24.4 (1.33) 34.2 (2.05) 11.6 (1.42)

High school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.7 (0.50) 41.6 (0.74) 18.8 (0.52) 15.7 (0.36) 23.7 (0.59) 6.9 (0.37)

Some college - no degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.6 (0.55) 43.6 (0.80) 21.7 (0.60) 15.2 (0.40) 22.9 (0.62) 7.5 (0.39)

Associate of arts degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.2 (0.69) 40.3 (1.09) 19.0 (0.78) 12.4 (0.51) 19.7 (0.94) 5.6 (0.46)

Bachelor of arts, science degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.4 (0.57) 38.5 (0.79) 17.7 (0.53) 10.6 (0.35) 16.4 (0.57) 4.5 (0.28)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.4 (0.63) 29.5 (0.96) 12.0 (0.64) 6.4 (0.39) 9.8 (0.64) 2.6 (0.29)

Poverty status2,4

Below poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.4 (1.03) 47.3 (1.45) 25.3 (1.07) 21.4 (0.84) 31.0 (1.34) 11.6 (0.79)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7 (0.67) 42.7 (1.09) 21.6 (0.80) 17.3 (0.58) 24.8 (0.94) 9.0 (0.61)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.5 (0.47) 42.0 (0.66) 19.5 (0.54) 15.5 (0.35) 23.2 (0.56) 6.7 (0.34)

4 times poverty level or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.4 (0.39) 41.9 (0.55) 19.1 (0.46) 12.9 (0.28) 19.4 (0.43) 5.3 (0.28)

Marital status2

Never married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.7 (0.63) 45.1 (0.92) 25.5 (0.74) 19.3 (0.47) 26.2 (0.73) 10.0 (0.51)

Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.3 (0.34) 36.4 (0.48) 15.0 (0.36) 10.7 (0.22) 16.5 (0.37) 4.1 (0.18)

Cohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.5 (1.31) 47.2 (1.77) 28.0 (1.35) 19.8 (1.05) 27.6 (1.62) 10.3 (0.87)

Divorced or separated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7 (0.60) 47.2 (1.03) 21.0 (0.61) 16.5 (0.50) 27.9 (0.93) 7.4 (0.38)

Widowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3 (2.14) 35.9 (3.45) 20.8 (2.63) 10.8 (1.58) 22.1 (3.60) 5.4 (1.19)

Geographic region2

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.1 (0.56) 39.8 (0.91) 18.5 (0.59) 12.4 (0.39) 19.5 (0.69) 5.2 (0.34)

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.9 (0.61) 45.1 (0.75) 22.0 (0.65) 16.2 (0.41) 24.3 (0.56) 7.7 (0.40)

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.4 (0.43) 36.5 (0.61) 16.5 (0.48) 13.9 (0.29) 20.1 (0.46) 6.4 (0.31)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.9 (0.55) 42.4 (0.73) 19.6 (0.59) 13.7 (0.38) 20.3 (0.57) 5.8 (0.41)

Place of residence2,5

MSA, central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.7 (0.48) 41.3 (0.64) 18.9 (0.52) 14.7 (0.34) 22.0 (0.51) 6.4 (0.33)

MSA, not central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.6 (0.37) 39.6 (0.51) 18.6 (0.39) 13.3 (0.27) 20.0 (0.40) 5.9 (0.23)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.3 (0.72) 42.7 (0.91) 20.7 (0.81) 15.9 (0.42) 23.2 (0.68) 7.7 (0.50)

* Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision (see ‘‘Appendix I’’).

- Quantity zero.

1Persons of other races and unknown race and ethnicity, unknown education, unknown poverty status, and unknown marital status are included in total.

2Estimates are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population using age groups 18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

3GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.

4Poverty status is based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau poverty thresholds for 1998, 1999, and 2000.

5MSA is metropolitan statistical area (see ‘‘Appendix II’’).

NOTES: Denominator for each cell excludes persons with unknown lifetime drinking status, nondrinkers, and current drinkers with unknown information for five or more drinks in 1 day.’’ See ‘‘Appendix

II’’ for definitions of terms.

Page 18 [ Series 10, No. 219
Chapter 4

Cigarette Smoking

All Adults

+ Overall, about 23% of U.S. adults

were current smokers in 1999–2001

(table 4.1).

+ Overall, about 23% of adults were

former smokers, and over one-half

of adults (54.3%) had never smoked

cigarettes (table 4.1).

+ Among all adults, about 19%

smoked daily and about 4% smoked

less than daily (table 4.2 and

figure 4.1).

+ About 1 in 4 nondaily smokers

(26.2%) smoked on 5 days or less in

the past 30 days; about 1 in 5

nondaily smokers (17.0%) smoked

on 21 days or more during the past

30 days (figure 4.2).

+ Daily smokers smoked an average

of 18 cigarettes a day compared

with 5 cigarettes a day for nondaily

smokers on days that they smoked

(table 4.2).

+ Approximately one-half of current

smokers (45.5%) usually smoked

fewer than 15 cigarettes in a day;

about 4 in 10 (39.1%) usually

smoked 15–24 cigarettes in a day

(table 4.3 and figure 4.3).

+ Approximately 3 in 10 current

smokers (30.9%) started smoking

before the age of 16 years (table 4.4

and figure 4.4).

+ About 1 in 5 current smokers

(18.5%) started smoking at age 21

years or over (table 4.4 and

figure 4.4).

+ About 4 in 10 current smokers

(42.4%) attempted to quit smoking

in the past year (table 4.5).

+ Nondaily smokers (54.3%) were

more likely than daily smokers

(39.9%) to have attempted to quit

smoking in the past year (table 4.5).

Sex

+ Men (25.1%) were more likely than

women (21.2%) to be current

smokers (table 4.1).

+ Men (27.5%) were more likely than

women (18.7%) to be former

smokers (table 4.1).

+ Male daily smokers smoked more

cigarettes a day (about 20 cigarettes)

than female daily smokers (about 16

cigarettes) (table 4.2).

+ Male smokers (9.4%) were twice as

likely as female smokers (4.3%) to

usually smoke 35 or more cigarettes

in a day (table 4.3).

+ Male smokers (35.2%) were more

likely than female smokers (26.8%)

to have started smoking before the

age of 16 years (table 4.4).

+ Male smokers aged 75 years and

over (38.5%) were more than three

times as likely as female smokers of

the same age group (11.3%) to have

initiated smoking before 16 years of

age (table 4.4).

Figure 4.1. Percent distributions of current cigarette smoking status of adults, by sex:

United States, 1999–2001

Figure 4.2. Percent distribution of number of days smoked in the past 30 days among adult

nondaily smokers: United States, 1999–2001

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 19
+ Female smokers (22.0%) were more

likely than male smokers (14.7%) to

have started smoking at age 21

years and over (table 4.4).

+ Female smokers (43.7%) were more

likely than male smokers (41.1%) to

have attempted to quit smoking in

the past year (table 4.5).

Age

+ Current smoking was most prevalent

among adults aged 18–24 years

(27.2%) and aged 25–44 years

(26.7%) and declined with age

(table 4.1).

+ Men aged 65–74 years (55.8%) and

75 years and over (57.5%) were

more likely than men in other age

groups to be former smokers

(table 4.1).

+ Women aged 65–74 years (29.0%)

were more likely than women in

other age groups to be former

smokers (table 4.1).

+ Women aged 18–24 years (67.0%)

and 75 years and over (68.7%) were

more likely than women in other

age groups to have never smoked

(table 4.1).

+ The mean number of cigarettes

smoked a day was higher among

current smokers aged 45–64 years

(18 cigarettes) than among current

smokers in any other age group

(table 4.2).

+ The mean number of cigarettes

smoked in a day (12 cigarettes) was

lowest for the youngest smokers

compared with smokers in other age

groups (table 4.2).

+ More than one-third of current

smokers aged 18–24 years (36.1%)

started smoking before the age of 16

years (table 4.4).

+ Female smokers aged 18–24 years

(38.3%) were more than three times

as likely as female smokers aged 75

years and over (11.3%) to have

started smoking before age 16 years

(table 4.4).

+ Female smokers aged 75 years and

over (43.5%) were more than twice

as likely as female smokers aged

25–44 years (16.2%) to have started

smoking at 21 years of age and over

(table 4.4).

+ Among daily smokers, attempts to

quit smoking in the past year were

strongly associated with age: about

one-half (52.2%) of the youngest

group had attempted to quit,

declining steadily to about

one-fourth (26.6%) of daily smokers

in the oldest age group (table 4.5

and figure 4.5).

+ Among nondaily smokers, quit

attempts did not show a clear

association with age; 50–60% of

nondaily smokers had tried to quit

smoking in the past year, regardless

of age (table 4.5 and figure 4.5).

Figure 4.3. Percent distribution of usual number of cigarettes smoked in a day among all

adult current smokers: United States, 1999–2001

Figure 4.4. Percent distribution of age of smoking initiation among all adult current

smokers: United States, 1999–2001

Page 20 [ Series 10, No. 219
Race

+ American Indian or Alaska Native

adults (32.6%) were more likely

than white adults (23.7%), black

adults (22.8%), and Asian adults

(13.5%) to be current smokers

(table 4.1).

+ Asian men (20.4%) were less likely

to be current smokers than any other

single-race group studied: American

Indian or Alaska Native men

(30.4%), black men (27.1%), and

white men (25.2%) (table 4.1).

+ American Indian or Alaska Native

women (34.5%) were about five

times as likely as Asian women

(6.7%) to be current smokers

(table 4.1).

+ Among daily smokers, the average

number of cigarettes smoked a day

was about the same for white men

(21 cigarettes) and American Indian

or Alaska Native men (20

cigarettes). The average number of

cigarettes smoked a day was lower

for black men (14 cigarettes) and

Asian men (12 cigarettes)

(table 4.2).

+ American Indian or Alaska Native

female daily smokers (20 cigarettes)

and white female daily smokers (17

cigarettes) averaged more cigarettes

a day than female daily smokers in

any other single-race group studied:

black female daily smokers (12

cigarettes), Asian female smokers

(12 cigarettes), and Native Hawaiian

or other Pacific Islander female

smokers (10 cigarettes) (table 4.2).

+ Asian women (93.3%) were the

most likely to currently be

nonsmokers compared with women

of other races (table 4.2).

+ White male smokers (10.8%) were

four times as likely as black male

smokers (2.7%) to usually smoke 35

cigarettes or more in a day

(table 4.3).

+ Asian smokers (28.7%) and black

smokers (26.9%) were more likely

than white smokers (17.0%) or

American Indian or Alaska Native

smokers (20.5%) to have started

smoking on or after their 21st

birthday (table 4.4).

Hispanic or Latino Origin

and Race

+ Non-Hispanic black adults (22.8%)

and non-Hispanic white adults

(24.5%) were more likely than

Hispanic adults (17.0%) to be

current smokers (table 4.1).

+ Non-Hispanic white women (23.4%)

were more likely than non-Hispanic

black women (19.5%) and nearly

twice as likely as Hispanic women

(12.0%) to be current smokers

(table 4.1).

+ Non-Hispanic white male smokers

smoked about 19 cigarettes a day

compared with 13 cigarettes a day

for non-Hispanic black male

smokers and 10 cigarettes a day for

Hispanic males who smoked

(table 4.2 and figure 4.6).

Figure 4.5. Percent of adult current smokers who tried to quit in past year, by age and

smoking frequency: United States, 1999–2001

Figure 4.6. Mean number of cigarettes smoked by adult current smokers, by Hispanic origin

and race and sex: United States, 1999–2001

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 21
+ Non-Hispanic white female smokers

smoked about 15 cigarettes a day

compared with 11 cigarettes a day

for non-Hispanic black female

smokers and 9 cigarettes a day for

Hispanic females who smoked

(table 4.2 and figure 4.6).

+ Non-Hispanic white male smokers

(11.5%) were about four times as

likely as non-Hispanic black male

smokers (2.7%) and Hispanic male

smokers (2.5%) to usually smoke 35

cigarettes or more in a day

(table 4.3).

+ Non-Hispanic white male smokers

(37.0%) were more likely than

non-Hispanic black male smokers

(27.3%) to have started smoking

before age 16 years (table 4.4).

Education

+ Adults with a bachelor of

arts/science degree or higher were

significantly less likely to currently

smoke cigarettes than adults with

less education (table 4.1).

+ With the exception of GED high

school equivalency diploma holders,

for whom current smoking rates

were very high (45.8%), prevalence

of current cigarette smoking

declined steadily with increasing

education—from 31.2% among

adults with less than a high school

diploma to 8.5% among adults with

a master’s, doctorate, or medical

degree (table 4.1).

+ Four in 10 adults (40.3%) with a

GED diploma were daily smokers

compared with 26.5% of nonhigh

school graduates, 23.6% of high

school graduates, and 5.4% of adults

with advanced academic degrees

(table 4.2).

+ Men who had earned a bachelor of

arts/science degree (9.5%) were

almost twice as likely as men who

held graduate degrees (5.6%) to be

daily smokers (table 4.2).

+ Among current daily smokers, adults

holding a GED diploma smoked an

average of about 21 cigarettes a day

compared with 18.5 cigarettes for

adults who did not have a high

school diploma, 18.4 cigarettes for

high school graduates, and about 16

cigarettes for adults who had a

bachelor’s degree or higher

(table 4.2).

+ Smokers with a GED diploma

(11.4%) were more likely to usually

smoke 35 cigarettes or more in a

day than were smokers who had

more years of education (table 4.3).

+ Adult current smokers with the least

education were more than twice as

likely as adults with the most

education to have started smoking

before the age of 16 years (table 4.4

and figure 4.7).

+ Fewer than 1 in 5 smokers who had

a bachelor’s degree (18.2%) or an

advanced academic degree (16.6%)

started smoking before 16 years of

age (table 4.4 and figure 4.7).

Poverty Status

+ Men with incomes below the

poverty level (35.7%) were almost

twice as likely as men in the highest

income group (18.6%) to be current

smokers (table 4.1).

+ Women with incomes below the

poverty level (29.3%) were almost

twice as likely as women in the

highest income group (16.2%) to be

current smokers (table 4.1).

+ Smokers with the lowest incomes

(below the poverty level) were more

likely to have started smoking

before 16 years of age than were

smokers in the highest income

groups (table 4.4).

+ Attempts to quit smoking were

unrelated to income level (table 4.5).

Marital Status

+ Cohabiting adults (38.9%) and

divorced or separated adults (35.0%)

were more likely than never married

adults (24.0%) and married adults

(19.2%) to be current smokers

(table 4.1).

+ Prevalence of daily smoking was

about twice as high among

cohabiting adults (33.0%) as married

adults (16.0%) (table 4.2).

+ Never married smokers (49.8%)

were more likely than smokers in

other marital status groups to

usually smoke fewer than 15

cigarettes in a day (table 4.3).

+ Married male smokers (42.2%) and

cohabiting male smokers (42.2%)

were more likely than divorced or

separated male smokers (35.1%) to

Figure 4.7. Percent of adult current smokers who started smoking younger than 16 years of

age, by level of education: United States, 1999–2001

Page 22 [ Series 10, No. 219
have attempted to quit smoking in

the past year (table 4.5).

+ Married female smokers (41.9%)

were less likely than divorced or

separated female smokers (46.3%) to

have attempted to quit smoking in

the past year (table 4.5).

Geographic Region

+ Adults living in the West (19.0%)

were less likely to be current

smokers than those living in the

Northeast (22.1%), South (24.1%),

or Midwest (25.4%) (table 4.1).

+ Daily smokers living in the West

smoked an average of about 16

cigarettes a day compared with

about 17 cigarettes a day for

smokers living in the Northeast and

about 19 cigarettes a day for

smokers living in the Midwest and

South (table 4.2).

+ Over one-half (54.6%) of smokers

living in the West usually smoked

fewer than 15 cigarettes in a day

compared with 48.4% of smokers

living in the Northeast, 42.5% of

smokers in the South, and 42.4% of

smokers in the Midwest (table 4.3).

+ Smokers in the Midwest (29.4%)

were less likely than smokers in the

Northeast (31.9%) and South

(31.9%) to have started smoking

before 16 years of age (table 4.4).

+ Smokers in the Northeast (45.1%)

were more likely than smokers in

the Midwest (42.2%) and South

(40.3%) to have attempted to quit

smoking in the past year (table 4.5).

Place of Residence

+ Adults living outside an MSA

(26.5%) were more likely to be

current smokers than those living in

an MSA, whether in a central city

(23.2%) or not in a central city

(21.7%) (table 4.1).

+ Smokers living in the central city of

an MSA (52.2%) were more likely

than smokers living in an MSA but

not in the central city (45.2%) and

those living outside an MSA

(37.9%) to usually smoke fewer than

15 cigarettes in a day (table 4.3).

+ Smokers living outside an MSA

(33.0%) were more likely than those

living in an MSA, whether in a

central city (30.1%) or not in a

central city (30.3%), to have started

smoking before 16 years of age

(table 4.4).

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 23
Table 4.1. Percent distributions of lifetime cigarette smoking status for adults 18 years of age and over, by selected characteristics:

United States, average annual, 1999–2001

Selected characteristic Total

Lifetime cigarette smoking status1

Never

smoker

Former

smoker

Current

smoker

Percent distribution (standard error)

Both sexes

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)2,3 ............ 100.0 54.3 (0.22) 22.7 (0.17) 23.1 (0.20)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)2 .................. 100.0 54.4 (0.23) 22.5 (0.19) 23.2 (0.21)

Age:

18–24 years .............................. 100.0 65.1 (0.67) 7.7 (0.29) 27.2 (0.62)

25–44 years .............................. 100.0 58.5 (0.31) 14.8 (0.23) 26.7 (0.30)

45–64 years .............................. 100.0 46.2 (0.36) 30.1 (0.32) 23.7 (0.29)

65–74 years .............................. 100.0 45.7 (0.60) 41.1 (0.58) 13.3 (0.41)

75 years and over ........................... 100.0 55.8 (0.65) 37.8 (0.69) 6.4 (0.30)

Race:3

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 52.3 (0.24) 24.0 (0.19) 23.7 (0.23)

Black or African American, single race .............. 100.0 61.0 (0.56) 16.2 (0.39) 22.8 (0.49)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ......... 100.0 44.1 (3.18) 23.3 (1.90) 32.6 (2.59)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 73.5 (1.00) 13.0 (0.81) 13.5 (0.80)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race ..... 100.0 51.7 (5.22) 17.3 (3.59) 31.0 (5.08)

2 or more races ............................ 100.0 43.1 (1.74) 24.2 (1.55) 32.8 (1.54)

Back or African American, white ................. 100.0 38.7 (5.18) 23.6 (6.19) 37.6 (5.24)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ............ 100.0 33.5 (2.59) 26.8 (2.42) 39.7 (2.69)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:3

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 100.0 66.3 (0.55) 16.7 (0.40) 17.0 (0.39)

Mexican or Mexican-American .................. 100.0 66.6 (0.64) 17.1 (0.52) 16.2 (0.44)

Not Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 52.9 (0.24) 23.3 (0.19) 23.9 (0.22)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 50.9 (0.25) 24.7 (0.21) 24.5 (0.25)

Black or African American, single race ............. 100.0 60.9 (0.56) 16.2 (0.39) 22.8 (0.50)

Education:3

Less than high school graduate .................. 100.0 49.3 (0.53) 19.5 (0.34) 31.2 (0.50)

GED diploma4 ............................. 100.0 30.6 (1.07) 23.6 (0.99) 45.8 (1.20)

High school graduate ......................... 100.0 50.7 (0.40) 21.8 (0.31) 27.5 (0.35)

Some college - no degree ...................... 100.0 52.4 (0.47) 24.6 (0.36) 23.0 (0.37)

Associate of arts degree ....................... 100.0 54.9 (0.60) 24.0 (0.55) 21.0 (0.54)

Bachelor of arts, science degree .................. 100.0 62.7 (0.50) 24.8 (0.43) 12.5 (0.30)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ................ 100.0 67.8 (0.60) 23.7 (0.55) 8.5 (0.37)

Poverty status:3,5

Below poverty level .......................... 100.0 52.2 (0.77) 15.9 (0.42) 31.9 (0.72)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level .................... 100.0 50.3 (0.57) 19.5 (0.40) 30.2 (0.53)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level .................... 100.0 51.1 (0.37) 23.4 (0.33) 25.5 (0.31)

4 times poverty level or more .................... 100.0 56.4 (0.37) 26.2 (0.36) 17.4 (0.28)

Marital status:3

Never married ............................. 100.0 59.7 (0.54) 16.3 (0.44) 24.0 (0.44)

Married ................................. 100.0 55.0 (0.28) 25.7 (0.24) 19.2 (0.24)

Cohabiting ............................... 100.0 39.2 (0.98) 22.0 (0.97) 38.9 (1.02)

Divorced or separated ........................ 100.0 43.4 (0.49) 21.7 (0.39) 35.0 (0.46)

Widowed ................................ 100.0 50.8 (1.79) 20.0 (1.24) 29.2 (1.71)

Geographic region:3

Northeast ................................ 100.0 52.9 (0.53) 25.0 (0.42) 22.1 (0.45)

Midwest ................................. 100.0 52.3 (0.44) 22.3 (0.31) 25.4 (0.40)

South .................................. 100.0 54.4 (0.40) 21.5 (0.29) 24.1 (0.35)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 58.0 (0.40) 22.9 (0.41) 19.0 (0.39)

Place of residence:3,6

MSA, central city ........................... 100.0 56.0 (0.37) 20.7 (0.30) 23.2 (0.34)

MSA, not central city ......................... 100.0 54.4 (0.32) 24.0 (0.26) 21.7 (0.29)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 51.6 (0.56) 21.9 (0.36) 26.5 (0.47)

See footnotes at end of table.

Page 24 [ Series 10, No. 219
Table 4.1. Percent distributions of lifetime cigarette smoking status for adults 18 years of age and over, by selected characteristics:

United States, average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic Total

Lifetime cigarette smoking status1

Never

smoker

Former

smoker

Current

smoker

Percent distribution (standard error)

Men

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)2,3 ............ 100.0 47.4 (0.32) 27.5 (0.26) 25.1 (0.29)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)2 .................. 100.0 48.0 (0.34) 26.5 (0.28) 25.5 (0.30)

Age:

18–24 years .............................. 100.0 63.2 (0.90) 7.3 (0.42) 29.5 (0.84)

25–44 years .............................. 100.0 55.7 (0.44) 15.4 (0.34) 28.8 (0.41)

45–64 years .............................. 100.0 37.7 (0.56) 36.1 (0.51) 26.2 (0.47)

65–74 years .............................. 100.0 30.7 (0.77) 55.8 (0.85) 13.6 (0.64)

75 years and over ........................... 100.0 35.7 (1.08) 57.5 (1.12) 6.8 (0.51)

Race:3

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 46.1 (0.34) 28.7 (0.28) 25.2 (0.33)

Black or African American, single race .............. 100.0 52.1 (0.88) 20.8 (0.70) 27.1 (0.73)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ......... 100.0 39.6 (4.69) 30.0 (2.98) 30.4 (4.22)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 60.5 (1.65) 19.0 (1.40) 20.4 (1.37)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race ..... 100.0 49.3 (6.65) 19.8 (5.51) 30.9 (5.70)

2 or more races ............................ 100.0 37.3 (2.60) 28.3 (2.27) 34.4 (2.20)

Black or African American, white ................ 100.0 36.9 (6.42) 24.0 (4.86) 39.1 (7.08)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ............ 100.0 27.8 (3.73) 33.5 (3.36) 38.7 (3.58)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:3

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 100.0 55.3 (0.79) 22.5 (0.60) 22.2 (0.61)

Mexican or Mexican-American .................. 100.0 54.8 (0.99) 23.3 (0.83) 21.9 (0.81)

Not Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 46.5 (0.34) 28.0 (0.28) 25.5 (0.32)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 45.3 (0.36) 29.2 (0.30) 25.5 (0.35)

Black or African American, single race ............. 100.0 52.1 (0.90) 20.9 (0.70) 27.1 (0.74)

Education:3

Less than high school graduate .................. 100.0 38.8 (0.70) 26.0 (0.51) 35.2 (0.67)

GED diploma4 ............................. 100.0 23.3 (1.51) 29.1 (1.54) 47.6 (1.78)

High school graduate ......................... 100.0 42.6 (0.55) 27.4 (0.49) 30.0 (0.51)

Some college - no degree ...................... 100.0 45.7 (0.65) 29.6 (0.55) 24.8 (0.58)

Associate of arts degree ....................... 100.0 49.6 (1.00) 28.3 (0.85) 22.1 (0.82)

Bachelor of arts, science degree .................. 100.0 59.0 (0.69) 27.6 (0.61) 13.4 (0.48)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ................ 100.0 65.0 (0.94) 26.1 (0.79) 8.9 (0.53)

Poverty status:3,5

Below poverty level .......................... 100.0 43.4 (1.07) 20.8 (0.75) 35.7 (1.06)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level .................... 100.0 40.8 (0.85) 25.1 (0.66) 34.1 (0.78)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level .................... 100.0 44.0 (0.53) 27.8 (0.48) 28.3 (0.49)

4 times poverty level or more .................... 100.0 51.8 (0.50) 29.6 (0.49) 18.6 (0.40)

Marital status:3

Never married ............................. 100.0 54.4 (0.78) 18.7 (0.68) 26.9 (0.66)

Married ................................. 100.0 48.3 (0.39) 30.4 (0.34) 21.2 (0.34)

Cohabiting ............................... 100.0 35.9 (1.30) 24.4 (1.44) 39.7 (1.34)

Divorced or separated ........................ 100.0 36.5 (0.72) 24.6 (0.61) 38.9 (0.77)

Widowed ................................ 100.0 41.5 (3.27) 27.0 (2.30) 31.5 (3.02)

Geographic region:3

Northeast ................................ 100.0 48.0 (0.80) 28.8 (0.65) 23.2 (0.55)

Midwest ................................. 100.0 45.4 (0.51) 27.1 (0.48) 27.5 (0.58)

South .................................. 100.0 46.4 (0.58) 27.1 (0.42) 26.5 (0.52)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 51.4 (0.67) 27.5 (0.58) 21.1 (0.60)

Place of residence:3,6

MSA, central city ........................... 100.0 48.8 (0.52) 25.0 (0.45) 26.2 (0.45)

MSA, not central city ......................... 100.0 48.4 (0.45) 28.5 (0.38) 23.2 (0.41)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 43.3 (0.71) 28.2 (0.49) 28.6 (0.66)

See footnotes at end of table.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 25
Table 4.1. Percent distributions of lifetime cigarette smoking status for adults 18 years of age and over, by selected characteristics:

United States, average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic Total

Lifetime cigarette smoking status1

Never

smoker

Former

smoker

Current

smoker

Percent distribution (standard error)

Women

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)2,3 ............ 100.0 60.2 (0.28) 18.7 (0.21) 21.2 (0.23)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)2 .................. 100.0 60.2 (0.28) 18.8 (0.22) 21.0 (0.23)

Age:

18–24 years .............................. 100.0 67.0 (0.81) 8.1 (0.41) 24.9 (0.75)

25–44 years .............................. 100.0 61.2 (0.43) 14.1 (0.30) 24.7 (0.38)

45–64 years .............................. 100.0 54.2 (0.44) 24.5 (0.37) 21.3 (0.36)

65–74 years .............................. 100.0 58.0 (0.81) 29.0 (0.74) 13.0 (0.49)

75 years and over ........................... 100.0 68.7 (0.72) 25.1 (0.70) 6.2 (0.35)

Race:3

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 57.6 (0.31) 20.2 (0.25) 22.2 (0.26)

Black or African American, single race .............. 100.0 67.7 (0.65) 12.8 (0.40) 19.5 (0.59)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ......... 100.0 48.5 (4.24) 17.0 (1.94) 34.5 (3.32)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.5 (1.11) 6.8 (0.89) 6.7 (0.71)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race ..... 100.0 59.3 (8.36) *13.9 (5.78) 26.8 (7.79)

2 or more races ............................ 100.0 49.6 (2.14) 19.7 (1.60) 30.7 (2.08)

Black or African American, white ................ 100.0 41.1 (6.69) *21.7 (6.85) 37.2 (7.09)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ............ 100.0 41.0 (3.67) 19.0 (2.80) 40.0 (3.68)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:3

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 100.0 76.2 (0.64) 11.8 (0.44) 12.0 (0.45)

Mexican or Mexican-American .................. 100.0 77.8 (0.78) 11.6 (0.59) 10.6 (0.54)

Not Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 58.3 (0.31) 19.4 (0.23) 22.3 (0.25)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 55.6 (0.34) 21.0 (0.27) 23.4 (0.29)

Black or African American, single race ............. 100.0 67.6 (0.64) 12.9 (0.40) 19.5 (0.59)

Education:3

Less than high school graduate .................. 100.0 58.8 (0.68) 14.0 (0.43) 27.2 (0.61)

GED diploma4 ............................. 100.0 38.5 (1.48) 17.5 (1.18) 44.0 (1.43)

High school graduate ......................... 100.0 56.5 (0.55) 18.1 (0.40) 25.4 (0.46)

Some college - no degree ...................... 100.0 58.0 (0.64) 20.6 (0.46) 21.4 (0.49)

Associate of arts degree ....................... 100.0 58.8 (0.77) 21.1 (0.73) 20.1 (0.69)

Bachelor of arts, science degree .................. 100.0 67.1 (0.63) 21.3 (0.58) 11.6 (0.38)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ................ 100.0 71.6 (0.85) 20.2 (0.80) 8.1 (0.51)

Poverty status:3,5

Below poverty level .......................... 100.0 57.7 (0.91) 13.0 (0.48) 29.3 (0.82)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level .................... 100.0 57.5 (0.67) 15.6 (0.46) 26.9 (0.62)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level .................... 100.0 57.8 (0.51) 19.4 (0.44) 22.8 (0.41)

4 times poverty level or more .................... 100.0 61.2 (0.53) 22.6 (0.46) 16.2 (0.39)

Marital status:3

Never married ............................. 100.0 64.7 (0.73) 14.4 (0.58) 20.9 (0.55)

Married ................................. 100.0 62.4 (0.37) 20.3 (0.31) 17.4 (0.28)

Cohabiting ............................... 100.0 43.4 (1.46) 18.5 (1.27) 38.1 (1.48)

Divorced or separated ........................ 100.0 48.1 (0.63) 19.7 (0.48) 32.2 (0.57)

Widowed ................................ 100.0 52.9 (2.24) 18.4 (1.45) 28.7 (2.11)

Geographic region:3

Northeast ................................ 100.0 56.8 (0.64) 22.0 (0.53) 21.1 (0.57)

Midwest ................................. 100.0 58.2 (0.59) 18.4 (0.38) 23.3 (0.49)

South .................................. 100.0 61.3 (0.48) 16.9 (0.34) 21.9 (0.38)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 64.2 (0.55) 18.9 (0.53) 17.0 (0.45)

Place of residence:3,6

MSA, central city ........................... 100.0 62.0 (0.49) 17.4 (0.39) 20.6 (0.42)

MSA, not central city ......................... 100.0 59.6 (0.42) 20.2 (0.32) 20.2 (0.36)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 58.5 (0.68) 16.9 (0.43) 24.6 (0.55)

* Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision (see ‘‘Appendix I’’).

1Lifetime cigarette smoking status: Never smoker: never smoked at all or smoked less than 100 cigarettes in lifetime; Former smoker: smoked at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime but did not smoke at

time of interview; Current smoker: smoked at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime and currently smoked.

2Persons of other races and unknown race and ethnicity, unknown education, unknown poverty status, and unknown marital status are included in the total.

3Estimates are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population using age groups 18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

4GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.

5Poverty status is based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau poverty thresholds for 1998, 1999, and 2000.

6MSA is metropolitan statistical area (see ‘‘Appendix II’’).

NOTES: Denominator for each percent distribution excludes persons with unknown smoking status. See ‘‘Appendix II’’ for definitions of terms.

