### IN THE UNI TED STAT ES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIF TH CIRCU IT

N o

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U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A

,

P l a i n t i f f

- A p p e l l e e

,

v

.

D A V I D W I N K L E R

,

D e f e n d a n t

- A p p e l l a n t

.

A p p e a l f

r o m t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s D i s t r i c t C o u r t

f o r t h e W e s t e r n D i s t r i c t o f T e x a s

B e f o r e G A R W O O D

, E L R O D

, a n d S O U T H W I C K

, C i r c u i t J u d g e s

.

J E N N I F E R W A L K E R E L R O D

, C i r c u i t J u d g e :

D a v id W in k le r a p p e a ls f ro m tw o co u n ts o f h is fo u r-co u n t co n v ictio n fo r

re ce ip t a n d p o sse ssio n o f ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y

, ch a lle n g in g th e su fficie n cy o f th e

e v id e n ce su p p o rtin g h is co n v ictio n

. P rim a rily

, h e a rg u e s th a t h is co n v ictio n fo r

k n o w i n g re ce ip t o f ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y ca n n o t sta n d b e ca u se it w a s b a se d o n U n i te d S ta te s C o u rt o f A p p ea l s

F i ft h C i rc u i t



### F I L E D

April 25 , 20 11

Lyle W . Cayce

Clerk Case: 09-50703 Document: 00511455964 Page: 1 Date Filed: 04/25/2011N o

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im a g e s fo u n d o n ly in th e te m p o ra ry sto ra g e o f h is co m p u te r h a rd d riv e

. W e

n o w A F F IR M

.

I.

W in k le r’s n a m e ca m e to th e a tte n tio n o f la w e n fo rce m e n t d u rin g tw o

n a tio n a l in v e stig a tio n s le d b y e le m e n ts o f Im m ig ra tio n a n d C u sto m s

E n fo rce m e n t (IC E ) d u rin g 2 0 0 5 a n d 2 0 0 6

. T h e first, “O p e ra tio n E m issa ry ,” w a s

in itia te d in 2 0 0 5

. T h a t in v e stig a tio n le d to th e d isco v e ry o f a ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y

w e b site

. In o rd e r to a cce ss th a t w e b site

, a p o te n tia l u se r v isite d a w e lco m e p a g e

th a t o ffe re d s a m p le s o f ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y

, a n d u n lim ite d m e m b e rsh ip s fo r

$ 7 9 .9 5 a n d $ 9 0 .0 0 fo r tw e n ty d a y s a n d a m o n th re sp e ctiv e ly

. O n ce a p u rch a se

h a d b e e n m a d e

, th e u se r w o u ld re ce iv e a n e m a il fro m a n u n re la te d a d d re ss a

d a y la te r co n ta in in g a lin k to th e illicit co n te n t. F o llo w in g th e lin k le d to a sig n

in scre e n w h ich re q u ire d a u s e rn a m e a n d p a ssw o rd

, a fte r w h ich th e w e b site

w a rn e d th a t its co n te n ts w e re ille g a l in a ll co u n trie s. E v id e n ce a t tria l

e sta b lish e d th a t a fte r e n te rin g th e w e b site th ro u g h th o se in itia l scre e n s, a u se r

co ul d ac c es s appr ox im a te ly 1 ,0 0 0 im a g e s o f ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y

, in clu d in g v id e o s.

H a v in g e x e cu te d a se a rch w a rra n t fo r th e p h y sica l in te rn e t se rv e r h o stin g th e

w e b site

, IC E a g e n t s d isco v e re d th a t th e e -m a il a cco u n t o f “d cw in k @k tc.co m ”

to g e th e r w ith a zip co d e

, city a n d stre e t a d d re ss, w a s tra n sm itte d to th e w e b site

a s p a rt o f a m e m b e rsh ip sig n -u p p ro ce d u re

. A g e n ts th e n in v e stig a te d p a y m e n ts

m a d e to th e w e b site

. T h e y fo u n d th a t a cre d it ca rd b e lo n g in g to D a v id W in k le r

w a s u se d to m a k e p u rch a se s o f ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y o n tw o d a te s.

“O p e ra tio n F lick e r,” a se co n d IC E in v e stig a tio n in itia te d in 2 0 0 6

, fo cu se d

o n a sp e cific co m m e rcia l ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y se rv ice w h ich co n ta in e d w ith in it

lin k s to h u n d re d s o f in d iv id u a l ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y w e b site s. T h e a g e n t in ch a rg e

2 Case: 09-50703 Document: 00511455964 Page: 2 Date Filed: 04/25/2011N o

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o f th e in v e stig a tio n a cce sse d th e w e b site to co n firm th a t it co n ta in e d ch ild

p o rn o g ra p h y

, a n d a lso co n d u cte d u n d e rco v e r p u rch a se s o f a cce ss to d isco v e r th e

co n te n ts o f th e v a rio u s lin k e d site s. In th e co u rse o f h is in v e stig a tio n

, th e a g e n t

d e te rm in e d th a t so m e o n e u sin g a p a y p a l a cco u n t a sso cia te d w ith D a v id W in k le r

h a d p u rch a se d a cce ss to o n e o f th o se lin k e d site s.

D a v id W in k le r’s n a m e w a s th e n re fe rre d to lo ca l IC E a g e n ts in F e b ru a ry

2 0 0 7

. B y o b ta in in g cre d it ca rd re co rd s, th o se a g e n ts w e re a b le to d e te rm in e th a t

W in k le r’s cre d it ca rd w a s u se d fo r tra n sa ctio n s in th e sa m e d a te s a n d a m o u n ts

th a t w e re d isco v e re d in th e O p e ra tio n E m issa ry a n d O p e ra tio n F lick e r l e a d s

.

T h e cre d it ca rd re co rd s v e rifie d th o se p u rch a se s a n d s h o w e d th a t th e y w e re

n e v e r c re d ite d b a ck to th e a cco u n t o r d isp u te d

. IC E th e n e x e cu te d se a r c h

w a rra n ts fo r W in k le r’s h o m e a n d o ffice a d d r e s s e s

. A s a re su lt o f its

in v e sti g a tio n

, IC E se ize d se v e ra l co m p u te rs a n d h a rd d riv e s b e lo n g in g to

W in k le r. T h re e o f th e se ize d h a rd d riv e s a re re le v a n t to th is ca se : th e Q u a n tu m

F ire b a ll h a rd d riv e , th e S e a g a te h a rd d riv e a n d th e M a x to r h a rd d riv e

.

