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TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT

ADVANCED NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULEMAKING

ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM

FOR COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT

ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS

CHAPTERS

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 2. ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK

CHAPTER 3. MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER 4. SCREENING ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 5. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 6. ENERGY USE AND END-USE LOAD CHARACTERIZATION

CHAPTER 7. MARKUPS FOR EQUIPMENT PRICE DETERMINATION

CHAPTER 8. LIFE-CYCLE COST AND PAYBACK PERIOD ANALYSES

CHAPTER 9. SHIPMENTS ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 10. NATIONAL IMPACT ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 11. LIFE-CYCLE COST SUB-GROUP ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 12. MANUFACTURER IMPACT ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 13. UTILITY IMPACT ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 14. EMPLOYMENT IMPACT ANALYSIS

REPORTS

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION

TRANSFORMERS

REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS FOR ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION

TRANSFORMERS

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 5A: SUPPLEMENTARY ENGINEERING ANALYSIS RESULTS

APPENDIX 5B: SCALING RELATIONSHIPS IN MANUFACTURING

APPENDIX 8A: LCC AND PBP RESULTS

APPENDIX 8B: UNCERTAINTY AND VARIABILITY

APPENDIX 8C: UTILITIES SAMPLE

APPENDIX 8D: LCC SENSITIVITY RESULTS

APPENDIX 10A: NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS AND NET NATIONAL PRESENT 

VALUE RESULTS

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT ............................................ 1-1

1.2 OVERVIEW OF APPLIANCE STANDARDS .............................. 1-1

1.3 OVERVIEW OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER STANDARDS ............ 1-2

1.3.1 Process Improvement ............................................. 1-5

1.4 STRUCTURE OF THE DOCUMENT ..................................... 1-6

CHAPTER 2. ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 2-1

2.2 BACKGROUND ..................................................... 2-4

2.3 MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT ........................... 2-4

2.3.1 Market Assessment .............................................. 2-4

2.3.2 Technology Assessment ........................................... 2-4

2.4 SCREENING ANALYSIS .............................................. 2-5

2.4.1 Technology Screening ............................................ 2-5

2.4.2 Baseline Equipment ............................................. 2-5

2.5 ENGINEERING ANALYSIS ............................................ 2-6

2.5.1 Design Option Approach .......................................... 2-6

2.5.2 Efficiency-Level Approach ........................................ 2-7

2.5.3 Cost-Assessment Approach ........................................ 2-8

2.5.4 Other Regulatory Impacts on the Engineering Analysis .................. 2-8

2.6 ENERGY USE AND END-USE LOAD CHARACTERIZATION ............... 2-8

2.7 MARKUPS FOR EQUIPMENT PRICE DETERMINATION ................... 2-8

2.8 LIFE-CYCLE COST AND PAYBACK PERIOD ANALYSES ................. 2-9

2.8.1 LCC Spreadsheet Model .......................................... 2-9

2.9 SHIPMENTS ANALYSIS .............................................. 2-10

2.10 NATIONAL IMPACT ANALYSIS ...................................... 2-11

2.11 LIFE-CYCLE COST SUB-GROUP ANALYSIS ............................ 2-12

2.11.1 Purchase Price Increases ......................................... 2-13

2.11.2 Consumer Participation .......................................... 2-13

2.12 MANUFACTURER IMPACT ANALYSIS ................................ 2-13

2.12.1 Industry Characterization ......................................... 2-13

2.12.2 Industry Cash Flow ............................................. 2-14

2.12.3 Manufacturer Sub-Group Analysis ................................. 2-14

2.12.4 Interview Process ............................................... 2-15

2.12.5 Competitive Impact Assessment ................................... 2-16

2.13 UTILITY IMPACT ANALYSIS ......................................... 2-16

2.14 NET NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT IMPACTS ............................. 2-16

2.15 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT .................................... 2-17

2.16 REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS ................................... 2-18

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CHAPTER 3. MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT

3.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 3-1

3.2 DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER DEFINITION ........................... 3-1

3.3 PROPOSED PRODUCT CLASSES ....................................... 3-4

3.4 NATIONAL SHIPMENT ESTIMATE ..................................... 3-5

3.5 MANUFACTURERS OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS ................ 3-9

3.5.1 Potential Small Business Impacts ................................... 3-9

3.5.2 Distribution and Sales Channels .................................... 3-9

3.5.3 Import Duties on Core Steel ...................................... 3-11

3.6 TOTAL OWNING COST EVALUATION ................................. 3-11

3.7 VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS ........................................... 3-13

3.7.1 National Electrical Manufacturers Association TP 1 Standard ............ 3-13

3.7.2 ENERGY STAR® Transformers ..................................... 3-15

3.7.3 Federal Energy Management Program .............................. 3-16

3.7.4 New York State Energy Research and Development Authority ........... 3-16

3.7.5 National Grid .................................................. 3-16

3.7.6 Northeast Utilities .............................................. 3-17

3.7.7 Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnership ............................ 3-17

3.7.8 Sacramento Municipal Utility District ............................... 3-18

3.7.9 United Illuminating ............................................. 3-18

3.7.10 Wisconsin Public Power ......................................... 3-18

3.7.11 Xcel Energy ................................................... 3-18

3.8 REGULATORY PROGRAMS .......................................... 3-19

3.8.1 California Efficiency Standard .................................... 3-19

3.8.2 Massachusetts Efficiency Standard ................................. 3-19

3.8.3 Minnesota Procurement Efficiency Standard ......................... 3-19

3.8.4 New York Efficiency Standard .................................... 3-20

3.8.5 Oregon Efficiency Standard ....................................... 3-20

3.8.6 Vermont Efficiency Standard ..................................... 3-20

3.8.7 Wisconsin Efficiency Standard .................................... 3-21

3.8.8 U.S. Congress Draft Energy Bill ................................... 3-21

3.8.9 Canadian Efficiency Standard ..................................... 3-21

3.8.10 Mexican Efficiency Standard ...................................... 3-24

3.9 TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT ........................................ 3-28

3.9.1 Distribution Transformer Types ................................... 3-29

3.9.2 Transformer Efficiency Levels .................................... 3-29

3.9.3 Transformer Losses ............................................. 3-31

CHAPTER 4. SCREENING ANALYSIS

4.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 4-1

4.2 DISCUSSION OF DESIGN OPTIONS .................................... 4-1

4.3 DESIGN OPTIONS NOT SCREENED OUT OF THE ANALYSIS .............. 4-3

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4.3.1 Conductor Materials ............................................. 4-3

4.3.2 Core Materials .................................................. 4-4

4.4 DESIGN OPTIONS SCREENED OUT OF THE ANALYSIS ................... 4-5

4.4.1 Silver as a Conductor Material ..................................... 4-5

4.4.2 High-Temperature Superconductors ................................. 4-6

4.4.3 Amorphous Core Material in Stacked Core Configuration ................ 4-7

4.4.4 Carbon Composite Materials for Heat Removal ........................ 4-7

4.4.5 High-Temperature Insulating Material ............................... 4-8

4.4.6 Solid-State (Power Electronics) Technology .......................... 4-8

4.5 SUMMARY OF DESIGN OPTIONS SCREENED OUT ...................... 4-9

CHAPTER 5. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

5.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 5-1

5.2 STRUCTURING THE ENGINEERING ANALYSIS ......................... 5-2

5.2.1 Scaling Relationships in Transformer Manufacturing .................... 5-9

5.3 TECHNICAL DESIGN INPUTS ........................................ 5-11

5.3.1 Design Line 1 Representative Unit ................................. 5-16

5.3.2 Design Line 2 Representative Unit ................................. 5-17

5.3.3 Design Line 3 Representative Unit ................................. 5-18

5.3.4 Design Line 4 Representative Unit ................................. 5-19

5.3.5 Design Line 5 Representative Unit ................................. 5-21

5.3.6 Design Line 6 Representative Unit ................................. 5-22

5.3.7 Design Line 7 Representative Unit ................................. 5-23

5.3.8 Design Line 8 Representative Unit ................................. 5-24

5.3.9 Design Line 9 Representative Unit ................................. 5-24

5.3.10 Design Line 10 Representative Unit ................................ 5-25

5.3.11 Design Line 11 Representative Unit ................................ 5-26

5.3.12 Design Line 12 Representative Unit ................................ 5-27

5.3.13 Design Line 13 Representative Unit ................................ 5-28

5.3.14 Summary of Design Line Coverage ................................. 5-29

5.4 MATERIAL AND LABOR INPUTS ..................................... 5-34

5.4.1 Material Inputs to the Design Software - Liquid-Immersed .............. 5-35

5.4.2 Material Inputs to the Design Software - Dry-type ..................... 5-39

5.4.3 Labor Cost Inputs to the Design Software ............................ 5-41

5.5 RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS ON EACH DESIGN LINE .................. 5-42

5.6 TWO EXAMPLE TRANSFORMER DESIGNS AND COST BREAKDOWNS ... 5-56

5.6.1 Results for DL3 Transformer, M6CuAl at $3 A and $1 B ............... 5-56

5.6.2 Results for DL12 Transformer, M3CuCu at $3A and $1B ............... 5-61

CHAPTER 6. ENERGY USE AND END-USE LOAD CHARACTERIZATION

6.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 6-1

6.1.1 Transformer Losses .............................................. 6-1

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6.1.2 Transformer Loading ............................................. 6-2

6.2 HOURLY LOAD MODEL .............................................. 6-2

6.2.1 Overview of Hourly Load Modeling ................................. 6-2

6.2.2 Hourly Load Simulation Method .................................... 6-3

6.2.3 Hourly Load Simulation Inputs ..................................... 6-5

6.2.3.1 Utility Sample ........................................... 6-5

6.2.3.2 Customer Type ........................................... 6-8

6.2.3.3 Transformer Initial Peak Loading ............................ 6-9

6.2.3.4 Load Factor and Inverse Load Factor ........................ 6-10

6.2.3.5 Load Distribution Function ................................ 6-11

6.2.3.6 Hourly System Load ..................................... 6-12

6.3 MONTHLY LOAD MODEL ........................................... 6-13

6.3.1 Overview ..................................................... 6-13

6.3.2 Monthly Load Estimation Steps ................................... 6-13

6.3.3 Monthly Load Model Inputs ...................................... 6-15

6.3.3.1 Customer Demand and Usage Data .......................... 6-15

6.3.3.2 Customer Sampling Weights ............................... 6-16

6.3.3.3 Initial Peak Load ........................................ 6-16

6.3.3.4 Transformer Load Factor .................................. 6-17

6.3.3.5 Root Mean Square-to-Average-Load Ratio .................... 6-21

6.3.3.6 Transformer Peak Responsibility Factor ...................... 6-22

CHAPTER 7. MARKUPS FOR EQUIPMENT PRICE DETERMINATION

7.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 7-1

7.2 OVERVIEW OF MARKUP EQUATIONS ................................. 7-1

7.3 ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED PRICE ................................... 7-2