Page 26 [ Series 10, No. 219
Table 4.2. Percent distributions of current cigarette smoking status for adults 18 years of age and over, and mean number of cigarettes

smoked in a day among current smokers 18 years of age and over, by selected characteristics: United States, average annual,

1999–2001

Selected characteristic Total Nonsmoker

Nondaily

smoker

Daily

smoker

All current

smokers

Nondaily

smokers

Daily

smokers

Both sexes Percent distribution (standard error) Mean number of cigarettes in a day (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)1,2 ......... 100.0 76.9 (0.20) 4.1 (0.08) 18.9 (0.20) 15.9 (0.11) 5.2 (0.12) 18.0 (0.11)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)1 ............... 100.0 76.8 (0.21) 4.2 (0.08) 19.0 (0.20) 15.9 (0.11) 5.0 (0.10) 18.1 (0.10)

Age:

18–24 years ........................... 100.0 72.8 (0.62) 6.3 (0.30) 20.9 (0.59) 11.8 (0.22) 4.3 (0.19) 14.0 (0.21)

25–44 years ........................... 100.0 73.3 (0.30) 5.0 (0.13) 21.7 (0.30) 15.7 (0.14) 5.0 (0.15) 18.0 (0.14)

45–64 years ........................... 100.0 76.3 (0.29) 3.5 (0.13) 20.2 (0.28) 18.3 (0.17) 5.5 (0.23) 20.2 (0.17)

65–74 years ........................... 100.0 86.7 (0.41) 2.1 (0.14) 11.1 (0.38) 16.3 (0.33) 6.8 (0.66) 17.9 (0.36)

75 years and over ........................ 100.0 93.6 (0.30) 1.1 (0.13) 5.3 (0.27) 13.7 (0.53) 3.8 (0.33) 15.5 (0.55)

Race:2

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 76.3 (0.23) 4.0 (0.09) 19.6 (0.22) 16.8 (0.12) 5.2 (0.13) 18.9 (0.12)

Black or African American, single race ........... 100.0 77.2 (0.49) 5.0 (0.22) 17.8 (0.46) 11.7 (0.17) 4.8 (0.26) 13.4 (0.18)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ...... 100.0 67.4 (2.59) 5.8 (1.14) 26.8 (2.51) 17.5 (1.23) 5.7 (0.87) 19.3 (1.22)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.5 (0.80) 2.8 (0.37) 10.8 (0.70) 10.5 (0.54) 5.1 (1.21) 12.1 (0.49)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race . . 100.0 69.0 (5.08) *9.7 (3.85) 21.3 (4.66) 11.0 (1.20) *4.4 (1.36) 13.4 (0.71)

2 or more races ......................... 100.0 67.2 (1.54) 6.2 (0.80) 26.6 (1.59) 14.6 (0.65) 4.3 (0.54) 16.8 (0.72)

Black or African American, white ............. 100.0 62.4 (5.24) *3.1 (1.82) 34.5 (5.00) 11.6 (1.70) 3.6 (0.56) 12.3 (1.79)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ......... 100.0 60.3 (2.69) 6.6 (1.31) 33.1 (2.81) 16.7 (0.99) 5.0 (0.85) 18.9 (1.07)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:2

Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 83.0 (0.39) 5.8 (0.25) 11.2 (0.32) 9.6 (0.23) 4.0 (0.20) 12.1 (0.28)

Mexican or Mexican-American ............... 100.0 83.8 (0.44) 6.4 (0.35) 9.8 (0.35) 8.4 (0.27) 3.9 (0.33) 10.9 (0.36)

Not Hispanic or Latino ..................... 100.0 76.1 (0.22) 3.9 (0.08) 19.9 (0.22) 16.5 (0.11) 5.4 (0.13) 18.4 (0.11)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 75.5 (0.25) 3.8 (0.09) 20.7 (0.24) 17.3 (0.12) 5.5 (0.15) 19.3 (0.12)

Black or African American, single race .......... 100.0 77.2 (0.50) 5.0 (0.21) 17.9 (0.47) 11.7 (0.17) 4.8 (0.26) 13.4 (0.18)

Education:2

Less than high school graduate ............... 100.0 68.8 (0.50) 4.8 (0.21) 26.5 (0.50) 16.7 (0.22) 5.4 (0.29) 18.5 (0.22)

GED diploma3 .......................... 100.0 54.2 (1.20) 5.5 (0.55) 40.3 (1.17) 19.5 (0.50) 7.8 (0.65) 20.9 (0.53)

High school graduate ...................... 100.0 72.5 (0.35) 3.9 (0.14) 23.6 (0.32) 16.7 (0.16) 5.4 (0.25) 18.4 (0.15)

Some college - no degree ................... 100.0 77.0 (0.37) 4.7 (0.18) 18.3 (0.36) 15.3 (0.23) 4.7 (0.20) 17.7 (0.23)

Associate of arts degree .................... 100.0 79.0 (0.54) 4.0 (0.23) 17.1 (0.50) 15.5 (0.31) 5.0 (0.32) 17.6 (0.35)

Bachelor of arts, science degree ............... 100.0 87.5 (0.30) 3.7 (0.16) 8.8 (0.28) 12.9 (0.29) 4.4 (0.21) 15.9 (0.31)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ............. 100.0 91.5 (0.37) 3.0 (0.25) 5.4 (0.27) 12.2 (0.49) 5.0 (0.62) 15.9 (0.65)

Poverty status:2,4

Below poverty level ....................... 100.0 68.1 (0.72) 5.7 (0.29) 26.2 (0.68) 15.5 (0.27) 5.0 (0.29) 17.5 (0.27)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level ................. 100.0 69.8 (0.53) 4.9 (0.21) 25.3 (0.54) 15.9 (0.23) 5.1 (0.28) 17.8 (0.23)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level ................. 100.0 74.5 (0.31) 4.2 (0.16) 21.3 (0.28) 16.6 (0.19) 5.5 (0.30) 18.5 (0.19)

4 times poverty level or more ................. 100.0 82.6 (0.28) 3.6 (0.14) 13.9 (0.27) 15.6 (0.21) 5.0 (0.27) 18.1 (0.22)

Marital status:2

Never married .......................... 100.0 76.0 (0.44) 5.3 (0.22) 18.7 (0.42) 14.7 (0.26) 5.3 (0.41) 17.0 (0.27)

Married .............................. 100.0 80.8 (0.24) 3.3 (0.09) 16.0 (0.23) 16.4 (0.16) 5.1 (0.21) 18.5 (0.16)

Cohabiting ............................ 100.0 61.1 (1.02) 5.8 (0.47) 33.0 (1.01) 17.2 (0.48) 5.6 (0.70) 19.0 (0.51)

Divorced or separated ..................... 100.0 65.0 (0.46) 5.7 (0.22) 29.3 (0.43) 16.8 (0.20) 5.7 (0.24) 18.8 (0.21)

Widowed ............................. 100.0 70.8 (1.71) 3.0 (0.55) 26.2 (1.70) 17.1 (0.74) 5.0 (0.78) 18.5 (0.79)

Geographic region:2

Northeast ............................. 100.0 77.9 (0.45) 4.5 (0.20) 17.6 (0.40) 15.1 (0.25) 5.7 (0.30) 17.3 (0.26)

Midwest .............................. 100.0 74.6 (0.40) 4.0 (0.17) 21.4 (0.41) 16.7 (0.21) 4.9 (0.19) 18.6 (0.19)

South ............................... 100.0 75.9 (0.35) 3.9 (0.13) 20.2 (0.35) 16.8 (0.19) 5.4 (0.23) 18.7 (0.18)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 81.0 (0.39) 4.5 (0.15) 14.5 (0.37) 13.6 (0.17) 4.5 (0.18) 16.1 (0.21)

Place of residence:2,5

MSA, central city ........................ 100.0 76.8 (0.34) 5.0 (0.16) 18.2 (0.33) 14.4 (0.17) 4.8 (0.18) 16.7 (0.17)

MSA, not central city ...................... 100.0 78.3 (0.29) 3.9 (0.11) 17.8 (0.27) 15.9 (0.15) 5.3 (0.18) 18.0 (0.15)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 73.5 (0.47) 3.6 (0.17) 22.9 (0.49) 17.8 (0.25) 5.5 (0.30) 19.5 (0.23)

See footnotes at end of table.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 27
Table 4.2. Percent distributions of current cigarette smoking status for adults 18 years of age and over, and mean number of cigarettes

smoked in a day among current smokers 18 years of age and over, by selected characteristics: United States, average annual,

1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic Total Nonsmoker

Nondaily

smoker

Daily

smoker

All current

smokers

Nondaily

smokers

Daily

smokers

Men Percent distribution (standard error) Mean number of cigarettes in a day (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)1,2 ......... 100.0 74.9 (0.29) 4.6 (0.13) 20.4 (0.28) 17.3 (0.15) 5.6 (0.23) 19.7 (0.15)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)1 ............... 100.0 74.5 (0.30) 4.7 (0.13) 20.8 (0.29) 17.2 (0.15) 5.3 (0.16) 19.7 (0.14)

Age:

18–24 years ........................... 100.0 70.5 (0.84) 7.3 (0.44) 22.2 (0.81) 12.4 (0.28) 4.2 (0.24) 15.0 (0.27)

25–44 years ........................... 100.0 71.2 (0.41) 5.7 (0.20) 23.1 (0.38) 16.9 (0.21) 5.5 (0.24) 19.5 (0.21)

45–64 years ........................... 100.0 73.8 (0.47) 3.9 (0.21) 22.4 (0.44) 20.0 (0.27) 5.8 (0.37) 22.2 (0.26)

65–74 years ........................... 100.0 86.4 (0.64) 1.7 (0.22) 11.9 (0.60) 18.0 (0.52) 8.1 (1.37) 19.3 (0.56)

75 years and over ........................ 100.0 93.2 (0.51) 1.0 (0.23) 5.7 (0.46) 15.7 (0.95) 3.8 (0.58) 17.5 (0.98)

Race:2

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 74.8 (0.33) 4.4 (0.14) 20.8 (0.31) 18.4 (0.17) 5.8 (0.26) 20.7 (0.17)

Black or African American, single race ........... 100.0 72.9 (0.73) 6.2 (0.37) 20.9 (0.72) 12.5 (0.26) 4.8 (0.44) 14.4 (0.27)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ...... 100.0 69.6 (4.22) *4.5 (1.40) 26.0 (3.98) 18.5 (1.66) 8.5 (1.22) 19.9 (1.72)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 79.6 (1.37) 3.8 (0.63) 16.6 (1.25) 10.8 (0.64) 5.4 (1.32) 12.1 (0.58)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race . . 100.0 69.1 (5.70) *10.5 (5.20) 20.4 (5.97) 13.1 (1.49) *4.7 (1.96) 15.1 (0.57)

2 or more races ......................... 100.0 65.6 (2.20) 6.1 (1.24) 28.3 (2.24) 15.6 (0.99) 4.0 (0.61) 18.1 (1.06)

Black or African American, white ............. 100.0 60.9 (7.08) *4.9 (4.46) 34.2 (7.65) 14.2 (1.65) 5.0 (0.00) 14.7 (1.89)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ......... 100.0 61.3 (3.58) 6.6 (1.91) 32.1 (3.60) 17.6 (1.69) 4.7 (1.04) 20.3 (1.86)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:2

Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 77.8 (0.61) 7.8 (0.40) 14.4 (0.52) 10.2 (0.31) 4.2 (0.33) 13.0 (0.37)

Mexican or Mexican-American ............... 100.0 78.1 (0.81) 8.7 (0.58) 13.2 (0.66) 9.0 (0.37) 4.4 (0.48) 11.8 (0.47)

Not Hispanic or Latino ..................... 100.0 74.5 (0.32) 4.2 (0.13) 21.3 (0.30) 18.0 (0.16) 5.9 (0.25) 20.2 (0.15)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 74.5 (0.35) 4.0 (0.14) 21.6 (0.33) 19.1 (0.18) 6.1 (0.29) 21.3 (0.17)

Black or African American, single race .......... 100.0 72.9 (0.74) 6.2 (0.37) 20.9 (0.72) 12.5 (0.26) 4.8 (0.45) 14.4 (0.28)

Education:2

Less than high school graduate ............... 100.0 64.8 (0.67) 5.7 (0.30) 29.5 (0.68) 17.8 (0.32) 5.7 (0.50) 19.8 (0.33)

GED diploma3 .......................... 100.0 52.4 (1.78) 6.7 (0.87) 40.9 (1.77) 21.0 (0.74) 8.1 (0.72) 22.8 (0.85)

High school graduate ...................... 100.0 70.0 (0.51) 4.4 (0.22) 25.6 (0.50) 18.4 (0.25) 6.2 (0.46) 20.3 (0.24)

Some college - no degree ................... 100.0 75.2 (0.58) 5.1 (0.28) 19.7 (0.54) 16.8 (0.34) 4.7 (0.29) 19.6 (0.35)

Associate of arts degree .................... 100.0 77.9 (0.82) 4.0 (0.36) 18.0 (0.74) 16.8 (0.45) 5.4 (0.53) 18.9 (0.46)

Bachelor of arts, science degree ............... 100.0 86.6 (0.48) 3.9 (0.24) 9.5 (0.41) 13.9 (0.43) 4.8 (0.38) 16.9 (0.44)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ............. 100.0 91.1 (0.53) 3.3 (0.38) 5.6 (0.40) 13.1 (0.76) 4.6 (0.61) 17.3 (0.98)

Poverty status:2,4

Below poverty level ....................... 100.0 64.3 (1.06) 6.4 (0.44) 29.4 (1.01) 16.9 (0.40) 5.6 (0.67) 19.0 (0.42)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level ................. 100.0 65.9 (0.78) 5.8 (0.35) 28.3 (0.81) 16.8 (0.32) 5.2 (0.45) 18.9 (0.32)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level ................. 100.0 71.7 (0.49) 4.6 (0.25) 23.7 (0.45) 17.9 (0.27) 5.9 (0.42) 20.1 (0.27)

4 times poverty level or more ................. 100.0 81.4 (0.40) 3.9 (0.21) 14.7 (0.38) 17.2 (0.35) 5.3 (0.52) 20.0 (0.33)

Marital status:2

Never married .......................... 100.0 73.1 (0.66) 6.0 (0.31) 20.9 (0.61) 16.2 (0.32) 6.3 (0.69) 18.6 (0.35)

Married .............................. 100.0 78.8 (0.34) 3.7 (0.15) 17.5 (0.32) 17.8 (0.23) 5.5 (0.34) 20.1 (0.23)

Cohabiting ............................ 100.0 60.3 (1.34) 6.5 (0.66) 33.2 (1.33) 18.6 (0.73) 6.3 (0.69) 20.7 (0.78)

Divorced or separated ..................... 100.0 61.1 (0.77) 6.0 (0.36) 32.9 (0.71) 19.0 (0.29) 6.4 (0.51) 21.0 (0.30)

Widowed ............................. 100.0 68.5 (3.02) *3.4 (1.28) 28.1 (2.91) 20.4 (1.52) 6.1 (1.60) 22.2 (1.60)

Geographic region:2

Northeast ............................. 100.0 76.8 (0.55) 4.5 (0.33) 18.6 (0.46) 16.8 (0.39) 5.8 (0.45) 19.1 (0.41)

Midwest .............................. 100.0 72.5 (0.58) 4.4 (0.28) 23.1 (0.58) 18.2 (0.31) 5.2 (0.31) 20.4 (0.28)

South ............................... 100.0 73.5 (0.52) 4.5 (0.20) 22.0 (0.50) 18.2 (0.25) 6.3 (0.50) 20.4 (0.24)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 78.9 (0.60) 5.3 (0.24) 15.8 (0.58) 14.4 (0.27) 4.7 (0.29) 17.1 (0.31)

Place of residence:2,5

MSA, central city ........................ 100.0 73.8 (0.45) 5.8 (0.23) 20.4 (0.45) 15.7 (0.25) 5.2 (0.34) 18.3 (0.26)

MSA, not central city ...................... 100.0 76.8 (0.41) 4.3 (0.18) 18.8 (0.37) 17.2 (0.21) 5.6 (0.30) 19.5 (0.21)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 71.4 (0.66) 3.8 (0.25) 24.7 (0.70) 19.6 (0.33) 6.3 (0.57) 21.4 (0.33)

See footnotes at end of table.

Page 28 [ Series 10, No. 219
Table 4.2. Percent distributions of current cigarette smoking status for adults 18 years of age and over, and mean number of cigarettes

smoked in a day among current smokers 18 years of age and over, by selected characteristics: United States, average annual,

1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic Total Nonsmoker

Nondaily

smoker

Daily

smoker

All current

smokers

Nondaily

smokers

Daily

smokers

Women Percent distribution (standard error) Mean number of cigarettes in a day (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)1,2 ......... 100.0 78.8 (0.23) 3.7 (0.09) 17.5 (0.22) 14.5 (0.12) 4.7 (0.13) 16.3 (0.13)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)1 ............... 100.0 79.0 (0.23) 3.6 (0.09) 17.4 (0.22) 14.4 (0.12) 4.6 (0.12) 16.3 (0.13)

Age:

18–24 years ........................... 100.0 75.1 (0.75) 5.2 (0.37) 19.7 (0.67) 11.1 (0.29) 4.3 (0.33) 12.8 (0.29)

25–44 years ........................... 100.0 75.3 (0.38) 4.3 (0.15) 20.3 (0.36) 14.4 (0.17) 4.3 (0.16) 16.4 (0.18)

45–64 years ........................... 100.0 78.7 (0.36) 3.1 (0.15) 18.2 (0.33) 16.3 (0.21) 5.1 (0.24) 18.0 (0.22)

65–74 years ........................... 100.0 87.0 (0.49) 2.5 (0.21) 10.5 (0.45) 14.7 (0.41) 6.0 (0.68) 16.6 (0.44)

75 years and over ........................ 100.0 93.8 (0.35) 1.1 (0.15) 5.1 (0.33) 12.3 (0.54) 3.7 (0.39) 14.0 (0.55)

Race:2

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 77.8 (0.26) 3.7 (0.11) 18.6 (0.25) 15.1 (0.14) 4.7 (0.15) 17.0 (0.14)

Black or African American, single race ........... 100.0 80.5 (0.59) 4.0 (0.23) 15.5 (0.54) 10.9 (0.22) 4.9 (0.34) 12.3 (0.25)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ...... 100.0 65.5 (3.32) 7.1 (1.50) 27.4 (3.08) 17.3 (1.29) 4.1 (0.91) 19.5 (1.21)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 93.3 (0.71) 1.7 (0.36) 5.0 (0.61) 9.8 (0.77) 3.3 (0.57) 11.9 (0.79)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race . . 100.0 73.2 (7.79) *5.3 (3.46) *21.5 (7.19) 8.2 (1.16) 2.5 (0.00) 9.6 (0.97)

2 or more races ......................... 100.0 69.3 (2.08) 6.2 (1.03) 24.5 (1.99) 13.0 (0.83) 4.8 (0.87) 15.0 (1.00)

Black or African American, white ............. 100.0 62.8 (7.09) *3.0 (1.96) 34.2 (6.67) 9.4 (2.19) *2.9 (0.87) 10.2 (2.18)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ......... 100.0 60.0 (3.68) 6.9 (1.73) 33.1 (3.63) 14.9 (1.13) 5.4 (1.19) 16.6 (1.21)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:2

Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 88.0 (0.45) 3.9 (0.26) 8.1 (0.37) 8.5 (0.34) 3.5 (0.23) 10.7 (0.43)

Mexican or Mexican-American ............... 100.0 89.4 (0.54) 4.1 (0.36) 6.5 (0.42) 7.2 (0.38) 3.2 (0.32) 9.5 (0.49)

Not Hispanic or Latino ..................... 100.0 77.7 (0.25) 3.6 (0.10) 18.7 (0.24) 14.8 (0.13) 4.9 (0.14) 16.6 (0.13)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 76.6 (0.29) 3.7 (0.12) 19.8 (0.27) 15.4 (0.14) 4.8 (0.17) 17.2 (0.14)

Black or African American, single race .......... 100.0 80.5 (0.59) 4.0 (0.24) 15.5 (0.54) 10.9 (0.22) 5.0 (0.35) 12.3 (0.26)

Education:2

Less than high school graduate ............... 100.0 72.8 (0.61) 3.8 (0.23) 23.4 (0.60) 15.4 (0.27) 5.2 (0.39) 16.9 (0.29)

GED diploma3 .......................... 100.0 56.0 (1.43) 4.3 (0.57) 39.7 (1.44) 17.6 (0.60) 5.5 (0.76) 18.8 (0.60)

High school graduate ...................... 100.0 74.6 (0.46) 3.3 (0.18) 22.0 (0.42) 15.0 (0.19) 4.6 (0.25) 16.5 (0.19)

Some college - no degree ................... 100.0 78.6 (0.49) 4.4 (0.22) 17.0 (0.46) 13.8 (0.26) 4.8 (0.27) 15.9 (0.27)

Associate of arts degree .................... 100.0 79.9 (0.69) 3.8 (0.30) 16.3 (0.61) 14.2 (0.38) 4.3 (0.30) 16.3 (0.41)

Bachelor of arts, science degree ............... 100.0 88.4 (0.38) 3.4 (0.24) 8.2 (0.33) 11.8 (0.36) 4.0 (0.22) 14.7 (0.39)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ............. 100.0 91.9 (0.51) 2.8 (0.33) 5.4 (0.38) 11.0 (0.51) 5.1 (0.82) 13.9 (0.59)

Poverty status:2,4

Below poverty level ....................... 100.0 70.7 (0.82) 5.2 (0.35) 24.1 (0.77) 14.4 (0.29) 4.9 (0.34) 16.3 (0.28)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level ................. 100.0 73.1 (0.62) 4.1 (0.25) 22.8 (0.60) 15.1 (0.28) 5.1 (0.38) 16.7 (0.30)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level ................. 100.0 77.2 (0.41) 3.8 (0.19) 19.0 (0.38) 14.9 (0.24) 5.1 (0.45) 16.7 (0.24)

4 times poverty level or more ................. 100.0 83.8 (0.39) 3.2 (0.19) 13.0 (0.35) 13.7 (0.25) 4.7 (0.34) 15.8 (0.27)

Marital status:2

Never married .......................... 100.0 79.1 (0.55) 4.5 (0.26) 16.4 (0.52) 12.6 (0.31) 4.3 (0.26) 14.7 (0.34)

Married .............................. 100.0 82.6 (0.28) 2.9 (0.11) 14.5 (0.27) 14.8 (0.19) 4.5 (0.23) 16.7 (0.20)

Cohabiting ............................ 100.0 61.9 (1.48) 5.1 (0.67) 33.0 (1.45) 15.5 (0.45) 4.9 (1.17) 17.0 (0.41)

Divorced or separated ..................... 100.0 67.8 (0.57) 5.5 (0.28) 26.7 (0.54) 15.0 (0.22) 5.2 (0.23) 16.8 (0.24)

Widowed ............................. 100.0 71.3 (2.11) 2.7 (0.54) 26.0 (2.08) 15.9 (0.84) 4.0 (0.42) 17.2 (0.87)

Geographic region:2

Northeast ............................. 100.0 78.9 (0.57) 4.3 (0.23) 16.8 (0.53) 13.6 (0.24) 5.4 (0.32) 15.5 (0.26)

Midwest .............................. 100.0 76.7 (0.49) 3.6 (0.18) 19.7 (0.47) 15.0 (0.24) 4.6 (0.22) 16.7 (0.23)

South ............................... 100.0 78.1 (0.38) 3.3 (0.15) 18.6 (0.36) 15.2 (0.23) 4.6 (0.22) 16.9 (0.23)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.0 (0.45) 3.8 (0.20) 13.2 (0.39) 12.8 (0.23) 4.1 (0.22) 15.0 (0.24)

Place of residence:2,5

MSA, central city ........................ 100.0 79.4 (0.42) 4.3 (0.19) 16.3 (0.39) 13.0 (0.19) 4.4 (0.18) 15.0 (0.18)

MSA, not central city ...................... 100.0 79.8 (0.36) 3.5 (0.13) 16.7 (0.34) 14.5 (0.19) 4.9 (0.23) 16.4 (0.20)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 75.4 (0.55) 3.3 (0.20) 21.3 (0.55) 16.0 (0.27) 4.8 (0.27) 17.6 (0.27)

* Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision (see ‘‘Appendix I’’).

1Persons of other races and unknown race and ethnicity, unknown education, unknown poverty status, and unknown marital status are included in the total.

2Estimates are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population using age groups 18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

3GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.

4Poverty status is based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau poverty thresholds for 1998, 1999, and 2000.

5MSA is metropolitan statistical area (see ‘‘Appendix II’’).

NOTES: Current cigarette smoking status: Nonsmoker includes never smokers and former smokers; Daily smokers: currently smoked everyday; Nondaily smokers: currently smoked some days,

regardless of number of days they smoked. Denominator for each percent distribution excludes persons with unknown current smoking status. Denominators for mean number of cigarettes smoked in

a day exclude smokers (daily and nondaily) with unknown number of cigarettes smoked and nondaily smokers who did not smoke in the past 30 days. Estimates reflect usual cigarette consumption on

days smoked and do not reflect consumption over a period of time such as a week or a month. See ‘‘Appendix II’’ for definitions of terms.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 29
Table 4.3. Percent distributions of usual number of cigarettes smoked in a day among all current cigarette smokers 18 years of age and

over, by selected characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001

Selected characteristic

Usual number of cigarettes smoked in a day1

Total

Less

than 15 15–24 25–34

35 or

more

Both sexes Percent distribution (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)2,3 ............ 100.0 45.5 (0.49) 39.1 (0.42) 8.5 (0.25) 6.9 (0.23)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)2 .................. 100.0 45.7 (0.48) 38.9 (0.40) 8.5 (0.24) 6.8 (0.22)

Age:

18–24 years .............................. 100.0 62.1 (1.25) 32.5 (1.17) 3.4 (0.42) 2.0 (0.31)

25–44 years .............................. 100.0 45.9 (0.62) 39.1 (0.55) 8.9 (0.34) 6.1 (0.30)

45–64 years .............................. 100.0 36.6 (0.67) 41.9 (0.67) 11.0 (0.44) 10.4 (0.44)

65–74 years .............................. 100.0 43.7 (1.58) 40.9 (1.47) 8.0 (0.87) 7.4 (0.79)

75 years and over ........................... 100.0 55.6 (2.68) 35.1 (2.52) 4.8 (1.00) 4.4 (1.05)

Race:3

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 41.3 (0.54) 41.4 (0.48) 9.6 (0.29) 7.8 (0.26)

Black or African American, single race .............. 100.0 65.8 (0.91) 29.1 (0.85) 2.8 (0.35) 2.3 (0.31)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ......... 100.0 44.1 (4.02) 34.7 (4.24) 6.9 (1.89) 14.3 (3.76)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 70.8 (3.69) 26.7 (3.60) *1.9 (0.78) *0.6 (0.34)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race ..... 100.0 68.9 (7.27) 30.4 (7.22) *0.7 (0.70) *-

2 or more races ............................ 100.0 56.4 (2.62) 27.2 (2.48) 8.7 (1.67) 7.7 (1.52)

Black or African American, white ................ 100.0 73.0 (9.53) *16.5 (6.91) *8.9 (6.61) *1.6 (1.63)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ............ 100.0 48.4 (3.83) 30.0 (3.69) 12.0 (2.73) 9.5 (2.39)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:3

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 100.0 74.3 (1.20) 20.8 (1.10) 2.7 (0.55) 2.3 (0.36)

Mexican or Mexican-American .................. 100.0 79.1 (1.44) 16.6 (1.35) 3.0 (0.75) 1.3 (0.36)

Not Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 43.1 (0.50) 40.6 (0.45) 9.0 (0.27) 7.3 (0.24)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 39.0 (0.55) 42.9 (0.50) 10.0 (0.31) 8.1 (0.27)

Black or African American, single race ............. 100.0 65.7 (0.92) 29.2 (0.86) 2.8 (0.36) 2.3 (0.31)

Education:3

Less than high school graduate .................. 100.0 43.9 (0.87) 38.7 (0.84) 8.7 (0.48) 8.7 (0.51)

GED diploma4 ............................. 100.0 32.9 (2.01) 42.8 (1.94) 12.9 (1.38) 11.4 (1.32)

High school graduate ......................... 100.0 40.8 (0.78) 43.1 (0.78) 9.0 (0.44) 7.1 (0.37)

Some college - no degree ...................... 100.0 47.8 (0.97) 38.0 (0.90) 8.1 (0.54) 6.0 (0.48)

Associate of arts degree ....................... 100.0 48.3 (1.46) 36.5 (1.32) 8.7 (0.83) 6.5 (0.79)

Bachelor of arts, science degree .................. 100.0 58.9 (1.40) 31.1 (1.39) 5.8 (0.65) 4.3 (0.68)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ................ 100.0 60.3 (2.16) 30.7 (2.03) 5.1 (1.01) 3.8 (0.85)

Poverty status:3,5

Below poverty level .......................... 100.0 49.1 (1.16) 37.1 (1.13) 6.6 (0.54) 7.3 (0.59)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level .................... 100.0 45.2 (0.99) 39.7 (0.96) 8.5 (0.64) 6.6 (0.51)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level .................... 100.0 43.2 (0.85) 39.6 (0.84) 9.6 (0.49) 7.6 (0.46)

4 times poverty level or more .................... 100.0 45.9 (1.05) 39.4 (1.01) 8.6 (0.58) 6.2 (0.41)

Marital status:3

Never married ............................. 100.0 49.8 (1.22) 37.5 (1.33) 7.5 (0.79) 5.3 (0.58)

Married ................................. 100.0 43.4 (0.72) 39.9 (0.65) 9.0 (0.36) 7.7 (0.34)

Cohabiting ............................... 100.0 41.0 (1.78) 39.9 (1.99) 11.0 (1.41) 8.1 (1.10)

Divorced or separated ........................ 100.0 41.1 (0.89) 41.8 (0.82) 9.5 (0.46) 7.6 (0.48)

Widowed ................................ 100.0 39.0 (3.00) 46.2 (3.32) 7.6 (1.60) 7.1 (1.94)

Geographic region:3

Northeast ................................ 100.0 48.4 (0.97) 38.5 (0.81) 7.2 (0.60) 5.9 (0.53)

Midwest ................................. 100.0 42.4 (1.02) 40.4 (0.87) 9.3 (0.51) 7.9 (0.43)

South .................................. 100.0 42.5 (0.82) 40.2 (0.69) 9.5 (0.41) 7.9 (0.40)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 54.6 (1.00) 34.7 (1.08) 6.2 (0.53) 4.4 (0.42)

Place of residence:3,6

MSA, central city ........................... 100.0 52.2 (0.83) 35.3 (0.74) 6.8 (0.45) 5.6 (0.34)

MSA, not central city ......................... 100.0 45.2 (0.70) 39.7 (0.63) 8.4 (0.36) 6.7 (0.33)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 37.9 (0.95) 42.5 (0.80) 10.6 (0.56) 9.1 (0.51)

See footnotes at end of table.

Page 30 [ Series 10, No. 219
Table 4.3. Percent distributions of usual number of cigarettes smoked in a day among all current cigarette smokers 18 years of age and

over, by selected characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic

Usual number of cigarettes smoked in a day1

Total

Less

than 15 15–24 25–34

35 or

more

Men Percent distribution (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)2,3 ............ 100.0 40.4 (0.66) 40.1 (0.62) 10.1 (0.39) 9.4 (0.36)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)2 .................. 100.0 40.9 (0.64) 39.8 (0.58) 10.0 (0.36) 9.3 (0.34)

Age:

18–24 years .............................. 100.0 57.3 (1.65) 36.8 (1.62) 3.5 (0.58) 2.4 (0.47)

25–44 years .............................. 100.0 41.7 (0.86) 39.5 (0.75) 10.5 (0.53) 8.3 (0.45)

45–64 years .............................. 100.0 31.8 (0.94) 41.3 (0.98) 12.5 (0.65) 14.5 (0.75)

65–74 years .............................. 100.0 36.3 (2.42) 43.6 (2.35) 11.0 (1.53) 9.0 (1.27)

75 years and over ........................... 100.0 47.8 (3.89) 38.1 (3.58) *6.2 (1.90) 7.9 (2.24)

Race:3

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 35.6 (0.71) 42.1 (0.67) 11.5 (0.46) 10.8 (0.42)

Black or African American, single race .............. 100.0 60.5 (1.51) 33.2 (1.49) 3.6 (0.64) 2.7 (0.46)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ......... 100.0 43.3 (5.64) 33.2 (5.08) *6.0 (2.92) *17.5 (5.34)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 69.5 (4.74) 28.0 (4.67) *2.2 (0.93) *0.3 (0.35)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race ..... 100.0 57.3 (3.79) 41.6 (3.68) *1.1 (1.10) *-

2 or more races ............................ 100.0 51.1 (3.96) 31.0 (3.67) 8.7 (1.96) 9.2 (2.49)

Black or African American, white ................ 100.0 53.0 (9.71) 34.5 (7.59) *9.2 (6.51) *3.3 (3.24)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ............ 100.0 45.8 (5.85) 30.3 (5.19) 11.3 (2.96) *12.6 (4.41)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:3

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 100.0 70.8 (1.60) 23.6 (1.54) 3.1 (0.83) 2.5 (0.45)

Mexican or Mexican-American .................. 100.0 75.8 (2.02) 19.0 (1.93) *3.6 (1.12) 1.6 (0.46)

Not Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 37.2 (0.68) 41.9 (0.66) 10.8 (0.42) 10.1 (0.38)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 32.5 (0.73) 43.9 (0.71) 12.2 (0.50) 11.5 (0.45)

Black or African American, single race ............. 100.0 60.5 (1.53) 33.2 (1.50) 3.6 (0.65) 2.7 (0.46)

Education:3

Less than high school graduate .................. 100.0 39.9 (1.22) 40.0 (1.16) 9.0 (0.66) 11.1 (0.78)

GED diploma4 ............................. 100.0 28.6 (2.68) 42.6 (3.06) 13.1 (1.97) 15.7 (2.24)

High school graduate ......................... 100.0 34.4 (1.16) 43.9 (1.21) 11.8 (0.77) 10.0 (0.62)

Some college - no degree ...................... 100.0 42.5 (1.34) 39.4 (1.32) 9.6 (0.84) 8.4 (0.75)

Associate of arts degree ....................... 100.0 43.5 (2.40) 37.4 (2.27) 11.1 (1.45) 8.0 (1.04)

Bachelor of arts, science degree .................. 100.0 57.0 (2.06) 30.4 (1.95) 6.9 (1.03) 5.7 (0.99)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ................ 100.0 56.5 (3.11) 33.3 (2.79) 5.6 (1.48) 4.6 (1.28)

Poverty status:3,5

Below poverty level .......................... 100.0 44.9 (1.75) 38.0 (1.78) 7.3 (0.92) 9.9 (1.02)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level .................... 100.0 41.4 (1.35) 40.6 (1.34) 9.9 (0.88) 8.2 (0.81)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level .................... 100.0 38.4 (1.12) 40.4 (1.14) 11.2 (0.74) 10.0 (0.68)

4 times poverty level or more .................... 100.0 39.5 (1.48) 41.4 (1.45) 10.6 (0.98) 8.5 (0.66)

Marital status:3

Never married ............................. 100.0 42.6 (1.35) 41.1 (1.74) 9.7 (1.17) 6.6 (0.89)

Married ................................. 100.0 39.4 (0.93) 39.8 (0.87) 10.4 (0.55) 10.4 (0.54)

Cohabiting ............................... 100.0 37.1 (2.40) 39.7 (2.67) 11.9 (2.13) 11.2 (1.76)

Divorced or separated ........................ 100.0 33.1 (1.26) 43.5 (1.33) 12.1 (0.83) 11.2 (0.79)

Widowed ................................ 100.0 27.1 (4.71) 48.9 (6.09) *9.6 (3.65) *14.3 (4.30)

Geographic region:3

Northeast ................................ 100.0 41.9 (1.45) 40.1 (1.20) 9.6 (1.07) 8.5 (0.88)

Midwest ................................. 100.0 37.1 (1.34) 41.1 (1.12) 10.9 (0.80) 10.8 (0.68)

South .................................. 100.0 37.4 (1.05) 41.2 (1.03) 10.9 (0.62) 10.6 (0.63)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 51.3 (1.57) 36.0 (1.68) 7.2 (0.71) 5.5 (0.61)

Place of residence:3,6

MSA, central city ........................... 100.0 47.3 (1.15) 36.4 (1.11) 8.4 (0.68) 8.0 (0.59)

MSA, not central city ......................... 100.0 40.0 (0.95) 41.3 (0.89) 10.0 (0.58) 8.7 (0.50)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 32.7 (1.11) 42.6 (1.18) 12.1 (0.89) 12.6 (0.86)

See footnotes at end of table.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 31
Table 4.3. Percent distributions of usual number of cigarettes smoked in a day among all current cigarette smokers 18 years of age and

over, by selected characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic

Usual number of cigarettes smoked in a day1

Total

Less

than 15 15–24 25–34

35 or

more

Women Percent distribution (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)2,3 ............ 100.0 50.8 (0.62) 38.1 (0.56) 6.8 (0.28) 4.3 (0.24)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)2 .................. 100.0 50.9 (0.61) 38.0 (0.55) 6.9 (0.29) 4.1 (0.23)

Age:

18–24 years .............................. 100.0 67.6 (1.72) 27.4 (1.63) 3.3 (0.63) 1.7 (0.41)

25–44 years .............................. 100.0 50.7 (0.83) 38.6 (0.82) 7.0 (0.41) 3.7 (0.34)

45–64 years .............................. 100.0 42.1 (0.95) 42.7 (0.85) 9.3 (0.65) 5.9 (0.41)

65–74 years .............................. 100.0 50.2 (2.03) 38.4 (1.94) 5.4 (0.79) 6.0 (1.00)

75 years and over ........................... 100.0 61.1 (3.30) 33.0 (3.17) 3.9 (1.08) *2.0 (0.77)

Race:3

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 47.0 (0.69) 40.7 (0.63) 7.6 (0.33) 4.6 (0.28)

Black or African American, single race .............. 100.0 71.7 (1.28) 24.5 (1.18) 1.9 (0.29) 1.9 (0.39)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ......... 100.0 43.1 (4.68) 35.4 (7.49) *7.7 (2.64) *13.9 (5.46)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 75.0 (4.67) 22.5 (4.53) *1.4 (1.33) *1.2 (0.86)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race ..... 100.0 93.7 (5.63) *6.3 (5.63) *- *-

2 or more races ............................ 100.0 63.7 (4.16) 23.0 (3.59) *7.2 (2.35) *6.1 (1.84)

Black or African American, white ................ 100.0 87.5 (9.89) *4.4 (3.25) *8.1 (9.34) *-

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ............ 100.0 55.3 (5.82) 28.6 (5.43) *10.3 (4.05) *5.8 (2.08)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:3

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 100.0 79.8 (1.59) 16.2 (1.34) 2.1 (0.59) *1.8 (0.60)

Mexican or Mexican-American .................. 100.0 84.7 (2.03) 12.4 (1.85) *2.4 (0.85) *0.5 (0.32)

Not Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 49.0 (0.65) 39.4 (0.58) 7.1 (0.29) 4.4 (0.26)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 45.5 (0.71) 41.9 (0.65) 7.9 (0.34) 4.7 (0.29)

Black or African American, single race ............. 100.0 71.6 (1.32) 24.6 (1.22) 1.9 (0.30) 1.9 (0.39)

Education:3

Less than high school graduate .................. 100.0 48.8 (1.25) 37.2 (1.15) 8.4 (0.69) 5.6 (0.56)

GED diploma4 ............................. 100.0 37.9 (2.84) 43.1 (2.61) 12.6 (2.00) 6.3 (1.19)

High school graduate ......................... 100.0 47.1 (1.03) 42.4 (1.00) 6.4 (0.47) 4.2 (0.38)

Some college - no degree ...................... 100.0 53.3 (1.30) 36.6 (1.27) 6.6 (0.67) 3.6 (0.54)

Associate of arts degree ....................... 100.0 52.9 (1.78) 36.1 (1.73) 6.1 (0.96) 4.9 (0.94)

Bachelor of arts, science degree .................. 100.0 61.2 (1.86) 31.7 (1.82) 4.5 (0.90) *2.6 (0.78)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ................ 100.0 65.2 (2.78) 27.6 (2.85) 4.5 (1.12) *2.8 (0.95)

Poverty status:3,5

Below poverty level .......................... 100.0 52.2 (1.40) 36.8 (1.26) 6.0 (0.62) 5.1 (0.60)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level .................... 100.0 49.0 (1.29) 38.9 (1.41) 7.1 (0.77) 5.0 (0.62)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level .................... 100.0 49.0 (1.22) 38.6 (1.23) 7.8 (0.61) 4.7 (0.54)

4 times poverty level or more .................... 100.0 53.1 (1.45) 37.2 (1.44) 6.4 (0.63) 3.3 (0.50)

Marital status:3

Never married ............................. 100.0 59.7 (1.81) 32.4 (1.83) 4.5 (0.66) 3.4 (0.56)

Married ................................. 100.0 48.2 (1.01) 40.1 (0.94) 7.3 (0.46) 4.4 (0.39)

Cohabiting ............................... 100.0 45.5 (2.73) 40.8 (2.83) 9.2 (1.15) 4.4 (0.81)

Divorced or separated ........................ 100.0 48.0 (1.16) 40.2 (1.07) 7.2 (0.56) 4.5 (0.50)

Widowed ................................ 100.0 43.2 (3.72) 45.4 (3.81) 7.0 (1.68) *4.4 (1.99)

Geographic region:3

Northeast ................................ 100.0 54.4 (1.21) 37.3 (1.14) 5.0 (0.53) 3.3 (0.49)

Midwest ................................. 100.0 48.0 (1.32) 39.8 (1.16) 7.6 (0.56) 4.6 (0.42)

South .................................. 100.0 48.0 (1.08) 39.1 (0.93) 8.0 (0.49) 4.9 (0.46)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 58.4 (1.28) 33.1 (1.28) 5.3 (0.69) 3.2 (0.50)

Place of residence:3,6

MSA, central city ........................... 100.0 57.4 (0.99) 34.3 (0.93) 5.2 (0.50) 3.1 (0.33)

MSA, not central city ......................... 100.0 50.8 (0.93) 38.1 (0.80) 6.7 (0.40) 4.4 (0.38)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 43.2 (1.31) 42.5 (1.28) 9.1 (0.65) 5.3 (0.56)

* Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision (see ‘‘Appendix I’’).