A g e n t J a m e s B e a rd

, a co m p u te r fo re n sics a g e n t, co n d u cte d a fo r e n s i c

in v e stig a tio n o n e a ch o f th o se h a rd d riv e s. H e d isco v e re d im a g e s a n d v id e o s o f

ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y o n a ll th re e

. S p e cific a l ly

, B e a rd fo u n d 2 6 1 im a g e s o f ch ild

p o rn o g ra p h y o n th e Q u a n tu m h a rd d r i v e

, 2 6 v id e o file s co n ta in in g ch ild

p o rn o g ra p h y o n th e M a x to r h a rd d riv e

, a n d 2 6 1 im a g e s a n d 1 8 v id e o s co n ta in in g

c h i l d p o rn o g ra p h y o n th e S e a g a te h a rd d riv e

. M a n y o f th e file s fo u n d o n t h e

Q u a n tu m h a rd d riv e w e re lo ca te d in th e u tilitie s C D -R O M to o lk it e x tra s fo ld e r,

a fo ld e r n o rm a lly d e d ica te d t o f i le s re la te d to th e A p p le C D -R O M to o lk it

a p p lica tio n

. A s B e a rd te stifie d

, th a t w a s n o t a n o rm a l p la ce fo r th e co m p u te r to

sto re file s d o w n lo a d e d b y th e u se r, b u t ra th e r a sp e cia l d ire cto ry re se rv e d fo r

3 Case: 09-50703 Document: 00511455964 Page: 3 Date Filed: 04/25/2011N o

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file s a sso cia te d w i t h a s p e cific h a rd w a re u tility

. T o sa v e a file th e re

, a n

in d iv id u a l w o u ld h a v e to b ro w se h is h a rd d riv e ’s co n te n ts a n d sp e cifica lly ch o o se

t h a t o b scu re d ire cto ry

. O n th e S e a g a te h a rd d riv e

, m o st o f th e ch i l d

p o rn o g ra p h y file s w e re co n ta in e d in th e p ro g ra m file s d ire cto ry

, in a fo ld e r

e n title d “w a it2 .” T h a t is a lso n o t a d e fa u lt lo ca tio n f o r u se r d o w n lo a d e d file s.

M o re o v e r, B e a rd d isco v e r e d a t e x t file in th e p ro g ra m file s d ire cto ry e n title d

“m e d stu d y list.” In ste a d o f co n ta in in g a list o f m e d ica l p u b lica tio n s a s th e file

n a m e in d ica te s, h o w e v e r, th e file co n ta in e d lin k s to ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y site s.

A s fo r th e M a x to r h a rd d riv e

, w h ich co n ta in s a ll th e ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y

sp e cifica lly a t issu e in th is a p p e a l, B e a r d te stifie d th a t h e fo u n d tw o u se r

a cco u n ts. T h e first w a s a n a cco u n t n a m e d “u se r”

— w h ich W in k le r a d m its w a s

in te n d e d fo r h is u se

— a n d th e se co n d a “sta ff” a cco u n t, u se d b y W in k le r’s o ffice

sta ff. B o th a cco u n ts w e re p a ssw o rd p ro te cte d

, a n d th e p a ssw o rd fo r th e “u se r”

a cco u n t w a s th e sa m e p a ssw o rd W in k le r u se d f o r h is h o m e co m p u te r. B e a rd

te stifie d th a t th e “sta ff” a cco u n t o n th e M a x to r h a rd d riv e d id n o t co n ta in a n y

ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y

. In h is fo re n sic in v e stig a tio n o f th e “u se r” a cco u n t, h o w e v e r,

B e a rd fo u n d a to ta l o f 2 6 v id e o file s o f ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y

.

F iv e o f th o se v id e o file s w e re lo ca te d in a te m p o ra ry in te rn e t ca ch e

–

w h e re in te rn e t b ro w se r so ftw a re a u to m a tica lly sa v e d th e co n te n t o f v isite d

w e b site s fo r th e p u rp o se o f re d u cin g p a g e -lo a d in g tim e i f t h e u se r re v isits th e

site

– in clu d in g th e o n ly tw o file s a lle g e d in C o u n t O n e

. E v id e n ce e licite d b y th e

g o v e rn m e n t sh o w e d th a t th o se tw o fi l e s h a d b e e n d o w n lo a d e d fro m th e

“m e m b e rs o n ly ” se ctio n o f a ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y w e b site

. B e a rd fu rth e r te stifie d

th a t a v id e o file is co p ie d to a te m p o ra ry in te rn e t ca ch e w h e n th e u se r ta k e s a n

a ffirm a tiv e a ctio n su ch a s click in g o n th e v id e o in o rd e r to p la y it. T h u s, B e a rd

4 Case: 09-50703 Document: 00511455964 Page: 4 Date Filed: 04/25/2011N o

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e x p la in e d

, a v id e o f

i l e d i f fe rs a s a te ch n o lo g ica l m a tte r fro m a still p h o to

d isp la y e d o n a w e b site

, w h ich is d o w n lo a d e d a u to m a tica lly to a n in te rn e t ca ch e

w h e n th e w e b p a g e it is d isp la y e d o n is lo a d e d

.

T h e o th e r 2 1 illicit v id e o s w e re sto re d i n v a rio u s su b fo ld e rs w ith in th e

“m y d o cu m e n ts” fo ld e r o f th e M a x to r h a rd d riv e

. T w o o f th e file s liste d in C o u n t

F iv e w e re sa v e d to th e “lp a ck 1 9 v i” fo ld e r. B e a rd a lso d isco v e re d a zip file o f th e

sa m e n a m e sa v e d o n th e M a x to r h a rd d r i v e

. B y cra ck in g th e p a ssw o rd

p ro te ctin g th e zip file

, h e d isco v e re d th a t th o se tw o file s liste d in C o u n t F iv e h a d

b e e n e x tra cte d in to th e lp a ck 1 9 v i fo ld e r fro m th a t zip file

. T h e o th e r tw o v id e o

file s liste d in C o u n t F iv e w e re sa v e d to th e “lp a ck 2 0 v i” a n d “lp a ck 2 1 v i” fo ld e rs

re sp e ctiv e ly

. B e a rd te stifie d th a t th o se v id e o file s a lso a p p e a re d to h a v e b e e n

e x tra cte d fro m zip file s o f th e sa m e n a m e a s th e d ire cto ry in w h ich th e y w e re

sa v e d

. B e a rd te stifie d th a t a ll fo u r zip file s h e d isc o v e re d o n th e M a x to r h a rd

d riv e w e re d o w n lo a d e d to th e M a x to r h a rd d riv e in th e p a ssw o rd p ro te cte d

“u se r” a cco u n ts b e tw e e n 9 :4 9 p m a n d 9 :5 6 p m o n D e ce m b e r 2 1 , 2 0 0 4

.