7.3.1 Estimation of Transformer Weights .................................. 7-3

7.3.2 Overhead and Profit for Installation Expenses ......................... 7-4

7.3.3 Dry-type Transformer Installed Price Equation ......................... 7-4

7.3.4 Liquid-Immersed Transformer Installed Price Equation .................. 7-5

CHAPTER 8. LIFE-CYCLE COST AND PAYBACK PERIOD ANALYSES

8.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 8-1

8.1.1 General Approach for LCC ........................................ 8-1

8.1.2 The Baseline Scenario ............................................ 8-2

8.1.3 Total Owning Cost ............................................... 8-2

8.2 LIFE-CYCLE COST METHOD .......................................... 8-3

8.2.1 Definition ...................................................... 8-3

8.2.2 LCC Spreadsheet Key Steps ....................................... 8-3

8.2.2.1 Step #1: Select A & B ..................................... 8-6

8.2.2.2 Step #2: Select Designs that Meet a Chosen Candidate 

Standard Level ........................................... 8-6

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8.2.2.3 Step #3: Load and Price Profile .............................. 8-7

8.2.2.4 Step #4: Calculate Cost of Losses ............................ 8-7

8.2.2.5 Step #5: Project Losses and Costs into the Future ............... 8-8

8.2.2.6 Step #6: Select Discount Rate ............................... 8-8

8.2.2.7 Step #7: Calculate Present Value of Future Cost of Losses ........ 8-8

8.2.2.8 Step #8: Results Reported .................................. 8-8

8.2.2.9 Step #9: Results of Distribution of Transformers ................ 8-9

8.2.2.10 Step #10: Results for “Average” Scenario ..................... 8-9

8.2.2.11 Repeat Process ........................................... 8-9

8.3 LCC INPUTS ......................................................... 8-9

8.3.1 A and B Transformer Selection Parameters and Usage Rates ............. 8-10

8.3.2 Database of Transformer Designs .................................. 8-13

8.3.3 Markup and Installation Costs ..................................... 8-14

8.3.4 Transformer Loading ............................................ 8-14

8.3.5 Electricity Price Analysis ......................................... 8-14

8.3.5.1 Hourly Marginal Electricity Price Model for Liquid-Immersed

Transformers ........................................... 8-15

8.3.5.2 Monthly Analysis ........................................ 8-18

8.3.5.3 Data Collection and Modeling .............................. 8-22

8.3.6 Load Growth Trends ............................................ 8-28

8.3.7 Electricity Cost and Price Trends .................................. 8-29

8.3.8 Discount Rate .................................................. 8-30

8.3.9 Effective Date of Standard ........................................ 8-35

8.3.10 Transformer Service Life ......................................... 8-36

8.3.11 Maintenance Costs .............................................. 8-36

8.3.12 Power Factor .................................................. 8-36

8.3.13 Default Scenario ............................................... 8-36

8.4 LCC RESULTS ...................................................... 8-37

8.4.1 Design Line 1 Results ........................................... 8-39

8.4.2 Design Line 2 Results ........................................... 8-39

8.4.3 Design Line 3 Results ........................................... 8-39

8.4.4 Design Line 4 Results ........................................... 8-40

8.4.5 Design Line 5 Results ........................................... 8-40

8.4.6 Design Line 6 Results ........................................... 8-41

8.4.7 Design Line 7 Results ........................................... 8-41

8.4.8 Design Line 8 Results ........................................... 8-41

8.4.9 Design Line 9 Results ........................................... 8-42

8.4.10 Design Line 10 Results .......................................... 8-42

8.4.11 Design Line 11 Results .......................................... 8-43

8.4.12 Design Line 12 Results .......................................... 8-43

8.4.13 Design Line 13 Results .......................................... 8-43

8.5 LCC SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ........................................ 8-44

8.5.1 Design Line 1 Summary Sensitivity Results .......................... 8-45

8.5.2 Design Line 1 Sensitivity Results by Candidate Standard Level .......... 8-46

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8.5.3 Design Line 9 Summary Sensitivity Results .......................... 8-50

8.5.4 Design Line 9 Sensitivity Results by Candidate Standard Level .......... 8-51

8.6 DISTRIBUTIONAL PAYBACK PERIOD ................................. 8-54

8.6.1 Payback Period ................................................ 8-54

8.6.2 Inputs ........................................................ 8-54

8.6.3 Baseline Scenario Complications .................................. 8-55

8.6.4 PBP Results ................................................... 8-56

8.6.5 Design Line 1 Results ........................................... 8-56

8.6.6 Design Line 2 Results ........................................... 8-56

8.6.7 Design Line 3 Results ........................................... 8-57

8.6.8 Design Line 4 Results ........................................... 8-58

8.6.9 Design Line 5 Results ........................................... 8-58

8.6.10 Design Line 6 Results ........................................... 8-59

8.6.11 Design Line 7 Results ........................................... 8-59

8.6.12 Design Line 8 Results ........................................... 8-60

8.6.13 Design Line 9 Results ........................................... 8-60

8.6.14 Design Line 10 Results .......................................... 8-61

8.6.15 Design Line 11 Results .......................................... 8-61

8.6.16 Design Line 12 Results .......................................... 8-62

8.6.17 Design Line 13 Results .......................................... 8-62

8.7 USER INSTRUCTIONS FOR SPREADSHEETS ........................... 8-63

8.7.1 Startup ....................................................... 8-63

8.7.1.1 Sheet Overview ......................................... 8-63

8.7.2 Basic Instructions .............................................. 8-65

CHAPTER 9. SHIPMENTS ANALYSIS

9.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 9-1

9.2 MODEL OVERVIEW .................................................. 9-1

9.3 MODEL INPUTS ..................................................... 9-2

9.3.1 Shipments Data ................................................. 9-3

9.3.2 Shipments Backcast ............................................. 9-8

9.3.3 Shipments Forecast .............................................. 9-8

9.3.4 Long-Term Purchase Elasticity .................................... 9-10

9.3.5 Dry-type/Liquid-immersed Market Shares ........................... 9-11

9.3.6 Stock Accounting .............................................. 9-12

9.3.7 Retirement Function ............................................ 9-13

9.3.8 Initial Stock ................................................... 9-15

9.3.9 Effective Date of Standard ........................................ 9-15

9.3.10 Affected Stock ................................................. 9-16

9.4 RESULTS .......................................................... 9-16

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CHAPTER 10. NATIONAL IMPACT ANALYSIS

10.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................... 10-1

10.1.1 National Impact Spreadsheet Flowchart ............................. 10-2

10.2.1 National Energy Savings Overview ................................. 10-5

10.2.2 National Energy Savings Inputs ................................... 10-6

10.2.2.1 Size Scaling of Losses and Costs ........................... 10-7

10.2.2.2 Mapping LCC Design Line Data to Product Classes ............ 10-9

10.2.2.3 Root Mean Square Loading .............................. 10-11

10.2.2.4 Load Growth .......................................... 10-11

10.2.2.5 Affected Stock ......................................... 10-12

10.2.2.6 Unit Energy Consumption ................................ 10-13

10.2.2.7 Electricity Site-to-Source Conversion ....................... 10-13

10.3 NET PRESENT VALUE CALCULATION ............................... 10-15

10.3.1 Net Present Value Overview ..................................... 10-16

10.3.2 Net Present Value Inputs ........................................ 10-17

10.3.2.1 First Cost ............................................. 10-18

10.3.2.2 Operating Cost ......................................... 10-19

10.3.2.3 Peak Responsibility Factor ............................... 10-20

10.3.2.4 Initial Peak Load ....................................... 10-21

10.3.2.5 Electricity Price Forecast Scalar ........................... 10-21

10.3.2.6 Marginal Electricity Costs ................................ 10-21

10.3.2.7 Discount Rate .......................................... 10-22

10.4 RESULTS ......................................................... 10-22

10.4.1 National Energy Savings and Net Present Value from Candidate 

Standard Levels ............................................... 10-22

10.4.1.1 Liquid-Immersed Results ................................. 10-23

10.4.1.2 Dry-Type Results ....................................... 10-24

10.5.1.1 Introduction ........................................... 10-26

10.5.1.2 Model Flowchart ....................................... 10-26

10.5.2 NES/NPV .................................................... 10-27

10.5.2.1 Input Worksheets ....................................... 10-27

10.5.2.2 Shipments and Affected Stock (from “Stock” sheets) ........... 10-27

10.5.2.3 Marginal Prices ........................................ 10-27

10.5.2.4 Site2Source ........................................... 10-27

10.5.2.5 Calculation Worksheet ................................... 10-28

10.5.2.6 Annual Impacts ........................................ 10-28

10.5.2.7 Output Worksheets ...................................... 10-28

10.5.2.8 Output ............................................... 10-28

10.5.2.9 Summary of Results ..................................... 10-28

10.6 USING THE SPREADSHEET ......................................... 10-29

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CHAPTER 11. LIFE-CYCLE COST SUB-GROUP ANALYSIS

11.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................... 11-1

11.2 PURCHASE PRICE INCREASES ....................................... 11-1

CHAPTER 12. MANUFACTURER IMPACT ANALYSIS

12.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................... 12-1

12.2 METHODOLOGY ................................................... 12-1

12.2.1 Phase 1: Industry Profile ......................................... 12-1

12.2.2 Phase 2: Industry Cash Flow Analysis and Interview Guide ............. 12-1

12.2.2.1 Industry Cash Flow Analysis ............................... 12-2

12.2.2.2 Interview Guide ......................................... 12-2

12.2.3 Phase 3: Sub-Group Analysis ..................................... 12-3

12.2.3.1 Manufacturer Interviews .................................. 12-3

12.2.3.2 Revised Industry Cash Flow Analysis ........................ 12-4

12.2.3.3 Manufacturer Sub-Group Analysis .......................... 12-4

12.2.3.4 Competitive Impact Assessment ............................ 12-4

12.2.3.5 Manufacturing Capacity Impact ............................ 12-4

12.2.3.6 Employment Impacts ..................................... 12-5

12.2.3.7 Cumulative Regulatory Burden ............................. 12-5

12.3 RESULTS .......................................................... 12-5

12.3.1 Phase 1 – Industry Profile ........................................ 12-5

12.3.2 Phase 2 – Industry Cash Flow ..................................... 12-6

12.3.3 Phase 3 – Sub-Group Analysis .................................... 12-6

CHAPTER 13. UTILITY IMPACT ANALYSIS

13.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................... 13-1

13.2 METHODOLOGY ................................................... 13-2

13.3 RESULTS FORMAT .................................................. 13-3

CHAPTER 14. EMPLOYMENT IMPACT ANALYSIS

14.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................... 14-1

14.2 ASSUMPTIONS ..................................................... 14-1

14.3 METHODOLOGY ................................................... 14-1

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR ELECTRICAL 

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS

1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................... EA-1

2.0 METHODOLOGY .................................................. EA-1

3.0 RESULTS FORMAT ................................................. EA-2

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REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS FOR ELECTRICAL 