- Quantity zero.

1Usual number of cigarettes smoked in a day includes the usual cigarette consumption of daily and nondaily smokers combined. Estimates for nondaily smokers reflect number of cigarettes smoked

only on the days that they smoked and are limited to those who smoked at least once in the past 30 days.

2Persons of other races and unknown race and ethnicity, unknown education, unknown poverty status, and unknown marital status are included in the total.

3Estimates are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population using age groups 18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

4GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.

5Poverty status is based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau poverty thresholds for 1998, 1999, and 2000.

6MSA is metropolitan statistical area (see ‘‘Appendix II’’).

NOTES: Denominator for each percent distribution excludes smokers with unknown number of cigarettes smoked. Estimates reflect usual cigarette consumption on days smoked and do not reflect

average cigarette consumption over a period of time such as a week or a month. See ‘‘Appendix II’’ for definitions of terms.

Page 32 [ Series 10, No. 219
Table 4.4. Percent distributions of age of smoking initiation among current cigarette smokers 18 years of age and over: United States,

average annual, 1999–2001

Selected characteristic Total

Age first smoked fairly regularly

Less than

16 years

16–17

years

18–20

years

21 years

and over

Both sexes Percent distribution (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)1,2 ............ 100.0 30.9 (0.38) 24.2 (0.33) 26.4 (0.38) 18.5 (0.30)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)1 .................. 100.0 31.5 (0.36) 25.3 (0.34) 26.2 (0.36) 17.1 (0.28)

Age:

18–24 years .............................. 100.0 36.1 (1.12) 35.8 (1.19) 24.9 (1.08) 3.2 (0.37)

25–44 years .............................. 100.0 32.1 (0.53) 25.5 (0.49) 25.6 (0.49) 16.9 (0.45)

45–64 years .............................. 100.0 29.2 (0.60) 21.5 (0.59) 27.5 (0.64) 21.7 (0.55)

65–74 years .............................. 100.0 28.6 (1.51) 17.1 (1.09) 27.6 (1.42) 26.7 (1.29)

75 years and over ........................... 100.0 22.7 (1.98) 17.2 (1.77) 27.6 (1.96) 32.4 (2.32)

Race:2

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 32.1 (0.44) 24.9 (0.38) 26.0 (0.43) 17.0 (0.32)

Black or African American, single race .............. 100.0 24.0 (0.80) 21.0 (0.77) 28.1 (0.99) 26.9 (0.91)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ......... 100.0 32.3 (4.93) 26.8 (5.22) 20.4 (2.82) 20.5 (3.63)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 20.4 (2.93) 14.3 (2.15) 36.7 (3.70) 28.7 (3.22)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race ..... 100.0 *14.5 (6.60) *35.4 (11.29) *33.6 (10.80) *16.5 (7.58)

2 or more races ............................ 100.0 30.8 (2.57) 26.1 (2.92) 26.6 (2.84) 16.5 (2.05)

Black or African American, white ................ 100.0 37.2 (10.43) *9.0 (4.78) *11.5 (4.75) 42.3 (10.16)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ............ 100.0 31.7 (3.37) 28.8 (4.10) 28.1 (4.12) 11.5 (2.53)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:2

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 100.0 32.1 (1.24) 20.1 (0.95) 27.8 (1.28) 20.0 (1.06)

Mexican or Mexican-American .................. 100.0 31.7 (1.68) 19.0 (1.03) 27.9 (1.71) 21.4 (1.41)

Not Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 30.9 (0.40) 24.5 (0.35) 26.3 (0.40) 18.3 (0.32)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 32.1 (0.45) 25.2 (0.40) 25.9 (0.44) 16.9 (0.33)

Black or African American, single race ............. 100.0 23.9 (0.82) 21.1 (0.78) 28.0 (0.98) 26.9 (0.92)

Education:2

Less than high school graduate .................. 100.0 41.8 (0.85) 25.4 (0.76) 20.2 (0.69) 12.6 (0.54)

GED diploma3 ............................. 100.0 47.6 (2.31) 23.2 (1.48) 17.1 (1.62) 12.2 (1.53)

High school graduate ......................... 100.0 29.2 (0.69) 25.5 (0.64) 27.0 (0.71) 18.3 (0.60)

Some college - no degree ...................... 100.0 26.2 (0.84) 24.2 (0.83) 28.6 (0.85) 20.9 (0.77)

Associate of arts degree ....................... 100.0 25.4 (1.25) 23.6 (1.18) 28.4 (1.24) 22.6 (1.30)

Bachelor of arts, science degree .................. 100.0 18.2 (1.16) 18.6 (1.22) 36.9 (1.38) 26.3 (1.16)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ................ 100.0 16.6 (1.90) 18.8 (1.65) 32.2 (2.18) 32.4 (2.10)

Poverty status:2,4

Below poverty level .......................... 100.0 36.7 (1.00) 23.3 (0.85) 23.0 (0.96) 17.0 (0.87)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level .................... 100.0 34.4 (0.90) 24.0 (0.82) 23.2 (0.79) 18.3 (0.66)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level .................... 100.0 31.1 (0.83) 24.5 (0.68) 26.7 (0.74) 17.8 (0.65)

4 times poverty level or more .................... 100.0 25.5 (0.85) 24.5 (0.81) 29.9 (0.91) 20.1 (0.80)

Marital status:2

Never married ............................. 100.0 29.3 (1.13) 25.0 (0.95) 28.5 (1.21) 17.1 (1.01)

Married ................................. 100.0 31.9 (0.57) 23.6 (0.50) 26.2 (0.59) 18.3 (0.51)

Cohabiting ............................... 100.0 35.2 (1.69) 24.3 (1.57) 24.0 (1.55) 16.5 (1.48)

Divorced or separated ........................ 100.0 30.6 (0.84) 23.2 (0.76) 26.2 (0.83) 20.0 (0.73)

Widowed ................................ 100.0 32.4 (3.33) 19.6 (2.69) 21.8 (2.25) 26.3 (2.99)

Geographic region:2

Northeast ................................ 100.0 31.9 (0.80) 24.2 (0.85) 26.8 (0.91) 17.1 (0.63)

Midwest ................................. 100.0 29.4 (0.77) 25.7 (0.71) 26.9 (0.72) 18.0 (0.58)

South .................................. 100.0 31.9 (0.60) 23.8 (0.46) 25.5 (0.61) 18.8 (0.50)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 29.8 (1.05) 22.6 (0.79) 27.5 (0.95) 20.1 (0.76)

Place of residence:2,5

MSA, central city ........................... 100.0 30.1 (0.65) 22.9 (0.57) 26.7 (0.71) 20.2 (0.55)

MSA, not central city ......................... 100.0 30.3 (0.57) 25.0 (0.52) 26.8 (0.57) 17.9 (0.48)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 33.0 (0.76) 24.3 (0.68) 25.3 (0.77) 17.4 (0.58)

See footnotes at end of table.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 33
Table 4.4. Percent distributions of age of smoking initiation among current cigarette smokers 18 years of age and over: United States,

average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic Total

Age first smoked fairly regularly

Less than

16 years

16–17

years

18–20

years

21 years

and over

Men Percent distribution (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)1,2 ............ 100.0 35.2 (0.59) 24.8 (0.51) 25.2 (0.56) 14.7 (0.40)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)1 .................. 100.0 34.2 (0.55) 25.8 (0.50) 25.2 (0.51) 14.8 (0.38)

Age:

18–24 years .............................. 100.0 34.2 (1.58) 37.8 (1.69) 25.0 (1.47) 3.0 (0.50)

25–44 years .............................. 100.0 32.1 (0.75) 25.3 (0.71) 25.2 (0.70) 17.4 (0.63)

45–64 years .............................. 100.0 35.6 (0.94) 21.9 (0.83) 25.4 (0.92) 17.0 (0.72)

65–74 years .............................. 100.0 44.3 (2.45) 18.3 (1.76) 25.1 (2.10) 12.4 (1.51)

75 years and over ........................... 100.0 38.5 (3.70) 19.1 (3.06) 25.3 (3.16) 17.0 (3.02)

Race:2

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 36.9 (0.68) 25.5 (0.58) 24.4 (0.62) 13.3 (0.43)

Black or African American, single race .............. 100.0 27.3 (1.38) 22.5 (1.29) 27.4 (1.52) 22.7 (1.33)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ......... 100.0 33.0 (6.74) 28.9 (7.33) 22.8 (4.04) *15.2 (5.21)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 22.3 (3.93) 13.4 (2.43) 39.9 (4.78) 24.5 (3.43)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race ..... 100.0 *15.4 (7.04) *27.3 (14.62) *46.9 (16.18) *10.3 (7.81)

2 or more races ............................ 100.0 32.2 (3.72) 25.5 (4.20) 28.0 (4.50) 14.4 (2.98)

Black or African American, white ................ 100.0 53.3 (10.98) *13.6 (8.39) *8.5 (5.78) *24.6 (10.25)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ............ 100.0 31.6 (4.56) 25.0 (5.00) 33.2 (5.78) *10.2 (4.10)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:2

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 100.0 34.5 (1.64) 22.5 (1.27) 27.7 (1.62) 15.2 (1.19)

Mexican or Mexican-American .................. 100.0 36.1 (2.27) 21.1 (1.40) 26.6 (2.00) 16.2 (1.67)

Not Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 35.4 (0.64) 25.0 (0.54) 25.0 (0.58) 14.6 (0.43)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 37.0 (0.72) 25.7 (0.62) 24.1 (0.65) 13.2 (0.46)

Black or African American, single race ............. 100.0 27.3 (1.40) 22.6 (1.31) 27.4 (1.53) 22.7 (1.35)

Education:2

Less than high school graduate .................. 100.0 46.1 (1.22) 25.9 (1.03) 19.9 (0.97) 8.2 (0.65)

GED diploma3 ............................. 100.0 54.6 (2.71) 23.0 (2.21) 14.5 (2.06) 8.0 (1.23)

High school graduate ......................... 100.0 33.2 (1.08) 27.6 (0.96) 25.7 (1.07) 13.5 (0.75)

Some college - no degree ...................... 100.0 29.3 (1.30) 23.3 (1.12) 28.8 (1.31) 18.6 (1.17)

Associate of arts degree ....................... 100.0 31.0 (2.41) 24.1 (1.87) 26.0 (1.89) 18.9 (1.99)

Bachelor of arts, science degree .................. 100.0 21.0 (1.78) 18.2 (1.74) 35.6 (2.08) 25.1 (1.77)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ................ 100.0 19.5 (2.80) 18.5 (2.47) 29.1 (2.77) 32.9 (2.88)

Poverty status:2,4

Below poverty level .......................... 100.0 43.2 (1.59) 24.1 (1.44) 22.0 (1.46) 10.6 (1.05)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level .................... 100.0 40.1 (1.38) 23.6 (1.15) 22.6 (1.16) 13.6 (0.89)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level .................... 100.0 34.1 (1.14) 24.9 (0.94) 25.7 (0.96) 15.3 (0.83)

4 times poverty level or more .................... 100.0 30.2 (1.36) 24.5 (1.17) 27.8 (1.30) 17.4 (1.09)

Marital status:2

Never married ............................. 100.0 31.7 (1.53) 24.9 (1.19) 29.4 (1.51) 13.9 (1.10)

Married ................................. 100.0 36.6 (0.81) 23.8 (0.75) 24.6 (0.77) 15.0 (0.63)

Cohabiting ............................... 100.0 37.3 (2.30) 25.2 (2.31) 20.2 (1.95) 17.3 (2.03)

Divorced or separated ........................ 100.0 33.8 (1.28) 23.3 (1.14) 26.2 (1.27) 16.7 (0.94)

Widowed ................................ 100.0 39.0 (7.09) 14.8 (3.50) 22.5 (4.67) 23.7 (7.00)

Geographic region:2

Northeast ................................ 100.0 36.2 (1.29) 24.8 (1.24) 25.2 (1.30) 13.8 (0.92)

Midwest ................................. 100.0 33.2 (1.15) 25.9 (1.05) 26.9 (1.14) 14.0 (0.73)

South .................................. 100.0 36.9 (0.98) 24.6 (0.77) 24.0 (0.85) 14.5 (0.66)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 33.4 (1.47) 23.3 (1.19) 26.0 (1.30) 17.3 (1.07)

Place of residence:2,5

MSA, central city ........................... 100.0 34.2 (1.00) 23.3 (0.88) 25.8 (0.97) 16.7 (0.75)

MSA, not central city ......................... 100.0 34.3 (0.89) 25.4 (0.81) 25.9 (0.83) 14.4 (0.68)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 38.6 (1.24) 25.4 (0.98) 23.0 (1.04) 13.1 (0.69)

See footnotes at end of table.

Page 34 [ Series 10, No. 219
Table 4.4. Percent distributions of age of smoking initiation among current cigarette smokers 18 years of age and over: United States,

average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic Total

Age first smoked fairly regularly

Less than

16 years

16–17

years

18–20

years

21 years

and over

Women Percent distribution (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)1,2 ............ 100.0 26.8 (0.44) 23.6 (0.47) 27.6 (0.50) 22.0 (0.48)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)1 .................. 100.0 28.5 (0.48) 24.6 (0.48) 27.3 (0.47) 19.6 (0.45)

Age:

18–24 years .............................. 100.0 38.3 (1.52) 33.5 (1.52) 24.7 (1.40) 3.5 (0.56)

25–44 years .............................. 100.0 32.1 (0.76) 25.6 (0.70) 26.0 (0.70) 16.2 (0.65)

45–64 years .............................. 100.0 21.9 (0.76) 21.0 (0.83) 29.9 (0.87) 27.2 (0.83)

65–74 years .............................. 100.0 15.1 (1.37) 16.1 (1.47) 29.9 (1.98) 39.0 (1.94)

75 years and over ........................... 100.0 11.3 (1.82) 15.9 (2.05) 29.3 (2.56) 43.5 (3.10)

Race:2

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 27.7 (0.50) 24.4 (0.51) 27.6 (0.55) 20.4 (0.51)

Black or African American, single race .............. 100.0 20.3 (0.99) 19.3 (1.09) 28.8 (1.21) 31.6 (1.37)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ......... 100.0 30.9 (5.83) 22.6 (4.68) 18.6 (3.62) 27.9 (2.41)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 14.2 (3.61) 16.4 (4.31) 31.9 (5.45) 37.5 (5.26)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race ..... 100.0 *14.3 (8.64) 47.7 (12.19) *20.6 (12.62) *17.4 (7.91)

2 or more races ............................ 100.0 27.0 (3.69) 26.9 (4.10) 24.6 (3.59) 21.4 (3.38)

Black or African American, white ................ 100.0 *29.6 (12.31) *4.2 (2.63) *14.7 (7.44) 51.6 (11.84)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ............ 100.0 27.6 (4.91) 33.2 (6.01) 23.1 (5.27) 16.1 (4.02)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:2

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 100.0 28.4 (1.60) 15.8 (1.30) 28.1 (2.04) 27.8 (1.76)

Mexican or Mexican-American .................. 100.0 25.1 (2.19) 14.6 (1.48) 29.7 (3.01) 30.6 (2.55)

Not Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 26.7 (0.46) 24.1 (0.49) 27.6 (0.50) 21.6 (0.49)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 27.7 (0.51) 24.7 (0.52) 27.5 (0.55) 20.0 (0.52)

Black or African American, single race ............. 100.0 20.2 (1.01) 19.4 (1.10) 28.8 (1.20) 31.6 (1.37)

Education:2

Less than high school graduate .................. 100.0 37.5 (1.09) 24.7 (1.11) 20.4 (0.88) 17.4 (0.88)

GED diploma3 ............................. 100.0 39.2 (2.50) 23.4 (2.04) 20.2 (2.50) 17.3 (2.49)

High school graduate ......................... 100.0 25.8 (0.82) 23.5 (0.88) 28.4 (0.95) 22.2 (0.87)

Some college - no degree ...................... 100.0 23.2 (0.99) 24.9 (1.19) 28.6 (1.10) 23.3 (1.10)

Associate of arts degree ....................... 100.0 20.9 (1.38) 23.6 (1.52) 30.5 (1.69) 25.0 (1.59)

Bachelor of arts, science degree .................. 100.0 14.9 (1.34) 18.9 (1.55) 38.7 (1.83) 27.4 (1.74)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ................ 100.0 13.6 (2.36) 19.7 (2.62) 35.3 (3.26) 31.4 (3.16)

Poverty status:2,4

Below poverty level .......................... 100.0 31.3 (1.25) 22.4 (1.13) 24.1 (1.18) 22.2 (1.19)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level .................... 100.0 29.1 (1.18) 24.5 (1.22) 23.8 (1.09) 22.6 (1.03)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level .................... 100.0 27.8 (1.06) 24.0 (0.99) 27.8 (1.02) 20.5 (0.97)

4 times poverty level or more .................... 100.0 20.9 (0.98) 24.5 (1.09) 32.4 (1.22) 22.2 (1.13)

Marital status:2

Never married ............................. 100.0 26.0 (1.53) 25.1 (1.54) 27.4 (1.82) 21.5 (1.80)

Married ................................. 100.0 25.5 (0.70) 23.3 (0.73) 28.2 (0.84) 23.0 (0.81)

Cohabiting ............................... 100.0 32.6 (2.52) 23.1 (2.15) 29.2 (2.54) 15.1 (2.06)

Divorced or separated ........................ 100.0 27.6 (0.99) 23.1 (0.99) 26.3 (1.03) 22.9 (1.03)

Widowed ................................ 100.0 30.7 (3.57) 21.6 (3.47) 21.3 (2.38) 26.4 (2.89)

Geographic region:2

Northeast ................................ 100.0 28.5 (1.01) 23.6 (1.20) 28.3 (1.10) 19.6 (1.14)

Midwest ................................. 100.0 25.9 (0.90) 25.6 (0.99) 27.0 (0.94) 21.6 (0.85)

South .................................. 100.0 26.7 (0.71) 22.9 (0.67) 27.1 (0.83) 23.3 (0.83)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 26.5 (0.98) 22.1 (1.02) 29.1 (1.14) 22.4 (1.05)

Place of residence:2,5

MSA, central city ........................... 100.0 26.5 (0.83) 22.4 (0.83) 27.6 (0.86) 23.5 (0.74)

MSA, not central city ......................... 100.0 26.7 (0.66) 24.5 (0.68) 27.7 (0.76) 21.1 (0.71)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 27.3 (0.87) 23.2 (1.05) 27.5 (1.14) 22.0 (0.98)

* Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision (see ‘‘Appendix I’’).

1Persons of other races and unknown race and ethnicity, unknown education, unknown poverty status, and unknown marital status are included in the total.

2Estimates are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population using age groups 18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

3GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.

4Poverty status is based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau poverty thresholds for 1998, 1999, and 2000.

5MSA is metropolitan statistical area (see ‘‘Appendix II’’).

NOTES: Denominator for each percent distribution excludes current smokers with unknown age of smoking initiation. See ‘‘Appendix II’’ for definitions of terms.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 35
Table 4.5. Percent of current cigarette smokers 18 years of age and over who tried to quit smoking in the past year, by current smoking

status and selected characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001

Selected characteristic

All

smokers

Nondaily

smokers

Daily

smokers

Both sexes Percent who tried to quit (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)1,2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.4 (0.44) 54.3 (0.97) 39.9 (0.47)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3 (0.43) 54.3 (0.92) 40.9 (0.46)

Age:

18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.2 (1.09) 60.8 (2.14) 52.2 (1.23)

25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.5 (0.64) 50.8 (1.27) 41.9 (0.68)

45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.4 (0.71) 56.4 (1.73) 36.4 (0.76)

65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.8 (1.52) 53.9 (3.55) 34.7 (1.63)

75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.6 (2.28) 50.5 (6.01) 26.6 (2.26)

Race:2

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.6 (0.47) 54.0 (1.10) 39.2 (0.51)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.1 (1.11) 55.5 (2.33) 43.6 (1.28)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race . . . . . . . . . 43.2 (5.10) 31.9 (7.87) 45.4 (5.33)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.5 (3.39) 59.4 (6.30) 43.7 (4.07)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race . . . . . 75.8 (9.45) 95.7 (4.57) 70.1 (10.52)

2 or more races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.9 (3.30) 54.0 (6.77) 45.4 (3.52)

Black or African American, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.4 (7.04) 84.5 (15.33) 28.8 (7.24)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.7 (4.21) 52.9 (7.92) 44.3 (4.75)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:2

Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.1 (1.24) 46.6 (2.32) 37.7 (1.44)

Mexican or Mexican-American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.8 (1.58) 46.0 (2.77) 35.1 (1.93)

Not Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.5 (0.46) 55.7 (1.02) 40.1 (0.49)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.8 (0.49) 55.7 (1.17) 39.4 (0.53)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.0 (1.11) 55.4 (2.34) 43.5 (1.28)

Education:2

Less than high school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.0 (0.84) 56.3 (1.99) 38.3 (0.94)

GED diploma3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.6 (2.07) 63.9 (4.20) 41.7 (2.05)

High school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.3 (0.77) 53.9 (1.93) 37.0 (0.82)

Some college - no degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.8 (0.95) 56.7 (2.21) 43.3 (1.02)

Associate of arts degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.9 (1.43) 56.0 (3.40) 43.6 (1.58)

Bachelor of arts, science degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.0 (1.52) 52.9 (2.79) 43.2 (1.75)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.6 (2.41) 41.7 (3.75) 42.5 (2.97)

Poverty status:2,4

Below poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.9 (1.01) 54.9 (2.49) 42.8 (1.06)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.7 (0.88) 60.1 (2.25) 40.8 (0.94)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.0 (0.80) 53.8 (2.22) 41.0 (0.90)

4 times poverty level or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2 (0.98) 52.0 (2.10) 40.1 (1.09)

Marital status:2

Never married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.7 (1.13) 56.7 (2.51) 38.0 (1.27)

Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2 (0.64) 53.8 (1.46) 39.9 (0.71)

Cohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.4 (1.85) 55.6 (5.00) 42.4 (2.00)

Divorced or separated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.2 (0.92) 54.1 (2.10) 38.8 (0.98)

Widowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.9 (3.13) 63.0 (8.19) 34.9 (3.32)

Geographic region:2

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.1 (1.08) 55.6 (2.21) 42.6 (1.16)

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2 (0.76) 54.7 (1.89) 39.9 (0.79)

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.3 (0.74) 52.6 (1.67) 38.1 (0.82)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.5 (1.01) 55.5 (2.13) 41.4 (1.02)

Place of residence:2,5

MSA, central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.4 (0.74) 54.5 (1.56) 39.6 (0.83)

MSA, not central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.8 (0.66) 53.5 (1.46) 40.6 (0.71)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.4 (0.87) 56.7 (2.34) 39.1 (0.86)

See footnotes at end of table.

Page 36 [ Series 10, No. 219
Table 4.5. Percent of current cigarette smokers 18 years of age and over who tried to quit smoking in the past year, by current smoking

status and selected characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic

All

smokers

Nondaily

smokers

Daily

smokers

Men Percent who tried to quit (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)1,2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.1 (0.58) 51.9 (1.44) 39.0 (0.64)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.1 (0.57) 51.9 (1.31) 39.9 (0.63)

Age:

18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.8 (1.62) 61.0 (2.88) 50.1 (1.84)

25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.8 (0.87) 47.4 (1.78) 40.5 (0.96)

45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.5 (0.95) 53.5 (2.41) 35.9 (1.00)

65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.8 (2.27) 47.4 (6.62) 35.3 (2.43)

75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.7 (3.31) 57.1 (10.41) 24.7 (3.19)

Race:2

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.1 (0.63) 51.7 (1.67) 38.0 (0.69)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.3 (1.61) 52.0 (3.64) 43.5 (1.86)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race . . . . . . . . . 45.7 (6.17) *34.0 (13.17) 48.3 (6.31)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.6 (3.39) 57.7 (7.68) 42.8 (3.74)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race . . . . . 72.5 (14.49) 100 (0.00) 60.2 (16.30)

2 or more races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.9 (4.63) 51.0 (7.11) 45.5 (4.72)

Black or African American, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *26.4 (10.71) 100 (0.00) *21.3 (10.70)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.3 (6.10) 38.5 (10.68) 48.4 (6.53)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:2

Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.5 (1.64) 45.1 (3.13) 36.3 (1.91)

Mexican or Mexican-American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.7 (2.00) 44.0 (3.54) 33.3 (2.47)

Not Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.4 (0.61) 53.5 (1.59) 39.2 (0.66)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.4 (0.66) 53.7 (1.83) 38.2 (0.72)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.3 (1.62) 51.9 (3.63) 43.6 (1.87)

Education:2

Less than high school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.3 (1.12) 52.0 (2.84) 36.9 (1.19)

GED diploma3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.0 (2.97) 64.8 (5.15) 43.5 (3.08)

High school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.4 (1.02) 50.8 (3.36) 35.5 (1.09)

Some college - no degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.6 (1.36) 53.6 (3.51) 42.7 (1.49)

Associate of arts degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.6 (2.18) 66.3 (3.59) 44.0 (2.34)

Bachelor of arts, science degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.9 (2.19) 50.3 (4.55) 44.5 (2.46)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.1 (3.13) 41.1 (4.66) 41.6 (3.97)

Poverty status:2,4

Below poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.1 (1.57) 53.4 (4.36) 40.1 (1.73)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.2 (1.32) 58.5 (3.40) 38.0 (1.40)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.7 (1.11) 51.6 (3.03) 41.0 (1.28)

4 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.9 (1.37) 49.6 (4.38) 40.5 (1.48)

Marital status:2

Never married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.2 (1.47) 49.6 (3.35) 36.6 (1.67)

Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2 (0.83) 51.2 (2.15) 40.5 (0.92)

Cohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2 (2.67) 56.4 (6.42) 39.3 (2.84)

Divorced or separated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.1 (1.36) 46.9 (3.65) 32.9 (1.40)

Widowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.5 (4.89) 49.5 (13.98) 26.4 (5.24)

Geographic region:2

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.8 (1.52) 53.3 (3.30) 41.9 (1.72)

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.0 (1.08) 52.5 (3.09) 37.9 (1.12)

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.7 (0.92) 50.1 (2.43) 37.8 (1.07)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3 (1.27) 53.2 (2.92) 40.5 (1.29)

Place of residence:2,5

MSA, central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.6 (1.03) 50.1 (2.44) 38.5 (1.13)

MSA, not central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.1 (0.85) 51.7 (2.23) 40.1 (0.94)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.6 (1.06) 55.2 (3.11) 37.4 (1.13)

See footnotes at end of table.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 37
Table 4.5. Percent of current cigarette smokers 18 years of age and over who tried to quit smoking in the past year, by current smoking

status and selected characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic

All

smokers

Nondaily

smokers

Daily

smokers

Women Percent who tried to quit (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)1,2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.7 (0.57) 57.1 (1.22) 41.0 (0.61)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.7 (0.57) 57.2 (1.16) 42.1 (0.61)

Age:

18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.9 (1.53) 60.6 (3.13) 54.6 (1.72)

25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.4 (0.85) 55.1 (1.75) 43.4 (0.89)

45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.3 (1.02) 59.7 (2.50) 37.0 (1.08)

65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.6 (2.06) 57.4 (4.44) 34.1 (2.16)

75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3 (2.95) 46.6 (7.17) 28.0 (2.92)

Race:2

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.1 (0.63) 56.8 (1.42) 40.5 (0.68)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.0 (1.53) 58.7 (2.45) 43.9 (1.73)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race . . . . . . . . . 43.4 (7.02) 32.6 (9.33) 45.0 (7.17)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.1 (6.11) 70.0 (5.99) 42.2 (7.39)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race . . . . . 72.1 (12.72) 24.3 (0.00) 76.7 (11.39)

2 or more races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.5 (4.16) 59.1 (8.63) 47.0 (4.80)

Black or African American, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.0 (8.15) *75.8 (23.97) 39.7 (8.96)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.1 (5.64) 71.0 (11.75) 42.7 (6.58)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:2

Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.9 (1.89) 49.9 (3.54) 40.0 (2.13)

Mexican or Mexican-American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.2 (2.87) 51.1 (4.99) 38.3 (3.06)

Not Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.7 (0.59) 57.9 (1.28) 41.0 (0.63)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3 (0.65) 57.8 (1.49) 40.6 (0.69)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.7 (1.53) 58.6 (2.52) 43.6 (1.72)

Education:2

Less than high school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.1 (1.17) 62.8 (2.71) 39.9 (1.28)

GED diploma3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.8 (2.38) 57.8 (8.08) 40.2 (2.58)

High school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.4 (1.05) 57.3 (2.36) 38.7 (1.10)

Some college - no degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.1 (1.30) 59.4 (2.59) 44.1 (1.44)

Associate of arts degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.5 (1.86) 55.6 (4.19) 43.3 (2.06)

Bachelor of arts, science degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.0 (1.96) 55.2 (3.41) 41.7 (2.23)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2 (3.35) 40.1 (5.40) 43.8 (4.47)

Poverty status:2,4

Below poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.2 (1.26) 57.8 (3.14) 45.0 (1.34)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.4 (1.23) 61.5 (2.86) 43.7 (1.34)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.7 (1.11) 56.4 (2.74) 41.3 (1.22)

4 times poverty level or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.4 (1.45) 54.5 (2.90) 39.5 (1.59)

Marital status:2

Never married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.0 (1.77) 61.6 (3.28) 40.1 (1.94)

Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.9 (0.96) 57.0 (2.13) 38.9 (1.00)

Cohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.1 (2.89) 53.9 (7.29) 46.0 (3.17)

Divorced or separated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.3 (1.12) 58.3 (2.47) 43.8 (1.25)

Widowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.2 (3.74) 73.1 (6.45) 37.9 (3.91)

Geographic region:2

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.5 (1.33) 58.7 (2.58) 43.3 (1.47)

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.5 (1.00) 56.7 (2.22) 42.3 (1.08)

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.8 (0.97) 55.4 (2.14) 38.4 (1.02)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.1 (1.45) 59.3 (2.89) 42.5 (1.51)

Place of residence:2,5

MSA, central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.4 (1.01) 58.5 (1.98) 40.9 (1.19)

MSA, not central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.6 (0.87) 55.8 (1.82) 41.2 (0.92)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.2 (1.17) 58.2 (3.06) 40.8 (1.17)

* Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision (see ‘‘Appendix I’’).

1Persons of other races and unknown race and ethnicity, unknown education, unknown poverty status, and unknown marital status are included in the total.

2Estimates are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population using age groups 18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

3GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.

4Poverty status is based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau poverty thresholds for 1998, 1999, and 2000.

5MSA is metropolitan statistical area (see ‘‘Appendix II’’).

NOTES: Denominator for each percent excludes current smokers for whom information on attempting to quit smoking is unknown. See ‘‘Appendix II’’ for definitions of terms.

Page 38 [ Series 10, No. 219
Chapter 5

Leisure-time Physical

Activity

All Adults

+ Overall, 61.4% of adults engaged in

at least some leisure-time physical

activity (table 5.1).

+ Nearly 4 in 10 (38.6%) adults were

physically inactive during their

leisure time—never engaging in any

light, moderate, or vigorous

leisure-time physical activity

(table 5.1).

+ Almost one-fourth (24.7%) of adults

engaged in light-moderate physical

activity at least five times per week

(table 5.2).

+ Overall, about 1 in 10 adults

(12.3%) engaged in vigorous

physical activity at least five times

per week (table 5.3).