In th e co u rse o f h is fo re n sic in v e stig a tio n

, B e a rd a lso ch e ck e d w h e th e r a n y

ty p e o f v iru se s o r m a lw a re h a d in fe cte d th e M a x to r h a rd d riv e

. H e fo u n d n o n e

.

H e a lso fo u n d n o in d ica tio n o f re m o te a cce ss to th e M a x to r h a rd d riv e th a t co u ld

in d ica te th a t a tro ja n o r o th e r k in d o f v iru s o r in v a siv e so ftw a re d o w n l o a d e d

illicit file s to th e h a rd d riv e w ith o u t W in k le r’s k n o w le d g e

.

A s a re su lt o f th e IC E in v e stig a tio n

, W in k le r w a s ch a rg e d w ith re ce iv in g

a n d p o sse ssin g ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y u n d e r 1 8 U

. S .C

. 2 2 5 2 (a )(2 ) a n d 1 8 U .S .C

.

2 2 5 2 A (a )(5 )(B ), a n d h is ca se w a s trie d to a ju ry in 2 0 0 9

. H e w a s co n v icte d

, a n d

se n te n ce d t o 7 2 m o n th s im p riso n m e n t o n C o u n t O n e

, a n d 7 3 m o n th s

im p riso n m e n t o n C o u n ts T h re e

, F o u r a n d F iv e

, a ll to ru n co n cu rre n tly

, fo llo w e d

5 Case: 09-50703 Document: 00511455964 Page: 5 Date Filed: 04/25/2011N o

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b y co n cu rre n t 1 5 y e a r te rm s o f su p e rv ise d re le a se o n e a ch co u n t. N o fin e w a s

im p o se d , b u t W in k le r w a s o rd e re d to p a y a $ 1 0 0 sp e cia l a sse ssm e n t a s to e a ch

o f th e fo u r co u n ts o f co n v icti o n

. I n th is a p p e a l, W in k le r d isp u te s o n ly h is

co n v ictio n s o n C o u n ts O n e a n d F iv e

. S p e cifica lly

, C o u n t O n e a lle g e s, u n d e r 1 8

U .S .C

. 2 2 5 2 (a )(2 ), th a t W in k le r “d id k n o w in g ly re ce iv e ” tw o v id e o file s d e p ictin g

m in o r fe m a le s e n g a g in g in se x u a l a ctiv ity w ith a d u lt m a le s. C o u n t F iv e a lle g e s,

u n d e r 1 8 U .S .C

. 2 2 5 2 A (a )(B )(5 ), th a t W in k le r “d id k n o w in g ly p o sse ss” fo u r v id e o

file s d e p ictin g m in o r o r p re p u b e sce n t fe m a le s e n g a g in g in se x u a l a ctiv ity

.

II.

W in k le r m a k e s tw o cla im s o n a p p e a l. F irst, h e cla im s th a t b e ca u se th e

im a g e s a lle g e d in C o u n t O n e w e re fo u n d o n ly in h is te m p o ra ry in te rn e t ca ch e

,

th e re w a s in su fficie n t e v i d e n c e to su p p o rt h is co n v ictio n fo r “k n o w in g ly

re ce iv in g ” th o se im a g e s u n d e r 1 8 U .S .C

. 2 2 5 2 (a )(2 ). S e co n d

, h e cla im s th a t th e

e v id e n ce a t t r i a l w a s in su fficie n t to su p p o rt h is co n v ictio n

, o n C o u n t F iv e

, fo r

p o sse ssin g ce rta in o th e r im a g e s u n d e r 1 8 U .S .C

. 2 2 5 2 A (a )(5 )(B ). In su p p o rt o f

th a t a rg u m e n t, h e o ffe rs v a rio u s a lte rn a tiv e e x p la n a tio n s fo r th e p re se n ce o f th e

file s o n h is h a rd d riv e

, a n d a lso co n te n d s th a t th e g o v e rn m e n t f a ile d to sh o w

th a t th e im a g e s a lle g e d in C o u n t F iv e o f h i s i n d i c t m e n t tra v e le d in in te rsta te

co m m e rce

.

A ch a lle n g e to t h e s u fficie n cy o f e v id e n ce fo llo w in g a p ro p e r m o tio n fo r

a cq u itta l is re v ie w e d b y th is co u rt d e n o v o

. U n ited S ta tes v

. V

a lle

, 5 3 8 F .3 d 3 4 1

,

3 4 4 (5 th C ir. 2 0 0 8 ). In re v ie w in g ch a lle n g e s to th e su fficie n cy o f th e e v id e n ce in

a crim in a l ca se

, th e e v id e n ce is v ie w e d in th e lig h t m o st fa v o ra b le to th e ju ry

v e rd ict. U

n ited S ta tes v

. R esio -T rejo

, 4 5 F .3 d 9 0 7

, 9 1 0 ( 5 t h C ir. 1 9 9 6 ). A ll

cre d ib ility d e te rm in a tio n s a n d re a so n a b le in fe re n ce s fro m th e e v id e n ce a re to b e

6 Case: 09-50703 Document: 00511455964 Page: 6 Date Filed: 04/25/2011N o

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re so lv e d in fa v o r o f th e ju ry v e rd ict. Id

. a t 9 1 1

. M o re o v e r, a co u rt “m u st a ffirm

if a ra tio n a l trie r o f f a c t co u ld h a v e fo u n d th a t th e e v id e n ce e sta b lish e d th e

e sse n tia l e le m e n ts o f th e o ffe n se b e y o n d a re a so n a b le d o u b t. ” U n ited S ta tes v

.

L o p ez

, 7 4 F .3 d 5 7 5

, 5 7 7 (5 th C ir. 1 9 9 6 ). W e a d d re ss W in k le r’s a rg u m e n ts u n d e r

th a t sta n d a rd

.

A . W in k le r ’s C o n v ic tio n fo r K n o w in g R e c e ip t o f C h ild P o r n o g r a p h y

W in k le r a rg u e s th a t h is co n v ictio n fo r C o u n t O n e m u st b e se t a sid e b e ca u se

th e g o v e rn m e n t fa ile d to p ro v e th a t h e k n o w in g ly re ce iv e d th e tw o file s a t issu e

. 1

H e a rg u e s th a t th e m o st th e e v id e n ce sh o w s is th a t h e v ie w e d th o se tw o v id e o s

o v e r th e in te rn e t, a n d th a t h e w a s u n a w a re th a t th e file s w o u ld b e a u to m a tica lly

d o w n lo a d e d in to th e te m p o ra ry ca ch e o n h is sta f f c o m p u te r. T h u s, h e a sse rts

th a t th o se fa cts ca n n o t su p p o rt a co n v ictio n fo r k n o w in g re ce ip t o f e le ctro n ic ch ild

p o rn o g ra p h y

.