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS

1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................. RIA-1

2.0 METHODOLOGY ................................................. RIA-1

APPENDIX 5A: SUPPLEMENTARY ENGINEERING ANALYSIS RESULTS

APPENDIX 5B: SCALING RELATIONSHIPS IN MANUFACTURING

5B.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................... 5B-1

5B.2 THEORY AND BASIS FOR SCALING RULES ............................ 5B-4

5B.2.1 Power and Voltage Equations ..................................... 5B-4

5B.2.2 Losses ........................................................ 5B-5

5B.2.3 Output and Winding Coefficients ................................. 5B-11

5B.2.4 Scaling Laws ................................................. 5B-12

APPENDIX 8A: LCC AND PBP RESULTS

8A.1 LCC & PAYBACK RESULTS FOR LIQUID-IMMERSED TRANSFORMERS, 

DESIGN LINES 1 - 5 ................................................ 8A-1

8A.1.1 Design Line 1 Results .......................................... 8A-1

8A.1.2 Design Line 2 Results .......................................... 8A-7

8A.1.3 Design Line 3 Results ......................................... 8A-13

8A.1.4 Design Line 4 Results ......................................... 8A-19

8A.1.5 Design Line 5 Results ......................................... 8A-25

8A.2 LCC & PAYBACK RESULTS FOR DRY-TYPE TRANSFORMERS, 

DESIGN LINES 6 - 13 .............................................. 8A-31

8A.2.1 Design Line 6 Results ......................................... 8A-31

8A.2.2 Design Line 7 Results ......................................... 8A-37

8A.2.3 Design Line 8 Results ......................................... 8A-43

8A.2.4 Design Line 9 Results ......................................... 8A-49

8A.2.5 Design Line 10 Results ........................................ 8A-55

8A.2.6 Design Line 11 Results ........................................ 8A-61

8A.2.7 Design Line 12 Results ........................................ 8A-67

8A.2.8 Design Line 13 Results ........................................ 8A-73

APPENDIX 8B: UNCERTAINTY AND VARIABILITY

8B.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................... 8B-1

8B.2 UNCERTAINTY ..................................................... 8B-1

8B.3 VARIABILITY ...................................................... 8B-1

8B.4 APPROACHES TO UNCERTAINTY AND VARIABILITY .................. 8B-2

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8B.5 PROBABILITY ANALYSIS AND THE USE OF CRYSTAL BALL ............ 8B-3

APPENDIX 8C: UTILITIES SAMPLE

APPENDIX 8D: LCC SENSITIVITY RESULTS

8D.1 DESIGN LINE 1 RESULTS .......................................... 8D-1

8D.1.1 Design Line 1; Candidate Standard Level 1 ......................... 8D-2

8D.1.1.1 Baseline ........................................ 8D-3

8D.1.1.2 Low A & B Distribution ........................... 8D-4

8D.1.1.3 High A & B Distribution ........................... 8D-5

8D.1.1.4 Low Loading .................................... 8D-6

8D.1.1.5 High Loading .................................... 8D-7

8D.1.1.6 Low Electricity Price .............................. 8D-8

8D.1.1.7 High Electricity Price .............................. 8D-9

8D.1.1.8 Low Load Growth ............................... 8D-10

8D.1.1.9 High Load Growth ............................... 8D-11

8D.1.2 Design Line 1; Candidate Standard Level 2 ........................ 8D-12

8D.1.2.1 Baseline ....................................... 8D-13

8D.1.2.2 Low A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-14

8D.1.2.3 High A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-15

8D.1.2.4 Low Loading ................................... 8D-16

8D.1.2.5 High Loading ................................... 8D-17

8D.1.2.6 Low Electricity Price ............................. 8D-18

8D.1.2.7 High Electricity Price ............................. 8D-19

8D.1.2.8 Low Load Growth ............................... 8D-20

8D.1.2.9 High Load Growth ............................... 8D-21

8D.1.3 Design Line 1; Candidate Standard Level 3 ........................ 8D-22

8D.1.3.1 Baseline ....................................... 8D-23

8D.1.3.2 Low A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-24

8D.1.3.3 High A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-25

8D.1.3.4 Low Loading ................................... 8D-26

8D.1.3.5 High Loading ................................... 8D-27

8D.1.3.6 Low Electricity Price ............................. 8D-28

8D.1.3.7 High Electricity Price ............................. 8D-29

8D.1.3.8 Low Load Growth ............................... 8D-30

8D.1.3.9 High Load Growth ............................... 8D-31

8D.1.4 Design Line 1; Candidate Standard Level 4 ........................ 8D-32

8D.1.4.1 Baseline ....................................... 8D-33

8D.1.4.2 Low A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-34

8D.1.4.3 High A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-35

8D.1.4.4 Low Loading ................................... 8D-36

8D.1.4.5 High Loading ................................... 8D-37

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8D.1.4.6 Low Electricity Price ............................. 8D-38

8D.1.4.7 High Electricity Price ............................. 8D-39

8D.1.4.8 Low Load Growth ............................... 8D-40

8D.1.4.9 High Load Growth ............................... 8D-41

8D.1.5 Design Line 1; Candidate Standard Level 5 ........................ 8D-42

8D.1.5.1 Baseline ....................................... 8D-43

8D.1.5.2 Low A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-44

8D.1.5.3 High A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-45

8D.1.5.4 Low Loading ................................... 8D-46

8D.1.5.5 High Loading ................................... 8D-47

8D.1.5.6 Low Electricity Price ............................. 8D-48

8D.1.5.7 High Electricity Price ............................. 8D-49

8D.1.5.8 Low Load Growth ............................... 8D-50

8D.1.5.9 High Load Growth ............................... 8D-51

8D.2 DESIGN LINE 9 RESULTS ......................................... 8D-52

8D.2.1 Design Line 9; Candidate Standard Level 1 ........................ 8D-53

8D.2.1.1 Baseline ....................................... 8D-54

8D.2.1.2 Low A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-55

8D.2.1.3 High A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-56

8D.2.1.4 Low Loading ................................... 8D-57

8D.2.1.5 High Loading ................................... 8D-58

8D.2.1.6 Low Electricity Price ............................. 8D-59

8D.2.1.7 High Electricity Price ............................. 8D-60

8D.2.1.8 Low Load Growth ............................... 8D-61

8D.2.1.9 High Load Growth ............................... 8D-62

8D.2.2 Design Line 9; Candidate Standard Level 2 ........................ 8D-63

8D.2.2.1 Baseline ....................................... 8D-64

8D.2.2.2 Low A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-65

8D.2.2.3 High A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-66

8D.2.2.4 Low Loading ................................... 8D-67

8D.2.2.5 High Loading ................................... 8D-68

8D.2.2.6 Low Electricity Price ............................. 8D-69

8D.2.2.7 High Electricity Price ............................. 8D-70

8D.2.2.8 Low Load Growth ............................... 8D-71

8D.2.2.9 High Load Growth ............................... 8D-72

8D.2.3 Design Line 9; Candidate Standard Level 3 ........................ 8D-73

8D.2.3.1 Baseline ....................................... 8D-74

8D.2.3.2 Low A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-75

8D.2.3.3 High A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-76

8D.2.3.4 Low Loading ................................... 8D-77

8D.2.3.5 High Loading ................................... 8D-78

8D.2.3.6 Low Electricity Price ............................. 8D-79

8D.2.3.7 High Electricity Price ............................. 8D-80

8D.2.3.8 Low Load Growth ............................... 8D-81

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8D.2.3.9 High Load Growth ............................... 8D-82

8D.2.4 Design Line 9; Candidate Standard Level 4 ........................ 8D-83

8D.2.4.1 Baseline ....................................... 8D-84

8D.2.4.2 Low A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-85

8D.2.4.3 High A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-86

8D.2.4.4 Low Loading ................................... 8D-87

8D.2.4.5 High Loading ................................... 8D-88

8D.2.4.6 Low Electricity Price ............................. 8D-89

8D.2.4.7 High Electricity Price ............................. 8D-90

8D.2.4.8 Low Load Growth ............................... 8D-91

8D.2.4.9 High Load Growth ............................... 8D-92

8D.2.5 Design Line 9; Candidate Standard Level 5 ........................ 8D-93

8D.2.5.1 Baseline ....................................... 8D-94

8D.2.5.2 Low A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-95

8D.2.5.3 High A & B Distribution .......................... 8D-96

8D.2.5.4 Low Loading ................................... 8D-97

8D.2.5.5 High Loading ................................... 8D-98

8D.2.5.6 Low Electricity Price ............................. 8D-99

8D.2.5.7 High Electricity Price ............................ 8D-100

8D.2.5.8 Low Load Growth .............................. 8D-101

8D.2.5.9 High Load Growth .............................. 8D-102

APPENDIX 10A: NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS AND NET NATIONAL PRESENT 

VALUE RESULTS

10A.1 1% LOAD GROWTH .............................................. 10A-1

10A.1.1 7% Discount Rate ........................................ 10A-1

10A.1.1.1 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed, Low Price 

Elasticity Scenario (0.00) ........................... 10A-1

10A.1.1.2 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed Set, Medium 

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ...................... 10A-3

10A.1.1.3 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed Set, High Price 

Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) .......................... 10A-5

10A.1.1.4 Price Elasticity for Dry Type, Default Price Elasticity 

Scenario (0.00) ................................... 10A-7

10A.1.2 3% Discount Rate ....................................... 10A-12

10A.1.2.1 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed, Low Price 

Elasticity Scenario (0.00) .......................... 10A-12

10A.1.2.2 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed Set, Medium 

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ..................... 10A-14

10A.1.2.3 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed Set, High Price 

Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) ......................... 10A-16

10A.1.2.4 Price Elasticity for Dry Type, Default Price Elasticity 

Scenario (0.00) .................................. 10A-18

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10A.2 0% LOAD GROWTH ............................................. 10A-23

10A.2.1 7% Discount Rate ....................................... 10A-23

10A.2.1.1 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed, Low Price 

Elasticity Scenario (0.00) .......................... 10A-23

10A.2.1.2 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed Set, Medium 

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ..................... 10A-25

10A.2.1.3 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed Set, High Price 

Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) ......................... 10A-27

10A.2.1.4 Price Elasticity for Dry Type, Default Price Elasticity 

Scenario (0.00) .................................. 10A-29

10A.2.2 3% Discount Rate ....................................... 10A-34

10A.2.2.1 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed, Low Price 

Elasticity Scenario (0.00) .......................... 10A-34

10A.2.2.2 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed Set, Medium 

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ..................... 10A-36

10A.2.2.3 Price Elasticity for Liquid-Immersed Set, High Price 

Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) ......................... 10A-38

10A.2.2.4 Price Elasticity for Dry Type, Default Price Elasticity 

Scenario (0.00) .................................. 10A-40

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.3.1 Distribution Transformers Analyses in Accordance with the Process Rule 1-5

Table 3.2.1 Normal Impedance Ranges for Liquid-Immersed Transformers ......... 3-3

Table 3.2.2 Normal Impedance Ranges for Dry-Type Transformers ............... 3-3

Table 3.3.1 Proposed Distribution Transformer Product Classes .................. 3-5

Table 3.4.1 National Distribution Transformer Shipment Estimates for 2001 ........ 3-7

Table 3.7.1 NEMA Efficiency Levels for Liquid-Immersed Distribution Transformers3-14 ...