+ Overall, 31.3% of adults engaged in

any regular physical activity

(light-moderate physical activity at

least five times per week for a

minimum of 30 minutes each time

and/or vigorous physical activity at

least three times per week for a

minimum of 20 minutes each time)

(table 5.4).

+ Overall, 23.1% of adults engaged in

at least some strengthening activity

(table 5.5).

Sex

+ Men (64.2%) were more likely than

women (59.0%) to engage in at least

some leisure-time physical activity

(table 5.1).

+ Men were more likely than women

to engage in light-moderate and/or

vigorous physical activity at least

five times per week (tables 5.2, 5.3).

+ Men (34.8%) were more likely than

women (28.1%) to engage in any

regular physical activity (table 5.4).

+ Men (27.0%) were more likely than

women (19.4%) to engage in

strengthening activities (table 5.5).

Age

+ Among U.S. adults, engaging in

leisure-time physical activity

decreased with age (table 5.1).

+ Adults 18–24 years (70.1%) were

almost twice as likely as adults 75

years and over (39.2%) to engage in

at least some leisure-time physical

activity (table 5.1 and figure 5.1).

+ Adults in the younger age groups

were more likely than older adults

to engage in light-moderate physical

activity at least five times per week:

28.8% of adults aged 18–24 years

engaged in light-moderate activity at

least five times per week compared

with only 19.6% of adults aged 75

years and over (table 5.2).

+ Adults in the youngest age group

(17.2%) were almost six times as

likely as adults in the oldest age

group (3.1%) to engage in vigorous

physical activity 3–4 times per week

(table 5.3).

+ Engaging in any regular physical

activity declined steadily with age

from 39.7% of adults 18–24 years to

15.6% of adults aged 75 years and

over (table 5.4 and figure 5.1).

+ Young men under age 25 years

(45.3%) were much more likely than

women the same age (27.8%) to

engage in strengthening activities

(table 5.5 and figure 5.2).

+ Participation in strengthening

activities declined with age for both

sexes, but more sharply for men

than for women (table 5.5 and

figure 5.2).

Race

+ White adults (63.5%) and Asian

adults (61.9%) were more likely

than black adults (49.3%) to engage

in at least some leisure-time

physical activity (table 5.1).

+ Engaging in light-moderate physical

activity at least five times per week

was more prevalent among white

adults (25.9%) and Asian adults

(23.7%) than among black adults

(18.1%) (table 5.2).

+ Engaging in vigorous physical

activity at least five times per week

was more prevalent among white

adults (12.7%) than among Asian

adults (10.2%) and black adults

(10.1%) (table 5.3).

+ Engaging in any regular physical

activity was more prevalent among

white adults (32.7%) than among

Figure 5.1. Percent of adults who engaged in leisure-time physical activity, by age:

United States, 1999–2001

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 39
Asian adults (27.8%) and black

adults (23.9%) (table 5.4).

+ Black women (14.6%) were less

likely than white women (20.5%) to

engage in strengthening activities

(table 5.5).

Hispanic or Latino Origin

and Race

+ Non-Hispanic white adults (65.7%)

were more likely than non-Hispanic

black adults (49.3%) and Hispanic

adults (45.0%) to engage in at least

some leisure-time physical activity

(table 5.1).

+ Engaging in light-moderate physical

activity at least five times per week

was more prevalent among

non-Hispanic white adults (27.0%)

than among non-Hispanic black

adults (18.1%) and Hispanic adults

(16.1%) (table 5.2).

+ Engaging in vigorous physical

activity at least five times per week

was more prevalent among

non-Hispanic white adults (13.1%)

than among non-Hispanic black

adults (10.2%) and Hispanic adults

(9.5%) (table 5.3).

+ Engaging in any regular physical

activity was more prevalent among

non-Hispanic white adults (33.9%)

than among non-Hispanic black

adults (24.0%) and Hispanic adults

(22.4%) (table 5.4).

+ Non-Hispanic women (20.5%) were

almost twice as likely as Hispanic

women (11.2%) to engage in

strengthening activities (table 5.5).

Education

+ Engaging in at least some

leisure-time physical activity

increased with education (table 5.1

and figure 5.3).

+ Adults with a graduate degree

(80.6%) were about twice as likely

as adults with less than a high

school diploma (41.0%) to engage in

at least some leisure-time physical

activity (table 5.1 and figure 5.3).

+ Adults with the highest educational

attainment were almost twice as

likely as adults with the least

education to engage in lightmoderate or vigorous activities five

or more times per week (tables 5.2,

5.3).

+ Men and women with higher levels

of education were more likely than

those with less education to engage

in regular physical activity,

particularly vigorous activities

(table 5.4).

+ Adults with an advanced academic

degree (37.1%) were about three

times as likely as adults with less

than a high school diploma (12.3%)

to engage in strengthening activities

(table 5.5).

Figure 5.2. Percent of adults who engaged in at least some strengthening activity, by sex

and age: United States, 1999–2001

Figure 5.3. Percent of adults who engaged in leisure-time physical activity, by education:

United States, 1999–2001

Page 40 [ Series 10, No. 219
+ Women with a bachelor’s degree

(29.3%) and women with a

graduate-level degree (34.2%) were

about four times as likely as women

with less than a high school diploma

(8.4%) to engage in strengthening

activities (table 5.5).

Poverty Status

+ Among U.S. adults, the likelihood of

engaging in at least some

leisure-time physical activity

increased with income (table 5.1 and

figure 5.4).

+ Adults with incomes four times the

poverty level or more were

significantly more likely (29.1%)

than adults with incomes below the

poverty level (20.5%) to engage in

light-moderate physical activity at

least five times per week (table 5.2).

+ Adults with incomes four times the

poverty level or more (17.9%) were

more than two times as likely as

adults with incomes below the

poverty level (7.0%) to engage in

vigorous physical activity 3–4 times

per week (table 5.3).

+ Adults who had incomes four times

the poverty level or more (39.9%)

were about twice as likely as adults

with incomes below the poverty

level (22.6%) to engage in any

regular physical activity (table 5.4

and figure 5.4).

+ Adults who had incomes four times

the poverty level or more (31.5%)

were about twice as likely as adults

with incomes below the poverty

level (16.7%) to engage in

strengthening activities (table 5.5).

Marital Status

+ Married women (61.0%) were more

likely than women in any other

marital status group to engage in at

least some leisure-time physical

activity (table 5.1).

+ Widowed adults (23.6%) were less

likely than never married adults

(33.0%), married adults (31.1%), and

divorced or separated adults (29.1%)

to engage in regular physical

activity (table 5.4).

+ Adults who had never been married

(27.5%) were more likely than

adults in any other marital status

group to engage in strengthening

activities (table 5.5).

Geographic Region

+ Adults living in the West (65.3%)

were more likely than adults living

in the South (56.4%) to engage in at

least some leisure-time physical

activity (table 5.1).

+ Adults living in the West (27.3%)

were more likely than adults living

in the South (22.2%) to engage in

light-moderate physical activity five

or more times per week (table 5.2).

+ Adults living in the West (13.8%)

were slightly more likely than adults

living in the Northeast (12.7%), the

Midwest (11.9%), or the South

(11.7%) to engage in vigorous

physical activity five or more times

per week (table 5.3).

+ Adults living in the West (35.0%)

were most likely to engage in any

regular physical activity, and adults

living in the South (28.4%) were

least likely to engage in any regular

physical activity (table 5.4).

+ Adults living in the West (26.3%)

were most likely to engage in

strengthening activities, and adults

living in the South (19.9%) were

least likely to engage in such

activities (table 5.5).

Place of Residence

+ Adults living in an MSA but not in

a central city (64.0%) were more

likely than adults living outside an

MSA (58.9%) and adults living in

the central city of an MSA (58.8%)

to engage in at least some

leisure-time physical activity

(table 5.1).

+ Engaging in regular physical activity

appears to be largely unrelated to

place of residence (table 5.4).

+ Adults living outside an MSA

(19.0%) were less likely than adults

living in the central city of an MSA

(23.1%) and adults living in an

MSA but not in a central city

(24.7%) to engage in strengthening

activities (table 5.5).

Figure 5.4. Percent of adults who engaged in leisure-time physical activity, by poverty

status: United States, 1999–2001

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 41
Table 5.1. Percent of adults 18 years of age and over who were physically inactive during their leisure time, and percent of adults 18 years

of age and over who engaged in at least some physical activity for at least 10 minutes per episode, by selected characteristics:

United States, average annual, 1999–2001

Selected characteristic

Physically inactive1 At least some physical activity2

Both

sexes Men Women

Both

sexes Men Women

Percent (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)3,4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.6 (0.32) 35.8 (0.38) 41.0 (0.36) 61.4 (0.32) 64.2 (0.38) 59.0 (0.36)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.4 (0.32) 35.4 (0.39) 41.2 (0.36) 61.6 (0.32) 64.6 (0.39) 58.8 (0.36)

Age

18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.9 (0.68) 25.3 (0.90) 34.4 (0.87) 70.1 (0.68) 74.7 (0.90) 65.6 (0.87)

25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.7 (0.39) 31.4 (0.48) 36.0 (0.47) 66.3 (0.39) 68.6 (0.48) 64.0 (0.47)

45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.5 (0.44) 39.8 (0.59) 41.3 (0.53) 59.5 (0.44) 60.2 (0.59) 58.7 (0.53)

65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.6 (0.63) 42.1 (0.93) 50.3 (0.78) 53.4 (0.63) 57.9 (0.93) 49.7 (0.78)

75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.8 (0.69) 54.4 (1.08) 65.0 (0.77) 39.2 (0.69) 45.6 (1.08) 35.0 (0.77)

Race4

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.5 (0.35) 34.4 (0.42) 38.3 (0.39) 63.5 (0.35) 65.6 (0.42) 61.7 (0.39)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.7 (0.70) 45.1 (0.96) 55.1 (0.83) 49.3 (0.70) 54.9 (0.96) 44.9 (0.83)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race . . . . . . . . . 49.1 (3.54) 42.5 (4.41) 55.5 (4.12) 50.9 (3.54) 57.5 (4.41) 44.5 (4.12)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.1 (1.39) 33.4 (2.25) 42.6 (1.51) 61.9 (1.39) 66.6 (2.25) 57.4 (1.51)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race . . . . . 32.6 (6.37) 38.5 (7.61) 27.1 (8.03) 67.4 (6.37) 61.5 (7.61) 72.9 (8.03)

2 or more races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.5 (1.70) 27.7 (2.39) 35.2 (2.39) 68.5 (1.70) 72.3 (2.39) 64.8 (2.39)

Black or African American, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.6 (6.65) *18.4 (6.57) 47.6 (8.28) 66.4 (6.65) 81.6 (6.57) 52.4 (8.28)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.8 (2.40) 27.8 (3.33) 32.8 (3.96) 70.2 (2.40) 72.2 (3.33) 67.2 (3.96)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.0 (0.59) 52.6 (0.85) 57.2 (0.75) 45.0 (0.59) 47.4 (0.85) 42.8 (0.75)

Mexican or Mexican-American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.4 (0.76) 53.0 (1.11) 57.5 (0.96) 44.6 (0.76) 47.0 (1.11) 42.5 (0.96)

Not Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.6 (0.34) 33.8 (0.40) 39.1 (0.39) 63.4 (0.34) 66.2 (0.40) 60.9 (0.39)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.3 (0.37) 32.3 (0.44) 36.1 (0.41) 65.7 (0.37) 67.7 (0.44) 63.9 (0.41)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.7 (0.71) 45.1 (0.97) 55.2 (0.83) 49.3 (0.71) 54.9 (0.97) 44.8 (0.83)

Education4

Less than high school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.0 (0.59) 55.9 (0.81) 62.2 (0.72) 41.0 (0.59) 44.1 (0.81) 37.8 (0.72)

GED diploma5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.1 (1.22) 45.2 (1.74) 51.1 (1.63) 51.9 (1.22) 54.8 (1.74) 48.9 (1.63)

High school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3 (0.46) 41.2 (0.62) 45.1 (0.53) 56.7 (0.46) 58.8 (0.62) 54.9 (0.53)

Some college - no degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.2 (0.50) 31.3 (0.67) 36.7 (0.61) 65.8 (0.50) 68.7 (0.67) 63.3 (0.61)

Associate of arts degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.4 (0.66) 29.8 (0.98) 34.2 (0.83) 67.6 (0.66) 70.2 (0.98) 65.8 (0.83)

Bachelor of arts, science degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.7 (0.46) 21.0 (0.60) 26.5 (0.63) 76.3 (0.46) 79.0 (0.60) 73.5 (0.63)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.4 (0.60) 16.7 (0.73) 22.8 (0.87) 80.6 (0.60) 83.3 (0.73) 77.2 (0.87)

Poverty status4,6

Below poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.2 (0.84) 51.2 (1.21) 56.3 (0.92) 45.8 (0.84) 48.8 (1.21) 43.7 (0.92)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.2 (0.62) 48.2 (0.86) 52.0 (0.75) 49.8 (0.62) 51.8 (0.86) 48.0 (0.75)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.5 (0.48) 36.3 (0.63) 38.7 (0.59) 62.5 (0.48) 63.7 (0.63) 61.3 (0.59)

4 times poverty level or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.1 (0.40) 23.1 (0.48) 27.2 (0.55) 74.9 (0.40) 76.9 (0.48) 72.8 (0.55)

Marital status4

Never married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.8 (0.62) 36.7 (0.84) 41.3 (0.78) 61.2 (0.62) 63.3 (0.84) 58.7 (0.78)

Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.4 (0.37) 35.9 (0.47) 39.0 (0.45) 62.6 (0.37) 64.1 (0.47) 61.0 (0.45)

Cohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.3 (1.10) 41.5 (1.43) 42.7 (1.46) 57.7 (1.10) 58.5 (1.43) 57.3 (1.46)

Divorced or separated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.7 (0.56) 39.3 (0.84) 45.1 (0.65) 57.3 (0.56) 60.7 (0.84) 54.9 (0.65)

Widowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.6 (1.89) 46.9 (3.62) 50.5 (2.14) 50.4 (1.89) 53.1 (3.62) 49.5 (2.14)

Geographic region4

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.2 (0.54) 32.8 (0.72) 39.0 (0.65) 63.8 (0.54) 67.2 (0.72) 61.0 (0.65)

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.0 (0.61) 33.8 (0.85) 38.0 (0.61) 64.0 (0.61) 66.2 (0.85) 62.0 (0.61)

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.6 (0.59) 40.7 (0.64) 46.1 (0.72) 56.4 (0.59) 59.3 (0.64) 53.9 (0.72)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.7 (0.69) 32.0 (0.81) 37.2 (0.73) 65.3 (0.69) 68.0 (0.81) 62.8 (0.73)

Place of residence4,7

MSA, central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.2 (0.58) 37.6 (0.67) 44.4 (0.62) 58.8 (0.58) 62.4 (0.67) 55.6 (0.62)

MSA, not central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.0 (0.39) 33.4 (0.50) 38.5 (0.48) 64.0 (0.39) 66.6 (0.50) 61.5 (0.48)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.1 (0.98) 39.5 (1.04) 42.4 (1.07) 58.9 (0.98) 60.5 (1.04) 57.6 (1.07)

* Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision (see ‘‘Appendix I’’).

1Engaged in no light-moderate or vigorous leisure-time physical activity lasting 10 minutes or longer per episode. Persons classified as physically inactive may include individuals who engaged in

strengthening activities but no other type of physical activity.

2Includes vigorous leisure-time physical activities, lasting 10 minutes or longer per episode, that cause heavy sweating or large increases in breathing or heart rate and/or light-moderate leisure-time

Page 42 [ Series 10, No. 219
physical activities, lasting 10 minutes or longer per episode, that cause only light sweating or a slight to moderate increase in breathing or heart rate.

3Persons of other races and unknown race and ethnicity, unknown education, unknown poverty status, and unknown marital status are included in the total.

4Estimates are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population using age groups 18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

5GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.

6Poverty status is based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau poverty thresholds for 1998, 1999, and 2000.

7MSA is metropolitan statistical area (see ‘‘Appendix II’’).

NOTES: Denominator for each percent excludes persons with unknown leisure-time physical activity status. See ‘‘Appendix II’’ for definitions of terms.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 43
Table 5.2. Percent distributions of times per week engaged in light-moderate leisure-time physical activity for adults 18 years of age and

over, by selected characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001

Selected characteristic Total

Times per week engaged in light-moderate activity1

None2

Less

than 13 1–2 3–4

5 or

more

Both sexes Percent distribution (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)4,5 ............ 100.0 48.1 (0.33) 1.6 (0.05) 13.9 (0.16) 11.7 (0.14) 24.7 (0.23)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)4 .................. 100.0 48.0 (0.33) 1.6 (0.05) 13.9 (0.16) 11.8 (0.14) 24.7 (0.23)

Age:

18–24 years .............................. 100.0 43.2 (0.75) 1.4 (0.14) 14.5 (0.47) 12.1 (0.45) 28.8 (0.69)

25–44 years .............................. 100.0 44.8 (0.40) 1.8 (0.09) 16.0 (0.24) 12.8 (0.20) 24.5 (0.30)

45–64 years .............................. 100.0 49.0 (0.46) 1.6 (0.09) 13.6 (0.27) 11.4 (0.23) 24.3 (0.34)

65–74 years .............................. 100.0 52.7 (0.65) 1.4 (0.13) 9.9 (0.33) 10.7 (0.38) 25.3 (0.57)

75 years and over ........................... 100.0 64.0 (0.67) 1.1 (0.13) 7.4 (0.37) 7.9 (0.35) 19.6 (0.51)

Race:5

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 45.9 (0.37) 1.6 (0.06) 14.3 (0.19) 12.3 (0.16) 25.9 (0.26)

Black or African American, single race .............. 100.0 60.5 (0.70) 1.6 (0.12) 11.2 (0.40) 8.6 (0.35) 18.1 (0.41)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ......... 100.0 56.7 (3.40) *2.0 (0.79) 11.0 (1.70) 6.9 (1.01) 23.4 (2.34)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 48.3 (1.38) 1.7 (0.33) 15.6 (0.91) 10.6 (0.73) 23.7 (1.17)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race ..... 100.0 40.0 (6.99) *5.2 (2.98) 14.5 (4.27) 11.3 (3.30) 28.9 (6.10)

2 or more races ............................ 100.0 40.4 (1.83) 2.9 (0.70) 15.7 (1.34) 12.5 (1.34) 28.6 (1.77)

Black or African American, white ................ 100.0 43.8 (6.90) *5.8 (4.19) *9.8 (3.42) *14.3 (5.57) 26.3 (4.94)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ............ 100.0 38.4 (2.90) *3.1 (1.02) 16.1 (2.25) 11.9 (2.08) 30.6 (2.75)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:5

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 100.0 65.2 (0.58) 1.1 (0.10) 9.5 (0.32) 8.1 (0.27) 16.1 (0.41)

Mexican or Mexican-American .................. 100.0 65.2 (0.72) 1.3 (0.14) 9.4 (0.43) 8.0 (0.35) 16.1 (0.54)

Not Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 46.0 (0.35) 1.7 (0.05) 14.4 (0.17) 12.2 (0.15) 25.8 (0.25)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 43.6 (0.39) 1.7 (0.06) 14.9 (0.20) 12.8 (0.17) 27.0 (0.28)

Black or African American, single race ............. 100.0 60.5 (0.70) 1.6 (0.12) 11.2 (0.41) 8.5 (0.35) 18.1 (0.40)

Education:5

Less than high school graduate .................. 100.0 66.7 (0.54) 1.1 (0.09) 8.7 (0.30) 5.9 (0.23) 17.7 (0.42)

GED diploma6 ............................. 100.0 57.0 (1.25) 1.7 (0.29) 11.8 (0.80) 7.9 (0.63) 21.7 (1.05)

High school graduate ......................... 100.0 52.0 (0.47) 1.7 (0.10) 12.7 (0.26) 10.0 (0.21) 23.7 (0.39)

Some college - no degree ...................... 100.0 43.8 (0.53) 1.8 (0.12) 14.4 (0.34) 13.0 (0.31) 27.0 (0.46)

Associate of arts degree ....................... 100.0 41.7 (0.72) 1.8 (0.18) 16.4 (0.52) 13.1 (0.43) 27.1 (0.57)

Bachelor of arts, science degree .................. 100.0 35.3 (0.56) 1.8 (0.13) 17.5 (0.36) 17.0 (0.36) 28.4 (0.47)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ................ 100.0 32.2 (0.76) 1.8 (0.19) 18.6 (0.55) 16.7 (0.53) 30.8 (0.70)

Poverty status:5,7

Below poverty level .......................... 100.0 61.0 (0.84) 1.1 (0.11) 10.0 (0.43) 7.4 (0.33) 20.5 (0.62)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level .................... 100.0 57.8 (0.61) 1.3 (0.11) 10.9 (0.36) 8.3 (0.27) 21.7 (0.47)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level .................... 100.0 46.6 (0.49) 1.9 (0.11) 14.2 (0.29) 11.7 (0.25) 25.6 (0.38)

4 times poverty level or more .................... 100.0 36.0 (0.47) 1.9 (0.09) 17.7 (0.29) 15.2 (0.27) 29.1 (0.40)

Marital status:5

Never married ............................. 100.0 49.4 (0.63) 1.4 (0.13) 13.2 (0.38) 10.6 (0.32) 25.4 (0.48)

Married ................................. 100.0 46.7 (0.38) 1.7 (0.07) 14.6 (0.21) 12.3 (0.18) 24.7 (0.29)

Cohabiting ............................... 100.0 51.1 (1.11) 1.7 (0.23) 12.6 (0.66) 10.6 (0.66) 24.0 (0.97)

Divorced or separated ........................ 100.0 51.6 (0.58) 1.4 (0.13) 12.2 (0.34) 11.3 (0.32) 23.5 (0.45)

Widowed ................................ 100.0 56.8 (1.81) *0.8 (0.24) 10.4 (1.10) 10.4 (1.13) 21.6 (1.48)

Geographic region:5

Northeast ................................ 100.0 46.8 (0.61) 1.3 (0.11) 14.2 (0.40) 11.7 (0.33) 26.0 (0.40)

Midwest ................................. 100.0 44.9 (0.63) 1.9 (0.11) 15.3 (0.36) 12.5 (0.25) 25.4 (0.42)

South .................................. 100.0 53.1 (0.61) 1.5 (0.08) 12.4 (0.25) 10.8 (0.25) 22.2 (0.46)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 44.0 (0.68) 1.7 (0.11) 14.5 (0.33) 12.5 (0.30) 27.3 (0.48)

Place of residence:5,8

MSA, central city ........................... 100.0 51.5 (0.59) 1.6 (0.09) 12.8 (0.27) 11.1 (0.23) 23.0 (0.40)

MSA, not central city ......................... 100.0 46.1 (0.44) 1.6 (0.07) 14.9 (0.23) 12.3 (0.20) 25.1 (0.31)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 48.4 (0.97) 1.6 (0.10) 13.0 (0.42) 11.1 (0.37) 25.9 (0.66)

See footnotes at end of table.

Page 44 [ Series 10, No. 219
Table 5.2. Percent distributions of times per week engaged in light-moderate leisure-time physical activity for adults 18 years of age and

over, by selected characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic Total

Times per week engaged in light-moderate activity1

None2

Less

than 13 1–2 3–4

5 or

more

Men Percent distribution (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)4,5 ............ 100.0 47.2 (0.40) 1.8 (0.08) 14.2 (0.23) 11.0 (0.20) 25.8 (0.33)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)4 .................. 100.0 47.0 (0.41) 1.8 (0.08) 14.3 (0.24) 11.0 (0.20) 25.8 (0.33)

Age:

18–24 years .............................. 100.0 41.8 (0.98) 1.3 (0.21) 13.5 (0.67) 11.7 (0.61) 31.7 (0.97)

25–44 years .............................. 100.0 44.6 (0.50) 2.1 (0.14) 16.6 (0.33) 11.7 (0.27) 25.0 (0.42)

45–64 years .............................. 100.0 49.7 (0.64) 1.8 (0.15) 13.8 (0.40) 10.0 (0.33) 24.6 (0.49)

65–74 years .............................. 100.0 49.2 (0.94) 1.6 (0.22) 10.8 (0.57) 11.3 (0.57) 27.1 (0.86)

75 years and over ........................... 100.0 58.9 (1.09) 1.3 (0.24) 8.1 (0.60) 9.0 (0.58) 22.7 (0.84)

Race:5

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 45.5 (0.44) 1.8 (0.09) 14.6 (0.26) 11.3 (0.22) 26.8 (0.37)

Black or African American, single race .............. 100.0 58.4 (0.97) 1.7 (0.20) 11.5 (0.62) 8.8 (0.55) 19.5 (0.70)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ......... 100.0 52.2 (3.94) *2.9 (1.51) 9.2 (1.87) 7.9 (1.84) 27.8 (3.33)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 45.7 (2.24) 1.8 (0.47) 16.6 (1.30) 11.6 (1.23) 24.3 (1.88)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race ..... 100.0 45.0 (8.37) *2.8 (2.65) *12.8 (5.54) *11.0 (3.98) 28.4 (7.85)

2 or more races ............................ 100.0 38.6 (2.68) *3.3 (1.08) 14.1 (2.13) 12.0 (1.95) 32.0 (2.78)

Black or African American, white ................ 100.0 37.7 (8.04) *– *11.9 (5.72) 21.2 (3.90) 29.1 (7.31)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ............ 100.0 38.0 (4.13) *3.7 (1.45) 13.1 (3.45) 12.2 (2.98) 32.9 (4.07)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:5

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 100.0 65.1 (0.85) 1.1 (0.15) 9.5 (0.46) 7.3 (0.39) 17.0 (0.68)

Mexican or Mexican-American .................. 100.0 65.3 (1.06) 1.1 (0.21) 9.8 (0.60) 7.1 (0.52) 16.7 (0.81)

Not Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 45.0 (0.43) 1.9 (0.09) 14.8 (0.25) 11.4 (0.22) 26.9 (0.36)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 43.2 (0.47) 1.9 (0.10) 15.2 (0.28) 11.8 (0.24) 28.0 (0.40)

Black or African American, single race ............. 100.0 58.4 (0.98) 1.7 (0.20) 11.6 (0.62) 8.8 (0.55) 19.4 (0.70)

Education:5

Less than high school graduate .................. 100.0 65.6 (0.76) 1.1 (0.14) 8.8 (0.44) 6.0 (0.34) 18.4 (0.59)

GED diploma6 ............................. 100.0 56.0 (1.85) 2.1 (0.48) 12.2 (1.19) 7.0 (0.79) 22.7 (1.50)

High school graduate ......................... 100.0 51.4 (0.63) 1.8 (0.15) 13.0 (0.36) 8.5 (0.30) 25.3 (0.60)

Some college - no degree ...................... 100.0 42.7 (0.72) 2.1 (0.21) 14.3 (0.46) 12.7 (0.43) 28.3 (0.67)

Associate of arts degree ....................... 100.0 41.1 (1.11) 2.3 (0.33) 17.0 (0.83) 11.3 (0.58) 28.4 (0.86)

Bachelor of arts, science degree .................. 100.0 34.9 (0.77) 1.9 (0.19) 18.4 (0.54) 16.7 (0.54) 28.1 (0.64)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ................ 100.0 31.4 (0.99) 2.0 (0.30) 19.7 (0.79) 15.4 (0.66) 31.4 (0.95)

Poverty status:5,7

Below poverty level .......................... 100.0 60.3 (1.20) 1.1 (0.19) 10.1 (0.61) 7.2 (0.53) 21.3 (0.89)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level .................... 100.0 57.6 (0.85) 1.3 (0.18) 10.7 (0.51) 7.7 (0.42) 22.6 (0.71)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level .................... 100.0 47.2 (0.66) 2.2 (0.19) 14.1 (0.41) 9.8 (0.34) 26.6 (0.53)

4 times poverty level or more .................... 100.0 35.5 (0.55) 2.1 (0.15) 18.1 (0.41) 14.2 (0.39) 30.0 (0.56)

Marital status:5

Never married ............................. 100.0 49.4 (0.84) 1.5 (0.18) 12.3 (0.51) 9.9 (0.46) 26.9 (0.69)

Married ................................. 100.0 46.7 (0.48) 2.0 (0.11) 15.3 (0.30) 11.2 (0.25) 24.8 (0.39)

Cohabiting ............................... 100.0 52.3 (1.43) 2.0 (0.36) 11.3 (0.83) 9.1 (0.85) 25.3 (1.23)

Divorced or separated ........................ 100.0 50.8 (0.83) 1.6 (0.24) 12.7 (0.52) 10.5 (0.50) 24.4 (0.69)

Widowed ................................ 100.0 56.8 (3.58) *1.3 (0.76) 9.2 (2.21) 6.6 (1.50) 26.2 (3.17)

Geographic region:5

Northeast ................................ 100.0 45.7 (0.81) 1.5 (0.18) 14.6 (0.59) 10.7 (0.49) 27.5 (0.72)

Midwest ................................. 100.0 44.2 (0.88) 2.1 (0.18) 15.4 (0.52) 11.6 (0.36) 26.7 (0.65)

South .................................. 100.0 52.2 (0.68) 1.7 (0.13) 12.9 (0.37) 10.0 (0.35) 23.2 (0.55)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 43.4 (0.84) 1.9 (0.15) 14.6 (0.43) 12.1 (0.41) 28.0 (0.75)

Place of residence:5,8

MSA, central city ........................... 100.0 50.9 (0.71) 1.8 (0.15) 13.3 (0.38) 10.2 (0.32) 23.8 (0.55)

MSA, not central city ......................... 100.0 44.9 (0.58) 1.8 (0.11) 15.2 (0.37) 11.7 (0.28) 26.4 (0.46)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 48.1 (1.04) 1.9 (0.17) 12.6 (0.45) 10.2 (0.49) 27.2 (0.83)

See footnotes at end of table.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 45
Table 5.2. Percent distributions of times per week engaged in light-moderate leisure-time physical activity for adults 18 years of age and

over, by selected characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic Total

Times per week engaged in light-moderate activity1

None2

Less

than 13 1–2 3–4

5 or

more

Women Percent distribution (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)4,5 ............ 100.0 48.8 (0.36) 1.4 (0.06) 13.6 (0.20) 12.5 (0.17) 23.7 (0.26)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)4 .................. 100.0 48.9 (0.36) 1.4 (0.06) 13.6 (0.20) 12.4 (0.17) 23.7 (0.26)

Age:

18–24 years .............................. 100.0 44.6 (0.90) 1.4 (0.20) 15.4 (0.63) 12.5 (0.58) 26.0 (0.84)

25–44 years .............................. 100.0 45.0 (0.49) 1.6 (0.10) 15.5 (0.32) 13.9 (0.29) 24.0 (0.38)

45–64 years .............................. 100.0 48.4 (0.54) 1.4 (0.11) 13.4 (0.34) 12.7 (0.29) 23.9 (0.42)

65–74 years .............................. 100.0 55.7 (0.80) 1.2 (0.15) 9.1 (0.42) 10.2 (0.49) 23.8 (0.71)

75 years and over ........................... 100.0 67.3 (0.74) 1.0 (0.14) 6.9 (0.43) 7.2 (0.39) 17.6 (0.59)

Race5

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 46.1 (0.41) 1.4 (0.07) 14.1 (0.24) 13.4 (0.20) 25.0 (0.30)

Black or African American, single race .............. 100.0 62.1 (0.77) 1.5 (0.15) 10.9 (0.47) 8.4 (0.38) 17.0 (0.54)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ......... 100.0 61.0 (4.24) *1.0 (0.48) 12.8 (2.64) 5.9 (1.57) 19.3 (2.83)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 50.8 (1.66) 1.6 (0.36) 14.7 (1.16) 9.7 (0.87) 23.3 (1.32)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race ..... 100.0 36.5 (7.66) *9.5 (6.55) *18.5 (5.97) *12.7 (6.23) 22.8 (4.52)

2 or more races ............................ 100.0 42.0 (2.56) *2.3 (0.85) 17.3 (1.91) 13.4 (1.83) 25.0 (2.25)

Black or African American, white ................ 100.0 50.9 (8.14) *9.3 (6.18) *8.3 (3.76) *5.9 (4.21) 25.6 (5.85)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ............ 100.0 39.3 (4.31) *2.1 (1.32) 19.0 (3.22) 12.1 (2.92) 27.5 (3.65)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:5

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 100.0 65.1 (0.74) 1.2 (0.14) 9.5 (0.40) 8.9 (0.38) 15.3 (0.50)

Mexican or Mexican-American .................. 100.0 65.0 (0.95) 1.5 (0.24) 9.1 (0.54) 8.8 (0.53) 15.6 (0.64)

Not Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 46.8 (0.39) 1.5 (0.07) 14.1 (0.22) 12.9 (0.19) 24.7 (0.28)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 43.9 (0.43) 1.4 (0.07) 14.6 (0.25) 13.9 (0.22) 26.1 (0.32)

Black or African American, single race ............. 100.0 62.2 (0.78) 1.5 (0.15) 10.9 (0.47) 8.3 (0.38) 17.1 (0.53)

Education:5

Less than high school graduate .................. 100.0 67.8 (0.69) 1.1 (0.13) 8.5 (0.38) 5.7 (0.30) 16.9 (0.52)

GED diploma6 ............................. 100.0 58.0 (1.63) 1.3 (0.35) 11.3 (1.08) 8.8 (1.00) 20.6 (1.33)

High school graduate ......................... 100.0 52.3 (0.55) 1.6 (0.13) 12.6 (0.35) 11.2 (0.29) 22.3 (0.42)

Some college - no degree ...................... 100.0 44.7 (0.63) 1.5 (0.14) 14.5 (0.44) 13.3 (0.40) 26.0 (0.55)

Associate of arts degree ....................... 100.0 42.0 (0.88) 1.3 (0.16) 16.0 (0.62) 14.7 (0.59) 26.0 (0.72)

Bachelor of arts, science degree .................. 100.0 36.0 (0.71) 1.6 (0.16) 16.5 (0.49) 17.2 (0.49) 28.7 (0.65)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ................ 100.0 33.3 (1.05) 1.5 (0.23) 17.2 (0.71) 18.0 (0.76) 30.0 (0.98)

Poverty status:5,7

Below poverty level .......................... 100.0 61.5 (0.91) 1.1 (0.14) 10.0 (0.53) 7.5 (0.41) 19.9 (0.69)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level .................... 100.0 57.9 (0.73) 1.2 (0.14) 11.1 (0.43) 8.8 (0.35) 20.9 (0.59)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level .................... 100.0 45.9 (0.60) 1.6 (0.13) 14.2 (0.40) 13.6 (0.33) 24.7 (0.47)

4 times poverty level or more .................... 100.0 36.5 (0.61) 1.8 (0.13) 17.3 (0.41) 16.3 (0.36) 28.2 (0.49)

Marital status:5

Never married ............................. 100.0 49.5 (0.81) 1.4 (0.18) 14.1 (0.53) 11.2 (0.44) 23.8 (0.65)

Married ................................. 100.0 46.8 (0.45) 1.4 (0.08) 14.0 (0.26) 13.3 (0.24) 24.5 (0.35)

Cohabiting ............................... 100.0 49.4 (1.48) 1.4 (0.26) 14.3 (1.05) 12.3 (0.96) 22.6 (1.24)

Divorced or separated ........................ 100.0 52.2 (0.65) 1.3 (0.13) 11.9 (0.40) 11.9 (0.40) 22.8 (0.55)

Widowed ................................ 100.0 56.8 (1.98) 0.5 (0.12) 10.9 (1.26) 11.8 (1.43) 20.0 (1.60)

Geographic region:5

Northeast ................................ 100.0 47.6 (0.76) 1.1 (0.12) 13.9 (0.47) 12.6 (0.42) 24.8 (0.54)

Midwest ................................. 100.0 45.4 (0.62) 1.6 (0.13) 15.3 (0.43) 13.4 (0.32) 24.2 (0.45)

South .................................. 100.0 53.9 (0.70) 1.4 (0.11) 11.9 (0.33) 11.6 (0.29) 21.2 (0.53)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 44.4 (0.74) 1.5 (0.15) 14.4 (0.42) 12.9 (0.36) 26.8 (0.48)

Place of residence:5,8

MSA, central city ........................... 100.0 51.9 (0.63) 1.5 (0.10) 12.2 (0.32) 11.9 (0.30) 22.5 (0.43)

MSA, not central city ......................... 100.0 47.0 (0.49) 1.4 (0.09) 14.5 (0.27) 13.0 (0.26) 24.0 (0.38)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 48.5 (1.06) 1.4 (0.13) 13.4 (0.58) 11.9 (0.41) 24.8 (0.67)

* Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision (see ‘‘Appendix I’’).