W e d isa g r e e

. T o b e su re

, th e e x a ct co n to u rs o f th e crim e o f “k n o w in g ly

re ce iv in g ” e le ctro n ic ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y i n a co n sta n tly sh iftin g te ch n o lo g ica l

b a ck g ro u n d a re m u rk y

. P a rt o f th e p ro b le m is th a t co m p u te rs co n n e cte d to th e

in te rn e t sto re v a st q u a n titie s o f d a ta a b o u t w h ich m a n y u se rs k n o w n o th in g

. A s

a u se r b ro w se s th e in te rn e t, th e co m p u te r sto re s im a g e s a n d te x t a n d o th e r k in d s

o f d a t a i n its te m p o ra ry m e m o ry th e w a y a sh ip p a ssin g th ro u g h th e o ce a n

c o l l e cts b a rn a cle s th a t clin g to its h u ll. T h u s, th e re is so m e risk th a t th e

At the thr es hold the governm ent argues that Wink ler wa ived his clai ms on Count On e 1

of the indic tm ent by om itt ing the argument he now mak es fr om his oral mo tio n for acqui tta l

dur ing tri al. Thus, the governm ent argu e s

, his convic tio n mus t be revie we d unde r the

st ringen t “m anif

es t mis car riage of

justic e” s tand ard

. See Uni ted States v. Phil li ps

, 477 F.3d

215, 219 (5t h Cir. 2007)

. We need not dec ide that ques tio n, how ever, beca use we conc lude that

the evide nce sup por ts Wink ler’ s convic tion unde r the st andar d for the revie w of a j ury’s

verd ict

.

7 Case: 09-50703 Document: 00511455964 Page: 7 Date Filed: 04/25/2011N o

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co m p u te r o f a n in te rn e t u se r n o t in te n d in g to a cce ss ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y m a y b e

in fe cte d w ith ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y

. U n d e rsta n d a b ly

, o u r siste r ci rcu its h a v e

stru g g le d w ith w h e th e r to im p u te k n o w le d g e f r o m th e p re se n ce o f illicit file s

fo u n d in su ch te m p o ra ry sto ra g e

. 2

T h e T e n th C i r c u it re ce n tly re v e rse d a co n v ictio n fo r k n o w in g re ce ip t o f

ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y b a se d e n tire ly o n tw o e le ctro n ic p h o to g ra p h s fo u n d o n ly in th e

d e fe n d a n t’s in te rn e t ca c h e

. U n ited S ta tes v

. D o b b s

, 6 2 9 F .3 d 1 1 9 9

, 1 2 0 1 (1 0 th

C ir. 2 0 1 1 ). T h e T e n th C i r c u i t b a s e d its ru lin g o n th e fa ct th a t th e re w a s n o

e v id e n ce th a t th e d e fe n d a n t h a d a cce sse d th e file s sto re d in th e co m p u te r’s ca ch e

,

a n d th e re w a s n o e v id e n ce th a t th e d e fe n d a n t k n e w o f th e co m p u te r’s a u to m a ticca ch in g fu n ctio n o r th a t th e im a g e s h a d co m e to th e d e fe n d a n t’s co m p u te r a s a

re su lt o f a sp e cific p o rn o g ra p h y re la te d i n t e r n e t se a rch

– a ll th e g o v e rn m e n t

co u ld re ly o n w a s a g e n e ra l p a tte rn o f ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y re la te d se a rch e s. S ee

id

. a t 1 2 0 2 (n o tin g th a t “th e re w a s n o e v id e n ce o f a te m p o ra lly p ro x im a te se a rch

in d ica tin g th e p u rsu it o f ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y w ith re sp e ct to th e tw o im a g e s

su b m itte d to th e ju ry ”). T h e re w a s n o e v id e n ce th a t th e d e fe n d a n t in D o b b s w a s

a m e m b e r o f a n y p a y -p e r-v ie w ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y w e b site

, o r, in d e e d

, th a t th e

The othe r pr oblem that cour t s have grap ple d wi th, and wh ich Wink ler rais es in 2

pas sin g, is the dif

fer ence betw een the quantum of proof nece ss ary to sho w “k now ing rec eip t”

of child por nograp hy as opp os ed to wh at so me cour ts have char act erize d as the les se r inclu ded

off ens e of “k now ing pos se ss ion. ” See, e. g., U n i te d S ta te s v. Mi ll er

, 527 F.3d 54, 64 (3d Cir.

2 0 0 8 ) (ob se rving that “th e quant um of evide nce requ ired to pr ove kn ow ing rec eip t of a

dow nload ed fil e may, in s o m e s i tuat ions

, be great er than that mi nim ally requ ired to pr ove

kn ow ing pos se ss ion of the file ”) . I t is tr ue, for exam ple , that one may acc ide ntall y re ceive a

fil e, and then

, aft er cons ide rat ion, dec ide to ke ep it, and thus be liable for kn ow ing pos se ss ion

but not rec eip t. There may be othe r cir cum st ance s in wh ich pos se ss io n c a n b e pr oven but

rec eip t canno t. But that d ist inct ion is not at iss ue here , and w e ther efo re need no t opi ne on

it now

. See Uni ted States v. Do bbs

, 629 F.3d 119 9, 1206 (10t h Cir

. 2011) ( dec lining to opi ne

on the dif

fer ence be tw een kn ow ing p os se ss ion and kn ow ing r ece ipt ).

8 Case: 09-50703 Document: 00511455964 Page: 8 Date Filed: 04/25/2011N o

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d e fe n d a n t h a d ev en seen th e tw o im a g e s th a t w e re th e b a sis o f h is co n v ictio n

. Id

.

a t 1 2 0 7

. A s th e D o b b s co u rt co n clu d e d : “th e la ck o f a se a rch -a n d -cre a tio n p a tte rn

a s it re la te s to th e tw o im a g e s b e fo re th e ju ry

, w h e n co m b in e d w ith th e a b se n ce

o f a n y e v id e n ce e sta b lish in g th a t [th e d e fe n d a n t] e v e r sa w th e im a g e s, fo rfe n d s

a n y v ie w th a t k n o w in g re ce ip t co u ld h a v e b e e n fo u n d b y a ra tio n a l ju ry .” D o b b s

,

6 2 9 F .3 d a t 1 2 0 7 (e m p h a sis in o rig in a l).