Table 3.7.2 NEMA Efficiency Levels for Dry-Type Distribution Transformers ..... 3-15

Table 3.7.3 National Grid Design 2000 Rebate Amounts ...................... 3-17

Table 3.7.4 Northeast Utilities Energy Conscious Construction Rebate Amounts ... 3-17

Table 3.8.1 Canadian Standards for Dry-Type Transformers .................... 3-23

Table 3.8.2 Characteristics of Regulated Distribution Transformers in Mexico ..... 3-24

Table 3.8.3 Minimum Efficiency Levels for Transformers in Mexico ............. 3-25

Table 3.8.4 Maximum Allowed Losses for Transformers in Mexico .............. 3-26

Table 3.8.5 Transitional Standards for Small Manufacturers in Mexico ........... 3-27

Table 3.8.6 Transitional Maximum Losses for Small Manufacturers in Mexico ..... 3-28

Table 3.9.1 Options and Impacts of Increasing Transformer Efficiency ........... 3-33

Table 4.2.1 General Loss-Reduction Interventions for Distribution Transformers .... 4-3

Table 4.3.1 Design Options Not Screened Out of the Analysis ................... 4-5

Table 4.5.1 Design Options Screened Out of the Analysis ....................... 4-9

Table 5.2.1 Product Classes and Number of kVA Ratings ....................... 5-2

Table 5.2.2 Engineering Design Lines (DL) and Representative Units for Analysis ... 5-4

Table 5.2.3 Common Scaling Relationships in Transformers .................... 5-9

Table 5.3.1 A and B Combinations used by Software to Generate Design Database . 5-13

Table 5.3.2 Core Steel Grades, Thicknesses and Associated Losses .............. 5-14

Table 5.3.3 Core Configurations Used in Each Design Line .................... 5-15

Table 5.3.4 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL1 .... 5-17

Table 5.3.5 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL2 .... 5-18

Table 5.3.6 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL3 .... 5-19

Table 5.3.7 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL4 .... 5-20

Table 5.3.8 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL5 .... 5-21

Table 5.3.9 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL6 .... 5-22

Table 5.3.10 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL7 .... 5-23

Table 5.3.11 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL8 .... 5-24

Table 5.3.12 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL9 .... 5-25

Table 5.3.13 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL10 ... 5-26

Table 5.3.14 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL11 ... 5-27

Table 5.3.15 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL12 ... 5-28

Table 5.3.16 Design Option Combinations for the Representative Unit from DL13 ... 5-29

Table 5.3.17 Liquid-Immersed Design Lines and Representative Units ............ 5-30

Table 5.3.18 Dry-Type, Low-Voltage Design Lines and Representative Units ....... 5-31

Table 5.3.19 Dry-Type, Medium-Voltage, Single-Phase Design Lines ............. 5-32

Table 5.3.20 Dry-Type, Medium-Voltage, Three-Phase Design Lines ............. 5-33

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Table 5.4.1 Variable Material Inputs for Liquid-Immersed Units ................ 5-36

Table 5.4.2 Variable Tank Sizes for Design Line 1 ........................... 5-37

Table 5.4.3 Summary Table of Fixed Material Costs for Liquid-Immersed Units .... 5-38

Table 5.4.4 Variable Material Inputs for Dry-Type Units ...................... 5-39

Table 5.4.5 Summary Table of Fixed Material Costs for Dry-Type Units .......... 5-41

Table 5.4.6 Labor Markups for Liquid-Immersed and Dry-Type Manufacturers .... 5-42

Table 5.6.1 Bill of Materials for Example Design from DL3 Database ............ 5-59

Table 5.6.2 Bill of Materials for Example Design from DL12 Database ........... 5-63

Table 6.2.1 Utility Sample for Hourly Load Simulation Data .................... 6-6

Table 8.3.1 Distributions of A Values for Liquid-Immersed Transformers: Three 

Scenarios with Usage Percentages .............................. 8-12

Table 8.3.2 Distributions of A Values for Dry-Type Transformers: Three Scenarios 

with Usage Percentages ....................................... 8-13

Table 8.3.3 Generation Capacity Costs .................................... 8-16

Table 8.3.4 Representative Cost Recovery Factors ........................... 8-17

Table 8.3.5 Percentage of All C&I Customers, by Subdivision, in the Utility Sample 8-20

Table 8.3.6 Variables Used to Estimate Company Discount Rates ............... 8-32

Table 8.3.7 Typical Owners of Different Types of Transformers ................ 8-33

Table 8.3.8 Real Discount Rates by Ownership Category ...................... 8-34

Table 8.3.9 Transformer Ownership by Design Line .......................... 8-35

Table 8.4.1 Candidate Standard Levels Evaluated For Each Design Line .......... 8-37

Table 8.4.2 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 1 Representative Unit ........ 8-39

Table 8.4.3 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 2 Representative Unit ........ 8-39

Table 8.4.4 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 3 Representative Unit ........ 8-40

Table 8.4.5 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 4 Representative Unit ........ 8-40

Table 8.4.6 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 5 Representative Unit ........ 8-40

Table 8.4.7 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 6 Representative Unit ........ 8-41

Table 8.4.8 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 7 Representative Unit ........ 8-41

Table 8.4.9 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 8 Representative Unit ........ 8-42

Table 8.4.10 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 9 Representative Unit ........ 8-42

Table 8.4.11 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 10 Representative Unit ....... 8-42

Table 8.4.12 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 11 Representative Unit ....... 8-43

Table 8.4.13 Summary LCC Results for Design Line 12 Representative Unit ....... 8-43

Table 8.4.14 Summary LCC Savings for Design Line 13 Representative Unit ....... 8-44

Table 8.5.1 Mean LCC Savings ($), Summary for Design Line 1 

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-46

Table 8.5.2 Mean LCC Savings ($), Summary for Design Line 9 Representative Unit 8-50

Table 8.6.1 Possible Cases of First Cost (FC) and Operating Cost (OC) Combinations, 

for PBP Analysis ............................................ 8-55

Table 8.6.2 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 1 

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-57

Table 8.6.3 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 2 

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-58

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Table 8.6.4 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 3 

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-58

Table 8.6.5 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 4 

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-59

Table 8.6.6 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 5 

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-59

Table 8.6.7 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 6 

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-60

Table 8.6.8 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 7 

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-60

Table 8.6.9 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 8 

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-61

Table 8.6.10 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 9 

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-61

Table 8.6.11 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 10 

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-62

Table 8.6.12 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 11 

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-62

Table 8.6.13 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 12 

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-63

Table 8.6.14 Summary of Payback Period Results for Design Line 13 

Representative Unit .......................................... 8-63

Table 9.3.1 Distribution Transformer Shipment Estimates for 2001 ............... 9-4

Table 9.3.2 Liquid-Immersed Distribution Transformer Shipment Estimates, 2001 ... 9-5

Table 9.3.3 Dry-Type, Low-Voltage Distribution Transformer Shipment 

Estimates, 2001 .............................................. 9-6

Table 9.3.4 Dry-Type, Medium-Voltage Distribution Transformer Shipment 

Estimates 2001 ............................................... 9-7

Table 9.4.1 Cumulative Shipments of Transformers between 2007-2035 by Candidate 

Standard Level ............................................. 9-16

Table 10.2.1 Mapping of Design Line (DL) to Product Class (PC) .............. 10-10

Table 10.2.2 Average Site-to-Source Conversion Factors for No-Load Losses and 

Load Losses ............................................... 10-14

Table 10.3.1 First Cost of Distribution Transformers by Candidate Standard Levels and

Product Class (2001$/kVA) ................................... 10-19

Table 10.3.2 Peak Responsibility Factors by Product Class ..................... 10-20

Table 10.3.3 Initial Peak Loading by Product Class ........................... 10-21

Table 10.3.4 Marginal Energy and Demand Cost by Product Class .............. 10-22

Table 10.4.1 Summary of Cumulative NES (2007-2035) and NPV (2007-2070) Impact10-23

Table 10.4.2 Net Present Value During 2007-2070: Liquid-Immersed Transformers by 

Product Class .............................................. 10-24

Table 10.4.3 Cumulative Primary Energy Savings During 2007-2035: Liquid-Immersed

Transformers by Product Class ................................ 10-24

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Table 10.4.4 Net Present Value During 2007-2070: Dry-Type Transformers by 

Product Class .............................................. 10-25

Table 10.4.5 Cumulative Primary Energy Savings During 2007-2035: Dry-Type 

Transformers by Product Class ................................ 10-26

Table 5A.1 Engineering Design Lines and Representative Units for Analysis ..... 5A-2

Table 5B.1 Common Scaling Relationships in Transformers ................... 5B-2

Table 5B.2 Nominal 60 Hz, Core-Type, Liquid-Filled, 12 kV 

Distribution Transformers .................................... 5B-12

Table 8A.1.1 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 1 ............ 8A-1

Table 8A.1.2 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 1 ................... 8A-1

Table 8A.1.3 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 2 ............ 8A-7

Table 8A.1.4 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 2 ................... 8A-7

Table 8A.1.5 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 3 ........... 8A-13

Table 8A.1.6 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 3 .................. 8A-13

Table 8A.1.7 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 4 ........... 8A-19

Table 8A.1.8 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 4 .................. 8A-19

Table 8A.1.9 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 5 ........... 8A-25

Table 8A.1.10 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 5 .................. 8A-25

Table 8A.2.1 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 6 ........... 8A-31

Table 8A.2.2 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 6 .................. 8A-31

Table 8A.2.3 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 7 ........... 8A-37

Table 8A.2.4 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 7 .................. 8A-37

Table 8A.2.5 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 8 ........... 8A-43

Table 8A.2.6 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 8 .................. 8A-43

Table 8A.2.7 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 9 ........... 8A-49

Table 8A.2.8 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 9 .................. 8A-49

Table 8A.2.9 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 10 .......... 8A-55

Table 8A.2.10 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 10 ................. 8A-55

Table 8A.2.11 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 11 .......... 8A-61