- Quantity zero.

1Light-moderate activity: Leisure-time physical activities that cause only light sweating or a light to moderate increase in breathing or heart rate and are done for at least 10 minutes per episode.

2None: Persons classified as not doing light-moderate activity may include individuals who engaged in vigorous activity but did not engage in light-moderate activity.

3‘‘Less than 1’’ refers to frequencies of light-moderate activities lasting at least 10 minutes per eisode that occurred less than one time per week (for example, three times per month.)

4Persons of other races and unknown race and ethnicity, unknown education, unknown poverty status, and unknown marital status are included in the total.

5Estimates are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. population using age groups 18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

6GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.

7Poverty status is based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau poverty thresholds for 1998, 1999, and 2000.

8MSA is metropolitan statistical area (see ‘‘Appendix II’’).

NOTES: Denominator for each percent distribution excludes persons with unknown light-moderate leisure-time physical activity status. See ‘‘Appendix II’’ for definitions of terms.

Page 46 [ Series 10, No. 219
Table 5.3. Percent distributions of times per week engaged in vigorous leisure-time physical activity for adults 18 years of age and over, by

selected characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001

Selected characteristic Total

Times per week engaged in vigorous activity1

None2

Less

than 13 1–2 3–4

5 or

more

Both sexes Percent distribution (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)4,5 ............ 100.0 59.8 (0.30) 2.8 (0.07) 12.6 (0.16) 12.5 (0.15) 12.3 (0.14)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)4 .................. 100.0 59.6 (0.31) 2.8 (0.07) 12.7 (0.16) 12.5 (0.15) 12.4 (0.15)

Age:

18–24 years .............................. 100.0 44.4 (0.75) 3.4 (0.24) 17.4 (0.52) 17.2 (0.50) 17.7 (0.50)

25–44 years .............................. 100.0 51.8 (0.41) 3.6 (0.12) 15.8 (0.24) 15.3 (0.22) 13.5 (0.21)

45–64 years .............................. 100.0 64.5 (0.41) 2.5 (0.11) 10.8 (0.25) 10.8 (0.23) 11.4 (0.24)

65–74 years .............................. 100.0 76.8 (0.53) 1.3 (0.14) 6.1 (0.29) 6.6 (0.28) 9.2 (0.33)

75 years and over ........................... 100.0 89.1 (0.45) 0.6 (0.09) 2.6 (0.19) 3.1 (0.24) 4.5 (0.27)

Race:5

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 58.3 (0.34) 2.9 (0.08) 13.0 (0.18) 13.1 (0.17) 12.7 (0.17)

Black or African American, single race .............. 100.0 67.8 (0.65) 2.4 (0.16) 10.1 (0.33) 9.6 (0.35) 10.1 (0.32)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ......... 100.0 64.2 (3.13) 2.0 (0.58) 9.3 (1.42) 10.5 (1.47) 14.1 (1.94)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 62.4 (1.05) 2.9 (0.42) 14.2 (0.77) 10.4 (0.63) 10.2 (0.72)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race ..... 100.0 54.3 (6.25) *4.6 (2.81) 17.7 (4.06) *12.0 (4.56) 11.4 (3.20)

2 or more races ............................ 100.0 53.6 (1.77) 3.5 (0.71) 13.7 (1.21) 12.0 (1.08) 17.2 (1.23)

Black or African American, white ................ 100.0 46.4 (6.58) *4.2 (2.34) *8.1 (2.47) 22.1 (6.07) 19.3 (3.82)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ............ 100.0 55.2 (2.57) 4.3 (1.21) 15.3 (2.13) 8.0 (1.35) 17.2 (1.89)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:5

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 100.0 71.6 (0.46) 1.8 (0.15) 8.7 (0.26) 8.4 (0.30) 9.5 (0.28)

Mexican or Mexican-American .................. 100.0 72.4 (0.62) 1.9 (0.18) 8.7 (0.33) 7.9 (0.41) 9.1 (0.36)

Not Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 58.3 (0.32) 2.9 (0.08) 13.1 (0.17) 13.0 (0.16) 12.7 (0.16)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 56.7 (0.36) 3.0 (0.09) 13.5 (0.20) 13.7 (0.18) 13.1 (0.18)

Black or African American, single race ............. 100.0 67.8 (0.65) 2.4 (0.16) 10.0 (0.34) 9.6 (0.36) 10.2 (0.33)

Education:5

Less than high school graduate .................. 100.0 76.2 (0.46) 1.5 (0.13) 7.4 (0.29) 5.1 (0.24) 9.8 (0.31)

GED diploma6 ............................. 100.0 68.7 (1.18) 2.8 (0.40) 10.1 (0.75) 7.1 (0.60) 11.3 (0.76)

High school graduate ......................... 100.0 66.7 (0.42) 2.5 (0.13) 10.7 (0.25) 8.9 (0.22) 11.2 (0.25)

Some college - no degree ...................... 100.0 56.3 (0.51) 2.9 (0.15) 13.5 (0.31) 13.8 (0.28) 13.4 (0.32)

Associate of arts degree ....................... 100.0 55.5 (0.71) 3.3 (0.24) 14.2 (0.45) 14.1 (0.43) 12.8 (0.42)

Bachelor of arts, science degree .................. 100.0 45.9 (0.53) 3.8 (0.18) 16.7 (0.35) 19.9 (0.42) 13.7 (0.32)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ................ 100.0 40.2 (0.74) 3.6 (0.25) 18.3 (0.55) 21.3 (0.56) 16.5 (0.52)

Poverty status:5,7

Below poverty level .......................... 100.0 72.9 (0.78) 1.9 (0.17) 8.1 (0.37) 7.0 (0.33) 10.1 (0.42)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level .................... 100.0 70.6 (0.52) 2.3 (0.17) 9.5 (0.31) 7.4 (0.25) 10.3 (0.34)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level .................... 100.0 61.3 (0.40) 3.0 (0.14) 12.3 (0.27) 11.4 (0.26) 12.0 (0.27)

4 times poverty level or more .................... 100.0 47.3 (0.42) 3.7 (0.14) 16.4 (0.27) 17.9 (0.27) 14.7 (0.27)

Marital status:5

Never married ............................. 100.0 57.8 (0.50) 2.7 (0.16) 12.7 (0.32) 13.6 (0.33) 13.2 (0.31)

Married ................................. 100.0 60.1 (0.36) 3.0 (0.10) 12.8 (0.19) 12.3 (0.19) 11.8 (0.17)

Cohabiting ............................... 100.0 61.7 (0.97) 3.3 (0.35) 11.3 (0.53) 11.0 (0.61) 12.7 (0.62)

Divorced or separated ........................ 100.0 63.7 (0.51) 2.2 (0.15) 10.9 (0.32) 11.3 (0.32) 12.0 (0.30)

Widowed ................................ 100.0 71.6 (1.79) *2.3 (0.71) 8.4 (1.03) 8.5 (1.08) 9.2 (1.12)

Geographic region:5

Northeast ................................ 100.0 59.6 (0.59) 2.2 (0.17) 12.6 (0.30) 12.9 (0.33) 12.7 (0.35)

Midwest ................................. 100.0 58.3 (0.67) 3.4 (0.16) 13.6 (0.38) 12.8 (0.32) 11.9 (0.29)

South .................................. 100.0 63.1 (0.50) 2.6 (0.11) 11.5 (0.25) 11.1 (0.25) 11.7 (0.24)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 55.9 (0.60) 3.0 (0.16) 13.3 (0.32) 14.1 (0.31) 13.8 (0.30)

Place of residence:5,8

MSA, central city ........................... 100.0 61.2 (0.54) 2.6 (0.11) 12.0 (0.30) 12.2 (0.27) 12.0 (0.26)

MSA, not central city ......................... 100.0 57.6 (0.41) 3.0 (0.10) 13.4 (0.21) 13.6 (0.22) 12.5 (0.21)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 63.6 (0.82) 2.7 (0.20) 11.4 (0.37) 10.1 (0.29) 12.2 (0.38)

See footnotes at end of table.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 47
Table 5.3. Percent distributions of times per week engaged in vigorous leisure-time physical activity for adults 18 years of age and over, by

selected characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic Total

Times per week engaged in vigorous activity1

None2

Less

than 13 1–2 3–4

5 or

more

Men Percent distribution (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)4,5 ............ 100.0 53.3 (0.38) 3.2 (0.11) 14.7 (0.23) 13.6 (0.21) 15.2 (0.21)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)4 .................. 100.0 52.5 (0.39) 3.3 (0.11) 15.0 (0.24) 13.8 (0.21) 15.4 (0.22)

Age:

18–24 years .............................. 100.0 34.6 (0.98) 3.1 (0.32) 19.5 (0.73) 19.9 (0.76) 22.8 (0.75)

25–44 years .............................. 100.0 44.7 (0.53) 4.3 (0.19) 18.4 (0.36) 16.1 (0.32) 16.5 (0.34)

45–64 years .............................. 100.0 59.6 (0.56) 3.0 (0.17) 12.5 (0.38) 11.7 (0.32) 13.3 (0.35)

65–74 years .............................. 100.0 71.2 (0.86) 1.7 (0.25) 7.4 (0.50) 7.6 (0.49) 12.0 (0.58)

75 years and over ........................... 100.0 84.5 (0.82) 0.8 (0.19) 3.6 (0.38) 4.3 (0.47) 6.8 (0.52)

Race:5

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 52.3 (0.43) 3.3 (0.12) 14.9 (0.26) 14.0 (0.23) 15.5 (0.24)

Black or African American, single race .............. 100.0 58.3 (0.88) 2.8 (0.27) 12.8 (0.57) 12.1 (0.58) 13.9 (0.57)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ......... 100.0 54.4 (4.33) *3.0 (1.10) 10.3 (2.00) 11.8 (2.37) 20.5 (3.11)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 55.8 (1.72) 3.0 (0.56) 18.0 (1.21) 12.4 (1.02) 10.7 (1.13)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race ..... 100.0 54.1 (6.91) *2.2 (2.11) *18.3 (5.89) *13.6 (6.15) *11.9 (4.09)

2 or more races ............................ 100.0 45.9 (2.38) 5.0 (1.24) 14.9 (1.69) 12.7 (1.77) 21.4 (2.06)

Black or African American, white ................ 100.0 27.7 (7.28) *3.8 (2.64) *11.6 (4.93) 24.5 (4.13) 32.4 (7.57)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ............ 100.0 50.3 (3.36) *7.0 (2.12) 15.0 (2.85) 8.0 (1.56) 19.7 (2.88)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:5

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 100.0 66.0 (0.72) 2.1 (0.23) 10.8 (0.46) 8.9 (0.42) 12.1 (0.48)

Mexican or Mexican-American .................. 100.0 67.0 (0.92) 2.3 (0.27) 10.6 (0.60) 8.5 (0.57) 11.6 (0.64)

Not Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 51.7 (0.41) 3.4 (0.12) 15.1 (0.25) 14.2 (0.23) 15.6 (0.23)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 50.6 (0.46) 3.5 (0.13) 15.4 (0.28) 14.5 (0.25) 16.0 (0.26)

Black or African American, single race ............. 100.0 58.3 (0.88) 2.8 (0.27) 12.8 (0.57) 12.1 (0.58) 13.9 (0.58)

Education:5

Less than high school graduate .................. 100.0 70.8 (0.70) 1.8 (0.20) 9.2 (0.44) 6.0 (0.36) 12.2 (0.51)

GED diploma6 ............................. 100.0 61.4 (1.74) 2.9 (0.54) 11.6 (1.13) 8.2 (0.98) 15.9 (1.32)

High school graduate ......................... 100.0 60.3 (0.60) 2.8 (0.19) 12.7 (0.38) 9.5 (0.34) 14.7 (0.41)

Some college - no degree ...................... 100.0 49.5 (0.70) 3.4 (0.23) 15.3 (0.48) 15.4 (0.47) 16.4 (0.46)

Associate of arts degree ....................... 100.0 48.6 (1.07) 4.3 (0.42) 16.6 (0.71) 14.2 (0.68) 16.3 (0.75)

Bachelor of arts, science degree .................. 100.0 38.9 (0.72) 4.4 (0.28) 19.2 (0.57) 21.6 (0.63) 15.9 (0.49)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ................ 100.0 34.0 (0.97) 4.0 (0.35) 21.0 (0.78) 22.8 (0.82) 18.2 (0.76)

Poverty status:5,7

Below poverty level .......................... 100.0 65.9 (1.15) 2.0 (0.27) 10.0 (0.58) 8.6 (0.54) 13.5 (0.71)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level .................... 100.0 64.5 (0.77) 2.6 (0.26) 11.1 (0.49) 8.2 (0.42) 13.6 (0.60)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level .................... 100.0 55.4 (0.59) 3.5 (0.22) 14.0 (0.43) 12.1 (0.37) 15.1 (0.41)

4 times poverty level or more .................... 100.0 41.4 (0.56) 4.2 (0.19) 18.6 (0.41) 18.6 (0.39) 17.2 (0.40)

Marital status:5

Never married ............................. 100.0 52.1 (0.71) 2.6 (0.23) 13.8 (0.43) 15.1 (0.49) 16.5 (0.50)

Married ................................. 100.0 54.4 (0.46) 3.7 (0.16) 15.2 (0.29) 12.7 (0.27) 14.0 (0.26)

Cohabiting ............................... 100.0 56.2 (1.38) 3.6 (0.54) 12.3 (0.77) 12.8 (0.87) 15.2 (0.92)

Divorced or separated ........................ 100.0 56.2 (0.78) 2.4 (0.22) 13.0 (0.52) 12.8 (0.52) 15.6 (0.55)

Widowed ................................ 100.0 63.4 (3.86) *4.0 (1.60) *5.0 (1.67) 13.7 (2.69) 13.8 (2.34)

Geographic region:5

Northeast ................................ 100.0 52.0 (0.79) 2.7 (0.25) 15.2 (0.50) 14.3 (0.44) 15.9 (0.52)

Midwest ................................. 100.0 52.3 (0.86) 4.1 (0.24) 15.5 (0.52) 13.9 (0.43) 14.2 (0.39)

South .................................. 100.0 56.5 (0.59) 2.8 (0.17) 13.5 (0.37) 12.3 (0.34) 15.0 (0.36)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 49.8 (0.82) 3.5 (0.23) 15.2 (0.47) 14.9 (0.48) 16.6 (0.52)

Place of residence:5,8

MSA, central city ........................... 100.0 54.0 (0.69) 2.9 (0.18) 14.6 (0.41) 13.6 (0.37) 14.9 (0.37)

MSA, not central city ......................... 100.0 51.1 (0.51) 3.4 (0.16) 15.5 (0.34) 14.7 (0.32) 15.4 (0.31)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 58.0 (0.96) 3.2 (0.28) 12.5 (0.50) 10.9 (0.39) 15.4 (0.55)

See footnotes at end of table.

Page 48 [ Series 10, No. 219
Table 5.3. Percent distributions of times per week engaged in vigorous leisure-time physical activity for adults 18 years of age and over, by

selected characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic Total

Times per week engaged in vigorous activity1

None2

Less

than 13 1–2 3–4

5 or

more

Women Percent distribution (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)4,5 ............ 100.0 65.9 (0.32) 2.4 (0.08) 10.6 (0.18) 11.4 (0.19) 9.6 (0.17)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)4 .................. 100.0 66.1 (0.32) 2.4 (0.08) 10.6 (0.17) 11.3 (0.19) 9.6 (0.17)

Age:

18–24 years .............................. 100.0 54.1 (0.99) 3.6 (0.32) 15.2 (0.66) 14.5 (0.65) 12.6 (0.62)

25–44 years .............................. 100.0 58.6 (0.48) 2.9 (0.14) 13.2 (0.27) 14.6 (0.32) 10.7 (0.26)

45–64 years .............................. 100.0 69.1 (0.49) 2.1 (0.14) 9.3 (0.27) 10.0 (0.28) 9.5 (0.29)

65–74 years .............................. 100.0 81.4 (0.62) 0.9 (0.15) 5.1 (0.32) 5.8 (0.35) 6.8 (0.40)

75 years and over ........................... 100.0 92.1 (0.44) 0.5 (0.11) 2.0 (0.20) 2.4 (0.26) 3.0 (0.28)

Race:5

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 64.0 (0.36) 2.5 (0.10) 11.2 (0.21) 12.3 (0.22) 10.1 (0.20)

Black or African American, single race .............. 100.0 75.4 (0.76) 2.1 (0.20) 7.9 (0.36) 7.5 (0.37) 7.1 (0.36)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ......... 100.0 73.5 (3.11) *1.0 (0.40) 8.5 (1.61) 9.2 (1.78) 7.9 (1.80)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 68.7 (1.32) 2.8 (0.52) 10.4 (0.89) 8.3 (0.83) 9.7 (0.95)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race ..... 100.0 58.8 (8.60) *5.1 (3.87) *17.4 (7.40) *8.8 (5.49) *9.9 (3.68)

2 or more races ............................ 100.0 61.4 (2.29) 2.1 (0.58) 12.3 (1.53) 11.4 (1.50) 12.9 (1.71)

Black or African American, white ................ 100.0 64.3 (7.41) *3.8 (3.06) *4.8 (1.84) *17.2 (5.94) *9.9 (3.78)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ............ 100.0 61.6 (3.57) *1.2 (0.77) 14.9 (2.93) 7.9 (2.14) 14.3 (2.79)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:5

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 100.0 77.1 (0.57) 1.4 (0.15) 6.7 (0.32) 7.8 (0.36) 7.0 (0.33)

Mexican or Mexican-American .................. 100.0 77.8 (0.79) 1.6 (0.20) 6.7 (0.41) 7.2 (0.49) 6.7 (0.44)

Not Hispanic or Latino ........................ 100.0 64.5 (0.35) 2.5 (0.09) 11.1 (0.20) 11.9 (0.21) 10.0 (0.19)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 62.3 (0.38) 2.6 (0.11) 11.8 (0.23) 12.9 (0.24) 10.4 (0.21)

Black or African American, single race ............. 100.0 75.5 (0.76) 2.1 (0.20) 7.8 (0.35) 7.5 (0.37) 7.2 (0.36)

Education:5

Less than high school graduate .................. 100.0 81.9 (0.55) 1.2 (0.13) 5.4 (0.31) 4.2 (0.29) 7.3 (0.35)

GED diploma6 ............................. 100.0 76.2 (1.43) 2.8 (0.56) 8.5 (0.96) 5.9 (0.74) 6.6 (0.79)

High school graduate ......................... 100.0 72.7 (0.49) 2.2 (0.16) 8.9 (0.30) 8.2 (0.28) 8.1 (0.28)

Some college - no degree ...................... 100.0 62.2 (0.63) 2.5 (0.18) 11.9 (0.40) 12.5 (0.39) 10.9 (0.39)

Associate of arts degree ....................... 100.0 61.3 (0.84) 2.5 (0.25) 12.3 (0.54) 14.0 (0.54) 10.0 (0.48)

Bachelor of arts, science degree .................. 100.0 53.0 (0.65) 3.2 (0.24) 14.1 (0.43) 18.1 (0.51) 11.6 (0.42)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree ................ 100.0 47.6 (0.99) 3.2 (0.34) 15.2 (0.65) 19.5 (0.79) 14.6 (0.72)

Poverty status:5,7

Below poverty level .......................... 100.0 77.7 (0.79) 1.9 (0.21) 6.7 (0.42) 5.9 (0.37) 7.8 (0.43)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level .................... 100.0 76.0 (0.62) 2.0 (0.20) 8.0 (0.37) 6.7 (0.29) 7.3 (0.32)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level .................... 100.0 67.0 (0.51) 2.5 (0.16) 10.6 (0.31) 10.8 (0.34) 9.1 (0.30)

4 times poverty level or more .................... 100.0 53.7 (0.55) 3.3 (0.17) 14.0 (0.34) 17.1 (0.40) 12.0 (0.33)

Marital status:5

Never married ............................. 100.0 64.4 (0.62) 2.7 (0.20) 11.4 (0.45) 11.8 (0.44) 9.6 (0.38)

Married ................................. 100.0 65.5 (0.41) 2.3 (0.11) 10.6 (0.21) 11.9 (0.24) 9.6 (0.22)

Cohabiting ............................... 100.0 67.8 (1.18) 2.7 (0.36) 10.2 (0.64) 8.8 (0.63) 10.4 (0.92)

Divorced or separated ........................ 100.0 68.8 (0.62) 2.1 (0.18) 9.4 (0.37) 10.2 (0.40) 9.5 (0.36)

Widowed ................................ 100.0 74.6 (1.96) *1.6 (0.77) 9.8 (1.27) 6.5 (0.99) 7.6 (1.27)

Geographic region:5

Northeast ................................ 100.0 66.3 (0.62) 1.9 (0.19) 10.3 (0.36) 11.7 (0.47) 9.8 (0.45)

Midwest ................................. 100.0 64.0 (0.69) 2.8 (0.19) 11.7 (0.40) 11.8 (0.36) 9.8 (0.34)

South .................................. 100.0 69.2 (0.58) 2.4 (0.13) 9.7 (0.27) 10.1 (0.32) 8.6 (0.27)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 61.8 (0.57) 2.4 (0.17) 11.4 (0.41) 13.3 (0.39) 11.1 (0.36)

Place of residence:5,8

MSA, central city ........................... 100.0 67.6 (0.55) 2.3 (0.13) 9.7 (0.30) 10.9 (0.32) 9.5 (0.31)

MSA, not central city ......................... 100.0 63.8 (0.46) 2.5 (0.11) 11.3 (0.24) 12.6 (0.29) 9.9 (0.25)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 68.7 (0.87) 2.3 (0.22) 10.3 (0.43) 9.4 (0.37) 9.2 (0.38)

* Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision (see ‘‘Appendix I’’).

1Vigorous activity: Leisure-time physical activities that cause heavy sweating or large increases in breathing or heart rate and are done for at least 10 minutes per episode.

2None: Persons classified as not doing vigorous activity may include individuals who engaged in light-moderate activity but did not engage in vigorous activity.

3‘‘Less than 1’’ refers to frequencies of vigorous activities lasting at least 10 minutes per episode that occurred less than one time per week (for example, three times per month.)

4Persons of other races and unknown race and ethnicity, unknown education, unknown poverty status, and unknown marital status are included in the total.

5Estimates are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population using age groups 18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

6GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.

7Poverty status is based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau poverty thresholds for 1998, 1999, and 2000.

8MSA is metropolitan statistical area (see ‘‘Appendix II’’).

NOTES: Denominator for each percent distribution excludes persons with unknown vigorous leisure-time physical activity status. See ‘‘Appendix II’’ for definitions of terms.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 49
Table 5.4. Percent of adults 18 years of age and over who engaged in regular leisure-time physical activity, by type of activity and selected

characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001

Selected characteristic

Regular activity1

Lightmoderate Vigorous Any

Both sexes Percent (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)2,3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5 (0.18) 22.4 (0.21) 31.3 (0.24)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5 (0.18) 22.6 (0.21) 31.4 (0.25)

Age:

18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 (0.56) 31.7 (0.62) 39.7 (0.69)

25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4 (0.24) 26.6 (0.29) 34.3 (0.33)

45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1 (0.27) 19.9 (0.33) 29.3 (0.36)

65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 (0.53) 13.4 (0.40) 26.3 (0.58)

75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 (0.43) 6.2 (0.35) 15.6 (0.50)

Race:3

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3 (0.21) 23.5 (0.24) 32.7 (0.28)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 (0.34) 17.4 (0.44) 23.9 (0.49)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.9 (1.73) 19.1 (2.46) 26.4 (2.86)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6 (0.87) 18.0 (0.77) 27.8 (1.07)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3 (5.64) 23.4 (5.45) 37.1 (6.27)

2 or more races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.1 (1.32) 25.2 (1.48) 32.9 (1.59)

Black or African American, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 (3.70) 37.6 (6.45) 46.2 (6.42)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.4 (2.17) 20.3 (2.07) 30.1 (2.48)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:3

Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 (0.31) 16.1 (0.37) 22.4 (0.46)

Mexican or Mexican-American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 (0.40) 15.2 (0.51) 21.9 (0.61)

Not Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1 (0.20) 23.2 (0.22) 32.4 (0.26)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 (0.22) 24.4 (0.25) 33.9 (0.30)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 (0.34) 17.5 (0.45) 24.0 (0.49)

Education:3

Less than high school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 (0.32) 12.5 (0.35) 19.4 (0.42)

GED diploma4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.8 (0.89) 15.9 (0.91) 24.3 (1.06)

High school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2 (0.31) 17.6 (0.30) 27.2 (0.38)

Some college - no degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2 (0.38) 24.6 (0.39) 34.1 (0.48)

Associate of arts degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.9 (0.50) 24.4 (0.54) 33.8 (0.60)

Bachelor of arts, science degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.6 (0.40) 31.6 (0.48) 40.8 (0.52)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1 (0.57) 36.1 (0.73) 45.8 (0.80)

Poverty status:3,5

Below poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 (0.49) 15.1 (0.56) 22.6 (0.64)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0 (0.40) 15.4 (0.37) 23.4 (0.46)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3 (0.32) 21.0 (0.33) 30.7 (0.39)

4 times poverty level or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.4 (0.33) 30.2 (0.36) 39.9 (0.43)

Marital status:3

Never married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5 (0.40) 24.6 (0.43) 33.0 (0.53)

Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.7 (0.23) 21.8 (0.26) 31.1 (0.31)

Cohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5 (0.77) 21.1 (0.79) 28.4 (0.93)

Divorced or separated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.7 (0.35) 20.8 (0.41) 29.1 (0.47)

Widowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6 (1.45) 15.1 (1.39) 23.6 (1.60)

Geographic region:3

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4 (0.37) 23.4 (0.41) 33.0 (0.50)

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 (0.32) 22.3 (0.41) 31.4 (0.47)

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1 (0.35) 20.6 (0.37) 28.4 (0.44)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.4 (0.38) 25.3 (0.43) 35.0 (0.50)

Place of residence:3,6

MSA, central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0 (0.30) 22.0 (0.38) 30.2 (0.44)

MSA, not central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8 (0.26) 23.8 (0.30) 32.7 (0.34)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 (0.47) 19.6 (0.48) 29.4 (0.60)

See footnotes at end of table.

Page 50 [ Series 10, No. 219
Table 5.4. Percent of adults 18 years of age and over who engaged in regular leisure-time physical activity, by type of activity and selected

characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic

Regular activity1

Lightmoderate Vigorous Any

Men Percent (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)2,3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.8 (0.26) 26.2 (0.28) 34.8 (0.32)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.8 (0.26) 26.6 (0.29) 35.1 (0.33)

Age:

18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.6 (0.80) 39.1 (0.94) 46.6 (0.99)

25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3 (0.34) 29.9 (0.41) 37.0 (0.45)

45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.7 (0.39) 22.5 (0.46) 31.5 (0.50)

65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.7 (0.80) 16.9 (0.70) 30.4 (0.90)

75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5 (0.72) 9.4 (0.69) 20.7 (0.83)

Race:3

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.5 (0.29) 26.8 (0.32) 35.8 (0.37)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 (0.57) 23.3 (0.67) 29.7 (0.71)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.5 (2.96) 25.9 (3.90) 34.0 (3.97)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 (1.47) 21.1 (1.29) 31.0 (1.83)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *23.9 (7.32) 25.5 (7.28) 32.9 (7.90)

2 or more races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2 (2.09) 29.5 (2.17) 37.5 (2.28)

Black or African American, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *18.4 (6.18) 53.0 (8.08) 64.2 (8.14)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.9 (3.24) 23.1 (2.80) 32.3 (3.32)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:3

Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 (0.52) 19.4 (0.57) 25.5 (0.65)

Mexican or Mexican-American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 (0.71) 18.6 (0.76) 24.9 (0.84)

Not Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.5 (0.28) 27.0 (0.31) 35.9 (0.36)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.3 (0.32) 27.7 (0.35) 37.0 (0.40)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 (0.58) 23.3 (0.68) 29.6 (0.71)

Education:3

Less than high school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 (0.47) 15.6 (0.57) 22.3 (0.62)

GED diploma4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.0 (1.30) 21.1 (1.45) 28.3 (1.63)

High school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2 (0.47) 21.4 (0.46) 31.0 (0.56)

Some college - no degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.6 (0.58) 28.7 (0.63) 37.6 (0.72)

Associate of arts degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 (0.74) 27.6 (0.86) 37.5 (0.94)

Bachelor of arts, science degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.5 (0.54) 35.3 (0.73) 43.7 (0.76)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2 (0.82) 39.0 (1.01) 48.1 (1.08)

Poverty status:3,5

Below poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.9 (0.78) 19.9 (0.88) 27.0 (0.98)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 (0.62) 19.3 (0.63) 27.1 (0.75)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.9 (0.43) 24.3 (0.48) 33.7 (0.55)

4 times poverty level or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.4 (0.47) 33.1 (0.50) 42.6 (0.58)

Marital status:3

Never married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.5 (0.56) 29.1 (0.64) 37.8 (0.77)

Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1 (0.31) 24.2 (0.34) 32.8 (0.40)

Cohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2 (1.00) 24.6 (1.17) 31.6 (1.30)

Divorced or separated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3 (0.60) 25.5 (0.71) 33.4 (0.78)

Widowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.8 (3.08) 24.5 (3.22) 32.7 (3.33)

Geographic region:3

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.0 (0.61) 27.2 (0.69) 36.6 (0.75)

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.7 (0.47) 25.6 (0.52) 34.6 (0.59)

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4 (0.44) 24.6 (0.48) 32.1 (0.57)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.4 (0.61) 28.8 (0.61) 38.3 (0.69)

Place of residence:3,6

MSA, central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9 (0.43) 26.2 (0.50) 33.8 (0.58)

MSA, not central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.4 (0.37) 27.4 (0.40) 36.1 (0.44)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 (0.61) 23.1 (0.62) 32.7 (0.75)

See footnotes at end of table.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 51
Table 5.4. Percent of adults 18 years of age and over who engaged in regular leisure-time physical activity, by type of activity and selected

characteristics: United States, average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic

Regular activity1

Lightmoderate Vigorous Any

Women Percent (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)2,3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 (0.20) 19.0 (0.24) 28.1 (0.28)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 (0.20) 18.9 (0.24) 28.0 (0.28)

Age:

18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1 (0.67) 24.5 (0.78) 32.8 (0.87)

25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6 (0.30) 23.3 (0.38) 31.7 (0.42)

45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5 (0.34) 17.4 (0.39) 27.3 (0.46)

65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6 (0.61) 10.6 (0.49) 22.9 (0.67)

75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 (0.44) 4.2 (0.33) 12.3 (0.53)

Race:3

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2 (0.23) 20.4 (0.28) 29.9 (0.31)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 (0.41) 12.7 (0.51) 19.3 (0.62)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 (2.04) 12.3 (2.34) 19.0 (3.20)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.9 (1.10) 15.1 (1.00) 24.8 (1.24)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.5 (4.04) *18.7 (6.06) 37.3 (6.71)

2 or more races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8 (1.71) 20.8 (2.03) 28.0 (2.48)

Black or African American, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.1 (4.72) 24.1 (6.18) 31.7 (6.97)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.8 (3.03) 16.6 (3.01) 26.7 (3.74)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:3

Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 (0.37) 12.9 (0.48) 19.6 (0.57)

Mexican or Mexican-American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 (0.47) 11.9 (0.66) 19.1 (0.76)

Not Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9 (0.22) 19.8 (0.26) 29.2 (0.30)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8 (0.25) 21.3 (0.30) 31.1 (0.34)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 (0.42) 12.7 (0.51) 19.4 (0.63)

Education:3

Less than high school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 (0.40) 9.3 (0.40) 16.4 (0.50)

GED diploma4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5 (1.17) 10.6 (0.98) 20.1 (1.31)

High school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6 (0.35) 14.1 (0.35) 23.8 (0.45)

Some college - no degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.0 (0.44) 21.1 (0.47) 31.1 (0.55)

Associate of arts degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 (0.60) 21.8 (0.64) 30.9 (0.72)

Bachelor of arts, science degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 (0.55) 27.8 (0.60) 37.9 (0.63)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.8 (0.81) 32.6 (0.97) 42.9 (1.12)

Poverty status:3,5

Below poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 (0.53) 11.6 (0.57) 19.5 (0.71)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.0 (0.48) 12.0 (0.40) 20.4 (0.53)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.8 (0.40) 17.7 (0.40) 27.7 (0.50)

4 times poverty level or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3 (0.38) 27.1 (0.48) 36.9 (0.53)

Marital status:3

Never married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3 (0.52) 19.6 (0.51) 27.9 (0.64)

Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2 (0.28) 19.5 (0.31) 29.4 (0.38)

Cohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6 (0.97) 17.6 (1.06) 25.0 (1.21)

Divorced or separated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5 (0.41) 17.6 (0.48) 26.2 (0.55)

Widowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4 (1.57) 11.6 (1.40) 20.2 (1.78)

Geographic region:3

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1 (0.42) 20.0 (0.50) 29.9 (0.55)

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.9 (0.35) 19.2 (0.49) 28.4 (0.55)

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9 (0.40) 16.8 (0.43) 25.1 (0.53)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5 (0.38) 21.9 (0.46) 31.9 (0.50)

Place of residence:3,6

MSA, central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3 (0.34) 18.3 (0.40) 27.0 (0.46)

MSA, not central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 (0.31) 20.5 (0.38) 29.5 (0.43)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4 (0.50) 16.3 (0.53) 26.5 (0.64)

* Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision (see ‘‘Appendix I’’).

1Regular leisure-time physical activity: ‘‘light-moderate’’ is defined as engaging in light-moderate activity at least five times per week for at least 30 minutes each time, ‘‘vigorous’’ is defined as engaging

in vigorous activity at least three times per week for at least 20 minutes each time, and ‘‘any’’ is defined as meeting either criterion or both criteria.

2Persons of other races and unknown race and ethnicity, unknown education, unknown poverty status, and unknown marital status are included in the total.

3Estimates are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population using age groups 18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

4GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.