B y co n tra st, in tw o o t h e r ca se s in v o lv in g ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y fo u n d in a

u se r’s in te rn e t ca ch e

, th e T e n th C ircu it u p h e ld co n v ictio n s w h e re a re v ie w o f th e

e v id e n ce sh o w e d th a t th e e v id e nc e di d poi nt c onvi nc i ngl y t owar ds th e d e fe n d a n t’s

in te n t. S ee U n i t e d S t a t e s v

. B a s s

, 4 1 1 F

. 3 d 1 1 9 8 ( 1 0 t h C i r

. 2 0 0 5 ) ; U n i t e d S t a t e s

v

. T u c k e r

, 3 0 5 F

. 3 d 1 1 9 3

, 1 2 0 4 ( 1 0 t h C i r

. 2 0 0 2 )

. I n B a s s

, t h e c o u r t r e l i e d o n t h e

f a c t t h a t t h e d e f

e n d a n t u s e d s o f

t w a r e “ s p e c i f

i c a l l y a i m e d a t e l i m i n a t i n g t h e d i g i t a l

r e s i d u e o f h i s i l l i c i t a c t i v i t i e s

, ” D o b b s

, 6 2 9 F

. 3 d a t 1 2 0 5

, t o d e t e r m i n e t h a t t h e

d e f e n d a n t d i d k n o w i n g l y r e c e i v e t h e f i l e s s t o r e d i n h i s i n t e r n e t c a c h e

. S e e B a s s

,

4 1 1 F

. 3 d a t 1 2 0 2

. S i m i l a r l y

, t h e T e n t h C i r c u i t a f f i r m e d a c o n v i c t i o n f

o r p o s s e s s i o n

w h e r e t h e d e f e n d a n t a r g u e d t h a t h e n e v e r i n t e n t i o n a l l y s a v e d t h e f i l e s i n h i s

c a c h e t o h i s h a r d d r i v e

. S e e T u c k e r

, 3 0 5 F

. 3 d a t 1 2 0 4

. T h e r e

, t h e c o u r t f o c u s e d

o n t h e d e f

e n d a n t ’ s a d m i s s i o n t h a t h e k n e w t h e i m a g e s o n t h e w e b p a g e w o u l d b e

s e n t t o h i s b r o w s e r c a c h e f i l e

. I d

. T h u s

, t h e c o u r t h e l d

, b e c a u s e t h e d e f e n d a n t

“ k n e w h i s b r o w s e r c a c h e d t h e i m a g e f i l e s

, e a c h t i m e h e i n t e n t i o n a l l y s o u g h t o u t

a n d v i e w e d t h e c h i l d p o r n o g r a p h y w i t h h i s w e b b r o w s e r h e k n o w i n g l y a c q u i r e d

a n d p o s s e s s e d t h e i m a g e s

. ” I d

. a t 1 2 0 5

.

O th e r circu its h a v e a g re e d th a t w h ile “ t h e s p e cte r o f sp a m

, v iru se s, a n d

h a ck e rs m u st n o t p re v e n t th e co n v ictio n o f th e tru ly g u ilty

. . . p ro se cu to rs, ju d g e s

a n d ju rie s h a v e a d u ty to sa fe g u a rd

– a s b e st a s t h e y a r e a b l e

– p o te n tia l

9 Case: 09-50703 Document: 00511455964 Page: 9 Date Filed: 04/25/2011N o

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d e fe n d a n t s w h e n re ce ip t o f ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y m ig h t w e ll h a v e b e e n tru ly

in a d v e rte n t.” U

n ite d S t a tes v

. P ru itt

, N o

. 1 0 -1 0 8 2 9

, 2 0 1 1 W L 1 3 8 0 6 8 7

, a t * 3

(1 1 th C ir. A p r. 1 3

, 2 0 1 1 ) (n o t y e t p u b lish e d ). I n P ru itt

, th e E le v e n th C ircu it

a ffirm e d a k n o w in g re ce ip t co n v ictio n fo r file s h e ld in a ca ch e w h e re th e e v id e n ce

sh o w e d th a t th e d e fe n d a n t so u g h t o u t a n d v ie w e d ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y , se a rch e d

fo r ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y o n th e in te rn e t, a n d h a d d o w n lo a d e d ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y o n

a n e n tire ly d iffe re n t co m p u te r a t th e sa m e tim e

. S ee P ru itt

, 2 0 1 1 W L 1 3 8 0 6 8 7

,

a t * 3

. In a n o th e r ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y p o sse ssio n ca se

, th e N in th C ircu it w a s fa ce d

w ith th e q u e stio n o f w h e th e r th o u sa n d s o f im a g e s o f ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y sto re d in

a te m p o ra ry fo ld e r co u ld b e c o u n te d fo r th e ca lcu la tio n o f a d e fe n d a n t’s

se n te n cin g g u id e lin e s ra n g e

, th e re b y d ra m a tica lly e n h a n cin g th e d e fe n d a n t’s

se n te n ce fo r 1 1 0 im a g e s h e ld in p e rm a n e n t sto ra g e

. S ee U n ited S ta tes v

.

K u ch in sk i , 4 6 9 F .3 d 8 5 3 , 8 6 1 -6 2 (9 th C ir. 2 0 0 6 ). C itin g th e fa ct th a t th e re w a s

n o e v id e n ce th e d e fe n d a n t w a s a so p h istica te d co m p u te r u se r, th a t h e trie d to g e t

a cce ss to th e ca ch e file s, o r th a t h e k n e w o f th e ca ch e ’s e x iste n ce

, th e co u rt

a n sw e re d in th e n e g a tiv e : “[w ]h e re a d e fe n d a n t la ck s k n o w le d g e a b o u t th e ca ch e

file s, a n d c o n co m ita n tly la ck s a cce ss to a n d co n tro l o v e r th o se file s, it is n o t

p ro p e r to ch a rg e h im w ith p o sse ssio n a n d cont r ol o f th e ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y im a g e s

lo ca te d in th o se file s.” Id

. a t 8 6 3

. A s th e co u rt sta te d

, to ch a rg e so m e o n e w ith

pos s es s i on and c o n tro l o v e r ca ch e file s w ith o u t “so m e o th e r in d ica tio n of domi ni on

a n d co n tro l o v e r th e im a g e s

. . . tu rn s a b y sm a l ig n o ra n ce in to k n o w le d g e a n d a

le ss th a n v a le tu d in a ria n g ra sp in to d o m in io n a n d co n tro l.” Id

. a t 8 6 3

.