Table 8A.2.12 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 11 ................. 8A-61

Table 8A.2.13 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 12 .......... 8A-67

Table 8A.2.14 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 12 ................. 8A-67

Table 8A.2.15 Summary of the LCC Savings Results for Design Line 13 .......... 8A-73

Table 8A.2.16 Summary of Payback Results for Design Line 13 ................. 8A-73

Table 8D.1.1 Mean LCC Savings ($), Summary Table for Design Line 1 .......... 8D-1

Table 8D.1.2 Standard Level: 1; Summary Table ............................. 8D-2

Table 8D.1.3 Standard Level: 2; Summary Table ............................ 8D-12

Table 8D.1.4 Standard Level: 3; Summary Table ............................ 8D-22

Table 8D.1.5 Standard Level: 4; Summary Table ............................ 8D-32

Table 8D.1.6 Standard Level: 5; Summary Table ............................ 8D-42

Table 8D.2.1 Mean LCC Savings ($), Summary Table for Design Line 9 ......... 8D-52

Table 8D.2.2 Standard Level: 1; Summary Table ............................ 8D-53

Table 8D.2.3 Standard Level: 2; Summary Table ............................ 8D-63

Table 8D.2.4 Standard Level: 3; Summary Table ............................ 8D-73

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Table 8D.2.5 Standard Level: 4; Summary Table ............................ 8D-83

Table 8D.2.6 Standard Level: 5; Summary Table ............................ 8D-93

Table 10A.1.1 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed 

Low Price Elasticity Scenario (0.00) ........................... 10A-1

Table 10A.1.2 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, Low Price Elasticity 

Scenario (0.00) ............................................ 10A-2

Table 10A.1.3 Summary Results Table for Product Class 1, Low Price Elasticity 

Scenario (0.00) ............................................ 10A-2

Table 10A.1.4 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, Low Price Elasticity 

Scenario (0.00) ............................................ 10A-2

Table 10A.1.5 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed 

Medium Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ....................... 10A-3

Table 10A.1.6 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, Medium Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.04) ........................................... 10A-4

Table 10A.1.7 Summary Results Table for Product Class 1, Medium Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.04) ........................................... 10A-4

Table 10A.1.8 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, Medium Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.04) ........................................... 10A-4

Table 10A.1.9 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed 

High Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) .......................... 10A-5

Table 10A.1.10 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, High Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.20) ........................................... 10A-6

Table 10A.1.11 Summary Results Table for Product Class 1, High Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.20) ........................................... 10A-6

Table 10A.1.12 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, High Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.20) ........................................... 10A-6

Table 10A.1.13 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed 

Medium Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ....................... 10A-7

Table 10A.1.14 Summary Results Table for All Dry-Type Product Classes ......... 10A-8

Table 10A.1.15 Summary Results Table for Product Class 3 ..................... 10A-9

Table 10A.1.16 Summary Results Table for Product Class 4 ..................... 10A-9

Table 10A.1.17 Summary Results Table for Product Class 5 ..................... 10A-9

Table 10A.1.18 Summary Results Table for Product Class 6 .................... 10A-10

Table 10A.1.19 Summary Results Table for Product Class 7 .................... 10A-10

Table 10A.1.20 Summary Results Table for Product Class 8 .................... 10A-10

Table 10A.1.21 Summary Results Table for Product Class 9 .................... 10A-11

Table 10A.1.22 Summary Results Table for Product Class 10 ................... 10A-11

Table 10A.1.23 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed 

Low Price Elasticity Scenario (0.00) .......................... 10A-12

Table 10A.1.24 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, Low Price Elasticity 

Scenario (0.00) ........................................... 10A-13

Table 10A.1.25 Summary Results Table for Product Class 1, Low Price Elasticity 

Scenario (0.00) ........................................... 10A-13

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Table 10A.1.26 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, Low Price Elasticity 

Scenario (0.00) ........................................... 10A-13

Table 10A.1.27 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed 

Medium Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ...................... 10A-14

Table 10A.1.28 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, Medium Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.04) .......................................... 10A-15

Table 10A.1.29 Summary Results Table for Product Class 1, Medium Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.04) .......................................... 10A-15

Table 10A.1.30 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, Medium Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.04) .......................................... 10A-15

Table 10A.1.31 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed 

High Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) ......................... 10A-16

Table 10A.1.32 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, High Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.20) .......................................... 10A-17

Table 10A.1.33 Summary Results Table for Product Class 1, High Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.20) .......................................... 10A-17

Table 10A.1.34 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, High Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.20) .......................................... 10A-17

Table 10A.1.35 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed 

Medium Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ...................... 10A-18

Table 10A.1.36 Summary Results Table for All Dry-Type Product Classes ........ 10A-19

Table 10A.1.37 Summary Results Table for Product Class 3 .................... 10A-20

Table 10A.1.38 Summary Results Table for Product Class 4 .................... 10A-20

Table 10A.1.39 Summary Results Table for Product Class 5 .................... 10A-20

Table 10A.1.40 Summary Results Table for Product Class 6 .................... 10A-21

Table 10A.1.41 Summary Results Table for Product Class 7 .................... 10A-21

Table 10A.1.42 Summary Results Table for Product Class 8 .................... 10A-21

Table 10A.1.43 Summary Results Table for Product Class 9 .................... 10A-22

Table 10A.1.44 Summary Results Table for Product Class 10 ................... 10A-22

Table 10A.2.1 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed 

Low Price Elasticity Scenario (0.00) .......................... 10A-23

Table 10A.2.2 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, Low Price Elasticity 

Scenario (0.00) ........................................... 10A-24

Table 10A.2.3 Summary Results Table for Product Class 1, Low Price Elasticity 

Scenario (0.00) ........................................... 10A-24

Table 10A.2.4 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, Low Price Elasticity 

Scenario (0.00) ........................................... 10A-24

Table 10A.2.5 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed 

Medium Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ...................... 10A-25

Table 10A.2.6 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, Medium Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.04) .......................................... 10A-26

Table 10A.2.7 Summary Results Table for Product Class 1, Medium Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.04) .......................................... 10A-26

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TOC-xxi

Table 10A.2.8 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, Medium Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.04) .......................................... 10A-26

Table 10A.2.9 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed 

High Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) ......................... 10A-27

Table 10A.2.10 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, High Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.20) .......................................... 10A-28

Table 10A.2.11 Summary Results Table for Product Class 1, High Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.20) .......................................... 10A-28

Table 10A.2.12 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, High Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.20) .......................................... 10A-28

Table 10A.2.13 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed 

Medium Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ...................... 10A-29

Table 10A.2.14 Summary Results Table for All Dry-Type Product Classes ........ 10A-30

Table 10A.2.15 Summary Results Table for Product Class 3 .................... 10A-31

Table 10A.2.16 Summary Results Table for Product Class 4 .................... 10A-31

Table 10A.2.17 Summary Results Table for Product Class 5 .................... 10A-31

Table 10A.2.18 Summary Results Table for Product Class 6 .................... 10A-32

Table 10A.2.19 Summary Results Table for Product Class 7 .................... 10A-32

Table 10A.2.20 Summary Results Table for Product Class 8 .................... 10A-32

Table 10A.2.21 Summary Results Table for Product Class 9 .................... 10A-33

Table 10A.2.22 Summary Results Table for Product Class 10 ................... 10A-33

Table 10A.2.23 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed 

Low Price Elasticity Scenario (0.00) .......................... 10A-34

Table 10A.2.24 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, Low Price Elasticity 

Scenario (0.00) ........................................... 10A-35

Table 10A.2.25 Summary Results Table for Product Classes 1, Low Price Elasticity S

cenario (0.00) ............................................ 10A-35

Table 10A.2.26 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, Low Price Elasticity 

Scenario (0.00) ........................................... 10A-35

Table 10A.2.27 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed 

Medium Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ...................... 10A-36

Table 10A.2.28 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, Medium Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.04) .......................................... 10A-37

Table 10A.2.29 Summary Results Table for Product Class 1, Medium Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.04) .......................................... 10A-37

Table 10A.2.30 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, Medium Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.04) .......................................... 10A-37

Table 10A.2.31 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed 

High Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) ......................... 10A-38

Table 10A.2.32 Summary Results Table for Liquid-Immersed, High Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.20) .......................................... 10A-39

Table 10A.2.33 Summary Results Table for Product Class 1, High Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.20) .......................................... 10A-39

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TOC-xxii

Table 10A.2.34 Summary Results Table for Product Class 2, High Price Elasticity 

Scenario (-0.20) .......................................... 10A-39

Table 10A.2.35 Summary Results Table for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed 

Medium Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ...................... 10A-40

Table 10A.2.36 Summary Results Table for All Dry-Type Product Classes ........ 10A-41

Table 10A.2.37 Summary Results Table for Product Class 3 .................... 10A-42

Table 10A.2.38 Summary Results Table for Product Class 4 .................... 10A-42

Table 10A.2.39 Summary Results Table for Product Class 5 .................... 10A-42

Table 10A.2.40 Summary Results Table for Product Class 6 .................... 10A-43

Table 10A.2.41 Summary Results Table for Product Class 7 .................... 10A-43

Table 10A.2.42 Summary Results Table for Product Class 8 .................... 10A-43

Table 10A.2.43 Summary Results Table for Product Class 9 .................... 10A-44

Table 10A.2.44 Summary Results Table for Product Class 10 ................... 10A-44

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1.1 Analyses for Distribution Transformer Energy-Efficiency Standards .... 2-3

Figure 3.4.1 Liquid-Immersed Unit Shipments ................................ 3-6

Figure 3.4.2 Liquid-Immersed MVA Capacity Shipments ....................... 3-6

Figure 3.4.3 Dry-Type Unit Shipments ...................................... 3-6

Figure 3.4.4 Dry-Type MVA Capacity Shipments ............................. 3-6

Figure 3.5.1 Market Delivery Channels for Distribution Transformers ............ 3-10

Figure 3.9.1 Transformer Losses Vary with Load (75 kVA Dry-Type) ............ 3-30

Figure 3.9.2 Transformer Efficiency Varies with Load ......................... 3-31

Figure 5.4.1 Standard Method of Cost Accounting for Standards Rulemaking ...... 5-34

Figure 5.5.1 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Efficiency for DL1 ..... 5-43

Figure 5.5.2 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Efficiency for DL2 ..... 5-44

Figure 5.5.3 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Efficiency for DL3 ..... 5-45

Figure 5.5.4 Scatter Plot of Manufacturing Selling Price and Efficiency for DL4 .... 5-46

Figure 5.5.5 Scatter Plot of Manufacturing Selling Price and Efficiency for DL5 .... 5-47

Figure 5.5.6 Scatter Plot of Manufacturing Selling Price and Efficiency for DL6 .... 5-48

Figure 5.5.7 Scatter Plot of Manufacturing Selling Price and Efficiency for DL7 .... 5-49