5Poverty status is based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau poverty thresholds for 1998, 1999, and 2000.

6MSA is metropolitan statistical area (see ‘‘Appendix II’’).

NOTES: Denominator for each percent excludes persons with unknown leisure-time physical activity status. See ‘‘Appendix II’’ for definitions of terms.

Page 52 [ Series 10, No. 219
Table 5.5. Percent of adults 18 years of age and over who engaged in any leisure-time strengthening activities, by selected characteristics:

United States, average annual, 1999–2001

Selected characteristic

Engaged in any strengthening activities1

Both

sexes Men Women

Percent (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)2,3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.1 (0.22) 27.0 (0.29) 19.4 (0.26)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2 (0.23) 27.5 (0.30) 19.3 (0.26)

Age

18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.5 (0.68) 45.3 (0.91) 27.8 (0.82)

25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.2 (0.32) 31.6 (0.42) 23.0 (0.40)

45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.6 (0.32) 20.5 (0.45) 16.9 (0.40)

65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4 (0.41) 14.3 (0.66) 10.9 (0.46)

75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 (0.41) 11.9 (0.68) 7.4 (0.46)

Race3

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.5 (0.25) 26.7 (0.31) 20.5 (0.29)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 (0.52) 29.2 (0.85) 14.6 (0.49)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.5 (2.26) 25.3 (3.18) 11.7 (2.35)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.8 (1.05) 27.8 (1.50) 18.1 (1.23)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2 (5.95) 34.2 (8.08) 32.0 (8.83)

2 or more races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.0 (1.87) 34.4 (2.78) 25.6 (2.38)

Black or African American, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3 (6.06) 41.7 (5.52) 19.1 (4.60)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.5 (2.68) 26.0 (3.69) 22.3 (3.25)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race3

Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 (0.40) 19.5 (0.63) 11.2 (0.42)

Mexican or Mexican-American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.8 (0.50) 19.0 (0.81) 10.7 (0.53)

Not Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.1 (0.24) 27.9 (0.31) 20.5 (0.28)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.5 (0.27) 27.6 (0.34) 21.6 (0.32)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 (0.52) 29.2 (0.86) 14.6 (0.49)

Education3

Less than high school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 (0.36) 15.8 (0.54) 8.4 (0.38)

GED diploma4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9 (0.89) 19.4 (1.31) 10.3 (0.98)

High school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.5 (0.30) 20.9 (0.45) 14.1 (0.37)

Some college - no degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.5 (0.41) 31.5 (0.63) 22.3 (0.50)

Associate of arts degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.8 (0.59) 29.4 (0.94) 22.9 (0.68)

Bachelor of arts, science degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.9 (0.48) 36.6 (0.70) 29.3 (0.59)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.1 (0.69) 39.9 (0.91) 34.2 (0.96)

Poverty status3,5

Below poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.7 (0.65) 22.6 (1.02) 12.6 (0.62)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4 (0.39) 19.2 (0.59) 12.1 (0.45)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.1 (0.32) 24.9 (0.46) 19.3 (0.41)

4 times poverty level or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.5 (0.34) 34.9 (0.45) 28.0 (0.47)

Marital status3

Never married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.5 (0.44) 31.7 (0.61) 22.3 (0.58)

Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.1 (0.26) 23.7 (0.34) 18.7 (0.33)

Cohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.1 (0.80) 25.6 (1.15) 18.2 (1.04)

Divorced or separated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.0 (0.41) 26.3 (0.67) 19.0 (0.48)

Widowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.7 (1.64) 22.1 (3.06) 14.7 (1.91)

Geographic region3

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.0 (0.44) 27.9 (0.61) 20.6 (0.55)

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.6 (0.46) 28.8 (0.56) 20.7 (0.55)

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.9 (0.39) 23.6 (0.51) 16.3 (0.40)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.3 (0.49) 30.1 (0.58) 22.5 (0.61)

Place of residence3,6

MSA, central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.1 (0.39) 27.9 (0.54) 18.8 (0.41)

MSA, not central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.7 (0.33) 28.5 (0.40) 21.1 (0.39)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.0 (0.58) 21.9 (0.70) 16.2 (0.65)

* Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision (see ‘‘Appendix I’’).

1Strengthening activities: Leisure-time physical activities specifically designed to strengthen muscles such as weight lifting or calisthenics. No minimum duration was imposed when asking frequency

and no duration question asked.

2Persons of other races and unknown race and ethnicity, unknown education, unknown poverty status, and unknown marital status are included in the total.

3Estimates are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population using age groups 18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 53
4GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.

5Poverty status is based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau poverty thresholds for 1998, 1999, and 2000.

6MSA is metropolitan statistical area (see ‘‘Appendix II’’).

NOTES: Denominator for each percent excludes persons with unknown strengthening activity status. See ‘‘Appendix II’’ for definitions of terms.

Page 54 [ Series 10, No. 219
Chapter 6

Body Weight Status

All Adults

+ Overall, nearly 6 in 10 adults

(57.1%) were overweight (table 6.1).

+ About 22% of adults were obese

(table 6.2).

+ About 4 in 10 adults (40.8%) were

in the healthy weight range

(table 6.2).

+ About 2% of adults were

underweight (table 6.2).

Sex

+ Men (65.2%) were considerably

more likely than women (49.1%) to

be overweight (table 6.1).

+ Men and women were about equally

likely to be obese (table 6.2 and

figure 6.1).

+ Women (47.5%) were more likely

than men (33.8%) to be of healthy

weight (table 6.2 and figure 6.1).

+ Women (3.3%) were about four

times as likely as men (0.9%) to be

underweight (table 6.2 and

figure 6.1).

Age

+ Overweight was most prevalent

among adults in the 45–64 year age

group and declined with age from

65 years on (table 6.1)

+ Adults aged 18–24 years (37.9%)

were significantly less likely than

adults of other ages to be

overweight (table 6.1).

+ Among adults aged 45–64 years,

about 7 in 10 men (73.2%) and

almost 6 in 10 women (58.5%) were

overweight (table 6.1).

+ Men aged 45–64 years (26.6%) were

about twice as likely as the youngest

men (13.5%) and the oldest men

(12.5%) to be obese (table 6.2 and

figure 6.2).

+ Among women, prevalence of

obesity was highest for those aged

45–64 years of age (26.5%) and

lowest for those 18–24 years of age

(13.7%) and 75 years of age and

over (15.4%) (table 6.2 and

figure 6.2).

+ The youngest adults and the oldest

adults were about twice as likely as

adults in other age groups to be

underweight (table 6.2).

Race

+ Over one-half of white adults

(56.3%) were overweight (table 6.1).

+ American Indian or Alaska Native

adults (68.8%) and black adults

(66.6%) were about twice as likely

as Asian adults (31.0%) to be

overweight (table 6.1).

+ Among black adults and Native

Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander

adults, prevalence of overweight was

about the same for men as for

women. In the other single-race

groups studied, prevalence of

overweight was higher for men than

for women (table 6.1 and figure 6.3).

+ Black adults (30.4%) were

considerably more likely than white

adults (20.8%) to be obese

(table 6.2).

+ About one-third of American Indian

or Alaska Native adults (34.2%) and

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific

Islander adults (33.4%) were

obese (table 6.2).

+ Asian adults (6.0%) were the least

likely of all the single-race groups

studied to be obese (table 6.2).

+ White men (21.7%) were slightly

more likely than white women

(19.8%) to be obese, and black men

(24.9%) were significantly less

likely than black women (34.9%) to

be obese (table 6.2).

+ White adults (41.5%) were more

likely than black adults (32.0%) to

be in the healthy weight range

(table 6.2).

+ Nearly two-thirds of Asian adults

(63.2%) were in the healthy weight

range compared with less than

one-third of American Indian or

Alaska Native adults (28.8%)

(table 6.2).

+ Asian adults were twice as likely as

white adults and three times as

likely as black adults to be

underweight (table 6.2).

Hispanic or Latino Origin

and Race

+ Hispanic adults (64.5%) were more

likely than non-Hispanic adults

(56.2%) to be overweight (table 6.1).

Figure 6.1. Percent distributions of body weight status of adults, by sex: United States,

1999–2001

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 55
+ Hispanic men and non-Hispanic men

were considerably more likely than

their female counterparts to be

overweight (table 6.1).

+ Non-Hispanic adults (21.4%) were

less likely than Hispanic adults

(24.0%) to be obese (table 6.2).

+ Non-Hispanic black women (34.9%)

were significantly more likely than

non-Hispanic white women (19.3%)

and Hispanic women (25.5%) to be

obese (table 6.2).

+ About 4 in 10 non-Hispanic white

adults (42.3%) were in the healthy

weight range compared with 3 in 10

non-Hispanic black adults (32.0%)

and about one-third of Hispanic

adults (34.2%) (table 6.2 and

figure 6.4).

Education

+ About 6 in 10 adults (61.0%) with

less than a high school diploma

were overweight compared with 5 in

10 adults (49.1%) who had earned a

graduate degree (table 6.1).

+ Men were more likely than women

at each education level to be

overweight (table 6.1).

+ The prevalence of obesity was

significantly higher among adults

with the least education; one-fourth

of adults with less than a high

school diploma (25.9%) were obese

compared with about one-seventh of

adults with a graduate degree

(14.4%) (table 6.2).

+ Men who had earned a GED

(25.2%) were significantly more

likely than men who had earned a

graduate degree (15.9%) to be obese

(table 6.2 and figure 6.5).

+ Women who had not graduated from

high school (27.7%) were twice as

likely as women who held a

graduate degree (12.7%) to be obese

(table 6.2 and figure 6.5).

+ Prevalence of healthy weight was

positively associated with level of

education for women (table 6.2).

+ About 6 in 10 women (60.3%) with

the highest level of education

compared with about one-third of

women (37.9%) who had not

graduated from high school were in

the healthy weight range (table 6.2).

+ Among men, those who held a

graduate degree (38.8%) were more

likely than those with less than a

high school diploma (35.3%) to be

of healthy weight (table 6.2).

+ Prevalence of underweight appears

to be unrelated to educational

attainment and was less than 3%

across all education groups

(table 6.2).

Poverty Status

+ Men with incomes four times the

poverty level or more (67.8%) were

more likely than men below the

poverty level (57.4%) to be

overweight (table 6.1).

Figure 6.2. Percent of adults who were obese, by age and sex: United States, 1999–2001

Figure 6.3. Percent of adults who were overweight, by sex and race: United States,

1999–2001

Page 56 [ Series 10, No. 219
+ Women below the poverty level

(57.1%) were considerably more

likely than women with the highest

incomes (42.4%) to be

overweight (table 6.1).

+ About one-fourth (25.8%) of adults

below the poverty level compared

with about one-fifth (18.4%) of

adults with incomes four times the

poverty level or more were obese

(table 6.2).

+ Prevalence of obesity was strongly

associated with relative income level

for women, but not for men

(table 6.2 and figure 6.6).

+ Men with incomes below the

poverty level (21.0%) were as likely

as men with the highest incomes

(20.7%) to be obese (table 6.2 and

figure 6.6).

+ Women with incomes below the

poverty level (29.2%) were about

twice as likely as the most affluent

group of women (15.8%) to be

obese (table 6.2 and figure 6.6).

+ Among men, prevalence of healthy

weight was highest among those

living below the poverty level

(40.7%) (table 6.2).

+ Among women, prevalence of

healthy weight was lowest among

those in the two lower income

groups and markedly higher among

women in the higher income groups

(table 6.2).

Marital Status

+ Married men (70.9%) were

significantly more likely than never

married men (54.0%) to be

overweight (table 6.1).

+ Divorced or separated women

(52.9%) were more likely than

married women (49.5%) to be

overweight (table 6.1).

+ Married men (23.9%) were more

likely than divorced or separated

men (20.4%) and never married men

(18.6%) to be obese (table 6.2).

+ The prevalence of obesity was

lowest among married women

(20.7%) compared with women in

other marital status groups

(table 6.2).

+ Men who had never married

(44.1%) were more likely than men

in other marital status groups to be

in the healthy weight range

(table 6.2).

+ Cohabiting women (49.0%) were

more likely than divorced or

separated women (43.9%) to be in

the healthy weight range (table 6.2).

Figure 6.4. Percent distributions of body weight status of adults, by Hispanic origin and

race: United States, 1999–2001

Figure 6.5. Percent of adults who were obese, by education and sex: United States,

1999–2001

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 57
Geographic Region

+ Adults living in the Northeast

(55.0%) and the West (55.4%) were

less likely than their counterparts

living in the Midwest (58.1%) and

South (58.3%) to be overweight

(table 6.1).

+ Adults living in the Northeast

(19.4%) and the West (19.2%) were

less likely than adults living in the

Midwest (23.1%) and South (23.1%)

to be obese (table 6.2).

Place of Residence

+ Adults living outside an MSA

(59.2%) were slightly more likely

than those living in an MSA,

whether in a central city (56.2%) or

not in a central city (56.6%), to be

overweight (table 6.1).

+ Prevalence of obesity was highest

among adults living outside an MSA

(24.6%) compared with those living

in the central city of an MSA

(21.6%) or outside the central city

of an MSA (20.5%) (table 6.2).

+ Healthy weight status was more

prevalent among men living in the

central city of an MSA (36.5%) than

among men living in an MSA but

not in a central city (33.1%) or men

living outside an MSA (32.3%)

(table 6.2).

+ Healthy weight was more prevalent

for women living in an MSA but not

in the central city (49.4%) than

among women living either in the

central city of an MSA (46.2%) or

outside an MSA (44.7%) (table 6.2).

Figure 6.6. Percent of adults who were obese, by poverty status and sex: United States,

1999–2001

Page 58 [ Series 10, No. 219
Table 6.1. Percent of adults 18 years of age and over who were overweight, by selected characteristics: United States, average annual,

1999–2001

Selected characteristic

Overweight (BMI of 25 or more)1

Both

sexes Men Women

Percent of adults (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)2,3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.1 (0.21) 65.2 (0.29) 49.1 (0.27)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.0 (0.22) 65.3 (0.30) 49.2 (0.27)

Age

18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.9 (0.63) 42.6 (0.85) 33.2 (0.86)

25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.7 (0.32) 67.9 (0.44) 45.7 (0.41)

45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.7 (0.35) 73.2 (0.47) 58.5 (0.50)

65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.5 (0.61) 68.9 (0.93) 58.9 (0.79)

75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.6 (0.66) 53.7 (1.03) 46.9 (0.80)

Race3

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.3 (0.24) 66.0 (0.32) 46.8 (0.31)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.6 (0.55) 65.6 (0.80) 67.3 (0.69)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.8 (2.15) 76.6 (2.96) 61.1 (2.77)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.0 (1.15) 37.2 (1.67) 25.0 (1.43)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.4 (6.36) 69.8 (8.52) 69.6 (7.88)

2 or more races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.8 (1.75) 69.0 (2.34) 54.6 (2.50)

Black or African American, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.6 (6.62) 68.2 (7.64) 49.5 (9.45)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.4 (2.75) 68.1 (3.28) 63.1 (3.97)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race3

Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.5 (0.54) 69.5 (0.71) 59.5 (0.73)

Mexican or Mexican-American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.1 (0.69) 71.3 (0.94) 64.5 (0.95)

Not Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.2 (0.23) 64.7 (0.31) 48.0 (0.29)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.5 (0.25) 65.5 (0.34) 45.6 (0.32)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.6 (0.56) 65.6 (0.81) 67.3 (0.70)

Education:3

Less than high school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.0 (0.45) 63.2 (0.64) 58.8 (0.61)

GED diploma4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.0 (1.24) 66.7 (1.73) 56.8 (1.75)

High school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.0 (0.37) 67.3 (0.53) 51.2 (0.50)

Some college - no degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.3 (0.44) 65.0 (0.65) 48.4 (0.59)

Associate of arts degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.5 (0.65) 69.5 (0.89) 50.8 (0.89)

Bachelor of arts, science degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.4 (0.52) 64.3 (0.74) 40.4 (0.65)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.1 (0.77) 60.7 (0.99) 35.6 (0.99)

Poverty status:3,5

Below poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.3 (0.64) 57.4 (0.98) 57.1 (0.81)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.5 (0.57) 61.1 (0.84) 56.2 (0.71)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.4 (0.39) 66.8 (0.56) 52.0 (0.56)

4 times poverty level or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.8 (0.38) 67.8 (0.53) 42.4 (0.52)

Marital status:3

Never married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.5 (0.56) 54.0 (0.79) 48.6 (0.78)

Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.2 (0.27) 70.9 (0.35) 49.5 (0.38)

Cohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.2 (1.09) 65.2 (1.37) 48.1 (1.56)

Divorced or separated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.9 (0.52) 64.8 (0.81) 52.9 (0.67)

Widowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.1 (1.81) 65.5 (3.11) 53.6 (2.15)

Geographic region:3

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.0 (0.51) 64.3 (0.67) 46.3 (0.62)

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.1 (0.39) 65.6 (0.59) 50.9 (0.51)

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.3 (0.36) 66.3 (0.47) 50.7 (0.49)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.4 (0.47) 63.6 (0.68) 46.9 (0.55)

Place of residence:3,6

MSA, central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.2 (0.38) 62.4 (0.57) 50.4 (0.50)

MSA, not central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.6 (0.29) 66.1 (0.41) 47.2 (0.42)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.2 (0.57) 66.7 (0.64) 52.1 (0.70)

1Body mass index (BMI) is calculated as kilograms/meters2, using self-reported height and weight. Overweight is defined as a BMI greater than or equal to 25, which includes obese.

2Persons of other races and unknown race and ethnicity, unknown education, unknown poverty status, and unknown marital status are included in the total.

3Estimates are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population using age groups 18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

4GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.

5Poverty status is based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau poverty thresholds for 1998, 1999, and 2000.

6MSA is metropolitan statistical area (see ‘‘Appendix II’’).

NOTES: Denominator for each percent excludes persons with unknown BMI. See ‘‘Appendix II’’ for definitions of terms.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 59
Table 6.2. Percent distributions of body weight status for adults 18 years of age and over, by selected characteristics: United States,

average annual, 1999–2001

Selected characteristic Total

Body weight status1

Not overweight Overweight

Underweight

Healthy

weight

Overweight

(but not

obese) Obese

Both sexes Percent distribution (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)2,3 ................ 100.0 2.2 (0.06) 40.8 (0.21) 35.4 (0.19) 21.6 (0.18)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)2 ...................... 100.0 2.2 (0.06) 40.8 (0.21) 35.4 (0.19) 21.6 (0.18)

Age:

18–24 years .................................. 100.0 4.6 (0.26) 57.5 (0.65) 24.3 (0.52) 13.6 (0.43)

25–44 years .................................. 100.0 2.0 (0.08) 41.3 (0.30) 35.2 (0.29) 21.6 (0.26)

45–64 years .................................. 100.0 1.1 (0.07) 33.2 (0.35) 39.2 (0.32) 26.6 (0.34)

65–74 years .................................. 100.0 1.7 (0.14) 34.8 (0.59) 39.8 (0.57) 23.6 (0.52)

75 years and over ............................... 100.0 3.7 (0.22) 46.7 (0.68) 35.4 (0.59) 14.2 (0.45)

Race:3

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 2.2 (0.06) 41.5 (0.23) 35.6 (0.21) 20.8 (0.20)

Black or African American, single race .................. 100.0 1.4 (0.11) 32.0 (0.55) 36.1 (0.46) 30.4 (0.46)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ............. 100.0 *2.3 (0.90) 28.8 (2.01) 34.6 (1.91) 34.2 (2.25)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 5.8 (0.58) 63.2 (1.20) 25.0 (1.11) 6.0 (0.57)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race ......... 100.0 *0.6 (0.59) 29.0 (6.34) 37.0 (5.71) 33.4 (5.52)

2 or more races ................................ 100.0 2.2 (0.47) 36.1 (1.71) 34.5 (1.67) 27.2 (1.73)

Black or African American, white .................... 100.0 *2.8 (2.37) 38.6 (6.15) 30.3 (6.07) 28.3 (6.73)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ................ 100.0 *1.8 (0.62) 32.8 (2.61) 33.2 (2.27) 32.1 (2.64)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:3

Hispanic or Latino ............................... 100.0 1.2 (0.10) 34.2 (0.55) 40.5 (0.55) 24.0 (0.47)

Mexican or Mexican-American ...................... 100.0 1.2 (0.11) 30.8 (0.67) 41.5 (0.68) 26.6 (0.64)

Not Hispanic or Latino ............................ 100.0 2.3 (0.06) 41.5 (0.22) 34.8 (0.19) 21.4 (0.19)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 2.3 (0.07) 42.3 (0.25) 35.0 (0.22) 20.5 (0.22)

Black or African American, single race ................. 100.0 1.4 (0.11) 32.0 (0.56) 36.1 (0.47) 30.5 (0.47)

Education:3

Less than high school graduate ...................... 100.0 2.4 (0.15) 36.6 (0.44) 35.1 (0.46) 25.9 (0.43)

GED diploma4 ................................. 100.0 1.7 (0.32) 36.3 (1.24) 35.0 (1.16) 26.9 (1.15)

High school graduate ............................. 100.0 2.0 (0.11) 39.0 (0.36) 35.7 (0.35) 23.3 (0.33)

Some college - no degree .......................... 100.0 2.3 (0.13) 41.5 (0.43) 34.2 (0.41) 22.1 (0.36)

Associate of arts degree ........................... 100.0 1.9 (0.18) 38.6 (0.65) 36.8 (0.70) 22.7 (0.59)

Bachelor of arts, science degree ...................... 100.0 2.1 (0.14) 45.5 (0.51) 36.7 (0.49) 15.7 (0.37)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree .................... 100.0 2.1 (0.19) 48.8 (0.75) 34.7 (0.67) 14.4 (0.49)

Poverty status:3,5

Below poverty level .............................. 100.0 3.0 (0.18) 39.7 (0.64) 31.5 (0.55) 25.8 (0.59)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level ........................ 100.0 2.3 (0.15) 39.2 (0.55) 33.5 (0.48) 25.0 (0.49)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level ........................ 100.0 1.9 (0.10) 38.7 (0.38) 35.7 (0.36) 23.8 (0.36)

4 times poverty level or more ........................ 100.0 2.0 (0.11) 42.3 (0.37) 37.3 (0.35) 18.4 (0.28)

Marital status:3

Never married ................................. 100.0 3.5 (0.22) 45.0 (0.55) 30.4 (0.51) 21.1 (0.46)

Married ..................................... 100.0 1.6 (0.07) 38.3 (0.27) 37.9 (0.26) 22.2 (0.25)

Cohabiting ................................... 100.0 1.9 (0.25) 41.0 (1.08) 34.6 (1.09) 22.5 (0.95)

Divorced or separated ............................ 100.0 2.2 (0.14) 39.9 (0.50) 34.8 (0.50) 23.1 (0.43)

Widowed .................................... 100.0 2.4 (0.54) 40.6 (1.86) 32.2 (1.55) 24.9 (1.58)

Geographic region:3

Northeast .................................... 100.0 2.1 (0.14) 42.9 (0.48) 35.6 (0.45) 19.4 (0.41)

Midwest ..................................... 100.0 2.0 (0.11) 39.9 (0.39) 35.1 (0.34) 23.1 (0.33)

South ...................................... 100.0 2.3 (0.08) 39.4 (0.35) 35.2 (0.29) 23.1 (0.33)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 2.1 (0.13) 42.6 (0.48) 36.2 (0.49) 19.2 (0.36)

Place of residence:3,6

MSA, central city ............................... 100.0 2.3 (0.10) 41.5 (0.37) 34.6 (0.33) 21.6 (0.31)

MSA, not central city ............................. 100.0 2.1 (0.09) 41.3 (0.29) 36.1 (0.27) 20.5 (0.24)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 2.1 (0.12) 38.6 (0.57) 34.6 (0.39) 24.6 (0.47)

See footnotes at end of table.

Page 60 [ Series 10, No. 219
Table 6.2. Percent distributions of body weight status for adults 18 years of age and over, by selected characteristics: United States,

average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic Total

Body weight status1

Not overweight Overweight

Underweight

Healthy

weight

Overweight

(but not

obese) Obese

Men Percent distribution (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)2,3 ................ 100.0 0.9 (0.06) 33.8 (0.29) 43.5 (0.29) 21.7 (0.26)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)2 ...................... 100.0 0.9 (0.06) 33.8 (0.29) 43.4 (0.29) 21.8 (0.27)

Age:

18–24 years .................................. 100.0 2.4 (0.28) 55.1 (0.84) 29.1 (0.77) 13.5 (0.60)

25–44 years .................................. 100.0 0.7 (0.07) 31.5 (0.43) 45.5 (0.45) 22.3 (0.38)

45–64 years .................................. 100.0 0.5 (0.06) 26.4 (0.47) 46.5 (0.50) 26.6 (0.46)

65–74 years .................................. 100.0 1.1 (0.19) 30.0 (0.91) 46.7 (0.91) 22.1 (0.73)

75 years and over ............................... 100.0 1.4 (0.24) 44.9 (1.04) 41.2 (0.99) 12.5 (0.65)

Race:3

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 0.9 (0.06) 33.1 (0.32) 44.3 (0.32) 21.7 (0.30)

Black or African American, single race .................. 100.0 1.0 (0.17) 33.5 (0.80) 40.7 (0.75) 24.9 (0.70)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ............. 100.0 *1.2 (0.81) 22.2 (3.00) 38.0 (2.74) 38.6 (3.36)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 2.7 (0.58) 60.1 (1.69) 31.2 (1.63) 6.0 (0.70)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race ......... 100.0 *– 30.2 (8.52) 31.4 (7.57) 38.4 (6.97)

2 or more races ................................ 100.0 *0.5 (0.26) 30.5 (2.33) 42.1 (2.65) 26.9 (2.24)

Black or African American, white .................... 100.0 *0.9 (0.95) 30.8 (7.61) 32.1 (7.70) 36.2 (7.10)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ................ 100.0 *0.9 (0.57) 31.0 (3.19) 37.0 (3.34) 31.1 (3.73)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:3

Hispanic or Latino ............................... 100.0 0.6 (0.13) 29.8 (0.74) 47.3 (0.79) 22.2 (0.68)

Mexican or Mexican-American ...................... 100.0 0.6 (0.11) 28.1 (0.95) 47.4 (1.01) 23.9 (0.92)

Not Hispanic or Latino ............................ 100.0 1.0 (0.06) 34.4 (0.31) 43.0 (0.30) 21.7 (0.28)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 0.9 (0.07) 33.6 (0.34) 44.0 (0.34) 21.6 (0.31)

Black or African American, single race ................. 100.0 1.0 (0.17) 33.4 (0.80) 40.6 (0.75) 25.0 (0.71)

Education:3

Less than high school graduate ...................... 100.0 1.5 (0.16) 35.3 (0.62) 39.0 (0.68) 24.2 (0.62)

GED diploma4 ................................. 100.0 1.2 (0.36) 32.1 (1.74) 41.5 (1.71) 25.2 (1.59)

High school graduate ............................. 100.0 0.8 (0.10) 31.9 (0.52) 43.4 (0.54) 23.9 (0.49)

Some college - no degree .......................... 100.0 1.1 (0.15) 33.9 (0.63) 42.1 (0.62) 22.9 (0.56)

Associate of arts degree ........................... 100.0 0.6 (0.14) 30.0 (0.88) 46.9 (1.06) 22.6 (0.87)

Bachelor of arts, science degree ...................... 100.0 0.6 (0.10) 35.1 (0.73) 48.0 (0.76) 16.3 (0.51)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree .................... 100.0 0.4 (0.12) 38.8 (0.99) 44.8 (0.95) 15.9 (0.65)

Poverty status:3,5

Below poverty level .............................. 100.0 1.9 (0.28) 40.7 (0.97) 36.4 (0.96) 21.0 (0.91)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level ........................ 100.0 1.6 (0.20) 37.3 (0.81) 39.0 (0.75) 22.2 (0.70)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level ........................ 100.0 0.8 (0.09) 32.4 (0.55) 43.0 (0.60) 23.8 (0.54)

4 times poverty level or more ........................ 100.0 0.6 (0.10) 31.6 (0.52) 47.1 (0.52) 20.7 (0.43)

Marital status:3

Never married ................................. 100.0 1.9 (0.24) 44.1 (0.79) 35.5 (0.81) 18.6 (0.63)

Married ..................................... 100.0 0.6 (0.06) 28.6 (0.35) 47.0 (0.37) 23.9 (0.38)

Cohabiting ................................... 100.0 *0.8 (0.32) 34.0 (1.37) 43.3 (1.50) 21.9 (1.26)

Divorced or separated ............................ 100.0 0.8 (0.14) 34.3 (0.80) 44.4 (0.85) 20.4 (0.68)

Widowed .................................... 100.0 *1.8 (0.55) 32.8 (3.06) 42.1 (3.33) 23.4 (3.36)

Geographic region:3

Northeast .................................... 100.0 1.0 (0.15) 34.7 (0.64) 44.5 (0.62) 19.9 (0.57)

Midwest ..................................... 100.0 0.8 (0.11) 33.5 (0.59) 42.9 (0.58) 22.7 (0.55)

South ...................................... 100.0 1.1 (0.10) 32.6 (0.47) 42.8 (0.46) 23.4 (0.45)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 0.7 (0.10) 35.6 (0.67) 44.5 (0.71) 19.2 (0.54)

Place of residence:3,6

MSA, central city ............................... 100.0 1.1 (0.12) 36.5 (0.57) 42.0 (0.53) 20.4 (0.42)

MSA, not central city ............................. 100.0 0.8 (0.08) 33.1 (0.40) 44.8 (0.42) 21.3 (0.36)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 1.0 (0.12) 32.3 (0.64) 42.0 (0.59) 24.7 (0.60)

See footnotes at end of table.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 61
Table 6.2. Percent distributions of body weight status for adults 18 years of age and over, by selected characteristics: United States,

average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic Total

Body weight status1

Not overweight Overweight

Underweight

Healthy

weight

Overweight

(but not

obese) Obese

Women Percent distribution (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)2,3 ................ 100.0 3.3 (0.10) 47.5 (0.27) 27.6 (0.23) 21.5 (0.22)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)2 ...................... 100.0 3.3 (0.10) 47.5 (0.27) 27.7 (0.23) 21.5 (0.22)

Age:

18–24 years .................................. 100.0 6.8 (0.45) 60.0 (0.90) 19.4 (0.68) 13.7 (0.55)

25–44 years .................................. 100.0 3.2 (0.15) 51.1 (0.39) 24.9 (0.35) 20.8 (0.33)

45–64 years .................................. 100.0 1.7 (0.12) 39.8 (0.49) 32.0 (0.42) 26.5 (0.43)

65–74 years .................................. 100.0 2.2 (0.20) 38.9 (0.79) 34.0 (0.73) 24.9 (0.66)

75 years and over ............................... 100.0 5.2 (0.32) 47.9 (0.83) 31.5 (0.70) 15.4 (0.55)

Race:3

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 3.4 (0.12) 49.8 (0.30) 27.0 (0.27) 19.8 (0.24)

Black or African American, single race .................. 100.0 1.7 (0.16) 31.1 (0.70) 32.4 (0.58) 34.9 (0.68)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race ............. 100.0 *3.3 (1.60) 35.6 (3.00) 31.3 (2.78) 29.7 (3.16)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 8.7 (0.90) 66.2 (1.54) 18.9 (1.30) 6.2 (0.96)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race ......... 100.0 *1.9 (1.88) 28.5 (8.03) 45.8 (8.21) 23.9 (6.94)

2 or more races ................................ 100.0 3.9 (0.93) 41.6 (2.36) 26.9 (2.28) 27.7 (2.49)

Black or African American, white .................... 100.0 *4.8 (3.87) 45.7 (8.52) 29.4 (7.02) *20.1 (7.07)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white ................ 100.0 *2.8 (1.19) 34.0 (3.79) 29.4 (3.00) 33.8 (3.52)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:3

Hispanic or Latino ............................... 100.0 1.8 (0.17) 38.7 (0.71) 33.9 (0.74) 25.5 (0.60)

Mexican or Mexican-American ...................... 100.0 1.8 (0.21) 33.7 (0.92) 35.4 (0.98) 29.0 (0.82)

Not Hispanic or Latino ............................ 100.0 3.5 (0.11) 48.5 (0.29) 26.9 (0.24) 21.1 (0.24)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 3.6 (0.13) 50.9 (0.32) 26.2 (0.28) 19.3 (0.26)

Black or African American, single race ................. 100.0 1.7 (0.17) 31.0 (0.70) 32.4 (0.59) 34.9 (0.69)

Education:3

Less than high school graduate ...................... 100.0 3.3 (0.28) 37.9 (0.60) 31.1 (0.58) 27.7 (0.58)

GED diploma4 ................................. 100.0 2.3 (0.48) 41.0 (1.74) 28.0 (1.60) 28.8 (1.58)

High school graduate ............................. 100.0 3.1 (0.20) 45.7 (0.52) 28.5 (0.44) 22.7 (0.44)

Some college - no degree .......................... 100.0 3.3 (0.22) 48.2 (0.56) 27.0 (0.53) 21.4 (0.44)

Associate of arts degree ........................... 100.0 3.0 (0.30) 46.2 (0.89) 28.0 (0.87) 22.8 (0.69)

Bachelor of arts, science degree ...................... 100.0 3.5 (0.25) 56.1 (0.67) 25.2 (0.60) 15.2 (0.51)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree .................... 100.0 4.1 (0.37) 60.3 (1.00) 22.9 (0.82) 12.7 (0.64)

Poverty status:3,5

Below poverty level .............................. 100.0 3.7 (0.26) 39.2 (0.80) 27.9 (0.67) 29.2 (0.74)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level ........................ 100.0 2.9 (0.21) 40.9 (0.69) 28.8 (0.59) 27.4 (0.63)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level ........................ 100.0 2.9 (0.18) 45.0 (0.55) 28.3 (0.48) 23.7 (0.47)

4 times poverty level or more ........................ 100.0 3.4 (0.21) 54.2 (0.51) 26.5 (0.47) 15.8 (0.38)

Marital status:3

Never married ................................. 100.0 5.2 (0.37) 46.2 (0.78) 24.6 (0.66) 24.0 (0.67)

Married ..................................... 100.0 2.6 (0.12) 47.8 (0.38) 28.9 (0.35) 20.7 (0.31)

Cohabiting ................................... 100.0 2.9 (0.33) 49.0 (1.56) 24.1 (1.18) 24.0 (1.44)

Divorced or separated ............................ 100.0 3.2 (0.23) 43.9 (0.65) 28.0 (0.60) 24.9 (0.56)

Widowed .................................... 100.0 2.6 (0.74) 43.8 (2.22) 28.7 (1.76) 24.9 (1.72)

Geographic region:3

Northeast .................................... 100.0 3.1 (0.24) 50.6 (0.60) 27.4 (0.54) 18.8 (0.52)

Midwest ..................................... 100.0 3.1 (0.20) 46.1 (0.50) 27.5 (0.44) 23.4 (0.46)

South ...................................... 100.0 3.5 (0.15) 45.8 (0.48) 27.8 (0.40) 22.8 (0.39)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 3.5 (0.25) 49.6 (0.53) 27.7 (0.46) 19.2 (0.37)

Place of residence:3,6

MSA, central city ............................... 100.0 3.4 (0.16) 46.2 (0.47) 27.8 (0.39) 22.6 (0.40)

MSA, not central city ............................. 100.0 3.3 (0.16) 49.4 (0.40) 27.6 (0.34) 19.6 (0.31)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 3.2 (0.21) 44.7 (0.72) 27.6 (0.54) 24.5 (0.53)

* Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision (see ‘‘Appendix I’’).