H o w e v e r, th e N in th C ircu it h a s a ffirm e d co n v ictio n s w h e re th e e v id e n ce o f

k n o w le d g e w a s stro n g e r th a n in K u ch in sk i

. S ee U

n ited S ta tes v

. R o m m

, 4 5 5 F .3 d

9 9 0 (9 th C ir. 2 0 0 6 ). T h e re

, th e co u rt a ffirm e d a co n v ictio n fo r file s fo u n d in a n

1 0 Case: 09-50703 Document: 00511455964 Page: 10 Date Filed: 04/25/2011N o

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in te rn e t ca ch e w h e re th e d e fe n d a n t a d m itte d h e d e stro y e d im a g e s h e ld in h is

ca ch e

. Id

. a t 9 9 0

. In so h o ld in g

, th e co u rt o b se rv e d th a t th e d e fe n d a n t “e x e rcise d

co n tro l o v e r th e ca ch e d im a g e s w h ile th e y w e re co n te m p o ra n e o u sly sa v e d to h is

ca ch e a n d d isp la y e d o n h is scre e n ,” co n tra stin g th a t q u a n tu m o f k n o w le d g e w ith

th e a cq u isitio n o f i m a g e s th a t o ccu rs w h e n “a d e fe n d a n t a ccid e n ta lly v ie w s th e

im a g e s, a s th ro u g h th e o ccu rre n ce o f a ‘p o p -u p .’” Id

. a t 1 0 0 0

. 3

W h a t u n ite s t h e s e c a s e s is n o t th e ca ch e a s su ch

, b u t ra th e r th e b ro a d e r

co n ce rn th a t a n in te rn e t u se r m a y fin d h im se lf e n sn a re d in a ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y

ca se u n w ittin g ly

, b y v irtu e o f file s th a t w e re co p ie d to te m p o ra ry sto ra g e a n d

n e v e r k n o w in g ly re ce iv e d

. C f

. U n i t e d S ta tes v

. S tu lo ck

, 3 0 8 F .3 d 9 2 2

, 9 2 5 (8 th

C ir. 2 0 0 2 ) (su m m a rizin g a d istrict co u rt’s u n ch a lle n g e d o b se rv a tio n th a t “o n e

ca n n o t b e g u ilty o f p o sse ssio n fo r sim p ly h a v in g v ie w e d a n im a g e o n a w e b site

,

th e re b y ca u sin g th e im a g e to b e a u to m a tica lly sto re d in th e b ro w s e r’s ca ch e ”).

T h e v a rio u s p ro x ie s o th e r co u rts h a v e u se d to d e te rm in e w h e th e r a d e fe n d a n t

k n o w in g ly re ce iv e d th e illicit m a te ria l, w h e th e r it is th e d e fe n d a n t’s k n o w le d g e

o f th e ca ch e fu n ctio n

, a se a rch p a tte rn fo r ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y

, e v id e n ce o f d e le tin g

illicit file s a fte r th e fa ct, o r th e u se o f ca ch e cle a n in g so ftw a re

, a ll g o to t h a t

ce n tra l issu e

. B u t n o n e o f th o se fa cto rs is ta lism a n ic. T h e d u ty o f th e a p p e lla te

This cour t’s only dir ect ly rele vant cas e, an unpub lis hed dis pos itio n, is cons ist ent wi th 3

the dec isi ons of our sis ter cir cuit s. See Uni ted States v. Cal der on

, 318 Fed. App x. 277 (5t h Cir.

2009)

. There

, we we re fac ed wi th the ques tion of wh ethe r fil es held only in an inte rnet cac he

coul d be count ed for the pur pos e of se nten cing. Id. at 278. The def enda nt a r g u e d

, o n the

bas is of the Nint h Circuit ’s conclu sio n in Kuchi nski

, that suc h im ages coul d not be used. Id.

We rejec ted that argum ent, noti ng that “th ere is amp le evide nce in this rec ord to sup por t the

dis tri ct cour t’s det erm inati on that [t he def enda nt] pos se ss ed the requ isi te im ages ,” inclu ding

“a long- ter m his tor y wi th child por nograp hy. [t he def enda nt’ s] act ivity pr o c u r i n g child

por nograp hy

. . . and [t he def enda nt’ s] lack of alte rnat e expla na t i o ns for the pr es ence of

im ages f ound on hi s com put er. ” Id.

1 1 Case: 09-50703 Document: 00511455964 Page: 11 Date Filed: 04/25/2011N o

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co u rt is to d isce rn

, b a se d o n a ll th e e v id e n ce

, w h e th e r th e ju ry co u ld h a v e fo u n d

k n o w in g re ce ip t. A s th e ca se s in o u r siste r circu its sh o w

, th a t in q u iry is h ig h ly

fa ct sp e cific a n d n o t tie d to w h e th e r th e file s a t issu e w e re fo u n d in a ca ch e

d ire cto ry o r, a lte rn a tiv e ly

, in th e u se r co n tro lle d p o rtio n o f th e h a rd d riv e

. T h is

re a d in g o f th e sta tu te n o t o n ly co m p o rts w ith th e o rd in a ry

, e v e ry d a y m e a n in g o f

th e w o rd “re ce iv e ”

– w h ich w e a re b o u n d to re sp e ct in th e a b se n c e o f a n

a lte rn a tiv e sta tu to ry d e fin itio n

, see U n ited S ta tes v

. D ick so n

, 6 3 2 F .3 d 1 8 6

, 1 8 9

(5 th C ir. 2 0 1 1 )

– b u t a lso p re v e n ts sa v v y u se rs o f ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y fro m u sin g

th e te ch n o lo g ica lly sta tic n a t u re o f o u r o p in io n s a s a b a sis fo r e n g a g in g in

p re cise ly th e b e h a v io r th e a n ti-ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y sta tu te s w e re m e a n t to fo rb id

.

T h e fa cts in th is ca se a re fa r m o re lik e th o se in T u ck er

, B a ss

, R o m m a n d

P ru itt th a n th o se in D o b b s a n d K u ch in sk i. “T h e m e re p re se n ce o f th e file s in th e

ca ch e is ce rta in ly p ro o f th a t th e file s w e re receiv ed .” D o b b s

, 6 2 9 F .3 d a t 1 2 0 5

(e m p h a sis in o rig in a l). T h e o n ly q u e stio n is w h e th e r th a t re ce ip t w a s k n o w in g

.