Figure 5.5.8 Scatter Plot of Manufacturing Selling Price and Efficiency for DL8 .... 5-50

Figure 5.5.9 Scatter Plot of Manufacturing Selling Price and Efficiency for DL9 .... 5-51

Figure 5.5.10 Scatter Plot of Manufacturing Selling Price and Efficiency for DL10 ... 5-52

Figure 5.5.11 Scatter Plot of Manufacturing Selling Price and Efficiency for DL11 ... 5-53

Figure 5.5.12 Scatter Plot of Manufacturing Selling Price and Efficiency for DL12 ... 5-54

Figure 5.5.13 Scatter Plot of Manufacturing Selling Price and Efficiency for DL13 ... 5-55

Figure 5.6.1 Cost Breakdown for DL3 M6CuAl Design at $3A, $1B .............. 5-60

Figure 5.6.2 Cost Breakdown for DL12, M3CuCu Design at $3A, $1B. ........... 5-64

Figure 6.2.1 Histogram of the Peak Loading Distribution Generated in the Hourly 

Load Analysis .............................................. 6-10

Figure 6.2.2 Scatterplot of Inverse Load Factor versus Peak Load from Hourly 

ELCAP Data ............................................... 6-11

Figure 6.3.1 Histogram of Annual Load Factors Derived from Monthly CBECS 1995 

Bill Data ................................................... 6-18

Figure 6.3.2 Scatterplot of Annual Load Factor versus Annual Peak Demand from 

Monthly CBECS 1995 Bill Data ................................ 6-20

Figure 6.3.3 Scatterplot of Peak Responsibility Factor versus Load Factor ......... 6-23

Figure 8.2.1 Transformer LCC Spreadsheet Model Flowchart .................... 8-5

Figure 8.3.1 Map showing the Division of the Continental United States into 

17 Subdivisions ............................................. 8-19

Figure 8.3.2 Customer-Weighted Average per kWh Revenue ................... 8-21

Figure 8.3.3 Effect of a Change in Customer Demand (Energy Consumption is Held 

Fixed) for a Block-by-Demand Tariff ............................ 8-24

Figure 8.3.4 Cumulative Load Growth at 1 percent per Year .................... 8-29

Figure 8.3.5 Electricity Price Scenarios ..................................... 8-30

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TOC-xxiv

Figure 8.4.1 Design Load Losses (LL) versus No-load Losses (NL) for TP 1-2002, 

Design Line 9 ............................................... 8-38

Figure 8.5.1 Mean LCC Savings ($), Summary Sensitivity Scenarios for 

Design Line 1 ............................................... 8-47

Figure 8.5.2 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 1, Candidate 

Standard Level 1 ............................................ 8-47

Figure 8.5.3 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 1, Candidate 

Standard Level 2 ............................................ 8-48

Figure 8.5.4 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 1, Candidate 

Standard Level 3 ............................................ 8-48

Figure 8.5.5 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 1, Candidate 

Standard Level 4 ............................................ 8-49

Figure 8.5.6 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 1, Candidate 

Standard Level 5 ............................................ 8-49

Figure 8.5.7 Mean LCC Savings ($), Summary Sensitivity Scenarios for 

Design Line 9 ............................................... 8-51

Figure 8.5.8 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 9, Candidate 

Standard Level 1 ............................................ 8-52

Figure 8.5.9 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 9, Candidate 

Standard Level 2 ............................................ 8-52

Figure 8.5.10 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 9, Candidate 

Standard Level 3 ............................................ 8-52

Figure 8.5.11 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 9, Candidate 

Standard Level 4 ............................................ 8-53

Figure 8.5.12 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 9, Candidate 

Standard Level 5 ............................................ 8-53

Figure 9.3.1 Age Distribution of Liquid-Immersed In-service Transformer Stock 

in 2002 ..................................................... 9-9

Figure 9.3.2 Cumulative Failure Rate of Distribution Transformers ............... 9-14

Figure 9.3.3 Fraction of Original Shipment Retiring at an Age ................... 9-15

Figure 9.4.1 Liquid-Immersed Transformer Shipments Backcast and Forecast ...... 9-17

Figure 10.1.1 National Impact Analysis Flowchart ............................. 10-3

Figure 10.4.1 Liquid-Immersed Distribution Transformers: NES and NPV Impacts: 3%

Discount Rate .............................................. 10-23

Figure 10.4.2 Liquid-Immersed Distribution Transformers: NES and NPV Impacts: 7%

Discount Rate .............................................. 10-23

Figure 10.4.3 Dry-Type Distribution Transforms: NES and NPV Impacts: 3% 

Discount Rate .............................................. 10-24

Figure 10.4.4 Dry-Type Distribution Transforms: NES and NPV Impacts: 7% 

Discount Rate .............................................. 10-24

Figure 5A.1 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL1 ... 5A-3

Figure 5A.2 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL2 ... 5A-3

Figure 5A.3 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL3 ... 5A-4

Figure 5A.4 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL4 ... 5A-4

 EE-RM/STD-00-550 COMMENT 55
TOC-xxv

Figure 5A.5 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL5 ... 5A-5

Figure 5A.6 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL6 ... 5A-5

Figure 5A.7 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL7 ... 5A-6

Figure 5A.8 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL8 ... 5A-6

Figure 5A.9 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL9 ... 5A-7

Figure 5A.10 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL10 . . 5A-7

Figure 5A.11 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL11 . . 5A-8

Figure 5A.12 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL12 . . 5A-8

Figure 5A.13 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Core Losses for DL13 . . 5A-9

Figure 5A.14 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses at 100% 

Load, DL1 ............................................... 5A-10

Figure 5A.15 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses at 100% 

Load, DL2 ............................................... 5A-10

Figure 5A.16 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses at 100% 

Load, DL3 ............................................... 5A-11

Figure 5A.17 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses at 100% 

Load, DL4 ............................................... 5A-11

Figure 5A.18 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses at 100% 

Load, DL5 ............................................... 5A-12

Figure 5A.19 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses at 100% 

Load, DL6 ............................................... 5A-12

Figure 5A.20 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses at 100% 

Load, DL7 ............................................... 5A-13

Figure 5A.21 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses at 100% 

Load, DL8 ............................................... 5A-13

Figure 5A.22 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses at 100% 

Load, DL9 ............................................... 5A-14

Figure 5A.23 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses 100% 

Load, DL10 .............................................. 5A-14

Figure 5A.24 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses 100% 

Load, DL11 .............................................. 5A-15

Figure 5A.25 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses 100% 

Load, DL12 .............................................. 5A-15

Figure 5A.26 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Coil Losses 100% 

Load, DL13 .............................................. 5A-16

Figure 5A.27 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight 

for DL1 .................................................. 5A-17

Figure 5A.28 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight 

for DL2 .................................................. 5A-17

Figure 5A.29 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight 

for DL3 .................................................. 5A-18

Figure 5A.30 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight 

for DL4 .................................................. 5A-18

 EE-RM/STD-00-550 COMMENT 55
TOC-xxvi

Figure 5A.31 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight 

for DL5 .................................................. 5A-19

Figure 5A.32 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight 

for DL6 .................................................. 5A-19

Figure 5A.33 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight 

for DL7 .................................................. 5A-20

Figure 5A.34 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight 

for DL8 .................................................. 5A-20

Figure 5A.35 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight 

for DL9 .................................................. 5A-21

Figure 5A.36 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight 

for DL10 ................................................. 5A-21

Figure 5A.37 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight 

for DL11 ................................................. 5A-22

Figure 5A.38 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight 

for DL12 ................................................. 5A-22

Figure 5A.39 Scatter Plot of Manufacturer Selling Price and Transformer Weight 

for DL13 ................................................. 5A-23

Figure 5B.1 Size and Performance Relationships by kVA Rating ................ 5B-3

Figure 5B.2 Basic Three-Phase Transformer Dimensions ...................... 5B-13

Figure 8A.1.1 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 1: 

Frequency Chart ............................................ 8A-2

Figure 8A.1.2 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 1: 

Cumulative Chart ........................................... 8A-2

Figure 8A.1.3 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 1: 

Frequency Chart ............................................ 8A-2

Figure 8A.1.4 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 1: 

Frequency Chart ............................................ 8A-3

Figure 8A.1.5 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 1: 

Cumulative Chart ........................................... 8A-3

Figure 8A.1.6 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 1: 

Frequency Chart ............................................ 8A-3

Figure 8A.1.7 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 1: 

Frequency Chart ............................................ 8A-4

Figure 8A.1.8 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 1: 

Cumulative Chart ........................................... 8A-4

Figure 8A.1.9 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 1: 

Frequency Chart ............................................ 8A-4

Figure 8A.1.10 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 1: 

Frequency Chart ............................................ 8A-5

Figure 8A.1.11 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 1: 

Cumulative Chart ........................................... 8A-5

Figure 8A.1.12 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 1: 

Frequency Chart ............................................ 8A-5

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TOC-xxvii

Figure 8A.1.13 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 1: 

Frequency Chart ............................................ 8A-6

Figure 8A.1.14 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 1: 

Cumulative Chart ........................................... 8A-6

Figure 8A.1.15 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 1: 

Frequency Chart ............................................ 8A-6

Figure 8A.1.16 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 2: 

Frequency Chart ............................................ 8A-8

Figure 8A.1.17 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 2: 

Cumulative Chart ........................................... 8A-8

Figure 8A.1.18 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 2: 

Frequency Chart ............................................ 8A-8

Figure 8A.1.19 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 2: 

Frequency Chart ............................................ 8A-9

Figure 8A.1.20 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 2: 

Cumulative Chart ........................................... 8A-9

Figure 8A.1.21 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 2: 

Frequency Chart ............................................ 8A-9

Figure 8A.1.22 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 2: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-10

Figure 8A.1.23 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 2: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-10

Figure 8A.1.24 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 2: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-10

Figure 8A.1.25 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 2: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-11

Figure 8A.1.26 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 2: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-11

Figure 8A.1.27 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 2: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-11

Figure 8A.1.28 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 2: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-12

Figure 8A.1.29 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 2: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-12

Figure 8A.1.30 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 2: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-12

Figure 8A.1.31 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 3: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-14

Figure 8A.1.32 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 3: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-14

Figure 8A.1.33 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 3: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-14

Figure 8A.1.34 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 3: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-15

 EE-RM/STD-00-550 COMMENT 55
TOC-xxviii

Figure 8A.1.35 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 3: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-15

Figure 8A.1.36 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 3: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-15

Figure 8A.1.37 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 3: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-16

Figure 8A.1.38 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 3: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-16

Figure 8A.1.39 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 3: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-16

Figure 8A.1.40 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 3: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-17

Figure 8A.1.41 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 3: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-17

Figure 8A.1.42 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 3: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-17

Figure 8A.1.43 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 3: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-18