- Quantity zero.

1Body weight status was based on body mass index (BMI) using self-reported height and weight. The formula for BMI is kilograms/meters2. Underweight is defined as a BMI of less than 18.5; healthy

weight is defined as a BMI of greater than or equal to 18.5 and less than 25; overweight, but not obese, is defined as a BMI of greater than or equal to 25 and less than 30; and obese is defined as a

BMI of greater than or equal to 30.

2Persons of other races and unknown race and ethnicity, unknown education, unknown poverty status, and unknown marital status are included in the total.

3Estimates are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population using age groups 18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

4GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.

5Poverty status is based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau poverty thresholds for 1998, 1999, and 2000.

6MSA is metropolitan statistical area (see ‘‘Appendix II’’).

NOTES: Denominator for each percent distribution excludes persons with unknown BMI. See ‘‘Appendix II’’ for definitions of terms.

Page 62 [ Series 10, No. 219
Chapter 7

Summary and

Conclusions

Summary

This chapter summarizes the major

findings from chapters 3–6, highlighting

the most consistent subgroup variations

across the health behaviors. Table 7.1

shows a comparison of unhealthy

behaviors across population subgroups,

and table 7.2 presents the same

comparisons for healthy behaviors.

Because behaviors occur on a

continuum, classification of healthy and

unhealthy was not always

straightforward. Although there is little

controversy over the classification of

‘‘current cigarette smoker’’ as unhealthy,

the decision to present only ‘‘never

smoked cigarettes’’ in the table on

‘‘healthy behaviors’’ was somewhat

arbitrary. One might also have shown

‘‘not current cigarette smoker.’’

Similarly, the presentation of ‘‘five or

more drinks in 1 day’’ is only one

indicator of possible harmful levels of

alcohol consumption. Classification of

healthy alcohol use is even more

problematic as studies on the health

benefits of light or moderate alcohol use

abound, but a clear consensus on

healthy alcohol use has not been

reached (35).

With the exception of the data on

not having five or more drinks in 1 day,

shown in table 7.2, all data presented in

tables 7.1 and 7.2 are identical to those

shown in earlier chapters. It is important

to note that these are population

prevalence estimates and do not reflect

the co-occurrence of these behaviors on

an individual level. Future studies will

examine the co-occurrence of these

behaviors in individuals.

Unhealthy Behaviors

Overall, about 1 in 5 U.S. adults

(19.8%) had five or more drinks in a

single day at least once in the past year,

about 1 in 4 adults (23.1%) were current

cigarette smokers, about 4 in 10 adults

(38.6%) were physically inactive in their

leisure time, and 1 in 5 adults (21.6%)

were obese (table 7.1). Examination of

sex differences in these health behaviors

revealed that men (28.7%) were more

than twice as likely as women (11.5%)

to have consumed five or more drinks in

1 day in the past year. Men (25.1%)

were also more likely than women

(21.2%) to be current smokers, but the

differences were not as striking as for

alcohol use. Although men had higher

rates for drinking and smoking, they had

lower rates of leisure-time physical

inactivity (35.8%) than did women

(41.0%). Prevalence of obesity was

about the same for men (21.7%) and

women (21.5%).

Overall, younger adults were

significantly more likely than older

adults to have had five or more drinks

in 1 day at least once in the past year

and to be current smokers. However,

younger adults were considerably less

likely to be physically inactive in their

leisure time. There was an inverted

u-shaped association between obesity

and age, with the youngest (13.6%) and

oldest (14.2%) adults least likely to be

obese and adults aged 45–64 years

(26.6%) showing the highest prevalence

of obesity.

Differences in prevalence of

unhealthy behaviors by race and

ethnicity are noteworthy. Asian adults

had significantly lower prevalence of the

unhealthy behaviors shown in table 7.1

in terms of alcohol use, smoking, and

body weight than all other race groups.

However, Asian adults did not exhibit

lower prevalence of leisure-time

physical inactivity: Asian adults (38.1%)

and white adults (36.5%) were about

equally likely to be physically inactive

in their leisure time. White adults

(21.5%) were more likely than black

adults (11.0%) to have had five or more

drinks in 1 day at least once in the past

year. However, rates of physical

inactivity and obesity were higher

among black adults (50.7% and 30.4%,

respectively) than among white adults

(36.5% and 20.8%, respectively). Rates

of smoking were slightly higher for

black men (27.1%) than white men

(25.2%), but lower for black women

(19.5%) than white women (22.2%).

Black women (34.9%) had particularly

high rates of obesity compared with

white women (19.8%) and Asian women

(6.2%). Large standard errors make

interpretation of findings for other race

groups difficult.

Overall, adults of Hispanic origin

were less likely to have had five or

more drinks in 1 day at least once in the

past year (17.0%) or to be current

smokers (17.0%), but were more likely

to be physically inactive (55.0%) and

more likely to be obese (24.0%) than

non-Hispanic adults. Differences

between Hispanic and non-Hispanic

adults were particularly noteworthy for

women. Hispanic women had very low

rates of smoking (12.0%) compared with

non-Hispanic white women (23.4%) and

non-Hispanic black women (19.5%).

Hispanic women also had much lower

rates of having had five or more drinks

at least once in the past year (7.0%)

than non-Hispanic white women

(13.8%).

Educational differences in health

behaviors are generally consistent across

the behaviors studied. Adults with

higher levels of education were less

likely than those with fewer years of

education to be current smokers, to be

physically inactive in their leisure time,

and to be obese.

The association between education

and alcohol consumption was more

complex. The prevalence of having five

or more drinks in 1 day at least once in

the past year was lowest among adults

who had not graduated from high school

(16.7%) and those who had a master’s

degree or higher (16.4%). It was higher

among those with levels of education in

between.

An interesting finding with respect

to education and health behaviors was

the prevalence of some of the behaviors

among adults who had obtained a GED

diploma. Although this group falls

between nonhigh school graduates and

adults with a high school diploma on

the educational achievement continuum,

in some cases their health behaviors are

very different from both of these groups.

Those with GED diplomas (23.9%) were

more likely than both nonhigh school

graduates (16.7%) and high school

graduates (19.1%) to have had five or

more drinks in 1 day at least once in the

past year. This group (45.8%) was more

likely than both nonhigh school

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 63
graduates (31.2%) and high school

graduates (27.5%) to be current smokers.

GED holders (48.1%) were less likely

than nonhigh school graduates (59.0%)

and more likely than high school

graduates (43.3%) to be physically

inactive. Adults with a GED diploma

(26.9%) were similar to nonhigh school

graduates (25.9%) in prevalence of

obesity.

Prevalence of engaging in unhealthy

behaviors did not show a consistent

association with income level. Although

prevalence of cigarette smoking and

lack of leisure-time physical activity

declined steadily with increasing income

for both men and women, prevalence of

having had five or more drinks in 1 day

at least once in the past year increased

modestly, most notably among adults at

the highest income level. Prevalence of

obesity declined sharply with increasing

income for women, but not for men.

Some interesting marital status

differences were noted in prevalence of

unhealthy behaviors, but the findings

were not consistent across the behaviors.

Although married adults had a lower

prevalence of current cigarette smoking

than all other marital status groups, they

were similar to widowed adults in terms

of prevalence of having had five or

more drinks in 1 day at least once in the

past year; married adults (17.1%) and

widowed adults (14.1%) were less likely

than divorced or separated adults

(21.9%), never married adults (22.5%),

or cohabiting adults (29.1%) to drink at

this level. Married women (but not

married men) had lower rates of obesity

than women in other marital status

groups; rates of obesity among married

men were among the highest of any

marital status group. It is interesting to

note that rates of drinking five or more

drinks in 1 day at least once in the past

year and smoking cigarettes were

considerably higher for cohabiting adults

(29.1% and 38.9%, respectively) than

for married adults (17.1% and 19.2%,

respectively). Cohabiting men (41.5%),

were more likely than their married

counterparts (35.9%) to be physically

inactive.

Some variations were found in

prevalence of unhealthy behaviors by

geographic region and place of

residence, although the results did not

provide a clear and systematic picture of

differences by these characteristics.

Adults living in the South had the

lowest prevalence of having had five or

more drinks in 1 day at least once in the

past year (16.1%), the highest

prevalence of being physically inactive

in leisure time (43.6%), and among the

highest prevalence of obesity (23.1%).

Adults living in the West (19.0%) had

the lowest smoking rates compared with

adults living in other regions.

For both men and women,

prevalence of physical inactivity was

lowest for those living in an MSA, but

not in the central city. Prevalence of

obesity also was lowest for women

living in an MSA but not in the central

city, but the same was not true for men.

For men, obesity rates were lower for

those living in an MSA regardless of

whether it was the central city.

Healthy Behaviors

Overall, in 1999–2001, about 8 in

10 adults (80.2%) refrained from having

five or more drinks in a single day in

the past year, 54.3% had never smoked

cigarettes, 31.3% were regularly

physically active in their leisure time,

and 40.8% were of healthy

weight (table 7.2).

Women were more likely than men

to have not had five or more drinks in 1

day at least once in the past year (88.5%

versus 71.3%, respectively), to have

never smoked cigarettes (60.2% versus

47.4%, respectively), and to be of

healthy body weight (47.5% versus

33.8%, respectively); men (34.8%) were

more likely than women (28.1%) to

engage in regular leisure-time physical

activity.

Older adults were more likely than

younger adults to have not had five or

more drinks in 1 day at least once in the

past year. However, younger adults were

more likely than older adults to have

never smoked and to engage in regular

leisure-time physical activity. The

youngest (57.5%) and oldest (46.7%)

were the most likely to be of healthy

weight with those 45–64 years of age

(33.2%) least likely to fall in this weight

range.

Prevalence of healthy behaviors was

not consistent across race or Hispanic

origin subgroups. Of the race groups

shown in table 7.2, Asian adults were

the most likely to have never smoked

cigarettes (73.5%) and to be of healthy

weight (63.2%). Asian adults and black

adults were more likely than white

adults to have not had five or more

drinks in 1 day in the past year and to

have never smoked cigarettes. White

adults (32.7%) were more likely than

Asian adults (27.8%) to engage in

regular leisure-time physical activity.

White adults were also more likely than

black adults to engage in regular

leisure-time physical activity and to be

of healthy weight.

Hispanic adults were more likely

than non-Hispanic adults to have not

had five or more drinks in 1 day at least

once in the past year and to have never

smoked cigarettes. However, Hispanic

adults were less likely than nonHispanic adults to engage in regular

leisure-time physical activity and to be

of healthy weight.

Prevalence of healthy behaviors was

strongly associated with education:

persons with higher levels of education

were significantly more likely than those

with less education to have never

smoked cigarettes, to be regularly

physically active in their leisure time,

and to be of healthy weight. The most

highly educated group of adults also

were among the most likely to have not

had five or more drinks in 1 day at least

once in the past year. However, not

having five or more drinks in 1 day

showed an inverted u-shaped

association: nonhigh school

graduates (83.3%) and adults with a

master’s degree or higher (83.6%) had

the highest rates, and adults with levels

of education in between had rates

ranging from 76.1% to 80.9%.

The association between income

level and healthy behaviors varied by

behavior and, in some cases, differed for

men and women. Among women,

prevalence of regular leisure-time

physical activity and prevalence of

healthy body weight showed clear and

consistent positive associations with

income level. In contrast, among men,

prevalence of regular leisure-time

physical activity increased, but

prevalence of healthy weight decreased

with increased level of income. For both

Page 64 [ Series 10, No. 219
men and women, prevalence of never

having smoked cigarettes increased and

prevalence of refraining from having

had five or more drinks in a single day

in the past year decreased with

increased level of income.

Findings related to marital status

were mixed. For three of the four

behaviors (never having smoked,

engaging in regular leisure-time physical

activity, and having a healthy body

weight) shown in table 7.2, never

married men had the highest prevalence

of healthy behavior compared with men

in other marital status groups. Married

men had among the highest prevalence

of not having five or more drinks in 1

day at least once in the past year, but

the lowest prevalence of healthy body

weight of all the marital status groups

except widowed. Some marital status

differences were noted for women, but

no clear pattern emerged.

Prevalence of behaviors varied by

region, but no region stood out as

having consistently higher prevalence of

healthy behaviors. Prevalence of not

having five or more drinks in 1 day at

least once in the past year was highest

in the South (83.9%) and lowest in the

Midwest (76.2%). Adults living in the

West had the highest prevalence of

never having smoked cigarettes (58.0%)

and engaging in regular leisure-time

physical activity (35.0%) and among the

highest prevalence for having a healthy

body weight (42.6%). Adults in the

Northeast (42.9%) were similar to adults

in the West in terms of prevalence of

healthy body weight.

Prevalence of never having smoked

cigarettes, engaging in regular

leisure-time physical activity, and being

of healthy weight were associated with

place of residence, although the

association varied by the behavior. Men

living in an MSA, whether in or outside

the central city, were more likely than

men living outside an MSA to have

never smoked cigarettes. In contrast,

men living in an MSA but not in the

central city were most likely to engage

in regular leisure-time physical activity,

and those living in the central city of an

MSA were most likely to be of healthy

weight compared with men living

elsewhere. Women living in the central

city of an MSA were the most likely to

have never smoked cigarettes compared

with women living in an MSA but not

in the central city or outside an MSA.

Women living in an MSA but not in the

central city had the highest rates of

engaging in leisure-time physical

activity and of having a healthy weight

compared with women living either in

the central city or outside an MSA.

Consumption of five or more drinks in 1

day in the past year was unrelated to

place of residence for both men and

women.

Conclusions

Prevalence of alcohol use, cigarette

smoking, leisure-time physical activity,

and body weight status varied

significantly among different segments

of the population. With the possible

exception of adults with advanced levels

of education, no single population

subgroup was found to have consistently

lower prevalence of unhealthy behaviors

and/or higher prevalence of healthy

behaviors. Some population subgroups

have already met the health objectives

for the nation outlined in Healthy

People 2010, and others still lag far

behind (25). Future studies focusing on

the characteristics of groups most likely

to engage in health-promoting behaviors

may provide insights into the most

effective ways to help all people achieve

healthier lifestyles.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 65
Table 7.1. Percent of adults 18 years of age and over who engaged in selected unhealthy behaviors, by selected characteristics: United

States, average annual, 1999–2001

Selected characteristic

Selected unhealthy behaviors

5 or more drinks

in 1 day at

least once (past year)1

Current

cigarette

smoker2

Physically

inactive

(leisure time)3 Obese4

Both sexes Percent of adults (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)5,6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.8 (0.21) 23.1 (0.20) 38.6 (0.32) 21.6 (0.18)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0 (0.23) 23.2 (0.21) 38.4 (0.32) 21.6 (0.18)

Age:

18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.0 (0.77) 27.2 (0.62) 29.9 (0.68) 13.6 (0.43)

25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.6 (0.32) 26.7 (0.30) 33.7 (0.39) 21.6 (0.26)

45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.7 (0.26) 23.7 (0.29) 40.5 (0.44) 26.6 (0.34)

65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 (0.24) 13.3 (0.41) 46.6 (0.63) 23.6 (0.52)

75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 (0.19) 6.4 (0.30) 60.8 (0.69) 14.2 (0.45)

Race:6

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5 (0.25) 23.7 (0.23) 36.5 (0.35) 20.8 (0.20)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 (0.35) 22.8 (0.49) 50.7 (0.70) 30.4 (0.46)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.4 (2.42) 32.6 (2.59) 49.1 (3.54) 34.2 (2.25)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 (0.72) 13.5 (0.80) 38.1 (1.39) 6.0 (0.57)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race . . . . . . . . . 36.4 (5.25) 31.0 (5.08) 32.6 (6.37) 33.4 (5.52)

2 or more races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.4 (1.74) 32.8 (1.54) 31.5 (1.70) 27.2 (1.73)

Black or African American, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.7 (4.99) 37.6 (5.24) 33.6 (6.65) 28.3 (6.73)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.0 (2.87) 39.7 (2.69) 29.8 (2.40) 32.1 (2.64)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:6

Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 (0.45) 17.0 (0.39) 55.0 (0.59) 24.0 (0.47)

Mexican or Mexican-American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.9 (0.56) 16.2 (0.44) 55.4 (0.76) 26.6 (0.64)

Not Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 (0.23) 23.9 (0.22) 36.6 (0.34) 21.4 (0.19)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.3 (0.27) 24.5 (0.25) 34.3 (0.37) 20.5 (0.22)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 (0.35) 22.8 (0.50) 50.7 (0.71) 30.5 (0.47)

Education:6

Less than high school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.7 (0.38) 31.2 (0.50) 59.0 (0.59) 25.9 (0.43)

GED diploma7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.9 (0.98) 45.8 (1.20) 48.1 (1.22) 26.9 (1.15)

High school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1 (0.37) 27.5 (0.35) 43.3 (0.46) 23.3 (0.33)

Some college - no degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.3 (0.44) 23.0 (0.37) 34.2 (0.50) 22.1 (0.36)

Associate of arts degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.5 (0.52) 21.0 (0.54) 32.4 (0.66) 22.7 (0.59)

Bachelor of arts, science degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5 (0.45) 12.5 (0.30) 23.7 (0.46) 15.7 (0.37)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4 (0.52) 8.5 (0.37) 19.4 (0.60) 14.4 (0.49)

Poverty status:6,8

Below poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.1 (0.69) 31.9 (0.72) 54.2 (0.84) 25.8 (0.59)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.1 (0.42) 30.2 (0.53) 50.2 (0.62) 25.0 (0.49)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.4 (0.35) 25.5 (0.31) 37.5 (0.48) 23.8 (0.36)

4 times poverty level or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2 (0.34) 17.4 (0.28) 25.1 (0.40) 18.4 (0.28)

Marital status:6

Never married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.5 (0.42) 24.0 (0.44) 38.8 (0.62) 21.1 (0.46)

Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.1 (0.25) 19.2 (0.24) 37.4 (0.37) 22.2 (0.25)

Cohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.1 (0.88) 38.9 (1.02) 42.3 (1.10) 22.5 (0.95)

Divorced or separated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.9 (0.45) 35.0 (0.46) 42.7 (0.56) 23.1 (0.43)

Widowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 (1.48) 29.2 (1.71) 49.6 (1.89) 24.9 (1.58)

Geographic region:6

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.8 (0.47) 22.1 (0.45) 36.2 (0.54) 19.4 (0.41)

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.8 (0.52) 25.4 (0.40) 36.0 (0.61) 23.1 (0.33)

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1 (0.31) 24.1 (0.35) 43.6 (0.59) 23.1 (0.33)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.9 (0.44) 19.0 (0.39) 34.7 (0.69) 19.2 (0.36)

Place of residence:6,9

MSA, central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.3 (0.36) 23.2 (0.34) 41.2 (0.58) 21.6 (0.31)

MSA, not central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 (0.31) 21.7 (0.29) 36.0 (0.39) 20.5 (0.24)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.5 (0.57) 26.5 (0.47) 41.1 (0.98) 24.6 (0.47)

See footnotes at end of table.

Page 66 [ Series 10, No. 219
Table 7.1. Percent of adults 18 years of age and over who engaged in selected unhealthy behaviors, by selected characteristics: United

States, average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic

Selected unhealthy behaviors

5 or more drinks

in 1 day at

least once (past year)1

Current

cigarette

smoker2

Physically

inactive

(leisure time)3 Obese4

Men Percent of adults (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)5,6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.7 (0.31) 25.1 (0.29) 35.8 (0.38) 21.7 (0.26)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.5 (0.33) 25.5 (0.30) 35.4 (0.39) 21.8 (0.27)

Age:

18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.7 (1.07) 29.5 (0.84) 25.3 (0.90) 13.5 (0.60)

25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.0 (0.50) 28.8 (0.41) 31.4 (0.48) 22.3 (0.38)

45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.5 (0.42) 26.2 (0.47) 39.8 (0.59) 26.6 (0.46)

65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 (0.48) 13.6 (0.64) 42.1 (0.93) 22.1 (0.73)

75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 (0.44) 6.8 (0.51) 54.4 (1.08) 12.5 (0.65)

Race:6

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.6 (0.35) 25.2 (0.33) 34.4 (0.42) 21.7 (0.30)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.9 (0.59) 27.1 (0.73) 45.1 (0.96) 24.9 (0.70)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.4 (3.36) 30.4 (4.22) 42.5 (4.41) 38.6 (3.36)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.7 (1.24) 20.4 (1.37) 33.4 (2.25) 6.0 (0.70)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race . . . . . . . . . 46.5 (5.98) 30.9 (5.70) 38.5 (7.61) 38.4 (6.97)

2 or more races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.2 (2.30) 34.4 (2.20) 27.7 (2.39) 26.9 (2.24)

Black or African American, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.3 (7.44) 39.1 (7.08) *18.4 (6.57) 36.2 (7.10)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.4 (3.80) 38.7 (3.58) 27.8 (3.33) 31.1 (3.73)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:6

Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.6 (0.75) 22.2 (0.61) 52.6 (0.85) 22.2 (0.68)

Mexican or Mexican-American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.0 (0.99) 21.9 (0.81) 53.0 (1.11) 23.9 (0.92)

Not Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.0 (0.34) 25.5 (0.32) 33.8 (0.40) 21.7 (0.28)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2 (0.38) 25.5 (0.35) 32.3 (0.44) 21.6 (0.31)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 (0.59) 27.1 (0.74) 45.1 (0.97) 25.0 (0.71)

Education:6

Less than high school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3 (0.62) 35.2 (0.67) 55.9 (0.81) 24.2 (0.62)

GED diploma7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.3 (1.63) 47.6 (1.78) 45.2 (1.74) 25.2 (1.59)

High school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.6 (0.58) 30.0 (0.51) 41.2 (0.62) 23.9 (0.49)

Some college - no degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.1 (0.69) 24.8 (0.58) 31.3 (0.67) 22.9 (0.56)

Associate of arts degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.5 (0.87) 22.1 (0.82) 29.8 (0.98) 22.6 (0.87)

Bachelor of arts, science degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.5 (0.66) 13.4 (0.48) 21.0 (0.60) 16.3 (0.51)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2 (0.84) 8.9 (0.53) 16.7 (0.73) 15.9 (0.65)

Poverty status:6,8

Below poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.0 (1.11) 35.7 (1.06) 51.2 (1.21) 21.0 (0.91)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.6 (0.76) 34.1 (0.78) 48.2 (0.86) 22.2 (0.70)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.1 (0.53) 28.3 (0.49) 36.3 (0.63) 23.8 (0.54)

4 times poverty level or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.6 (0.49) 18.6 (0.40) 23.1 (0.48) 20.7 (0.43)

Marital status:6

Never married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.7 (0.62) 26.9 (0.66) 36.7 (0.84) 18.6 (0.63)

Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9 (0.39) 21.2 (0.34) 35.9 (0.47) 23.9 (0.38)

Cohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.8 (1.26) 39.7 (1.34) 41.5 (1.43) 21.9 (1.26)

Divorced or separated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4 (0.83) 38.9 (0.77) 39.3 (0.84) 20.4 (0.68)

Widowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.4 (2.97) 31.5 (3.02) 46.9 (3.62) 23.4 (3.36)

Geographic region:6

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.3 (0.81) 23.2 (0.55) 32.8 (0.72) 19.9 (0.57)

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.3 (0.64) 27.5 (0.58) 33.8 (0.85) 22.7 (0.55)

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.0 (0.48) 26.5 (0.52) 40.7 (0.64) 23.4 (0.45)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.3 (0.67) 21.1 (0.60) 32.0 (0.81) 19.2 (0.54)

Place of residence:6,9

MSA, central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.7 (0.54) 26.2 (0.45) 37.6 (0.67) 20.4 (0.42)

MSA, not central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.1 (0.45) 23.2 (0.41) 33.4 (0.50) 21.3 (0.36)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.1 (0.76) 28.6 (0.66) 39.5 (1.04) 24.7 (0.60)

See footnotes at end of table.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 67
Table 7.1. Percent of adults 18 years of age and over who engaged in selected unhealthy behaviors, by selected characteristics: United

States, average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic

Selected unhealthy behaviors

5 or more drinks

in 1 day at

least once (past year)1

Current

cigarette

smoker2

Physically

inactive

(leisure time)3 Obese4

Women Percent of adults (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)5,6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 (0.20) 21.2 (0.23) 41.0 (0.36) 21.5 (0.22)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 (0.20) 21.0 (0.23) 41.2 (0.36) 21.5 (0.22)

Age:

18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.5 (0.80) 24.9 (0.75) 34.4 (0.87) 13.7 (0.55)

25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8 (0.31) 24.7 (0.38) 36.0 (0.47) 20.8 (0.33)

45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 (0.24) 21.3 (0.36) 41.3 (0.53) 26.5 (0.43)

65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 (0.19) 13.0 (0.49) 50.3 (0.78) 24.9 (0.66)

75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 (0.13) 6.2 (0.35) 65.0 (0.77) 15.4 (0.55)

Race:6

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9 (0.23) 22.2 (0.26) 38.3 (0.39) 19.8 (0.24)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 (0.36) 19.5 (0.59) 55.1 (0.83) 34.9 (0.68)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3 (2.75) 34.5 (3.32) 55.5 (4.12) 29.7 (3.16)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 (0.55) 6.7 (0.71) 42.6 (1.51) 6.2 (0.96)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race ......... *14.7 (7.51) 26.8 (7.79) 27.1 (8.03) 23.9 (6.94)

2 or more races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.0 (1.85) 30.7 (2.08) 35.2 (2.39) 27.7 (2.49)

Black or African American, white .................... *19.1 (6.42) 37.2 (7.09) 47.6 (8.28) *20.1 (7.07)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.8 (3.17) 40.0 (3.68) 32.8 (3.96) 33.8 (3.52)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:6

Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 (0.33) 12.0 (0.45) 57.2 (0.75) 25.5 (0.60)

Mexican or Mexican-American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 (0.38) 10.6 (0.54) 57.5 (0.96) 29.0 (0.82)

Not Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 (0.22) 22.3 (0.25) 39.1 (0.39) 21.1 (0.24)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8 (0.26) 23.4 (0.29) 36.1 (0.41) 19.3 (0.26)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 (0.36) 19.5 (0.59) 55.2 (0.83) 34.9 (0.69)

Education:6

Less than high school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 (0.36) 27.2 (0.61) 62.2 (0.72) 27.7 (0.58)

GED diploma7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 (1.05) 44.0 (1.43) 51.1 (1.63) 28.8 (1.58)

High school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 (0.33) 25.4 (0.46) 45.1 (0.53) 22.7 (0.44)

Some college - no degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.9 (0.43) 21.4 (0.49) 36.7 (0.61) 21.4 (0.44)

Associate of arts degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9 (0.56) 20.1 (0.69) 34.2 (0.83) 22.8 (0.69)

Bachelor of arts, science degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9 (0.40) 11.6 (0.38) 26.5 (0.63) 15.2 (0.51)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 (0.49) 8.1 (0.51) 22.8 (0.87) 12.7 (0.64)

Poverty status:6,8

Below poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 (0.58) 29.3 (0.82) 56.3 (0.92) 29.2 (0.74)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 (0.43) 26.9 (0.62) 52.0 (0.75) 27.4 (0.63)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 (0.34) 22.8 (0.41) 38.7 (0.59) 23.7 (0.47)

4 times poverty level or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2 (0.36) 16.2 (0.39) 27.2 (0.55) 15.8 (0.38)

Marital status:6

Never married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5 (0.44) 20.9 (0.55) 41.3 (0.78) 24.0 (0.67)

Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 (0.22) 17.4 (0.28) 39.0 (0.45) 20.7 (0.31)

Cohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1 (0.94) 38.1 (1.48) 42.7 (1.46) 24.0 (1.44)

Divorced or separated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4 (0.42) 32.2 (0.57) 45.1 (0.65) 24.9 (0.56)

Widowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 (1.57) 28.7 (2.11) 50.5 (2.14) 24.9 (1.72)

Geographic region:6

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 (0.40) 21.1 (0.57) 39.0 (0.65) 18.8 (0.52)

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9 (0.51) 23.3 (0.49) 38.0 (0.61) 23.4 (0.46)

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 (0.28) 21.9 (0.38) 46.1 (0.72) 22.8 (0.39)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 (0.38) 17.0 (0.45) 37.2 (0.73) 19.2 (0.37)

Place of residence:6,9

MSA, central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.8 (0.31) 20.6 (0.42) 44.4 (0.62) 22.6 (0.40)

MSA, not central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.0 (0.28) 20.2 (0.36) 38.5 (0.48) 19.6 (0.31)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 (0.52) 24.6 (0.55) 42.4 (1.07) 24.5 (0.53)

* Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision (see ‘‘Appendix I’’).

1Five or more drinks in 1 day at least once in the past year was asked of only current drinkers but estimates reflect percent of all adults who engaged in this behavior (as shown in table 3.3).

2Smoked at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime and currently smoked.

3Never engaged in any leisure-time light, moderate, or vigorous physical activity.

4Obese is defined as a body mass index (BMI) of greater than or equal to 30.

5Persons of other races and unknown race and ethnicity, unknown education, unknown poverty status, and unknown marital status are included in total.

6Estimates are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population using age groups 18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

7GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.

8Poverty status is based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau poverty thresholds for 1998, 1999, and 2000.

9MSA is metropolitan statistical area (see ‘‘Appendix II’’).

NOTES: Denominator for each percent excludes persons with unknown health behavior characteristics. See ‘‘Appendix II’’ for definitions of terms.

Page 68 [ Series 10, No. 219
Table 7.2 Percent of adults 18 years of age and over who engaged in selected healthy behaviors, by selected characteristics: United States,

average annual, 1999–2001

Selected characteristic

Selected healthy behaviors

Did not have

5 or more drinks

in 1 day

(past year)1

Never

smoked

cigarettes2

Any regular

leisure-time

physical activity3 Healthy weight4

Both sexes Percent of adults (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)5,6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.2 (0.21) 54.3 (0.22) 31.3 (0.24) 40.8 (0.21)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.0 (0.23) 54.4 (0.23) 31.4 (0.25) 40.8 (0.21)

Age:

18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.0 (0.77) 65.1 (0.67) 39.7 (0.69) 57.5 (0.65)

25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.4 (0.32) 58.5 (0.31) 34.3 (0.33) 41.3 (0.30)

45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.3 (0.26) 46.2 (0.36) 29.3 (0.36) 33.2 (0.35)

65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.0 (0.24) 45.7 (0.60) 26.3 (0.58) 34.8 (0.59)

75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.9 (0.19) 55.8 (0.65) 15.6 (0.50) 46.7 (0.68)

Race:6

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.5 (0.25) 52.3 (0.24) 32.7 (0.28) 41.5 (0.23)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.0 (0.35) 61.0 (0.56) 23.9 (0.49) 32.0 (0.55)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.6 (2.42) 44.1 (3.18) 26.4 (2.86) 28.8 (2.01)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.2 (0.72) 73.5 (1.00) 27.8 (1.07) 63.2 (1.20)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race . . . . . . . . . 63.6 (5.25) 51.7 (5.22) 37.1 (6.27) 29.0 (6.34)

2 or more races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.6 (1.74) 43.1 (1.74) 32.9 (1.59) 36.1 (1.71)

Black or African American, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.3 (4.99) 38.7 (5.18) 46.2 (6.42) 38.6 (6.15)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.0 (2.87) 33.5 (2.59) 30.1 (2.48) 32.8 (2.61)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:6

Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.0 (0.45) 66.3 (0.55) 22.4 (0.46) 34.2 (0.55)

Mexican or Mexican-American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.1 (0.56) 66.6 (0.64) 21.9 (0.61) 30.8 (0.67)

Not Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.7 (0.23) 52.9 (0.24) 32.4 (0.26) 41.5 (0.22)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.7 (0.27) 50.9 (0.25) 33.9 (0.30) 42.3 (0.25)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.1 (0.35) 60.9 (0.56) 24.0 (0.49) 32.0 (0.56)

Education:6

Less than high school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.3 (0.38) 49.3 (0.53) 19.4 (0.42) 36.6 (0.44)

GED diploma7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.1 (0.98) 30.6 (1.07) 24.3 (1.06) 36.3 (1.24)

High school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.9 (0.37) 50.7 (0.40) 27.2 (0.38) 39.0 (0.36)

Some college - no degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.7 (0.44) 52.4 (0.47) 34.1 (0.48) 41.5 (0.43)

Associate of arts degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.5 (0.52) 54.9 (0.60) 33.8 (0.60) 38.6 (0.65)

Bachelor of arts, science degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.5 (0.45) 62.7 (0.50) 40.8 (0.52) 45.5 (0.51)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.6 (0.52) 67.8 (0.60) 45.8 (0.80) 48.8 (0.75)

Poverty status:6,8

Below poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.9 (0.69) 52.2 (0.77) 22.6 (0.64) 39.7 (0.64)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.9 (0.42) 50.3 (0.57) 23.4 (0.46) 39.2 (0.55)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.6 (0.35) 51.1 (0.37) 30.7 (0.39) 38.7 (0.38)

4 times poverty level or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.8 (0.34) 56.4 (0.37) 39.9 (0.43) 42.3 (0.37)

Marital status:6

Never married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.5 (0.42) 59.7 (0.54) 33.0 (0.53) 45.0 (0.55)

Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.9 (0.25) 55.0 (0.28) 31.1 (0.31) 38.3 (0.27)

Cohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.9 (0.88) 39.2 (0.98) 28.4 (0.93) 41.0 (1.08)

Divorced or separated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.1 (0.45) 43.4 (0.49) 29.1 (0.47) 39.9 (0.50)

Widowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.6 (1.48) 50.8 (1.79) 23.6 (1.60) 40.6 (1.86)

Geographic region:6

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.2 (0.47) 52.9 (0.53) 33.0 (0.50) 42.9 (0.48)

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.2 (0.52) 52.3 (0.44) 31.4 (0.47) 39.9 (0.39)

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.9 (0.31) 54.4 (0.40) 28.4 (0.44) 39.4 (0.35)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.1 (0.44) 58.0 (0.40) 35.0 (0.50) 42.6 (0.48)

Place of residence:6,9

MSA, central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.7 (0.36) 56.0 (0.37) 30.2 (0.44) 41.5 (0.37)

MSA, not central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.7 (0.31) 54.4 (0.32) 32.7 (0.34) 41.3 (0.29)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.5 (0.57) 51.6 (0.56) 29.4 (0.60) 38.6 (0.57)

See footnotes at end of table.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 69
Table 7.2 Percent of adults 18 years of age and over who engaged in selected healthy behaviors, by selected characteristics: United States,

average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic

Selected healthy behaviors

Did not have

5 or more drinks

in 1 day

(past year)1

Never

smoked

cigarettes2

Any regular

leisure-time

physical activity3 Healthy weight4

Men Percent of adults (standard error)

Age 18 years and over (age-adjusted)5,6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.3 (0.31) 47.4 (0.32) 34.8 (0.32) 33.8 (0.29)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.5 (0.33) 48.0 (0.34) 35.1 (0.33) 33.8 (0.29)

Age:

18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.3 (1.07) 63.2 (0.90) 46.6 (0.99) 55.1 (0.84)

25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.0 (0.50) 55.7 (0.44) 37.0 (0.45) 31.5 (0.43)

45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.5 (0.42) 37.7 (0.56) 31.5 (0.50) 26.4 (0.47)

65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.0 (0.48) 30.7 (0.77) 30.4 (0.90) 30.0 (0.91)

75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.6 (0.44) 35.7 (1.08) 20.7 (0.83) 44.9 (1.04)

Race:6

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.4 (0.35) 46.1 (0.34) 35.8 (0.37) 33.1 (0.32)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.1 (0.59) 52.1 (0.88) 29.7 (0.71) 33.5 (0.80)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.6 (3.36) 39.6 (4.69) 34.0 (3.97) 22.2 (3.00)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.3 (1.24) 60.5 (1.65) 31.0 (1.83) 60.1 (1.69)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race . . . . . . . . . 53.5 (5.98) 49.3 (6.65) 32.9 (7.90) 30.2 (8.52)

2 or more races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.8 (2.30) 37.3 (2.60) 37.5 (2.28) 30.5 (2.33)

Black or African American, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.7 (7.44) 36.9 (6.42) 64.2 (8.14) 30.8 (7.61)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.6 (3.80) 27.8 (3.73) 32.3 (3.32) 31.0 (3.19)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:6

Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.4 (0.75) 55.3 (0.79) 25.5 (0.65) 29.8 (0.74)

Mexican or Mexican-American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.0 (0.99) 54.8 (0.99) 24.9 (0.84) 28.1 (0.95)

Not Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.0 (0.34) 46.5 (0.34) 35.9 (0.36) 34.4 (0.31)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.8 (0.38) 45.3 (0.36) 37.0 (0.40) 33.6 (0.34)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.2 (0.59) 52.1 (0.90) 29.6 (0.71) 33.4 (0.80)

Education:6

Less than high school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.7 (0.62) 38.8 (0.70) 22.3 (0.62) 35.3 (0.62)

GED diploma7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.7 (1.63) 23.3 (1.51) 28.3 (1.63) 32.1 (1.74)

High school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.4 (0.58) 42.6 (0.55) 31.0 (0.56) 31.9 (0.52)

Some college - no degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.9 (0.69) 45.7 (0.65) 37.6 (0.72) 33.9 (0.63)

Associate of arts degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.5 (0.87) 49.6 (1.00) 37.5 (0.94) 30.0 (0.88)

Bachelor of arts, science degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.5 (0.66) 59.0 (0.69) 43.7 (0.76) 35.1 (0.73)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.8 (0.84) 65.0 (0.94) 48.1 (1.08) 38.8 (0.99)

Poverty status:6,8

Below poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.0 (1.11) 43.4 (1.07) 27.0 (0.98) 40.7 (0.97)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.4 (0.76) 40.8 (0.85) 27.1 (0.75) 37.3 (0.81)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.9 (0.53) 44.0 (0.53) 33.7 (0.55) 32.4 (0.55)

4 times poverty level or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.4 (0.49) 51.8 (0.50) 42.6 (0.58) 31.6 (0.52)

Marital status:6

Never married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.3 (0.62) 54.4 (0.78) 37.8 (0.77) 44.1 (0.79)

Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.1 (0.39) 48.3 (0.39) 32.8 (0.40) 28.6 (0.35)

Cohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2 (1.26) 35.9 (1.30) 31.6 (1.30) 34.0 (1.37)

Divorced or separated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.6 (0.83) 36.5 (0.72) 33.4 (0.78) 34.3 (0.80)

Widowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.6 (2.97) 41.5 (3.27) 32.7 (3.33) 32.8 (3.06)

Geographic region:6

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.7 (0.81) 48.0 (0.80) 36.6 (0.75) 34.7 (0.64)

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.7 (0.64) 45.4 (0.51) 34.6 (0.59) 33.5 (0.59)

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.0 (0.48) 46.4 (0.58) 32.1 (0.57) 32.6 (0.47)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.7 (0.67) 51.4 (0.67) 38.3 (0.69) 35.6 (0.67)

Place of residence:6,9

MSA, central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.3 (0.54) 48.8 (0.52) 33.8 (0.58) 36.5 (0.57)

MSA, not central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.9 (0.45) 48.4 (0.45) 36.1 (0.44) 33.1 (0.40)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.9 (0.76) 43.3 (0.71) 32.7 (0.75) 32.3 (0.64)

See footnotes at end of table.