In sta rk co n t r as t t o Dobbs

– w h e re th e e v id e n ce su p p o rtin g th e g o v e rn m e n t’s ca se

w a s t e n u o u s a t b e st

– th e e v id e n ce fro m w h ich a ra tio n a l ju ry co u ld in fe r th a t

W in k le r h im se lf so u g h t o u t

, d o w n lo a d e d

, v ie w e d a n d h a d th e a b ility to

m a n ip u la te th e im a g e s a t issu e in th is ca se is o v e rw h e l m i n g

. C ru cia lly

, th e

g o v e rn m e n t e licite d e v id e n ce fro m w h ich th e ju ry co u ld in fe r th a t th e file s a t

issu e ca m e fro m th e m e m b e rs-o n ly se ctio n o f a ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y site

– th e sa m e

so u rce fro m w h ich th e file s a t issu e in C o u n t F iv e ca m e . G iv e n th e e v id e n ce a t

tria l, a n d e sp e cia lly th e e v id e n ce th a t W in k le r re p e a te d ly p a id fo r m e m b e rs-o n ly

ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y site s, th e ju ry co u ld h a v e co n c l u d e d th a t W in k le r p a id fo r

a cce ss to th e ch il d p o r n o g ra p h y w e b site

, e n te re d a p a ssw o rd a n d u se rn a m e to

a cce ss th e tw o v id e o s in C o u n t O n e

, a n d h a d th e m tra n sm itte d to h is co m p u te r.

1 2 Case: 09-50703 Document: 00511455964 Page: 12 Date Filed: 04/25/2011N o

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M o re o v e r, th e ju ry h e a rd th a t th e o n ly w a y th o se file s co u ld h a v e b e e n co p ie d to

th e ca ch e w a s b y W in k le r’s d e cisio n to click a n d w a tch th e v id e o s, in co n tra st to

th e w a y th e still p h o to s a t issu e in D o b b s (a n d m a n y o f th e o th e r ca se s o n w h ich

th e p a rtie s re ly ) ca n a rriv e in th e ca ch e (fo r e x a m p le

, b y a cce ssin g a w e b p a g e o n

whi c h t her e i s c hi l d p o rn o g ra p h y w ith o u t in te n d in g to a cce ss ch ild por nogr aphy)

.

T h o se fa cts co m p le te ly d iffe re n tia te th is ca se fro m D o b b s

.

T h e ju ry a lso h e a rd te stim o n y th a t W in k le r h a d d o w n lo a d e d d o ze n s o f

im a g e s o f ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y

, a n d th a t th e file s h e re ce iv e d fro m th o se site s w e re

o fte n h id d e n (a lb e it a m a te u ris hl y) behi nd pas sw o rd w a lls in h is o w n u se r a cco u n t

o r in u n n a tu ra l lo ca tio n s in th e co m p u te r’s file h ie ra rch y ra th e r th a n th e n o rm a l

lo ca tio n fo r d o w n lo a d e d m a te ria l. T h e ju ry a lso h e a rd th a t W in k le r k e p t a

ca ta lo g u e o f ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y lin k s, m a sq u e ra d in g a s a list o f m e d ica l stu d ie s,

in o n e o f h is h a rd d riv e s. T h o se fa cts sp e a k to a p a tte rn o f ch i l d p o rn o g ra p h y

r e c e i p t a n d p o sse ssio n th a t co u ld a lso h a v e ca u se d a ra tio n a l ju ry to co n c l u d e

th a t W in k le r k n o w in g ly re ce iv e d th e file s in C o u n t O n e

. In su m

, th is is n o t th e

e x ce p tio n a l ca se in w h ich th e g o v e rn m e n t h a s p e rsiste d i n b rin g in g a crim in a l

p ro se cu tio n a g a in st th e u n k n o w in g v ictim o f a co m p u te r’s in n e r w o rk in g s.

B . S u ffic ie n c y o f th e E v id e n c e S u p p o r tin g C o u n t F iv e

W in k le r m a k e s a se rie s o f a rg u m e n ts d isp u tin g th e p ro o f th e g o v e rn m e n t

a d d u ce d sh o w in g th a t h e d o w n lo a d e d th e file s a t issu e in C o u n t F iv e

. H e re lie s

o n a W a l-m a rt sto re re ce ip t sh o w i n g t h a t h e p u rch a se d se v e ra l ite m s w ith h is

c r e d i t c a rd a t 1 0 :5 2 p .m

. o n D e ce m b e r 2 1

, 2 0 0 4

. H e a rg u e s th a t b e ca u se t h e

g o v e rn m e n t’s e v id e n ce sh o w e d th e illicit fil e s i n q u e stio n w e re d o w n lo a d e d a t

1 0 :5 3 p .m

. o n th e sa m e d a y

, “it w o u ld b e im p o ssib le fo r h im to b e th e p e rso n a t

th e sta ff co m p u te r d o w n lo a d in g th e zip file s a t th a t t im e .” W i n k l e r a l s o p o i n t s

1 3 Case: 09-50703 Document: 00511455964 Page: 13 Date Filed: 04/25/2011N o

. 0 9

- 5 0 7 0 3

t o o t h e r e v i d e n c e i n s u p p o r t o f h i s i n n o c e n c e

. F o r e x a m p l e

, t h a t t h e r e h a d b e e n

v i r u s p r o b l e m s o n t h a t c o m p u t e r “ s e v e r a l y e a r s a g o

, ” t h a t h e h a d n o t c h a n g e d h i s

p a s s w o r d i n t w e l v e t o f i f t e e n y e a r s a n d t h a t s e v e r a l c l e a n i n g c r e w s a n d o t h e r

i n d i v i d u a l s h a d a c c e s s t o h i s c o m p u t e r a r e a o v e r t h e y e a r s

. H e a l s o a r g u e s t h a t

t h e g o v e r n m e n t f a i l e d t o s h o w t h a t t h e r e h a d b e e n a n a f t e r h o u r s o p e n i n g o f h i s

m e d i c a l o f

f i c e o n D e c e m b e r 2 1

, 2 0 0 4 a n d t h u s t h e g o v e r n m e n t p r e s e n t e d n o

e v i d e n c e t h a t W i n k l e r h a d e n t e r e d h i s o f f i c e l a t e a t n i g h t t o a c c e s s c h i l d

p o r n o g r a p h y

. F in a lly

, W in k le r a rg u e s th a t b e ca u se h e h im se lf ch o se to p re se n t

th e sta ff co m p u te r fo r re v ie w b y p re -tria l fo re n sic e x p e rts, it is n o t p la u sib le th a t

h e w a s a w a re o f ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y o n th a t co m p u te r.