Figure 8A.1.44 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 3: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-18

Figure 8A.1.45 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 3: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-18

Figure 8A.1.46 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 4: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-20

Figure 8A.1.47 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 4: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-20

Figure 8A.1.48 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 4: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-20

Figure 8A.1.49 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 4: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-21

Figure 8A.1.50 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 4: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-21

Figure 8A.1.51 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 4: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-21

Figure 8A.1.52 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 4: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-22

Figure 8A.1.53 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 4: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-22

Figure 8A.1.54 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 4: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-22

Figure 8A.1.55 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 4: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-23

Figure 8A.1.56 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 4: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-23

 EE-RM/STD-00-550 COMMENT 55
TOC-xxix

Figure 8A.1.57 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 4: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-23

Figure 8A.1.58 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 4: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-24

Figure 8A.1.59 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 4: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-24

Figure 8A.1.60 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 4: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-24

Figure 8A.1.61 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 5: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-26

Figure 8A.1.62 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 5: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-26

Figure 8A.1.63 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 5: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-26

Figure 8A.1.64 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 5: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-27

Figure 8A.1.65 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 5: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-27

Figure 8A.1.66 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 5: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-27

Figure 8A.1.67 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 5: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-28

Figure 8A.1.68 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 5: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-28

Figure 8A.1.69 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 5: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-28

Figure 8A.1.70 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 5: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-29

Figure 8A.1.71 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 5: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-29

Figure 8A.1.72 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 5: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-29

Figure 8A.1.73 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 5: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-30

Figure 8A.1.74 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 5: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-30

Figure 8A.1.75 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 5: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-30

Figure 8A.2.1 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 6: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-32

Figure 8A.2.2 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 6: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-32

Figure 8A.2.3 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 6: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-32

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Figure 8A.2.4 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 6: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-33

Figure 8A.2.5 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 6: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-33

Figure 8A.2.6 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 6: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-33

Figure 8A.2.7 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 6: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-34

Figure 8A.2.8 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 6: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-34

Figure 8A.2.9 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 6: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-34

Figure 8A.2.10 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 6: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-35

Figure 8A.2.11 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 6: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-35

Figure 8A.2.12 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 6: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-35

Figure 8A.2.13 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 6: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-36

Figure 8A.2.14 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 6: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-36

Figure 8A.2.15 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 6: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-36

Figure 8A.2.16 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 7: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-38

Figure 8A.2.17 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 7: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-38

Figure 8A.2.18 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 7: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-38

Figure 8A.2.19 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 7: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-39

Figure 8A.2.20 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 7: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-39

Figure 8A.2.21 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 7: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-39

Figure 8A.2.22 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 7: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-40

Figure 8A.2.23 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 7: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-40

Figure 8A.2.24 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 7: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-40

Figure 8A.2.25 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 7: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-41

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Figure 8A.2.26 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 7: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-41

Figure 8A.2.27 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 7: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-41

Figure 8A.2.28 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 7: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-42

Figure 8A.2.29 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 7: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-42

Figure 8A.2.30 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 7: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-42

Figure 8A.2.31 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 8: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-44

Figure 8A.2.32 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 8: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-44

Figure 8A.2.33 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 8: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-44

Figure 8A.2.34 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 8: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-45

Figure 8A.2.35 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 8: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-45

Figure 8A.2.36 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 8: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-45

Figure 8A.2.37 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 8: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-46

Figure 8A.2.38 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 8: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-46

Figure 8A.2.39 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 8: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-46

Figure 8A.2.40 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 8: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-47

Figure 8A.2.41 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 8: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-47

Figure 8A.2.42 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 8: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-47

Figure 8A.2.43 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 8: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-48

Figure 8A.2.44 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 8: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-48

Figure 8A.2.45 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 8: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-48

Figure 8A.2.46 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 9: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-50

Figure 8A.2.47 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 9: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-50

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Figure 8A.2.48 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 9: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-50

Figure 8A.2.49 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 9: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-51

Figure 8A.2.50 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 9: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-51

Figure 8A.2.51 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 9: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-51

Figure 8A.2.52 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 9: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-52

Figure 8A.2.53 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 9: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-52

Figure 8A.2.54 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 9: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-52

Figure 8A.2.55 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 9: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-53

Figure 8A.2.56 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 9: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-53

Figure 8A.2.57 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 9: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-53

Figure 8A.2.58 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 9: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-54

Figure 8A.2.59 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 9: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-54

Figure 8A.2.60 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 9: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-54

Figure 8A.2.61 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 10: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-56

Figure 8A.2.62 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 10: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-56

Figure 8A.2.63 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 10: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-56

Figure 8A.2.64 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 10: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-57

Figure 8A.2.65 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 10: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-57

Figure 8A.2.66 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 10: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-57

Figure 8A.2.67 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 10: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-58

Figure 8A.2.68 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 10: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-58

Figure 8A.2.69 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 10: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-58

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Figure 8A.2.70 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 10: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-59

Figure 8A.2.71 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 10: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-59

Figure 8A.2.72 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 10: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-59

Figure 8A.2.73 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 10: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-60

Figure 8A.2.74 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 10: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-60

Figure 8A.2.75 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 10: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-60

Figure 8A.2.76 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 11: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-62

Figure 8A.2.77 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 11: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-62

Figure 8A.2.78 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 11: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-62

Figure 8A.2.79 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 11: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-63

Figure 8A.2.80 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 11: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-63

Figure 8A.2.81 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 11: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-63

Figure 8A.2.82 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 11: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-64

Figure 8A.2.83 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 11: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-64

Figure 8A.2.84 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 11: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-64

Figure 8A.2.85 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 11: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-65

Figure 8A.2.86 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 11: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-65

Figure 8A.2.87 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 11: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-65

Figure 8A.2.88 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 11: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-66

Figure 8A.2.89 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 11: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-66

Figure 8A.2.90 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 11: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-66

Figure 8A.2.91 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 12: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-68

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Figure 8A.2.92 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 12: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-68

Figure 8A.2.93 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 12: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-68

Figure 8A.2.94 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 12: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-69

Figure 8A.2.95 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 12: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-69

Figure 8A.2.96 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 12: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-69

Figure 8A.2.97 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 12: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-70

Figure 8A.2.98 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 12: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-70

Figure 8A.2.99 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 12: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-70

Figure 8A.2.100 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 12: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-71

Figure 8A.2.101 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 12: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-71

Figure 8A.2.102 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 12: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-71

Figure 8A.2.103 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 12: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-72

Figure 8A.2.104 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 12: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-72

Figure 8A.2.105 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 12: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-72

Figure 8A.2.106 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 13: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-74

Figure 8A.2.107 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 13: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-74

Figure 8A.2.108 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 1, Design Line 13: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-74

Figure 8A.2.109 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 13: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-75

Figure 8A.2.110 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 13: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-75

Figure 8A.2.111 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 2, Design Line 13: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-75

Figure 8A.2.112 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 13: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-76

Figure 8A.2.113 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 13: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-76

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Figure 8A.2.114 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 3, Design Line 13: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-76

Figure 8A.2.115 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 13: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-77

Figure 8A.2.116 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 13: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-77

Figure 8A.2.117 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 4, Design Line 13: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-77

Figure 8A.2.118 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 13: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-78

Figure 8A.2.119 LCC Savings for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 13: 

Cumulative Chart .......................................... 8A-78

Figure 8A.2.120 Payback Period for Candidate Standard Level 5, Design Line 13: 

Frequency Chart ........................................... 8A-78

Figure 8B.5.1 Normal Probability Distribution ................................ 8B-3

Figure 8B.5.2 Triangular Probability Distribution .............................. 8B-3

Figure 8B.5.3 Uniform Probability Distribution ................................ 8B-3

Figure 8D.1.1 Mean LCC Savings ($), by Scenario for Design Line 1 ............. 8D-1

Figure 8D.1.2 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 1, 

Standard Level 1 ........................................... 8D-2

Figure 8D.1.3 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Baseline Scenario ................................... 8D-3

Figure 8D.1.4 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Baseline Scenario ................................... 8D-3

Figure 8D.1.5 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Baseline Scenario ................................... 8D-3

Figure 8D.1.6 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ...................... 8D-4

Figure 8D.1.7 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ...................... 8D-4

Figure 8D.1.8 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ...................... 8D-4

Figure 8D.1.9 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High A & B Distribution Scenario ...................... 8D-5

Figure 8D.1.10 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High A & B Distribution Scenario ...................... 8D-5

Figure 8D.1.11 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High A & B Distribution Scenario ...................... 8D-5

Figure 8D.1.12 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-6

Figure 8D.1.13 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-6

Figure 8D.1.14 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-6

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Figure 8D.1.15 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-7

Figure 8D.1.16 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-7

Figure 8D.1.17 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-7

Figure 8D.1.18 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Electricity Price Scenario ......................... 8D-8

Figure 8D.1.19 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Electricity Price Scenario ......................... 8D-8

Figure 8D.1.20 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Electricity Price Scenario ......................... 8D-8

Figure 8D.1.21 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-9

Figure 8D.1.22 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-9

Figure 8D.1.23 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-9

Figure 8D.1.24 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-10

Figure 8D.1.25 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-10

Figure 8D.1.26 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-10

Figure 8D.1.27 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-11

Figure 8D.1.28 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-11

Figure 8D.1.29 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-11

Figure 8D.1.30 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 1, 

Standard Level 2 .......................................... 8D-12

Figure 8D.1.31 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-13

Figure 8D.1.32 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-13

Figure 8D.1.33 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-13

Figure 8D.1.34 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-14

Figure 8D.1.35 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-14

Figure 8D.1.36 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-14

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Figure 8D.1.37 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-15

Figure 8D.1.38 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-15

Figure 8D.1.39 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard 

Level: 2; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-15

Figure 8D.1.40 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-16

Figure 8D.1.41 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-16

Figure 8D.1.42 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-16

Figure 8D.1.43 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-17

Figure 8D.1.44 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-17

Figure 8D.1.45 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-17

Figure 8D.1.46 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-18

Figure 8D.1.47 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-18

Figure 8D.1.48 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-18

Figure 8D.1.49 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-19

Figure 8D.1.50 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-19

Figure 8D.1.51 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-19

Figure 8D.1.52 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-20

Figure 8D.1.53 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-20

Figure 8D.1.54 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-20

Figure 8D.1.55 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-21

Figure 8D.1.56 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-21

Figure 8D.1.57 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-21

Figure 8D.1.58 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 1, 

Standard Level 3 .......................................... 8D-22

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Figure 8D.1.59 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-23