Page 70 [ Series 10, No. 219
Table 7.2 Percent of adults 18 years of age and over who engaged in selected healthy behaviors, by selected characteristics: United States,

average annual, 1999–2001—Con.

Selected characteristic

Selected healthy behaviors

Did not have

5 or more drinks

in 1 day

(past year)1

Never

smoked

cigarettes2

Any regular

leisure-time

physical activity3 Healthy weight4

Women Percent of adults (standard error)

Ages 18 years and over (age-adjusted)5,6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.5 (0.20) 60.2 (0.28) 28.1 (0.28) 47.5 (0.27)

Ages 18 years and over (crude)5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.6 (0.20) 60.2 (0.28) 28.0 (0.28) 47.5 (0.27)

Age:

18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.5 (0.80) 67.0 (0.81) 32.8 (0.87) 60.0 (0.90)

25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.2 (0.31) 61.2 (0.43) 31.7 (0.42) 51.1 (0.39)

45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.4 (0.24) 54.2 (0.44) 27.3 (0.46) 39.8 (0.49)

65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98.3 (0.19) 58.0 (0.81) 22.9 (0.67) 38.9 (0.79)

75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.4 (0.13) 68.7 (0.72) 12.3 (0.53) 47.9 (0.83)

Race:6

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.1 (0.23) 57.6 (0.31) 29.9 (0.31) 49.8 (0.30)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.5 (0.36) 67.7 (0.65) 19.3 (0.62) 31.1 (0.70)

American Indian or Alaska Native, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.7 (2.75) 48.5 (4.24) 19.0 (3.20) 35.6 (3.00)

Asian, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.8 (0.55) 86.5 (1.11) 24.8 (1.24) 66.2 (1.54)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, single race . . . . . . . . . 85.3 (7.51) 59.3 (8.36) 37.3 (6.71) 28.5 (8.03)

2 or more races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.0 (1.85) 49.6 (2.14) 28.0 (2.48) 41.6 (2.36)

Black or African American, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.9 (6.42) 41.1 (6.69) 31.7 (6.97) 45.7 (8.52)

American Indian or Alaska Native, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.2 (3.17) 41.0 (3.67) 26.7 (3.74) 34.0 (3.79)

Hispanic or Latino origin and race:6

Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.0 (0.33) 76.2 (0.64) 19.6 (0.57) 38.7 (0.71)

Mexican or Mexican-American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.2 (0.38) 77.8 (0.78) 19.1 (0.76) 33.7 (0.92)

Not Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.8 (0.22) 58.3 (0.31) 29.2 (0.30) 48.5 (0.29)

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.2 (0.26) 55.6 (0.34) 31.1 (0.34) 50.9 (0.32)

Black or African American, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.5 (0.36) 67.6 (0.64) 19.4 (0.63) 31.0 (0.70)

Education:6

Less than high school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.2 (0.36) 58.8 (0.68) 16.4 (0.50) 37.9 (0.60)

GED diploma7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.6 (1.05) 38.5 (1.48) 20.1 (1.31) 41.0 (1.74)

High school graduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.4 (0.33) 56.5 (0.55) 23.8 (0.45) 45.7 (0.52)

Some college - no degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.1 (0.43) 58.0 (0.64) 31.1 (0.55) 48.2 (0.56)

Associate of arts degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.1 (0.56) 58.8 (0.77) 30.9 (0.72) 46.2 (0.89)

Bachelor of arts, science degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.1 (0.40) 67.1 (0.63) 37.9 (0.63) 56.1 (0.67)

Master’s, doctorate, medical degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.1 (0.49) 71.6 (0.85) 42.9 (1.12) 60.3 (1.00)

Poverty status:6,8

Below poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.9 (0.58) 57.7 (0.91) 19.5 (0.71) 39.2 (0.80)

≥1 but <2 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.3 (0.43) 57.5 (0.67) 20.4 (0.53) 40.9 (0.69)

≥2 but <4 times poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.1 (0.34) 57.8 (0.51) 27.7 (0.50) 45.0 (0.55)

4 times poverty level or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.8 (0.36) 61.2 (0.53) 36.9 (0.53) 54.2 (0.51)

Marital status:6

Never married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.5 (0.44) 64.7 (0.73) 27.9 (0.64) 46.2 (0.78)

Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.0 (0.22) 62.4 (0.37) 29.4 (0.38) 47.8 (0.38)

Cohabiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.9 (0.94) 43.4 (1.46) 25.0 (1.21) 49.0 (1.56)

Divorced or separated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.6 (0.42) 48.1 (0.63) 26.2 (0.55) 43.9 (0.65)

Widowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.4 (1.57) 52.9 (2.24) 20.2 (1.78) 43.8 (2.22)

Geographic region:6

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.5 (0.40) 56.8 (0.64) 29.9 (0.55) 50.6 (0.60)

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.1 (0.51) 58.2 (0.59) 28.4 (0.55) 46.1 (0.50)

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.3 (0.28) 61.3 (0.48) 25.1 (0.53) 45.8 (0.48)

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.3 (0.38) 64.2 (0.55) 31.9 (0.50) 49.6 (0.53)

Place of residence:6,9

MSA, central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.2 (0.31) 62.0 (0.49) 27.0 (0.46) 46.2 (0.47)

MSA, not central city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.0 (0.28) 59.6 (0.42) 29.5 (0.43) 49.4 (0.40)

Not MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.4 (0.52) 58.5 (0.68) 26.5 (0.64) 44.7 (0.72)

* Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision (see ‘‘Appendix I’’).

1Estimates for adults who did not have five or more drinks in 1 day were calculated for this table only and are not shown elsewhere in the report. The question asking about having five or more drinks

in 1 day in the past year was asked only of current drinkers but the estimates shown here reflect the percent of all adults who engaged in this behavior.

2Never smoked cigarettes or smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in lifetime.

3Engaging in light-moderate activity at least 5 times per week for at least 30 minutes each time or engaging in vigorous activity at least 3 times per week for at least 20 minutes each time or meeting

either criterion or both criteria.

4Healthy weight is defined as a BMI greater than or equal to 18.5 and less than 25.

5Persons of other races and unknown race and ethnicity, unknown education, unknown poverty status, and unknown marital status are included in total.

6Estimates are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population using age groups 18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years and over.

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 71
7GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.

8Poverty status is based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau poverty thresholds for 1998, 1999, and 2000.

9MSA is metropolitan statistical area (see ‘‘Appendix II’’).

NOTES: Denominator for each percent excludes persons with unknown health behavior characteristics. See ‘‘Appendix II’’ for definitions of terms.

Page 72 [ Series 10, No. 219
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Page 74 [ Series 10, No. 219
Appendix I

Technical Notes on

Methods

Sample Design

The National Health Interview

Survey (NHIS) is a cross-sectional

household interview survey of the U.S.

civilian noninstitutionalized population.

Data are collected continuously

throughout the year in all 50 States and

the District of Columbia. The NHIS

uses a multistage, clustered sample

design to produce national estimates for

a variety of health indicators.

Information on basic health topics is

collected for all household members by

proxy from one family member for

adults not present at the time of

interview and for children. Additional

information is collected for one

randomly sampled adult and one

randomly sampled child in each family.

Self-response is required for the Sample

Adult questionnaire except in the case

of sample adults who are physically or

mentally incapable of responding for

themselves. An adult family member

who is knowledgeable about the sample

child’s health provides information for

the child component. Interviews are

conducted in the home using a

computer-assisted personal interview

(CAPI) questionnaire. Telephone

followup is permitted if in-home

interviews cannot be done.

Response Rates

In 1999, interviews were completed

in 37,573 households and 38,171

families with 30,801 adults completing

the Sample Adult questionnaire. The

1999 household response rate was

87.6%, and the final response rate for

the 1999 Sample Adult questionnaire

was 69.6% (26). In 2000, interviews

were completed in 38,633 households

and 39,264 families, with 32,374 adults

completing the Sample Adult portion of

the interview. The 2000 household

response rate was 88.9%, and the final

response rate for the 2000 Sample Adult

questionnaire was 72.1% (27). In 2001,

interviews were completed in 38,932

households and 39,633 families, with

33,326 adults completing the Sample

Adult component. The 2001 household

response rate was 88.9%, and the final

response rate for the 2001 Sample Adult

questionnaire was 73.8% (28).

Combining years 1999–2001, NHIS

interviews were completed with 96,501

sample adults aged 18 years and over.

The final response rate for the

1999–2001 combined sample adult files

was 71.8%. Procedures used in

calculating response rates for combined

data years are described in detail in

‘‘Appendix I’’ of the Survey Description

of the NHIS data files (26–28).

Item Nonresponse

Item nonresponse for each of the

sociodemographic indicators shown in

this report was less than 1% with the

exception of the poverty threshold,

which is based on detailed family

income asked in the family component

of the questionnaire. Item nonresponse

for the poverty indicator was 23.1%.

Item nonresponse for the health

behavior items ranged from 0.1% to

4.2%; for most items nonresponse was

less than 2%. The denominators for

statistics shown in the tables in chapters

3–7 exclude persons with unknown

health behavior characteristics for a

given table. Persons with unknown

sociodemographic characteristics are not

shown separately, but are included in the

totals.

Age Adjustment

Data shown in this report were age

adjusted using the 2000 standard U.S.

population (32,33). Age adjustment was

used to allow comparison among

various population subgroups that have

different age structures and to allow

comparison of changes over time. Age

adjustment is particularly important for

demographic characteristics such as race

and ethnicity, education, and marital

status. It is also helpful for other

characteristics. The following age

groups were used for age adjustment:

18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years

and over (table I).

Estimates were calculated using

software for statistical analysis of

correlated data (SUDAAN) (31). The

SUDAAN procedure PROC DESCRIPT

was used to produce age-adjusted

percents and their standard errors.

Tests of Significance

Statistical tests performed to assess

significance of differences in the

estimates were two-tailed with no

adjustments for multiple comparisons.

The test statistic used to determine the

statistical significance of differences

between two percents was:

Z =

|Xa–Xb|

√Sa

2 + Sb2

Here Xa and Xb are the two percents

being compared, and Sa and Sb are the

standard errors of the percents. The

critical value used for two-sided tests at

the 0.05 level of significance was 1.96.

Relative Standard Error

Estimates with a relative standard

error greater than 30% are considered

unreliable and are indicated with an

asterisk. The relative standard errors are

calculated as follows:

Relative standard error = (SE/Est)100,

where SE is the standard error of the

estimate, and Est is the estimate

(percent, rate, mean, or frequency).

Table I. Age distribution used in age

adjusting data shown in this report: 2000

U.S. standard population

Age

Population

(in thousands)

18 years and over ....... 203,851

18–44 years ......... 108,150

45–64 years . . . . . . . . . 60,991

65 years and over . . . . . 34,710

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 75
Appendix II

Definitions of

Selected Terms

Definitions of

Sociodemographic Terms

Age—The age recorded for each

person is the age at the last birthday.

Hispanic or Latino origin and

race—Hispanic or Latino origin and

race are two separate and distinct

concepts. Persons of Hispanic or Latino

origin may be of any race. Hispanic or

Latino origin includes persons of

Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central

and South American, or Spanish origins.

All tables show Mexicans or MexicanAmericans as a subset of Hispanic or

Latino. Other groups are not shown for

reasons of confidentiality or statistical

reliability. (See definition of race for

additional detail.)

Race—In the previously published

Advance Data reports on health

behaviors, based on data from the

1997–98 National Health Interview

Survey (NHIS), race and Hispanic

ethnicity were combined and presented

in four categories: Hispanic, white

non-Hispanic, black non-Hispanic, and

Asian/Pacific Islander non-Hispanic

(19–22). Beginning in 1999, the

categories for race were expanded to be

consistent with the 1997 Office of

Management and Budget (OMB)

Federal guidelines (23), which now

distinguish persons of one race from

persons of two or more races. The

classification includes subcategories for

the following single-race persons: white;

black or African American; American

Indian or Alaska Native; Asian; and

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific

Islander. The category ‘‘2 or more

races’’ refers to persons who indicated

more than one race group. Data for

multiple race combinations can only be

reported to the extent that the estimates

meet the requirements for confidentiality

and statistical reliability. In this report,

three categories are shown for multiplerace individuals (a summary category

and two multiple-race categories: black

or African American and white;

American Indian or Alaska Native and

white). Other combinations are not

shown separately due to statistical

unreliability as measured by the relative

standard errors of the estimates, but they

are included in the total for ‘‘2 or more

races.’’

The text in this report uses shorter

versions of the new OMB race and

Hispanic origin terms for conciseness,

and the tables use the complete terms.

For example, the category ‘‘not Hispanic

or Latino, black or African American,

single race’’ in the tables is referred to

as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.

Education—The categories of

education are based on the years of

school completed or highest degree

obtained for persons aged 18 years and

over. Respondents were shown a flash

card to choose an appropriate category.

Only years completed in a school that

advances a person toward an elementary

or high school diploma, General

Educational Development high school

equivalency diploma (GED), college,

university, or professional degree are

included. Education in other schools or

home schooling is counted only if the

credits are accepted in a regular school

system.

Poverty status—Poverty status is

based on family income and family size

using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty

thresholds (36–38). Each adult’s poverty

status is expressed in terms of a ratio of

family income to the appropriate

poverty threshold. The lowest income

group consists of persons living below

the poverty level (ratio less than 1). The

highest income group consists of

persons living in families with incomes

that were at least four times the poverty

level (ratio of 4 or more).

Marital status—Respondents were

asked to choose a marital status

category most appropriate for their

marital situation. Persons reporting their

marital status as ‘‘married’’ may, in

some cases, have been living in

commonlaw marital unions.

Alternatively, these individuals could

have identified their marital status as

‘‘living with partner.’’ Adults who were

living with a partner were considered to

be members of the same family (as if

married) and are categorized as

‘‘cohabiting’’ in the tables and text of

this report. The distinction between

‘‘married’’ and ‘‘living with partner’’

was made by the respondent.

Geographic region—In the

geographic classification of the U.S.

population, States are grouped into the

four regions used by the U.S. Census

Bureau:

Region States included

Northeast Maine, Vermont, New

Hampshire, Massachusetts,

Connecticut, Rhode Island,

New York, New Jersey, and

Pennsylvania;

Midwest Ohio, Illinois, Indiana,

Michigan, Wisconsin,

Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri,

North Dakota, South Dakota,

Kansas, and Nebraska;

South Delaware, Maryland, District

of Columbia, West Virginia,

Virginia, Kentucky,

Tennessee, North Carolina,

South Carolina, Georgia,

Florida, Alabama,

Mississippi, Louisiana,

Oklahoma, Arkansas, and

Texas;

West Washington, Oregon,

California, Nevada, New

Mexico, Arizona, Idaho,

Utah, Colorado, Montana,

Wyoming, Alaska, and

Hawaii.

MSA—Metropolitan statistical area

(MSA), a term first used in 1983, was

defined by the U.S. Office of

Management and Budget and is used by

the U.S. Census Bureau to classify

geographic areas (39). The categories

shown in this report are: (a) ‘‘MSA,

central city,’’ which generally refers to

cities with populations of 50,000 or

more; (b) ‘‘MSA, not central city,’’

which refers to communities adjacent to

the central city of an MSA that have a

high degree of economic and social

integration with the central city; and (c)

‘‘Not MSA,’’ which refers to more rural

areas of the country. The classification

of areas in the 1999–2001 NHIS is

based on data from the 1990 decennial

census.

Page 76 [ Series 10, No. 219
Definitions of Health

Behavior Terms

Alcohol Use

Lifetime abstainer—Is an adult who

had fewer than 12 drinks in entire

lifetime.

Former infrequent drinker—Had 12

drinks or more in lifetime, but never as

many as 12 drinks in a single year, and

has had no drinks in the past year.

Former regular drinker—Had 12

drinks or more in lifetime, 12 drinks or

more in 1 year, but no drinks in the past

year.

Current drinker—Had at least 12

drinks in lifetime and at least one drink

in the past year.

Current drinking level—Was based

on self-reports of the average frequency

of alcohol consumption during the past

year (could be reported in terms of days

per week, per month, or per year), and

the number of drinks the respondent

drank on the days he or she drank.

Neither size nor type of beverage

consumed was specified. In calculating

current drinking levels, the number of

days the respondent drank was

converted from the time unit initially

reported (days per week, per month, or

per year) to number of days per year.

Then, average number of drinks per

week was calculated as follows:

( (# days per year) (# drinks per day)

365 days ) 7

Current drinkers had had at least 12

drinks in their lifetime and were

classified as:

Infrequent 1–11 drinks in the past

year.

Light Three drinks or less per

week, on average.

Moderate Men—More than 3 drinks

and up to 14 drinks per

week, on average;

Women—More than three

drinks and up to seven

drinks per week, on

average;

Heavier Men: More than 14 drinks

per week, on average (more

than 2 per day);

Women: More than seven

drinks per week, on

average (more than one per

day.)

Nondrinker—Person who has not

had any drinks in the past year,

including former drinkers and lifetime

abstainers.

Five or more drinks in 1 day in the

past year—Current drinkers were asked

how many times in the past year they

had five or more alcoholic beverages in

1 day.

Cigarette Smoking

Lifetime smoking status—Includes

both past smoking history and current

smoking practice.

Never smokers—Are adults who

never smoked a cigarette or who

smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in

their entire lifetime.

Former smokers—Are adults who

had smoked at least 100 cigarettes in

their lifetime, but said they currently did

not smoke.

Current smokers—Are adults who

had smoked 100 cigarettes in their

lifetime and currently smoked cigarettes

every day or some days.

Current smoking status—Is based

on the same criteria as lifetime smoking

status, but displayed somewhat

differently. Current smokers are

separated into two categories (daily and

nondaily), and never smokers and

former smokers are combined into a

single category (nonsmoker).

Daily smokers—Are adults who

currently smoke every day.

Nondaily smokers—Are adults who

currently smoke some days,

regardless of the number of days

smoked in the past 30 days.

Nonsmokers—Are adults who

currently do not smoke cigarettes,

including both former smokers and

never smokers.

Amount smoked—Adults who

smoked daily and those who smoked

less than daily were asked separate

questions about the usual number of

cigarettes smoked in a day. Daily

smokers were asked how many

cigarettes, on average, they usually

smoked a day. Nondaily smokers were

asked to report the usual number

smoked ‘‘on days that they smoked

during the past 30 days.’’ Smokers who

said they smoked ‘‘some days’’

(nondaily smokers), but who then said

they had not smoked in the past 30

days, were excluded from the analysis

of amount smoked.

Two indicators for amount smoked

are shown in this report. One measure is

the mean number of cigarettes smoked

on the days the respondent smoked. The

second is a percent distribution of usual

number of cigarettes smoked on those

days the respondent smoked. This

distribution is shown for the following

four categories: less than 15

cigarettes,15–24 cigarettes, 25–34

cigarettes, and 35 cigarettes or more.

Quit attempt—All current smokers

were asked if they had stopped smoking

for at least 1 day in the past 12 months

because they were trying to quit. All

current smokers (including nondaily

smokers) who said they had stopped for

more than 1 day because they were

trying to quit were classified as having

attempted to quit

Leisure-time Physical Activity

All questions related to leisure-time

physical activity were phrased in terms

of current behavior and lack a specific

reference period. An introductory phrase

explained to respondents that they were

being asked only about leisure-time

physical activities. In this report,

persons who volunteered a response

indicating that they were ‘‘unable to do

the activity’’ were combined with those

saying they ‘‘never’’ engaged in the

activity.

Physically inactive—Includes

persons who engaged in no light,

moderate, or vigorous leisure-time

physical activity lasting 10 minutes or

longer. Persons classified as physically

inactive may include individuals who

engaged in strengthening activities, but

no other type of physical activity.

At least some physical activity

—Includes persons who engaged in

some light, moderate, or vigorous

leisure-time physical activity lasting 10

minutes or longer. This includes all

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 77
persons who did any leisure-time

activity lasting at least 10 minutes,

regardless of frequency.

Light-moderate activity—Is activity

lasting at least 10 minutes that caused

light sweating or slight-moderate

increase in breathing or heart rate.

Vigorous activity—Is activity lasting

at least 10 minutes that caused heavy

sweating or large increases in breathing

or heart rate.

Regular activity—Refers to

leisure-time activity engaged in for a

minimum specified duration and a

minimum specified frequency.

Regular light-moderate activity—Is

light-moderate activity that occurs

five or more times per week for at

least 30 minutes each time.

Regular vigorous activity—Is

vigorous activity that occurs three

or more times per week for at least

20 minutes each time.

Any regular activity—Is either

regular light-moderate, regular

vigorous, or both. It does not

include other combinations of

activity levels (e.g., vigorous

activity twice a week combined

with light-moderate activity three

times a week). The number of

individuals with such combinations

of activity is small. Persons who

reported only strengthening activity

are not included.

Strengthening activity—Is any

physical activity designed specifically to

strengthen muscles, including, but not

limited to, weight lifting or calisthenics.

The reference period was unspecified,

and no information on duration was

collected. Strengthening activities may

overlap with light, moderate, or

vigorous activities because respondents

were told to report such activities even

if they had included them in their

previous responses to light-moderate or

vigorous activities.

Body Weight

Beginning in 1999, the word

‘‘about’’ was dropped from the

beginning of the height and weight

questions so that the questions would be

consistent with other Federal surveys.

See ‘‘Appendix III’’ for exact question

wording.

Body mass index—Body mass index

was calculated from self-reported height

and weight. Height reported in U.S.

customary units (feet and inches) was

first converted to height in inches and

then to height in meters (1 meter =

39.37 inches). Weight reported in U.S.

customary units (pounds) was converted

to weight in kilograms (1 kilogram =

2.205 pounds). Thus,

Body Mass Index (BMI) = kg/(m2

),

where:

kg (kilograms) = weight in

pounds/2.205,

and m (meters) = height in

inches/39.37.

Body weight status—Body weight

status refers to the entire spectrum of

body weight, including underweight,

healthy weight, overweight but not

obese, and obese. It is based on a BMI

calculated from self-reported height and

weight, without shoes.

Not overweight—This category

includes persons with a BMI of less

than 25 and includes both healthy

weight and underweight.

Underweight—Persons with a BMI

of less than 18.5 were classified as

underweight.

Healthy weight—Persons with a

BMI greater than or equal to 18.5

and less than 25 were classified as

in the healthy weight range.

Overweight—Persons with a BMI

greater than or equal to 25 were

classified as overweight. This

category includes the following two

subgroups:

Overweight (but not obese)—

Persons with a BMI greater than or

equal to 25 and less than 30 were

classified as overweight but not

obese.

Obese—Persons with a BMI greater

than or equal to 30 were classified

as obese.

Page 78 [ Series 10, No. 219
Appendix III

Health Behavior

Questions

The 1999–2001 National Health

Interview Surveys’ Sample Adult

questionnaires contained the selected

questions on health behaviors shown

below. Each question is preceded by its

question number, beginning with the

acronym ‘‘AHB.’’ AHB is the Adult

Health Behavior section of the Sample

Adult questionnaire. The complete NHIS

Sample Adult questionnaire, as well as

information about other components of

the NHIS, is available at:

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.html.

Alcohol Use

AHB.140 In any ONE year, have you

had at least 12 drinks of any

type of alcoholic

beverage? [Asked of all

adults]

AHB.150 In your ENTIRE LIFE, have

you had at least 12 drinks of

any type of alcoholic

beverage? [Asked of adults

who never had at least 12

drinks in any one year]

AHB.160 In the PAST YEAR, how

often did you drink any type

of alcoholic beverage?

[Days per week/month/year]

[Asked of adults who ever

had 12 drinks of alcohol in

ther lifetime]

AHB.170 In the PAST YEAR, on

those days that you drank

alcoholic beverages, on the

average, how many drinks

did you have? [Asked of

current drinkers]

AHB.180 In the PAST YEAR, on how

many days did you have 5

or more drinks of any

alcoholic beverage? [Asked

of all current drinkers]

Cigarette Smoking

AHB.010 Have you smoked at least

100 cigarettes in your

ENTIRE LIFE? [Asked of

all adults]

AHB.020 How old were you when

you FIRST started to smoke

fairly regularly? [Asked of

adults who had smoked at

least 100 cigarettes in

lifetime.]

AHB.030 Do you NOW smoke every

day, some days, or not at

all?

[Asked of adults who had

smoked at least 100

cigarettes in lifetime.]

AHB.040 How long has it been since

you quit smoking

cigarettes?

[Asked of former smokers]

AHB.050 On the average, how many

cigarettes do you now

smoke a day? [Asked of

adults who smoked every

day (daily smokers).]

AHB.060 On how many of the past 30

days did you smoke a

cigarette? [Asked of adults

who smoked only some days

(nondaily smokers).]

AHB.070 On the average, when you

smoked during the PAST 30

DAYS, about how many

cigarettes did you smoke a

day? [Asked of nondaily

smokers who smoked at

least one day in the past 30

days.]

AHB.080 During the PAST 12

MONTHS, have you

stopped smoking for more

than one day BECAUSE

YOU WERE TRYING TO

QUIT SMOKING? [Asked

of all current smokers.]

Leisure-time Physical

Activity

The following introductory phrase

was read to the respondent by the

interviewer immediately before asking

the physical activity questions:

‘‘The next questions are about

physical activities (exercise, sports,

physically active hobbies...) that you

may do in your LEISURE time.’’

AHB.090 How often do you do

VIGOROUS activities for

AT LEAST 10 MINUTES

that cause HEAVY sweating

or LARGE increases in

breathing or heart rate?

[Asked of all adults.]

AHB.100 About how long do you do

these vigorous activities

each time? [Asked of adults

who reported any vigorous

activity.]

AHB.110 How often do you do

LIGHT OR MODERATE

activities for AT LEAST 10

MINUTES that cause ONLY

LIGHT sweating or a

SLIGHT TO MODERATE

increase in breathing or

heart rate? [Asked of all

adults.]

AHB.120 About how long do you do

these light or moderate

activities each time? [Asked

of adults who reported any

light-moderate activity.]

AHB.130 How often do you do

physical activities

specifically designed to

STRENGTHEN your

muscles such as lifting

weights or doing

calisthenics? (Include all

such activities even if you

mentioned them before.)

[Asked of all adults.]

Body Weight and Height

AHB.190 How tall are you without

shoes? [Asked of all adults.]

AHB.200 How much do you weigh

without shoes? [Asked of all

adults.]

Series 10, No. 219 [ Page 79
Vital and Health Statistics

series descriptions

SERIES 1. Programs and Collection Procedures—These reports

describe the data collection programs of the National Center

for Health Statistics. They include descriptions of the methods

used to collect and process the data, definitions, and other

material necessary for understanding the data.

SERIES 2. Data Evaluation and Methods Research—These reports

are studies of new statistical methods and include analytical

techniques, objective evaluations of reliability of collected

data, and contributions to statistical theory. These studies

also include experimental tests of new survey methods and

comparisons of U.S. methodology with those of other

countries.

SERIES 3. Analytical and Epidemiological Studies—These reports

present analytical or interpretive studies based on vital and

health statistics. These reports carry the analyses further than

the expository types of reports in the other series.

SERIES 4. Documents and Committee Reports—These are final

reports of major committees concerned with vital and health

statistics and documents such as recommended model vital

registration laws and revised birth and death certificates.

SERIES 5. International Vital and Health Statistics Reports—These

reports are analytical or descriptive reports that compare U.S.

vital and health statistics with those of other countries or

present other international data of relevance to the health

statistics system of the United States.

SERIES 6. Cognition and Survey Measurement—These reports are

from the National Laboratory for Collaborative Research in

Cognition and Survey Measurement. They use methods of

cognitive science to design, evaluate, and test survey

instruments.

SERIES 10. Data From the National Health Interview Survey—These

reports contain statistics on illness; unintentional injuries;

disability; use of hospital, medical, and other health services;

and a wide range of special current health topics covering

many aspects of health behaviors, health status, and health

care utilization. They are based on data collected in a

continuing national household interview survey.

SERIES 11. Data From the National Health Examination Survey, the

National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, and

the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey—

Data from direct examination, testing, and measurement on

representative samples of the civilian noninstitutionalized

population provide the basis for (1) medically defined total

prevalence of specific diseases or conditions in the United

States and the distributions of the population with respect to

physical, physiological, and psychological characteristics, and

(2) analyses of trends and relationships among various

measurements and between survey periods.

SERIES 12. Data From the Institutionalized Population Surveys—

Discontinued in 1975. Reports from these surveys are

included in Series 13.

SERIES 13. Data From the National Health Care Survey—These

reports contain statistics on health resources and the public’s

use of health care resources including ambulatory, hospital,

and long-term care services based on data collected directly

from health care providers and provider records.

SERIES 14. Data on Health Resources: Manpower and Facilities—

Discontinued in 1990. Reports on the numbers, geographic

distribution, and characteristics of health resources are now

included in Series 13.

SERIES 15. Data From Special Surveys—These reports contain

statistics on health and health-related topics collected in

special surveys that are not part of the continuing data

systems of the National Center for Health Statistics.

SERIES 16. Compilations of Advance Data From Vital and Health

Statistics—Advance Data Reports provide early release of

information from the National Center for Health Statistics’

health and demographic surveys. They are compiled in the

order in which they are published. Some of these releases

may be followed by detailed reports in Series 10–13.

SERIES 20. Data on Mortality—These reports contain statistics on

mortality that are not included in regular, annual, or monthly

reports. Special analyses by cause of death, age, other

demographic variables, and geographic and trend analyses

are included.

SERIES 21. Data on Natality, Marriage, and Divorce—These reports

contain statistics on natality, marriage, and divorce that are

not included in regular, annual, or monthly reports. Special

analyses by health and demographic variables and

geographic and trend analyses are included.

SERIES 22. Data From the National Mortality and Natality Surveys—

Discontinued in 1975. Reports from these sample surveys,

based on vital records, are now published in Series 20 or 21.

SERIES 23. Data From the National Survey of Family Growth—These

reports contain statistics on factors that affect birth rates,

including contraception, infertility, cohabitation, marriage,

divorce, and remarriage; adoption; use of medical care for

family planning and infertility; and related maternal and infant

health topics. These statistics are based on national surveys

of women of childbearing age.

SERIES 24. Compilations of Data on Natality, Mortality, Marriage, and

Divorce—These include advance reports of births, deaths,

marriages, and divorces based on final data from the National

Vital Statistics System that were published as National Vital

Statistics Reports (NVSR), formerly Monthly Vital Statistics

Report. These reports provide highlights and summaries of

detailed data subsequently published in Vital Statistics of the

United States. Other special reports published here provide

selected findings based on final data from the National Vital

Statistics System and may be followed by detailed reports in

Series 20 or 21.

For answers to questions about this report or for a list of reports published

in these series, contact:

Information Dissemination Branch

National Center for Health Statistics

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

3311 Toledo Road, Room 5412

Hyattsville, MD 20782

(301) 458–4636

E-mail: nchsquery@cdc.gov

Internet: www.cdc.gov/nchs
DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 2004-1547, Series 10, No. 21904-0101 (02/04)

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