V ie w in g th e e v id e n ce in th e lig h t m o st f a v o ra b le to th e v e rd ict, th e

G o v e rn m e n t p ro d u ce d su fficie n t e v id e n ce fo r a re a so n a b le ju ro r to fin d th a t

W in k le r k n o w in g ly d o w n lo a d e d th e file s a t issu e in C o u n t F i v e

. S ee U n ited

S ta tes v

. P

ercel

, 5 5 3 F .3 d 9 0 3 , 9 1 0 (5 th C ir. 2 0 0 8 ). A s to th e W a l-m a rt re ce ip t,

th e g o v e rn m e n t’s fo re n sic e x p e rt, J a m e s B e a rd

, t e s t i f ie d th a t th e g o v e rn m e n t

e x h ib it W in k le r d isp u te s w a s im p ro p e rly tim e -sta m p e d

. V ie w e d p ro p e rly

, h e

te stifie d

, th e d o w n lo a d o ccu rre d a t 9 :5 3 p .m

., le a v in g p le n ty o f tim e fo r W in k le r

to co m p le te th e d o w n lo a d a n d p ro ce e d to W a l-m a rt to p u rch a se ite m s a t 1 0 :5 3

p .m

. T h e ju ry w a s e n title d to b e lie v e B e a rd o n th is p o in t a n d n o t W in k le r. A s fo r

h is o th e r cla im s, W in k le r p re se n te d n o e v id e n ce in su p p o rt o f h is th e o ry th a t h is

sta ff co m p u t e r h a d b e e n im p ro p e rly a cce sse d b y a v iru s o r th ro u g h so m e o th e r

m e th o d

, o r th a t a m e m b e r o f h is o w n sta ff o r a n o th e r d o cto r’s h a d b ro k e n in to h is

co m p u te r a n d d o w n lo a d e d ch ild p o r n o g ra p h y

. S im ila rly

, W in k le r’s se cu rity

re co rd s a r g u m e n t f

a ils b e ca u se

, in th e a b se n ce o f a n y o p e n in g a n d clo sin g

se cu rity re co rd s fo r D e ce m b e r 2 1

, 2 0 0 4

, th e re w a s n o b a sis fo r th e ju ry to e x clu d e

1 4 Case: 09-50703 Document: 00511455964 Page: 14 Date Filed: 04/25/2011N o

. 0 9

- 5 0 7 0 3

W in k le r’s p re se n ce

. R a th e r, th e ju ry w a s fre e to co n clu d e

, b a se d o n a ll th e

circu m sta n ce s, th a t W in k le r e n te re d th e o ffice so m e tim e o n D e ce m b e r 2 1 a n d

d o w n lo a d e d th e f

i l e s i n q u e stio n

. T h e ju ry co u ld a lso h a v e a g re e d w ith th e

g o v e rn m e n t’s a r g u m e n t th a t W in k le r b ro u g h t th e sta ff co m p u te r to p re -tria l

se rv ice s b e ca u se h e sim p ly fo rg o t it co n ta in e d ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y

.

A t m o st, W in k le r p o site d p la u sib le a lte rn a tiv e e x p la n a tio n s fo r h o w th e

illicit p o rn o g ra p h y ca m e to b e o n h is co m p u te r. B u t a ju ry is n o t re q u ire d to

a cce p t a n

y a lte rn a tiv e e x p la n a tio n

. U n i t e d S t a t e s v

. M o r e n o

, 1 8 5 F

. 3 d 4 6 5

, 4 7 1

( 5 t h C i r

. 1 9 9 9 ) (n o tin g th a t a ju ry is “fre e to ch o se a m o n g re a so n a b le

co n stru ctio n s o f th e e v id e n ce ”). R a th e r, ta k in g in to a cco u n t th e o v e r w h e l m in g

e v id e n ce th e g o v e rn m e n t p re se n te d o f W in k le r’s in v o lv e m e n t w ith ch ild

p o rn o g ra p h y

, a n d th a t h e p u rch a se d a cce ss to ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y w e b site s a n d

d o w n lo a d e d ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y , th e e v id e n ce p re se n te d b y th e g o v e rn m e n t w a s

su fficie n t fo r th e ju r y t o re je ct th e e v id e n ce p re se n te d b y th e d e fe n se

, a n d to

cre d it th e p ro se cu tio n ’s ca se

.

W in k le r a lso a rg u e s th a t h is co n v ictio n o n C o u n t F iv e sh o u ld b e re v e rse d

b e ca u se “th e G o v e rn m e n t o ffe re d n o e v id e n ce to sh o w th a t a n y o f th e file s a lle g e d

in C o u n t F iv e h a d e v e r tra v e l e d o n th e In te rn e t, o r h a d o th e rw ise m o v e d in

in te rsta te co m m e rce ,” a n d th u s th e g o v e rn m e n t fa ile d to p ro v e th e ju risd ictio n a l

e le m e n t o f th e crim e

. W in k le r is in co rre ct. E v id e n ce a t tria l e sta b lish e d th a t th e

zip file s h o u sin g th e in d iv id u a l v id e o s a t issu e in th is co u n t w e re o b ta in e d fro m

a w e b site

. E v id e n ce a t tria l fu rth e r d e m o n stra te d th e file s a t issu e in C o u n t F iv e

w e re e x tra cte d fro m th o se zip file s o n to W in k le r’s h a rd d riv e

, a n d th u s th a t th e

file s ca m e to W in k le r’s co m p u te r fro m th e in te rn e t. S ee U n ited S ta tes v

. R u n

y a n

,

2 9 0 F .3 d 2 2 3

, 2 4 2 -4 3 (5 th C ir. 2 0 0 2 ) (a ffirm in g a co n v ictio n w h e re th e

1 5 Case: 09-50703 Document: 00511455964 Page: 15 Date Filed: 04/25/2011N o

. 0 9

- 5 0 7 0 3

g o v e rn m e n t a d d u ce d a d e q u a te circu m sta n tia l e v id e n ce to tie p a rticu la r im a g e s

o f ch ild p o rn o g ra p h y to th e in te rn e t). T h e re fo re

, th e e v id e n ce a t tria l w a s

su fficie n t to su p p o rt W in k le r’s co n v ictio n o n C o u n t F iv e

.

III.

F o r th e fo re g o in g re a so n s, W in k le r’s co n v ictio n is A F F IR M E D

.

1 6 Case: 09-50703 Document: 00511455964 Page: 16 Date Filed: 04/25/2011