Figure 8D.1.60 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-23

Figure 8D.1.61 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-23

Figure 8D.1.62 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-24

Figure 8D.1.63 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-24

Figure 8D.1.64 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-24

Figure 8D.1.65 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-25

Figure 8D.1.66 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-25

Figure 8D.1.67 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-25

Figure 8D.1.68 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-26

Figure 8D.1.69 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-26

Figure 8D.1.70 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-26

Figure 8D.1.71 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-27

Figure 8D.1.72 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-27

Figure 8D.1.73 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-27

Figure 8D.1.74 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-28

Figure 8D.1.75 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-28

Figure 8D.1.76 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-28

Figure 8D.1.77 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-29

Figure 8D.1.78 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-29

Figure 8D.1.79 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-29

Figure 8D.1.80 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-30

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Figure 8D.1.81 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-30

Figure 8D.1.82 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-30

Figure 8D.1.83 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-31

Figure 8D.1.84 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-31

Figure 8D.1.85 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-31

Figure 8D.1.86 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 1, 

Standard Level 4 .......................................... 8D-32

Figure 8D.1.87 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-33

Figure 8D.1.88 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-33

Figure 8D.1.89 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-33

Figure 8D.1.90 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-34

Figure 8D.1.91 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-34

Figure 8D.1.92 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-34

Figure 8D.1.93 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-35

Figure 8D.1.94 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-35

Figure 8D.1.95 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-35

Figure 8D.1.96 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-36

Figure 8D.1.97 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-36

Figure 8D.1.98 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-36

Figure 8D.1.99 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-37

Figure 8D.1.100 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-37

Figure 8D.1.101 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-37

Figure 8D.1.102 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-38

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Figure 8D.1.103 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-38

Figure 8D.1.104 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-38

Figure 8D.1.105 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-39

Figure 8D.1.106 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-39

Figure 8D.1.107 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-39

Figure 8D.1.108 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-40

Figure 8D.1.109 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-40

Figure 8D.1.110 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-40

Figure 8D.1.111 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-41

Figure 8D.1.112 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-41

Figure 8D.1.113 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-41

Figure 8D.1.114 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 1, 

Standard Level 5 .......................................... 8D-42

Figure 8D.1.115 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-43

Figure 8D.1.116 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-43

Figure 8D.1.117 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-43

Figure 8D.1.118 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-44

Figure 8D.1.119 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-44

Figure 8D.1.120 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-44

Figure 8D.1.121 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-45

Figure 8D.1.122 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-45

Figure 8D.1.123 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-45

Figure 8D.1.124 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-46

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Figure 8D.1.125 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-46

Figure 8D.1.126 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-46

Figure 8D.1.127 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-47

Figure 8D.1.128 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-47

Figure 8D.1.129 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-47

Figure 8D.1.130 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-48

Figure 8D.1.131 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-48

Figure 8D.1.132 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-48

Figure 8D.1.133 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-49

Figure 8D.1.134 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-49

Figure 8D.1.135 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-49

Figure 8D.1.136 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-50

Figure 8D.1.137 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-50

Figure 8D.1.138 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-50

Figure 8D.1.139 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-51

Figure 8D.1.140 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-51

Figure 8D.1.141 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 1; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-51

Figure 8D.2.1 Mean LCC Savings ($), by Scenario for Design Line 9 ............ 8D-52

Figure 8D.2.2 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 9, 

Standard Level 1 .......................................... 8D-53

Figure 8D.2.3 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-54

Figure 8D.2.4 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-54

Figure 8D.2.5 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-54

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Figure 8D.2.6 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-55

Figure 8D.2.7 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-55

Figure 8D.2.8 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-55

Figure 8D.2.9 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-56

Figure 8D.2.10 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-56

Figure 8D.2.11 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-56

Figure 8D.2.12 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-57

Figure 8D.2.13 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-57

Figure 8D.2.14 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-57

Figure 8D.2.15 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-58

Figure 8D.2.16 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-58

Figure 8D.2.17 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-58

Figure 8D.2.18 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-59

Figure 8D.2.19 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-59

Figure 8D.2.20 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-59

Figure 8D.2.21 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-60

Figure 8D.2.22 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-60

Figure 8D.2.23 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-60

Figure 8D.2.24 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-61

Figure 8D.2.25 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-61

Figure 8D.2.26 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-61

Figure 8D.2.27 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-62

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Figure 8D.2.28 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-62

Figure 8D.2.29 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 1; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-62

Figure 8D.2.30 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 9, 

Standard Level 2 .......................................... 8D-63

Figure 8D.2.31 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-64

Figure 8D.2.32 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-64

Figure 8D.2.33 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-64

Figure 8D.2.34 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-65

Figure 8D.2.35 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-65

Figure 8D.2.36 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-65

Figure 8D.2.37 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-66

Figure 8D.2.38 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-66

Figure 8D.2.39 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-66

Figure 8D.2.40 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-67

Figure 8D.2.41 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-67

Figure 8D.2.42 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-67

Figure 8D.2.43 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-68

Figure 8D.2.44 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-68

Figure 8D.2.45 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-68

Figure 8D.2.46 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-69

Figure 8D.2.47 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-69

Figure 8D.2.48 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-69

Figure 8D.2.49 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-70

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Figure 8D.2.50 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-70

Figure 8D.2.51 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-70

Figure 8D.2.52 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-71

Figure 8D.2.53 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-71

Figure 8D.2.54 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-71

Figure 8D.2.55 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-72

Figure 8D.2.56 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-72

Figure 8D.2.57 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 2; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-72

Figure 8D.2.58 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 9, 

Standard Level 3 .......................................... 8D-73

Figure 8D.2.59 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-74

Figure 8D.2.60 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-74

Figure 8D.2.61 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-74

Figure 8D.2.62 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-75

Figure 8D.2.63 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-75

Figure 8D.2.64 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-75

Figure 8D.2.65 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-76

Figure 8D.2.66 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-76

Figure 8D.2.67 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-76

Figure 8D.2.68 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-77

Figure 8D.2.69 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-77

Figure 8D.2.70 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-77

Figure 8D.2.71 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-78

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Figure 8D.2.72 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-78

Figure 8D.2.73 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-78

Figure 8D.2.74 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-79

Figure 8D.2.75 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-79

Figure 8D.2.76 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-79

Figure 8D.2.77 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-80

Figure 8D.2.78 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-80

Figure 8D.2.79 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-80

Figure 8D.2.80 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-81

Figure 8D.2.81 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-81

Figure 8D.2.82 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-81

Figure 8D.2.83 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-82

Figure 8D.2.84 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-82

Figure 8D.2.85 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 3; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-82

Figure 8D.2.86 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 9, 

Standard Level 4 .......................................... 8D-83

Figure 8D.2.87 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-84

Figure 8D.2.88 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-84

Figure 8D.2.89 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-84

Figure 8D.2.90 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-85

Figure 8D.2.91 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-85

Figure 8D.2.92 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-85

Figure 8D.2.93 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-86

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Figure 8D.2.94 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-86

Figure 8D.2.95 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-86

Figure 8D.2.96 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-87

Figure 8D.2.97 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-87

Figure 8D.2.98 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-87

Figure 8D.2.99 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-88

Figure 8D.2.100 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-88

Figure 8D.2.101 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Transformer Loading Scenario ................... 8D-88

Figure 8D.2.102 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-89

Figure 8D.2.103 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-89

Figure 8D.2.104 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-89

Figure 8D.2.105 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-90

Figure 8D.2.106 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-90

Figure 8D.2.107 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-90

Figure 8D.2.108 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-91

Figure 8D.2.109 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-91

Figure 8D.2.110 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-91

Figure 8D.2.111 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-92

Figure 8D.2.112 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-92

Figure 8D.2.113 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 4; High Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-92

Figure 8D.2.114 Sensitivity of LCC to Input Changes for Design Line 9, 

Standard Level 5 .......................................... 8D-93

Figure 8D.2.115 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-94

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Figure 8D.2.116 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-94

Figure 8D.2.117 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Baseline Scenario .................................. 8D-94

Figure 8D.2.118 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-95

Figure 8D.2.119 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-95

Figure 8D.2.120 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-95

Figure 8D.2.121 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-96

Figure 8D.2.122 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-96

Figure 8D.2.123 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High A & B Distribution Scenario ..................... 8D-96

Figure 8D.2.124 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-97

Figure 8D.2.125 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-97

Figure 8D.2.126 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-97

Figure 8D.2.127 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-98

Figure 8D.2.128 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-98

Figure 8D.2.129 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Transformer Loading Scenario .................... 8D-98

Figure 8D.2.130 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-99

Figure 8D.2.131 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-99

Figure 8D.2.132 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Electricity Price Scenario ........................ 8D-99

Figure 8D.2.133 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-100

Figure 8D.2.134 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-100

Figure 8D.2.135 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Electricity Price Scenario ....................... 8D-100

Figure 8D.2.136 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-101

Figure 8D.2.137 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-101

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Figure 8D.2.138 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; Low Load Growth Scenario .......................... 8D-101

Figure 8D.2.139 LCC Savings Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Load Growth Scenario ......................... 8D-102

Figure 8D.2.140 LCC Savings Cumulative Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Load Growth Scenario ......................... 8D-102

Figure 8D.2.141 Payback Period Frequency Chart; Design Line: 9; Candidate Standard

Level: 5; High Load Growth Scenario ......................... 8D-102

Figure 10A.1.1 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Low Price 

Elasticity Scenario (0.00) .................................... 10A-1

Figure 10A.1.2 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Medium 

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ............................... 10A-3

Figure 10A.1.3 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed High Price 

Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) .................................... 10A-5

Figure 10A.1.4 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Medium 

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) ............................... 10A-7

Figure 10A.1.5 Summary Results for All Dry Type Product Classes ............... 10A-8

Figure 10A.1.6 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Low Price 

Elasticity Scenario (0.00) ................................... 10A-12

Figure 10A.1.7 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Medium 

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) .............................. 10A-14

Figure 10A.1.8 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed High Price 

Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) ................................... 10A-16

Figure 10A.1.9 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Medium 

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) .............................. 10A-18

Figure 10A.1.10 Summary Results for All Dry Type Product Classes .............. 10A-19

Figure 10A.2.1 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Low Price 

Elasticity Scenario (0.00) ................................... 10A-23

Figure 10A.2.2 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Medium 

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) .............................. 10A-25

Figure 10A.2.3 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed High Price 

Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) ................................... 10A-27

Figure 10A.2.4 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Medium 

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) .............................. 10A-29

Figure 10A.2.5 Summary Results for All Dry Type Product Classes .............. 10A-30

Figure 10A.2.6 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Low Price 

Elasticity Scenario (0.00) ................................... 10A-34

Figure 10A.2.7 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Medium 

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) .............................. 10A-36

Figure 10A.2.8 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed High Price 

Elasticity Scenario (-0.20) ................................... 10A-38

Figure 10A.2.9 Summary Results for All Product Classes, Liquid-Immersed Medium 

Price Elasticity Scenario (-0.04) .............................. 10A-40

Figure 10A.2.10 Summary Results for All Dry Type Product Classes .............. 10A-41

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